































Temple University, Pennsylvania. Russell H. Conwell, President, writes: “Your 
Funk & Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary shows a clear advance in many ways and 
will command its place in every first-class school, college, or library. One need not 
hesitate to urge its adoption anywhere that our language is spoken.” 


THE FUNK & WAGNALLS 

New Standard Dictionary 

It is the latest, most complete, and most sumptuous dic¬ 
tionary i hool and study. 

and expert skill 
ed scholars and 


tionary i 
It is the 
of over « 
specialisi 


"NESS 


Class 


450,000 V 
over 380 
and Antoi 
Cost over 


BRIEF 

The Univ• 
has been to : 
distinct and 
the arranger 
New Standa 
be found in < 

Two Keys 
tion; the re' 
the text-boo 

Disputed . 
have been 
than ever b 

Compound 
have been,) 
scientific syi 


In Defini nrw o vorrrfVfr) J t l O l-/* 4* l# W / 
Meaning is given first—where it should 
be—and the obsolete meaning last. 



y other dictionary; 


5 ; 28,500 Synonyms 

)|§| 

7,000 Illustrations; 




.SSING MERITS 

Til 

ard Contains the Latest 
jf the populations of the 




Boolc._ 

)<i'X - 

folPghtN 0 —- h 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 


'e Illustrations, some in 
i 7,000 other illustrations 
n the work. 

i ds of Important New 
enses of old words, are 
such as ace, arrivism, 
cosmocracy, demarche, 
t, jazz jitney, mandatary, 
kalgen, optophone, pav- 
•• 

nent of Synonyms and 
w Standard devotes more 
tier work being the only 
ves antonyms as well as 


. The Proper Use of Prepositions has been 
explained with many illustrations. 


SEND FOR PROSPECTUS AND TERMS. SPECIAL PRICES TO SCHOOLS 


PUBLISHED BY 

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 


New York and London 



















THE FUNK & WAGNALLS 

College Standard Dictionary 

The latest and largest abridgement of the Funk & Wagnails New Standard Dictionary 

For its size it is the most thoroughly practical, up-to-date, authoritative, and encyclopedic 
dictionary of the language ever produced. A comprehensive, condensed, and 
indispensable guide for the student of the language, whether in 
College or the Home, in Public or Commercial Life. 

Defines 140,000 Terms, Includes 2,500 Illustrations, and Contains 1,325 pages, 
Making It the Largest Abridged Dictionary Published 


FOURTEEN EXCLUSIVE DISTINGUISHING FEATURES 


1. Its vocabulary is arranged in one alpha¬ 
betical order throughout. 

<ut. It gives first the meanings of the words 
as they are used to-day—the most common 
meaning first. 

3. Specializing in living words, its vocabulary 
is the most practical for educational and home 
use of any dictionary published. 

4. It embraces all the reputable words used in 
the English Classics by the Fathers of English 
Literature: Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, 
Bacon, Jonsou, Milton, and others of like fame. 

5. In the matter of pronunciation and in the 
sciences, it is more distinctively the work of 
Specialists than any other work of the kind. 
Abridged from the joint labors of nearly 
400 experts, brought down to date by eminent 
authorities from leading American universi¬ 
ties, the COLLEGE STANDARD DICTION¬ 
ARY reflects the learning of more than 100 
national and international institutions—educa¬ 
tional, industrial, political, scientific, etc.—and 
is, therefore, THE MOST AUTHORITATIVE 
DICTIONARY EVER PUBLISHED. 

ti. Itis thoroughly UP-TO-DATE. See African 
golf, audiometer, automat, Binet age, book 
value, coagulen, Dail Eireann. footage, intel¬ 
ligentsia, mllline, parsec, photostat, proton, 
radiobroadcasting, radiophone, synura, telau¬ 
togram, vac tuphone, variocoupler, vitamin, etc. 

7. It Is the only dictionary of which the Pro¬ 
nunciations are based on the decisions of an In¬ 
ternational Committee of Twenty-five Experts 
in English speech from the leading educational 
institutions of the English-speaking world. 


S. It defines all words by definitive statement, 
giving the meanings of terms in simple words 
instead of by abstruse and often ill-defined 
synonyms. 

{). It makes a point of systematically correct¬ 
ing errors in speech and writing. 

10. It Is the only dictionary that follows a sim¬ 
ple system for the compounding of words, and 
is the only one that is a safe guide to follow in 
the division of words in printing and writing. 

11. It is the first dictionary to place on record 
the Statistics of the Fourteenth United States 
Ceusus (1920) and those of the Censuses of Great 
Britain—England, Scotland, and Wales (3921); 
the Dominion of Canada, as far as officially an¬ 
nounced (1921); the statistics of population of 
France (1921); Germany (1920); Japan (1920), etc., 
and those of such other nations as have issued 
official reports, as the Argentine Republic, the 
Australian Commonwealth, and the Dominion 
of NewZealand, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, 
etc. All the changes that have been made in 
the map of Europe, and elsewhere throughout 
the world, as the results of the World War are 
recorded in correct alphabetical place. 

12 . It gives 15,000 Proper Names, personal, 
mythological, geographical, etc. 

13. In the department of Synonyms it devotes 
12,000 lines to 6,000 synonymic treatments. It 
presents 6,000 Antonyms' and indicates the 
correct use of Prepositions. 

14. Contains 2,500 illustrations—masterpieces 
of pictorial definition and of art. Also a col¬ 
lection of 1,900 Foreign Phrases used in English 
literature and drawn from French, German, 
Greek, Italian, Latin, Spanish, etc. 


Regular Paper Edition, Size ins. high, 7 ]4 ins. wide, 3 ins. thick. 

Cloth, with thumb-notch index . 

Buckram, -with thumb-notch index . 

Bible Paper Edition, Size 9% ins. high, 7 ins. wide, 1% ins. thick, full 
flexible leather, gilt edges, with thumb-notch index, boxed 
Exquisitely bound in full crushed Levant, gilt edges, hand tooled, raised 
bands, boxed. Size io 1 /» ins. high, 7 ins. wide, 1% ins. thick 


$5.00 

6.00 

7.50 

17.50 


PUBLISHED BY 

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY New York and London 










1 


THE 

Comprehensive 

a 

Standard Dictionary 

[Ree. U. S. Pat. Off.] 

Of the English Language 

Giving the Spelling, Pronunciation, Meaning and Etymology of more than 
50,000 Words and Phrases in the Speech and Literature of the English- 
Speaking Peoples, together with nearly 6,000 Discriminated Syn¬ 
onyms, accompanied by Antonyms and Illustrative Examples 
of the Correct Use of Prepositions 


1,000 PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS 


Abridged from the Funk b° Wagnails New Standard Dictionary of 

the English Language by 

JAMES C. FERNALD, L.H.D. 

EDITOR OF THE COMPREHENSIVE STANDARD DICTIONARY; THE CONCISE STANDARD DICTIONARY; 
ENGLISH SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS, AND PREPOSITIONS, ETC. 


-- 

V 

A NEW EDITION, CAREFULLY REVISED BY 
FRANK H. VIZETELLY, Litt.D., LL.D. 

Managing Editor of Funk & Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary of the English Language 
Author of Essentials of English Speech and Literature, etc. 


FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 

NEW YORK AND LONDON 

1923 






'TE ibS. 1 ? 

,S *5 

\t\Z. 3 

c *T L t t ' 


/ 






y 


Copyright, 1914, 1915, 1919, 1920, and 1922 by lfunk & Wagnalls Company 


ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 


Copyright under the Articles of the Copyright Convention of the Pan-American 
Republics and the United States, August 11 , 1910 


• « 
« « • 


[The Comprehensive Standard Dictionary] 
Printed in the United States of America 

JAN-6 *23 ' L 

©Cl A690924 







INTRODUCTORY 


This work is a revision of the Comprehensive Standard Dictionary by 
careful and thorough comparison with the Funk & Wagnalls New Standard 
Dictionary of the English Language, and is adapted, particularly, to the needs 
of the Home, of the Office, and of Teachers and Pupils in Public Schools below the 
academic grade. It is a fulfilment, on an ampler scale than was then possible, of the 
purpose expressed in the Introductory of the original Comprehensive Standard Dic¬ 
tionary (published in 1899): 

“The aim has been to prepare a dictionary of moderate size and cost, which 
should give all the words and phrases in most frequent use among the English* 
speaking peoples, and which should at the same time adequately represent the 
latest advances of lexicographic knowledge and of our constantly growing 
language.” 

More than 100 pages have been added to the volume* while the size of the page 
has been increased. The vocabulary has been restudied for all possible additions, 
and each definition examined anew to make sure that it meets the latest demands 
of lexicography, so far as the necessary spacedimitations allow. 

The Vocabulary. —More than 12,000 words have been added to the vocabulary, 
making a total of more than 50,000 words. Exceeding care has been exercised to 
include every worthy word that will be found in the reading of standard English 
authors or of the best class of current literature. Special pains have been taken to 
cover the recent advances of science and invention, so far as these have come into 
practical use, as in aviation, radioactivity, wireless telegraphy, etc. 

All important prefixes and suffixes which enter into the composition of words 
receive separate treatment in alphabetical place. 

One Alphabetical Order. —The vocabulary is one. Proper names, abbrevia¬ 
tions, prefixes, suffixes, etc., will all be found in one alphabetical order. The saving 
of time and the avoidance of perplexity and confusion by this unity of treatment 
are beyond expression. 

Orthography. —The spelling of words is that of the New Standard Diction¬ 
ary, and will be found in harmony with the usage of the best modern authorities. 
When two ways of spelling the same word are equally, or almost equally, sanctioned 
by usage, the two forms have been bracketed together, the preference being for the 
one first given. In other cases the alternative word or words are given as a variant 
or variants after the definition (with the sign J for a variant in current use, or f for 
an obsolete variant). In cases where the spelling of the variant would place it far 
away from the word defined, the variant is also entered in vocabulary place, with 
cross=reference to the form preferred; thus, cimeter and scimiter will be found in 
vocabulary place with reference to simitar, where the definition is given. In words 
fully Anglicized, “e” is preferred to the diphthongs “ae” and “oe”, as in esthetic, 
homeopathy; but aesthetic and homoeopathy are entered in place and referred to the 
preferred forms. 

Simplified Spellings. —The simpler forms of spelling recommended for use by 
the American Philological Association and the Simplified Spelling Board will, in 
general, be found recorded under the regular spelling. Occasionally, the omission 
of a silent letter is indicated, by the use of a parenthesis or parentheses, as abat¬ 
able, abandoned. See Special Explanatory Notes, Reformed Spellings, page vi. 

Capitalization. —Only such words as should be written with capital initial 
letters are capitalized in the vocabulary, thus enabling the reader to see at a glance 
how to write the word. Where in any case usage varies, both the capitalized and 
the noncapitalized forms are indicated. 

Compounding. —The system of compounding words adopted by the New 
Standard Dictionary has been applied, and the German double hyphen is used 
to distinguish hyphenated compound words, as driving-wheel, fire-escape, printing * 
press, from compounds in which words originally distinct are united without the 
hyphen, as coachman, sunbeam,, wildcat, etc. The single hyphen is used merely to 
indicate division of words into syllables. Compounds will ordinarily be found 
under the first element; if not found there they should be sought under the second 
element, where, for special reasons, they are sometimes placed. 

Pronunciation.— The plan of indicating the pronunciation of words by re¬ 
spelling in two keys followed by the New Standard Dictionary has been fol- 

r (hi) 



IV 


Introductory 


lowed also in this work. For detailed explanation of the values of the different 
symbols, see page viii. In general, the preferences of the larger work are followed. 
In all matters of disputed, pronunciation due consideration has been given to the 
decisions of the New Standard Dictionary’s Advisory Committee of Philologists 
and Educators in charge of the Department of Disputed Pronunciations. In cases 
where derivatives are not respelled, the pronunciation is believed to be sufficiently 
indicated by hyphenization and accent, each syllable having the pronunciation of 
the corresponding syllable in the main word from which the derivative is formed. 
Thus, in a-bat'a-ble, the syllable -bat' has the pronunciation of the second syllable 
of a-bate'; in mov'a-ble, the syllable mov' has the pronunciation of the main word 
move, from which it is derived. So in all similar cases. 

The Definitions. —Special care has been taken to make the definitions at 
once comprehensive and concise by embracing recent meanings and distinctions, and 
by making the general definitions thoroughly inclusive. Each definition has been 
thoroughly digested, and reduced by studied condensation at once into the smallest 
compass and the simplest language. The rule has been observed throughout of 
giving the most common meaning first, then others in the order of their divergence. 
Meanings nearly akin are separated by semicolons; but, for those essentially dis¬ 
tinct, numerals are employed. As a rule, each definition begins with a definitive 
statement, made as inclusive as possible to embrace all that belongs to that definition, 
and as exclusive as possible to shut out everything else. Following the definitive 
statement, one or more apposite synonyms are usually given. In some instances, 
chiefly in subordinate definitions, a synonym only has been used, where the definition 
of that synonym in its own place will tell that it is necessary to know in that case 
about the word which the synonym has been used to define. 

Proper Names Defined. —The 3,400 proper names included in the vocabulary 
were selected from extensive lists, in the endeavor to give, so far as possible within 
the limited space, the names most likely to be looked for and most important to be 
found. The definitions of proper names include: for persons, a brief characteriza¬ 
tion, with date of birth and (if not now living) of death; for a country, island, etc., 
its situation, area in square miles, and population; for a city, town, etc., its location 
and population, with note of any especially important event, as a battle, treaty, 
or the like; for mountains, the location and height; for rivers, the location and 
length in miles; for oceans, seas, and lakes, the location and area in square miles. 
Thus, within very limited space, is given a great amount of valuable biographical, 
historical, and geographical information. 

Runsdn Words. —The meaning of a derivative is often readily understood 
from that of the leading word in connection with the appropriate suffix, which is 
itself defined in its proper vocabulary place. In such case the derivative is given 
without definition under the leading word. The giving of undefined derivatives has 
important use in supplying information of syllabication and accent. Where a 
familiar suffix, as -er, -ly, -ness, etc., is added directly to the vocabulary word, 
in most cases the suffix alone is given, without repeating the principal word; as, 
bar'ba-rous, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. In every case such suffix is to be added to the 
full form of the leading word next preceding. If an adjective ends in l, the addition 
of -ly thus results in doubling the l; as, principal + -ly becomes principally. Where 
the suffix cannot be added to the leading word without change, the derivative is 
spelled out in full; as, adorable, adorably; pretty, prettily, prettiness. 

Etymologies. —The etymologies have been given in a clear but condensed form, 
tracing each word as far as practicable to its ultimate source that the pupil may 
know whence the word started, and just how it came to have its present signification. 
For the benefit of the pupils, and for ease of consultation, words from the Greek, 
Hebrew, Arabic, etc., in the etymologies have been transliterated, thus facilitating the 
reading of all foreign words, of whatever origin. See Special Explanatory Notes. 

Synonyms and Antonyms. —For such students of the language as wish to 
consult allied words in their relations to one another, a separate department contain¬ 
ing 6,000 of these carefully discriminated will be found at the end of the volume— 
following page 680. 

Prepositions. —Prepositions have been defined in alphabetical place with 
special care, and where a preposition is so closely associated with a verb or with a 
certain meaning of a verb as to be the necessary or the natural adjunct for expressing 
the meaning, such preposition is noted; as, “admit, v. II. i. 1 . To give scope, 
warrant, or permission: with of." 




Rules for Spelling 


v 


Tables. —A number of valuable tables are included, containing matters to which 
ready and repeated reference is desirable, as of coins, of constellations, planets, and 
stars, of weights and measures (including a full exposition of the metric system, with 
factors for conversion), presidents of the United States, and sovereigns of England. 

The Pictorial Illustrations. —The illustrations, more than 1,000 in number, 
have been selected, not for mere embellishment, but as aids in definition, conveying 
the meaning of terms through the eye to the mind as, in very many cases, mere 
words can not do. These illustrations have been in great part made especially for 
this work, and will be found scientifically exact and artistically accurate. A number 
of fulbpage groups of illustrations will be found distributed through the book. The 
selections were made with the view of supplementing the definitions (see aeroplane, 
agriculture, architecture, etc.) and for their educational value. The illustrations of 
barks, flowers, and leaves will be found especially useful in botanical work. 

Special acknowledgment is due to Francis H. Medhurst, D.Litt., for his 
skilful and efficient collaboration throughout'the course of this work. 

So designed and constructed, it is believed that the present revision of the 
Comprehensive Dictionary contains a greater amount of really valuable matter 
than any English dictionary of equal size now before the public. 


The growth of the language, which found new impulse with the World War, 
has necessitated the addition of many new terms and of new meanings to old terms 
in the vocabulary that follows. The number of personal and place names has been 
increased to include those that the stirring events of the various campaigns brought 
into prominence, and to these have been added others that the return of peace, the 
redistribution of lands, caused through that political evolution inspired by self-deter¬ 
mination of the peoples of Europe and elsewhere, have created. 

Through the completion of the Fourteenth Census of the United States recently 
published (1921) the latest statistics of population have been made available for use, 
and are given in the following pages, together with those for the Census of 1921 of 
Great Britain, embracing only England, Scotland, and Wales as none for Ireland 
were obtainable up to the time of going to press. In addition the official statistics 
published by the Argentine Republic, the Australian Commonwealth, the Dominions 
of Canada, and New Zealand, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Japan, and those 
published by the German Statistical Bureau in 1920, have been recorded where 
required. 

Wherever necessary the text has been carefully revised. F. H. V. 


RULES FOR SPELLING 


1. Final Consonants Doubled.— Mono¬ 
syllables ending in /, l, or s, immediately pre¬ 
ceded by a single vowel, double the final conso¬ 
nant; as, cliff, bell, brass. 

Exceptions: clef, if, of, sol, as, gas, has, his, 
is, thus, us, was, yes. 

2 . Final Consonants Not Doubled.— 

Monosyllables ending in any other consonant 
than /, l, or s, immediately preceded by a single 
vowel, do not double the final consonant; as, 
cab, bin, dip, hit, etc. 

Exceptions: ebb, add, odd, egg, inn, err, 
shirr, burr, purr, mitt, butt, fizz, buzz, fuzz. 

3. Consonants Doubled Before Suffix.— 

Monosyllables ending in a single consonant, 
preceded by a single vowel, double the conso¬ 
nant before a suffix beginning with a vowel; 
accented final syllables follow the same rule; as, 

. dip, dip'per; a-bet', a-bet'tor. 

Exceptions: (1) Syllables ending in x do 
not double the final letter; as, box, boxes, boxing; 
(2) when the accent in the derivative is carried 
further back, the consonant is likely to remain 
single; as, pre fer', pref'er-ence; but pre-fer'ring, 


re-fer', ref'er-a-ble; but also, re-fer'ri-ble; (3) the 
derivatives of the word gas (except gassed, 
gassing, and gassy) are written with but one s; 
as, gaseous. 

4. Silent e Omitted Before Vowel *Sufflx. 

—Silent e final is ordinarily omitted before a 
suffix beginning with a vowel; as, love, loving, 
lovable. 

Exceptions: (1) Words ending in ce or ge 
retain the e before -able or -ous, in order to avoid 
hardening the c or g; as, defaceable, changeable, 
advantageous; (2) the e is retained in hoeing, 
shoeing, and toeing; (3) also in the derivatives of 
dye, singe, springe, swinge, and tinge, thus dis¬ 
tinguishing dyeing from dying, etc., and keeping 
the g soft in tingeing. 

5. Silent e Retained Before Consonant* 
Suffix. —Silent e final is ordinarily retained be¬ 
fore a suffix beginning with a consonant; as, 
dire, direful; fine, finely; amaze, amazement. 

Exceptions: The e is always dropped in 
duly, truly, wholly, argument, and commonly in 
abridgment, acknowledgment, awful, judgment, 
and lodgment. 





VI 


Special Explanatory Notes 


6. Final y Unchanged In Plurals. —Nouns 
ending in y, when the y is preceded by a vowel, 
form the plural regularly by simply adding s; 
as, donkey, donkeys; monkey, monkeys. 

7. Final y Changed in Plurals.— Nouns 
ending in y, when the y is preceded by a con¬ 
sonant, form the plural by changing y into i 
and adding es; as, mercy, mercies; sky, skies; 
pity, pities. 

8. Change of y to i Before Suflix.—Words 
ending in y, when the y is preceded by a con¬ 
sonant, change the y into i before any suffix 
except one beginning with i; as, icy, icily; mercy, 
merciful; pity, pitiable, pitiful; but marry, mar¬ 
rying. 

Exceptions: Adjectives of one syllable end¬ 


ing in y preceded by a consonant ordinarily re¬ 
tain the y; as, shy, shyly. 

9. Full as Suffix Changed to -ful. —The 
word full, used as a suffix, drops one i; as, cup¬ 
ful, mouthful, .spoonful, etc. (plurals, cupfuls, 
mouthfuls, spoonfuls, etc.). 

10. How to Choose Between ei and ie.— 
When ei or ie has the sound of I ( = i in police), 
the usage may be discriminated as follows: 
After c the combination is ei; as, ceiling, per¬ 
ceive, receive; after any other letter than c the 
combination is ie; as, believe, grieve, reprieve. 

Exceptions: In leisure, neither, seize, weir, 
and weird, ei is used, tho not following c. 

Note. — ei sounded as e (= e in prey) may 
follow any consonant; as, neighbor, sleigh, weigh. 


SPECIAL EXPLANATORY NOTES 


Comparison of Adjectives; Plurals of Nouns. 

Eg^Where the comparative and superlative 
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES and the PLURALS OF NOUNS 
are not given, they are formed regularly, according 
to the simplest rules of grammar. 

The pronunciation of plurals of nouns is indi¬ 
cated either by respelling or by the sign (*) inserted 
after the plural form. Example: du'ty, diu'ti, n. 
[du'ties 2 , pi.] The sign ( z ) is used to indicate that 
the pronunciation of the plural is obtained by 
adding “ z ” to the pronunciation of the vocabulary 
word. Thus, du'ties is pronounced diQ'tiz. 

Verbs and Their Participles, Etc. 

EE^WVhere the tense and participial forms of 
a verb are not given, add -ed to the vocabulary 
word for the imperfect tense and the past participle, 
and -ing for the present participle, except in com¬ 
pound verbs. See Compound Words, below. 

The pronunciation of the participles of verbs is 
Indicated as follows: 

The sign (») added after a verb, or after Roman 
I., as I*. (when several parts of speech are grouped 
under one vocabulary entry), indicates that the 
pronunciation of the past participle or imperfect 
of this verb is obtained by adding “t” to the pro¬ 
nunciation of the vocabulary word. Example: 
looks luk, v. By adding “t” to the pronunciation 
of look, the pronunciation of looked, pp., is ob¬ 
tained, thus: luk + t = lukt; so blotch, bleCh. I*. 
vt., indicates that the past participle or imperfect, 
blotched, is pronounced bleclht. 

The sign ( d ) added after a verb, or after Roman 
I., as I d . (when several parts of speech are grouped 
under one vocabulary entry), indicates that the 
pronunciation of the past participle or imperfect 
of this verb is obtained by adding “ed” to thejpro- 
nunclation of the vocabulary word. Examples: 
amend* 1 , o-mend'. By adding “ed” to the pronun¬ 
ciation of amend, the pronunciation of amended, 
imp. and pp., is obtained, thus: a-mend' + ed = 
a-mend'ed; so amount, a-maunt'. I d . vi., indi¬ 
cates that the past participle or imperfect is pro¬ 
nounced a-maunt'ed. 

The pronunciation of the past participle and 
imperfect of the verbs is obtained, where no sign is 
given, by adding "d” to the pronunciation of the 
vocabulary word. Examples: love, luv; loved, 
luvd; cable, ke'bl; cabled, ke'bld. 

Compound Words are defined under their first 
element, except when some special reason, as of 
classification, requires them to be grouped under 
the second element. 

The participles and imperfects of compound 
verbs (if not given with the compounds), as dis¬ 
abuse, disagree, will be found under the final 
element of each compound, as under abuse, agree. 


Etymologies, Etc. 

Where the derivation of a word has been traced 
through more than one language in the Standard 
and Students’ Standard, condensation is secured 
in the present work by indicating the intervening 
language or languages by means of superior let¬ 
ters; the intervening languages (where more than 
one is noted) being given in the order which the 
derivation of the word has followed: thus, under 
the word butter, n., the expression [< Gr.L+AB 
boutyron] indicates that the word butter has come 
into the English language from the Greek boutyron 
through the medium of the Latin, and later of the 
Anglo*Saxon, with various modifications in the 
process of transition. 

Suffixes, as -ly, -ness, following the treatment 
of any vocabulary word, denote that the suffix is to 
be added directly to the bold*face word that imme¬ 
diately precedes it, to form the corresponding ad¬ 
verb, or other derivative. Example: Under harm 
will be found harmful, a. * * * -ly, adv., -ness, n., 
indicating that the adverb is harmfully and the 
verbal noun harmful ness; also, harmless, a. * * * 
-ly, adv., -ness, n., indicating that the adverb is in 
this latter case harmlessly, and the noun harm¬ 
lessness. 

The Single Hyphen (-) connects parts of a 
word that are arbitrarily separated, as at the end 
of a line, or in the division of words into syllables, 
the syllables which it connects being closely joined 
in ordinary writing or printing. The single hyphen 
is omitted when the primary or secondary accent 
is used, as in vocabulary words: as-tron'o-my for 
astronomy; in"dl-vid 'u-al for individual. 

The Double Hyphen («) connects only the parts 
of a compound word, and indicates that the parts so 
joined are to be connected by a hyphen in ordinary 
writing or printing; as, lialfunast (written ordi¬ 
narily half-mast). 

The Single Accent (') indicates the primary or 
chief accent; as, a'ble. 

The Double Accent (*) indicates the secondary 
accent; as, as-so"cI-a't!on; muI"ti-pli-ca'tlon. 


Abbreviations and 

(Colloq.] Colloquial. 
iDial.] Dialectic. 

[Prov.] Provincial. 

[Poet.j Poetical. 


* = hypothetical. 


Arbitrary Signs. 

t = obsolete. 

|| = archaic. 

§ = rare. 
t = variant. 


Reformed Spellings. 

- The reformed spellings recommended by the 
American Philological Association and the Philo¬ 
logical Society of England are marked with a 
small superior p ; those recommended by the Simpli¬ 
fied Spelling Board are marked with superior 8 . 









Principles of The Revised Scientific Alphabet 


VII 


I'ne relormed spellings are given sometimes in fully 
respelled form, sometimes by putting a parenthesis 
mark before (and, if necessary, after) a letter in the 
vocabulary spelling which in the reformed spelling 
is omitted. Thus, ca'pa-bl(e p , fys'ic p ( physic) are 
spellings recommended by the two philological so¬ 
cieties ; fo 'no-graf a , con-serv (e ' a , con-ser v (e) d ' B , 
spellings recommended by the Simplified Spelling 


Board—the e being dropped from the last two. 

Illustrations. 

The fractional numbers given in connection 
with the illustrations of certain animals denote 
the proportion which the illustration bears to 
the animal illustrated. 


PRINCIPLES OF THE REVISED SCIENTIFIC 

ALPHABET 


The alphabet was constructed by a Com¬ 
mittee of the Department of Superintendence 
of the National Education Association on the 
basis of The American Philological Associa¬ 
tion’s alphabet of 1877. It was adopted by 
that Department at Mobile, Ala., February, 
1911, officially endorsed by the three linguistic 
societies of America, The American Philological 
Association, The Modern Language Association, 
and The American Dialect Society, during 
December, 1912, and is used in the New Stand¬ 
ard Dictionary. The essential principles of 
its construction are the following: 

1. One symbol, and only one, for each 
sound, so that in whatever combination a 
given symbol appears, its value is unchanging 
and unmistakable. 

2 . The vowel letters have their Continen¬ 
tal (or Latin) values, (a) This brings the 
notation into accord with international pho¬ 
netic science, and (b) makes possible a relation 
Jjetween symbols which corresponds to that 
actually existing between the sounds they rep¬ 
resent. The latter effect would be impossible if 
all the letters, especially the vowel letters, re¬ 
tained their English alphabetic values. Thus, 
the i in pine and the i in pin have phonetically 
no such relation to each other as that suggested 
by calling them “long i” and “short i.” They 
represent sounds of totally different characters; 
the one is a diphthong, the other a simple vowel. 
The diphthong of pine consists of the sounds 
a and i pronounced closely together (see next 
paragraph); a scientific spelling should show 
the two elements; thus, pain. The single letter 
i (1) is no adequate symbol for the compound 
sound, and (2) falsely associates it with the 
unrelated simple short vowel of pin. The word 
mat and the first syllable of mating use the same 
letter, a; but the vowels themselves are totally 
different in quality as well as in length. A 
scientific alphabet should distinguish them by 
giving them differing symbols, as a and e. On 
the other hand, fat and fare have vowels alike 
in quality, tho differing in length. The Re¬ 
vised Scientific Alphabet represents them by 
the same symbol, a, distinguishing the long 
vowel of fare by a macron (~); thus, fat and 
far. Thus the phonetic alphabet used here 
shows exactly the character of a sound, its 
connection with related sounds, and (if the 
sound is diphthongal) its elements and their 
value. 

3. Diphthongs are represented by the 
symbols of their respective elements. 

Thus, the diphthong in out, how, consists of the 
two simple vowels heard in ah and rule (that is, 


a and u) spoken in rapid succession, the chief 
stress being on the first: aut, hau; and the 
diphthong in oil, hoy has for its first element the 
vowel heard in not (net), or clog (kleg), and for 
its second the vowel in it: eil, bei. Similarly, 
the vowel in high, aisle, is a diphthong; a pro¬ 
longed pronunciation of it readily shows that it 
begins with the vowel of ah and ends with the 
i in pine; that is, the diphthong is a + 1: hai, 
ail. A comparison of rude with mute shows 
at once that the former has a simple vowel, the 
latter a diphthong consisting of the full vowel 
heard in rude preceded by a light vowel like 
that in it; that is, the diphthong is i + u: miut. 
In English spellings these diphthongs are often 
disguised; in the phonetic symbols of the Re¬ 
vised Scientific Alphabet (Key 1) they are 
always absolutely clear: ai, au, ei, iu (when not 
under the chief accent, iu). 

4. Diacritic marks are almost wholly 
discarded; only one is used, namely, the 
macron, and this always as a sign of length. 
By means of the macron the English short 
vowels are properly paired with their nearest 
long forms: the short vowel of obey (o) is the 
same in quality as the long vowel of note (o); 
the short vowel of fat (a) is approximately the 
same in quality as the long vowel of fare (a); 
the short vowel of win (i) is in quality close to 
the long vowel of ween (i); there is close kinship 
in quality between the vowels of met (e) and 
mate (e); and similarly between e and e, u and 
u, u and u. 

5. The so«called “ obscure” vowels are 

recognized as actual and established elements 
of standard English speech. In wholly un¬ 
stressed syllables, every vowel is altered in qual¬ 
ity and reduced in sharpness of utterance to one 
or the other of two neutral or "obscure” vowels. 
The more frequent of them is the somewhat 
muffled sound heard in the unstressed syllable 
of about, separate, custom; the other that heard 
in renew, habit, menace. The former is repre¬ 
sented by e, the latter by x. 

6. Familiar digraphs (ch, sh, th) are re¬ 
tained as a concession to English spelling 
habits; but the two letters are tied in order to 
indicate that they represent a single sound. 
Thus the sound of ch in church is represented by 
dh, of sh in she by dh, of th in thee by th, and of 
th in three by th. It would be more scientific 
to represent these single consonant sounds by 
single symbols; but for general use it was 
thought better to adapt the familiar forms. A 
similar concession in the case of the vowebsigns 
could not be made without introducing confu¬ 
sion of phonetic values. 







KEYS TO PRONUNCIATION 


As in the New Standard Dictionary, two pronunciation keys are here used. The first 
(Key 1) is the Revised Scientific. Alphabet; the second (Key 2), made by means of diacritic marks, 
is such as has long been in use in textbooks and in the older dictionaries. 

The following table gives the values of the symbols in the two Keys, except those which, 
because they have their usual English spelling or alphabetic values, are already familiar. 


KEY 

KEY 


KEY 

KEY 

1 

2 

ILLUSTRATIVE WORDS 

1 

2 

a 

a 

as in artistic, cartoon. 

g 

g 

a 

a 

as in art, cart, alms, father. 

Q 

n, ng 
th 

a 

a 

as in add, fat, man, lap, baffie. 

fh 

& 

ft, 6 

as in air, fare, pear, heir, there, 
as in ask, chant, dance, fast. 



□ 

a 

th 

th 

e 

6 

as in get, bell, says, leopard, said, 





dead, bury, added. 

s 

s, c 

6 

a, 6 

as in prey, wait, fame, great, 
neighbor. 

z 

z, g 
ch 

i 

If 

as in hit, tin, miss, cyst, physic. 

dh 

I 

e,l,f 

as in police, mete, greet, sea. 

3 

j. g 

o 

o 

as in obey, window, photo. 

dh 

sh, ch 

6 

6 

as in go, note, glory, blow, soul, 





goat, door, beaw. 

3 

zh 


o 

o 

u 

u 

u 

u 

ai 

au 

iu 

iu 

ei 

k 


5, a as in not, odd, what, was. 

6, a as in or, north, all, haul, walk. 

V, o, oo as in full, push, could, stood, 
u, q, oo as in rule, true, food, who, lose. 

и, 6 as in but, under, son, other. 

h, e,I,yas in burn, cur, earn, whirl, 
myrrh. 

I, y as in aisle, pine, sign, light, type, 
height. 

ou, ow as in sauerkraut, out, now. 
u as in duration, futility, 
u as in feud, tube, pupil, beauty, 
oi, oy as in oil, coin, boy, oyster, loyal. 

к, c as in A;in, cat, bacA:, ache, pique, 

quit. 


H 

ti 

n 


ILLUSTRATIVE WORDS 
as in go, dog, egg, ghost, guard. 
as in siny, lony, ringing, link, 
as in lAin, bath, iaith, ether, 
LuZAer. 

as in this, with, breathe, rather, 
either. 

as in so, house, this, missing, 
cent, scene, psychology 
as in ,?est, lazy, buzz, was, houses, 
as in c/iin, ricA, church, watch. 
as in jet, yin, yist, judye, piyeon. 


ocean, funcZion, macAine. 
as in azure, seizure, leisure, 
vision. 

a, e, o, u, y as in about, final, sofa, over, 
separate, mystery, guttural, 
martyrdom (always un¬ 
stressed) . , 

a, e,i,u, y as in habit, senate, surfeit, bis¬ 
cuit, min'ute, menace, aver¬ 
age, privilege, valley, Sunday, 
cities, renew (always un¬ 
stressed) . 

h as in locA (Scotch), acA, micA 
(German). 

Q as in Lubeck (German), Dumas 

(French). 

n as in boh (French). 


Of the consonantal and semivowel symbols b, d, f, A, l, m, n, p, r, t, r, w, y, and z, these as 
initials have the familiar and unmistakable sounds heard in be, do, fee, he, let, met, net, pet, red, 
ten, vow, wet, yet, and zest; as finals, l, m, n, and r have the sounds heard in able, prism, fasten, 
flour. 

The foreign sounds (h, ti, n) can not be represented in English spellings, but must be described 
in detail. 

II is made with the tongue almost in position for k (as in Zock). The difference is that for 
h the tongue does not wholly close the passage, so that the breath rushes out with great friction, 
making a sound like a very rough h. If the vowel preceding h is made in the front of the mouth 
(as German i, e, il, d), the h is also forward, and is then made by forcing the breath out while the 
tongue is held firmly in the initial position for English y. 

U represents a sound made by pronouncing I (the vowebsound of see), with the bps at the 
same time fully pursed or rounded as for whistling. It may be noted, also, that the foreign 
sound represented in this dictionary by the symbol 0 (as French danseuse, dah"suz') is not exactly 
the vowel heard in the English burn, earn, etc., but is approximately that vowel sounded while the 
lips are fully pursed or rounded. 

n is a symbol indicating that the n itself is silent, but has imparted a nasal quality to the pre¬ 
ceding vowel. 


(viii) 




The 

Comprehensive Standard 

Dictionary 


A abbacy 


A, a, le; 2 a, to. [aes, A’s, or As, 1 ez; 2 ag, pi.) 

The first letter in the English alphabet, 
a, 1 e; 2 a ( unaccented, 1 o; 2 a), indef. article or 
adjective. One; any; some; each: before a 
vowel, an. 

Special uses: (1) before plural nouns with few, 
great many, or good many, (2) with on, at, or of, 
denoting oneness, sameness; as, birds of a feather. 
[< AS. an, one.] 

a-, prefix, with values as follows: a- * 1 . On; as, 
aboard. [<AS. on, an.) a- 2 . Away, out (in¬ 
tensive or without special force); as, arise; 
awake. [< AS. a-, = Goth, us-, = G. er-.\ a- 3 . 
Of, from (intensive); as, adown; athirst. [< 
AS. of, a/.] a- 4 . Against; as, along. [<AS. 
and-, = Goth, and-, anda-, = G. ant-, ent-, = L. 
ante-, anti-.] a- B . Together; as, aware. [<AS. 
ge-.] a- 6 . To; as, ado. [ME. a-, < Ice. at.) a- 7 . 
Hold (opening); as, avast. [< D. houd.) a- 8 . 
From; as, avert. [< L. ab.] a- 8 . Out; as, 
amend. [ < OF. a-, e-, < L. ex.) a- 10 . To; 
as, ascend. [< L. ad.) a- 11 . To; as, avalanche. 

< OF. a-, < L. ad.) a- 12 . From; as, abate. 

< OF. a-, < L. ab.) a- 13 . Ah (interjectional); 
as, alas. [< OF. a-, < L. ah.) a- 14 . Not; as, 
achromatic. [ < Gr. a-, an-, privative.] 

A., abbr. Academy, America, Argon, Augustus.— 
a., abbr. Accepted, acre, active, adjective, after¬ 
noon, aged, alto, anonymous, answer, ante (L., 
before), are, at.—A.,aa.,aa .,abbr. [L.] Med. Ana 
(of each).—A. A., abbr. Associate of Arts.— 
A. A. A. A., abbr. Amateur Athletic Association of 
America.—A. A. A. S., abbr. American Asso¬ 
ciation for the Advancement of Science.—A A. 
C., abbr. Antarctic circle.—A. A. G., abbr. 
Assistant Adjutant=General.—A. A. of A., abbr. 
Automobile Association of America.—A. A. P. 
S., abbr. American Association for the Promo¬ 
tion of Science. 

Aar, 1 ar; 2 ar, n. River in Switzerland. 

Aar'on, 1 ar'on; 2 ar'on, n. The first Jewish high 
priest; brother of Moses. Ex. iv, 14. 

A. A. S., abbr. Fellow of the American Academy; 
American Academy of Sciences and Arts.—A. A. 
S. S., abbr. Fellow of the American Antiquarian 
Society.—A. A. U., abbr. Amateur Athletic 
Union. 

ab-, prefix. Off; from; away; as, absolve; ab¬ 
dicate; abrogate. [< L. ab- (ab), = Gr. apo, = 
AS. of.] In abbreviate, ab- represents ad-. 

A. B., abbr. 1. Able*bodied; able seaman. 2. Ar- 


lium Baccalaureus (L., Bachelor of Arts), see B.A- 
—Ab., abbr. Abyssinia, Abyssinian, 
a-back', 1 s-bak'; 2 a-bak', adv. So as to be 
pressed backward, as sails; backward; aloof, 
ab'a-cus, 1 ab'o-kus; 2 Sb'a-cus, n. [-cus-es 
or-ci, l-soi;2-gi, pi.) 1. A 
reckoning=table with slid¬ 
ing balls. 2. A slab form¬ 
ing the top of a capital. 

[Gr.L abax, counting*table.] 

A-bad'don, 1 a-bad'n; 2 
a-bad'n, n. The angel of the 
bottomless pit. Rev. ix, 11. 
a-baft', 1 a-baft'; 2 a-baft', Abacus. 

Naut. I. adv. Toward the stern; back; be¬ 
hind. II. prep. Further aft than. [ < a- 1 , 
prefix, -f be-, prefix, + aft.] 

Ab'a-na, 1 ab'a-na; 2 ab'a-na, n. A river of 
Damascus. 2 Kings v, 12. 
a-ban'don, 1 a-ban'dan; 2 a-ban'don, vt. To 
forsake or renounce utterly; give up wholly; 
quit; leave; resign. [< F. abandonner, < a 
bandon, in the power.]—a-ban'don(e)d», pa. 
Given over; profligate.—a-ban'don-ment, n. 
Ab'a-ris, 1 ab'a-ris; 2 ab'a-ris, n. Gr. Myth. A 
priest of Apollo, who gave him an arrow on which 
he rode through the air. 

a-basc', 1 a-bes'; 2 a-bas', vt. [a-based' 4 ; 
a-bas'ing.] 1. To lower; cast down; humble. 
2. To debase, as coin. [<L.f ad, to, + LL. 
bassus, low; see base, a.] — a-base'ment, n. 
a-bash', 1 a-ba^h'; 2 a-bash', vt. [a-b ashed' 4 , 
a-basht's; a-bash'ing.] To make ashamed; 
confuse; embarrass. [< OF. esbahtr, astonish.] 
a-bate', 1 a-bet'; 2 a-bat', v. [a-bat'ed 11 ; 
a-bat'ing.] I. t. 1. To make less; diminish; 
moderate; reduce. 2. To do away with; 
annul. II. i. To grow less; decrease. [< L. F 
ad, to, + batuo, beat.]— a-bat'a-bl(e p , a. That 
may be abated.— a-bate'ment, n. 
ab'a-tis, ) 1 ab'a-tis; 2 ab'a-tls, n. Mil. An 
ab'at-tis, ) obstruction of felled trees, with the 
branches sharpened and pointed in the direc¬ 
tion of expected attack. [F.] 
a"bat"toir\ 1 a"ba"twar'; 2 a"ba"twar / , n. A 
slaughterhouse. [F.] 

Abb., abbr. Abbess, abbey, abbot. [Syr.] 

ab'ba, 1 ab'a; 2 ab'a, n. Father. Mark xiv, 36. 
ab'ba-cy, 1 ab'o-si; 2 ab'a-ey, to. [-cies, 1 
-siz; 2 -?i§. pl-) The office or dignity of an 
abbot; abbotship. 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police] obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, dr, wdn, 
1:»= final; inhabit; aisle; au = out; oil; lu = feud; tfhin; go; rj = siTOf?; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 

1 















Abbas 

abstinence 


2 


Ab'bas", 1 a'bas*; 2 a'bas", n. The uncle of Mo¬ 
hammed (566-652). —Ab-bas'sides, n. 1. Ca¬ 
lifs at Bagdad, 749-1258, In Egypt to 1517. 2. A 

Persian dynasty, 1500-1736. Ab-bas'sldsJ. 
ab-ba'tial, 1 a-be'^hol; 2 a-ba'shal, a. Of or 
pertaining to an abbot or an abbey, ab- 
bat'i-ealj. 

ab"be', 1 a"be'; 2 a'be', n. An abbot; also, a 
literary ecclesiastic not holding a benefice, 
ab'bess, 1 ab'es; 2 fib'es, n. The mother-supe¬ 
rior of a nunnery. 

ab'bey, 1 ab'i; 2 fib'y, «. [abbeys 2 , pi.) A 
monastery or nunnery; a place of worship or 
other building connected with a monastic 
establishment. 

ab'bot, 1 ab'ot; 2 fib'ot, n. Eccl. The superior 
of a monastery. [<Syr.n abba, father.)— ab'- 
bot-ship, n. ab'bot-cyj. 
abbr., abbrev., abbr. Abbreviated, abbreviation, 
ab-bre'vi-ate, 1 a-bri'vi-et; 2 a-bre'vi-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To shorten; reduce; con¬ 
dense. [< L. ad, to, + brevis, short.)— ab-bre"- 
vl-a'tion, n. A shortened form; abridgment. 

A. B. C. F. M., A. B. F. M., abbr. American 
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 
abd., abbr. Abdicated. 

ab'di-cate, 1 ab'di-ket; 2 fib'di-cat, v. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] I. t. To give up volun¬ 
tarily, as royal power; renounce. II. i. To 
renounce power, office, etc. [< L. ab, from, + 
dlco, proclaim.)— ab"dl-ca'tion, n. 

Ab'dl-el, 1 ab'di-el; 2 ab'di-61, n. A seraph who 
opposed Satan. Milton P. L. v. 896. 
ab-do'men, 1 ab-do'men; 2 fib-do'mfin, n. 
The visceral cavity; belly. [L.)— ab-dom'i- 
nal, a. -ly, adv. 

ab-duce'||, 1 ab-dlfis'; 2 fib-due', t)t. To draw 
away. [< L. abduco-, see abdtjct.) — ab-du'- 
cent, a. & n. 

ab-duct' d , 1 ab-dukt'; 2 fib-duct', vt. 1. To 
carry away wrongfully; kidnap. 2. Physiol. 
To draw aside. [< L. ab, from, + duco, lead.)— 
ab-duc'tlon, n.— ab-duc'tor, n. 
a-beam', 1 a-bim'; 2 a-bem', a. & adv. Naut. 

At right angles to the line of a vessel’s keel, 
a-bed', 1 a-bed'; 2 a-bSd', adv. In bed; on a 
bed; to bed. [Gen. iv, 2. 

A'bel, 1 6'bel; 2 fi'bfil, n. Second son of Adam. 
Ab'e-lard, 1 ab'i-lard; 2 fib'e-lard, Pierre (1079- 
1142). A French scholastic; lover of Helolse. 
Ab"er-deen', 1 ab"ar-dln'; 2 ab"er-den', n. A city 
(pop. 158,969) and county (1,972 sq. in.; pop. 
300,980) in N. E. Scotland. 
ab"cr-ra'tion, 1 ab"a-re'shan; 2 fib"e-ra'shon, 
n. 1. Deviation; error. 2. Med. Partial in¬ 
sanity. [< L. ab, from, + erro, wander.) 
a-bet', 1 a-bet'; 2 a-bfit', vt. [a-bet'ted* 1 ; 
a-bet'ting.] To encourage and support 
(wrong-doing ora wrong-doer); incite; in¬ 
stigate; countenance. [< OF. abeter, < a, to, 
+ beter, = bait, e.]— a-bet'ment, n.— a-bet'- 
tcr, a-bet'tor, n. 

a-bey'ance, 1 a-be'ans; 2 a-be'anc, n. Sus¬ 
pension or inaction. [< OF. abeance.] a-bey'- 
an-cyt. 

ab-hor', 1 ab-her'; 2 fib-hor', vt. [ab-horred', 
ab-hord' 8 ; ab-hor'ring.] To view with re¬ 
pugnance; detest; loathe. [< L. ab, from, + 
horreo, shrink.)— ab-hor'rence, ab-hor'- 

rent, a. 

A-bl'a-thar, 1 a-bai'a-thar; 2 a-bi'a-thfir, n. A 
Jewish high priest. 1 Sam. xxiii, 9. 
a-bide', 1 a-baid'; 2 a-bld', v. [a-bode'; a-bid'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To await expectantly or de¬ 
fiantly. 2. To endure. II. i. To continue in 


a place or state; remain; dwell. [<AS. dbidan.] 
—a-bld'lug. I. pa. Enduring; permanent. 
II. n. Abode; sojourn, -ly, adv. 

Ab'1-gall, 1 ab'i-gel; 2 ab'i-gal, n. Wife of Nabal 
and afterward of David. 1 Sam. xxv, 14. 
a-bil'i-ty, la-bil'i-ti; 2 a-bll'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.) The state of being able; power; talent; 
faculty. [ < L. habllltas, < habllls; see able.) 
ab"i-o-gen'e-sis, 1 ab"i-o-jen'i-sis; 2 fib"i-o- 
gfin'e-sls, n. The production of living from 
non-living matter; spontaneous generation. 
[< Gr. ablos, lifeless, + genesis.) 
ab"i-o-log'i-cal, 1 ab"i-o-laj'i-kdl; 2 fib"i-o- 
18g'i-eal, a. Of or pertaining to non-living 
matter. [< a - 14 + biological.) 
ab'jcct, 1 ab'jekt; 2 fib'jfict, o. Sunk to a low 
condition; mean; despicable; servile. [< L. ab, 
from, + jaclo, throw.)—ab'ject-ly, adv. — ab'- 
Ject-ness, n. The state of being abject, ab- 
Jec'tlont. 

ab-jure', 1 ab-jur'; 2 fib-jur', vt. [ab-jured'; 
ab-jur'ing.] To renounce under oath; re¬ 
cant; repudiate. [< L.v ab, from, + Juro, 
swear.)— ab"ju-ra't!on, n. 
abl., ablat., abbr. Ablative, 
ab-la'tion, 1 ab-le'shan; 2 fib-la'shon, n. Re¬ 
moval; amputation; wasting as of rocks or 
glaciers. [< L. ablatlo(.n-), < ablatus, < ab, 
from, + Jams, carried.) 

ab"la-ti'tious, 1 ab"la-tifih'us; 2 fib /, la-tlsh'us, 

a. Subtractive. 

ab'Ia-tiv(e 8 ,1 ab'ls-tiv; 2 fib'la-tlv. I. a. 1. 
Gram. Expressing separation or instrumental¬ 
ity. 2. Subtractive. II. n. A case of Latin 
and Sanskrit nouns, denoting/rom, with, in, by, 
etc. [< L. ablativus, < ablatus, taken away; see 
ablation.) [Are; in a blaze, 

a-blaze', 1 a-blez'; 2 a-blaz', a. & adv. On 
a'ble, 1 e'bl; 2 a'bl, a. [a'bler; a'blest.] 1. 
Having adequate power; competent; quali¬ 
fied. 2. Having superior abilities; capable. [< 
L.o* - habllls, expert, skilful.)— a'bly, adv. 

-abl(e p , suffix. Given to; tending to; like to; fit to; 
able to; capable of; worthy of; as, changeable, 
honorable, thinkable. [< F. -able, < L. -abills. 
Compare -ible after verb-stems ending in a-.) 
ab-lu'tion, 1 ab-lu'fihan; 2 fib-1 u'shon, n. A 
washing; bath. [< L. ab, from, + luo, wash.) 
ab"ne-ga'tum, 1 ab"ni-ge'sTian; 2 fib'^e-ga'- 
shon, n. The act of renouncing; renuncia¬ 
tion. [< L ab, off, + nego, deny.) 

Ab'ner, 1 ab'nar; 2 fib'ner, n. A Jewish general; 

slain by Joab. 1 Sam. xiv, 50. 
ab-nor'mal, 1 ab-ner'mal; 2 fib-nor'mal, a. 
Not according to rule; unnatural; irregular. [ < 
L. ab, from, + norma, rule.) -ly, adv. — ab"- 
nor-nial'l-ty, n. [-tiesz.pJ.] Irregularity, ab- 
uor'nil-tyf. 

a-board', 1 a-bord'; 2 a-bord'. I. adv. On 
board; alongside. II. prep. On board or 
alongside of. 

a-bode', 1 a-b5d'; 2 a-bod'. I. v. Imp. of 
ABIDE. II. n. A place, time, state, or act of 
abiding; dwelling; home; sojourn; stay. 
a-bol'ish 4 , 1 a-bel'ifih; 2 a-b81'ish, vt. To do 
away with; put an end to; annul; destroy. [ < L.* 1 
ab, away, + oleo, grow.) 

ab"o-li'tion, 1 ab"o-liih'an; 2 ab"o-lIsh'on, n. 
The act of abolishing; extinction; the state 
or fact of being abolished.— ab"o-H'tIon-ist, n. 
One who favors abolition, as of slavery, 
a-bora'i-na-bl (e p , 1 o-bem'i-na-bl; 2 a-b8m'- 
i-na-bl, a. Very hateful; loathsome; detest¬ 
able; horrible.— a-boin'1-na-bly, adv. 
a-boin'i-nate, 1 a-bom'i-net; 2 a-bom'i-nat, vt. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, Hire; fast; get, prey; hit, pollcej obey, g6; net, 8r; full, rflle; but, burn 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, wdn, 







3 


Abbas 

abstinence 


[-NAT-ED d ; -nat-ing.] To regard with horror or 
loathing; abhor; hate. [< L. ab, off, + omen; 
see omen.] — a-boni"i-na'tion, n. Strong aver¬ 
sion or loathing; something to be abhorred or 
loathed. 


ab"o-rig'i-nal, 1 ab"o-rij'i-nal; 2 ab"o-r!g'i- 
nal. I. a. Native to the soil; indigenous; 
primitive. II. n. An original inhabitant.— 
ab"o-rlg'l-nes, n. pi. The original inhabitants 
of a country. [L., < ab, from, + origo, origin.] 
a-bor'tion, 1 a-ber'£han; 2 a-bor'shon, n. An 
untimely birth; arrest of development; failure. 
[< L. ab, from, + orlor, grow.]— a-bort' d , vt. & 
vi. To make or become abortive; arrest in or 
fail of development; miscarry.— a-bor'tiou-al, 
a .— a-bor'tlv(e 8 , a. Brought forth prematurely; 
imperfectly developed, as a part or organ; un¬ 
successful, as a scheme, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
a-bound', 1 a-baund'; 2 a-bound', vi. To be 
or have in abundance. [ < L. F ab, from, + tinda, 
wave.] 

a-bout', 1 a-baut'; 2 a-bout'. I. adv. Around 
the outside; on every side; almost; at the 
point; ready; moving around; astir; hither 
and thither; to and fro. II. prep. On the 
outside or on every side of; all around; over; 
beside; close to; somewhere near; in connec¬ 


tion with; engaged in; in reference to. [< AS. 
abUtan, < an, on, + butan, outside.] 
a-bove',) 1 a-buv'; 2 a-bov'. I.adv. Vertically 
a-buv' p , ) up; overhead; higher up; on the 
upper side. Above is often used as a. or n., 
by ellipsis. II. prep. Vertically over; upon; 
In excess of; superior to; beyond; free from. [< 
AS. abufan,< an, on,+ bufan, above.]— a-bove'- 
board", a. & adv. Open; openly. 

Abp., abbr. Archbishop.—abr., abbr. Abridged, 
abridgment. 

ab"ra-ca-dab'ra, 1 ab"ra-ka-dab'ra; 2 ab"ra-ea- 
dab'ra, n. A cabalistic 
word written in trian¬ 
gular form; charm; 
jargon. [L.] 
ab-rade', 1 ab-red'; 2 
ab-rad', v t . [ ab - 

RAD'ED d : AB-RAD'ING.] 

To rub or wear away. 

[ < L. ab, from, -f rado, 
scrape, rub.]— ab-ra'- 
sion, n. The act or 
result of abrading.— 
ab-ra'siv(e 8 . I. a. Abrading or tending to 
abrade. II. n. An abrading substance. 
A'bra-ham, 1 e'bra-ham; 2 a'bra-ham, n. Bib. 

The progenitor of the Jews: first called Abram, 
a-breast', ) 1 a-brest'; 2 a-br8sfc', adv. Side by 
a-brest' 8 , ) side and equally advanced, 
a-bridge', 1 a-brij'; 2 a-brldg', vt. [a-bridged'; 
a-bridg'ing.] 1. To give the substance of 
in fewer words; condense; epitomize; shorten 
in any way. 2. To deprive of; debar (from): fol¬ 
lowed by of. [ < OF. abregier , < L.ll a d, to, + 
brevis, short.]—a-bridg'ment, n. The act of 
abridging; the state of being abridged; an epit¬ 
ome or abstract, a-brldge'mentf. 
a-broach', 1 a-bro<ih'; 2 a-broch', a. & adv. On tap; 


ABRACADABRA 
ABRACADABR 
ABRACADAB 
ABRACADA 
A B R A C A D 
A B R A C A 
A B R A C 
A B R A 
ABR 
A B 
A 


in circulation. 

a-broad', 1 a-bred'; 2 a-brod', adv. Beyond 
the bounds of one’s home or country; out of 
doors; away; at large; in circulation. 

ab'ro-gate, 1 ab'ro-get: 2 ab 7 ro-gat, vt. [-gat"- 
ED d ; gaining.] To annul by authority or by 
later enactment; abolish; repeal. [< L. ab, 
from, + rogo, propose a law.]— ab"ro-ga'tion, 
n. Authoritative repeal. 


ab-rupt', 1 ab-rupt'; 2 ab-rupt', a. Beginning, 
ending, or changing suddenly; broken off; 
sudden; disconnected; steep. [ < L. ab, off, from, 
+ rumpo, break.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — ab¬ 
ruption, n. A sudden breaking off. 
abs-, prefix. Off; away; from, [ab-, before c, q, l.] 
A. B. S., abbr. American Bible Society. 
Ab'sa-loin, 1 ab'sa-lom; 2 ab'sa-lom, n. Rebel¬ 
lious son of David. 2 Sam. iii, xviii. 
ab 'scess, 1 ab'ses; 2 ab's6s, n. A collection 
of pus in a tissue of the body; a tumor; boil. 
[< L. abscessus, < ab, from, + cedo, go.] 
ab-scind' d , 1 ab-sind'; 2 ab-slnd', vt. To cut 
off. [< Jj. ab, off, + scindo, cut.]— ab-scis'sion, 
n. The act of cutting off or the state of being cut 
off or removed. 

ab-scond' d , 1 ab-skend'; 2 ab-seond', vi. To 
depart suddenly and secretly; hide oneself. [< 
L. abscondo, < ab, from, + cum, together, + do, 
put.] 

ab'sence, 1 ab'sens; 2 ab'sSnQ, n. The state, 
fact, or time of being absent; lack; want. 
ab-sent' d , 1 ab-sent'; 2 ab-sent', vt. To keep 
(oneself) away. 

ab'sent, 1 ab'sent; 2 ab'sent, a. Not present; 
lacking; missing; absent=minded. [F., < L. 

absen(t-)s, ppr. of absum, < ab, from, + sum, 
be.]—ab'sent-ly, adv. —ab"sent*mind'ed, n. 
Mentally abstracted.—ab"sen-tee', n. One 
who is absent; a nonresident, 
ab'sinth, ) 1 ab'sinfh; 2 ab'slnth, n. 1. A 
ab'sinthe, ) green, bitter, aromatic liqueur im¬ 
pregnated with wormwood. 2. Wormwood. 
[F. absinthe, < L. absinthium, wormwood.] 
ab'so-lute, 1 ab'so-liut; 2 ab'so-lut, a. 1. 
Free from restriction or relation; unlimited; 
independent; hence, unconditional; arbitrary; 
despotic; 2. Complete; perfect. 3. Unadul¬ 
terated; pure. 4. Positive; entire; total; un¬ 
questionable. [< L.of absolutus, pp. of absolvo; 
see absolve.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ab"so-lu'tion, 1 ab"so-liu'£han; 2 ab"so-lu'- 
shon, n. An absolving, or a being absolved; 
forgiveness. 

ab-solv(e' 8 , 1 ab-solv'; 2 2b-solv', vt. [ab¬ 
solved' 8 , ab-solv'ing.] To set free; for¬ 
give; pardon; acquit. [< L. ab, from, -(- solvo, 
loose.] 

ab-sorb', 1 ab-sorb'; 2 ab-sorb', vt. To drink in 
or suck up; engross completely; swallow up. 

1 <L. F a&,from, + sorbeo, suck in.]—ab-sor'bent. 
. a. Absorbing or tending to absorb. II. n. 
A substance, duct, etc., that absorbs.—ab-sorb'- 
ing-ly, adv .—ab-sorp'tion, n. The act of ab¬ 
sorbing; the condition of being absorbed, 
abst., abstr., abbr. Abstract, 
ab-stain', 1 ab-sten'; 2 ab-stan', vi. To keep 
oneself back; refrain: with from. [ < L. F abslineo, 
< abs, from, + teneo, hold.]—ab-stain'er, n. 
One who abstains; a teetotaler, 
ab-ste'mi-ous, 1 ab-stl'mi-us; 2 ab-ste'mi-us, 
a. Eating and drinking sparingly; avoiding 
excess; self-denying; temperate. [< L. abs, 
from, + temetum, intoxicating drink.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

ab-sten'tion, 1 ab-sten'^han; 2 3b-st8n'shon, 
n. A refraining or abstaining.—ab-sten'tious, a. 
ab-st-erge', 1 ab-sturj'; 2 ab-sterg', vt. 
[-sterg(e)d; -sterg'ing.] To wipe away; 
cleanse. [< L. abs, off. + tergeo, wipe.]—ab- 
ster'gent. I. a. Cleansing. II. n. A cleansing 
application. ab-ster'siv(e 8 t.—ab-ster'sion, n. 
The act of wiping or cleansing, 
ab'sti-nence, 1 ab'sti-nens; 2 ab'sti-ngnq, n. 
The act or practise of abstaining, especially 


1; d = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; IO = fewd; tfhin; go; o = 8in^; thin, this. 
2: wolf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cQre, but, bttrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







abstract 

account 


4 


from intoxicating drinks; self-denial. [ < L. F ab- 
stinentia, < abstineo; see abstain.] ab'sti-nen- 
cyt.—ab'sti-nent, a. Abstemious, -ly, adv. 
ab-stract' d , 1 ab-strakt'; 2 ab-straet', vt. 1. 
To take away; remove; purloin. 2. To with¬ 
draw the attention of; divert. 3. To separate 
in thought (attributes, etc.). 4. To abridge; 
epitomize. 

ab'stract, 1 ab'strakt; 2 Sb'str&et, a. 1. Con¬ 
sidered apart from the concrete; general; the¬ 
oretical. 2. Imaginary; visionary; abstruse, 
ab'stract, n. 1. A summary of essentials; 
epitome; compendium. 2. An abstract idea or 
term. [< L. abs, from, + traho, draw.] -ly, adv. 
— ab-stract'ed, a. 1. Absent*minded. 2. Sep¬ 
arated from all else; apart; abstruse, -ly, adv .— 
ab-strac'tion, n. 1. An abstracting. 2. An 
abstract idea; something unreal or visionary. 3. 
Separation; removal; theft. 4. Absence of mind, 
ab-struse', 1 ab-strus'; 2 ab-strus', a. Hard 
to be understood. [< L. abs, from, + trudo, 
push.]— ab-struse'ly, adv. —ab-struse'ness, n. 
ab-surd', 1 ab-surd'; 2 ab-sflrd', a. Opposed 
to manifest truth; irrational; preposterous; 
ridiculous. [ < L. ab- (intens.) + surdus, deaf.] — 
ab-surd 'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The quality of 
being absurd, ab-surd 'ness f. 2. Something 
absurd.— ab-surd'ly, adv. 
abt., abbr. About. 

A"bu-klr', 1 d^bu-klr'; 2 a*bu-kir', n. Bay and 
village, Egypt; Nelson won battle of Nile, Aug. 1, 
1798. 

a-bun'dance, 1 a-bun'dans; 2 a-bun'dan?, n. 
A plentiful supply; copiousness; plenty. [OF.; 
see ABOUND.]* 

a-bun'dant, 1 a-bun'dant; 2 a-biin'dant, o. 
Affording a plentiful supply; abounding; ample; 
copious.— a-bun'dant-ly, adv. 
a-buse', ) 1 a-biuz'; 2 a-bu§', vt. [a-bused's 
a-buze' p , ) a-bus'ing.] To use improperly or 
injuriously; wrong; hurt; revile; violate; for¬ 
merly to deceive. [< L A ab, from, + utor, use.] 
a-buse', 1 a-bitis'; 2 a-bus', n. Improper or 
injurious use; ilbtreatment; perversion; mis¬ 
use; vicious conduct; vituperation. 
a-bu'siv(e 8 , 1 a-biu'siv; 2 a-bu'siv, a. Of the 
nature of or characterized by abuse, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

a-but', 1 a-but'; 2 a-but', vt. & vi. [a-but'- 
TED d ; a-but'ting.] To touch at the end or 
side; border: followed by on, upon, or against. 
[ < OF. abuler, < a, to. + boter, butt, strike.] 
A-bu'tl-lon, 1 a-biu'ti-len; 2 a-bQ'ti-ldn, n. 1. A 
genus of plants of the mallow family, mainly 
tropical. 2. [a-] A plant of this genus. [< Ar. 
aubullinn.] 

a-but'ment, 1 a-but'ment; 2 a-biit'ment, n. 
The act of abutting, or that which abuts or is 
abutted upon; a supporting or buttressing 
structure, as at the end of a bridge or wall, 
a-but'tal, 1 a-but'al; 2 a-but'al, n. An abut¬ 
ting or abutment; an abutting part; a bound¬ 
ary. 

A-by'dos, 1 a-bai'des; 2 a-by'dds, n. An ancient 
city on the Hellespont, Asia Minor. 

Abys., abbr. Abyssinia, Abyssinian, 
a-byss', 1 a-bis'; 2 a-bys', n. A bottomless 
gulf; any vast depth. [ < Gr. L a- priv. + byssos, 
bottom.] a-bysm't [Poet.].— a-bys'mal, a. 
Pertaining to an abyss; unfathomable.— a- bys'- 
sal, a. Pertaining to an abyss, specifically to the 
ocean depths below 300 fathoms. 

Ab"ys-sin'1-a, 1 ab"i-sin'i-a; 2 ab"y-sln'i-a, n. An 
empire in N. E. Africa; 350,000 sq. m.; pop. 
8,000,000.— Ab"ys-sin'i-an, a. & n. 


ac-, prefix. Form of ad- before c and q, as in accuse; 

an Improper form of a - 2 before c, as in accurse. 
-ac, suffix. Having, pertaining to, affected by, as 
in demoniac, cardiac; preceded by -i-, and some¬ 
times followed by -al. [< L. -acus, usually, < 
Gr. -akos.] 

A, C., abbr. Ante Christum (L., before Christ = 
B. C.), Arch*chancellor, Army Corps. 

A-ca'cia, 1 a-ke'sha; 2 a-ea'sha, n. 1. A 
genus of thorny flowering 
trees or shrubs. 2. [a-] A 
plant of this ge¬ 
nus; also, some 
similar plant, as 
the common lo- 
i cust. 

a c " a - d e in ' i c, 1 

a k " a - d e m'lk; 2 
&c"a-d§m'ie. 1. a. 

1. Pertaining to 
an academy. 2. Classical and literary 
rather than technical; formal or theoretical, 
as opposed to practical. 3. [A-] Pertaining 
to the school of Plato or the Platonic phi¬ 
losophy. ac"a-dem'i-cal{. II. n. 1. A 
college or university student. 2. A member 
of a learned society. 



ac"a-dem'i-cal, 1 ak"a-dem'i-kal; 2 S,c"a- 

dSm'i-eal. 1. a. Academic. II. n. pi. Cos¬ 
tume worn or prescribed in an institution of 
learning. -ly, adv. 

a-cad'c-my, 1 a-kad'i-mi; 2 a-c&d'e-my, n. 
[-Mies 2 , pi.) 1. A school, especially one inter¬ 
mediate between a common 
school and a college. 2. A 
learned society. 3. [A-] The 
school or the disciples of Plato; 
the Platonic philosophy. 

Ac'a-demet [Poet.]. 

[< Gr. akadSmeia, the 
pleasure-ground near Ath¬ 
ens, where Plato taught.] 

—a-ead"e-nil'clan, n. A 
member of an academy. 

A-ca 'di-a, 1 a-ke'di-a; 2 a-eft'dl-a, n. Nova Scotia; 
early French name.—A-ca'di-an, a. & n. 


Acan¬ 

thus. 



A-ean'thus, 1 a-kan'flius; 2 a-ean'thus, n. 1. 
A genus of perennial plants, with large, hand¬ 
some flowers. 2. [a-] A plant of this genus, 
or conventionalized representation of its leaf. 



acc., acct., abbr. Account, accountant. — acc., 
accus., abbr. Accusative, 
ac-cede', 1 ak-sid'; 2 iic-ced', vi. [ac-ced'- 
ED d ; ac-ced'ing.] 1. To give one’s consent 
or adhesion; agree; assent. 

2. To come into possession; - ro -nn.--T 
succeed. [ < L. accedo, < ad, 
to, + cedo, go.] 

ac-cel'er-ate, 1 ak-sel'oi-ci,, 

2 ac-cfil'er-at, vt. & vi. [-at"- 
ED d ; -at"ing.[ To move 

faster; hasten. [< L. ad, to, Acanthus-leaf 
-I- celer, quick.]— ac-oel"er- Acan t“us-leal. 

a'tlon, n. —ac-cel'er-a-tiv(e s , a. —ac-cel'er- 
a"tor, n. An accelerating device. 
ac-cent' d , 1 ak-sent'; 2 ae-c8nt', vt. To speak, 
write, or print with an accent; emphasize, 
ac'eent, 1 ak'sent; 2 Sc'QSnt, n. A stress of 
voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing 
a word, or a mark used to indicate such 
stress, known as primary (') and secondary 
("); stress of voice or instrument, as in music. 
[< L J ad, to, + cano, sing.]— ac-cen'tu-al, a. 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn- 
2:*art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n| 






5 


abstract 

account 


Of, pertaining to, or indicating accent.—ac-cen'- 
tu-ate, vt. [-AT'ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To speak 
or write with an accent. 2. To emphasize.—ac- 

cen"tu-a'tion, n. 

ac-cept' d , 1 ak-sept'; 2 ac-ggpt', vt. 1. To take 
when offered; agree to; receive; believe; 
resign oneself to. 2. Com. To agree to pay, 
as a draft. 3. Law. To acknowledge (as valid 
or as received). [ < L. ad, to, + capio, take.] 

— ac-cept'a-bl(e p , a. Worthy of being ac¬ 
cepted; pleasing; welcome.— ac-cept 'a-bl(e- 
ness p , n. ac-cept"a-bil'I-tyt. — ac-cept'a- 
bly, adv .— ac-cep'tance, n. 1. The act of ac¬ 
cepting; state of being accepted or acceptable. 

2. Com. & Law. The accepting of a bill, service, 
etc.; an accepted bill of exchange or the like. 

3. Acceptation.—ac"cep-ta'tion, n. 1. The 
accepted meaning of a word. 2. The state of be¬ 
ing accepted or acceptable.—ac-cept'er, -or, n. 

ac'cess, 1 ak'ses; 2 ac'ges, n. 1. Approach; 
passage; path. 2. Increase. 3. An attack, 
as of disease. [ < L. F accedo; see accede.] 
ac-ces'sa-ry, a. & n. Same as accessory. 
ac-ces'si-bl(e p , 1 ak-ses'i-bl; 2 §,€-g8s'i-bl, o. 
Easy of access; approachable; attainable.— ac- 
ces"si-bil'i-ty, n. —ac-ces'si-bly, adv. 
ac-ces'sion, 1 ak-se^h'on; 2 ac-gesh'cpn, n. 1. 
One who or that which is added; addition. 2. 
Attainment, as of office. 3. Assent; agreement, 
ac-ces'so-ry, 1 ak-ses'o-ri; 2 ae-ggs'o-ry. I. a. 
Aiding subordinated; contributory. II. n. 
[-ries z , pi.] A person or thing that aids sub¬ 
ordinated; an adjunct; accomplice. [< L.ll 
accedo; see accede.]— ac-ces'so-ri-ly, adv. 
ac'ci-dence, 1 ak'si-dens; 2 ac'gi-deng, n. A 
small book containing the rudiments, as of 
grammar; hence, elements or rudiments. [Corr. 
of accidents, pi. of accident.] 
ac'ci-dent, 1 ak'si-dent; 2 ae'gi-dSnt, n. 1. 
Something that happens undesignedly; a for¬ 
tuitous event; contingency. 2. A casualty; 
mishap. 3. Any non-essential circumstance 
or attribute. [ < L. accido, happen, < ad, upon, 
+ cado, fall.]— ac"ci-den'tal. I. a. Happening 
by chance; casual; fortuitous; non-essential; inci¬ 
dental. II. n. 1. A casual, incidental, or non* 
essential feature or property. 2. Mus. A sharp, 
flat, or natural elsewhere than in the signature, 
-ly, adv. 

ac-claim', 1 a-klem'; 2 a-clam'. I. vt. & vi. 
To proclaim by acclamation; shout applause; 
applaud. II. n. A shout, as of applause. [ < L. 
ad, to, + clamo, shout.] 

ac"cla-raa'tion, 1 ak"Ia-me'i£han; 2 ac"la-ma'- 
shon, n. A shout, as of applause; a loud and 
general viva voce vote of approval, 
ac-clam'a-to-ry, 1 a-klam'a-to-n; 2 A-elSm'- 
a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to acclamation, 
ac-cli'inate, 1 a-klai'mit; 2 a-ell'mat, vt. 
[-MAT-ED d ; -mat-ing.] To habituate to a 
foreign climate; said of persons. [< F. acclima- 
ter, < ac-, to, + climat,< Gr. kltma(l-), region.] 
—ac-cli'nia-ta-bl(e p , a.— ac"cli-ma'tion, n. 
ac-cli"ma-ta'tion t . 

ac-c!i'ma-tize or -tise, 1 a-klai'ma-taiz; 2 
a-cll'ma-tlz, vt . & vi . (-tized; -tiz"ing.] To 
habituate or become habituated to a foreign 
climate: said of animals or plants.—ac-cli"ma- 
ti-za'tion or -sa'tion, n. 
ftC-cliv'i-ty, 1 a-kliv'i-ti; 2 a-clfv'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi .] An upward slope. [ < L. ad , to, + 
clivus, hill.] . w 

ac-cli'vous, 1 a-klai'vus; 2 a-ch'vus, a. Slop¬ 
ing upward, ac-cliv'l-tousf. 
ac"co-Iade', 1 ak'o-led' or -lad'; 2 ac'o-lad' or -lad'. 


n. The salutation, at first an embrace, later a 
light blow with a sword, in conferring knight¬ 
hood. [ < F. accoler, embrace.] 
ac-com'mo-date, 1 a-kem'o-det; 2 a-com'o- 
dat, vt. [-DAT"ED d ; -dat"ing.J 1. To do a 
favor t- ; oblige; help. 2. To provide for; 
lodge. J. To adapt or conform; compromise. 
[< L. ad, to, + commodus, fit.]— ac-com 'mo- 
dat"ing, pa. Disposed to accommodate; oblig- 
ing.-*-ac-com"mo-da'tion, n. 1. Adjustment; 
reconciliation; compromise. 2. A convenience; 
entertainment; loan. 3. Obligingness.— ac-com'- 
mo-da"tlv(e 3 , a. 

ac-com'pa-ny, ) 1 a-kum'po-m; 2 a-com'pa- 
ac-cum'pa-ny p , ) ny, vt. & vi. [-nied; -ny- 
ing.] To go with; attend; escort; play an ac¬ 
companiment. [ < L. F ad, to, + com-, together, 
+ panis, bread.] —ac-com'pa-nl-ment, n. 1. 
Anything that accompanies. 2. Mus. A subor¬ 
dinate part, voice, or instrument.— ac-com'pa- 
nist, n. Mus. A performer who plays or sings the 
accompaniment. 

ac-com 'plice, ) 1 a-kem'plis; 2 a-com'pllg, n. 
ac-com'plis 8 , ) An associate in wrong or crime. 
[ < ac (prob. for a, indef. art.) + F. complice, ac¬ 
complice, < L complexus; see complex.] 
ac-com'plish 1 ,1 a-kem'pli^h; 2 a-com'pllsh, vt. 
1. To bring to pass; perform; effect. 2. To 
bring to completion; finish. [< L. F ad, to, + 
compleo; see complete, p.] —ac-com'plish-a- 
bl(e p , a. —ac-com'pllshed, pa. 1. Proficient, 
polite; polished. 2. Completed; consummated. 
—ac-com 'plish-ment, n. 1. An accomplish¬ 
ing; performance; completion. 2. An acquire¬ 
ment; attainment. 

ac-compt', etc. Same as account, etc. 
ac-cord' d , 1 a-kerd'; 2 a-eord', v. I. t. 1. 
To render as due; grant; allow. 2. To bring 
to an agreement. II. i. To agree; harmonize. 
[ < L. p ad, to, + cor ( cord -), heart.] 
ac-cord', n. 1. Harmony, as of sentiment, 
action, sounds, colors, etc.; reconciliation; 
agreement. 2. Spontaneous impulse; choice. 
— ac-cor'dance, n. Agreement; harmony.— ac- 
cor'dant, a. Consonant; harmonious.— ac- 
cor 'dant-ly, adv. 

ac-cord'ing, 1 a-kord'ir); 2 a-eord'ing. I. pa. 
Being in accordance, or agreement; harmo¬ 
nizing. II. adv. Agreeably; conformably; 
just.— according to, in accordance with; in con¬ 
formity to; as stated or believed by.— ac-cord 
lng-ly, adv. In a conformable manner; suitably; 
consequently. 

ac-cor'di-on, 1 a-ker'di-an; 2 a-eor'di-on, n. 
A portable free* 
reed musical 
wind*instru- 
ment. [ < It. 
accordare = ac¬ 
cord, p.] 

ac-cost' d , la- 

kest'; 2 a-cost', 
vt. To speak to; 
address. [ < F. 
accoster, < L. ad, 
to, -f costa, rib.] „ 

ac"couche "ment', Bellows*Accordion. 

1 a ,r kuSh"mah'; 2 a"euch"mah', n. [F.] Delivery 
in childbed; confinement 

ac-count' d , 1 a-kaunt'; 2 a-eount', v. I. t. 
To hold to be; consider; estimate; deem; 
attribute; count; compute. II. i. 1. To 
answer {with or to a person for a thing). 2. 
To explain: followed by for. [< L. OF ad, to, + 
computo; see compute.] 



1:a = final; l = hablt^ aisle; au = out; ©II; 10 = fend; tfhin; go; 0 = sinff; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; foil, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, b6y; go, gem; igk; thin, this. 

















account 

active 


6 


ac-count', n. 1. A record of a transaction; 
reckoning; computation; any narrative, 
statement, or description; mental record; 
notice. 2. A statement of reasons; explana¬ 
tion. 3. Consideration, as of value; impor¬ 
tance; concern; estimation; esteem.— ac- 
count'a-bl(e p , a. Liable to be called to account; 
responsible. — ac- count"a- bil't- ty, n. ac¬ 
count 'a-bl(e-ness p t.—ac-count'a-bly, adv. — 
ac-coun'tan-cy, n. The work or art of an 
accountant.— ac-coun 'taut, n. One who keeps 
or is skilled in accounts. 

ac-cou'ter,) 1 a-ku'tor; 23,-cu'ter, vt. [-tered, 
ac-cou'tre, ) or -tred, -terd 8 ; -ter-ing or 
-tring.] To furnish with dress or trappings; 
equip. [ < F. a, to or for, + coutre, < L. custos, 
keeper.) —ac-cou 'ter-ment, ac-cou 'tre-ment, 
n. Equipment; apparel; dress; trappings: chiefly 
used in plural. 

ac-cred'it d , 1 a-kred'it; 2 S-cred'it, vt. To 
give credit to; furnish with credentials. [< L. F 
ad, to; and see credit, n.\ 
ac-cre'tion, 1 a-kri'^han; 2 &-cre'shon, n. 
Formation by additions; growth; increase. 
[< L. ad, to, + cresco, grow,]— ac-cre'tiv(e 8 , a. 
ac-crue\ 1 a-kru': 2 &-eru', vi. [ac-crued'; 
ac-cru'ing.] To arise as an addition; be 
added; accumulate. [< L. F ad, to, -(- cresco, 
grow.)— ac-cru'al, n. ac-crue'mentt. 
ac-cum'bent, 1 a-kum'bent; 2 2,-cum'bgnt, o. 
1. Lying down; recumbent. 2. Bot. Lying 
against something, as a cotyledon against a radi¬ 
cle. [ < L. ad, to, + cubo, lie down.) 
ac-cu'mu-late, 1 a-kiu'miu-let; 2 S-cu'mu-lat, 
v . [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] I. t . To heap or 
pile up; amass; collect. II. i. To increase, 
as profits, etc.; also, to amass wealth. [ < L. ad, 
to, + cumulus, heap.)— ae-cu"mu-la'tion, n. 
An amassing; increase; a collected mass.— ac- 
cu'in u-la-tlv(e 8 , a. Tending to accumulate: ac¬ 
cumulating; cumulative.— ac-cu'inu-la"tor, n. 
ac'cu-ra-cy, 1 ak'yu-ra-si; 2 Se'yu-ra-Qy, n. 
The quality of being accurate; exactness; cor¬ 
rectness. 

ac'cu-rate, 1 ak'yu-rit; 2 iic'yu-rat, a. Con¬ 
forming exactly to truth or to a standard; 
precise; exact; correct. [< L. ad, to, -f cura, 
care.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ac-curs'ed, 1 a-kurs'ed or a-kurst'; 2 :t-cflrs'- 
£d or a-eflrst', a. Doomed to, deserving, or 
causing a curse; cursed; wretched. [Properly 
acursed, < AS. d- intens. + cursian, curse.] 
ac-cu'sa-tiv(e 8 , 1 a-kiu'za-tiv; 2 a-cu'ga-tlv. 
Gram. I. o. Objective. II. n. The case of 
Latin and Greek nouns corresponding to the 
English objective.— ac-cu'sa-tiv(e-ly 8 , adv. 
ac-cuse', 1 a-kiuz'; 2 3.-eu§', v. [ac-cused'; 
ac-cus'ing.] I. t. To charge with crime, 
fault, or error; censure. II. i. To make ac¬ 
cusation; bring charges. [< L. ad, to, ■+- causa, 
cause (in law).]— ac"cu-sa'tlon, n. An accus¬ 
ing; indictment; a charge.— ac-cu'sa-to-ry, a. 
Pertaining to an accusation.— ac-cus'er, n. One 
who or that which accuses, 
ac-cus'tom, 1 a-kus'tam; 2 ii-eus'tom, vt. To 
make familiar by use; habituate or inure. 
[< L.° F ad, to; and see custom.]— ac-cus'- 
tonied, a. Habitual; usual, 
ace, 1 es; 2 as, n. 1. A single spot, as on a play- 
ing*card or die; a card or side of a die so 
marked; a unit; particle. 2. [Recent.] A mili¬ 
tary aviator who has brought down five enemy 
opponents. [ < L. as, unit, < as, Tarentine form 
of Gr. heis, one.] 


a-cen'tric, 1 e-sen'trik; 2 a-sSn'trie, o. With¬ 
out a center; not in, or directed from, a center, 
-a'ceous, suffix. Of the nature of; belonging 
or pertaining to; like; as, cretaceous, chalky. 
[< L. -actus, of the nature of, + -ous.] -a '- 
ceanj. 

a-ceph'a-lous, ) 1 a-sef'a-lus; 2 a-Q6f'a-lQs, a. 
a-cef'a-Ious p , ) Headless; having no ruler; 
lacking proper beginning. [ < Gr. atephalos, 
headless.]—A-ceph'a-la, n. pi. A class of head¬ 
less mollusks; bivalves.—ac'e-phal, a. & n .— 
a-ceph'a-lan, a. & n. 

ac'e-rate, 1 as'i-ret: 2 ac'e-rat, a. Needle* 
pointed. ac'e-rat"edf. 

a-cer'bi-ty, 1 a-sur'bi-ti; 2 a-ser'bi-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] Sourness, as of temper, etc.; 
harshness; sharpness. 

a-ces'cent, 1 a-ses'ent; 2 a-ges'Snt. I. a. Be¬ 
coming or tending to become sour; slightly 
sour. II. n. That which is slightly acid. [< L. 
acescen(l-)s, ppr., < aceo, be sour.]—a-ces'- 
cence, n. Acetous fermentation.—a-ces'cen- 
cy, n. Slight sourness. [acetic acid, 

ac'e-tate, 1 as'i-tet; 2 ac'e-tat, n. A salt of 
a-cet'ic, 1 a-set'ik; 2 a-cSt'ic, a. Pertaining to 
or like vinegar; sour. [< L. acetum, vinegar, < 
aceo, be sour.]—acetic acid, an acid found in 
vinegar. 

a-cet'i-fy, 1 a-set'i-fai; 2 a-cfit'i-fy, vt. & vi. 

[jFiED; -fy"ing.] To turn into acid or vinegar. 
ac / e-tous, 1 as'i-tus; 2 a^'e-tus, a. Of, per¬ 
taining to, or producing acetic acid; sour, 
a-cet'y-lene, 1 a-set'i-lin; 2 a-s&t'y-len, n. A 
brilliant illuminating gas of the hydrocarbon 
group produced by the action of water upon 
certain carbon compounds. 

A-chaPa, 1 a-kl'a; 2 a-ce'a, n. 1. A district of N. 
Peloponnesus, Greece. 2. Loosely, Greece.— 
A-cha*'an, a. & n. 

A-cha'tes, 1 a-kg'tlz; 2 a-ca't6§, n. In Vergil’s 
jEneid, the faithful friend of JEneas. 
ache, 1 ek; 2 ac. I. vi. [ached 4 ; ach'ing, ak'- 
ing 8 .] To suffer dull, continued pain. II. n. 
A local, dull, and protracted pain. [ < AS. acan, 
ache.] akej.—ach'ing, pa. & n. -Iy, adv. 
Ach'e-ron, 1 ak'i-ren; 2 ac'e-rdn, n. Gr. Myth. 

I. A river of Hades. 2. Hades. 
a-chievfe'p.la-chiv'^a-chev'.r.fA-CHiEvCEjD' 8 ; 

a-chiev'lng.] I. t. To accomplish by valor, 
skill, perseverance, etc.; perform; finish; win. 

II. t. To accomplish something; attain an 
object. [< F. achever, < a chef, to an end.]— 
a-chiev(e'ment 8 , n. 1. A noteworthy and 
successful action. 2. Her. An escutcheon. 

A-chil'les, 1 a-kil'Iz; 2 a-eil'eg, n. [L.] The fore¬ 
most Greek hero of the Iliad; slayer of Hector. 
A-chit'o-pliel, 1 a-kit'o-fel; 2 a-dt'o-f61, n. In 
Dryden s Absalom and Achilophel, a caricature of 
Lord Shaftesbury. A-hlth'o-phaU (Bib.). 
ach"ro-inat'ic, 1 ak'To-mat'ik; 2 &c"ro-m&t'ic, 
a. Free from color or iridescence; transmit¬ 
ting pure white light, as a lens. [ < Gr. a-, 
without,-!- chroma, color.]—a-cbro'ma-tlsm, n. 
a-clc'u-lar, 1 a-sik'yu-lor; 2 a-^Jc'yu-Iar, a. 
Needle-shaped; sharp-pointed. [< L. acicula, 
dim. of acus, needle.]—a-clc'u-late, -lat"ed, a. 
ac'id, 1 as'id; 2 &(?'id. I. a. Sharp and biting 
to the taste, as vinegar; sour; pertaining to, 
yielding, or like an acid. II. n. 1. Any sour 
substance. 2. Chem. A compound of hydro¬ 
gen capable of uniting with a base to form a 
salt. [< L. acidus, < aceo, be sour.]—a-cid'i-fy, 
vt. & vi. To make or become acid.—ac"i-dim'e- 
ter, n. An apparatus for determining the 
strength of acids.—a-cid'1-ty, n. The quality 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fSre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rttle; but, burn; 
2: Srt, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 






7 


account 

active 


of being acid; strength of an acid, ac'ld-nessf. 
—ac'id-ly, adv. —a-cid'u-late, vt. To make 
acid or sour.—a-cld'u-lous, a. Slightly acid. 

-a'clous, suffix. Abounding in; characterized by; 

given to; as, pugnacious. [ < L. -ax, -aci-, + -ous.j 
ac-knowl'edge, 1 ak-nel'ej; 2 ac-nol'edg, vt. 
[-edged; -edg-ing.] To own or admit as ob¬ 
ligatory, genuine, or valid; confess; avow; 
certify. [< a- 1 + knowledge.] —ac-knowl'- 
edg-ment, n. The act of acknowledging; 
avowal; confession; recognition. ac-knowl'- 
edge-mentf. 

ac'ine, 1 ak'mi; 2 ae'me, n. The highest point, 
or summit; perfection;* climax. [Gr.] 
ac'ne, 1 ak'm; 2 ae'ne, n. An eruptive skin-dis¬ 
ease. [Cor. of Gr. akme, point.] 
ac'o-lyte, 1 ak'o-lait; 2 ac'o-lyt, n. 1. An atten¬ 
dant or assistant. 2. Eccl. An attendant for 
subordinate duties, as at the altar; an altar-boy. 
[ < Gr.LL akoloulhos, < a- copulative + keleu- 
thos, journey.] 

A"con-ca'gua, 1 a"ken-ka'gwa; 2 a'cSn-ea/gwa, n. 
Volcano in Argentine Republic; 22,860 ft.; high¬ 
est point on the western hemisphere, 
ac'o-uite, 1 ak'o-ncut; 2 ae'o-nlt, n. Med. A 
poisonous plant. 

a 'corn, 1 e'korn; 2 a'corn, n. The fruit of the 
oak, a one-seeded nut, fixed in a woody cup. 
[< AS. xcern, < xcer, field; see acre.] 
a-cous'tic, 1 o-kus'[or -kaus'] tik; 

2 a-cus'[or -cous']tie, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to the act or sense of hear¬ 
ing; adapted for conveying sound 
or aiding hearing. [< Gr. akouo, 
hear.]—a-cous'tics, n. 1. That 
branch of physics which treats of 
the phenomena and laws of sound. 

2. The sound-producing qualities 
of an auditorium. 
ac-quaint' d , 1 a-kwent'; 2 a-kwant', vt. To 
cause to know; inform: followed by with. [< 
L.of ad, to, + co- {cum), with, + gnosco, know.] 
ac-quain'tance, 1 a-kwen'tons; 2 a-kwan'- 
tan?, n. 1. Knowledge of any person or 
thing. 2. A person or persons with whom one 
is acquainted, ac-quain'tance-shlpf. 
ac"qui-esce', 1 ak"wi-es'; 2 ac"wi-6s', vi. 
[-esced' 4 ; -esc'ing.] To tacitly consent or 
concur; accept; assent; comply. [< L. ad, to, 
-\-guies, rest.]— ac"qui-es'cence, n. Quiet sub¬ 
mission; passive consent.— ac"qui-es'cent, a. 
ac-quire', 1 a-kwair'; 2 a-kwir', vt. [ac¬ 
quired'; ac-quir'ing.] To obtain by search, 
endeavor, or purchase; get as one’s own; re¬ 
ceive; gain. [< L. ad, to, 4- quxro, seek.]— ac¬ 
quirement, n. The act of acquiring; an ac¬ 
quired power or attribute; attainment.— ac"- 
qui-sl 'tlon, n. 1. The act of acquiring. 2. Any¬ 
thing gained or won; a power or possession.— 
ac-quis'i-tiv(e 8 , a. Able or inclined to acquire, 
as money or property, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ac-quit', 1 a-kwit'; 2 a-kwit', vt. [ac-quit'- 
TED d or ac-quit' ; ac-quit'ting.] 1. To free or 
clear, as from an accusation; declare inno¬ 
cent; exculpate; exonerate. 2. To relieve, as 
of an obligation; absolve. 3. Reflexively, to 
deport; as, he acquitted himself with credit. 
4. To repay, as a debt, favor, etc.; requite. [< 
L.f ad, to, + quietus; see quiet, a.]— ac-quit'- 
tal, n. The act of acquitting, or the state of 
being acquitted.— ac-quit'tance, n. Release 
or discharge, as from indebtedness; satisfaction 
of indebtedness or obligation; a receipt; an 
acquittal. 

a'ere, 1 e'kor; 2 a'eer, n. 1. A measure of land, 


43,560 square feet. 2. A field; in the plural, 
lands. [< AS. xcer, field.]—a'cre-age, n. Area 
in acres; acres collectively. 

A'cre, le'kar or a'kar; 2 a'eer or a'eer, n. A seaport 
in Syria; besieged by crusaders 1191, by Napoleon 
1799; taken by British Sept., 1918; pop. 10,000. 
ac'rid, 1 ak'nd; 2 ae'rid. I. a. Of a cutting, 
burning taste; pungent; bitter. II. n. An 
irritant poison. [< L. acris, sharp.]—ac-rid'i- 
ty, n. ac'rid-nessf.—ac'rid-ly, adv. 
ac"ri-mo'ni-ous, 1 ak"ri-m6'm-us; 2 ae"ri- 
mo'ni-us, a. Full of bitterness; sarcastic; 
sharp, -ly, adv. -ness, ». 
ac'ri-mo-ny, 1 ak'n-mo-ni; 2 ae'ri-mo-ny, n. 
[-nies z , pi.] Sharpness or bitterness of speech 
or temper: acridity. [< L. acer ( acr -), sharp.] 
ac'ro-bat, 1 ak'ro-bat; 2 ae'ro-bat, n. A rope- 
dancer or trapeze-performer. [< Gr. akros, tip, 
+ baino, go.]—ac"ro-bat'ic, a. -1-cal-ly, adv. 
a-crop'o-lis, 1 a-krep'o-lis; 2 a-crop'o-lis, n. 
The citadel of an ancient Greek city, especi¬ 
ally [A-] that of Athens. Compare Parthenon. 
[ < Gr. akros, highest, + polls, city.] 
ac'ro-spire, 1 ak'ro-spair; 2 ae'ro-splr, n. The 
first sprout from germinating or malted grain. 
[< Gr. akros, highest, + speira, coil.] 
a-cross', 1 a-kres'; 2 a-eros'. I. adv. From 
one side to the other; over; at the other side; 
crosswise. II. prep. From one side to the 
other side of; over; on the other side of; 
beyond. [< A- 1 + cross, ».] 
a-cros'tic, 1 a-kros'tik; 2 a-cros'tie, n. Pros. 
A composition in which initial or other let¬ 
ters, taken in order, form a word or phrase. 
[< Gr. akros, end, + stichos, line.]—a-cros'- 
tl-cal, a. -ti-cal-ly, adv. 
act d , 1 akt; 2 act, v. I. t. To perform; carry 
out or fulfil, as a purpose or plan; do; play, as 
on the stage; feign. II. i. 1. To put forth 
power; perform an act; behave; do; perform 
on the stage. 2. To be employed tempo¬ 
rarily in some office or capacity; as, the aid 
acts for his general. [ < L. actus, pp. of ago, do.] 
—act'lng. I. pa. Operating or officiating, espe¬ 
cially in place of another; as, acting president. 
II. n. Action; performance, 
act, n. 1. The exertion of power, bodily or 
mental; something done; a deed. 2. A sec¬ 
tion of a drama. 3. An enactment or edict, 
act., abbr. Acting, active. 

Ac-tae'on, 1 ak-ti'en; 2 ae-te'on, n. Gr. Myth. A 
hunter turned into a stag by Diana, 
ac-tin'ic, 1 ak-tin'ik; 2 ac-tin'ie, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to actinism. 2. Potent to effect 
chemical changes by radiant energy. [ < Gr. 
aktis {aktin-), beam.]—ac 'tln-ism, n. The 
property of radiant energy which effects chemi¬ 
cal changes; also, the. production of such 
change. 

ac'tion, 1 ak'^hon; 2 ac'shon, n. 1. The process 
of acting or doing; operation; activity. 2. 
The mode of acting. 3. The thing done; 
deed. 4. A course of events, as in a drama; a 
battle; suit at law. 5. A mechanism that ex¬ 
erts power. [< L. aclio{n~), < ago, do.]—ac'- 
tlon-a-bl(er, a. Affording ground for prosecu¬ 
tion, as a trespass or a libel, -bly, adv. 
Ac'ti-um, 1 ak'^hi-um; 2 ae'shi-um, n. A Grecian 
promontory: Octavius defeated Antony, 31 B. C. 
ac'tiv(e p , 1 ak'tiv; 2 ae'tiv, a. 1. Abounding in 
action; agile; lively; brisk; busy. 2. Gram. 
Expressing action, as a verb. 3. Being in ac¬ 
tion, as a volcano. 4. Causing or manifested 
in action; practical, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 



Acorn. 


1;a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = <mt; ©II; IO = feud; tfhin; go; O = sin0; thin, this. 
2: wqlf, dq; book, boot; full, rule, cOre, but, bOm; oil, boy; go, gem; qik; thm, this. 









activity 

admire 


8 


ac-tiv'i-ty, 1 ak-tiv'i-ti; 2 ac-tiv'i-ty, n. [-ties*, 
pi.] The state or quality of being active; ac¬ 
tion; vigorous movement; active force or 
operation. 

ac'tor, 1 ak'ter; 2 ac'tor, n. One who acts; 
one who plays a part, as on the stage.—ac'- 
tress, n. fem. 

ac'tu-al, 1 ak'dhu-[or -tiu-]al; 2 ac'chu-[or 
-tu-]al. I. a. Existing in fact; being in ex¬ 
istence or action now; existent; present. II. 
n. Something real.— ac"tu-al'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] The quality of being actual; reality; realism, 
ac'tu-al-nessj.—ac'tu-al-lze, vl. [-ized; -iz"- 
ing.] To make real; realize.— ac"tu-al-i-za'- 
[or -sa'ltion, n.— ac'tu-al-ly, adv. In act or 
fact; in reality; truly. 

ac'tu-a-ry, 1 ak'dhu-[or -tiu-]e-n; 2 ac'chu-[or 
-tu-]a-ry, n. [-ries 2 , pi.] The official statis¬ 
tician of an insurance company; a clerk; no¬ 
tary. [< L. acluarius, clerk, < actus ; see act, c.] 

—ac"tu-a'ri-al, a. 

ac'tu-ate, 1 ak'dhu-for -tiu-]et; 2 iic'chu-[or 
-tu-]at, v. [-AT"ED d ;- at"ing.] 1. 1. To move or 
incite to action; influence; impel. II. i. To 
act. [< L.^acfMS.-seeACT.r.]— ac"tu-a'tion,n. 
a-cu'le-ate, 1 a-kiu'li-et; 2 a-eu'le-at, a. 1. 

Armed with a sting. 2. Provided with prickles, 
a-cu'men, 1 a-kiu'men; 2 a-cu'men, n. Quick¬ 
ness of insight or discernment; keenness of 
intellect. [L., point, < acuo, sharpen.] 
a-cu'mi-nate, 1 e-kiu'mi-net; 2 a-cu'mi-nat. 
l.vt.&vi. [-nat"ed c1 ; -nat"inq.] To sharpen; 
taper. II. a. Tapering to a point, a-cu'ml- 
nat"edt.—a-cu"mi-na'tion, n. 
a-cute', 1 a-kiut'; 2 a-eut', a. 1. Keenly dis¬ 
cerning or sensitive. 2. Affecting keenly; 
poignant; intense. 3. Sharp at the end; 
sharp-pointed. 4. Med. Coming to a crisis 
quickly; violent. [< L. acuo, sharpen.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.— acute accent, a stress of voice, 
or a mark (') indicating it.— a. angle, an angle 
less than a right angle. 

-acy, suffix. Used in forming nouns denoting 
quality, state, condition, office, etc.; as, curacy, 
celibacy. [ < L. -acia or -atia, or < Gr. -ateia.] 
ad-, prefix. To; as, adhere: often, in English, with¬ 
out perceptible force. Ad- undergoes euphonic 
change to ab-, ac-, a/-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, 
at-, before b, c, and q, f, g, l, n, p, r, t; ad- was re¬ 
duced to a- before sc, sp, st, and gn. In some cases 
the Anglo-Saxon a- and other prefixes have been 
erroneously changed to ad-, ac-, etc., as in ad¬ 
vance, accuse. [ < L ad, toward, upon, for, etc.] 
-ad 1 , suffix. Of or pertaining to (a person, place, 
thing, etc., as Iliad, Dunciad). [< L. -as, -ad-, 
< Gr. -as, -ad-.] 

-ad 2 , suffix. See -ade. [L. ad, to.] 

-ad 3 , suffix. To; toward; in the direction of. [< 
A. D., abbr. [L.] Anno Domini (in the year of 
our Lord).— a. d., abbr. After date.— ad., adv., 
abbr. Advertisement, adverb.— adag., adgo., 
abbr. [It.] Adagio (slow, slowly), 
ad 'age, 1 ad'ij; 2 ad'ag, n. An old saying; a 
proverb. [ < L. F ad, to, + aio, say.] 

Ad'am, 1 ad'am; 2 ad'am, n. The first man; pro¬ 
genitor of the human race. Gen. i-v.— A-dain'- 
ic, a. A-dam'l-calJ.—Ad'am-lte, a. & n. 
ad'a-niant, 1 ad'a-mant; 2 ad'a-mant, n. A 
very hard mineral, real or imaginary; former¬ 
ly, the diamond. [< Gr. a- priv. -f- damao, 
tame.]— ad"a-man'tin(e 8 , a. Made of or like 
adamant; of impenetrable hardness. ad"a- 
man-te'ant. 

Ad'ams, 1 ad'amz; 2 ad'amg, n. 1. John (1735- 
1826). 2. John Quincy (1767-1848). SeePRES- 
idents of United States, under president. 


a-dapt' d , 1 a-dapt'; 2 a-dapt', vt. To adjust to 
situation, environment, or the like; make 
suitable; conform; remodel. [<L. ad, to, + 
aptus, fit.]—a-dapt'a-bl(ep, a. Capable of be¬ 
ing adapted.—a-dapt"a-bll'l-ty, n. a-dapt'- 
a-bl(e-nessPt.—ad"ap-ta'tion, n. An adapt¬ 
ing; that which is adapted.—a-dap'tlv(e 8 , a. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

A. I). C., abbr. [F.] Aide-de-camp. 

add d , ) 1 ad; 2 ad, v. I. t. 1. To join or unite, 

adc, ) so as to increase the quantity or number; 
find the sum of; unite in one sum. 2. To say or 
write further; continue, as a speech. II. t. To 
make or be an addition; perform addition. [< 
L. addo,<ad, to, + do, give, put; see do.] — add'- 
a-bl(e p , add'i-bl(e p , a. That may be added. 

add. , abbr. Additional. 

ad-den'dum, 1 a-den'dum; 2 a-d£n'dum, n. 
[-da, pi.] A thing added, or 
to be added. [L.] 
ad'der 1 , 1 ad'ar; 2 ad'er, n. 

The common European vi¬ 
per, about two feet long. 

[< AS. nsedre (a nadder in 
OE. becoming an adder).] 
ad 'der 2 , n. A person or thing 
that adds; adding machine. 
ad-dict' d , 1 a-dikt'; 2 a-dlet'. 

I. vt. To apply (oneself) per¬ 
sistently; give (oneself) up 
to. II. n. One who is addicted 
to some habit. [ < L. addico, 
devote.]— ad-dlc'tlon, n. 

Ad'dl-son, 1 ad'i-san; 2 fid'i- 
son. Joseph (1672-1719),an 
English essayist and poet, 
ad-di'tion, 1 a-dish'an; 2 
a-dish'on, n. The act of add¬ 
ing, or that which is added; 
an increase: annex; accession.—ad-di'tlon-al, 
a. Supplementary, -ly, adv. 
ad'di-tiv(e 8 , 1 ad'i-tiv; 2 ad'i-tlv, a. That is 
to be added; tending to increase, 
ad'die, ) 1 ad'l; 2 hd'l. I. vt. & vi. [ad'dled, 
ad'lp, $ ad'ldp; ad'dling.] To spoil or be¬ 
come spoiled, as eggs; muddle. II. a. 
Spoiled, aseggs; rotten; worthless, ad'dledj. 
[< AS. adela, mud.] 

ad-dress', 1 a-dres'; 2 &-dr6s', vt. [ad-dressed' 4 
or ad-drest'; ad-dress'ing.] 1. To speaJc to; 
accost. 2. To direct, as a letter. 3. To de¬ 
vote, as oneself, one’s energies, etc.; apply. 

4. To woo. [< I.. F ad, to, + directus, direct.] 
ad-dress', n. 1. A formal discourse; a greet¬ 
ing; an appeal; petition. 2. The name, place, 
residence, etc., of a person. 3. Manner; bear¬ 
ing. 4. pi. Courteous attentions; wooing. 

5. Skilful conduct; adroitness; tact, 
ad-duce', 1 a-dius'; 2 &-duQ', vt. [ad-ddced'*; 

ad-duc'ing.] To bring forward for considera¬ 
tion, as a quotation, example, or the like; cite 
or allege. [ < L. ad, to, + duco, lead.]— ad-duoe'- 
a-bl(ep, ad-du'cl-bl(e p , a. —ad-du'cent, a. 
ad-duct ' d , 1 a-dukt'; 2 S-duct', vt. To draw to¬ 
wards the axis; said of muscles.— ad-duc'- 
tlon, ».—ad-duc'tlv(e 8 , a. ^ad-duc'tor, n. 
An adducting muscle. 

-ade, suffix. Relating to; pertaining to; as, dec¬ 

ade. [< F. -ade, < L. -as, -ad, < Gr. -as, -ad-.] 
Ad'e-lalde, 1 ad'i-led; 2 ad'e-lad, n. A city, capi¬ 
tal of South Australia; pop. 256,660. 

A'den, 1 a'den or e'den; 2 a'den or a'dfen, n. A 
British peninsula and seaport of Arabia; pop. 
46,000. [affecting a gland, 

ad'e-noid, 1 ad'i-noid; 2 ild'e-noid, n. A tumor 



1 : artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, n6t, or, wdn. 











9 


activity 

admire 


a-dept', 1 a-dept'; 2 a-dept'. I. a. Highly 
skilful; proficient. II. n. One who is profi¬ 
cient; an expert. [ < L. ad, to, + apiscor, 
attain.]—a-dept'ness, n. 
ad'e-quate, 1 ad'i-kwit or -kwet; 2 ad'e-kwat, 
a. Equal to what is required; fully sufficient. 
[< L. ad, to, + sequus, level.]—ad'e-qua-cy, n. 
ad 'e-quate-nessf.—ad 'e-quate-ly, adv. 
ad fin.,aW>r. [L.] Ad finern (at the end, to the end) 
ad-here', 1 ad-hir'; 2 ad-her', vi. [ad-hered'; 
ad-her'ing.] To stick fast; stick together; 
be attached; cling; belong: with to. [ < L. ad, to, 
+ hsereo, stick.]—ad-her 'ence, n. Adhesion, 
ad-her'en-cyt.—ad-her'ent. I. a. Clinging 
or sticking fast. II. n. One who is devoted or 
attached, as to a cause or leader, 
ad-he'sion, 1 ad-hl' 3 an; 2 ad-he'zhon, n. 1. 
The act of adhering; the state of being at¬ 
tached; adherence. 2. Assent; concurrence. 
3. Close connection, as of ideas. [ < L. ad, to, + 
hsereo; see adhere.] —ad-he'siv(e a . I. a. Tend¬ 
ing or causing to adhere; adhering; clinging. 
II. 7i. A substance that causes adhesion. -iy, 
adv. -ness, n. 

ad h. I., abbr. [L.] Ad hunc locum (at this place), 
a-dieu', 1 a-diu'; 2 a-du'. I. n. [a-dieus' or 
a-dieux', pi.) A farewell. II. interj. Good* 
by; farewell. [F„ < a, to, + dieu, God.] 

A'di -ge, 1 a'dl-je; 2 a'di-ge, n. A river in Austria 
and Italy; flows 220 m. to Gulf of Venice, 
ad inf., abbr. [L.] Ad infinitum (to infinity; end¬ 
lessly).—ad init., abbr. [L.] Ad initium (at the 
beginning).—ad int., abbr. [L.] Ad interim (in 
the mean time). 

ad'i-pose, 1 ad'i-pos; 2 ad'i-pos. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to fat; fatty. II. n. Fat. [< L.ll 
adeps, fat.]—ad'i-pose-ness, n. 
Ad"i-ron'dacks, 1 adT-ren'daks; 2 ad"i-ron'daks, 
n. pi. A mountain range in New York; 5,344 ft. 
ad 'it, 1 ad'it; 2 ad'it, n. An approach; entrance; 
passage; horizontal entrance to a mine. [< L. 
aditus, approach, < ad, to, + eo, go.] 

Adj., Adjt., abbr. Adjutant.— adj., adject., 
abbr. Adjectival, adjective, 
ad-ja'cent, 1 a-je'sent; 2 a-ja'gent, a. Lying 
near or close at hand; adjoining; contiguous. 
[< L. ad, near, + jaceo, lie.] —ad-ja'cen-cy, 
n. [-cies z , pi.] Contiguity, ad-ja'cencef. 
ad'jec-tiv(e s , 1 aj'ek-tiv; 2 aj'ec-tlv. I. a. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of an adjective 
or adjunct, ad'jec-tiv-aif. II. n. Gram. 
A W'ord used to limit or qualify a noun. [ < L. 
ad, to, + jacio, throw.]— ad'jec-tiv(e-ly s , adv. 
ad'jec-tiv"al-lyt. 

ad-join', 1 a-jein'; 2 a-join', v. I. t. 1. To lie 
next to; border upon. 2. To join to; 
append. II. i. To lie close together; be in 
contact. [ < L. F ad, to, + jungo, join.] 
ad-join'ing, pa. Lying next; contiguous, 
ad-journ', ) 1 a-jurn'; 2 a-jflrn', r. I. t. To 
ad-jurn' p , ) close (a meeting or session); post¬ 
pone. II. i. To close a session or business 
either for a time or finally. [ < L. F ad, to, + diurnus, 
daily, < dies, day.]—ad-journ 'ment, n. The 
act of adjourning; postponement, ad-j our'naif, 
ad-judge', 1 a-juj'; 2 a-judg', v. [ad-judged'; 
ad-judg'ing.] I. t. To award; decide judi¬ 
cially; decree; condemn. II. i. To pass sen¬ 
tence. [< L. F ad, to, + judico, judge.] 
ad-ju'di-cate, 1 a-ju'di-ket; 2 a-ju'di-eat, vt. & 
vi. [-CAT"ED d ; -cat'Tng.] To determine ju¬ 
dicially; adjudge. [ < L. ad, to, + judico, 
judge.]— ad-ju"di-ca'tion, n. A judicial deci¬ 
sion. —ad-ju'di-ca"tor, n. 
ad'junct, 1 aj'urjkt; 2 aj'unct, I. a. Joined 


subordinately; auxiliary. II. n. Something 
connected subordinately; an auxiliary. [< L. 
ad, to, + jungo, join.]— ad-junc'tion, n. The 
act of joining; also, the thing joined.— ad-junc'- 
tiv(e a , a. Constituting or contributing to form 
an adjunct.— ad-junc'tive-Iy, adv. 
ad-jure', 1 a-jur'; 2 a-jur', vt. [ad-jured'; ad- 
jur'ing.] To charge or entreat solemnly, as 
under oath; appeal to; invoke. [< L. ad, to, + 
juro, swear.]— ad"ju-ra'tion, n. 
ad-just' d , 1 a-just'; 2 &-just', vt. To cause to 
fit; arrange; regulate; settle. [< L. F ad, to, + 
jungo, join (asif justus, just).]— ad-just'a-bl(e p , 
a. Capable of being adjusted.— ad-just'er, 
n. ad-jus'torf.—ad-jus'tiv(e s , a.—ad-just'- 
ment, n. Regulation; arrangement; settlement, 
ad'ju-tant, 1 aj'u-tant; 2 aj'u-tant. I. a. As¬ 
sistant; auxiliary. II. n. 1. Mil. A staff* 
officer who assists the commander; as, the 
adjutant of a regiment. 2. A carrion*eating 
East*Indian stork. [ < L. adjuto; see 
aid, t;.]—ad'ju-tan-cy, n. The office 
or rank of an adjutant, ad 'j u- 
tant-shipf. 

ad lib., abbr. [L.] Ad libitum (at 
pleasure).—ad loc., abbr. [L.] 

Ad locum (at the place).— 

Adm., abbr. Admiral, admi¬ 
ralty.— adm., admr., abbr. 

Administrator, administratrix, 
ad-mea'sure,) lad-me 3 'ur ;2 
ad-me'sure 8 , ) ad-mezh'ur, 
vt. [-sured; -sur-ing.] 1. To 
assign a share of or to; appor¬ 
tion. 2§. To measure. [< 

LL.° F admensuro, < L. ad, to, 

+ melior, measure.]— ad- 
mea'sure-ment, n. 1. An Adjutant. l la 
admeasuring. 2. Measure; size; dimensions. 
ad-men"su-ra'tionf.—ad-mea'sur-er, n. 
ad-min 'is-ter, 1 ad-min'is-tar; 2 ad-min'is- 
ter, v. I. t. 1. To take or have the charge of ; 
manage; regulate; to take charge of and set¬ 
tle, as an estate, by will or official appoint¬ 
ment. 2. To supply or provide with (some¬ 
thing); apply; inflict; cause to take. II. ». 
1. To contribute toward an end; minister: 
with to. 2. Law. To act as administrator. [< 
L. ad, to, + minister, assistant.]— ad-min"Is- 
tra'tion, n. An administering; official manage¬ 
ment; existing executive government or those 
composing it.— ad-min'is-tra"tiv(e s , a. Per¬ 
taining to administration; executive. -Jy, adv. 
— ad-min 'is-tra"tor, n. One who administers 
something, as (Law) the estate of an intestate. 
— ad-min'is-tra" tor-ship, n. — ad-min"is- 
tra'trix, n. fern, [-tra-tri'ces, 1 -tra-trai'siz; 2 
-tra-tri'ces, pi.] 

ad'nii-ra-bl(e p , 1 ad'mi-ra-bl; 2 ad'mi-ra-bl, a. 
Worthy of admiration; excellent. [< L. F ; see 
admire.] —ad'mi-ra-biy, adv. 
ad'mi-ral, 1 ad'mi-ral; 2 ad'mi-ral, n. A naval 
officer of the highest rank; the commander* 
in*chief of a fleet. [ < Ar. amir, commander, + 
al, the, + bahr, sea.]—ad'mi-ral-ship, n. The 
office or rank of an admiral.—ad'mi-ral-ty, n. 
A court or department having charge of naval or 
maritime affairs; the office of an admiral. 
ad"mi-ra'tion, 1 ad"mi-re'^han; 2 ad"mi-ra'- 
shon, n. 1. Wonder combined with approba¬ 
tion; gratified contemplation. 2. That which 
is admired. 

ad-mire', 1 ad-mair'; 2 ad-mlr', v. [ad-mired' 
ad-mir'ing.] I. I. To regard with mingled 
wonder and approbation or with pleased sur- 



1 - 3 = final; l = habit; aisle; ail = owt; oil: iu = feud; ilhin; go; rj = sin^; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rqle, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









admissible 

aeroplane 


10 


prize; gaze on with delight. II. t. To feel ad¬ 
miration; be pleased. [< L. F ad, at, -f miror, 
wonder.]— ad-mlr'er, n .— ad-mir'lng-ly, adv. 
ad-mis'si-bl(e p , 1 ad-mis'i-bl; 2 &d-mls'i-bl, 
a. Such as may be admitted; allowable. [< L. F 
admitto; see admit.]— ad-mis'sl-ble-ness, n. 
—ad-mis"sl-bil'i-ty, n. —ad-mis'si-bly, adv. 
ad-mis'sion, 1 ad-mi^h'an; 2ad-mIsh'on, n. An 
admitting; entrance; concession; entrance fee. 
ad-mit', 1 ad-nut'; 2 ad-mit', v. [ad-mit'ted ,j ; 
ad-mit'ting.] I. t. To allow to enter; al¬ 
low; receive; permit; concede. II. i. 1. To 
give scope, warrant, or permission: with of. 
2. To give entrance: often with to. [ < L.° F ad- 
mitto, < ad, to, + mitlo, send.]— ad-mit'tance, 
n. An admitting; entrance; admission.— ad- 
mlt'ted-ly, adv. Confessedly, 
ad-mix'ture, 1 ad-miks'dhur or -tiur; 2 ad- 
miks'chur or -tur, n. A mixture or the ingredi¬ 
ents added to form one; act of mingling or 
mixing; state of being mixed. [< L . admixtus, 
pp„ < ad, to, + misceo, mix.]— ad-mix', vt. 
ad -111011 'ish 1 , 1 ad-men'i£h; 2 ad-mon'ish, vt. 
To advise of a fault; caution; exhort; warn. 
[< L. ad, to, + moneo, advise.]— ad"mo-ni'- 
tion, n. The act of admonishing; gentle 
reproof. ad-mon'ish-mentf. — ad-mon'i- 
to-ry, a. Giving admonition, 
admrx., adinx., abbr. Administratrix, 
a-do', 1 a-du'; 2 a-do', n. Unnecessary activ¬ 
ity; bustle; fuss; trouble. [< a - 6 + do.] 
a-do'be, 1 a-do'bi; 2 a-do'be, n. A sun«dried 
brick or a structure of such material. [Sp. Am.] 
ad"o-les'cent, 1 ad"o-les'ent; 2 ad"o-16s'ent. 
I. a. Approaching manhood or maturity; 
pertaining to youth. II. n. A person in the 
period of adolescence. [ < L. ad, to, + alo, 
nourish.]— ad"o-les'cence, n. The process or 
period of growth; youth. ad"o-les'cen-cyt. 
A-do'nis, 1 a-do'nis; 2 a-do'nis, n. Gr. Myth. A 
youth beloved by Venus for his beauty. 
a-dopt' d , 1 a-dopt'; 2 a-dopt', vt. To accept as 
one’s own; as, to adopt a son, a phrase, a creed. 
[< L. F ad, to, + opto, choose.]— a-dop'tion, n. 
The act of adopting or the state of being adopt¬ 
ed.— a-dop'tiv(e s , a. Pertaining or tending to 
adoption; characterized by adoption, -ly, adv. 
a-dore', 1 a-dor'; 2 a-dor', v. [a-dored'; 
a-dor'ing.] I. t. 1. To render divine honors 
to; worship. 2. To love or honor with intense 
devotion. II. i. To offer worship. [< F. 
adorer, < L. ad, to, + oro, speak, < os (.or-), 
mouth.]— a-dor'a-bl(e p , a. Worthy of adora¬ 
tion or devoted affection.— a-dor'a-bly, adv .— 
ad"o-ra'tion, n. The act of adoring; devotion. 
— a-dor'er, n. One who adores; a lover, 
a-dorn', 1 a-dern'; 2 a-dorn', vt. To furnish 
with ornaments; be an ornament to; decorate. 
[< L. F ad, to, + orno, deck.]— a-dorn'ing. I. 
pa. Ornamental. II. n. Adornment.— a-dorn'- 
ment, n. The act of adorning, or that which 
adorns; ornament. [Downward; down, 

a-down', 1 a-daun'; 2 a-down', adv. & prep. 
ad-re'nal-in, 1 ad-rl'nal-in; 2 ad-re'nal-in, n. A 
powerful hemostatic astringent principle of the 
suprarenal gland. [ < L. ad, on, + renes, kidneys.] 
Ad"ri-a-no'ple, 1 ad"n-a-no'pl; 2 ad'Ti-a-no'pl, n. 
1. A former province of European Turkey; pop. 
610,000. 2. Its capital, pop. 81,000; captured by 
Balkan allies, March 26,1913 ; ceded to Greece by 
treaty of Sevres, Aug. 10, 1920. 

A"dri-at'ic sea, 1 e"dri-at'ik; 2 a’dri-at'ic. A sea, 
E. ot Italy; an arm of the Mediterranean, 
a-drift', 1 a-drift'; 2 a-drlft', adv. In a drifting 
state; drifting. 

a-droit', 1 a-dreit'; 2 a-droit', a. Skilful in 


emergencies; dexterous; expert. [F., < d, to, + 
droit, right.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ads., advts., abbr. Advertisements. 
ad"u-la'tion, 1 ad"yu-le'shan; 2 ad"yu-la'- 
shon, n. Servile flattery; hypocritical praise; 
fulsome compliment. 

ad'U-la-to-ry, 1 ad'yu-la-to-n; 2 ad'yu-la-to- 
ry, a. Obsequiously flattering.— ad 'u-la"tor, n. 
a-dult', 1 a-dult'; 2 a-dult'. I. a. Pertaining 
to mature life; fulBgrown. II. n. One who 
(or that which) has attained the age of ma¬ 
turity. [ < L. adullus, pp. of adolesco, grow up.] 
a-dul'ter-ate, 1 a-dul'tar-et; 2 a-dul'ter-at. 
I. vt. [-at /, ed <1 ; -at"ing.] To make impure 
by admixture; corrupt. II. a. Adulterated; 
corrupted. [< L. ad, to, + alter, other.]— a-dul'- 
ter-ant, n. An adulterating substance.— 
a-dul"ter-a'tIou, n. —a-duI'ter-a"tor, n. One 
who adulterates. 

a-dul'ter-y, 1 e-dul'tar-i; 2 a-dul'ter-y, n. 
[-iesz, pi.] Violation of the marriage vow; 
unchastity. [< L. ad, to, + alter, other.]— 
a-dul'ter-er, a-dul'tor-ess, n. A man or 
woman guilty of adultery.— a-dul'ter-ous, a. 
Of or pertaining to adultery, -ly, adv. 
ad-um'brate, 1 ad-um'bret; 2 ad-um'brat, vt. 
[-brat-ed; -brat-ing.] To foreshadow; typi¬ 
fy; overshadow. [< L. ad, to, + umbra, shade.] 
— ad-um'brant, a. Dimly shadowing.— ad"- 
um-bra'tion, n. A slight sketch; foreshadow¬ 
ing; overshadowing.— ad-um'bra-tlv(es, a. 
Faintly indicating; typical. [dust; dusty. 

a-dust' 1 , 1 a-dust'; 2 a-dust', adv. & a. In the 
a-dust' 2 , a. Burning; hot and dry; burned; 
seared; browned; tawny. [< L. aduslus, pp., < 
ad, to, + uro, burn.] 

Adv., abbr. Advent, advocate.—adv., abbr. Ad 
valorem (L., according to the value), adverb, 
adverbial, adverbially, adversus (L., against, op¬ 
posite), advertisement. 

ad-vance', 1 ad-vans'; 2 ad-vang', v. [ad- 
vanced'*; ad-vanc'ing.] 1. 1. 1. To move or 
bring forward; present; propose. 2. To pay 
or furnish beforehand or on credit; help for¬ 
ward; accelerate. 3. To elevate; increase; 
promote. II. t. 1. To go forward; make prog¬ 
ress; grow; increase. 2. To rise in value. 

[ < L. F ab, away, + ante, before.] 
ad-vance', a. Being in advance, 
ad-vance n. 1. An advancing; progress; im¬ 
provement. 2. Anything supplied or paid 
beforehand; prepayment. 3. An overture; 
proposal. 4. The place or persons at the 
front; a lead; start; the van.— ad-vanced', pa. 
Being in advance; having reached a higher stage; 
marked by or characteristic of advancement.— 
ad-vance'ment, n. An advancing, or being 
advanced; furtherance; promotion, 
ad-van'tage, 1 ad-vun'tij; 2 iid-van'tag. I. vt. 
& vi. [-taged; -tag-ing.] -To give advan¬ 
tage to; gain advantage; favor; profit. II. 
n. Anything favorable to success; superior¬ 
ity; favoring circumstance; profit; utility. [< 
F. avant, before.]— ad"van-ta'geous, a. Af¬ 
fording advantage; profitable; favorable, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

ad'vent, 1 ad'vent; 2 Sd'vgnt, n. 1. A coming 
or arrival. 2. [A-] (1) The coming of Christ. 
(2) Eccl. The four weeks before Christmas. 
[< L. ad, to, + venio, come.]—Ad'vent-lst, n. 
One who lays special stress on Christ’s second 
coming.—Ad 'vent-ism, n. 
ad''ven-ti'tious, 1 ad"ven-ti£h'us; 2 &d"vgn- 
tlsh'us, a. Not inherent; extrinsic; accidental, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 


1 : artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. Ice; I = e; I = e: go, not, or, w6n. 






il 


admissible 

aeroplane 


ad-ven'ture, 1 ad-ven'dhur or -tiur; 2 ad-ven' 
chur or -tur. I. vt. & vi. [-tured; -tur-ing.] 
To venture. II. n. A hazardous or exciting 
experience; daring feat; commercial venture; 
speculation. [< L.of a d, to, + venio, come.]— 
ad-ven'tur-er, n. A seeker of adventures; one 
who seeks his fortune in new fields or by ques¬ 
tionable expedients.—ad-ven'tur-ess, n. A fe¬ 
male adventurer.—ad-ven'tur-ous, a. 1. Dis¬ 
posed to seek adventures; venturesome, ad- 
ven'ture-somej. 2. Attended with risk; haz¬ 
ardous. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ad'verb, 1 ad'vurb; 2 ad'verb, n. Gram. Any 
word used to modify verbs, adjectives, or 
other adverbs. [ < L. F ad, to, 4- verbum, verb.] 
—ad-ver'bi-al, a. —ad-ver'bi-al-ly, adv. 
ad'ver-sa-ry, 1 ad'vsr-se-ri; 2 ad'ver-sa-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi .] One actively hostile; an opponent; 
enemy. [< L. F ad, to, + verlo, turn.] 
ad-ver'sa-tiv(e 8 , 1 ad-vur'ss-tiv; 2 ad-ver'sa- 
tiv. I. a. Expressing opposition or antithe¬ 
sis, II. n. An antithetic word. -iy, adv. 
ad' verse, 1 ad'vurs; 2 ad'vers, o. Opposing or 
opposed; antagonistic; detrimental. [< L. ad, 
to, + verto, turn.] -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
ad-ver'si-ty, 1 ad-vur'si-ti; 2 ad-ver'si-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi .] A condition of hardship or af¬ 
fliction; misfortune. 

ad-vert', 1 ad-vurt'; 2 ad-vert', vi. To turn 
the mind; refer incidentally. [< L. ad, to, + 
verto, turn.]—ad-ver'fence, n. The act of ad¬ 
verting; notice.—ad-ver'ten-cy, n. Attentive¬ 
ness.—ad-ver'tent, a. Giving attentioh; heed¬ 
ful.—ad-ver'tent-Iy, adv. 
ad'ver-tise, ) 1 ad'var-taiz; 2 ad'ver-tl§, v. 
ad'ver-tize p ,) [-tised; -tis"ing.] I. t. To 
make known by public notice; publish; in¬ 
form. II. i. To give public notice. [<L. F nd, 
to, + verto, turn.l—ad'ver-tis"er, n. One who 
advertises.—ad-ver'tise-meivt, 1 od-vOr'tiz- 
ment or ad^ver-taiz'ment; 2 ad-ver'tig-ment or 
ad"ver-tl§'ment, n. A printed public notice, as 
in a newspaper; notification, 
ad-vice', 1 ad-vais'; 2 ad-vh;', n. 1. Encour¬ 
agement or dissuasion; counsel; suggestion. 
2. Information; notification. 3||. Delibera¬ 
tion; forethought. [ < L. F ad, to, + video, see.] 
ad-vise', ) 1 ad-vaiz'; 2 ad-vlg', v. [ad-viseo'; 
ad-vlze' p , $ ad-vis'ing.] I. t. 1. To give ad¬ 
vice to; counsel; warn; recommend. 2. To 
apprise (of); notify; inform. II. i. To take 
or give counsel; consult.—ad-vis"a-bil'i-ty, n. 
ad-vis'a-ble-nessf.—ad-vis'a-bie, a. Proper 
to b,e advised or recommended; expedient.— 
ad-vis'a-bly, adv.— ad-vis'ed-ly, adv. With 
forethought or advice; not hastily —ad-vis'ed- 
ness, n. —ad-vise'ment, n. Consultation; de¬ 
liberation.—ad-vis'er, n. One who advises.— 
ad-vi'so-ry, a. Having power to advise; con¬ 
taining or given as advice, 
ad'vo-ca-cy, 1 ad'vo-ka-si; 2 ad'vo-ea-gy, n. 

The act of advocating; a vindication; defense, 
ad'vo-cate, 1 ad'vo-ket; 2 ad'vo-eat. I. vt. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To speak in favor of; 
defend; plead for. II. n. One who pleads the 
cause of another; an intercessor; counselor. 
[ < L. F advoco, call to, < ad, to, + vox, voice.] 
ad-vow'son, 1 ad-vau'zan; 2 ad-vow'§on, n. 
The right of presentation to a vacant ecclesi¬ 
astical benefice; patronage. [< OF. avoeson, < 
L. advocalio(n~); see advocate.] 
ad'y-tum, 1 ad'i-tum; 2 ad'y-tiim, n. [-ta, 
1 -ta; 2 -ta, pi .] An inner or secret shrine. 
[L., < Gr. a- priv. + dyo, enter.] 


adz, t 1 adz; 2 adz, n. A hand cutting=tool 
adze, ) having a curved blade at right angles 
with its handle. 

te, 1 i, e, or i; 2 e, e, or i. A diph¬ 
thong of Latin origin. For 
words not found under §e, as 
aegis, Aiolian, etc., see egis, 

Eolian, etc. [(of age, aged), 
ae., act., aetat., abbr. [L.j stalls 
AE-ge'an sea, 11-ji'an; 2 e-gr'an. A 
sea between Greece and Asia Mi¬ 
nor; an arm of the Mediterra¬ 
nean: so called because ASgeus, 
king of Athens, was drowned in it. 

A5-gi'na, 1 l-jai'na; 2 e-gl'na. n. An island, town, 
and gulf in E. Greece.—i®"gi-ne'tan, a. 

JE'glr, 1 I'jir; 2 e'gir, n. Norse Myth. The god of 
the stormy sea. gE'gerJ. [Clytemnestra. 

AS-gis'thus, 1 l-jis'fhus; 2 e-gis'thus, n. Lover of 
/E"gos-pot'a-ini, 1 Eges-pet'a-mai; 2 e"g6s-pot'- 
a-ml, n. River and town in Thrace; Athenian 
fleet defeated, 405 B. C. 

./E-ne'as, 1I-nl'as; 2 e-ne'as, n. Gr.Myth. Trojan 
prince; hero of the Alneid; king of Latium. 
AS-ne'id, 11-nl'id; 2 e-ne'id, n. A Latin epic poem 
by Vergil narrating the adventures of Aineas. 
iE'o-lus, 1 I'o-lus; 2 e'o-lus, n. Class. Myth. The 
god of the winds. See Eolian. 
a'er-ate, 1 e'ar-et; 2 a'er-atr, vt. [-AT"ED d ; -at"- 
ing.] 1. To supply or charge with air or gas; 
make ethereal. 2. To oxygenate, as the 
blood. [< L. aer, < Gr. aer, air.] a'er-i-fyf.— 
a"er-a'tion, n.— a'er-a"tor, n. 
a-c'ri-al, 1 e-i'n-al; 2 a-e'ri-al, a. Of or like the 
air; atmospheric; high in air; growing in the 
air; airy; spiritual. [< L. aer, air.] -ly, adv. 
a'er-ie, 1 e'ar-i; 2 a'er-i, n. The nest or brood 
of a predatory bird, as the eagle, on a crag. 
[ < L. F area, open space.] 

a'er-i-form, 1 e'ar-i-ferm; 2 a'er-i-form, o. 
Like air; gaseous; unsubstantial; intangible. 
[ < L. aer, air, + forma, form.] 
a'er-o-boat", n. [Colloq.] A hydroaeroplane or 
flylng*boat. 

a'er-o-bus", n. [Colloq.] An aeroplane or air* 
ship that carries passengers. 



Adz. 


a'er-o-curve, 1 e'ar-o-kurv; 2 a'er-o-cflrv, n. Ad 
aeroplane slightly arched from front to rear 
a'er-o-droine, 1 e'ar-o-drom; 2 a'er-o-drom, n 
1. A course for flying=machines. 2. A flying' 
machine. 3. A place for storing flying=ma 
chines. (A wireless message 

a'er-o-gram, 1 e'ar-o-gram; 2 a'er-o-gram, n 
a'er-o-lite, 1 e'ar-o-Iait; 2 a'er-o-lit, n. A meteor 
ite. [ < Gr. aer, air, + lithos, stone.] 
a'er-o-mo"tor, 1 e'ar-o-mo"tar; 2 a'er-o-mo"* 
tor, n. 1. A flying*machine propelled by a 
motor. 2. A motor for use on an aeroplane, 
a'er-o-naut, 1 e'ar-o-net; 2 a'er-o nat, n. One 
who navigates the air; a balloonist. [< Gr. aer, 
air, + nautes, sailor.]— a"er-o-nau'tic, a. Per 
taining to, floating in, or navigating the air.— 
a"er-o-nau '- 
tics, n. The 
branch of aer¬ 
ostatics treat¬ 
ing of floating 
in or navigat¬ 
ing the air. 
a'er-o-plane, 

1 e'ar-o-plen; 

2 a'er-o-plan,Wright Aeroplane, Type of 1912. 
n. A flying*machine sustained in flight as by 
a motor=engine, with the planes at a slight angle. 
See illus. on page 12.— a'er-o-plan"ist, n. 



1:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; o = sina; thin, this. 
2: wolf. d«; book, boot; full, rule, cQre, but, bOrn; oil, boy; g;o, fcem; ipk; thin, this. 















AEROPLANES. 

1. Folding all-metal Biplane. 2. Dayton-Wright Monoplane. 3. Aeroplane of the Triplane type, 
showing structure and parts. 4. Caproni Hydroaeroplane or Flying-boat. 

{.Courtesy of Society of Automotive Engineers, and Manufacturers Aircraft Association, New York.) 



















































































































13 


aerostat 

afore 


a'er-o-stat, 1 e'ar-o-stat; 2 a'er-o-stat, n. A 
lighter*than=air flying=machine; balloon. 
a"er-o-stat'ics, 1 e"ar-o-stat'iks; 2 a"er-o- 
stat'ies, n. The branch of pneumatics that 
treats of the mechanical properties of air and 
gases not in motion. 

a'er-o-vtew", 1 e'ar-o-viu*; 2 a'er-o-vu*, n. A 
general view of surrounding country from an aero- 
. plane in flight: also, a chart of that view, 
a'er-y, n. Same as aerie. 

A3s'chl-nes, 1 es'ki-nlz; 2 es'ci-ne§, n. An Atheni¬ 
an orator (389—314 B. C.); rival of Demosthenes. 
ASs'chy-lus, 1 es'ki-lus; 2 es'ey-lus, n. A Greek 
tragic poet and dramatist (525-456 B. C.). 
/Es"cu-la'pi-us, 1 es"kiu-le'pi-us; 2 es"eu-la'pi- 
us.n. Gr. Myth. Son of Apollo; god of medicine. 
AS'sir, 1 i'sar or e'sar; 2 e'ser or a'ser, n. [Ice.] 
The gods of the Norse pantheon collectively. 
AS'sop, i l'sap; 2 e'sop, n. A Greek fabulist (619?— 
564 B. C.). 

aes-thet'ic, aes-thet'ics, etc. See esthetic, etc. 
AB-to'li-a, 1 i-to'li-a; 2 e-to'li-a, n. A district of 
W. Greece.— A5-to'li-an, a. & n. 

A.=F., A.=Fr., abbr. Anglo*French.—Af., Afr., 
abbr. Africa, African. 

a-far', 1 a-far'; 2 a-far', adv. At or to a dis¬ 
tance: remotely. [< A- 1 + FAR.] 
aff., abbr. Affectionate, affirmative, affirming. 
af'fa-bl(e p , 1 af'a-bl; 2 af'a-bl, a. Easy and 
courteous in manner. [< L.f ad, to, + for, 
speak.]—af"fa-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of be¬ 
ing affable; easy courtesy. af'fa-bl(e-ness p t. 
—af'fa-bly, adv. 

af-fair', 1 a-far'; 2 a-far', to. Anything done or 
to be done; business. [ < F. a, to, + faire, do.] 
af-fect' ld , 1 a-fekt'; 2 a-fect', vt. 1. To act up¬ 
on; influence. 2. To touch or move emotion¬ 
ally. [ < L. ad, to, + facio, do.] 
af-fect' 2d , vt. 1. To have a liking for; be fond of; 
love. 2. To tend naturally toward; haunt; 
frequent. 3. To make a show of one’s liking 
for; pretend; counterfeit. [< F .affecter, < L. af- 
fecto, aspire to, < ad, to, + facio, do.]— af"fec- 
ta'tion, n. Pretense; display. 
af-fect'ed 1 , 1 a-fekt'ed; 2 a-feet'ed, pa. Acted 
upon; moved emotionally; attacked, as by 
disease. 

af-fect'ed 2 , pa. Assumed artificially; showing 
affectation; inclined. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
af-fect'ing, 1 a-fekt'irj; 2 a-fect'ing, pa. Having 
power to move the feelings; pathetic, -ly, adv. 
af-fec'tion 1 , 1 a-fek'sEan; 2 a-fge'shon, to. The 
act of influencing, or state or fact of being in¬ 
fluenced; state of mind or body; disease. 
af-fec'tion 2 , to. 1. Strong and tender attach¬ 
ment; love. 2. Any natural feeling; partiality 
or aversion. 

af-fec'tion-ate, 1 a-fek'£han-it; 2 a-fge'shon- 
at, a. Having or expressing love; loving; 
fond, -ly, adv. 

af-fi'ance, 1 a-fai'ans; 2 a-fl'anc. I. vt. Lanced 1 ; 
-anc-ing.] To betroth; pledge. II. n. A be¬ 
trothal; pledge of faith; confidence. [< L.f 
ad, to, + fidus, faithful.] 

af"fl-da'vit, 1 afT-de'vit; 2 af"i-da'vit, n. A vol¬ 
untary sworn declaration, in writing, made be¬ 
fore competent authority. [LL.] 
af-fil'i-ate, 1 a-fil'i-et; 2 a-fll'i-at, v. [-A T "ED d ; 
-at"ing.] I. t. To receive on friendly terms; 
associate with; adopt; ally. II. i. To be in¬ 
timate; sympathize; consort. [ < LL. affilio, 
< L. ad, to, + filius, son.]— af-fiI"i-a'tion, «. 
af-fin'i-ty, 1 a-fin'i-ti; 2 a-fin'i-ty, n. [-ties z , 
pi.] Natural inclination; close relation; chemi¬ 
cal attraction. [ < L. ad, to. + finis, end.] 


af-firm', 1 a-furm'; 2 a-firm', v. I. t. To 
state positively; maintain; assert; aver. II. 
i. 1. To maintain the affirmative. 2. To 
make a formal judicial declaration. [< L. 
ad, to, + firmus, firm.] -a-ble, a. -a-bly, 
adv .— af"fir-ma'tlon, n. A declaration; state¬ 
ment; solemn declaration in place of a judicial 
oath.— af-firm'a-tiv(e s . I. a. Characterized 
by affirmation; taking the “yes” side; asserting 
something as fact. II. n. That which affirms or 
asserts; an expression of assent, -ly, adv. 
af-lix'b 1 a-fiks'; 2 a-ffks', vt. To attach; fas¬ 
ten; append. [< LL. afjixo, < L ad, to, + 
figo, fasten.] 

af'lix, 1 af'iks; 2 af'flcs, n. That which is at¬ 
tached, appended, or added; a prefix or suffix, 
af-fla'tus, 1 a-fle'tus; 2 a-fla'tus, n. An exalta¬ 
tion of soul under divine influence; inspiration, 
[L., < afflo, blow on, < ad, to, -]- flo, blow.] 
af-liict' d , 1 a-flikt'; 2 a-fliet', vt. To oppress 
with suffering; trouble; grieve; distress. 
[< L. ad, to, + fligo, strike down.]— af-flic'tion, 
n. Distress of body or mind or that which causes 
it; grief; calamity.— af-flic'tlv(es, a. Causing 
distress; grievous, -ly, adv. 
af'flu-cnce, 1 af'lu-ens; 2 af'lu-eng, n. A pro¬ 
fuse or abundant supply, as of riches; wealth, 
af'flu-ent, 1 af'lu-ent; 2 af'lu-ent. I. a. A- 
bounding, as in wealth; rich; also, flowing 
freely; fluent. II. n. A tributary stream. 
[< L.f ad, to, + fluo, flow.]— af'flu-ent-ly, adv. 
af-ford' d , i a-ford'; 2 a-ford', vt. 1. To have 
sufficient means for; be able to meet the ex¬ 
pense of; sustain; bear; stand. 2. To pro¬ 
duce, yield, or furnish, as fruit, profit, etc. [ < 
AS. ge- (changed to af-), intens. + forthian, fur¬ 
ther, promote.] 

af-for'est, 1 a-fer'est; 2 a-for'est, vt. To con¬ 
vert into a forest; also, to declare subject to 
forest laws. [< LL. afforesto, < L. ad, to, + 
LL. foresta; see forest.] 

af-fray', 1 a-fre'; 2 a-fra', n. A public brawl; 
fight; fray. [< OF. affrayer, < L. ex, from, 
+ LL. fridus, peace, < OHG. fridu, peace.] 
af-fright'||, 1 a-frait'; 2 a-frit'. I d . vt. To frighten. 
II. n. Fright, or that which frightens, af¬ 
fright 'mentt. [ < AS. afyrhtan; see a- 2 , fright.] 
af-front', ) 1 a-frunt'; 2 a-front'. I d . vt. To 
af-frunt' p , j insult openly; treat with inso¬ 
lence; offend. II. n. An open insult or indig¬ 
nity. [< L.f ad, to, + fron(t-)s, front.]— af- 
fron'tlve, a. 

af-fu'sion, 1 a-fiu'3an; 2 a-fu'zhon, n. Pour¬ 
ing; sprinkling.— af-fuse', vt. 

Af'ghan, 1 af'gan; 2 af'gan, n. 1. A native or 
the native language of Afghanistan. 2. [a-] 
A soft coverlet of knitted wool.— Af'ghan, a. 
Af-ghan"i-stan', 1 af-gan"i-stan'; 2 af-gan*i- 
stan', n. A country of south central Asia; 250,- 
000 sq. m.; pop. 6,380,500; capital, Kabul, 
a-field', 1 a-flld'; 2 a-feld', adv. In or to the 
field; abroad; astray. [< a- 1 + field.] 
a-fire', 1 a-fair'; 2 a-flr', adv. & a. On fire, 
a-flaine', 1 a-flem'; 2 a-flam', adv. &a. Flaming; 

glowing. [circulating; adrift; unfixed, 

a-float', 1 a-flot'; 2 a-flot', adv. & a. Floating; 
a-foot', 1 a-fut'; 2 a-foot', adv. On foot; able 
to walk; on the move; astir, 
a-fore', 1 a-for'; 2 a-for', adv., prep., & conj. 
Before. [ < AS. onforan ; see on, at, and fore.] 
— a-fore'said", a. Said or mentioned before.— 
a-fore'thought", a. Planned beforehand; pre¬ 
meditated.— a-fore'time", adv. At a previoui 
time; formerly. a-fore'times"t. 


1: a = final; i = hablO aisle; au = out; oil; fu = ieud\ <fhin; _go; g = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bfirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, ttii*. 







afoul 

aim 


14 


a-foul 1 a-faul'; 2 a-foul', adv. & a. In en¬ 
tanglement or collision. 

a-fraid', 1 a-fred'; 2 a-frad', a. Filled with 
fear or apprehension; apprehensive; fearful. 
[ME. afraied, pp. of afraien, < OF. affrayer; 
see affray.] [more; anew; again, 

a-fresh', 1 a-fre^h'; 2 a-fresh', adv. Once 
Af'ri -ca, 1 af'ri-ka; 2 af'ri-ea, n. A continent of 
the eastern hemisphere; the second largest con¬ 
tinent; 11,500.000 sq. m.; pop. 170,000,000.— 
Af'ri-can, a. & n. 

Af"ri-can'der,\l aPTi-kan'dar; 2 arri-can'der, n. 
Af"ri-kan'uer,/ One born in South Africa, but of 
European blood. 

aft, 1 aft; 2 aft. Naut. I. a. Of or near the 
stern. II. adv. At, toward, or near the stern. 
[ < AS. seftan, < afta, behind.] 
aft., abbr. After. 

af'ter, 1 af'tar; 2 af'ter. I. a. 1. Naut. Far¬ 
ther aft. 2. Following in time. II. adv. 1. 
At a later time. 2. In the rear; behind. 
III. prep. 1. In succession to; subsequent¬ 
ly to; because of; notwithstanding. 2. Be¬ 
hind, back of, or below, in place or rank; in¬ 
ferior to; in pursuit of; in search of. 3. In 
relation to; about; for; in imitation of; in 
obedience to; according to. 4. For the sake 
of; by the name of. [ < AS. setter, behind, lit. 
farther off.]— af'ter-clap", n. [Colloq.] An 
unexpected and disagreeable sequel or demand. 
— af'ter-crop", n. A second crop In a season. 
— af'ter-glow", n. A glow in the Western sky 
after sunset. —af'ter-math", n. 1. Thesecond 
mowing of the season. 2. That which follows as 
a result of some previous action. — af'ter-most, a. 
superl.Naut. Nearest the stern.— af"ter-noon ', n. 
That part of the day between noon and sunset; 
figuratively, the closing part.— af'ter-thought", 
n. A later thought, as after decision or action, 
af'ter-ward, 1 after-ward; 2 af'ter-ward, adv. 
In time following; subsequently, af'ter- 
wardsj. [abbr. Agriculture, agricultural. 
Ag, abbr. [L.] Argentum (silver).— ag., agric., 
A'gag, 1 e'gag; 2 S'gag, n. Bib. Amalekite king, 
a-gain', 1 a-gen'; 2 a-ggn', adv. At a second or 
another time; once more; anew; afresh; back 
(often, back again)-, in reply; repeatedly; fur¬ 
ther; moreover; on the other hand. [< AS. 
ongegn, ongean, < on- (see on) + gegn-, against.] 
a-gainst', I a-genst'; 2 a-gSnst', prep. 1. Into 
contact or collision with; in movement toward; 
opposite or contrary to; in contact with; also, 
opposite to; in contrast with. 2. In prepara¬ 
tion for; in readiness for. 3. In exchange for. 
4. To the debit of; as a charge upon. [ME. 
againest, < again (<AS. ongegn; see again), 
+ -es (adv., orig. gen. ending) + intens. t ) 
Ag"a-mem'non, 1 ag' r a-mem'non; 2 ag'a-mSm'- 
ndn, n. In the Iliad, king of Mycenaj; leader of 
the Greeks in the Trojan war. 
a-gape', 1 a-gap'; 2 a-gap', adv. & a. In a gaping 
state; gaping. 

a-gar'lc, 1 a-gar'ik; 2 a-g&r'ie, n. A fungus of the 
mushroom family. [L.«R agaricon, < Agaria, in 
Sarmatia.] 

ag'ate, 1 ag'it; 2 ag'at, n. 1. A variegated 
waxy quartz; a gem. 2. A child’s playing* 
marble. 3. Print. See type. 

The type in which this line is set. 

[F., < Gr. Achates (river in Sicily).] 

A-ga've, 1 a-ge'vi; 2 a-ga've, n. A genus of 
plants, embracing the century-plant. [< Gr. 
agauos, noble.] 

age, lej;2ag. I.vt.&vi. [aged; ag'ing.] To 
make, grow, or seem to grow, old. II. n. 1. 


The entire period of life or existence. 2. The 
period of life already or previously passed. 3. 
The decline of life; the state of being old. 4. 
A distinct stage of life; maturity; majority. 5. 
A distinct period of time in history; era; gen¬ 
eration; century. [< F. Age, < L. seta(t-)s, age.] 
-age, suffix. 1. Forming collective nouns; as bag¬ 
gage, leafage. 2. Forming nouns of condition, 
office, service, or other relation; as, dr&yage* 
pilgrimage. [ < OF. -age, < L. -aticum.] 
a'ged, 1 e'jed; 2 a'ged, pa. 1. Advanced in years; 

of or like old age; old. 2. Of or at the age of. 
a'gen-cy, 1 e'jen-si; 2 a'gen-$y, n. [-cies*, pk] 

1. Active power or operation; actiyity; in¬ 
strumentality. 2. The relation, business, or 
place of business, of an agent. 

3 -gen'dum, 1 a-jen'dum; 2 a-gen'dum, n. [-da, 
pl.\ A program of business to be done. [L.j 
a'gent, 1 e'jent; 2 a'gent. I. a. Acting: op¬ 
posed to passive. II. n. 1. One who or that 
which acts or has power to act; actor; doer. 

2. One who or that which acts for another; a 
deputy. [< L. agen(t-)s, ppr. of ago, do.] 

A"giu"court', 1 a" 3 ah*kQr' ; 2 a^ban'cyr', n. 
A village in N. France; English defeated French, 
Oct. 25, 1415. 

ag-glom'er-ate, 1 a-glem'ar-et; 2 a-gldm'er- 
at. I. vt. & vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at'Tng.] To gath¬ 
er, form, or grow into a ball or mass. II. o. 
Gathered into a mass or heap; clustered. 
III. n. A heap or mass of things thrown to¬ 
gether indiscriminately. [ < L. ad, to, + glomus, 
ball.]— ag-glom"er-a'tion, n. An orderless 
mass, heap, or cluster. 

ag-glu'ti-nate, 1 a-glu'ti-net; 2 S-glvi'ti-nat. 
I. v. f-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] 1. To unite, as 
with glue; join by adhesion. 2. To convert 
into glue. II. a. Joined by adhesion.—ag- 
glu"tl-na'tlon, n. —ag-glu'tl-na-tiv(es, a. 
ag'gran-dize or -dise, 1 ag'ran-daiz; 2 ilg'ran- 
diz, vt. & vi. [-dized; -diz'Tng.] To make or 
become great or greater; increase; exalt. [< L. F 
ad, to, + grandis, great.]— ag"gran-dize'- 
ment or -dise'ment, n. An aggrandizing; 
increase; exaltation. 

ag'gra-vate, 1 ag'ra-vet; 2 Sg'ra-vat, vt. [-vat*- 
ED d ; -vat"ing.) 1. To make worse; increase; 
intensify. 2. [Colloq.] To anger; provoke: 
an erroneous use. [< L. ad, to, + gravis, heavy.] 
— ag"gra-va'ilon, n. 1. A making heavier or 
worse; an enluincing circumstance. 2. [Colloq.] 
Exasperation; irritation. 

ag'gre-gate, 1 ag'ri-get; 2 &g're-gat. I. vt. & 
vi. [-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] To bring or come 
together, as into a mass, sum, or body; col¬ 
lect; mass; amount to. II. a. Collected into a 
sum, mass, or total; formed by collection; 
collective. III. n. The entire number, sum, 
mass, or quantity of something; amount; 
total; collection. [< L. ad, to, + grex ( greg -), 
flock.]—ag"gre-ga'tiou, n. A collection or 
mass; aggregate; whole. 

ag-gres'sion, 1 a-gre^h'an; 2 S-gresh'on, n. An 
unprovoked attack; aggressive action. 
ag-gres'siv(e s , 1 a-gres'iv; 2 3,-grgs'iv, a. Dis¬ 
posed to attack or encroachment; also, dis¬ 
posed to vigorous, outgoing activity in be¬ 
half of an object, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ag-gres'sor, 1 a-gres'ar; 2 a-gres'or, n. One 
who commits an aggression or begins a quarrel. 
ag-griev(e'p, 1 a-grlv'; 2 ii-grev', vt. [ag¬ 
grieved'; ag-griev'ing.] To cause sorrow 
to; give cause for just complaint; oppress. 
[< L. F ad, to, + gravis, heavy.] 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 







15 


afoul 

aim 


a-ghast', ) 1 a-gust'; 2 a-gast', a. Struck 
a-gast' 8 , ) dumb with horror. [< AS. a- (see 
a- 2 ) + gxstan, terrify.] [L.*’ ago, do.] 

ag'il(e 8 , 1 aj'il; 2 ag'il, a. Active; nimble. [ < 
a-gil'i-ty, 1 a-jil'i-ti; 2 a-gil'i-ty, n. Quickness 
and readiness in movement; nimbleness, 
ag'i-tate, 1 aj'i-tet; 2 ag'i-tat, v. [-TAT"ED d ; 
-tat"ing.] I. t. 1. To excite (the feelings); 
perturb; ruffle. 2. To shake irregularly. 3. 
To discuss publicly and incessantly. 4||. To 
consider. II. i. To stir public interest and 
action. [< L. agito, freq. of ago, drive.]— ag"- 
1-ta'tion, n. Violent motion or emotion; open, 
active discussion; urgent consideration.— ag'i- 
ta"tor, n. One who or that which agitates. 
A-gla'ia, 1 a-gle'ya; 2 a-gla'ya, n. Gr. Myth. 
One of the three Graces. 

a-gley', 1 a-glT or a-gldi'; 2 a-gle' or a-gly', adv. 

[Scot.] Aside; askew, a-glee't. 
ag'nail, 1 ag'nel; 2 ag'nal, n. A hangnail. [< 
AS. angnsegl, < ange, narrow, painful, + 
nsegl, nail.] 

ag'nate, 1 ag'net; 2 ag'nat. I. a. Related on 
the father’s side; akin. II. n. A relative in 
the male line only. [ < F. agnat, < L. ad, to, + 
nascor, be born.] 

ag-no'men, 1 ag-no'men; 2 ag-no'men, n. [-nom'- 
i-na, 1 -nem'i-na; 2 -nom'i-na, pi.] An added 
name due to some special achievement or cir¬ 
cumstance. [< L., < ad, to, + nomen, name.] 
ag-nos'ti-cism, ) 1 ag-nes'ti-sizm, -tiks; 2 ag- 
ag-nos'tics, J nos'ti-Qigm, -ties, n. The 
doctrine of nescience, which maintains that 
all being, including God and the human soul, 
is unknown or unknowable. [Gr., < a- priv. 
+ gignosto, know.]— ag-nos'tic. I. a. Pro¬ 
fessing ignorance, especially in religion. II. n. 
One who holds the theory of agnosticism, 
a-go', 1 a-go'; 2 a-go'. I. pa. Gone by; past. 
II. adv. In the past; since. [< AS. agan, go 
away, < a- intens. + gan, go.]— a-go'ing, adv. 
In motion: with set. 

a-gog', 1 a-geg'; 2 a-gog', adv. & a. In a state 
of eager curiosity; excited with interest or 
expectation. [< OF. en, in, + gogue, fun.] 
ag'o-nist, 1 ag'o-nist; 2 ag'o-nist, n. A contestant, 
as for a prize.— ag"o-nis'tic, a. 
ag'o-nize, ) 1 ag'o-naiz; 2 ag'o-niz, v. [-nized; 
ag'o-nise, ) -niz"ing.] I. t. To subject to 
agony; torture. II. i. To be in or cause 
agony; writhe; wrestle; strive. [< Gr. agonizo- 
mai, contend for a prize, strive.] 
ag'o-ny, 1 ag'o-m; 2 ag'o-ny, n. [-nies z , pi.] 

l. Intense suffering of body or mind; an¬ 
guish; struggle. 2. Violent or very earnest 
contest or striving. [ < Gr. L agon, contest, 

< ago, assemble.] 

A'gra, 1 a'gra; 2 a'gra, n. A division (85,597 sq. 

m. ; pop. 34,624,000) and city (pop. 185,000) in 
N. British India. 

a-gra'ri-an, 1 a-gre'ri-an; 2 a-gra'ri-an. I. a. 
Pertaining to land or its tenure or to a gen¬ 
eral distribution of lands. II. n. One who 
advocates agrarianism. [ < L. agrarius, < 
ager, field.]—a-gra'ri-an-ism, n. The theory 
or practise of equal distribution of lands, 
a-gree', 1 a-gri'; 2 a-gre', vi. [a-greed'; 
a-gree'ing.] 1. To come into or be in har¬ 
mony; be of one mind; concur. 2. To con¬ 
sent; assent. 3. To contract or promise 
formally. 4. To conform; be favorable; cor¬ 
respond; match. 5. Gram. To correspond in 
person, number, etc. [ < F. a, to, + gre, pleasure, 

< L. grains, pleasing.] 


a-gree'a-bl(e p , 1 a-gri'a-bl; 2 a-gre'a-bl, a. 
Agreeing with or suited to the mind op senses; 
pleasurable; suitable; correspondent; willing, 
—a-gree"a-bil'i-ty, -bl(e-ness p , n. -bly, adv. 
a-gree'inent, 1 a-gri'ment or -mant; 2 a-gre'- 
ment, n. 1. A coming into or being in accord; 
conformity. 2. Mutual assent; a contract. 
A-gric'o-Ia, 1 a-grik'o-la; 2 a-grie'o-la, Cnseus 
Julius (37-93). A Roman governor of Britain. 
ag'ri-cul"ture, 1 ag'n-kul"c5hur or -tiur; 2 ag'- 
ri-cul"chur or -tur, n. The cultivation of the 
soil, as for food=products; tillage; farming. [ < 
L.p ager, field, + cultura, culture.]—ag"ri-cul'- 
tur-al, a. Of, pertaining to, or engaged in 
agriculture.—ag"ri-cul'tur-ist, n. A farmer. 
A-grip'pa, 1 a-grip'a; 2 a-grip'a, n. 1. Marcus 
Vipsanius (63-12 B. C.), a Roman statesman 
and general. 2. See Herod Agrippa. 
a-ground', 1 a-graund'; 2 a-ground', adv. & a. 

On the shore or bottom, as a vessel; stranded. 
Agt., abbr. Agent.—agt., abbr. Against, 
a'gue, 1 e'giu; 2 a'gu, n. Chills and fever; 
malarial fever; also, a chill. [< F. aigu, < L. 
acutus, acute.]—a'gu-ish, a. 

A"gui-nal'do, 1 a"gi-nul'do; 2 a"gi-nal'do, Emi¬ 
lio (1869- ). A Filipino revolutionary general. 
A-gul'has, 1 a-gul'yas; 2 a-gul'yas. Cape. The 
most southern point of Africa, 
ah, 1 a; 2 a, interj. An expression of surprize, 
satisfaction, compassion, complaint, inquiry, 
a-ha', 1 a-ha'; 2 a-ha', inter j. An exclamation 
expressing surprize, triumph, or mockery. 
A'hab, 1 e'hab; 2 a'hab, n. Seventh king of Israel 
(897 B. C.); introduced Baal=worship. 
A-has"u-e'rus, 1 a-haz"yu-lTus; 2 a-ha§"yu-e'rus, 

n. Bib. One of several Median kings. Esth. i, 1. 
a-head', ) 1 a-hed'; 2 a-hed', adv. At the 
a-hed' s , > head; in advance; before; forward, 
a-heap', 1 a-hip'; 2 a-hep', adv. In or into a 
heap. 

Ah'in ad Fuad, 1 a'mad fu'ad; 2 a'mad fy'ad 
(1868- ). Sultan of Egypt, Oct. 9, 1917- 

a-hoy', 1 a-hei'; 2 a-hoy', inter j. Naut. Ho there! 
A. I., abbr. American Institute. 
aid d , 1 ed; 2 ad, v. I. t. To render assistance 
to; help; succor; help on. II. i. To help; as¬ 
sist. [ < L.v ad, to, + juvo, help.] 
aid, n. The act or result of helping or succor¬ 
ing, or the means employed; cooperation; 
assistance; a helper; assistant, 
aide'*de scamp", 1 ed^di'kamp" or ed'»da=koh"; 
2 ad'»de=camp" or ad'*de*cah", n. [aides'* 
de»camp", pi. ] Mil. An officer who receives 
and transmits the orders of a general. [F. aiat, 
aid, de, of, camp, field.] aidf. 
ai'er-ie, ai'er-y, n. Same as aerie. 
ai'gret, 1 e'gret; 2 a'gret, n. 1. A heron, the 
egret. 2. A tuft, as of feathers. [ < F. aigrette.] 
Ai'ja-lon, 1 e'ja-len; 2 a'ja-lon, n. A valley where 
the moon stood still. Josh, x, 12. A'ja-lonf. 

ail, 1 el; 2 al, v. I. t. To cause uneasiness or 
pain in; trouble; make ill. II. i. To be 
somewhat ill. [< AS. eglan, trouble.]—ail'ing, 
a. Somewhat ill.—ail 'men t, n. Indisposition; 
illness, ailf. 

Ai-Ian'thus, 1 e-lan'fhus; 2 a-lan'thus, n. A tree 
of the genus Ailanthus, of the quassia family. 
[ < ailanto, Malakka name.] 

aim, 1 em; 2 am, v. 1. 1. To direct, as a missile, 
blow, weapon, word, or act, toward or against 
some thing or person; point or level: with at. 
II. i. 1. To direct a missile, remark, etc., or 
to point a missile weapon at an object. 2. 
To have a purpose; endeavor earnestly. 
[ < OF. esmer, < L. asstimo, estimate.] 


l*a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell: 10 = feud; tfhin; go; O = sin 0 ; fhin, this. 
2 : wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

1. Manure*spreader. 2. Mowing* and Binding*machine (rear view). 3. Feed*grinder. 4. Mow¬ 
ing-machine. 5. Disk*"narrow with seeder attachment. 6. Disk*harrow. 7. Hay»rake. 8. Tooth* 
harrow. 9. Riding*cultivator. 10. Walking*plow. 11. Plow with rod sod*breaker and gage*wheel. 











































































17 


aim 

albatross 


aim, re. The act of aiming; line of direction of 
anything aimed; object or point aimed at.— 
aim'less, a. Wanting in aim or purpose, 
air, 1 ar; 2 ar, vt. To expose to the air; purify 
or dry; ventilate; make public; display. 
air 1 , re. 1. The gaseous substance composed of 
oxygen and nitrogen, surrounding the earth; 
the atmosphere; also, an atmospheric cur¬ 
rent; wind; breeze. 2. Utterance abroad; 
publicity. [< Gr. L+F aer, < aemi, breathe.]— 
air'-base", re. A base for operations by air-ships. 
—air-bladder, re. A sac filled with air, as in 
fishes; the sound.—air-brake, re. A brake 
operated by compressed air.—air-castle, re. A 
day-dream.—air-gun, re. A gun impelling a 
missile by compressed air.—air-hole, re. A hole 
containing, or made by or for, gas or air; a flaw 
in a casting; an opening in the ice.—air'ing, re. 

1. An exposure to the air for warming or drying. 

2. Exercise in the air.—air-line, re. 1. The short¬ 
est distance between two points on the earth’s 
surface. 2. A direct railroad route.—air-man, 
n. One who navigates the air, as in an aero¬ 
plane.—air-plane, re. An aeroplane.—air-plant, 
n. A plant, adhering as to a tree, deriving suste¬ 
nance from the air alone.—air-pump, n. A 
pump for exhausting, compressing, or transmit¬ 
ting air.—air-raid, re. A raid by armed air¬ 
planes or dirigible bal¬ 
loons.—air-ship, re. 

An aeroplane or dir¬ 
igible balloon.—air- 
spring, re. A device 
for resisting sudden 
pressure by the elas¬ 
ticity of compressed 
air.—air-tight, a. 

Not allowing air to 
pass or enter. 

air 2 , re. 1. Charac¬ 
teristic appearance; 
mien; manner. 2. 

Assumed manner; affectation: commonly 
in the plural. [ < Gr. L+F aer, atmosphere.] 

air 3 , re. Mus. 1. A melody; tune. 2. The 
soprano. [ < L. L+F aer, atmosphere.] 

air'y, 1 ar'i; 2 &r'y, a. [air'i-er; -i-est.] 1. 
Of or pertaining to the. air; in or open to the 
air; breezy. 2. Like air; delicate; ethereal; 
buoyant; visionary. 3. Putting on airs; af¬ 
fected. 4. Vivacious; gay.—air'i-ly, adv. In 
airy manner; jauntily. 

—air'i-ness, re. 

aisle, ) 1 ail; 2 il, re. 1. 

aile F ,) A passageway 
between seats in a 
church. 2. A wing of 
a cruciform church. 

[ < L.of ala, wing.] 

Aisne, 1 en; 2 an, n. A 
river (175 m. long) and 
department (2,866 sq. 
m.; pop. 530,000) in 
France; Germans de¬ 
feated. 1914. 

Aix, 1 eks; 2 aks, re. A 
cathedral city in south¬ 
ern France; pop. 29,000. 

Aix" - la - Cha"pelle', 1 
eks"-la*3ha"pel'; 2 aks"* 
la*cha"pel', re. A city in 
Prussia; pop. 145,750 
capital of Charlemagne. 

A-jac'cio, 1 a-ya'(5ho; 2 
a-ya'cho, re. A seaport in Corsica; pop. 22,000; 
birthplace of Napoleon. 




a-jar', 1 a-jar'; 2 a-jar', a. & adv. Partly open, 
as a door. [ < a- 1 + ME. char, turn.] 

A'jax, 1 e'jaks; 2 a'jaks, re. Son of Telamon; a 
Greek leader in the Trojan war. 
a-kim'bo, 1 a-kim'bo; 2 a-klm'bo, adv. With 
hands on hips and elbows outward. [< a- 1 -!- 
keen + BOW 2 .] 

a-kin', 1 a-kin'; 2 a-kin', a. & adv. Of the same 
kin or kind; related by blood; of like nature. 
Ak'ron, 1 ak'ran; 2 ak'ron, re. A city, county-seat 
of Summit county, O.; pop. 208,430. 
al-, prefix. 1. A euphonic form of ad- before l. 2. 
An incorrect form of a- 2 . 3. The: Arabic definite 
article, as in AJkoran. 

-al, suffix. Of, like, or pertaining to: forming 
adjectives from other adjectives and nouns, and 
nouns from verbs; as, denial, musical. [< F. 
-al, < L. *alls, such as, pertaining to.] 

Al, abbr. Aluminum.—Al .,abbr. Albert.—al. ,abbr. 
[L.] Alia, alii (other things; other persons).— 
A. L. A., abbr. American Library Association. 
—Ala., a&fcr. Alabama (official). 

Al"a-ba'ma, 1 al"a-ba'ma; 2 al"a-ba'ma, re. 1. 
A southern State of the United States; 51,279 sq. 
m.; pop. 2,348,174. 2. River in this State; 300 m. 
3. A Confederate cruiser that damaged Federal 
shipping: sunk off Cherbourg, France, by the 
U. S. sloop “Kearsarge,” June 19, 1864. 
al 'a-bas"ter, 1 al'a-bas"tar; 2 al'a-bas"ter. 
I. a. Made of or like alabaster; smooth and 
white. II. re. Mineral. A white fine-grained 
gypsum. [< Gr. alabaslros, alabastos, alabaster 
box.] 

a-lack'||, 1 a-lak'; 2 a-lak', interj. An exclamation 
of regret. 

a-lae'ri-ty, 1 a-lak'ri-ti; 2 a-lac'ri-ty, re. Cheer¬ 
ful willingness and promptitude; facility. 
[< L. alacrita(.t-)s, < alacer, lively.]—a-lac'ri- 
tous, a. Brisk; lively. 

A-lad'din, 1 a-lad'in; 2 a-lad'in, re. The hero of 
the story Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp in the 
Arabian Nights. 

A'la-mo, 1 a'la-mo; 2 a'la-mo, re. A Franciscan 
mission, San Antonio, Tex.; massacre, 1836. 
Al'a-ric, 1 al'a-rik; 2 al'a-rle, re. A king of the 
Visigoths (350?—410), who sacked Rome, 
a-larm', 1 a-larm'; 2 a-larm'. I. vt. To strike 
with sudden fear; arouse to a sense of danger; 
give alarm to. II. re. 1. Sudden fear or ap¬ 
prehension arousing to defense or escape. 2. 
Any sound or signal to apprize of danger or 
arouse from sleep; a mechanism, as of a 
clock, giving such signal. [< It. OF a, to, + le, 
the, + arme, arms.]—a-larm'1st, re. One who 
needlessly excites or tries to excite alarm, 
a-lar'um, 1 a-lar'um; 2 a-lar'um, re. [Archaic & 
Poet.] An alarming sound, as of a bell, 
a-las', 1 e-las'; 2 a-las', inter j. An exclamation 
of sorrow. [ < OF. a, ah! + las, wretched, < L. 
lassus, weary.] 

Alas., abbr. Alaska. 

A-las'ka, 1 a-las'ka; 2 a-las'ka, re. A N. W. terri¬ 
tory of the United States; 590,884 sq. m.; pop. 
54,900.—A-Ias'kan, a. & re. 
alb, 1 alb; 2 alb, re. A priest’s white linen vest¬ 
ment. [ < L. AS albus, white.] 

Alb., abbr. Albanian, Albert. 

Al-ba'ni-a, 1 al-be'ni-e; 2 al-ba'ni-a, re. A region 
of eastern Europe; 11,080 sq. m.—Al-ba'ni- 
an, a. & re. 

Al'ba-ny, 1 el'be-m; 2 al'ba-ny, re. A city (the 
State capital; pop. 100,000) and county (527 sq. 
m.; pop. 113,330) in New York, 
al'ba-tross, 1 al'ba-tres; 2 al'ba-tros, re. 
[-tross-es, pi.] A large, long-winged sea-bird. 
See page 18. [< Ar.P«a(, the, + padres, bucket.] 


l:a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = oret; ©II; Ifl = feud; cfhin; go; I) = s mg; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; i|ik; thin, this. 































albeit 

allocate 


18 



Albatross. 


al-be'it||, 1 el-bi'it; 2 al-be'it, conj. Altho. 
Al'bert, 1 al'bert; 2 al'bert (1819-1861), n. 1. A 
prince of Saxe*Coburg*Gotha; consort of Victoria 
of England. 2. A. I. (1875- ), 

king of the Belgians (1909- ). 

Al-ber'ta, 1 al-bur'ta; 2 al-ber'ta, ». 

A province in N. W. Canada; 

255,285 sq. m.; pop. 375,000. 

Al'bert Ed'ward 
Ny-an'za, 1 nai- 
an'za; 2 ny-an'za. 

A lake in central 
Africa; 65 by 30 m.^ 

Al'bert Ny-an'za.^ 

A lake in central 
Africa; 140 by 40 m. 
al-bi'no, 1 al-bai'- 
no; 2 al-bi'no, n. 

A person, animal, or plant abnormally white. 
[< L. PQ albus, white.]— al'bl-nlsm, n. 
Al'bl-on, 1 al'bi-an; 2 al'bi-on, n. [Rare or Poet.] 
Great Britain. 

al'bum, 1 al'bum; 2 al'bQm, n. A blank book 
for holding photographs, autographs, etc. 
[L., white tablet, < albus, white.] 
al-bu'men, 1 al-biu'men; 2 al-bu'm£n, n. The 
white of an egg or a similar viscous substance. 
[L., whiteness, < albus, white.]— al-bu'ml- 
noid, a. & n. —al-bu 'mi-nous, a. 
Al"bu-quer'que, 1 aPbu-kur'ki; 2 al"bu-ker'ke, n. 

A city of N. W. New Mexico; pop. 11,000. 
Al-ces'tis, 1 al-ses'tis; 2 al-ces'tis, n. Gr. Myth. 
Wife of Admetus, who died to save his life; 
brought back from Hades by Hercules, 
al-cliem'ic, 1 al-lcem'ik; 2 al-eem'ie, a. Per¬ 
taining to or produced by alchemy. -1-calf, 
al'che-mist, 1 al'ki-mist; 2 al'ce-mist, n. One 
skilled in alchemy, al'chy-mistf. 
al'che-iny, 1 al'ki-mi; 2 al'ee-my, n. The crude 
medieval chemistry that sought the transmu¬ 
tation of base metals into gold, the elixir of 
life, etc. [< Ar. L L+F al, the, -f timid, infusion.] 
Al"ci-bi'a-des, 1 aTsi-bai'a-dlz; 2 al"ci-bl'a-d6§, n. 

An Athenian general and politician; 450-404 B.C. 
Al-ci'des, 1 al-sai'diz; 2 al-ci'deg, n. Gr. Myth. 
Hercules, grandson of Alcaeus. 


al'CO-hoI, 1 al'ko-hol; 2 al'co-hol, n. The in¬ 
toxicating principle of wines and liquors; 
pure distilled spirit; ardent spirits. [< Ar.^n 
al, the, -f loft’l, powdered antimony.]— al"co- 
hol'lc. I. a. Pertaining to, like, containing, or 
preserved in alcohol. II. n. 1. A toper; drunk¬ 
ard. 2. pi. Alcoholic liquors.— al'co-hol-ism, 
n.— al'co-hol-ize, vt. 

Al"co-ran ', 1 al"ko-rdn' ;2 al"co-riin', n. Same as 
Koran. — Al"- 
co-ran'ic, a. 

■aI'covc, 1 al'kov; 

2 al'cov, n. A 
covered recess 
connected with 
ora t the side of 
a larger room; 
a compartment 
of a library. [ < 

Ar. sp+F aUqobbah, 

< al, the, + 
qobbah, vault.] 

Aid., abbr. Aider- 
man. 

Al'den, 1 el'den; 

2 al'dfin, John 
(1599-1687). A 
Pilgrim Father; 
one of the passengers on the “Mayflower,” 1620. 



Alcove. 


al'der, 1 el'dar; 2 al'der, n. A small tree of 
the oak family, growing in swamps or along 
streams. [ < AS. air = G. erle, OHG. erila, alder], 
al'der-man, 1 el'dar-man; 2 al'der-man, n. 
[-men, pi.] A city magistrate; formerly an 
Anglo=Saxon lord or earl. [< AS. eald, old, + 
man, man.]— al'der-man-cy,n.—al"der-mau'- 
1c, a. 

Al'der-ney, 1 el'dar-m; 2 al'der-ny, n. 1. One of 
the Channel Islands. 2. One of the breed of 
cattle peculiar to this island. 

Al'der-shot, 1 el'dar-Shot; 2 al'der-sh6t, n. A 
town and military camp in England; pop. 28,750. 
ale, 1 el; 2 al, n. A fermented malt liquor; a 
strong beer. [ < AS. ealu, a kind of beer.] 
A-lec'to, 1 a-lek'to; 2 a-l&e'to, n. Gr.Mylh. One 
of the three Furies. 

a-Iem'bic, 1 a-lem'bik; 2 a-lem'bie, n. An ap¬ 
paratus formerly used in distilling; anything 
that tests, purifies, or transforms. [< Ar. LL+F 
aUanblq, < al, the, + anblq, still.] 

A-len'con, 1 a-len'san or (F .) a'lcm'sen'; 2 a-16n'- 
Con or (F .) a'lan"c6n', n. A town in N. W. 
France; pop. 17,000. ' 

a-lert', 1 a-lurt'; 2 a-lert', a. Keenly watchful; 
on the lookout; ready for sudden action; 
vigilant; also, lively; nimble. [< It. F all' erta, 
on the watch.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

AI"e-u'ti-an Islands, 1 ari-0'ghi-an; 2 al"e-y'- 
shi-an. A chain of volcanic islands W. of Alaska. 
Alex., abbr. Alexander. 

Al"ex-an'der, 1 aPegz-an'dar; 2 aPggz-an'der, n. 
1. A. the Great (356-323 B.C.), king of Mace- 
don; conqueror of Asia. 2. One of eight popes; 
A. VI. (1431-1503). 3. One of three emperors of 
Russia; A. II. (1818-1881). 4. See Severus. 

AI"cx-an'dra, 1 al'egz-an'dra; 2 al'egz-an'dra, n. 
(1844- ). Queen of England 1901-1910; wife 
of Edward VII.; daughter of Christian IX. of 
Denmark. 

Al"ex-an'dri-a, 1 aPegz-an'dri-a; 2 ar£gz-&n'- 
dri-a, n. 1. The chief Mediterranean seaport 
and ancient capital of Egypt; pop. 444,620. 2. 
City in Virginia; pop. 18,060.— AI"ex-an'dri- 
an, a. & n. 

Alf., abbr. Alfred. 

al-fal'fa, 1 al-fal'fa; 2 al-fal'fa, n. [Sp. Am. & W. 
U. S.] A clover«like plant of the bean family; 
lucerne. [Sp., < Ar. aUfacfaqah, best fodder.] 
Al"fl-e'rl, 1 al"fl-e'rl; 2 alTi-e'rl, Vittorio (1749- 
1803). Italian dramatic poet. 

Al-fon'so, 1 al-fen'so; 2 al-f6n'so, n. One of 
many Spanish and Portuguese kings; especially 
A. XIII., king of Spain (1886- ). 

Al'fred, 1 al'fred; 2 al'fred, n. “The Great” 
(849-901), king of the West Saxons; originated 
English navy. [bra. 

Alg., abbr. Algerian, Algiers.— alg., abbr. Alge- 
al'ga, 1 al'ga; 2 al'ga, n. [al'g.e, 1 -jl; 2 -ge, pi.] 
A seaweed. 

al'ge-bra, 1 al'ji-bra; 2 al'ge-bra, n. Mathe¬ 
matical calculation by letters and symbols; a 
treatise on this subject. [ < Ar.it al*jebr, binding 
together.]— al"ge-bra'Ic, a. Pertaining to al¬ 
gebra. -1-calf.—al"ge-bra'i-cal-ly, adv.— al'- 
ge-bra"ist, n. One skilled in algebra. 
Al"ge-ci'ras, 1 al"ji-sl'ras or (Sp.) al"He-thI'ras; 
2 al'ge-ci'ras or (Sp.) al"He-thi'ras, n. A seaport 
in S. Spain; pop. 12,000; international conference, 
April, 1906. 

Al-ge'ri-a, 1 al-jl'n-a; 2 iU-ge'ri-a, n. A French 
colony in N. Africa; 343,500 sq. m.; pop. 5,564,- 
000. —Al-ge'ri-an, a. & n. Al"ge-rlne't. 
Al-glers', 1 al-jirz'; 2 al-gerg', n. The seaport 
capital of Algeria; pop. 172,000. 
al'goiis, 1 al'gus; 2 al'giis, a. Of, like, or filled 
with algae, argoidj. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fSre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, 8r; full, rQle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, g6t, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 













19 


albeit 

allocate 


Al-ham'bra, 1 al-ham'bra; 2 al-ham'bra, n. 
The medieval palace of the Moorish kings at 
Granada, Spain. 

a'li-as, 1 e'li-as; 2 a'li-as. 1. a. Another, 
n. n. An assumed name. III. adv. Other¬ 
wise; otherwise called. [L., < alius, other.] 
al'i-bi, 1 al'i-bai; 2 al'i-bi, n. Law. A plea of 
being elsewhere at the time when a crime was 
committed. [L., < alius, other.] 
a'lien, 1 el'yen; 2 al'yen. 1. a. Of another 
country; foreign. II. ». An unnaturalized 
foreigner; a stranger. [< L.of alienus, < alius, 
other.] 

a'lien-ate, 1 el'yen-et; 2 al'ygn-at, vt. [-at"ed^ ; 
-at"ing.] 1. To make alien; estrange. 2. To 
transfer; sell.— a'lien-a-bl(eF, a. That may be 
alienated.— a"lien-a'tion, n. Estrangement; 
sale; mental derangement.— a'IIen-a"tor, n. — 
a'lien-ist, n. One skilled in the study or treat¬ 
ment of insanity 

a-light', 1 a-lait'; 2 a-lit'. I. vi. [a-light'ed 1 *; 
a-light'ing.] 1. To descend and come to 
rest; dismount; settle. 2. To come (upon) by 
accident. II. a. & adv. Lighted; on fire, 
a-lign', a-lign'ment, etc. Same as aline, etc. 
a-like', 1 s-laik'; 2 a-lik'. I. a. Similar; like one 
another. II. adv. In like manner. [< AS. onlic .] 
al'i-ment, 1 al'i-ment or -mant; 2 al'i-ment, n. 
Food for body or mind; nutriment; sus¬ 
tenance. [< L.f alo, nourish.]—al"i-men'tal, 
a. Nutritious.—al"i-men'ta-ry, a. Supplying 
nourishment; connected with the function of 
nutrition.—al"I-men'tiv(es, a. -ness, n. 
al'i -mo-ny, 1 al'i-mo-m; 2 al'i-mo-ny, n. Law. 
An allowance from a husband to a wife after 
divorce or separation, or during a suit there¬ 
for. [ < L. alimonia, < alo, nourish.] 
a-line', 1 a-lain'; 2 a-lln', v. [a-lined'; a-lin'- 
ing.] I. t. To arrange in or bring into line, 
as in military tactics. II. i. To fall into line. 
[< Lf ad, to, + linea, line.]— a-llne'ment, n. 
1. Position or place in line; formation in line. 2. 
A straight line. 

al'i-quant, 1 al'i-kwant; 2 al'i-kwant, a. Con¬ 
tained in another number, but with remain¬ 
der. [ < L. aliquantus, somewhat.] 
al'i-quot, 1 al'i-kwet; 2 al'i-kwot, a. Con¬ 
tained in another number without remainder. 

[ < L. aliquot, < alius, some, + quol, how many.] 
a-live', 1 a-laiv'; 2 a-llv', a. Having or full of 
life; existing; sensitive, vigorous; active. [< 
AS. on, in, + Ilf, life.] 

al'ka-li, 1 al'ka-lai or -h; 2 al'ka-li or -li, n. 
[-lis z or -lies z , pi.] A compound of sodium, 
potassium, or the like, capable of neutralizing 
acids; a caustic substance neutralizing acids. 
[< Ar. F al, the, + qally, ashes of saltwort.]— 
al'ka-llne, a. Pertaining to or resembling an 
alkali; containing or produced by an alkali.— 
al"ka-Iin'i-ty, n. — al'ka-lize or -Use, vt .— al"- 
ka-H-za'[or -sa']tion, n.— al'ka-Iold. I. a. 
Of or like an alkali. II. n. A nitrogenous or¬ 
ganic substance (generally vegetable) of poison¬ 
ous properties. 

Al"ko-ran', etc. Same as Koran, etc. 
all, lei; 2 al. I.. a. The whole of; every one of; 
the utmost possible. II. n. The whole; dis¬ 
tributive^, each and every person or thing. 
III. adv. Wholly; entirely; quite. [ < AS. 
eall .]— all but, as nearly as possible.— all in all, 
on the whole.— all the same, notwithstanding. 
Al'Iah, 1 al'a; 2 al'a, n. [Ar.] The one supreme 
being; God: Mohammedan use. 

Al"la-ha-bad', 1 aFa-ha-bad'; 2 al'a-ha-bad', n. 


A division (pop. 5,757,000) and its capital (pop. 
172,000), N. British India. 

Al"Ian=a=I)ale', 1 al"an=a»del'; 2 al"an=a=dal', n. 
In English legend, an outlaw of Robin Hood’s 
band who saves his sweetheart from marrying 
an old knight and weds her himself, 
al-lay', 1 a-le'; 2 a-la', vt. [al-layed'; al-lay'- 
ing ] To calm the violence or reduce the 
intensity of; relieve; soothe; pacify; calm. 
[ < a- 2 + AS. lecgan, lay.] 
al-Iege', 1 a-lej'; 2 a-lgg', vt. [al-leged'; al¬ 
leging.] To assert to be true, but without 
proving; state; plead. [< L.of ex , out, + litigo, 
litigate.]— aI"le-ga'tion, n. The act of alleg¬ 
ing, or that which is alleged. 

Al'le-gha"ny, 1 al'i-ge"m; 2 al'e-ga"riy, n. 1. A 
mountain range extending from Pennsylvania to 
N. Carolina. 2. A river in W. New York and 
Pennsylvania. Al'le-ghen"yf. 
al-le'giance, 1 a-ll'jans; 2 a-le(gans, n. Fidel¬ 
ity, or an obligation of fidelity, to a gov¬ 
ernment, a superior, or a principle. [< ME. 
ligeaunce, < liege.] 

al"Ie-gor'ic, ) 1 al"i-ger'ik, -l-kal; 2 al"e- 
al"Ie-gor'i-cal, ) gor'ie, -i-cal, a. Pertaining to 
or containing allegory; figurative.— al"le-gor'- 
I-cal-ly, adv. —al"Ie-gor'i-cal-ness, n. 
al'le-go-rlst, 1 al'i-go-rist; 2 al'e-go-rist, n. 
One who composes or uses allegories.— al"Ie- 
go-rls'tlc, a. 

al'le-go-rlze, 1 al'i-go-raiz; 2 al'e-go-riz, v. 
[-rized; -riz"ing.] I. t. To treat as allegor¬ 
ical. II. i. To use allegory, al'le-go-rise}:. 
al'Ie-go"ry, 1 al'i-go"ri; 2 al'e-go"ry, n. [-ries z , 
pi.] A symbolic representation in literature 
(as the “Pilgrim’s Progress”) or art; a 
story to illustrate a truth; a parable. [ < Gr.L+F 
allegoria, < alios, other, + agoreud, harangue.] 
aP'le-lu 'ia, n. & interj. Same as halleluiah. 
Al 'len, Ethan (17427-1789). Leader of the “Green 
Mountain Boys” of Vermont in the Revolu¬ 
tionary War. 

Al'len-by, Sir Edmund (1861- ). Viscount 

of Megiddo, British fieldunarshal; defeated the 
Turks in Egypt and Palestine, 1917-18. 
al-le'vi-ate, 1 a-li'vi-et; 2 a-le'vi-at, vt. _[-at"- 
ED d ; -at"ing.] To make lighter or easier to 
bear; relieve; mitigate. [< L. ad, to, + levls, 
light.]— aI-le"vi-a'tion, n. An alleviating, or 
that which alleviates. 

al'ley 1 , 1 al'i; 2 al'y, n. A narrow passageway; 
a long narrow space for bowling, or the 
building containing it. [< F. allee, passage.]— 
al 'ley-way", n. A short or narrow passageway. 
al'ley 2 , n. A large playing*marble. [< alabaster.] 
al-li'ance, 1 a-lai'ans; 2 a-li'ang, n. A formal 
treaty or agreement between states or other 
parties, or the union so formed; any intimate 
relationship. 

aI'I!-ga"tor, 1 al'i-ge"tar; 2 al'i-ga"tor, n. A 
large American 
crocodilian reptile. 

[Earlier alligarta, < 

Sp. el lagarto, < el, 
the, + lagarto, lizard.] Alligator. V 120 
aI-Iit"er-a'tion, 1 a-lit"ar-e'sfran; 2 a-llf'er-a'- 
shon, n. The use of a succession of words 
with the same initial letter or sound; initial 
rime. [< L. ad, to, + litera, letter.]— al-lit'er- 
a-tiv(e*, a. Pertaining to or marked by allitera¬ 
tion. al-lit'er-alt. 

al'lo-cate, 1 al'o-ket; 2 al'o-eat, vt. [-CAT"ED d ; 
-catling.] To place; setapart; apportion; locate. 
[< L.ll ad, to, + locus, place.]-— al"lo-ca'tion, n. 



1: a = final; 1 = hablt^ aisle; au = out; ell; IQ = feud; tfhin; go; 0 = smg; thin, this, 
2:wqlf, do; book, boot; fqll, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, £em; ink; thin, this, 








allocution 

amaranth 


20 


al"lo-cu'tion, 1 al"o-kiu'ffian; 2 al"o-cu'shon, 
n. A formal exhortation or address, as of 
the Pope to the consistory of cardinals. [ < L. 
ad, to, + loquor, speak.] 

al-Iop'a-thy, 1 a-lep'a-£hi; 2 a-lop'a-thy, n. 
Med. The system of remedial treatment in 
which it is sought to cure a disease by produc¬ 
ing a condition incompatible with the disease; 
opposed to homeopathy. [< Gr. alios, other,-f 
pathos, suffering, disease.]— al"lo-path'Ic, a. 
Pertaining to or favoring allopathy.— al-lop'a- 
thist, n. al'lo-pathf. 

al-lot', 1 a-let'; 2 a-lot', vt. [AL-LOT'TED d ; al¬ 
lotting.] To assign by lot; distribute; ap¬ 
portion; appoint; assign. [< F. allolir, < 
LL. lottum, lot.]— al-lot'ment, n. The act of 
allotting or that which is allotted; a plot of land; 
destiny. 

all’ ott., abbr. [It.] All’ ottava (an octave higher), 
al-low', 1 a-lau'; 2 a-low', v. I. t. 1. To put 
no obstacle in the way of; permit; tolerate; 
also, to approve; sanction. 2. To grant; allot; 
give. 3. To make allowance for; deduct. 4. 
To admit; acknowledge. II. i. To make al¬ 
lowance, abatement, etc.: with for. [Allow de¬ 
rives its meanings from both Latin allaudare, to 
praise, and allocate, to place, stow.]— al-low 
a-bl(e p , a. That may be allowed; permissible; 
admissible.— al-low 'a-bly, adv. — al-low 'ance. 
I*, vt. To put on an allowance; limit in amount. 
II. n. 1. That which is allowed; a limited amount 
or portion, as of income or food. 2. Concession; a 
difference allowed in excess or abatement. 3. Ac¬ 
knowledgment. — to al lo w of , to permit; approve, 
al-loy', 1 a-lei'; 2 a-loy'. I. vt. & vi. To mix 
with or form into an alloy; temper; debase; 
combine by mixing. II. n. 1. A mixture of 
two or more metals or the baser metal in such 
mixture. 2. Anything that reduces purity or 
excellence. [ < L. ad, to, + ligo, bind.] 
all'spice", 1 el'spais"; 2 al'splc", n. An 
aromatic dried berry, the pimento, 
al-lude', 1 a-liud'; 2 a-lud', vi. [al-lud'ed 11 ; 
al-lud'ing.] To refer (to something) with¬ 
out express mention; make indirect reference: 
with lo. [ < L. ad, at, to, + ludo, play.] 
al-lure', 1 a-liur'; 2 3,-lur', v. [al-lured'; al- 
lur'ing.] I. t. To draw with or as with a 
lure; attract; entice; tempt. II. i. To exercise 
attraction. [< OF. aimer, < a, to, + lurer, 
lure.]— al-lure'ment, n. 1. Enticement; fas¬ 
cination; attraction. 2. A charm; lure, 
al-lu'sion, 1 a-liu' 3 &n; 2 il-lu'zhon, n. An al¬ 
luding; indirect reference; suggestion. 
al-lu'siv(e 8 , 1 a-liu'siv; 2 S-lu'siv, a. Sugges¬ 
tive, figurative, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
al-lu'vi-al, 1 a-liii'vi-al; 2 8,-lu'vi-al, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to or composed of earth deposited by water. 
[ < L. ad, to, + luo, wash.]— al-lu'vi-an,-ous, a. 
al-lu'vi-um, 1 a-liu'vi-um; 2 S-lu'vi-um, n. 
[-vi-a or -vi-ums, pi.] Deposits, as of sand or 
mud, formed in the slack water or overflow of 
streams. [L.] 

al-ly', 1 a-lai'; 2 a-ly', vt. & vi. [al-lied'; al- 
ly'ing.] To unite by relationship, treaty, etc.; 
form alliance. [< L.f ad, to, + llgo, bind.] 
al-ly', n. [al-lies' z , pi.) A state or ruler 
leagued with another by treaty; an associate 
or helper; a kinsman. 

al'ma ma'ter, 1 al'ma me'tar; 2 al'ma ma'ter. 

I L.] The institution of learning where one has 
>eeneducated. Literally, “fostering mother.” 
al'nia-nac, 1 el'ma-nak; 2 al'ma-nae, n. A 
book giving the days of the week and month 



Almond. 

a, flowering branch; b , c, fru!*; 
d , stone. 


through the year, with various data; a yearly 
calendar. [< Ar. al, the, + mandth, calendar.] 
al-might'y, 1 el-mait'i; 2 al-mit'y. I. a. Able 
to do all things. II. n. [A-] God; the Su¬ 
preme Being. [ < AS. eal, all, + mihtlg, mighty.] 
al'niond, 1 a'- or al'mand; 2 a'- or iil'mond, n. 

1. The stone of the fruit of the 
almond*tree. 2. The almond*tree, 
a native of Barbary or Morocco. 

[< Gr.oF amygdale, almond.] 

al'mon-er, 1 al'men-ar; 2 al'mon-, 
er, n. An official dispenser of 
alms; formerly, a household chap¬ 
lain, as of a prince. 

[< Gr. ll+of eleS- J{EM 

mosyne; see alms.] 
al'most, 1 al'most; 

2 al'most, adv. 

A p p r o x i mately; 
i very nearly. [< AS. 
ealmxst; see all; 
most.] 

alms, 1 amz; 2 am§, 
n. sing. & pi. A 
gift or gifts for the 
poor; charitable 
offerings; charity. 

[ < AS. xlmesse, < Gr. eleSmosynS, < eleos, pity.] 
—alms'house", n. A house where destitute 
persons are supported or aided; poorhouse. 

Ain'wick, 1 an'ik; 2 an'ic, n. An ancient town 
in Northumberland, England; pop. 14,370; be¬ 
sieged by Scots in 1093, 1136, and 1174. 
al 'oe, 1 al'o; 2 al'o, n. Any plant of the genus 
Aloe, including many species, with thick, 
fleshy leaves. [< Gr.xa a loS, aloe.]— al'oes, n. 
sing. & pi. A bitter cathartic from certain species 
of aloe.— American aloe, the centuryplant. 
a-loH', 1 a-left'; 2 a-loft', adv. In or to a high 
or higher place; on high; high up. [< Ice. M “ d, 
on, in, -f lopt, air.] 

a-lone', 1 a-lon'; 2 a-lon', a. & adv. Without 
company; solitary; unique; unparalleled; only. 
[ME. al one, all one.] 

a-long', 1 a-lerj'; 2 a-long'. I. adv. 1. Over or 
through length in time or space; lengthwise; 
onward. 2. In company or association (with). 
II. prep. On the line of; by the side of; 
throughout. [ < AS. and- + lang; see a- 4 and 
long.]— a-long'slde". I. adv. Close to or 
along the side. II. prep. Side by side with. 
a-Ioof', 1 a-luf'; 2 a-loof', adv. At a distance; 

apart. [ < a- 1 + D. loef, part of a ship.] 
a-loud', 1 a-laud'; 2 a-loud', adv. Loudly or 
audibly. 

a-low', 1 a-lo'; 2 a-lo', 
adv. [Naut. or Poet.] 

In a lower position; 
below r : opposed to 
aloft. 

alp, 1 alp; 2 Alp, n. 1. 

A lofty mountain. 

2. [A-] range of lofty 
mountains of central 
Europe. [ < L. Alpes .] 

—al 'pen-stock", n. 

A mountaineer’s 
long, iron*pointed staff. 
stock, stick.]— Al'pine, 

Alps or [a-] any high range or peak 

al-pac'a, 1 al-pak'a; 2 al-pae'a, n. A sheep* 
like ruminant of South America, having long, 
silky wool; a thin cloth made of or in imitation 
of its wool. [Sp., < Ar. al, the, + Peru. 
paco, name of the animal.] 


Alpaca. 



[G., < Alpen, Alps, + 
a. Pertaining to the 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, er; full, rOIe; but, burn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, worn 






21 


allocution 

amaranth 


al'pha,\l al'fa; 2 al'fa, n. The first letter in the 
al'fa 8 , j Greek alphabet, equal to the English A, 
a; hence, the oeginning or first of anything. 
[L., < Gr. alpha, < Heb. 'aleph, ox.] 
al'pha-bet, \ 1 al'f e-bet; 2 ai'fa-bet, n. The 
al'fa-bet 8 , j letters that form the elements of 
written language, in order as fixed by usage; 
the simplest elements or rudiments of anything. 
[< Gr. alphabetos, < alpha = a, + beta = b.]— 
al"pha-bet'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to, having, or 
expressed by an alphabet. 2. Alphabetical.— 
al"pha-bet'i-cal, a. 1. Arranged in the order 
of the alphabet. 2. Alphabetic. —al"pha-bet'- 
I-cal-ly, adv. 

Al-phe'us, 1 al-fl'us; 2 al-fe'us, n. A river in 
ancient Peloponnesus, Greece; 75 m. long, 
al-read'y, ^1 el-red'i; 2 al-red'y, adv. Before 
al-red'y 8 , J or by this time or the time men¬ 
tioned; even now. [ME.; see all; ready.] 
AI-sace', 1 al-ses' or al"sas'; 2 ai-sac' or aPsac', n. A 
department of N.E. France. — Al-sa'tian, a. & n. 
Al-sace'sLor-raine', 1 -lo-r3n'; 2 -lo-ran', n. 
A former region of France ceded to Germany 
1871, surrendered by Germany to France 1919; 
5,604 sq. m.; pop. 1,874,000. 
al 'so, 1 el'so; 2 al'so, adv. & conj. Besides; too; 

likewise. [ < AS. eal swa; see all; so.] 
alt., abbr. Alternate; altitude; alto. —Alta., abbr. 
Alberta. 

Al'tai, 1 al'tai; 2 al'tl, n. A mountain range be¬ 
tween Mongolia and Siberia; 11,000 to 12,800 ft. 
al'tar, 1 el'tar; 2 al'tar, ». 1. A raised place for 
burning sacrifices or incense. 2. The com¬ 
munion-table; a place of prayer. [< L. op 
altar, < altus, high.]— al'tar-boy", n. An at¬ 
tendant on the altar; acolyte, 
al'ter, 1 el'tar; 2 al'ter, v. 1. 1. To cause to be 
different; change; vary; modify; transform. 
II. i. To become different. [ < L. alter, other.] 
— al'ter-a-bl(e p , a. Capable of alteration.— 
al'ter-a-bly, adv. — al"te«--a'tion, n. The act 
or result of altering, or the state of being altered; 
modification; change.— al'ter-a-tiv(e 8 . I. a. 

Tending to change gi,.dually the bodily condi¬ 
tion to a normal state. II. n. An alterative 
medicine, al'ter-antf. 

al 'ter-cate, 1 al'ter-ket; 2 al'ter-cat, vi. [-cat"- 
ED d ; -catling.] To dispute; wrangle. [< L. 
altercor, wrangle, < alter, another.]— al"ter-ca'- 
tlon,7i. Angry controversy; disputing; wrangling, 
al'ter-nate, 1 al'ter-net; 2 al'ter-nat, vt. & vi. 
[-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To change, perform, or 
occur by turns. [< L., alter, other.] 
al-ter'nate, 1 al-tur'mt; 2 al-tcr'nat. I. a. 
1. Existing, occurring, or following by turns; 
reciprocal. 2. Every other (of a series); per¬ 
taining to such a series. II. n. [U. S.] A substi¬ 
tute or second.— al-ter'nate-ly, adv. 
al"ter-na'tion, 1 artar-ne'^han; 2 al"ter-na'- 
shon, n. Occurrence or action of two things 
or series of things in turn; passage to and 
fro; permutation. 

al-ter'na-tiv(e 8 , 1 al-tur'ne-tiv; 2 al-ter'na- 
tiv. I. a. Affording a choice between two 
things. II. n. Something that may or must 
be instead of something else, a choice of two 
(or more) things.— al-ter'na-tiv(e-Iy 8 , adv. In 
an alternative manner. 

al-tho', ) 1 el-tho'; 2 al-tho', conj. Admit- 
al-though', (ting or granting that, even tho; 
notwithstanding. [ME. al thagh, al though; 
see all; tho.] . . 

al'ti-tude, 1 al'ti-tiud; 2 al'ti-tud, n. Vertical 
elevation; height. [< L. altus, high.]— al"tl- 
tu'di-nal, a. Relating to altitude. 


al'to, 1 al'to or al'to; 2 al to or al'to. Mus. I. 
o. Sounding or ranging between tenor and 
treble. II. n. The lowest female voice; also, 
the highest male voice, or counter-tenor. 
[< L. u altus, high.] 

al"to-geth'er, 1 el"te-geth'er; 2 al"to-ggth'er, 
adv. Completely; wholly; entirely; also, 
finally; permanently. [< ME. al (see all) + 

TOGETHER.] 

Al'to-na, 1 al'to-na; 2 al'to-na, n. A manufactur¬ 
ing city, Holstein, Prussia;_pop. 168,700. 
Al-too'na, 1 al-tu'ne; 2 al-too'na, n. A manufac¬ 
turing city in Pennsylvania; pop. 60,330. 
al'tru-ism, 1 al'tru-izm; 2 sii'tru-igm, n. Dis¬ 
interested benevolence. [< ~L. lt+F alter, other.] 
—al'tru-ist, n. One who holds to altruism.— 
—al"tru-is'tic, a. Pertaining to altruism or 
altruists; marked by disinterested benevolence, 
al'um, 1 al'um; 2 al'um, n. An astringent 
mineral salt. [ < L. alumen.] 

Alum., abbr. Alumni. 

a-lu'mi-na, 1 e-liu'mi-ne; 2 a-lu'mi-na, n. 
Chem. Aluminum oxid: the most abundant of 
earths. [< L,, alumen, alum.] 
a-lu'mi-num, 1 o-liu'mi-num; 2 a-lu'mi-num, 
n. A light, bluish-white, malleable and duc¬ 
tile metallic element, which does not oxidize or 
tarnish, is lighter than glass, and by hammering 
and rolling becomes as hard as iron. [< L. alum¬ 
en, alum.] al"u-min'l-unif.—a-lu'mi-nous, a. 
a-Ium'nus, 1 a-lum'nus; 2 a-lum'nus, n. [-ni, 
1 -nai; 2 -ni, pi.] A male graduate of a college or 
school; loosely, any pupil. [L., foster-son, < 
alo, nourish.]—a-lum'na, n. [-n«, 1 -ni; 2 -ne r 
pi.] A woman graduate or pupil. 

Al'va, 1 al'va or ( Sp.) al'va; 2 al'va or ( Sp.) al'va, 
Duke of (1508-1582). Fernando Alvarez de 
Toledo, a Spanish general; ravaged Netherlands. 
Al"va-ra'do, 1 arva-ra'do; 2 al"va-ra'do, Pedro 
de (1495-1541). A Spanish officer with Cortez, 
al'ways, 1 ol'wiz; 2 al'wa§, adv. 1. Perpetual¬ 
ly; ceaselessly. 2. Regularly; invariably. [< 
AS. ealne weg, every way, always; see all; way.] 
al'wayf [Poet.] 

am, 1 am; 2 am, 1st per. sing. pres. ind. of be. 

[ < AS. eom, am; cp. Gr. eimi, Sans, asmi, am.] 

A. M., abbr. [L.] Anno Mundi (in the year of the 
world); ante meridiem (before noon).—Am., 
Amer., abbr. America; American, 
a-main', 1 a-men';2 a-man', adv. Vehemently; 

exceedingly; without delay. [< a- 1 + main 1 , n.] 
Am'a-lek, 1 am'a-lek; 2 am'a-lek, n. Bib. 1. 
Grandson of Esau. Gen. xxxvi, 12. 2. A people 
south of the Dead Sea; enemies of Israel. Ex. 
xvii, 8-13. Am'a-lechf. — Am"a-lek'ite, n. 
a-mal'gam, 1 a-mal'gam; 2 a-mal'gam, n. An 
alloy of mercury; a mixture; combination. [< 
OF. amalgame; cp. Gr. malagma, soft material.] 
a-mal'ga-mate, 1 a-mal'ga-met; 2 a-mal'ga- 
mat, v. [-MAT w ED d ; -mat"ing.] I. t. To 
unite (a metal) in an alloy with mercury; 
form an amalgam with; unite; combine. II. 
i. To form an amalgam; mix.— a-mal"ga- 
ma'tion, n. The forming of an amalgam; 
mingling of races or elements; a substance 
formed by mixture.— a-mal'ga-ma"tlv(e 8 , a. 
a-man"u-en'sis, 1 9-man"yu-en'sis; 2 a-man"- 
yu-en'sis, n. [-ses, pi.] One who copies manu¬ 
script or takes dictation. [L., < a ( ab ), from, 
+ manus, hand.] 

ain'a-ranth, 1 am'a-ranfh; 2 am'a-ranth, n. 
A plant of the genus Amarantus, with flowers 
that do not fade when gathered; also, an imag¬ 
inary never-fading flower. [ < GrA a- priv. + 
maraino, wither.]—am"a-ran'thln(e 8 , a. Per- 


1* a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; an = out; oil; Iu = feud; <fliin; go; g = si ng; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








amass 

amplify 22 


taining to, like, or containing amaranth; unfad¬ 
ing; immortal; of purplish hue. 
a-mass' 1 , 1 a-mas'; 2 a-inas', vt. To heap up; 
accumulate. [< F. a, to, + masser, < masse, 
mass.)—a-mass'ment, n. An accumulation; 
heap. 

am"a-teur', 1 am"a-tur'; 2 2,m"a-tClr'. I. a. 
Pertaining to, like, or done by an amateur. 
II. i. One who practises an art or a sport, 
not professionally, but for the love of it. [ < L. F 
amalor, lover, < amo, love.) -lsli, a. -ish-ly, 
adv. -ish-ness, n. 

am'a-tiv(e 8 , 1 am'a-tiv; 2 am'a-tiv, a. Per¬ 
taining to sexual love; amorous. [ < L. ama- 
tus, pp. of amo, love.]—am'a-tlv(e-ness 3 , n. 
am'a-to-ry, 1 am'a-to-n; 2 am'a-to-ry, a. 
Characterized by or designed to excite love; 
expressing or given to sexual love. [ < L. amator; 
see amateur.] am"a-to'ri-alJ. 
am"au-ro'sis, 1 am"e-ro'sis; 2 am"ji-ro'sis, n. 
Loss of sight without apparent organic defect. 
[< Gr. amaurosis, < amauros, dark.] 
a-inaze', 1 a-mez'; 2 a-maz', vt. [a-mazed'; 
a-maz'ing.] To confound or bewilder; as¬ 
tonish greatly. [< a- 2 + maze.]— a-maz'ed- 
ly, adv. -ness, n.—a-maze'ment, n. Wonder; 
surprize; astonishment.—a-inaz'ing, pa. Caus¬ 
ing amazement; astonishing; wonderful. -ly, adv. 
Am'a-zon 1 , 1 ara'e-zen; 2 am'a-zon, n. One of 
a mythical race of female warriors; any fe¬ 
male warrior; a virago. [< Gr.n Amazon.] — 
Am"a-zo'ni-an. I. a. 1. Pertaining to the 
Amazons; warlike; masculine; bold. 2. Pertain¬ 
ing to the Amazon river. II. n. An Amazon. 
Am'a-zon 2 , n. A river in Brazil; largest in 
world; 3,500 m. 

Amb., abbr. Ambassador. 

am-bas'sa-dor, 1 am-bas'a-der; 2 am-b&s'a- 
dor, n. A diplomatic agent of highest rank; 
minister plenipotentiary; any official messenger 
or agent. [ < F. ambassadeur, < L. ambactus, 
servant.] em-bas'sa-dorj — am-bas"sa-do'- 
ri-al, a. — am-bas'sa-dress, n. 1. A female 
ambassador. 2. The wife of an ambassador, 
am'ber, 1 am'bar; 2 ftm'ber. I. a. Pertaining 
to or like amber. II. n. A. yellowish fossil¬ 
ized vegetable resin, hard, brittle, and translu¬ 
cent. [< Ar. p 'anbar, ambergris.] 
am'ber-gris, 1 am'bar-gris; 2 am'ber-gris, n. 
A waxy substance from the sperm-whale used 
in perfumery. [< F. ambre gris, gray amber.] 
am"bi-dex'ter, 1 am"bi-deks'tar; 2 am"bi- 
dSks'ter. I. a. Ambidextrous. II. n. 1. 
One who uses both hands equally well. 2. 
A double-dealer; hypocrite. [ < L. ambi-, on 
both sides, + dexter, right hand.]— am"bi-dex- 
ter'i-ty, n. 1. The state or quality of being 
ambidextrous. 2. Duplicity; trickery.— am"bi- 
dex'trous, a. Able to use both hands equally 
well; very dexterous or skilful; dissembling; 
double-dealing. 

am'bf-ent, 1 am'bi-ent; 2 am'bi-8nt, a. Going 
or moving around; enclosing; encompassing. 
[ < L. ambi-, around, 4- eo, go.] 
am-big'u-ous, 1 am-big'yu-us; 2 um-blg'yu- 
us, a. Capable of being understood in more 
senses than one; having a double meaning; 
equivocal; uncertain. [< L. ambi-, around, + 
ago, drive.]—am-blg'u-ous-ly, adv. —am"bi- 
gu'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The quality of being 
ambiguous; doubtfulness; an equivocal expres¬ 
sion. am-big'u-ous-nesst. 
am-bi'tion, 1 am-bi^h'an; 2 am-blsh'on, n. 1. 
Eager or inordinate desire of power or dis¬ 
tinction for its own sake. 2. Worthy eager¬ 


ness to achieve something great and good. 
3. An object of ambitious effort. [ < L. ambi¬ 
tion-), < ambio, go about (i. e. to solicit votes).] 
am-bi'tious, 1 am-bish'us; 2 am-bish'us, a. 1. 
Actuated or characterized by ambition; as¬ 
piring. 2. Pretentious; showy, -ly, adv. -uess, n. 
ain'bl(e p , 1 am'bl ; 2 &m'bl. I. vi. [am'bl(e)d p ; 
am'bling.] To move with an easy, careless pace 
or with a swaying motion. II. n. An easy gait 
of a quadruped, in which both legs on one side 
move at once. [ < L. F atnbulo, walk.] 
am-bro'si-a, 1 am-bro' 31 - 9 ; 2 am-bro'zhi-a, n. 
The fabled food of the gods; delicious food. 
[< Gr. ambrosia, < a- priv. + mbrotos, for 
mortos, mortal.]— am-bro'slal, a. Of or like 
ambrosia; fragrant; delicious; heavenly, am- 
bro'sianj. 

am'bu-lance, 1 am'biu-lans; 2 am'bu-lanc. n. 
A covered wagon 
for conveying ^ 
the sick and 
wounded. [L. F 
a mb ul 0 , walk 
about.] igggyj 

am'bu-la-to-ry, 1 
am'biu-la-to-n; 2 
Am' bu-la- to - ry. 

I. a. Pertaining to a 
shifting; not fixed or 



Ambulance. 


walker or walking; 
stationary. II. n. 
[-ries z , pi.] A place, as a corridor, for walk¬ 
ing. [c. & n. Ambush. 

am"bus-cade', 1 am"bus-ked'; 2 &m"bus-cad', 
am'bush, 1 am'bu^h; 2 am'bysh. I 1 , vt. 1. 
To hide, in order to attack unexpectedly. 2. 
To attack from an ambush; waylay. II. 
n. The act or state of being concealed to 
surprize or attack an enemy; also, the hiding- 
place or the persons hidden. [< LL. OF imbosco, 
< in, in, + boscus, < OHG. busc, G. busch, bush.] 
a-me'ba, 1 d-ml'ba; 2 a-me'ba, n. [-bas, 1 -baz; 
2 -bag, or -b.e, 1 -bl, 2 -be, pi.] Zool. A simple 
form of animal life, consisting of a single cell and 
moving by finger-like extensions of its substance, 
a-mce'baj.—a-ine'[or -moe']boid, a. & n. 
a-meor', 1 a-mlr'; 2 a-mer', n. The sovereign of 
Afghanistan; a Mohammedan prince or gov¬ 
ernor. [< Ar. amir, ruler.] a-mir'J. 
a-me'lio-rate, 1 a-mll'yo-ret; 2 a-mel'yo-rat, 
v. [-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] 1. 1. To make more 
endurable; relieve; mitigate; improve. II. i. 
To grow better; improve. [< F. amiliorer, < d, 
to, + L. melior, better.]— a-me'Ho-ra-bl(e p , a. 
— a-nie"lio-ra'tion, n. An ameliorating; im¬ 
provement.— a-nie'lio-ra-tlv(e s , a. 
a"nien\ 1 e"men' or ( Mus .) a"men'; 2 a"mSn' 
or (Mus.) a"mgn', interj. So it is, or so be it. 
[ < Heb. Oman, made strong.] 
a-me'na-bl(e p , 1 a-ml'na-bl; 2 a-me'na-bl, a. 
1. Liable to be called to account; subject to 
authority. 2. Submissive; tractable. [< F. 
amener, bring to, < a, to, + mener, drive.]— 
a-me"na-bil'i-ty, n. a-me'na-bl(e-ncss p J.— 
a-nie'na-bly, adv. 

a-im*nd' d , 1 a-mend'; 2 a-m?nd', v. I. t. To 
change for the better; correct; reform; im¬ 
prove. II. i. To become better in conduct. 
[< L. F a, out of, + menda, fault.]— a-mend 
a-bl(e p , a. -ness, n. —a-mend'a-to-ry, a. 
Tending to amend; corrective, 
a-mend'ment, 1 a-mena'ment; 2 a-m£nd'- 
ment, n. 1. Change for the better. 2. The 
changing, as of a constitution, bill, or motion; 
also, any change made or proposed to be made 
therein. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; net, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn, 









23 


amass 

amplify 


Rep- 


a-mends', 1 a-mendz'; 2 a-mend§', n. pi. 

aration, satisfaction, or compensation, 
a-men'i-ty, 1 a-men'i-ti; 2 a-men'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] Agreeableness; pleasantness; 
suavity; in the plural, things marked by such 
qualities. [ < L. amoenus, pleasant.] 
arn'ent, 1 am'ent; 2 am'ent, n. A catkin. 
[< L. amentum,.] 

a-merce', 1 o-murs'; 2 a-merg', 
vt. [a-merced' 1 ; a-merc'- 
ing.] To punish by a fine; 
mulct; deprive. [< OF. a 
merci, at the mercy of.]— 
a-merce'ment, n. 

A-mer'i-ca, 1 a-mer'i-ka; 2 
a-mgr'i-ea, n. 1. North, conti¬ 
nent; 8,037,714 sq. m.; pop. 

128,391,435. 2. South, conti¬ 
nent; 6,800,000 sq.m.; pop. 62,- 
779,676. 3. [U. S.] A popular 
patriotic hymn written in 1832 
Smith; also, the tune to which it is sung, which is 
that of the British “God Save the King.” 
A-mer'i-can, 1 a-mer'i-kan; 2 a-mer'i-can. I. 



Ament, 
by Samuel F. 


a. Pertaining to the continent or people of 
America, or of the United States. II. n. 1. 
A citizen of the United States. 2. An inhabitant 
of the American continent.—A-mer'i-can-ism, 
n. 1. An American word, phrase, or usage. 2. 
American citizenship or spirit. 

A"me-ri'go Ves-puc'cl, 1 a'me-rl'go ves-pu'- 
dhi; 2 a"me-ri'go ves-pu'chi (1451-1512). An 
Italian navigator from whom the American con¬ 
tinent derives its name. 

am'e-thyst, 1 am'i-thist; 2 am'e-thyst, n. 1. 
Quartz of a clear purple or violet color; a 
precious stone. 2. A purple violet color. [< 
Gr.L+o F ametfiystos, < a- priv. 4- methy, wine.] 
a'mi-a-bl(e p , 1 e'mi-a-bl; 2 a'mi-a-bl, a. 
Pleasing in disposition; kind=hearted; friend¬ 
ly. [F., < L. amicabilis; see amicable.] — 
a"mi-a-bil'i-ty, :i. Sweetness of disposition; 
lovableness. a'mi-a-bl(e-ness p t. — a'mi-a-bly, 
adv. Agreeably; complaisantly. 
am'i-ca-bl(e p , 1 am'i-ka-bl; 2 am'i-ea-bl, a. 
Showing or promoting good will; friendly; 
peaceable. [< L. amicabilis, < amo, love.]— 
am"i-ca-bil'i-ty, am'i-ca-bl(e-ness p , n. The 
quality of being amicable.— ain'i-ca-bly, adv. 
am'ice, 1 am'is; 2 am'i?, n. A hood or hooded 
cape of gray fur, formerly worn by clergymen, 
monks, etc. [ < F. aumuce; cp. G. miitze, cap.] 
a-mid', 1 a-mid'; 2 a-mid', prep. In the midst 
of; among or mingled with. [< AS. on, in; mid- 
dan, midde.] 


a-mid 'ships, adv. Half-way between stem 
and stern. 

a-niidst', 1 a-midst'; 2 a-midst', prep. In the 
center of; surrounded by; among; amid. 
Am'i-ens, 1 am'i-enz or (F.) a'mi'an'; 2 am'i-Sng 
or (F.) a/'mf'ah', n. A manufacturing city of 
N. France; pop. 93,000; sieges, 1597; French de¬ 
feat, 1870: entered and evacuated by Germans 
in 1914; successfully defended by the Entente 
allied forces March 23-31, and Aug. 9-16, 1918. 
a-miss', 1 a-nns'; 2 a-mis'. I. a. Out of order 
or relation; wTong; improper. II. adv. Im¬ 
properly; erroneously. [ < a - 1 + miss 1 , n.] 
am'i-ty, 1 am'i-ti; 2 am'i-ty, n. Peaceful re¬ 
lations; mutual good will; friendship. [< L. F 
amicus, friend, < amo, love.] 
amm., abbr. [L.] Amalgama (amalgamation), 
am'me-ter, 1 am'i-tar; 2 am'e-ter, n. An instru¬ 
ment for measuring the strength of an electric 
current in amperes. 


Am'mon 1 , 1 am'an; 2 am'on, n. The sun*god of 
the ancient Egyptians. Am'ent. 

Am 'moil 2 , n. pi. A people descended from Ben Am- 
mi, the son of Lot. Deut. ii, 19. Am'mon-itest. 
am-mo'ni-a, 1 a-mo'm-a; 2 a-mo'ni-a, n. A 
colorless pungent suffocating gas; also, a 
solution of this gas in water, known as 
spirit of hartshorn, aqua ammoniac, etc.— 
am"mo-ni'a-cal, a. Resembling, containing, 
. or using ammonia, am-mo'ni-act. 
am"mu-ni'tion, 1 am"yu-ni£h'an; 2 am"yq- 
nish'on, n. One of various articles used in dis¬ 
charging firearms, as cartridges, shells, shot; 
resources for attack or defense. [ < F. amuni- 
tion, corr. of munition (see munition).] 
am-ne'si-a, 1 am-nl'si-a; 2 am-ne'si-a, n. Loss or 
impairment of memory; morbid forgetfulness. 
[ < Gr. amnesia, < a- priv. + mnaomai, remem- 
.ber.] 

am 'nes- ty, 1 am'nes-ti; 2 am'n&s-ty. I. vt. 
[-tied;-ty-ing.] To pardon. II. n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] A general act of pardon of offenses 
against a government. [ < Gr. a- priv. + mnao¬ 
mai, remember.] 
a-moe'ba, n. See ameba. 

a-mong', ) 1 s-murj'; 2 a-mong', prep. 1. In 
a-mung' p , ) or into the midst of; mingled with; 
shared by all of. 2. In the class, country, or 
time of. [< AS. on, in, + mang, < ( ge)mang , 
crowd.] a-mongst't. 

am'o-rous, 1 am'o-rus; 2 am'o-rus, a. In¬ 
fluenced by, pertaining to, or exciting to love 
or sexual desire; ardent in affection; enam¬ 
ored. [ < L.ll+f amo, love.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
a-mor'phous, ) 1 a-nier'fus; 2 a-mor'fus, a. 
a-mor'fous p , J Without definite form; struc¬ 
tureless; formless; uncrystallized; unorgan¬ 
ized. [ < Gr. a- priv. + morphe, form.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. [prophet. Amos, i-ix. 

A'mos, 1 e'mas; 2 a'mos, n. A Hebrew minor 
a-mount', 1 a-maunt'; 2 a-mount'. I d . vi. To 
reach in the aggregate or in effect; be equiva¬ 
lent: with to. II. n. A sum total; aggre¬ 
gate; result. [< OF. a-, to, + mont, mountain.] 
a-mour', 1 a-mur'; 2 a-myr', n. A love=affair. [F.] 
A-moy', 1 a-mei'; 2 a-moy', n. An island and 
treaty port (pop. 114,000) in S. E. China. 
am-pere' 1 , 1 am-pir'; 2 am-per', n. The standard 
unitof electric=current strength.— am-per'age, n. 
Am"pere' 2 , 1 an"per'; 2 an"per', Andre Marie 
(1775-1836). A French physicist and pioneer 
in electricity. 

am-phib'i-ous, \ 1 am-fib'i-us; 2 &m-fib'i-us, 
am-flb 'i-OUs p , . ) a. Living both on land and in 
water; suited to or comprising land and water. 
[ < Gr. amphi, double, + bios, life.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. — am-phlb'l-an, n. An amphibious 
animal.— am-phib'l-on, n. An aeroplane that 
can rise or alight from either land or water. 
Am-phi'on, 1 am-fai'an; 2 am-fl'on, n. Gr. Myth. 

Son of Jupiter; moved stones by his music. 
am"phi-the'a-ter, ) 1 am"fi-€hi'a-tar; 2 am"- 
am"phi-the'a-tre, > fi-the'a-ter, n. An oval 
am"fi-the'a-ter p , ) edifice having row’s of 
seats which slope upward from an enclosed arena. 
[ < Gr.L amphi, around, + theatron, theater.] 
am'pho-ra, 1 am'fo-ra; 2 am'fo-ra, n. [-r.e, 1 -rl; 
2 -re, pi.] Class. Antiq. A tall, two*handled 
earthenware jar for wine or oil. [< Gr. am- 
phoreus, < amphi, around, + phero, bear.] 
ain'pl(e p , 1 am'pl; 2 am'pl, a. Of great di¬ 
mensions or capacity; large; complete; abun¬ 
dant; liberal. [< L. amplus, large.]— am'pl(e- 
ness p , n 

am'pli-fy, 1 am'pli-fai; 2 am'pli-fy, v. [-fied; 


1: 3 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Ill = feud; cfhin; go; rj = sing ; Chin, this. 
2: wolf, dp; book, boot; fllll, rule, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








amplitude 

angel 


24 


-fy"ing.] I. t. To enlarge or expand in 
statement or treatment; add to. II. i To 
dilate; expatiate. [< F. amplifier, < L. amplus 
(see ample) + facto, make.]—am"pll-fi-ca'- 
tion, n. Elaboration; augmentation; addition. 
— am'pli-fi-ca"to-ry, a.— am'pll-fi"er, n. 
am'pli-tude, 1 am'pli-tiud; 2 am'pli-tud, n. 
The state or quality of being ample; large¬ 
ness; scope; fulness. [< L. amplitudo, < am¬ 
plus, large.] 

ain'ply. 1 am'pli; 2 am'ply, adv. In an ample 
manner; largely; liberally; sufficiently, 
am'pu-tate, 1 am'piu-tet; 2 Sm'pu-tat, vt. 
[-TAT"ED d ; -tat"ing.] To cut off, as a limb. [< 
L. ambi-, around, + puto, trim, < putus, clean.] 
—am"pu-ta'tion, n. 

Am'ster-dam, 1 am'star-dam; 2 am'ster-dam, n. 

A seaport of the Netherlands; pop. 647,000. 
amt., abbr. Amount. 

a-muck', 1 a-muk'; 2 a-muk', adv. In a violent or 
frenzied manner: usually in the phrase to run 
amuck, to run about attacking everybody one 
meets. [< Malay amoq, engaging furiously in 
battle.] a-mack'J; a-mock't; a-mok'f. 
am'u-let, 1 am'yu-let; 2 am'yu-let, n. A 
small object worn to protect from witchcraft, 
accident, or ill luck; a charm, f < L. amuletum, 
charm.] 

A'mund-sen, 1 a'mund-sen; 2 a'miind-sSn, Roald 
(1872- ). A Norwegian explorer; discovered 
the South Pole, December 16, 1911. 

A-mur', 1 a-mur'; 2 a-mpr', n. A river in N. E. 
Asia; 2,700 m. 

a-muse', 1 a-miuz'; 2 a-mu§', vt. [a-mused'; 
a-mus'ing.] 1. To occupy pleasingly; divert; 
entertain. 2. To excite to mirth. [ < F. amuser, 
< a, at, + OF. muser, stare.]—a-muse'ment, 
n. Diversion; recreation; an entertainment, 
game, or spectacle.—a-mus'lng, pa. -ly, adv. 
an, 1 an; 2 an, indef. art. or adjective. One, or 
any: used for the article a before words be¬ 
ginning with a vowel sound. [ < AS. an, one.] 
an-, prefix, with values as follows: an- 1 , against; 
as,answer [< AS. and; see a- 4 ]; an- 2 , on, in; as, 
anon [< AS. an; see a- 1 ]; an- 3 , in; as, anoint [< 
L. In]; an- 4 , to; as, annul [< L. ad]\ an- 6 , on 
both sides; as, ancillary [< L. an-, for ambi-, 
around]; an- 6 , up, back; as, anode [< Gr. ana; 
see ana-]; an- 7 , not; as, anarchy [< Gr. an-, 
see a- 14 ]. 

-an, suffix (often with euphonic -i-). Pertaining 
to: used in nouns or adjectives denoting country, 
origin, race, etc.; as, Italian, amphibian, Algon- 
kian, Lutheran. [< L. -anus, -ana, -anum, an 
adj. termination.] 

A.sN., abbr. Anglo*Norman.— an., abbr. Anno 
(L., in the year); anonymous; answer, 
alia-, prefix. Up; back; again; anew: sometimes 
capable of being rendered re-; as, anabaptism, 
rebaptism. [< Gr. ana-, < ana (prep.), on.] 
-ana, suffix (often with euphonic -i-). Pertaining 
to: connected with a certain notable subject, 
person, place, etc.; as, Johnsoniana, etc. [L. 
neut. pi. of suf. -anus.] 

An"a-bap'tist, 1 an"a-bap'tist; 2 &n"a-b&p'- 
tlst, n. 1. One of a German mystical sect of 
the 16th century. 2. [a-] One who rejects 
pedobaptism: an opprobrious use. [ < Gr. ana, 
again, + baptizo, baptize.] 
a-nab'a-sis, 1 a-nab'a-sis; 2 a-nab'a-sls, n. 1. A 
going up; a military advance, especially that of 
Cyrus the Younger, 401 B.C. 2. ]A-] The work of 
Xenophon describing this expedition. [< Gr. 
anabasis, < ana, up, -f bainb, go.] 
a-nach'ro-nism, 1 a-nak'ro-nizm; 2 a-n&c'ro- 
nigm, n. A chronological error; something oc¬ 


curring or represented as occurring out of its 
proper time. [ < Gr. ana, back, + chronos, time.] 
aiT'a-con'da, 1 an"a-ken'da; 2 an"a-eon'da, n. 
A very large non*venomous tropical serpent 
that crushes its prey in its folds; a boa or 
python. 

Anacr., abbj. Anacreon; Anacreontic. 

A-nac're-on, 1 a-nak'n-en; 2 a-nac're-6n, n. A 
Greek lyric poet (563?-478 B.C.). 
an"ai.s-tUe'si-a, etc. See anesthesia, etc. 
an'a-gram, 1 an'a-gram; 2 an'a-gram, n. A 
word or phrase formed by transposing the 
letters of a different word or phrase. [< Gr.® 1 
ana, anew, + graphs, write.]—an"a-gram- 
mat'ic or -I-cal, a.— an"a-gram-inat'i- 

cal-ly, adv. 

An'a-kim, 1 an'a-kim; 2 ai^'a-kim, n. pi. A race 
of giants in Palestine. Niirn. xiii, 33. 
anal., abbr. Analogous; analogy; analysis; analyt¬ 
ic; analytical. [ated near, the anus, 

a'nal, 1 e'nal; 2 a'nal, a. Pertaining to, or situ- 
a-nal'o-gy, 1 a-nal'o-ji; 2 a-nal'o-gy, n. (-gies z , 
pi.] Resemblance of properties or relations; 
similarity without identity. [ < Gr. L +F ana, ac¬ 
cording to, + logos, proportioji.]— an"a-log'i- 
cal, a. Containing or involving analogy, an"- 
a-Iog'lcf. — an"a-log'i-cal-ly, adv. Figura¬ 
tively.— a-nal'o-gous, a. Resembling in cer¬ 
tain respects, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — an'a-log, 
an'a-logue, n. Anything analogous to some¬ 
thing else. 

a-nal'y-sis, 1 a-nal'i-sis; 2 a-n&l'y-sls, n. [-ses, 
1 -siz; 2 -ses, pi.] The resolution of a com¬ 
pound into its parts or elements; also, a tab¬ 
ular statement; logical synopsis. [< Gr. ana, 
back, -(- lyo, loose.]—an"a-lyt'lc or -i-cal, a. 
Pertaining to or proceeding by analysis; resolv¬ 
ing into first principles.—an"a-lyt'i-cal-ly, adv. 
an'a-lyze, ) 1 an'a-laiz; 2 fin'a-lyz, vt. [-lyzed; 
an'a-lyse, ) -lyz'Tng.] To make an analysis 
of; examine minutely or critically.—an'a-lyst. 
n. One who analyzes. an'a-Iyz"[or-lys"]ert. 
—an"a-ly-za'[or -sa']tion, n. 

An"a-ni'as, 1 an"a-nai'as; 2 an"a-nras, n. The 
husband of Sapphira; fell dead when rebuked by 
Peter for lying. Acts v, 1-6. 
an'a-pest, (1 an'a-pest; 2 an'a-pgst, n. Pros. 
an'a-psesty j A metrical foot consisting of two 
short syllables and one long syllable. [< Gr. 
ana, back, + paid, strike.]— an"a-pes'tic or 
-paes'tlc, a. & n. an"a-pes'[or-paes']ti-calt. 
an'arch-ism, 1 an'ark-izm; 2 an'arc-igm, n. 
The theory that all forms of government are 
wrong and unnecessary.— an'arch-lst, n. A 
violent and destructive opponent of all govern¬ 
ment.— an"arch-is'tic, a. 
an'ar-chy, 1 an'ar-ki; 2 an'ar-ey, n. Absence 
or utter disregard of government; lawless 
confusion and disorder; anarchism. [< Gr. 
anarchia, < anarchos, without a head.]— an- 
ar'chic, a. Without or opposed to government; 
lawless, an-ar'chi-calj. 
anat., abbr. Anatomical; anatomist; anatomy, 
a-nath'e-ma, 1 e-nath'i-ma; 2 a-nath'e-ma, n. 
[-mas or -ma-ta, pi.] A formal ecclesiastical 
ban or curse; also, a person or thing anathe¬ 
matized. [< Gr. anathema, curse, < ana, up, + 
tilhsmi, place.]— a-natli'e-ina-tlze or -tise, vt. 
& vi. [-tized; -tiz"ing.] To pronounce an 
anathema against; utter anathemas.—a-nath"- 
e-ma-ti-za'[or -sa']tion, n. 

An"a-to'li-a, 1 arPa-tS'li-a; 2 an"a-to'li-a, n. 1 . A 
former district in Asia Minor. 2. Loosely, Tur¬ 
key in Asia. 

a-nat'o-niy, 1 e-nat'o-mi; 2 a-nSt'o-my, n. 
[-mies z , pi.] 1 . The science of the structure 


1: artistic, fct; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rftle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn, 







25 


amplitude 

angel 


of organisms, as of the human body; also, a 
treatise on this science. 2. The art or practise 
of dissection; also, a corpse or skeleton; 
hence, any emaciated person. [ < Gr. ana, up, + 
temnO, cut.]— an"a-tom 'i-'cal, a. Pertaining to 
anatomy or dissection; produced by dissection; 
structural as distinguished from functional. 
an"a-tom'ict. -i-cal-ly, adv.— a-nat'o-mist, 
n. One skilled in anatomy.— a-nat'o-mize, vt. 
I-mized; -miz'Tng.] To dissect; examine crit¬ 
ically; analyze, a'-nat'o-mlsef. 

An"ax-ag 'o-ras, 1 an"aks-ag'o-ras; 2 an"aks-ag'- 
o-ras, n. A Greek philosopher (500-428 B.C.). 
-ance, suffix. Forming from adjectives in -ant, and 
also directly from verbs, nouns denoting action, 
quality, or state; as, abundance, forbearance, 
perseverance. [< F. -ance, < L. -antia, -enlia, 
termination used to form nouns from participles.] 
-an-cyf. 

an'ces-tor, 1 an'ses-tar; 2 an'ces-tor, n. One 
from whom descent is derived; a forefather; 
progenitor. [< L.of ante, before, + cedo, go.] — 
an-ces'tral, a. Of, pertaining to, or inherited 
from an ancestor.— an'ces-tress, n. A female 
ancestor. —an'ces-try, n. [-triesz, pi.] 1. One’s 
ancestors collectively. 2. Descent; noble or 
worthy lineage. 

An-chi'ses, 1 arj-kai'slz; 2 an-ex'se§, n. Class. 
Myth. Father of ASneas, who carried him away 
from burning Troy. 

an'chor, )1 arj'ker; 2 an'cor, v. I. t. 1. To 
an'ker p , 5 secure by an anchor. 2. To fix firm¬ 
ly ; make secure. II. i. To come to anchor; lie 
at anchor; become fixed, secure, or abiding, 
an'chor, n. 1. An implement for holding a 
vessel to the bottom by 
means of a connecting 
cable. 2. Anything that 
makes stable or secure. 

[ < AS. ancor, < Gr. L an- 
kyra, hook.] 

an'chor-age, ) 1 arj'ker-ij; 
an'ker-age p , )2an'eor-ag, 
n. 1. A place fit for or 
used for anchoring. 2. 

A coming to or lying at 
anchor. 3. That to which 
something is anchored; a 
means of support or se¬ 
curity.* 4. The fee or outfit for anchoring, 
an'cho-ret, 1 arj'ko-ret; 2 an'co-ret, n. A re¬ 
cluse; hermit. [< Gr. ana, back, < choreo, re¬ 
tire.] an'cho-ritej. 

an-cho'vy, 1 an-dho'vi; 2 an-chS'vy, n. [-vies 2 , 
pi ] A very small, herringdike fish, utilized as a 
relish and for table sauce. [ < Basques p anchova, 
< antzua, dry.] 

an'cient, 1 en'ilhent; 2 an'shent, a. Belonging 
to or having existed from a remote antiquity; 
of great age; very old. [< F. ancien, < LL. 
antianus, < L. ante, before.]— an'cient-ly, adv. 
In the distant past; of old.— an'cient-ness, n. 
an'cient 1 , n. One who lived in ancient times. 
an'cient 2 1|, n. A flag or a standard-bearer. [Cor¬ 
ruption Of ENSIGN.] 

an'cil-la-ry, 1 an'si-le-n; 2 an'ci-la-ry, a. Subor¬ 
dinate; auxiliary. [ < L. ancilla, maid.] 
Ancre, 1 ankr; 2 aner, ». A tributary of the Somme, 
France; scene of severe fighting between British 
and Germans, 1915-1916. 

and, 1 and; 2 and, conj i. A particle denoting addi¬ 
tion: used as a connective. [ < AS. and, and, and.] 
And., abbr. Andrew 

An"da-lu'sia, 1 an"da-liu'sha or (Sp .) an'da-lu- 
thl'a; 2 an'da-Iu'sha or (Sp.) an"da-lu-thi'a, n. 



A former division of S. Spain; 32,943 sq. m.; 
pop. 3,563,000. 

An'des, 1 an'dlz; 2 an'deg, n. A mountain range 
in W. South America; 22,867 ft.— An-de'an, 
a. & n. 

and'i"ron, 1 and'cd"arn; 2 andT'ern, n. A 
metallic support for wood in 
an open fireplace. [< OF. an- 
dler, andiron.] fire'=dog"f. 

An-dor'ra, 1 an-der'a; 2 an- 
dor'a, n. An independent re¬ 
public between France and 
Spain (191 sq. m.; pop. 5,230); 

• also its capital. 

An'dre, 1 an'dre; 2 an'dre, 

John (1751-1780). A British 
major hanged as a spy dur¬ 
ing the American Revolution. Andirons. 

An'dro-cles, 1 an'dro-kllz; 2 an'dro-eles, n. 
A Roman slave of the first century A.D., who 
drew a thorn from a lion’s’ paw and whose life 
was sparedVhen later the two met in the arena. 

An-drom'a-che, 1 an-drem'a-ki; 2 an-drom'a-ce, 
n. In Homer’s Iliad, the wife of Hector. 

An-drom'e-da, 1 an-drem'i-da; 2 an-drom'e-da, 
n. Gr. Myth. A maiden chained to a rock as a 
sacrifice to a sea*monster and rescued and married 
by Perseus. 



-ane, suffix. Same as -an: where, however, both 
the -an and -ane forms exist, it is with a difference 
in meaning, as in human, humane, 
an'ec-dote, 1 an'ek-dot; 2 an'ee-dot, n. A 
brief account of some incident; a short story. 
[< Gr. anekdota, < an- priv. + ek, out, + 
dotos, given.!— an"ec-dot'Ic, a. 1. Pertaining 
to anecdotes. an'ec-do"talt. 2. Having the 
habit of telling anecdotes. an"ec-dot'i-calf.— 
an"ec-dot'i-cal-ly, adv. 

a-ne'mi-a, ) 1 a-ni'mi-a; 2 a-ne'mi-a, n. De- 
a-nae'mi-a, ) ficiency of blood; bloodlessness. 
[ < Gr. an- priv. + haima, blood.] 


a-nem'p-ne, 1 a-nem'o-m; 2 a-ngm'o-ne, n. 
plant of the crowfoot 
family; a windflower. 

[< Gr. L anemone, wind¬ 
flower.] 

an'e-roid, 1 an'i-roid; 2 
an'e-roid. I. a. Not 
employing a fluid. II. n. 

An aneroid barometer or 
battery. [ < Gr. a- priv. + 
neros, wet, + eidos, form.]— 
aneroid barometer, an instru¬ 
ment showing atmospheric pressure 
by the movements of the elastic top 
of an exhausted metallic box. 
an"es-the'si-a, )1 an"es-€hi , sif or 
an"3es-the'si-a, >- 3 i]-a; 2 an"Ss- 
the'si[or -zhi]-a, n. Loss of phys¬ 
ical sensation. [< Gr. an- priv. 

+ aisthanomai, perceive.] an"aes- 
the'sist.—an"es-[or -ses-]thet'ic. 
taining to or producing anesthesia; 



Anemone. 

a. fruit. 

I. a. Per- 
making in¬ 
sensible of pain. II. n. That which produces 
anesthesia, as ether. 

i, ) 1 an'yu-rizm; 2 an'yu-rigm, n. 

_„ l, ) A tumor formed by a morbid 

dilatation of the coats of an artery. [ < Gr. ana, 
up, + eurys, \yide.]— an"eu-rls'[or -rys']mal, a. 
a-new', 1 a-niu': 2 a-nu', adv. As a new act; in 


an'eu-rism ' 1 —' 
an 'eu-rysm. 


a new way; once more; again. 

Ang., abbr. [L.] Anglice (in English), 
an'gel, 1 en'jel; 2 an'gSl. I. a. Angelic. II. n. 
1. A spiritual being, especially one of celes- 


I-a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = <mt; ell; lu = fe«d; <fhin; go; # rj = sing; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, d«; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










angelic 

answer 26 


tial purity. 2. A former English gold coin 
worth from 6s. 8 d. to 10s. [< Gr. LL+OF angelos, 
messenger.]—an-gel'Ic, a. Pertaining to, like, 
or consisting of angels; celestial; pure; beauti¬ 
ful; saintly, -i-calf.—an-gel'i-cal-ly, adv. 
an'ge-lus, 1 an'ji-lus; 2 an'ge-lus, n. R. C. Ch. 1. 
A prayer commemorating the Annunciation: 
named from its first word. 2. A bell rung at 
morning, noon, and night as a call to recite this 
prayer. [LL.] 

an'ger, 1 aij'gar; 2 an'ger. I. vt. To provoke; 
irritate. II. n. Violent vindictive passion; 
sudden and strong displeasure; wrath; ire. 
[ME. anger, affliction, trouble.] 

An'ge-vin, 1 an'ji-vin; 2 fin'ge-vln, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to Anjou and especially to the Plantage- 
net kings of England from 1154 to 1204, de¬ 
scendants of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 
an'gi-na, 1 an'ji-na or an-jai'na; 2 an'gi-na or 
an-gl'na, n. Pathol. Any disease characterized 
by suffocation, as quinsy, etc. [L. < ango, choke.] 
— angina pectoris, neuralgia of the heart. 
an'gl(e p , 1 arj'gl; 2 an'gl, vt. & vi. [an'gl(e)d p ; 
an'gi.ing.] To fish with rod, hook, and line: 
with for. [< AS. angel, angul, hook, fish-hook.] 
— an'gler, n. One who fishes with rod, hook, 
and line.— an'gling, n. The act or art of fish¬ 
ing with rod, hook, and line. 
an'gle 1 , n. 1. The figure, concept, or relation 
of two straight lines c 

emanating from one 
point; a corner or 
point. 

In the strictest mathe¬ 
matical sense the word A 
angle signifies that rela- o " 

tion of the lines which is Angle, 

measured by the amount of rotation necessary 
to make one coincide with the other. This 
amount is commonly expressed in degrees. 
When the sides of an angle are perpendicular to 
each other, it is a right angle (see fig. AOC); 
when less than a right angle (as AOB or BOC), 
an acute angle; when greater than a right angle 
(as BOD), an obtuse angle; when the sides go 
out in opposite directions (as AOD), a straight 
angle. Any angle not a right or straight angle 
is an oblique angle. 

2. A secluded place resembling a corner; nook. 
[F., < L. angulus, corner.] 

an'gle 2 , n. A fish-hook; fishing-tackle; a 
fishing with hook and line. 

An'gle 3 , n. One of the early conquerors of 
Great Britain, from whom the country was 
called England (Angle-land).—An'gli-an, a. & 
n.—An'gli-can, a. Of or pertaining to the 
Church of England or the Protestant Episcopal 
Church.—An'gli-can, n.— An'gli-ee, adv. In 
English; according to English usage.—Angli¬ 
cize [or -else], vt. & vi. To give an English 
form or idiom to; make or become like English. 
—An'gli-cism, n. An English term or usage. 
Anglo-lnd., abbr. Anglo-Indian. 

An"glo-Sax'on, 1 ar)"glo-saks'an; 2 &n"glo» 
saks'on. I. a. Pertaining to the Anglo-Saxons 
or their language. II. n. 1. A member of one of 
the Teutonic peoples who conquered Britain in 
the 5th and 6th centuries. 2. Their language. 

3. Any one of English race or descent. 
An-go'ra, 1 aq-go'ra; 2 an-go'ra, n. A province in 

Asia Minor; 27,370 sq. m.; pop. 933,000.—An¬ 
gora cat, a variety of cat with very long, silky 
hair.—A. goat, a goat reared for its long, silky 
hair, known as A. wool. 

an'gry, 1 aq'gri; 2 an'gry, a. [an'gri-er; an'- 
gri-est.] Moved with, evincing, or affected 



by anger; indignant; inflamed; keen; sharp.— 
an'gri-ly, adv.— an'gri-ness, n. 

Ang.-Sax., abbr. Anglo-Saxon. A.-S.t. 
an'guish, 1 aij'gwi^h; 2 an'gwish. I 1 , vt. & vi. 
To inflict or suffer anguish. II. n. Excru¬ 
ciating mental or bodily pain; agony; torture. 
[ < L. OF ango, choke.] 

an'gu-lar, 1 aq'giu-lar; 2 Sn'gu-lar, a. 1. 
Having an angle or angles; sharp-cornered; 
pointed. 2. Measured by an angle. 3. Per¬ 
taining to angles. 4. Bony; awkward and 
ungraceful. 5. Of a crabbed disposition. [< 
L. angulus, corner.]— an"gu-lar'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] The state or condition of being angular, 
an 'gu-lar-nessf.—an 'gu-lar-ly, adv. 
ail'll, 1 an'il; 2 an'il, n. 1. A West-fndian in¬ 
digo-plant. 2. The dye indigo. [F„ < Ar. al, 
the, + nil, < Sans, nili, indigo.] 
an'ile, 1 an'il; 2 an'il, a. Like an old woman; 
feeble-minded. [< L. anus, old woman.]—a- 
nll'l-ty, n. 

an'i-Iin, ) 1 an'i-lin; 2 an'i-lln, n. A colorless 
an'1-line, ) oily compound, the base of many 
coal-tar dyes. [ < anil.] 

an"i-niad-vert' d , 1 an"i-mad-vurt'; 2 &n"i- 
mad-vert', vi. To pass criticism or censure; 
take note or cognizance: followed by upon. [< 
L. animadverto, < animus, mind, + ad, to, + 
verto, turn.]— an"i-mad-ver'slon, n. Criti¬ 
cism or censure.—an"i-mad-ver , siv(e 8 , a. 
an'i-mal, 1 an'i-mal; 2 an'i-mal. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to or derived from an animal or 
animals; pertaining to the bodily life of man. 
II. n. 1. A sentient living organism other 
than a plant. 2. A sentient creature inferior 
to man; a brute. 3. A debased and sensual 
human being. [L., < anirna, breath.]—an'i-mal- 
ism, n. The state, condition, or activity of 
mere animals.—an'd-mal'i-ty, n. 1. The ani¬ 
mal qualities. 2. Animalism. 
an"i-inal'eu-la, n. Plural of animalctjlum. 
an"i-nial'cule, 1 anT-mal'kiul; 2 an"i-mal'- 
eul, n. An animal of microscopic smallness. 
—an"i-mal'cu-lar, a. Pertaining to or like 
animalcules. 

an"i-mal'cu-Ium, 1 -kiu-lum; 2 -eu-lum, n. 
[-la, pt.\ An animacule. [L., dim. of animal, 
ANIMAL.] 

an'i-mate, 1 an'i-met; 2 an'i-mat. I. vt. 
[-MAT"ED d ; -mat"ing.] To impart' life to; 
make alive; move to action; enliven; inspire. 
II. a. Possessing animal life; living; lively. 
[< L. anima, breath.] an'I-mat"edt.—an'i- 
mat"ed-ly, adv. —an"i-ina'tion, n. The act of 
imparting or the state of possessing life; liveli¬ 
ness; vivacity. 

an'i-niisin, 1 an'i-mizm; 2 an'i-nffgm, n. 1. 
The belief in the existence of spirit or soul, as 
distinct from matter. 2. The regarding of 
inanimate objects as possessing personal life 
or soul. [< L. anima, soul.] —an'i-mlst, n. — 
an"I-inls 'tic, a. 

an"i-mos'l-ty, 1 an"i-mos'i-ti; 2 an"i-mos'i-ty, 
n. [-tier 2 , pi ] Active and vehement enmity; 
hatred; ill will. [< L. animosita(t-)s, < animus. 
courage.] 

an'i-mus, 1 an'i-mus; 2 an'i-mfis, n. The ani¬ 
mating thought or purpose; spirit; intention; 
temper (often hostile). [L.] 
an'is(e s , 1 an'is; 2 an'is, n. A small North*Af- 
rican plant that furnishes aniseed; aniseed. 
See illus. on next page. [< Gr. anison, anise.] 
—an'1-seed", n. The fragrant warm-tasting 
seed of the anise-plant. 

An'jou, 1 an'ju or (F.) an’su'; 2 an'ju or (F.) an*- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 









angelic 

answer 


zhp', n. An ancient province of France, now 
absorbed in several departments. 

An'king, lan'kirj; 2an'klng, n. A city and treaty 
port of E. central China (pop. 376,300). Nan"- 
kln'J; Nan"king'J; Ngan'klngf. 
an'kl(e p , 1 arj'kl; 2 an'kl, n. The joint con¬ 
necting the foot and the leg. [ < AS. ancleow.] 
an'klet, lar/klet; 2 an'- 
kl£t, n. A band for the 
ankle. 

an"ky-lo'sis, 1 ap"ki-lo'sis; 

2 an"ky-lo'sis, n. 1. Anat. 

& Zool. The knitting 
together or union of two 
bones or pans of bones. 

2. Pathol. Stiffness of a 
joint, or the formation of 
a stiff joint. [ < Gr. an¬ 
kylosis, < ankylos, bent, 

< ankos, bend.] 
an'nals, 1 an'alz; 2 an'alg, 
n. pi. A record of events 
In chronological order. [ < 

L. annales, < annus, year.] 

— an'nal-ist, n. A writer 
of annals. 

An-nap'o-lis, 1 a-nap'o-lis; 2 a-nap'o-lis, n. A 
city, capital of Maryland (pop. 11,210), seat of 
the U. S. Naval Academy, founded 1845, and St. 
John’s College, founded 1696. 
an-neal1 a-n!l'; 2 a-nel', vt. 1. To render 



Anise. 

a, root: 6, top. 


soft and tough by heating and then slowly 
cooling. 2. To fix (colors or enamel) by heat¬ 
ing and cooling. [ < AS. on-, on, + selan, burn.] 
an'ne-lid, 1 an'i-lid; 2 an'e-lid, n. One of a class 
of invertebrates including the earthworms. [< 
L. annellus, dim. of anulus, ring, < anus, ring.] 
an-nex'% 1 a-neks'; 2 a-neks', vt. To add or 
affix at the end; join; unite, as territory, etc.; 
attach, as a condition. [< L. ad, to, + necto, 
bind.]— an"nex-a't!on, n. The act of annex¬ 
ing; something annexed; an addition, 
an-nex', 1 a-neks' or an'eks; 2 a-neks' or an'- 
8ks, n. An addition; appendix; addendum, 
an-nl'hl-late, 1 a-nai'hi-let; 2 a-ni'hi-lat, vt. 
[-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To reduce to nothing; 
destroy absolutely; also, to destroy the 
identity or organization of. [< L. ad, to, + 
nihil, nothing.]— an-ni"hi-la'tion, n. An an¬ 
nihilating; destruction; disintegration. 
an"ni-ver'sa-ry, 1 an"i-vur'ss-n; 2 an"i-ver'- 


sa-ry. I. a. Recurring annually. II. n. 
[-ries z , pi.] A day separated by a year or by 
an exact number of years from some past 
event; a commemorative observance on such 


a day. [ < L. annus, year, + verlo, turn.] 
an'no Dom'i-ni, 1 an'o dem'i-nai; 2 an'o d6m'- 
i-ni. [L.] In the year of our Lord or of the 
Christian era: abbreviated A. D. 
annot., abbr. Annotated, annotator. 


an'no-tate, 1 an'o-tet; 2 an'o-tat, v. [-tat"- 
ED d ; -tat"ing.] I. t. To make explanatory 
or critical notes on or upon. II. i. To make 
notes. [< L. ad, to, -I- nota, mark.]— an"no- 
ta'tion, n. Th« act of annotating; a note or 
comment.— an'no-ta"tor, n. A commentator, 
an-nounce', 1 a-nauns'; 2 a-noung', vt . [an¬ 
nounced' 1 ; an-nounc'ing.] To give intelli¬ 
gence of; proclaim; declare. [< L. ad, to, + 
nuntius, messenger.]— an-nounce'ment, n. The 
act of announcing; publication: declaration, 
an-noy', 1 a-nei'; 2 a-noy', vt. To be trouble¬ 
some to; worry; bother; irritate.— an-noy'ing, 
pa. Vexatious; troublesome, -ly, adv. 
an-noy'ance, 1 a-noi'ans; 2 a-noy'ang, n. The 


act of annoying or that w T hich annoys; the 
state of mind of one who is annoyed, 
an'nu-al, 1 an'yu-al; 2 an'yu-al. I. a. 1. Re¬ 
turning or occurring every year. 2. Pertain¬ 
ing to the year; reckoned by the year. 3. 
Lasting only one year. II. n. 1. A book or 
pamphlet issued once a year. 2. A plant or 
other organism living but for a single year or 
season. [< L. annus, year.]—an'nu-al-ly, adv. 
Year by year; yearly. 

an-nu'l-ty, 1 a-niu'i-ti; 2 a-nu'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] An annual allowance or income. [ < L. p 
annus, year.]—an-mi'i-tant, n. One receiving, 
or entitled to receive, an annuity. 
an-nul'» 1 a-nul'; 2 a-nul', vt. [an-nulled', 
-nuld's; an-nul'ling.] To destroy the force 
of; render or declare void: nullify; abolish. [ < L. of 
ad, to, + nullus, none.]—an-nul 'ment, n. 
an'nu-lar, 1 an'yu-lar; 2 an'yu-lar, a. Per¬ 
taining to or formed like a ring; ring=shaped; 
marked with rings. [< L. annulus, dim. of 
anus, ring.]—an'nu-late, a. Furnished with 
rings; ringed. an'nu-Iat"edt. 
an-nun'ci-ate,) 1 a-nun'^hi-[or -si-]et; 2 a- 
an-nun'ti-ate, ) nun'shi-[or -gi-]at, vt. [-at"- 
ED d ; -at"ing.] To make known; announce. 
[< L. annuntio, announce.]—an-nun"ci-a'- 
tion, n. 1. The act of announcing, or that 
which is announced; a proclamation. 2. (1) The 
announcement by the angel to the Virgin. Luke 
i, 28-38. (2) [A-] The festival (March 25) com¬ 
memorating this event.—an-nun'ci-a"tor, n. 
A person or thing that announces; a device 
for showing a number or name when a bell is 
rung. 

an'ode, 1 an'od; 2 an'od, n. Physics. The posi¬ 
tive terminal in a conducting circuit, that 
connected to the carbon plate in a galvanic 
battery: opposed to cathode. [< Gr. anodos, 
way up, < ana, up, + hodos, way.] 
an'o-dyne, 1 an'o-dain; 2 an'o-dyn. I. a. 
Having power to allay pain; soothing. II. n. 
Anything that relieves pain, calms, soothes, 
or comforts: an opiate. [< Gr. an- priv. + 
odyne, pain.] 

a-noint' d , 1 a-neint'; 2 a-noint', vt. To put or 
pour oil upon, especially in sign of consecra¬ 
tion; consecrate. [< L. LL in, on, + ungo, 
smear.] 

a-nom'a-Ious, 1 a-nem'a-lus; 2 a-nom'a-lus, a. 
Deviating from the common rule; irregular; 
exceptional; abnormal. [< Gr. an-, not, + 
homalos, even, < homos, same.] -ly, adv. 
a-nom'a-ly, 1 a-nem'a-h; 2 a-nom'a-ly, n. 
[-lies 2 , pi.] Deviation from rule, type, or 
form; irregularity; anything abnormal.— 
a-nom'a-lism, n. —a-nom"a-lis'tic, a. 
a-non', 1 a-non'; 2 a-non', adv. 1. In a little 
while; soon; presently; immediately. 2. At 
another time; again. [ < AS. on an, in one.] 
Anon., abbr. Anonymous. 

a-non 'y-mous, 1 a-nen'i-mus; 2 a-non'y-mus, 
a. Having no acknowledged name; bearing 
no name; of unknown authorship or agency. 
[< Gr. an- priv. + onyma, name.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —an"o-nym'i-ty, n. 
an-oth'er, 1 an-uth'ar; 2 an-oth'er, a. & pron. 

Not the same; distinct; different; one more, 
ans., abbr. Answer. 

an'swer, 1 an'sar; 2 an'ser, v. I. t. 1. To 
speak or act in response to; reply; acknowl¬ 
edge; obey; retaliate. 2. To make or be a 
sufficient reply to; controvert. 3. To solve, 
as a riddle. 4. To be sufficient for. 5. To 


1:a —final; l = hablt^ aisle; au = owt; ell; 10 = feud; <fhin; go; r) = sinp; thin, this, 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; fixll, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, fcem; ink; thin, this, 










answer 

anxious 


28 


atone for; expiate. G. To correspond to; re¬ 
spond to reciprocally. 7. To grant (a peti¬ 
tion) ; reply favorably to (a petitioner). II. i. 
1. To reply or respond. 2. To speak or act in 
response to a call or action. 3. To meet a want; 
be sufficient. 4. To be responsible; atone; 
pay. 5. To correspond. [ < AS. and-, against, + 
swerian, swear.] 

an'swer, n. 1. A reply or response, especially 
one that is adequate and final. 2 . Any action 
in return or in kind; retaliation. 3. A correct 
solution. — an'swer-a-bl(e p , a. 1. Responsible; 
amenable; requiring or admitting of answer; 
obligated to answer. 2. Corresponding; ade¬ 
quate; suitable.—an 'swer-a-bly, adv. 
ant, 1 ant; 2 ant, n. A small insect; an emmet; 

a pismire. [Contr. < AS. xmele.] 
ant-, prefix. Against, etc. See anti-. 

-ant, suffix. 1. In the act or process of doing 
(what is denoted by the stem): used to form ad¬ 
jectives with nearly the meaning of the ppr.; as, 
militaraf, litigawf, etc. 2. One who does (what 
is indicated by the stem): forming nouns of ad¬ 
jectival origin; as, servawf, one who serves. [ < 
L. -an(l-)s, -en(l-)s, ppr. suffix.] 
ant., abbr. Antiquarian, antonym. 


an-tag'o-nize,) 1 
an-tag'o-nise, ) nl 


2,n-tag'o- 

,// T 


an-tag'o-nciiz; 2 
nlz, v. [-nized; -niz"ing.J 
I. t. To oppose, contend with, or struggle 
against; counteract; neutralize, offset, or 
check. II. i. To be or act in antagonism. 
[< Gr. anti, against, + agbnizomai, contend, 
strive.]— an-tag'o-nism, n. Mutual resis¬ 
tance; opposition; hostility.— an-tag'o-nist, n. 
An adversary; opponent.— an-tag"o-nis'tic, a. 
Opposed; hostile, -ti-cal-ly, adv. 

ant-arc'tic, 1 ant-ark'tik; 2 ant-are'tie, a. 
Pertaining to or designating the south pole or 
the regions near it. [< Gr. antarktikos, southern.] 
— Antarctic ocean, the ocean surrounding the 
south pole. 

an'te-, prefix. Before, in time, order, or position; 
as anfechristian, antenatal. Compare anti-. 
[ < L. ante, before.] 

ant'seat"er, 1 ant'*!t"er; 2 ant'*et"er, n. A 
mammal that feeds on 
ants. 

an"te-ce'dent, 1 an"ti- 
si'dent; 2 &n"te-<;e'- 
dSnt. I. a. Going 
before; prior in time, 
place, or order; 
preceding ; an- 



a*— 

P^'Ant'Oater. 


terior. II. n. 1. 

One who or that 
which precedes or 
goes before. 2. The noun or phrase to which 
a relative pronoun refers. 3. pi. The facts, 
collectively, that have gone before in the 
history of a person or thing.— an"te-ce'- 
dence, n. — an"te-ce'dent-Iy, adv. 
an 'te-cham"ber, 1 an'ti-dhem"bar; 2 an'te- 
cham"ber, n. A room serving as an entrance¬ 
way to another apartment, 
an'te-date, 1 an'ti-det; 2 an'te-dat, vt. [-patt¬ 
ed' 1 ; -dating.] 1. To assign to a date earlier 
than the actual one; date back. 2. To be or 
occur earlier than (something else). 
an"te-di-lu'vi-an, 1 an"ti-di-liu'vi-an; 2 &n"- 
te-di-lu'vi-an. I. a. Pertaining to the times, 
events, etc., before the flood; antiquated; 
primitive. II. n. A person, animal, or plant 
that lived before the flood; an old orold*fash- 
ioned person. [ < ante- + L. diluvium, deluge.) 


an'te-Iope, 1 an'ti-lop; 2 an'te-lop, n. 
like animal, intermediate 
between cattle and goats, 
as the gazel, etc. [ < Gr.m,+F 
antholops, an animal.] 
an"te-me-rid 'i-an, 1 an"ti- 


A deer* 


mi-rid'i-an; 2 an"te-me-^£ 
rfd'i-an, a. Before noon;'’ 
between midnight and the 
next noon. 

ant"e-met'ic, 1 antT-met'ik; 2 ant"e-m?t'ie. 



Antelope. 


I. a. Allaying or preventing vomiting. II. n. 
A remedy used to allay or prevent vomiting. 
an"te-inun'dane, 1 an"ti-mun'den; 2 an"te- 
mfin'dan, a. 1. Pertaining to, existing, or 
occurring before the world’s creation. 2. 
Being or occurring before one’s birth. 
an"te-na'tal, 1 an"ti-ne'tal; 2 an"te-na'tal, a. 
Occurring or existing before birth; pertaining 
to conditions before birth. 


an-ten'na, 1 an-ten'a; 2 an-tgn'a, n. [-N.E, 1 -f; 
2 -e, pi.] 1. One of the feelers on the head of 
an insect ; one of the horns of a snail. 2. An 
aerial wire, upheld in position by a mast or 
tower, for transmitting or receiving electric 
waves in wireless telegraphy. [L., saibyard, 
< Gr. ana, up, + tetnO, stretch.] 
ail-te 'ri-or, 1 an-tl'ri-ar; 2 an-te'ri-or, a. 1. 
Antecedent in time; prior, earlier. 2. Far¬ 
ther front or forward in space; situated at or 
turned to the front. [L., < ante, before.] -ly, adv. 
an'te-rooni, 1 an'ti-rum; 2 an'te-room, n. A 
waiting*room; antechamber, 
antli., abbr. Anthology. 

an'them, 1 an'them; 2 an'thSm, n. A joyous 
or triumphal song or hymn, or its musical set¬ 
ting. [ < Gr. LLt * 9 anti, against, + phone, voice.) 
an'tlier, 1 an'thar; 2 an'ther, n. Bot. The pol- 
len*bearing part of a stamen. [< Gr. anthos, 
flower.] 

an-thol'O-gy, 1 an-fhel'o-ji; 2 an-thol'o-gy, n. 
]-gies z , pi.] A collection of choice literary ex¬ 
tracts, usually poetic. [ < Gr. anthos, flower, + 
lego, gather.]— au"tho-log'i-eal, a. — an-thol'- 
o-glst, n. 

an'thra-oite, 1 an'thra-sait; 2 Sn'thra-clt, n. 
Mineral coal of nearly pure carbon; hard coal. 
[ < Gr. anthrax, coal.] 

anthrop., abbr. Anthropological, anthropology, 
ail'thro-poid, 1 an'thro-peid; 2 an'thro-poid. 
I. a. Somewhat like a human being in form; 
manlike. II. n. An anthropoid ape. [< Gr. 
anthropos, man, + -oid.] 

an"thro-pol'o-gy, 1 an"£hro-pel'o-ji; 2 an"- 
thro-pol'o-gy, n. [-gies z , pi.] The science of 
man. [< Gr. anthropos, man, + -ology, suffix.) 
— an"thro-po-log'I-cal, a. Pertaining to an¬ 
thropology or to man. an"thro-po-log'IcJ. — 
an"thro-poI 'o-gist, n. A student of or spe¬ 
cialist in anthropology. 

an'ti-, prefix. Against; opposed to; opposite to; 
corresponding to; in return for; instead of; equal 
to; like; mutually: commonly changed to ant- 
before a vowel, and to anth- before the aspirate. 
[ < Gr. anti, against.] 

an'ti=alr"craft, a. Opposed to or directed against 
aircraft. 


an'tic, 1 an'tik; 2 an'tie. I. a. Odd; fantastic; 
ludicrous; incongruous. II. n. 1. A prank; 
caper. 2. A clown; buffoon. 3. A grotesque 
figure or play. [ < L. F antiguus, ancient.] 
An'ti-christ, 1 an'ti-kraist; 2 an'ti-crist, n. 
An enemy of Christ; a false Christ.— an"ti- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, dr, w6n. 






29 


answer 

anxious 


Chris'tian, a. Opposed to Christ or Christian¬ 
ity; pertaining to Antichrist, 
an-tic'i-pate, 1 an-tis'i-pet; 2 an-tig'i-pat, v. 
f-PAT"ED d ; -pat'Tng.] I. t. 1. To look for¬ 
ward to; foresee; expect. 2. To act sooner 
than; forestall; prevent; foresee and fulfil 
beforehand; do, take, or use beforehand; 
foretaste. II. i. To do or consider something 
before the usual or proper time; cherish an¬ 
ticipation. [< L. ante, before, + capio, take.]— 
an-tlc"i-pa'tion, n. The act of anticipating, in 
any sense; prevision or foretaste; expectation.— 
an-tlc'i-pa-tiv(es, a. 

an"ti-cli'max, 1 an"ti-klai'maks; 2 an"ti-ell'- 
maks, n. 1. Rhet. A gradual or sudden de¬ 
crease in the importance or impressiveness of 
what is said: the opposite of climax. 2 . Any 
sudden descent or fall contrasted with a pre¬ 
vious rise. 

an'ti-dote, 1 an'ti-dot; 2 an'ti-dot, n. Any¬ 
thing that will counteract or remove the ef¬ 
fects of poison, disease, or any evil. [ < Gr. anti- 
doton, < anti, against, + dido mi, give.]—an'ti- 
do"tal, a. Having the nature or effect of an 
antidote; pertaining to antidotes. 

An-tie'tam Creek, 1 an-tl'tam; 2 an-tl'tam. A 
stream in Pennsylvania and Maryland; Mc¬ 
Clellan defeated Lee. Sept. 16 and 17, 1862. 
An-til'les, 1 an-til'Iz; 2 an-til'es, n. The West 
India islands, except the Bahamas.—An"tll- 
le'an, a. 

an"tl-ma-cas 'sar, 1 an"ti-ma-kas'er; 2 an T ti-ma- 
eas'ar, n. A covering to prevent the soiling of 
the backs of chairs or sofas by contact with the 
hair; a tidy. [< anti- + Macassar (oil).] 
an'ti-mo-ny, 1 an'ti-mo-m; 2 an'ti-mo-ny, n. 
A silver-white, hard, crystalline, metallic ele¬ 
ment used in chemistry, medicine, and in the 
arts. [< LL. antimonium, antimony.]— an"ti- 
mo'nl-al. I. a. Of or containing antimony. 
II. n. An antimonial medicine. 
an"ti-no'mi-an, 1 an"ti-no'mi-an; 2 an"ti- 
no'mi-an, to. One holding that faith frees the 
Christian from the obligations of the moral 
law: used also adjectivally. [ < Gr. anti, against, 
+ nomos, law.]— an"ti-no'mi-an-ism, n. 
an-tin'o-my, 1 an-tin'o-mi; 2 an-tin'o-my, to. 
[-mies z , pi.] Self-contradiction in a law; op¬ 
position of one law or rule to another; ir¬ 
reconcilability of seemingly necessary con¬ 
clusions; paradox. [< Gr. anti, against, + 
nomos, law.] 

An'tl-och, 1 an'ti-ek; 2 an'ti-6e, n. Bib. 1. A 
city; former capital of Syria. 2. A city of Pi- 
sidia, S. Asia Minor. 

An-ti'o-chus, 1 an-tai'o-kus; 2 an-tl'o-eus, n. 
Bib. (Apoc.). 1. Epiphanes, king of Syria 
(175-164 B. C.). 2. A. “The Great” (223-187 

B. C.), king of Syria, Babylonia, Medea, etc. 
an-tip'a-thy, 1 an-tip'a-fhi; 2 an-tip'a-thy, n. 
[-thies 2 , pi ] An instinctive feeling of aver¬ 
sion or dislike, or that which excites it. [ < 
Gr. anti, against, + pathos, feeling.]— an"ti- 
pa-thet'ic, a. Having antipathy; naturally 
repugnant or opposed. an"ti-pa-thet'l-calf. 
an 'tl-phon, 1 an'ti-fen; 2 an'ti-fon, n. 1. A re¬ 
sponse or alternation of responses, generally 
musical. 2. A fitting response or answer. [< 
Gr. anti, against, + phone, voice.]— an-tiph'- 
o-nal, a. -Iy, adv.— an"ti-phon'ic, a.-an- 
tiph'o-ny, n. [-nies 2 , pi.] Antiphonal music 
or discourse. 

an-tip'o-des, 1 an-tip'o-diz; 2 an-tip o-de§, n. 
sing. & pi. 1. A place on the opposite side of 
the earth, or its inhabitants; any person or 


thing diametrically opposed to another, or at 
the opposite extreme from another. 2. An¬ 
tithesis. [< Gr. anti, opposite, + pous (pod-), 
foot.]—an-tip'o-dal, a. 1. Pertaining to or 
situated on the opposite side of the earth. 
2. Diametrically opposed.—an'tl-pode, to. 1. 
An exact opposite. 2. One of the antipodes. 
Antiq., abbr. Antiquarian, antiquities, antiquity. 
an"ti-qua 'ri-an, 1 an"ti-kwe'ri-an; 2 an"ti- 
kwa'ri-an. I. a. Pertaining to antiquity or 
to the collecting of antiquities. II. n. An 
antiquary. 

an'ti-qua-ry, 1 an'ti-kwe-ri; 2 an'ti-kwa-ry, to. 
[-ries 2 , pi.] One who collects, examines, or 
deals in ancient objects, as coins, weapons, 
etc. [< L. antiquus; see antique, a.] 
an'ti-quate, 1 an'ti-kwet; 2 an'ti-kwat, vt. 
[-QUAT"ED d ; -quat"ing.] To make old or ob¬ 
solete.— an'tl-quat"ed, pa. l.Outofdate; old- 
fashioned; obsolete. 2. Ancient; superannuated, 
an-tique', 1 an-tik'; 2 an-tik'. I. a. Ancient 
in fact or in style. II. n. The style of an¬ 
cient art, or an example of it; the facts and 
civilization of antiquity collectively. [F., < 
L. antiquus, < ante, before.] 
an-tiq'ui-ty, 1 an-tik'wi-ti; 2 an-tik'wi-ty, to. 
[-ties 2 , pl.\ 1. The state or quality of being 
ancient. 2. Ancient times, people, or civiliza¬ 
tion, or anything belonging to ancient times. 
[< L. antiqultus, < antiquus, antique.] 
an"ti-sep'tic, 1 an"ti-sep'tik; 2 an"ti-sep'tie. 
I. a. Preventing or counteracting putrefac¬ 
tion, etc. -ti-calj. II. n. Anything having 
antiseptic qualities.— an"tl-sep'tl-cism, n. 
an-tith 'e-sis, 1 an-ti£h'i-sis; 2 an-tith'e-sis, n. 
[-ses 2 , pi.] 1. The balancing of contrasted 
words or ideas against each other. 2. The 
direct contrary; a strong contrast. [ < Gr. anti, 
against, + tithemi, place.]— an"ti-thet'I-cal, a. 
Directly opposed; strongly contrasted, an"- 
ti-thet'icf.—an"ti-thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 
an"ti-tox'in, 1 an"ti-teks'in; 2 an"ti-toks'in, n. 
A substance, formed in the living tissues of a 
plant or animal, that neutralizes the poison 
produced by hostile bacteria. [< Gr. anti, 
against, + toxikon, poison, < loxikos, of the 
bow.] an"ti-tox'inef.—an"ti-tox'ic, a. 
an'ti-type, 1 an'ti-taip; 2 an'ti-typ, n. That 
which a type prefigures.— an'ti-ty"pal, a. an"- 
ti-typ'ic or -typ'i-calf. 

ant'ler, 1 ant'lsr; 2 ant'ler, n. A deciduous 
bony outgrowth or horn on the head of a deer. 
[ < L.of ante, before, + oculus, eye.] 
An"to-ni'nus, 1 an"to-nai'nus; 2 an*to-nrnus, n. 
One of two Roman emperors: (1) Marcus Aure¬ 
lius (121-180). (2) Pius (86-161). 

An'to-ny, 1 an'to-m; 2 an'to-ny, Mark. See Mark 
Antony. Mar'cus An-to'ni-usf. 
an'to-nym, 1 an'to-nim; 2 an'to-nym, to. A 
word directly opposed to another in meaning. 
Ant'werp, 1 ant'warp; 2 ant'werp, to. A province 
(1,093 sq. m.; pop. 1,041,000) of Belgium, and its 
capital (pop. 322,860), a seaport; occupied by 
German troops from October 9, 1914, to Nov. 
17, 1918. 

a'nus, 1 e'nus; 2 a'nus, to. The opening at the 
lower extremity of the alimentary canal. [ < L. 
anus, ring.] 

an'vil, 1 an'vil; 2 an'vil, to. A heavy block of 
iron or steel on which metal may be forged. [ < 
AS. an-, on, + fealdan, fold.] 
anx'ious, 1 arjk'^hus; 2 ank'shus, a. 1. Trou^ 
bled in mind. 2. Distressing. 3. Intent; 
solicitous. [< L. anxius, < ango, distress.]— 


I:d = final; I = habit; aisle; oil = out; ©II; IO = feud; cfhin; go; 0 = 8m^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dq; book, boot; fyll, ryle, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; iyk; thin, this. 







any 

appetence 


30 


anx-i'e-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] Misgiving; eager¬ 
ness.—anx'lous-ly, adv. —anx'ious-ness, n. 

aii'y, 1 en'x; 2 en'y. I. a. 1. One (person, 
thing, or part) indefinitely and indifferently; 
a; an; some. 2. Some (individuals) of a num¬ 
ber, class, or total. II. pron. One or more 
persons, things, or portions out of a number. 
III. adv. Somewhat; in the least; at all. [< 
AS. xnig, one, any one.] 

Any is an element of many self-explaining 
compounds, as an'y-bod"y, pron.; an'y-how", 
adv.; an'y-thing, pron.; an'y-way, adv.; an'y- 
where, adv.; and an'y-wise, adv. 

An'zac, 1 an'zak; 2 an'zac. I. a. Pertaining to 
the Australian and N ew Zealand Army Corps in 
the World War of 1914-18. II. n. A member 
of this Army Corps, 
aor., abbr. Aorist. 

a'o-rist, 1 e'o-rist; 2 a'o-rfst, a. A Greek tense 
expressing past action without further limita¬ 
tion. [ < Gr. aoristos, indefinite, < a- priv. -f 
horistos, va. of horizo, bound.)— a"o-ris 'tic, a. 
a-or'ta, 1 e-er'ta; 2 a-or'ta, n. [-t^e, pl.\ The 
great artery springing from the left ventricle 
of the heart and forming the main arterial 
trunk. [ < Gr. aorle, < aeiro, raise.] 
ap- 1 , prefix. To: assimilated form of ad-. See ad-. 
ap 2 -, prefix. From: form of apo- before a vowel. 
Ap., abbr. Apostle, Appius, April. [a- 1 .] 

a-paee', 1 g-pes'; 2 a-pag', adv. Rapidly; fast. 
A-pach'e, 1 a-padh'i; 2 a-pach'e, n. 1. One of a 
fierce tribe of American Indians. 2. [a-] 1 a*- 
pakh'; 2 a"path'. [F.] One of a band of noctur¬ 
nal street prowlers who prey upon pedestrians, 
a-part', 1 e-part'; 2 a-part', adv. Separately; 

aside; asunder. [< F. a, to, + pars, part.] 
a-part 'men t, 1 e-part'mentor-ment; 2 a-part'- 
ment, n. A room or suite of rooms. [ < L. f ad, 
to, 4- partio, divide.] 

ap'a-thy, 1 ap'a-thi; 2 ap'a-thy, n. [-thies 2 , 
pi.] Lack of feeling, emotion, or sensation; 
insensibility; indifference. [ < Gr. apathela, < a- 
priv. 4-patfxos, suffering.]— ap"a-thet'Ic, a. With¬ 
out emotion or feeling; unconcerned, impassive; 
stolid, -i-calf. — ap"a-thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 
ape, 1 ep; 2 ap. 1. vt. [aped 1 ; ap'ing.] To 
imitate slavishly; mimic. II. n. 1. An Old 
World man-like monkey, as a chimpanzee; 
any monkey. 2. A mimic. [ < AS. apa, ape.] 
a-peak', 1 e-plk'; 2 a-pek', adv. Naut. In or 
nearly in a vertical position, as an anchor, 
etc. [painter of the 4th century. 

A-pel'Ies, 1 a-pel'Iz; 2 a-p61'6§, n. A Greek 
Ap'en-nlnes, 1 ap'e-nainz; 2 &p'6-nln§, n. pi. A 
mountain range in Italy; 9,585 ft. 
a-pe'ri-ent, 1 a-pi'ri-ent; 2 a-pe'ri-Snt. Med. 
I. o. Tending mildly to stimulate the action 
of the bowels. II.«. A gently purgative reme¬ 
dy. [ < L. aperto, open, < a, away, 4- pario, get.] 
ap'er-ture, 1 ap'er-dhur or -tiGr; 2 ap'er- 
chur or -tur, n. An open passage; orifice; 
hole; cleft. [< L. aperto; see aperient.] 
a'pex, 1 e'peks; 2 a'pgks, n. [a'pex-es 2 or ap'- 
i-ces 2 , pZ.] The highest point; tip; top; ver¬ 
tex (of an angle). [L., < apo, fit.] 
aph-, prefix. Same as apo-. 
aph., abbr. Aphorism. 

a-pha'si-a, 1 9-fe'3i-9; 2 a-fa'zhi-a, n. Pathol. 

Loss or impairment of the power of speech, 
a-phe'li-on, 1 g-fi'h-en; 2 a-fe'li-on, n. [-li-a, 
pi.] The point in an orbit, as of a planet, farth¬ 
est from the sun. [< ap- 2 -(- Gr. helios, sun ] 
a'phis, 1 e'fis; 2 a'fis, n. [aph'i-des 2 , pi.] A 
plan trucking insect; a plant-louse. [< Gr. 
a-priv + phetdomat, spare.) aph'Idt. 


aph'o-rism, 1 af'o-rizm; 2 af'o-ngm, ». A 
brief, sententious statement; proverb; maxim; 
precept. [ < Gr. apo, from, 4- horizO, divide.] — 
aph'o-rlst, n. A maker or ucer of aphorisms.— 
aph"o-ris'tlc, a. -ti-calj. -ti-cal-ly, adv. 
Aph"ro-di'te, 1 af"ro-dai'ti; 2 af"ro-dI'te, n. The 
Greek goddess of love and beauty, the Roman 
Venus. 

a 'pi-a-ry, 1 e'pi-e-ri; 2 a'pi-a-ry, n. [-ries 2 , pi. 1 
A place where bees are kept; also, a set of 
hives, bees, and appliances. [< L. apiarium, < 
apis, bee.]—a"pi-a'ri-an, a. a'pi-anf.—a'pl- 
a-rist, n. A bee-keeper. a"pi-a'ri-an j.—a'pi- 
cul"ture, n. Bee-keeping. [apex. 

ap'i-ces, 1 ap'i-slz; 2 ap'i-ges, n. A plural of 
a-piece', 1 9-pis'; 2 a-peg', adv. For each per¬ 
son or thing; to each one; each, 
ap'ish, 1 ep'xsh; 2 ap'ish, a. Like an ape; ser¬ 
vilely imitative; foolish and tricky, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

Apl., Apr., abbr. April, 
self-confidence. 

a"plomb', 1 a"plen'; 2 a"pl6n', n. [F.] Assurance; 
ap'o-, prefix. Off; from; away. Before a vowel 
apo- is shortened to ap-, and before the aspirate 
it is modified to aph-. [ < Gr. apo, from.] 
apo., apog., abbr. Apogee.— Apoc., abbr. Apoc¬ 
alypse, Apocrypha, Apocryphal. 
a-poc'a-Iyps(e p , 1 e-pok'a-lips; 2 a-poc'a- 
lyps, n. 1. The revelation made to the 
Apostle John; any remarkable revelation. 
2. [A-] The book of Revelation. [< Gr. apo , 
from, 4- kalyptd, cover.]— a-poc"a-lyp'tic, a. 
-tl-calj. 

a-poc'o-pe, 1 o-pok'o-pi; 2 a-pSc'o-pe, n. A 
cutting off or elision of the last letter or syl¬ 
lable of a word. [ < Gr. apo, off, 4- koptd, cut.] 
A-poc'ry-pha, ) 1 s-pek'n-fe; 2 a-poe'ry-fa, n. 
A-poc'ry-fa p , ) pi. Fourteen books of the 
Septuagint and Vulgate not in the canonical 
Hebrew Scriptures, and held uncanonical by 
most Protestants: sometimes used erroneously 
as a singular, with -phas, for plural. [ < Gr. apo, 
away, 4- krypld, conceal.]— A-poc'ry-phal, a. 

I. Pertaining to the Apocrypha. 2. [a-] Of 
doubtful authenticity; spurious. 

ap'od, 1 ap'ed; 2 ap'od. I. a. Without feet. 

II. n. A footless animal. ap'o-danL — ap'- 
o-dal, a. 

ap'o-gee, 1 ap'o-jl; 2 ap'o-ge, n. That point of 
the moon’s orbit which is farthest from the 
earth. [< Gr. apo, from, 4- gl, earth.]— ap"o- 
ge'al.—ap"o-ge'an, a. 

A-pol'lo, 1 9-pel'o; 2 a-pOl'o, n. Class. Myth. The 
god of youth, manly beauty, music, song, and 
prophecy, and averter of evil, later identified 
with thesun*god Helios. His oracle was at Delphi. 
A-pol'Iy-on, 1 a-pel'i-en; 2 a-p01'y-on, n. A 
spirit of evil; the destroyer. Rev. ix, 11. [< 

Gr.DD apollyo, destroy.] 

ap'o-log, \1 ap'o-leg; 2 ap'o-16g, n. A fa- 
ap'o-logue, J ble or moral tale. [<Gr. apologos, 
< apo, from, 4- legd, speak.] 
a-poI"o-get'ic, 1 s-pero-jet'ik; 2 a-poP'o-gPt'- 
ic. I. a. Of the nature of an apology, 
-i-calj. II. n. An apology or defense, 
a-pol'o-gist, 1 9-pol'o-jist; 2 a-pol'o-glst, n. 
One who argues in defense of any person or 
cause. 

a-pol'o-gize, -glse, 1 e-pel'o-jaiz; 2 a-pol'o- 
giz, vi. [-gized;-giz"ing.] To offer an apolo¬ 
gy; find or make excuse, 
a-pol'o-gy, 1 9-pel'o-ji; 2 a-pol'o-gy, n. [-gies 2 , 
pi.] 1. A formal acknowledgment, as of 
error, offense, or inci\dlity. 2. A justification 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, bum; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn t 







31 


any 

appetence 


or defense: the original meaning. 3. A poor 

substitute. [ < Gr. apologia, a speech in defense, 
< apo, away, + lego, speak.] 
ap'o-phthegm, etc. Same as apothem, etc. 
ap'o-plex-y, 1 ap'o-pleks-i; 2 ap'o-pleks-y, n. 
Sudden loss or diminution of sensation and of 
the power of voluntary motion, usually from 
pressure uppn the brain, as from hemor¬ 
rhage; a stroke of paralysis. [ < Gr. apo, from, 
+ plesso, strike.]—ap"o-plec'tic, a. Pertaining 
to, affected with, or tending toward apoplexy, 
-ti-calf. 

a-port', 1 a-pert'; 2 a-port', adv. Naut. On or 
toward the left or port (formerly larboard) side, 
a-pos'ta-sy, 1 a-pes'ta-si; 2 a-pos'ta-sy, n. 
[-sies z , pi.] Desertion of one’s faith, religion, 
party, or principles. [ < Gr. apo, off, + histemi, 
stand.]—a-pos'tate. I. a. Guilty of apostasy; 
false. II. n. One who apostatizes.—a-pos'ta- 
tize, vi. [-tized; -tiz"ing.] To forsake one’s 
faith or principles. 

a pos-te"ri-o'ri, 1 e pes-ti"ri-o'rai; 2 a pos- 
te''ri-o'ri. [L.] 1. Reasoning from facts to 

principles or from effect to cause: opposed to 
a priori. 2. Inductive; empirical. 
a-pos'tl(e p , 1 a-pes'l; 2 a-pos'l, n. 1. One of 
the twelve chosen by Christ to proclaim his 
gospel {Matt, x, 2-4). 2. Any zealous advo¬ 
cate of a doctrine or cause. [< Gr. apostolos, 
messenger, < apo, off, + stello, send.]—a-pos'- 
tle-ship, n. a-pos'to-latef.—ap"os-tol'lc, 
ap"os-tol'i-cal, a. 1. Of or pertaining to an 
apostle or the apostles. 2. According to the 
doctrine and practise of the apostles. 3. R. C. 
Ch. Papal. 

a-pos'tro-phe 1 , ) 1 a-pes'tro-fi; 2 a-pos'tro-fe, 
a-pos'tro-fe p , ) n. Gram. 1. A symbol (’) 
above the line, to mark the omission, as of a 
letter, or to indicate the possessive case. 2. 
The omission so indicated. [L., < Gr. apostro- 
phos, mark of elision.]—a-pos'tro-phize 1 , vi. 
1-phized; -phiz'Tng.] To use the apostrophe; 
shorten a word by omission. 
a-pos'tro-phe 2 , n. Rhet. A digressive ad¬ 
dress, as to an absent person, an attribute, 
or the Deity. [ < Gr. apostrophe, a turning 
away, < apo, from, + strepho, turn.]—a-pos'¬ 
tro-phize 2 , v. I. t. To address by or in a 
rhetorical apostrophe. II. i. To deliver an 
apostrophe. 

a-poth'e-ca-ry, 1 a-pofh'i-ke-ri; 2 a-poth'e- 
ca-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] One ■who keeps drugs 
for sale and puts up prescriptions; a druggist; 
pharmacist. [ < Gr. L+F apo, away, + tilhemi, 
put.]—apothecaries’ measure, apothecaries* 
weight, see measure, weight. 
ap'o-them, 1 ap'o-fhem; 2 ap'o-them, n. A 
ap'o-thegni, s terse, instructive, practical say¬ 
ing; a sententious maxim. [< Gr. apo, from, + 
phthengomai, cry out.] 

ap"o-ttie'o-sis, 1 ap"o-£hi'o-sis; 2 ap"o-the'o- 
sis, n. [-ses z , pi.] Exaltation to divine honors; 
deification. ]< Gr. apo, from, + theos, god.l— 
ap"o-the'o-size, vt. [-sized; -sizing.] To deify. 
App., abbr. Apostles.—app., abbr. Appendix, 
appointee. 

ap-pal', )1 a-pel'; 2 a-pal', vt. [ap-palled, 
ap-pall', > ap-pald' 8 ; ap-pal'ling.] To fill 
with dismay or horror; terrify; shock. [ < L. OF 
ad, to, + palleo, be pale.]—ap-pal'ling-Iy, adv. 
Ap"pa-lach'i-an, 1 ap"a-la<5h'i-an; 2 ap"a-lach'i- 
an, a. Of or pertaining to the mountain system 
of the E. United States extending from Quebec to 
Alabama; highest point, 6,700 ft. 
ap"pa-ra'tus, 1 ap"e-re'tus or -ra'tus; 2 &p"a- 


ra'tus or -ra'tus, n. [-tus or (rarely) -tus-es, 
pi.] A complex device or machine, or a set of 
tools, appliances, etc. [L., < ad, to, + paro, 
make ready.] 

ap-par'el, I a-par'el; 2 a-par'el. I. vt. [-eled 
or -ELLED, -ELD 8 ; -EL-ING Or -EL-LING.] To 
clothe. II. n. Raiment; clothing. [< L. F ad, 
to, + par, equal.] 

ap-par'ent, 1 a-par'ent; 2 a-par'ent, a. 1. 
Clearly perceived or perceivable; evident; 
obvious; visible. 2. Seeming, in distinction 
from real or true. [ < L. appareo; see appear.] — 
ap-par'ent-ly, adv. Obviously or seemingly. 
ap"pa-ri'tion, 1 ap"a-ri^h'an; 2 ap"a-r!sh'on, 
n. A specter; fantom. 

ap-peal', 1 a-pil'; 2 a-pel', v. I. t. Law. To 
remove to a higher court. II. i. 1. To make 
earnest supplication; awaken response. 2. 
Law. To take a cause to a higher court. [ < 
L. appello, < ad, to, + pello, drive.]— ap-peal '- 
a-bl(e p , a. That may be appealed.— ap-peal '- 
er, n. 

ap-peal', n. 1. An earnest request; prayer. 

2. A resort to a higher court or other power, 
ap-pear', 1 a-pir'; 2 a-per', vi. 1. To come 
forth into view or public notice; become visi¬ 
ble, plain, public, or certain. 2. To seem, or 
seem likely. [ < L. F ad, to, + pareo. come forth.] 
ap-pear'ance, 1 a-pir'ans; 2 a-per'ang, to. 1. 
External show or aspect. 2 . That which ap¬ 
pears or seems; semblance. 3. pi. Circum¬ 
stances or indications collectively. 4. A be¬ 
coming manifest or public; advent; publica¬ 
tion; a coming formally into court. 5. A 
phenomenon. 

ap-pease', 1 a-piz'; 2 a-pe§', vt. [ap-peased'; 
ap-peas'ing.] 1. To reduce to peace; soothe; 
placate; pacify. 2. To calm, still, or allay. 
[< OF. apaisier, < a, to, + pais, peace.] —ap- 

peas'a-bl(e p , a .— ap-peas'a-bly, adv .— ap¬ 
pease'meat, n. 

ap-pel'lant, 1 a-pel'ant; 2 a-pel'ant, n. One 
who appeals, in any sense. [ < L. appello; see 
appeal.] 

ap-pel'late, 1 a-pel'et; 2 a-pel'at, a. Law. 

Pertaining to or having jurisdiction of appeals. 
ap"pel-la'tion, 1 ap"e-le'khan; 2 ap"S-la'shon, 
to. A name or title; the act of calling or 
naming.— ap-pel'la-tiv(e 8 . I. a. 1. Serving to 
designate or name. 2. Denoting a class, as com¬ 
mon nouns. II. n. 1. A title; appellation. 2. 
A common noun. -Iy, adv. -oess, n. 
ap"pel-lee' f 1 ap"el-i'; 2 ap"el-e', n. Law. One 
against whom an appeal is taken; a defendant. 
ap-pend' d , 1 a-pend'; 2 a-pend', vt. To add 
or attach (something subordinate or supple¬ 
mental). [< L. ad, to, + pendo, hang.]— ap- 
pen'dage, n. A subordinate addition or ad¬ 
junct.— ap-pen'dant, a. & n. ap-pen'dentt. 
ap-pen'di-ces, n. A plural of appendix. 
ap-pen"di-ci'tis, 1 a-pen"di-sai'tis or -si'tis; 
2 a-pen"di-ci'tis or -si'tis, n. Inflammation 
of the vermiform appendix, 
ap-pen'dix, 1 a-pen'diks; 2 a-pen'diks, n. 
[-dix-es or -di-ces, 1 -siz; 2 (?e§, pi.] An ad¬ 
dition or appendage, as of supplementary 
matter at the end of a book. [L„ < ad, to, + 
pendo, hang.] 

ap"per-tain', 1 ap"ar-ten'; 2 ap"er-tan', vi. To 
pertain or belong as by right, fitness, etc.; re¬ 
late: with to. [ < L. F ad, to, + pertineo, pertain.] 
ap'pe-tence, )1 ap'i-tens, -ten-si; 2 ap'e- 
ap'pe-ten-cy, ) tgn?, -ten-gy, n. [-ten-ces z , 
-ten-cies z , pi.] Strong craving or propen- 


1- »= final- I = habit; aisle; au = out-, oil; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; r) = singr; fliin, this. 

2: wQlf. do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bfirn; oil, boy, go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







appetite 

arbiter 


32 


sity; instinct or tendency; affinity. [< L. ad, to, 
+ veto, seek.] 

ap'pe-tite, 1 ap'i-tait; 2 ap'e-tit, n. A physical 
craving, as for food; a mental craving; long¬ 
ing. [< L. ad, to, + veto, seek.]— ap'pe-ti"- 
4iv(e 8 , a. —ap'pe-tiz"er, n. Anything that ex¬ 
cites appetite or gives relish. ap'pe-tis"er:J:. 
— ap'pe-tlz"ing, pa. Giving relish; tempting. 
ap'pe-tis"ingt. 

Ap'pi-an Way, 1 ap'i-an; 2 ap'i-an. Rom. Hist. 
A paved road extending from Rome to Brindisi, 
begun by Appius Claudius Csecus 312 B.C. and 
still existing in part. 

ap-plaud' d , 1 a-pled'; 2 a-plad', vt. & vi. To ex¬ 
press approval of, as by clapping the hands; 
commend; praise. [< L. ad. to, + plaudo, 
strike.]— ap-plause\ n. The act of applauding; 
acclamation; approval; praise. —ap-plau'siv(e s , 
a. Expressing applause, -ly, adv. 

ap'ple, / 1 ap'l; 2 ap'l, n. The widely distrib- 

ap'I p , j uted, fleshy edible fruit or pome of a 
tree of the rose family; also a tree bearing 
such fruit. [< AS . seppel, sepl, apple.] —apple 
of the eye, the pupil or the eyeball; something 
precious. 

ap-pli'ance, 1 a-plai'ans; 2 a-pll'anc, n. 1. 
Something applied to effect a result; a device; 
tool; an instrument. 2. The act of applying; 
application. 

ap'pli-ca-bl(e p , 1 ap'li-ko-bl; 2 ap'li-ea-bl, a. 
Capable of or suitable for application; rele¬ 
vant; fitting. [< L .applico; see apply.] — ap"- 
pli -ca-bil'i-ty, n. [-tiesz, pi.) The quality of 
being applicable; suitability; fitness, ap'pli- 
ca-bl(e-ness p f.—ap'pli-ca-bly, adv. 

ap'pli-cant, 1 ap'li-kant; 2 Sp'li-cant, n. One 
who applies; a candidate. 

ap"pli-ca'tion, 1 ap"li-ke'^han; 2 ap"li-ca'- 
shon, n. 1. The act of applying. 2. That 
which is applied, as a remedial agent. 3. 
That by which one applies; a request. 4. 
Appropriation to a particular use. 5. Close 
and continuous attention. [< L.f applico; see 
APPLY.] 

ap"pli-que', 1 ap'h-ke'; 2 ap"li-ke', a. [F.] Ap¬ 
plied: said of ornaments, as in needle-work, in 
wood, metal, etc., cut out from one material and 
applied upon the surface of another. —appli¬ 
que', n. 

liP-ply', 1 a-plai'; 2 a-pll', v. [ap-plied'; ap¬ 
plying.] I. t. 1. To bring into contact 
with something; devote to a particular use; 
test in a particular case; attach; refer to. 2. 
To give wholly (to); devote (oneself), as to 
study. II. i. 1. To make formal request; 
ask; petition; solicit. 2. To have reference, 
or adaptation. [< L. applico, < ad, to, + 
pllco, fold.] 

ap-point' d , 1 a-point'; 2 S-point', v. I. t. 1. 
To name or select (a person for a position); 
name a time and place for (an act or meet¬ 
ing); assign. 2. To ordain, as by decree; 
command; prescribe. 3. To fit out; equip; 
furnish. II. i. To decree or ordain the doing 
of something; designate a person for a posi¬ 
tion. [< L. F ad, to, + punctum, point.] —ap- 
point-ee', n. One who is appointed. —ap- 
point'er, n. One who appoints. —ap-point'- 
ment, n. 1. (1) An appointing or being ap¬ 
pointed; position or service to which one is or 
may be appointed; station; office. (2) An agree¬ 
ment, as for meeting at a given time; an engage¬ 
ment. 2. Something agreed upon; direction; 
decree; stipulation. 3. Anything for use or 
adornment; equipment. 


Ap"po-mat'tox, 1 ap"o-mat'aks; 2 ap'o-mat'oks, 
n. A county in Virginia; 342 sq. m.; pop. 9,250. 
At Appomattox Court House, in this county, 
Lee surrendered to Grant, April 9, 1865. 
ap-por'tlon, 1 a-por'ihan; 2 a-por'shon, vt. To 
divide and assign proportionally; allot. [< 
L. ad, to, + portio, portion.]—ap-por'tion- 
ment, n. 

ap'po-sit(e 8 , 1 ap'o-zit; 2 &p'o-§It, a. Well 
adapted; appropriate; pertinent; apt. [< L. 
apposilus, pp., < ad, to, + pono, place.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

ap"po-si'tion, 1 ap"o-zi£h'an; 2 ap"o-§fsh'on, 
n. 1. Gram. The relation between nouns in 
the same subject or predicate and in the same 
case, where one is attributive or complemen¬ 
tary. 2. A placing or being in immediate 
connection; application; addition. [< L.ll ap¬ 
posilus; see apposite.]— ap-pos'l-tiv(e 8 , a. & n. 
ap-praise', 1 a-prez'; 2 a-pra§', vt. [ap¬ 
praised'; ap-prais'ing.] To make an official 
valuation of; estimate; value. [< l.ll+of a d, to, 
+ pretium, price.]— ap-prais'a-bl(e p , a .— ap- 
prais'al, n. An appraising; official valuation, 
ap-praise'mentf.—ap-prais'er, n. 
ap-pre'ei-ate, 1 a-pri'shi-et; 2 &-pre'shi-at, v. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] I. t. 1. To esteem ade¬ 
quately; perceive distinctly. 2. To raise in 
value. 3. To estimate. II. i. To increase in 
value. [< L.ll ( a d, to, + pretium, price.]— ap- 
pre'ci-a-bl(e p , a. That may be appreciated; 
perceptible.— ap-pre'oi-a-bly, adv.— ap-pre"- 
cl-a'tion, n. 1. An appreciating; true or ade¬ 
quate estimation or recognition. 2. Increase in 
value. 

ap"pre-hend' d , 1 ap"ri-hend'; 2 &p"re-hgnd', v. 
1. 1. 1. To lay hold of or grasp mentally; per¬ 
ceive. 2. To have an impression or opinion 
of; know partially. 3. To expect with anx¬ 
ious foreboding; be apprehensive of or con¬ 
cerning. 4. To arrest; seize. II. i. 1. To 
think or suppose; surmise; conjecture. 2. To 
look forward with foreboding. 3. To grasp 
a truth or statement; perceive. [< L. appre- 
hendo, < ad, to, + prehendo, seize.]—ap"pre- 
hen'si-bl(e p , a. Capable of being appre¬ 
hended.—ap"pre-hen'sion, n. 1. Distrust or 
dread concerning the future. 2. Cognition; 
estimate; idea; opinion. 3. The faculty that ap¬ 
prehends; capacity. 4. Legal arrest. 5. A men¬ 
tal image.—ap"pre-hen'siv(e 9 , a. 1. Anticl- 
pative of evil; anxious; fearful; suspicious. 2. 
Quick to apprehend. 3. Responsive to sense- 
impressions. 4. Having cognizance; conscious, 
ap-pren'tice,) 1 a-pren'tis; 2 S,-pr6n'tig. I. vt. 
ap-pren'tis 8 , ) [-TiCED d , -tist 8 ; -tic-ing,-tis- 
ing 8 .] To bind as an apprentice. II. n. One 
who is bound by indenture to serve another 
in order to learn a trade or business; any 
learner or beginner. [ < L.of apprchendo, ap¬ 
prehend.]— ap-pren 'tlce-shlp, 7i. 
ap-prize' 1 , ) 1 a-praiz'; 2 a-prig'.rf. [ap-prized'; 
ap-prise' 1 , ( ap-priz'ing.] To notify, as of an 
event; advise; inform. [< F. appris, < L. ap- 
prehendo; see apprehend.] 
ap-prize' 2 or -prise' 2 , vt. See appraise. 
ap-proach', 1 a-prodh'; 2 a-proch'. I 1 , vt. & vi. 
To come or cause to come near or nearer (to); 
make advances (to). II. n. 1. The act of 
approaching; a coming nearer. 2. Nearness; 
approximation. 3. Opportunity, means, or 
way of approaching. 4. pi. Advances, as to 
acquaintance, etc. [< L. F ad, to, + propius. 
compar. of prope, near.]—ap-proach 'a-bl(e p , a. 
-ness, 7i. 


1: drtistic, Art; fat, f5re; fust; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, g6; net, 5r; full, rflle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prfiy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, dr, win, 








33 


appetite 

arbiter 


ap'pro-bate, 1 ap'ro-bet; 2 ap'ro-bat, vt. 
|-bat"ed 0 ; -bat"ing.] To pass with approval; 
sanction formally or officially. (< L. appro- 
batus, pp. of approbo; see approve.] 
ap"pro-ba'tion, 1 ap"ro-be'6han; 2 ap"ro-ba'- 
shon, n. The act of approving; approval; 
commendation.— ap'pro-ba"tlv(e 3 ,a. Express¬ 
ing or implying approbation.— ap'pro-ba"to-ry, 
a. Of the nature of or pertaining to approbation, 
ap-pro'pri-ate, 1 a-prd'pn-et; 2 a-pro'pri-at. 
I. vt. [-AT"ED d ;- at"ing.] 1. To set apart for 
a particular use. 2. To take for one’s own 
use. II. a. Suitable for or belonging to the 
person, circumstance, place, etc. I < L. l l ad, 
to, + proprlus, one s own.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ap-pro"pri-a'tion, 1 a-pro"pri-e'^han; 2 a- 
pro"pri-a'shon, n. An appropriating or 
something appropriated, 
ap-prove', 1 a-pruv'; 2 a-prov', v. [ap-proved'; 
ap-prov'ing.] I. t. 1. To regard as worthy, 
proper, or right; commend; sanction. 2. To 
show (oneself) worthy of approval. 3||. To 
prove by trial; test. II. i. To think with fa¬ 
vor : often with of. [< L.o F approbo, < ad, to, + 
probus, good.]— ap-prov'a-bl(e p , a. Worthy of 
approval.— ap-prov'al, n. Approbation; sanc¬ 
tion; commendation.— ap-prov'ing-ly, adv. 
ap-prox'i-mate, 1 a-preks'i-met; 2 a-proks'i- 
mat, v. [-MAT"ED d ;- mat"ing.| I. vt. &.vi. To 
approach or cause to approach closely with¬ 
out exact coincidence. II. 1 a-preks'i-mit; 
2 a-proks'i-mat, a. Nearly, but not exactly, 
accurate or complete; near. [ < L. LL ad, to, + 
proximus, superb of prope, near ]— ap-prox'i- 
mate-ly, adv.— ap-prox"i-ma'tion, n. The 
act or process of approximating; an approximate 
result.— ap-prox 'i-ma-tiv(e 3 , a. Obtained by 
or involving approximation; approximate.— ap¬ 
prox'1-ina-tlv (e-iy 3 , adv. 
ap-pur'te-nance, I a-pur'ti-nans; 2 a-phr'te- 
nanc, n. Something belonging or attached to 
something else as an accessory or adjunct. [ < 
OF. apertenance, < L. ad, to, + pertineo, per¬ 
tain.]— ap-pur'te-nant, a. Appertaining or 
belonging, as by right; accessory, 
a'pri-cot, 1 e'pri-kot or ap'ri-ket; 2 a'pri-eot or 
ap'ri-eot, n. A fruit intermedi¬ 
ate between the peach and the 
plum, or the tree that yields it. 

[< F. abncot.) 

A'pril, 1 e'pril; 2 a'pril, n. The 
lourth month. [< L. Aprills, < 
aperio, open ] 

a'pron, 1 e'pran or e'parn; 2 a'- . . 

pron or a'pern, n. A covering ^ 
to protect or adorn the front of a person’s 
clothes; an aprondike, adjustable covering 
on the front of a carriage. [ME. napron, < 
OF. naperon. A napron became an apron.] 
ap"ro-pos ', 1 ap"ro-p6'; 2 ap"ro-po'. I. a. Per¬ 
tinent; opportune. II. adv. 1. Pertinently; 
appropriately. 2. By the way. [ < F. a propos; 
d, to, + propos, purpose.]— apropos of, with 
reference to; as suggested by. 
apse, 1 aps; 2 aps, n. 1. A recess or termina¬ 
tion, as of a church, usually semicircular with 
a half dome. 2. The eastern end of a church. [ < 
L. apsis, arch, < Gr. hapsis, wheel, < hapto, 
fasten.] 

apt, 1 apt; 2 apt, a. 1. Having a tendency; 
liable; likely. 2. Quick to learn; skilful. 3. 
Pertinent; apposite. [ < L. aptus, pp. of apo, 
fasten.fit.]—apt'ly,a<fo.—apt'ness, n. Aptitude, 
ap'ti-tude, 1 ap'ti-tiud; 2 Sp'ti-tud, n. 1. 


Natural or acquired adaptation, bent, or 
tendency; fitness. 2. Quickness of under¬ 
standing; readiness; aptness. [F., < L. aptus, 
fit, fitted; see apt.] 
aq., abbr. [L.] Aqua (water), 
a'qua, 1 e'kwa; 2 a'kwa, n. Water. [L.]— aqua 
aminoniae, ammonia.— a. fortis, nitric acid.— 
a. pura, pure (Med. distilled) water.— a. vitae, 
distilled spirits. 

a"qua-ma-rine', 1 e"kwa-ma-rin'; 2 a"kwa- 
ma-rin', n. A sea*blue or sea*green variety of 
beryl. [< aqua + marine.] 
a-qua'ri-um, 1 a-kwe'ri-um; 2 a-kwa'ri-um, n. 
[-ri-ums or -ri-a, pi.] A tank or building for 
aquatic animals or plants. [L., < aqua, water.] 
a-quat'ic, 1 a-kwat'ik; 2 a-kwat'ie. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to, living, growing in, or adapted to 
the water. II. n. An aquatic animal or 
plant. [ < L. aqualicus, < aqua, water.] 
aq'ue-duct, 1 ak'wi-dukt; 2 ak'we-diict, n. A 
water*conduit for supplying a community 
froma distance. [ < L. aqua, water, + dwcfws.pipe.] 
a'que-ous, 1 e'kwi-us; 2 a'kwe-us, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to, made with, formed by, or containing 
water; watery. 

aq'ui-lin(e 3 , 1 ak'wi-lin or -lain; 2 ak'wi-lin or 
-lin, a. Of or like an eagle or an eagle’s beak; 
curving; hooked. [< L. aquila, eagle.] 
ar-, prefix. Euphonic form of ad-. See ad-. 

-ar 1 , suffix. Pertaining to; like; as, regular, singu¬ 
lar; also, the person or thing pertaining to; as, 
scholar. [ME. -er, < OF. -er, F. -aire, -ier, < 
L. -arts (in nouns -are) , used for -alls when pre¬ 
ceded by i.J 

-ar 2 , suffix. A form of -ary, -er: refashioned in 
imitation of -ar 1 ; as, vicar, ME. vicary, viker. 
-ar 3 , suffix. A form of -er: refashioned in imita¬ 
tion of -ar 2 ; as, beggar. 

Ar., abbr. Arab, Arabia, Arabian, Arabic.— ar., 
abbr. Argent, arrival, arrive, arrived.— A. R. A., 
abbr. Associate of the Royal Academy. 

Ar'ab, 1 ar'ab; 2 ar'ab, n. 1. One of the Arabi¬ 
an race; an Arabian horse. 2. [a-] A home¬ 
less street wanderer, especially a child. [Ar.] 
Arab., abbr. Arabia, Arabian; Arabic. 
ar"a-besque', 1 ar"a-besk'; 2 ar"a-b8sk', n. 
Art. 1. Fanciful grouping of animal* and 
plant*forms, etc., as in Roman and Renais¬ 
sance decoration. 2. Flat ornamentation em¬ 
ploying interlaced lines and curves, as in 
Arabian architecture. [< It, F yrabesco,< Arabo, 
Arab. ult. < Ar. Arab.] — ar"a-besque', a. 
A-ra'bi-a, 1 a-re'bi-a; 2 a-ra'bi-a, n. A country of 
S. W. Asia, between the Red Sea and the Persian 
Gulf; pop. 5,000,000.— A-ra'bi-an. I. a. Of or 
pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants. II. n. A 
native or naturalized inhabitant of Arabia. 
Ar'a-bic, 1 ar'a-bik; 2 ar'a-bie. I. a. Of or 
pertaining to Arabia, its people, language, etc. 
II. n. The language of the Arabians.— Arabic 
figures, the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. 
ar'a-bl(e p , 1 ar'a-bl; 2 iir'a-bl, a. Capable of 
being plowed or cultivated. [< L. arabilis, < 
aro, plow.] 

Ar'a-by, 1 ar'a-bi; 2 ar'a-by. [Archaic or Poet.] 
I. a. Arabian. II. n. Arabia. 

Ar'a-gon, 1 ar'a-gen; 2 ar'a-gbn, n. Former 
kingdom, N. E. Spain. 

Ar'al Sea, 1 ar'al; 2 ar'al. A salt inland sea in 
Russian Turkestan; 26,166 sq. m. 

Ar'a-rat, 1 ar'a-rat; 2 ar'a-rat, n. A mountain in 
Armenia; 16,969 ft.; traditional resting*place of 
Noah’s ark. Gen. viii, 4. 

ar'bi-ter, 1 dr'bi-tor; 2 ar'bi-ter, n. A chosen 
or appointed arbitrator or umpire; an abso- 



l:a = final; l = hablt^ aisle; an = out; ©II; IQ = feud; tfhin; go; o = siny; thin, this. 
2:wqlf, dp; book, boot; fyll, ryle, cure, but, bfirn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









arbitrament 

Ariadne 


34 


lute and final judge. [L., < ad, to, + bito, 
come.] 

ar-bit'ra-ment, 1 ar-bit'ra-ment or -ment; 2 
ar-bit'ra-ment, n. Decision by arbitration or 
by an arbiter. 

ar'bi-tra-ry, 1 ar'bi-tre-n; 2 ar'bi-tra-ry, a. 
Fixed, made, or done capriciously or at plea¬ 
sure; absolute; despotic.— ar'bl-tra-ri-ly, ade. 
ar 'bi-trate, 1 dr'bi-tret; 2 ar'bi-trat, v . [-trat"- 
ED d ; -trat'Tng.] I. t. To decide as arbitra¬ 
tor; settle by arbitration. II. i. To act as 
arbitrator; resort to arbitration. [ < L. arbitror, 
< arbiter, arbiter.]— ar"bi-tra'tion, n. The 
hearing and determining of a controversy by a 
person or persons mutually agreed upon by the 
parties. —ar'bi-tra"tor, n. 1. A person chosen 
by agreement of parties to decide a dispute be¬ 
tween them. 2. One empowered to decide a 
matter; an arbiter. 

ar-bit're-ment, n. Same as arbitrament. 
ar'bor 1 , 1 ar'ber; 2 ar'bor, n. 1. Bot. A tree. 
2. A spindle or axle. [< F. arbre, < L. arbor, 
tree.]— ar-bo're-al, a. Pertaining to a tree or 
trees; living or situated among trees.— ar-bo'- 
re-ous, a. Of the nature of or like a tree; 
forming a tree*trunk, as distinguished from a 
shrub.— ar"bo-res'cent, a. Treelike in char¬ 
acter, appearance, or size; branching.— ar"bo- 
res'cence, n. 

ar'bor 2 , n. A bower, as of latticework, sup¬ 
porting vines; a shaded walk or nook. [Orig. 
herber, < LL. OF herbarium, < herba, herb.] ar'- 
bourf [Eng.]. 

arbor., abbr. Arboriculture. 

ar"bo-re'tum, 1 dr"bo-rrtum; 2 ar"bo-re'tum, n. 

A botanical garden; tree»garden. [L.] 
ar"bor=vi'tae, 1 ar"ber»vdi'tl; 2 ar"bor*vi'te, n. An 
evergreen shrub or tree of the pine family. [L„ 
lit. tree of life.] [The Mayflower, 

ar-bu'tus, 1 ar-biu'tus; 2 ar-bu'tiis, n. Bot. 
arc, 1 ark; 2 are, n. 1. Part of the circumfer¬ 
ence of a circle; a bow; an arch. 2. Elec. The 
bow of flame occurring between two adjacent 
electrodes when connected with a powerful 
source of electricity. Such a bow forms the 
lighting agency in the arc light. [F., < L. arcus, 
bow.] 

Arc, Jeanne d*. Same as Joan of Arc. 
ar-ca<le', 1 ar-ked'; 2 ar-cad', n. A vaulted 
passagew r ay or roofed street; a range of pil¬ 
lared arches. [F., < It. areata, < L. arcus, arch. 
Ar-ca'di-a, 1 ar-ke'di-a; 2 ar-cS'di-a, n. A pic¬ 
turesque district of the Peloponnesus, Greece, 
the traditional home of pastoral poetry; hence, 
any ideally simple and rustic spot.— Ar-ea'dl- 
an, a. Pertaining to Arcadia; ideally rural or 
simple; pastoral, 
ar-ca'num, 1 ar-ke'num; 

2 ar-ea'num, n. [-na, 
pi.] An Inner secret or 
mystery. [L.] 
arch 1 , 1 ardh; 2 arch, v . 

I. t. To form into an 
arch; curve; span with 
an arch or arches. II. 
i. To form an arch or 
arches. 

arch, a. 1. Character¬ 
ized by merry and in¬ 
nocent cunning; rogu¬ 
ish; playfully sly; coy. 2. Most eminent; 
chief. [< Gr. archos, chief.] —arch'ly, adv. — 
arch'ness, n. 

arch, n. 1. A bowdike curve, structure, or 
object. 2. Arch. A structure supported at 



Round Arch. 

s p , spandre; k , keystone; 
p , pier. 


the sides or ends only, and formed of distinct 
pieces no one of which spans the opening. 
[ < F. arche, for arc, < L. arcus, bow.] 
arch-, prefix. 1. Chief; principal; as, arch* chan¬ 
cellor. 2. Very great; extreme; as, arc/t*knave. 
[ < Gr. archi-, arch-, < archos, chief.] 
arch., abbr. Archaic, archery, architecture.— 
arch., archt., abbr. Architect. 

Ar-chse'an, ) 1 ar-kl'an.-ke'an; 2 iir-ce'an, -c&'an, 
Ar-chai'an, S a. Geol. Pertaining to the oldest 
period or strata of geological history. [ < Gr. ar- 
chaios, ancient, < arche, beginning.] 
ar"chae-ol'o-gy, etc. See archeology, etc. 
ar-cha'ic, 1 ar-ke'ik; 2 ar-ca'ic, a. Belonging 
to a former period; going out of use; anti¬ 
quated. [ < Gr. archi, beginning.]— ar'cha-Ism, 
n. An archaic word, idiom, or expression, 
arcli-an'gel, 1 ark-en'jel; 2 arc-an'gel, n. An 
angel of highest rank; in Scriptural use, the 
archangel. 

arch"blsh 'op, 1 drdh"bi£h'ap; 2 arch"bish'op, n. 
The chief bishop of an ecclesiastical province. 
— arch"blsh'op-ric, n. The office and juris¬ 
diction of an archbishop. 

Archd., abbr. Archdeacon, Archduke. 
arch"dea'con, 1 drdh"dl'kn; 2 arch"de'cn, n. 
A high official in a diocese, subordinate to 
the bishop.— arch"dea'con-ate, arch"dea'- 
con-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] Eccl. The office or 
jurisdiction of an archdeacon. 
arch"di'o-cese, 1 drdh"dai'o-sis; 2 arch"dTo- 
ges, n. The diocese or jurisdiction of an arch¬ 
bishop. 

areh"duke', 1 ardh"diuk'; 2 arch"duk', n. 1. 
A prince of the house of Hapsburg or Haps- 
burg»Lorraine. 2. Formerly, one of several sov¬ 
ereigns in Europe.— arch"du'cal, a. — arch"- 
ducli'ess, n. 1. A daughter of the emperor of 
Austria. 2. The wife of an archduke.— arch"- 
duch'y, n. [-duch'ies 2 , pl.[ The territory or 
office of an archduke. aroh"duke'domt. 
Ar"chc-la'us, 1 dr"ki-16'us; 2 ar"ke-l&'us, n. Bib. 

Ruler of Judea, son and successor of Herod, 
archeol., abbr. Archeological, archeology. 
ar"che-ol'o-gy, )1 ar"ki-el'o-ji; 2ar"ee-bl'o- 
ar"chae-ol'o-gy, > gy, n. [-gies z , pf.] The 
science or study of history from relics and 
remains of antiquities. [ < Gr. archaios, ancient, 
+ -ology.] —ar"che-o-Iog'Ic, ar"che-o-log'I- 
oal, a. Pertaining to archeology; versed in an¬ 
tiquities.— ar"che-oI'o-glst, n. One who is de¬ 
voted to or skilled in archeology. [All deriva¬ 
tives are spelled also arolue-, etc.] 
arch'er, 1 ardh'ar; 2 iirch'er, n. One who uses 
the bow and arrow. [ < L. F arcus, bow.]— 
arch'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 1. The art or sport of 
shooting with the bow. 2. Archers collec¬ 
tively. 

ar'che-type, 1 ar'ki-taip; 2 ar'ce-typ, n. A 
primitive or standard pattern or model; a 
prototype. [< Gr. archetypon; see archi- and 
type.]— ar'che-ty"pal, a .— ar"che-typ'Ic or 
-i-cal, a. 

arch'fiend", 1 ardh'flnd"; 2 arch'fend", n. A 

chief fiend; the devil. 

archi-, prefix. Chief; primitive. See arch-. 
ar"chi-di-ac'o-nal, 1 dr"ki-dai-ak'o-n9l; 2 
ar"ci-d!-ac'o-nal, a. Pertaining to an arch¬ 
deacon. 

ar"chi-e-pis'co-pa-cy, 1 dr"ki-i-pis'ko-pa-si; 
2 ar"ci-e-pIs'co-pa-dy, n. [-cies z , pi.] The 
rank and rule of an archbishop.— ar"chi-e-pis'- 
co-pal, a. 

Ar"chi-me'des, 1 ar"ki-mrdlz; 2 ar"ei-me'de§, n. 
A Greek mathematician; born in Sicily (287?- 


1; artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh$t, all; me, get, prfiy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 




























35 


arbitrament 

Ariadne 


212 B.C.).—Ar"chi-me-de'an, a.—Archime¬ 
dean screw, a spiral conduit about an inclined 
axis, for raising liquid by rotation. 
ar"chi-pel'a-go, 1 fir"lu-pel'a-go; 2 ar"ci-pSl'- 
a-go, n. [-goes z or -gos z , 

•pi.] A sea studded with 
islands, or the islands col- 
lectively. .[< Gr. L+It 
archi see arch- + pelagos, 
sea.]—ar"chi-pe-lag'ic, a. 
ar'chi-tect, 1 fir'ki-tekt; 

2 ar'ei-t6ct, n. One who 
plans buildings, etc., and Archimedean Screw, 
directs their construction. [ < C.r. architekton, 
master=builder.]— ar"clii-tec-ton'ic, a. Per¬ 
taining to architecture; also, to the scientific 
classification of knowledge; constructive. 
ar'chi-tee"ture, 1 fir'ki-tek"dhur or -tiur; 2 
ar'ei-tec"chur or -tur, n. 1. The science and 
art of designing and constructing buildings or 
other structures. 2. A style or system of 
building. 3. Buildings, etc., collectively.— ar"- 
chi-tec'tur-al, a. -ly, adv. 
ar'chi-trave, 1 cir'ki-trev; 2 ar'ei-trav, n. Arch. 
1. A chief beam; that part of an entablature 
which rests upon the column*heads and supports 
the frieze. 2. A molded ornament, as of an 
arch. [F., < L. archi- + trabs, beams.] 
ar'chive, 1 fir'kaiv; 2 ar'civ, n. 1. pi. A de¬ 
pository for public documents; used mostly in 
the plural. 2. A public document or record. 
[< Gr. LL+F archeion, a public office, < archo, 
rule.] 

ar'chon, 1 flr'kon; 2 ar'eon, n. Gr. Hist. One of 
the chief magistrates of ancient Athens. [L„ 
< Gr. archon, < archo 1 rule.] 
arch'way", 1 arch'we"; 2 arch'wa", n. An 
arched entrance or passage, 
arc'tic, 1 drk'tilc; 2 arc'tie. I. a. Pertaining 
to, suitable for, or designating the north pole 
or the regions, etc., near it; far northern; cold; 
frigid. II. n. The arctic circle or regions. 
[< Gr. arktos, bear, the constellation.]— arctic 
circle, the imaginary circle, 23°27', that sepa¬ 
rates the north temperate from the north frigid 
zone.— A. ocean, the body of water surrounding 
the north pole; area, 5,541,630 sq. m. 
Arc-tu'rus, 1 ark-tiu'rus; 2 are-tu'rus, n. Astron. 

The principal star in the constellation Bootes, 
-ard, suffix. Used to form from adjectives personal 
nouns denoting the possession in a high degree 
of the quality denoted by the adjective; as, 
drunkard, - sometimes changed to -art, as in brag¬ 
gart. [ < F. -ard, < G. -hart, < hart, hard.] 
ar'den-cy, 1 fir'den-si; 2 ar'den-gy, n. The 
quality of being ardent; intensity; warmth. 
Ar"dennes', 1 dr"den'; 2 ar"den', n. A forest and 
hill country in S. E. Belgium, N. E. France, and 
Rhenish Prussia. y 

ar'dent, 1 ar'dent; 2 ar'dent, a. Vehement 
in emotion or action; passionate; intense; 
also, hot; burning. [< L.of ardeo, burn.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n .—ardent spirits, alcoholic dis¬ 
tilled liquors. 

ar'dor, 1 fir'dar; 2 ar'dor, n. 1. Warmth or in¬ 
tensity of passion or affection; eagerness; 
vehemence; zeal. 2. Great heht, as of fire, 
sun, or fever. [L., < ardeo, burn.] ar'dourf. 
ar'du-ous, 1 ar'ju-[or -diu-]us; 2 ar'ju-f or -du-]- 
iis, a. 1. Involving great labor, hardship, or 
difficulty; difficult. 2. Toiling strenuously; 
laborious. 3. Steep and lofty. [< L. arduus, 
steep.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
are, 1 ar; 2 ar, 1st, 2d (used as a singular or 
plural), & 3d per. pi. pres. ind. of be, v. 


are, 1 ar; 2 ar , n. A land=measure = 119.6 square 
yards. See metric system, under metric. [F., 
< L. area, area.] 

a're-a, 1 e'ri-a; 2 a're-a, n. 1. Any open space. 
2. A tract or portion of any surface. 3. Super¬ 
ficial extent. 4. A small sunken court in 
frontof a basement. [L., open space.]— a're-al, a. 
a-re'na, 1 a-ri'na; 2 a-re'na, n. The oval cen¬ 
tral space for contestants in a Roman amphi¬ 
theater; a sphere of action or contest. [L„ sandj 
A"re-op 'a-gus, 1 e"ri -[or ar"i-]ep'a-gus; 2 a"re- 
[or ar"e-]op'a-gus, n. A hill on which the highest 
court of ancient Athens held its sessions; hence, 
the_ court itself. [L„ < Gr. Areiopagos, < 
Ares, Mars, + pagos, hill.] 

A'res, 1 e'rlz; 2 a'reg, n. Gr. Myth. The Greek 
god of war; identified with the Roman Mars. 
Ar"e-thu'sa, 1 ar"i-fhiu'sa; 2 ar"e-thu'sa. n. 
Class. Myth. A nymph, guardian of the fountain 
bearing her name. 

arg., abbr. Argentum (L., silver), {Her.) argent, 
ar'gent, 1 fir'jent; 2 ar'gent, a. Like or made 
of silver; white; silvery. [< L. F argentum, silver.] 
— ar"gen-tif'er-ous, a. Silver=bearing. 
Ar'gen-tine Re-pub'lic, 1 ar'jen-tin; 2 ar'ggn- 
tin. A federal republic in South America; 

I, 153,119 sq. m.; pop. 8,533,330; capital, 
Buenos Aires. Ar"gen-ti'na.t 

ar"giI-la'ceous, 1 fir"ji-le'^hus; 2 ar"gi-la'- 
shus, a. Containing, consisting of, or like 
clay; clayey. 

Ar'give, 1 dr'jaiv or -gaiv; 2 ar'glv or -glv. I. a. 
Pertaining to Argos or Greece; Greek. II. n. 
An inhabitant of Argos; loosely, a Greek. 
Ar'go, 1 ar'go; 2 ar'go, n. Gr. Myth. The ship in 
which Jason and his companions, known as the 
Argonauts, sailed for the golden fleece, 
ar'gon, 1 fir'gen; 2 iir'gon, n. A gaseous con¬ 
stituent of the air, discovered in 1894. [< 
Gr. a- priv. -f ergon, work; from its inertness.] 
Ar"gonne', 1 fir"gen'; 2 ar"gon', n. A wooded 
plateau in E. France: scene of severe fighting 
between French and Germans, 1914 to 1917, and 
of German defeat by United States, 1918. 
Ar'gos, 1 ar'gos; 2 ar'gos, n. An ancient city of 
Greece; important architectural remains, 
ar'go-sy, 1 fir'go-si; 2 ar'go-sy, n. [-sies z , pi.] 
A large, richly laden ship, as formerly of 
Ragusa. [< It. Ragusea, < Ragusa, port in 
Dalmatia.] 

Arg. Rep., abbr. Argentine Republic, 
ar'gue, 1 fir'giu; 2 ar'gu, v. [ar'gued; ar'gu- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To urge reasons for or against; 
debate; discuss. 2. To influence (a person) 
by argument. 3. To prove; show; imply. 

II. i. To present arguments; contend in 
argument; reason. [ < L. arguo, show.] 

ar'gu-ment, 1 fir'giu-ment or -mant; 2 argu¬ 
ment, n. 1. A reason offered for or against 
something; something offered in proof; evi¬ 
dence. 2. A course of reasoning by the use 
of evidence; demonstration. 3. Logic. The 
middle term of a syllogism. 4. A contest in 
reasoning; debate; discussion. 5. The plot 
or gist of a work; a summary. [< L. argumen- 
tum, < arguo, prove.]— ar"gu-men-ta'tion, n. 
Debate, argument.— ar"gu-men'ta-tiv(es, a. 
Pertaining to argument; given to arguing. 
Ar'gus, 1 ar'gus; 2 ar'gus, n. Gr. Myth. A giant 
having a hundred eyes; killed by Hermes. 
Ar-gyll', 1 ar-gail'; 2 ar-gyl', n. A shire of 
W. Scotland; 3,213 sq. m.; pop. 76,856. 

Ari., Ariz. (official), abbr. Arizona. 

A"ri-ad'ne, 1 e"ri-ad'm; 2 a"ri-ad'ne, n. Class. 
Myth. Daughter of Minos, King of Crete, who 



l:d = final; l = habit; aisle; an = oat; ell; iu = feud; cfhin; go; r) = sine'; €hin, this. 
2:wQlf, dq; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bttrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 















ssg&i 

£sl$ 

£ 8 fP 

iiiming^ 

«nn«TO f ^ 




111 III JB] 

111 in m 
jnium 
to hi m 
hi in nr 




EXAMPLES OF ARCHITECTURE. 

1. Lake*dwellings (Malay). 2. Log»oabin. 3. Ann Hathaway's cottage, Stratford»on*Avon. England (Eliz¬ 
abethan). 4. Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople (Byzantine). 5. Pagoda, Shanghai (Chinese). 6. La 
Giralda, Spain (Moorish). 7. Eskimo ice*hut (igloo), showing interior. 8. Jumel Mansion, New York 
(Colonial). 9. Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico (Prehistoric American). 10. Parthenon, Athens (Greek). 
11. Taj Mahal, India (Moslem). 12. Chapel of St. John in the Tower of London, England (Norman). 13. 
A shrine (Japanese). 14. Reims Cathedral, France (Gothic). 15. Court of Temple of Edfou (Egyptian). 
16. Pantheon, Rome (Roman). 17. Doorway of the Palace of Fontainebleau, France (Renaissance). 18. 
Metropolitan Tower, New York (Modern American). 







































































































































37 


Arian 

arms 


guided Theseus out of her father’s labyrinth by 
means of a thread. 

A'ri-an 1 , 1 e'ri-an; 2 a'ri-an. I. a. Of or pertain¬ 
ing to Arius or Arianism. II. re. A believer in 
Arianism.—A 'ri-an-ism, re. The doctrines of 
Arius (4th century) and his followers, denying 
that Christ is of one substance with the Father. 
A'ri-an 2 , a. & re. -Ethnol. Same as Aryan. 

-arian, suffix. Used in forming adjectives and 
adjectival nouns denoting occupation, age, sect, 
etc.; as, predestinariare. [< L. -arius, -ary, + 
-anus, -an.] 

ar'itl, 1 ar'id; 2 ar'id, a. Parched with heat; 
dry; barren; profitless. [<L. aridus, < areo, be 
dry.]—a-rid'i-ty, re. [-ties 2 , pi.] The state or 
quality of being arid, ar'id-nessf. 

A'ri-el, 1 e'ri-el; 2 a'ri-el, re. 1. Myth. A spirit of 
the air or water. 2. In Shakespeare’s Tempest, 
a tricksy sprite, who aids Prospero. 

A'ri-es, 1 e'n-iz; 2 a'ri-eg, re. Astron. A constella¬ 
tion, the Ram; the first sign of the zodiac, 
a-rignt', 1 a-rait'; 2 a-rit', a. & adv. In a 
right way; correctly; rightly; exactly. 
Ar"I-ina-thae'a, 1 arT-ma-thi'a; 2 ar"i-ma-the'a, 
re. A town of ancient Palestine, 
a-rise', )1 a-raiz'; 2 a-rig', vi. [a-rose', 
a-rize' p , ) a-roze' p ; a-ris'en, a-riz'n p ; a-ris'- 
ing.] 1. To spring forth; appear; issue; orig¬ 
inate. 2. To get up; come up; rise; ascend. 
[< AS.; see a- 2 and rise.] 

Ar"is-ti'des, I arTs-tai'dlz; 2 ar"is-tf'de§, n. A 
Greek statesman and general; surnamed “the 
Just.” 

ar"is-toc 'ra-cy, 1 arTs-tok'ra-si; 2 ar"is-toc'- 
ra-gy, re. [-cies z , pi.] 1. A hereditary nobili¬ 
ty; the chief persons of a country. 2. Gov¬ 
ernment by a hereditary nobility. [< Gr. 
aristos, best. + krated, rule.]—ar-is'to-crat, re. 
A member of an aristocracy; a proud and exclu¬ 
sive person.—ar"is-to-crat'ic, a. Pertaining to 
aristocracy; oligarchic; haughty, -i-calf. 
Ar"is-topli'a-nes, 1 ar'Ts-tef'a-niz; 2 ar"is-tof'a- 
neg, re. A Greek poet and dramatist (4447-380? 
B.C.). 

Ar'is-tot-Ie, 1 ar'is-tet-1; 2 ar'is-tdt-l, re. A 
Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.); pupil of Plato. 
—Ar"is-to-te'li-an, a. & re. 
arith., abbr. Arithmetic, arithmetical. • 
a-ritfa'me-tic, 1 a-rith'mi-tik; 2 a-rith'me- 
tie, re. The science of numbers and computa¬ 
tion, or a treatise upon it. [ < L. arithmetica, < 
Gr. arilhmos, number.]—ar"ith-met'i-cal, a .— 
a-rith"me-ti'cian, re. One who uses or is 
skilled in arithmetic. 

-arium, suffix. A termination forming nouns 
denoting a place for (as, aquanrem), or that 
which confers or is connected with. [L., neut. 
of -arius; see -ary.] [See Arian 1 . 

A-ri'us, 1 a-rai'us or e'ri-us; 2 a-ri'us or a'ri-us, re. 
Ar"I-zo'na, 1 ar"i-zo'na; 2 ar"i-zo'na, re. A S. W. 
State of the United States; 113,810sq. m.; pop. 
333,903; capital, Phoenix, 
ark, 1 ark; 2 ark, re. 1. Script. (1) The ship of 
Noah {Gen. vi, 14-22). (2) The chest'con¬ 

taining the tables of the law {Ex. xxv, 10, 
etc.). (3) The papyrus cradle of Moses {Ex. 
ii, 3). 2. A flat-bottomed freight-boat or 

scow. [ < AS. arc, < L. area, chest.] 

Ark., abbr. Arkansas (official). 

Ar'kan-sas, 1 ar'kan-se; 2 ar'kan-sa, re. A State 
of the S. central United States; 52,525 sq. m.; 
pop. 1,752,204; capital, Little Rock. 

Ark'wrlght, 1 Srk'rait; 2 ark'rit, Sir Richard 
(1732-1792). An English cotton-manufac- 
turer; inventor of the spinning-machine, 
arm, 1 arm; 2 arm, v. I. t. To provide with 


arms or armor; fortify. II. i. To have or take 
arms. [ < L. armo, arm, < arma, weapons.] 
arm 1 , re. The upper limb of the human body; 
fore limb of a vertebrate; an arm-like part 
or branch. [< AS. arm.]—arm'hole", re. An 
opening for the arm in a garment.—arm'pit", 
re. The cavity under the arm. 
arm 2 , re. 1. A weapon. 2. A distinct branch of 
the military service. See arms. I Armor. 

Arm., abbr. Armenian, Armoric.—arm., abbr. 
ar-ma'da, 1 ar-me'da or -rnd'da; 2 ar-ma'da or 
-ma'da, re. A fleet of war-vessels. [Sp.] — 
Invincible Armada, the Spanish fleet sent 
against England in 1588, which was defeated. 
ar"ma-dil'lo, 1 ar"m8-dil'o; 2 ar"ma-dil'o, re. 
An American mammal 
having an armor-like 
covering. [Sp.] 

Ar"ma-ged'don, 1 dama¬ 
ged'an; 2 ar"ma-ged'on, 
re. Bib. The plain of 
Esdraelon; scene of many 
battles; hence, the pro¬ 
phetic scene of the great 
battle at the end of the 
world. Rev. xvi, 16. 
ar'ma-ment, 1 dr'ma-ment or -mant; 2 ar'ma- 
ment, re. 1. A land or naval force. 2. The 
guns and munitions of a fortification or vessel, 
ar'ma-ture, 1 ar'ma-dhur or -tiur; 2 ar'ma- 
chur or -tur, re. 1. A piece of soft iron joining 
the poles of a magnet; specifically, in a dyna¬ 
mo or electric motor, the rotary laminated 
iron core carrying the coils of insulated wire 
to be moved through the field. 2. Armor; a 
set of organs. [ < L. p armo, arm.] 

Ar-me'ni-a, 1 ar-ml'ni-a; 2 ar-me'ni-a, re. A 
mountainous table-land in N. E. Asia Minor; 
scene of Turkish massacre of Christians, 1914-15. 
—Ar-me'ni-an, a. & re. 

Ar"men"tieres', 1 ar"man"tyar'; 2 ar"man / 'tyer', 
re. A town in N. France; captured by Germans, 
April, 1918; recovered by Allies, July, 1918. 
arm'ful, 1 arm'ful; 2 arm'ful, re. That which 
is held, or can be held, in the arm or arms. 
Ar-min'i-us, 1 ar-min'i-us; 2 ar-min'i-us, re. 
Jacobus (1560-1609), a Dutch Protestant theo¬ 
logian.—Ar-min 'i-an-lsm, re. The doctrines of 
Arminius and his followers, opposed to Calvinism 
chiefly as holding a less rigorous view of the 
divine sovereignty.—Ar-min'i-an, a. & re. 
ar-mip'o-tent, 1 ar-mip'o-tent; 2 ar-mlp'o-tgnt, 
a. [Rare.] Mighty in arms. [< L. armipoten{t-)s, 
<arma. arms, + poten(t-)s, powerful.] 
ar'ini-stice, ) 1 dr'mi-stis; 2 ar'mi-stig, re. Mil. 
ar'mi-stis«, ) A temporary cessation, by mu¬ 
tual agreement, of hostilities; a truce. [< L. p 
mma, arms, + sto, stand.] 
arm'let,, 1 arm'let; 2 arm'let, re. A little arm; 

an ornamental band or armor for the arm. 
ar'mor, 1 ar'mer; 2 ar'mor. I. vt. & vi. To 
furnish with or put on armor. II. re. A de¬ 
fensive covering, as of mail or of metallic 
plates, for a war-vessel, a diver’s suit, etc. 
[< L. p armatura, armor.]—ar'mor-er, re. A 
maker, repairer, or custodian of arms or armor. 
—ar-mo'ri-al, a. Pertaining to heraldry or 
heraldic arms.—ar'mo-ry, re. [-riesz, pi.] A 
place for the safe-keeping of arms, the assem¬ 
bling of troops, etc. 
ar'mour, etc. Same as armor, etc. 
arm'pit, re. See arm 1 , re. 

arms, 1 armz; 2 armg, re. pi. 1. Weapons of 
offense, collectively; also, formerly, armor. 
2. The military service; war as a profession. 



l*a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = oret; ell; Iu = fered; ifhin; go; I) = si ng; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, this. 










army 

ascribe 


38 


3. The official insignia or device of a state, 
person, or family. [ < L. F arma, weapons.] 
ar'my, 1 dr'mi; 2 ar'my, n. [ar'mies z , pi] A 
large organized body of men armed for mili¬ 
tary service on land. [ < F. armee, < L. armo, 
arm.]— ar'my*worm", n. The larva of a moth 
which moves at times in vast destructive hosts, 
ar'ni-ca, 1 ar'm-ka; 2 ar'ni-ca, n. I. A herb 
(genus Arnica) of the aster family. 2. An exter¬ 
nal remedy, for sprains and bruises, made from 
this herb. 

Ar'nold, 1 dr'nsld; 2 ar'nold, n. 1. Benedict 
(1741-1801) an American general; traitor in 
the Revolutionary war. 2. Matthew' (1822- 
1888), an English essayist, poet, 
a-roint', 1 a-reint';2a-roint',w. [Archaicor Poet.] 
To betake out of the way; in the imperative, with 
reflexive thee or ye, avaunt! begone! a-roynt'f. 
a-ro'ma, 1 e-ro'ma; 2 a-ro'ma, n. [-mas z or 
-ma-ta, 1 -ma-ta; 2 -ma-ta, pi] Fragrance, as 
from plants; agreeable odor. [ < Gr. L aroma, 
spice.] —ar"o-mat'ic. I. a. Having an aroma; 
fragrant; spicy. ar"o-mat'i-calJ. II. ». An 
aromatic substance. 

A-roos'took, 1 a-rus'tuk; 2 a-roos'took, n. A riv¬ 
er (length 140 m.) and county (6,453 sq. m.; pop. 
81,730) in N. Maine, 
a-rose', imp. of arise, v. 

a-round', 1 a-raund'; 2 a-round'. I. adv. 1. 
So as to encompass or encircle all sides; in 
various directions. 2. So as to face the oppo¬ 
site way or different ways successively. 3. 
From place to place; here and there. II. prep. 
On all or various sides of; about. [< A- 1 + 
ROUND.] 

a-rouse', 1 a-rauz'; 2 a-roug', vt. [a-roused'; 
a-rous'ing.] To awaken; excite; animate; 
rouse.— a-rous'al, ». An arousing; awakening, 
a-row', 1 a-ro'; 2 a-ro', adv. [Poet.] In a row. 
ar'que-bus, n. See harquebus, ar'que-busej. 
arr., abbr. Arrival, arrive, arrived, arrives, 
ar'rack, 1 ar'ak; 2 ar'ak, n. A strong Oriental 
liquor distilled from the juice of the coco-palm, 
etc.; hence, any distilled liquor. [ < Ar. ‘araq, < 
‘araqa, sweat.] 

ar-raign', 1 a-ren'; 2 a-ran', vt. 1. Law. To 
call into court and cause to answer to an in¬ 
dictment. 2. In general, to accuse. [ < L.° F ad, 
to, + ratio(n-), reason.] —ar-raign'ment, n. 
The act of arraigning; accusation, 
ar-range', 1 a-renj'; 2 a-rang', v. [ar-ranged'; 
ar-rang'ing.] I. t. To put in definite or 
proper order; agree upon the details of, as a 
plan; adjust; adapt. II. i. To make prepa¬ 
rations; make an agreement or settlement. [ < F. 
a, to, + ranger, range.] —ar-range'men t, n. 

1. An arranging or that which is arranged; dis¬ 

position; order. 2. A preparation, measure, or 
plan. 3. Settlement, as of a dispute; adj ustment. 

ar'rant, 1 ar'ant; 2 iir'ant, a. Notoriously 
bad; unmitigated. [Var. of errant ] 

Ar"ras', 1 a'ras'; 2 a"ras', n. A city of N. E. 
France, where the French beat back the Germans, 
April, 1917. 2. [a-] Tapestry formerly made there, 
ar-ray', 1 a-re'; 2 : v i-ra'. • I. vt. 1. To draw up 
in order of battle; marshal; set in order. 2. 
To clothe; dress. II. n. 1. Regular or proper 
order; arrangement, as for battle, display, etc. 

2. The persons or things arrayed; a military 
force. 3. Clothing; dress. [< OF. areyer, < a, 
to, + rei, order.] 

ar-rear', 1 a-rlr'; 2 a-rer', n. A part, as of a 
debt, overdue and unpaid: commonly in the 
plural. [ < F. arrUre, < L. ad, to, + retro, back¬ 
ward, < re-, back.]— ar-rear'age, n. Arrears. 


ar-rest' d , 1 a-rest'; 2 a-rest'. I. vt. 1. To stop 
suddenly; check. 2. To take into custody. 

3. To attract and fix; engage. II. n. An ar¬ 
resting; a stop, check, or stay; seizure by le¬ 
gal authority. [ < L.of ad, to, -f reslo, remain.] 
ar-rive', 1 a-raiv'; 2 a-riv', vi. [ar-rived'; ar¬ 
riving.] To reach or come to a destination, 
place, conclusion, or result; come. [ < F. arriver , 

< L. ad, to, + ripa, shore.]— ar-ri'val, n. 1. 
The act of arriving. 2. One who or that which 
arrives or has arrived. 

ar'ro-gance, 1 ar'o-gans; 2 Sr'o-ganc, n. The 
quality of being arrogant; haughtiness, ar'- 

ro-gan-cyj. 

ar'ro-gant, 1 ar'o-gant; 2 Sr'o-gant, a. Hav¬ 
ing or showing excessive pride; supercilious; 
overbearing; haughty.— ar'ro-gaut-Iy, adv. 
ar'ro-gate, 1 ar'o-get; 2 ar'o-gfit, vt. [-GAT"ED d ; 
-gat"ing.] To take, demand, or claim unrea¬ 
sonably or presumptuously; assume; usurp. 
[< L. ad, to, + rogo, ask.]— ar"ro-ga'tion, n. 
The act of arrogating; unwarrantable assumption, 
ar'row, 1 ar'o; 2 iir'o, n. A long, slender shaft 
w ith pointed head, to 
be shot from a bow. 

[ < AS. arewe, arh, ar¬ 
row.]— ar'row* head", 
n. The sharp-pointed 
head of an arrow'.— 
ar'row-y, a. Like an 
arrow; swift; sharp; di¬ 
rect; also consisting of 
arrows. 

ar'row-root", l_ar'o- Indian Arrow-heads, 
rut"; 2 ar'o-root", n. A nutritious starch 
obtained from a tropical American plant; 
also, the plant. 

A. R. S. A., abbr. Associate of the Royal Scottish 
Academy, Associate of the Royal Society of Arts, 
ar'se-nal, 1 ar'si-nal; 2 iir'se-nal, n. A public 
repository or manufactory of arms and muni¬ 
tions of war. [< Ar. 8P d&r»ac»ci‘na‘ah, work¬ 
shop.] _ 

ar'se-nic, 1 ar'si-nik; 2 ar'se-nlc, n. A vola¬ 
tile chemical element; also, a white, tasteless, 
poisonous compound of this element with 
oxygen, arsenic trioxid. [ < Gr. L+F arsenilon, < 
arsSn, male.]—ar-so'nl-ous, a. 

A. R. S. L., abbr. Associate of the Royal Society 
of Literature. 

ar'son, 1 ar'san; 2 iir'son, n. The malicious 
burning of a dwelling or other structure. [OF., 

< ardoir, < L. ardeo, burn.] 

A. R. S. S., abbr. [L.] Antiquariorum Regise 
Socieiatis Socius (Fellow of the Royal Society of 
Antiquaries). 

art, 1 art; 2 art, 2d per. sing. pres. ind. of be, v. 
art, n. 1. Skill in attaining some practical 
result; also, a system of rules for its attain¬ 
ment; dexterity; facility; a branch of practi¬ 
cal learning. 2. The embodiment of beauti¬ 
ful thought in sensuous forms; also, the works 
thus produced, collectively, the principles in¬ 
volved, or the artistic skill required in their 
construction. 3. Craft; cunning. 4. An or¬ 
ganized body of trained craftsmen; a gild. 
[< L.f ar(t-)s, skill.]— fine arts, the arts of 
beauty, as painting, sculpture, music, and poetry, 
art,, abbr. Article, artillery. 

Ar"tax-erx'es, 1 dr"tag-zurk'slz; 2 ar'tag-zerk'- 
s6§, n. A Persian king (405-362 B.C.). 
Ar'te-mls, 1 fir'ti-mis; 2 ar'te-mls, n. Gr. Myth. 
Goddess of the chase and of the moon; sister of 
Apollo; the Roman Diana. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police: obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn? 
2: art, ape, fat, lare, last, wnsjt, ad; get. PHfy. fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, dr, w6n* 








39 


army 

ascribe 


ar'ter-y, 1 ar'tar-i; 2 ar'ter-y, n . [-ies z , pi .] 
One of the muscular tubular vessels which 
convey blood away from the heart; any great 
channel. [< Gr. L arleria, prob. < aird, raise.]— 
ar-te'ri-al, a. Pertaining to, contained in, or 
like the arteries or an artery.—ar-te'ri-al-ize, 
vt. To change (venous blood) to arterial blood. 
—ar-te"ri-o-scle-ro'sis, n . See sclerosis. 
Ar-te'sian, 1 ar-tl'3en; 2 ar-te'zhan, a. Of or 
pertaining to Artois, France, or a kind of 
well originating there.—Artesian well, a well 
bored down to a depth where the water*pressure 
is so great as to force the water out at the surface, 
art'ful, 1 art'iul; 2 art'ful, a. 1. Crafty; cun¬ 
ning; tricky. 2. Artificial. 3. Skilful; inge¬ 
nious.—art'ful-ly, adv. —art'ful-ness, n . 
Ar-throp'o-da, 1 ar-threp'o-de; 2 ar-throp'o-da, 
n. pi. Zool. A subkingdom of animals, including 
invertebrates with jointed legs, as insects, spi¬ 
ders, and crabs. [ < Gr. arthron, joint, + pous 
(pod-), foot.]— ar'thro-pod, a. & n. 

Ar'thur, 1 nr'thur; 2 iir'thur, n. A British chief¬ 
tain of the 6th century; killed in battle with the 
Saxons; he and his knights form the subject of 
much mythical romance.—Ar-thu'rl-an, a. 
ar'ti-choke, 1 ar'ti-dhok; 2 ar'ti-chok, n. A 
thistle=like garden plant or its edible head. 
ar'ti-cl(e p , 1 ar'ti-kl; 2 ar'ti-cl. I. vt. [-cled; 
-cling.] To bind by or set forth in articles. 
II. n. 1. A particular thing; a definite part, 
item, or point. 2. A brief composition; essay; 
paper. 3. A single proposition of a series. 4. 
One of a class of limiting adjectives, as, a, an, 
and the. [ < L. articulus, dim. of artus, joint.] 
ar-tic'u-Iar, 1 ar-tik'yu-lar; 2 ar-tic'yy-lar, a. 

Pertaining to an articulation or joint. 
Ar-tic"u-la'ta, 1 ar-tik"yu-le'ta; 2 ar-tlc' , 'yu- 
la'ta, n. pi. Zool. A subkingdom of animals, 
originally embracing all with a segmented body, 
as arthropods and worms, 
ar-tic'u-late, 1 ar-tik'yu-let; 2 ar-tic'yu-lat, v. 
[-LAT r/ ED d ; -lat"ing.] I. t. 1. To utter artic¬ 
ulately; pronounce; enunciate. 2. To joint 
together. II. i. 1. To utter articulate 
sounds. 2. To unite by joints.—ar-tic"u-la'- 
tion, n. 1. The utterance of articulate sounds; 
enunciation; distinct utterance; an articulate 
sound. 2. A jointing, or being jointed, together; 
joint. 

ar-tic'u-late, 1 ar-tik'yu-lit; 2 ar-tic'yu-lat, a. 
1. Divided into consecutive syllables; united 
toformspeech. 2. Clear; distinct. 3. Joint¬ 
ed; segmented.—ar-tic'u-Iate-ly, adv. 1. By 
joints. 2. By articles. 3. With articulate sounds; 
distinctly. 

ar-tic'u-late, n. An invertebrate animal with 
segmented body; one of the Arliculata. [< L. 
articulus; see article.] 

ar'ti-fice, ) 1 ar'ti-fis; 2 ar'ti-fiQ, n. Subtle or 
ar'ti-fisa, £ deceptive art; trickery; strategy; 
stratagem; maneuver. [< L. ar(t-)s, art, + 
facio, make.] 

ar-tif'i-cer, 1 ar-tif'i-sar; 2 ar-tif'i-Qer, n. A 
skilful handicraftsman; also, an inventor or 
contriver. 

ar"ti-fi'cial, 1 ar"ti-fi£h'al; 2 ar"ti-fish'al, a. 
1. Produced by art rather than by nature. 2. 
Not genuine or natural; affected. 3. Not per¬ 
taining to the essence of a matter.— ar"ti-fi"ci- 
al'i-ty, n. [-ties, 1 tiz; 2 ti§, pi.]— ar"ti-fi'- 
clal-ly, adv. 

ar-til'ler-y, 1 ar-til'ar-i; 2 ar-til'er-y, n. 1. 
Cannon, or that branch of military service 
which operates it. 2. Engines or implements 
of ancient warfare. [ < F. artillerie, < OF. artil- 


ler, fortify.] — ar-til'Ier-ist, n. — ar-til'ler-y- 
man, n. [-men, pi.] 

art'ist, 1 art'ist; 2 art'ist, n. 1. One who is 
skilled in art or who makes a profession of 
any of the fine arts. 2. One who works artis¬ 
tically. [< F. artiste, < L. ar(t-)s, art.]— ar- 
tis'tic, ar-tis'ti-cal, a. Of or pertaining to art 
or artists; conformable to the principles of art; 
tastefully executed.— ar-tis'ti-cal-ly, adv. In 
an artistic manner; from an artistic point of 
view. 

ar'ti-zan, ) 1 ar'ti-zan; 2 ar'ti-zan, n. A 
ar'ti-san, (trained workman; superior me¬ 
chanic. [F., < It. arligiano.] 
art'less, 1 art'les; 2 art'les, a. 1. Without 
craft or deceit; unaffected; ingenuous. 2. 
Without artistic skilLor taste, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
-ary, suffix. Denoting in nouns, persons, things, 
or places; as, a notary, library; also used to form 
adjectives; as, primary. [< L. -arius: confused 
often with -arts.] 

Ar'yan, 1 ar'yan; 2 ar'yan. I. a. Of or per¬ 
taining to the Aryans. II. n. One of the 
primitive peoples of central Asia or of any of 
the races descended from them; the Aryan 
languages, also known as Indo-European and 
Indo-Germanic. [ < Sans, arya, noble.] 
as, 1 az; 2 a§, adv. & conj. Like; for instance; in 
the character or under the name of; when; be¬ 
cause; since. [< AS. eal swa, entirely so.] 

A. S., abbr. Academy of Science.—A.=S., abbr. 

Anglo*Saxon.—As., abbr. Arsenic, Asia, Asiatic. 
as"a-fet'i-da, 1 as''a-fet'i-da; 2 as"a-let'i-da, n. 
A fetid drug prepared from the juice of cer¬ 
tain plants of the parsley family. [< Per. dza, 
mastic, + L. fcetidus; see fetid.] 
as-bes'tos, 1 as-bes'tas; 2 as-bes'tos, n. A 
fibrous fire=proof mineral. [< Gr. L a- priv. + 
sbennymi, extinguish.] 

as-cend' d , 1 a-send'; 2 a-send', vt. & vi. To go 
or move upward on; move or slope upward; 
mount; climb; rise. [< L. ad, to, + scando, 
climb.]— as-cend'a-bl(e p or -l-bl(e p , a. 
as-cen'den-cy, ) 1 a-sen'den-si, -dan-si; 2 a- 
as-cen'dan-cy, ( ggn'den-gy, -dan-Qy, n. Para¬ 
mount influence; domination; sway, as-cen'- 
dancef. 

as-cen'dent, ) 1 a-sen'dent, -dant; 2 a-gen'- 
as-cen'dant, ( dent, -dant. I. a. 1. Ascend¬ 
ing; rising; coming to or above the horizon. 
2. Superior; dominant. II. n. Preeminence; 
domination. 

as-cen'sion, 1 a-sen'^han; 2 a-gen'shon, n. 1. 
The act of ascending. 2. [A-] Christ’s visible 
ascent from the earth; also, Ascension day 
(the 40th day after Easter), 
as-eent', 1 a-sent'; 2 a-Qent', n. The act of 
ascending; a rising, soaring, or climbing; pro¬ 
motion; a way of ascending; an acclivity. 
as"cer-tain', 1 as"ar-ten'; 2 as"er-tan', vt. To 
learn with certainty about; find out; make 
certain; determine; define. [< OF. a, to, + cer¬ 
tain; see certain.] — as"cer-tain'a-bl(e p , a. 
as-cet'ic, 1 a-set'ik; 2 a-get'ic. I. a. Practis¬ 
ing extreme abstinence and devotion; severely 
self=denying. II. n. One excessively austere 
and self=denying; a hermit; recluse. [< Gr. 
asketikos, < asked, exercise.]— as-cet'i-cal-ly, 
adv. — as-cet'l-cism, n. Ascetic belief and con¬ 
duct. 

a-scribe', l.e-skraib';'2 a-serib', vt. [a-scribed'; 
a-scrib'ing.] To refer, as to a cause or 
source; attribute; impute; assign. [< L. ad, to, 
-(- scribo, write.]— a-scri'ba-bl(e p , a.— a-scrlp'- 


l*a = final- 1 = habit; aisle; ail = out; oil; iu = feud; <fhin; ro; n = sing; thin, this. 
2:wplf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil. boy; Ro, gem; ink; thin, this. 





aseptic 

associate 


40 



Ash. 

1. Tree. 2. Leaflet. 

[ < AS. sesce.] 


tion, n. The act of ascribing; an expression 
ascribing, or that which is ascribed, 
a-sep'tie, 1 e-sep'tik; 2 a-sgp'tie, a. Exempt 
from septic or blood-poisoning conditions; 
free from disease-germs or tendency to putre¬ 
faction. [< a- 14 + septic.]— a-sep'tl-cism, n. 
—a-sep'ti-cize, vt. 

a-sex'u-al, 1 e-seks'yu-al; 2 a-seks'yu-al, a. 
Having no sex; without sexual agency. [ < a- 14 
+ sexual.] —a-sex'u-al-Iy, adv. 
ash 1 , 1 ash; 2 ash, n. A forest tree of the olive 
family or its light, 
tough, elastic 
wood. [ < AS. 
xsc.] 

ash 2 , n. 1. The 
powdery residue 
of a substance 
that has been 
burnt: usually 
in the plural. 2. 
pi. Remains of 
the dead, or of 
perished hopes, plans, etc. 
a-shamed', 1 a-^hemd'; 2 a-shamd', a. 
Feeling shame; confused by consciousness of 
fault or impropriety; abashed. 2. Deterred 
by fear of shame: followed by an infinitive. 
A-shan'ti, 1 a-ghan'ti; 2 a-shan'ti, n. 1. A West 
African kingdom; British protectorate since 
1901; pop. 288,000. 2. A native of Ashanti. 
ash'en 1 , 1 a^h'n; 2 ash'n, a. Pertaining to or 
made of the ash. 

ash 'en 2 , a. Of, pertaining to, or like ashes; pale, 
ash'es. 1 a^h'ez; 2 &sh'es, n. Plural of ash 2 , n. 
ash'lar, ) 1 asTi'lar; 2 ash'lar, n. Masonry. 1. 
ash'ler, $A block of stone. 2. A squared 
stone. 3. Mason-work of squared stones. [< 
L. OF axillaris, < axilla, dim. of axis, board.] 
a-shore', 1 a-^hor'; 2 a-shor', adv. To or on 
the shore; on land; aground; not at sea. 

Ash Wednesday. The first day of Lent, 
ash'y, 1 ash'i; 2 ash'y, [ash'i-er; ash'i-est.] 
Of, pertaining to, or like ashes; ash-covered; 
ash-colored; ashen. 

A'sia, 1 e'fffia; 2 a'sha, n. The largest continent 
(17,255,890 sq. m.; pop. 850,955,000). — Asia 
Minor. The peninsula of S. W. Asia, from the 
Black Sea to Arabia; 194,389 sq. m.; chief city, 
Smyrna.— A'sian, a. — A"si-at'ic, a. & n. 
a-side', 1 a-said'; 2 a-sid'. 1. n. Something 
said or done aside. II. adv. 1. On or to one 
side; away; off; apart. 2. So as not to be 
overheard, actually or apparently. [< a - 1 + 
side.] — to set aside (.Law), to annul, 
as'i-nine, 1 as'i-nin or -nain; 2 iis'i-nin or -nln, 
a. Pertaining to or like an ass; stupid; silly. 
[< L. asinus, ass.]— as"i-nin'i-ty, n. 
ask 1 , 1 ask; 2 ask, v. I. t. 1. To make a re¬ 
quest for or of; solicit; demand; claim. 2. To 
put questions to or about. 3. To invite. II. 
i. 1. To make request; petition. 2. To make 
inquiries; inquire. [< AS. dscian, ask.] 
a-skance', 1 a-skans'; 2 a-skang', adv. With a 
side glance; sidewise; disdainfully; distrust¬ 
fully. [< a - 1 -stance.] a-skant'f. 
a-skew', 1 e-skiu'; 2 a-sku', a. & adv. In an 
oblique position or manner; awry; askance, 
a-slant', 1 e-slant'; 2 a-slant'. I. a. & adv. In 
a slanting direction or position; oblique; ob¬ 
liquely. II. prep. Across or over in a slant¬ 
ing direction or position; athwart, 
a-sleep', 1 e-sllp'; 2 a-slep', a. & adv. In or 



into a state of sleep; dormant; dead; be¬ 
numbed. 

a-slope', 1 e-slop'; 2 a-slop', a. & adv. In a 
sloping position. 

asp, 1 asp; 2 asp, n. A venomous serpent, as 
the European viper. [ < Gr. L aspi(d-)s, viper.] 
as-par'a-gus, 1 as-par'e-gus; 2 as-par'a-gus, n. 
The edible shoots of a plant of the lily family; 
also, the plant. [L., < Per. GB asparag, sprout.] 
as'pect, 1 as'pekt; 2 as'pSct, n. 1. Appearance 
or expression; mien; look. 2. A view or 
phase. 3. A given side or surface; exposure; 
outlook. [ < L. ad, to, + specio, look.] 
asp'en, 1 asp'n; 2 asp'n. I. a. Of or pertain¬ 
ing to the aspen; 
hence, shaking; Jjjjk 

tremulous. II. 
n. A poplar 
with tremulous CaSrer si) 
leaves, of North 
America or of 
Europe. [< AS. 
sesp.) 

as-per'i-ty, 1 as- 

per'i-ti; 2 as- 
p 6 r ' i-1 y , n. 

[-TIES 2 , pi.] 

Roughness or 
harshness, as of Aspen, 

temper ; also, “> branch : h > c, tree, 

hardship; difficulty. [< L. asper, rough.] 
as-perse', 1 as-purs'; 2 Ss-pers', vt. [as¬ 
persed' 1 , as-perst' 3 ; as-pers'ing.] 1. To 
censure harshly and falsely; slander. 2. To 
besprinkle or bespatter. [< L. ad, to, + spargo, 
sprinkle.]—as-per 'sion, n. 1. Slander; a slan¬ 
derous report or charge. 2. Sprinkling, 
as'phalt, i 1 as'falt; 2 as'falt, n. 1. Mineral 
as'falt p , ) pitch; hard bitumen. 2. A bitu¬ 
minous composition for pavements, etc. [< Gr. 
asphaltos.] as-phal'tumf.—as-phal'tlc, a. 
as'pho-del, 1 as'fo-del; 2 Ss'fo-dSl, n. A 
white-flowered plant of the lily family; the 
flower of the dead in Greek mythology. [ < Gr. 
asphodelos, king’s spear.] 

as-pliyx'i-a, (1 as-fiks'i-a; 2 &s-fyks'i-a, n. 
as-fyx'i-a p , ) Suffocation. [< Gr. a- priv. + 
sphyzi.), beat.]—as-phyx'i-ate, vt . [-at*’ed <1 ; 
-at"ing.] To suffocate.—as-phyx"i-a'tion, n. 
as'pic, 1 as'pik; 2 as pic, n. [F.] 1. A savory jelly 
containing meats, eggs, etc. 2. The spike- 
lavender. 3. The asp. 

as-pir'ant, 1 as-pair'ant; 2 as-pir'ant. I. a. 
Aspiring. II. n. One who aspires; a seeker 
for honors or place; a candidate, 
as'pi-rate, 1 as'pi-ret; 2 as'pi-rat. I. vt. [-rat"- 
ED d ; -rat"ing.] 1. To utter with a breathing 
or as if preceded by the letter h. 2. To draw 
out, as gas, by suction. II. o. Uttered with 
an aspirate or strong h sound, as'pi-rat"- 
ed*. III. n. The letter h, or its sound. 
[ < L. aspiro; see aspire.] 

as"pi-ra'tion, 1 as"pi-re'^han; 2 as"pi-ra'- 
shon, n. 1. The act of aspiring; exalted de¬ 
sire. 2. The act or effect of aspirating. 3. A 
breath; inspiration; suction, 
as-pire', 1 as-pair'; 2 as-plr', v. [as-pired'; 
as-pir'ing.] I. i. 1. To have an earnest 
desire for something high and good. 2. To 
reach upward; ascend. II. t. To long for; 
aim at. [< L. F ad, to, + spiro, breathe.]—as- 
pir'ing, pa. Eager for attainment or advance¬ 
ment. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rQle; but, burn* 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; 1 = e; go, ndt, or, won’ 















41 


aseptic 

associate 


as'pi-rin, 1 as'pi-rin; 2 as'pi-rin, n. A white pow¬ 
der or tablet used as a remedy for rheumatism, 
a-squint', 1 a-skwint'; 2 a-skwint', a. & adv. 
With sidelong glance; squintingly; askance; 
squinting. 

ass, 1 as; 2 as, n. [ass'es 2 , pi.] A long*eared 
equine quadruped smaller than the ordinary 
horse; an obstinate or stupid person. [< AS. 
assa.]— asses’ bridge [Humor.], the fifth propo¬ 
sition of the first book of Euclid, “the angles at 
the base of an isosceles triangle are equal”: from 
the difficulty of its demonstration to begin¬ 
ners. 

Ass., Assn., Asso., Assoc., abbr. Association. 
as"sa-fet'I-da, n. Same as asafetida. 
as'sa-gal, ) 1 as'a-gai, -l-gai; 2 as'a-gi, -e-gi, n. 
as'se-gai, ) A light spear, used by Zulus, 
Kafirs, etc. 

as-sail', 1 a-sel'; 2 a-sal', vt. To attack vio¬ 
lently with force, or with argument, censure, 
or the like; assault. [< L. ad, to, + salio, rush.] 
— as-sail'a-bl(e p , a.— as-sail'ant. I. a. At¬ 
tacking; hostile. 11. n. One who assails. 
As-sam', 1 a-sam'; 2 a-sam', n. A province in 
N. E. India (61,367 sq. m.; pop. 6,713,630), 
formerly part of Eastern Bengal and Assam, 
as-sas'sin, 1 a-sas'm; 2 a-sas'in, n. One who 
assassinates. [F., < Ar. Hashshashln, hashish* 
eaters.]_ 

as-sas'si-nate, 1 a-sas'i-net; 2 a-sas'i-nat, v. 
[-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] Id. To kill bysecret or 
treacherous assault. II. t. To commit treach¬ 
erous murder.—as-sas"si-na'tion, n. The act 
of assassinating; secret or treacherous murder, 
as-sault', 1 a-selt'; 2 a-salt'. I d . vt. To attack 
with violence; also, to assail by words, etc. 
II. n. Any act, speech, or writing assailing 
a person or an institution; attack; charge of 
troops. [< L. LL+F ad, to, + salio, leap.] 
as-say', 1 a-se'; 2 a-sa', v. I. t. 1. To subject 
to an assay. 2. To attempt; essay; prove; 
test. II. i. 1. To show by test a certain 
value. 2||. To endeavor. [< L. OF exigo, prove, 
< ex, out, + ago, drive.]—as-say'er, n. 
as-say', n. The scientific testing of an alloy or 
ore for valuable metal. 

As-saye', 1 a-sai'; 2 a-si', n. A town in Haidara- 

bad, India; British defeated Mahrattas, 1803. 
as«sem'blage, 1 a-sem'blij; 2 a-sem'blag, n. 

An assembling; association; any gathering of 
persons or things; collection; assembly 
as-sem'bl(e p , 1 a-sem'bl; 2 a-sfim'bl, v. 
[-BLED, -BLD p ; -BLING.] I. t. 1. To Collect Or 
convene. 2. To fit or join together. II. i. 
To come together; meet; congregate. [< L. OF 
ad, to, + simul, together.] 
as-sem'bly, 1 a-sem'bli; 2 a-sgm'bly, to. 
[-blies 2 , pi.] 1. An assembling. 2. A number 
of persons met together for a common pur¬ 
pose. 3. Mil. The signal calling troops to 
form ranks.—as-sem'bly-man, to. [-men, pi.] 
A member of a legislative assembly, as of a 
State: used also with a capital initial, 
as-sent', 1 a-sent'; 2 a-s£nt'. I d . vi. To ex¬ 
press agreement; concur; acquiesce. II. to. 
1. Mental concurrence or agreement. 2. 
Consent of will; sanction. [< L. ad,' to, + 
sentio, feel.] 

as-sert' d , 1 a-surt'; 2 a-sert', vt. 1. To state 
positively; affirm; aver. 2. To maintain as a 
right or claim, by words or by force. [ < L. ad, 

to, + sero, bind.]— as-ser'tion, to. 1. The act of 
asserting. 2. A positive declaration without at¬ 
tempt at proof. 3. The maintenance of a cause, 
principle, or right.— as-ser'tiv(e 3 , a. -ly, adv. 


as-sess' 1 , 1 a-ses'; 2 a-ses', vt. 1. To charge (a 
person or property) with a tax. 2. To deter¬ 
mine the amount of (a tax or other payment). 
3. To value for taxation. [ < L. OF assideo, < L. ad, 
to, 4- sedeo, sit.]—as-sess'ment, to. 1. Appor¬ 
tionment or amount, as of taxes. 2. A valua¬ 
tion of property for'taxation.—as-sess'or, to. 
as'set, 1 as'et; 2 as'et, to. An item in one’s 
assets. 

as'sets, 1 as'ets; 2 as'gts, to. pi. Available 
property, as for payment of debts, legacies, 
etc. [ < F. assez, < L. ad, to, + satis, enough.] 
as-sev'er-ate, 1 a-sev'ar-et; 2 a-sev'er-at, vt. 
[-AT ,/ ED d ; -at"ing.] To affirm or aver em¬ 
phatically or solemnly. [ < L. ad, to, -f- severus, 
serious.]—as-sev"er-a'tion, w. An emphatic 
or solemn declaration. 

as-sid'u-ous, 1 a-sid'yu-us; 2 a-sid'yu-us, a. 
Devoted or constant; unremitting; diligent. 
[ < L. ad, to, + sedeo, sit.] -ly, adv. -ness, n .— 
as"sl-du'i-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] Close and con¬ 
tinuous application; diligence; carefulness, 
as-sign', 1 a-sain'; 2 a-sin', v. I. t. 1. To set 
apart or select; designate; appoint; allot; 
specify; attribute. 2. To make over, as to an 
assignee, in behalf of another. II. i. To 
make an assignment. [< L. assigno, < ad, to, 
+ signum, mark.]— as-sign'a-bl(e p , a. That 
may be assigned or specified. —as-sign'a-bly, 
adv. — as"sig-na'tion, to. 1. An assigning; 
assignment. 2. An appointment for meeting, 
especially for an illicit love=meeting.— assign¬ 
ee', n. One to whom property has been as¬ 
signed in trust; an agent or trustee.— as-sign'- 
ment, n. 1. An assigning. 2. The transfer of 
a property or the instrument or writing of trans¬ 
fer.— as"sign-or', n. One who assigns or makes 
an assignment, as-sign'erj. 
as-sign', n. A person to whom property, 
rights, or powers are transferred by another, 
as-sim'i-late, 1 a-sim'i-let; 2 a-sim'i-lat, v. 
[-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] I. t. 1. To take up 
and incorporate, as food. 2. To make or be¬ 
come like; liken; compare. II. i. 1. To be 
made or to make something a homogeneous 
part of the substance or system. 2. To be¬ 
come alike. [ < L. ad, to, + similis, like.]— as- 
sim'i-la-bl(e p , a. That may be assimilated.— 
as-sim"i-la'tion, n. An assimilating or being 
assimilated; the transformation of digested 
nutriment into an integral part of an organism.— 
as-sim 'l-la-tiv(e s , a. Having the capability of 
or tendency to assimilation. 
as-sist' d , 1 a-sist'; 2 a-sist', v. 1. 1. 1. To give 
succor or support to; aid; help; relieve. 2. 
To act as assistant to. II. i. To render aid 
or help; be of service. [< L. ad, to, + sisto, < 
sto, stand.]— as-sis'tance, n. Help; aid; sup¬ 
port; relief.— as-sis'tant. I. a. 1. Holding a 
subordinate or auxiliary place, office, or rank. 
2. Affording aid; assisting. II. n. One who or 
that which assists; a deputy or subordinate; 
helper. 

Assist., Asst., abbr. Assistant, 
as-size', 1 a-saiz'; 2 a-siz', n. [as-siz'es z , pi.} 
A session of a court, the court itself, or the 
time and place of holding it: used chiefly in 
the plural. [ < F. assise, < L. ad, to, + sedeo, 
sit.] 

as-so'ci-ate, 1 a-s5'^hi-et; 2 S-s5'shi-at, v. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] I. t. 1. To bring to¬ 
gether; unite; combine; ally. 2. To connect 
in thought. II. i. To be in company or rela¬ 
tion; have fellowship or intercourse; unite; 
join. [ < L. ad, to, + socius, united.] 


I:a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; o = sin(7; fhin, this. 
2: wqlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; igk; thin, this. 









associate 

atone 


42 


as-so'ci-ate, a. Joined together or with an¬ 
other or others; united; allied, 
as-so'ci-ate, n. 1. A companion; ally; col¬ 
league. 2. A concomitant. 
as-so"ci-a'tion, 1 a-s6"si-e'^han; 2 a-so"ci-a'- 
shon, n. 1. The act of associating, or the 
state of being associated; fellowship; combi¬ 
nation for a common purpose. 2. Connection 
of ideas in thought; also, the process or facul¬ 
ty by which they are connected. 3. A cor¬ 
poration; society; partnership, -al, a. 
as'so-nance, 1 as'o-nans; 2 ils'o-nanp, n. Re¬ 
semblance in sound; specifically, in riming 
syllables, correspondence of the accented 
vowels, but not of the consonants, as in main, 
came. [F., < L. assonan(t-)s, ppr. of assono, < 
ad, to, + sono, < sonus, sound.]—as'so-nant, a, 
as-sort' d , 1 a-sert'; 2 a-sort', v. I. t. 1. To 
distribute into classes; classify. 2. To make 
up of or furnish with a variety, as of goods. 
II. i. To fall into a class; harmonize; associ¬ 
ate; consort. [< L. F ad, to, + sor(t-)s, lot.]— 
as-sort'ment, n. 1. The act or process of 
assorting. 2. A collection of various things, 
as-suage', l a-swej'; 2 2,-swag', vt. [as¬ 
suaged'; as-suag'ing.] To make less 
harsh or violent; alleviate; soothe; allay; 
abate; calm. [ < L.° F ad, to, + suavis, sweet.]— 
as-suage'ment, n.—as-sua'slv(e 8 , a. Sooth¬ 
ing; tranquilizing. 

as-sume', 1 a-sium'; 2 a-sum', v. [as-sumed'; 
as-sum'ing.] I. t. 1. To take upon oneself; 
put on; adopt; undertake. 2. To take for 
granted; suppose. 3. To affect; pretend. 
II. i. To be presumptuous. [< L. ad, to, -f 
sumo, take.]—as-sum'ing, pa. Presumptuous; 
arrogant. 

as-sump'tion, 1 a-sump'^hon; 2 a-sump'shon, 
n. 1. An assuming, or that which is assumed; 
a taking upon oneself; a taking for granted; 
a supposition. 2. Arrogance. 3. A bodily 
taking into heaven.—as-sump'tiv(e s , a. 
as-sur'ance, 1 a-^hur'ans; 2 2-shur-anc, n. 1. 
The act of assuring; any encouraging declara¬ 
tion; a promise. 2. Full confidence; un¬ 
doubting conviction. 3. Self*confidence; 
boldness; effrontery. 4. Insurance, 
as-sure', 1 a-2hur'; 2 a-shur', vt. [as-sured'; 
as-sur'ing] 1. To offer assurances to. 2. 
To give confidence to; convince. 3. To in¬ 
sure. [ < L. F ad, to, -|- securus; see secure, a.]— 
as-sur'ed-ly, adv. Without doubt; certainly; 
with confidence; undoubtedly. 

As-syr'i-a, 1 a-sir'i-a; 2 a-syr'i-a, n. An ancient 
empire, S. W. Asia.—As-syr'i-an, a. & n. 
As-tar'te, 1 as-tar'tl; 2 as-tar'tg, n. Myth. Syro» 
Phenician goddess of love and fruitfulness, 
as'ter, 1 as'tar; 2 as'ter, n. A plant having 
alternate leaves, and flowers 
with white, purple, or blue 
rays and yellow disk. [< Gr. 
aster, star.] 

-aster, suffix. A contemptuous 
diminutive; as, poetaster, 
grammaticaster, criticaster, etc. 

[ < L. -aster, dim. suffix.] 
as'ter-isk, 1 as'tar-isk; 2 as'ter- China Aster, 
fsk, n. A star (*) used in writing and print¬ 
ing, for references, etc. [ < Gr. asleriskos, dim. 
of aster, star.] 

a-stern', 1 a-sturn'; 2 a-stern', adv. Naut. At 
any point behind a vessel; backward, 
as'ter-oid, 1 as'tar-eid; 2 as'ter-oid, n. One of 


a group of small bodies between Mars and 
Jupiter. [< aster- + -oid.] —as"ter-ol'daI, a. 
asth'ma, 1 az'ma; 2 ag'ma, n. A chronic dis¬ 
order characterized by extreme difficulty of 
breathing. [ < Gr. asthma, panting, < ad, blow.] 
—asth-mat'ic. I. a. Of, pertaining to, or af¬ 
fected with asthma. II. n. A person suffering 
from or subject to asthma, 
a-stig'ma-tism, 1 a-stig'ma-tizm; 2 a-stig'ma- 
tfgrn, n. A structural defect of the eye such 
that the rays of light do not converge to a 
point on the retina. [ < a-, not, + Gr. stigma it-), 
mark.]—as"tig-inat'ic, a. 
a-ston'ish 1 , 1 a-ston'ish; 2 a-ston'ish, vt. To 
affect with wonder and surprize; amaze; con¬ 
found. [ME. astunien, astonien, stun complete¬ 
ly.]—a-ston'lsh-ing, pa. Producing or tending 
to produce astonishment.—a-ston'Ish-ment, 
n. The state of being astonished or that which 
causes it; great surprize; amazement. 
a-stound' d , 1 a-staund'; 2 a-stound' f v. I. t. 
To overwhelm with wonder or amazement; 
confound; stupefy. II. t. To cause amaze¬ 
ment or alarm. [Corrupted < ME. astunien; 
see astonish.]— a-stound'ing, pa. -ly, adv. 
astr., astron., abbr. Astronomer, astronomy, 
a-strad'dle, 1 a-strad'l; 2 a-strad'l, a. & adv. In 
a straddling position; astride; bestriding. 
As"tra-khan', 1 as"tra-kan'; 2 asTra-kan', n. 1. 
A government (91,042 sq. m.; pop. 1,262,000) 
and city (pop. 144,000), S. E. Russia. 2. [a-] 
1 as'tra-kan; 2 as'tra-kan. The skin of Astra¬ 
khan lambs, used for muffs, etc. as'tra-chanf. 
as'tral, 1 as'tral; 2 as'tral, a. Of, pertaining to, 
coming from, or like the stars; starry. [< Gr. 
L+LI - astron, < astir, star.] 
a-stray', 1 a-stre'; 2 a-stra', a. & adv. Away 
from the right path; wandering; in or into 
error or evil. [ < L. LL+ o F extra, beyond, + vago, 
stray.] 

a-stride', 1 a-straid'; 2 a-strld', adv. & prep. 
With one leg on each side of, or with the legs 
far apart. 

as-trin'gent, 1 as-trin'jent; 2 as-trln'gSnt. I. 
a. Tending to contract or draw together or¬ 
ganic tissues; binding; constipative; styptic. 
II. n. An astringent substance, as alum, tan¬ 
nin, etc. [< L. ad, to, + stringo, bind fast.] — 
as-trin'gent-ly, adv.— as-trln'gen-cy, n. * 
astrol., abbr. Astrologer, astrology, 
as-trol'o-gy, 1 as-trel'o-ji; 2 as-trfil'o-gy, n. 
Anciently, the science of the stars, and their 
imagined influence upon the destinies of men; 
star»divination. [Gr. astron, < aster, star, + 
lego, speak.]— as-trol'o-ger, n. One who prac¬ 
tises astrology.— as"tro-log'ic, a. -1-calf. — 

as"tro-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 
as-tron'o-my, 1 as-tren'o-nn; 2 as-tron'o-my, 
n. The science that treats of the heavenly 
bodies, their motions, magnitudes, distances, 
and physical constitution. [<Gr. astron, star, 
+ nemd, distribute.]— as-tron'o-mer, n. One 
learned in astronomy; a skilled observer of the 
stars.— as"tro-nom'lc, -i-cal, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to astronomy. 

as-tute', 1 as-tiut'; 2 as-tut', a. Keen in dis¬ 
cernment; acute; shrewd; sagacious; cunning. 

[ < L. astutus, < astus, cunning.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

A-sun"cI-on', 1 a-sun'si-dn'; 2 a-sun"ci-5n\ n. 

A city (pop. 99,800); capital of Paraguay, 
a-sun'der, 1 a-sun'dor; 2 a-sun'der, adv. In or 
into a different place or direction; apart; in 
or into pieces. [ < AS. onsundran.] 
a-sy'lum, 1 e-sai'lum: 2 a-sy'lum, n. An in- 



1:artistic, Art; fat, fAre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; net, or; full, rOle; but, bOm; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, n6t, or, w6n. 







43 


associate 

atone 


stitution for the care of unfortunate or desti¬ 
tute persons; a refuge; retreat; anciently, an 
inviolable shelter from arrest or punishment. 
[< Gr. L a - priv. + sylon, right of seizure.] 
a-sym'me-try, 1 a-sim'i-tn; 2 a-sym'e-try, n. 
Want of symmetry or proportion. [ < Gr. asym- 
metria , < a-priv., and see symmetry.] —a"sym- 
raet'ric, a"sym-met'ri-cal, a. 
at, 1 at; 2 at, prep. 1. Of a point in space: on; 
upon; close to; by; near; in; within. 2. Of 
motion: to; toward; after; by way of; 
through. 3. Of time: on or upon the point, 
stroke, or coming of; during the lapse of; in; 
by. 4. Of occasion, cause or instrument: on 
the happening or the utterance of; in re¬ 
sponse to; because of. 5. Of degree, etc.: up 
to; to the extent of; corresponding to. . 6. 
Of relations in general: in; engaged in; occu¬ 
pied with; connected with; dependent on; in 
a state or condition of. [ME. at , < AS. set , at, 
to.] [aftune. 

at-, prefix . Euphonic form of ad- before t , as in 
A.sT., abbr . Arch*treasurer.—a t., abbr . [It.] A 
tempo (in time).— At., Atty., abbr . Attorney. 
A"ta-hual'pa, 1 a"ta-hwdl'pa; 2 a"ta-hwal'pa, n. 

Last Inca of Peru, put to death by Pizarro, 1533. 
at'a-vism, 1 at'a-vizm; 2 at'a-vi§m, n. Inter¬ 
mittent heredity; reversion to an ancestral 
type, trait, or the like. [< L. atavus, < avus, 
grandfather.] 

ate, 1 et or et; 2 at or fit, imp. of eat, v. 

A'te, 1 e'ti; 2 a'te, n. Gr. Myth. Goddess of ma¬ 
licious mischief. 

-ate 1 , suffix. A form occurring in participial adjec¬ 
tives derived from the Latin past participle; as, 
desolate. [< OF. -at, < L. -atus, pp. suffix of 
first conjugation.] 

-ate 2 , suffix. A form occurring in verbs represent¬ 
ing Latin verbs of the first conjugation and, by 
analogy, in other verbs; as, fascinate, assassinate. 
[< L. -atus; see -ate 1 .] 

-ate 3 , suffix. A form serving to denote office or 
function, also to denote salts formed from acids 
whose names end in -ic; as, magistrate, legate, 
nitrate. [ < OF. -at, < L. -atus, suffix of nouns 
derived from nouns.] 

Ath"a-na'sius, 1 afh"a-ne'ghus; 2 ath"a-na'shus, 
n. (293-373.) A bishop of Alexandria; op¬ 
posed Arianism.— Ath"a-na'sian, a.— Atha- 
nasian creed, a creed received in the Greek, 
Roman, and English churches: named for Atha¬ 
nasius. 

a'the-ism, 1 e'thi-izm; 2 a'the-I§m, n. The 
denial of or disbelief in the existence of God. 
[< Gr. a- priv. + theos, god.]— a'the-ist, n. 
One who holds or advocates atheism.— a"the-is'- 
tie, a. a"the-is'ti-calt. 

Ath'el-stan, 1 ath'el-stan; 2 ath'gl-stan, n. (895- 
940.) An Anglo=Saxon king. 

A-the'na, 1 a-thl'na; 2 a-the'na, n. Gr. Myth. 

Goddess of wisdom; patroness of arts. 
ath"e-ne'um, ( 1 a€h"i-ni'um; 2 ath"e-ne'um, 
ath"e-nae'um, ) n. A literary club or acad¬ 
emy; a reading*room, library, or the like. 
[< Gr. Athene, Athena, goddess of wisdom.] 
A-the'ni-an, 1 a-thl'm-an; 2 a-the'ni-an. I. a. 
Of or pertaining to Athens, or to its art or 
culture. II. n. A citizen of Athens. 

Ath'ens, 1 ath'enz; 2 ath'6n§. n. An ancient city 
in Attica; now capital of Greece (pop. 168,000). 
a-thirst', 1 a-£hurst'; 2 a-thlrst', a. Wanting 
water; thirsty. 

ath'Iete, 1 ath'llt; 2 ath'let, n. One skilled in 
acts or feats of physical strength and agility, 
as rowing, wrestling, etc. [< Gr. athletes, < 


athlon, prize.]—ath-Iet'ic, a. Of, pertaining to, 
or like an athlete; strong; vigorous; muscular.— 
ath-let'i-cal-Iy, adv .—ath-let'l-cism, n .— 
ath-let'ics, n. Athletic games and exercises 
collectively; a system of athletic training. 
Ath'os, 1 ath'es; 2 ath'os, n. A headland (6,788 
ft.) near Saloniki, Aegean sea. 
a-thwart', 1 a-thwert'; 2 a-thwart'. I. adv. 
From side to side; across; also, so as to 
thwart; perversely. II. prep. Across the 
course of; from side to side of; in opposition to. 
-atic, suffix. Of; of the kind of;-used in adjectives 
of Latin or Greek origin; as, erratic, gramm atic. 
[ < F. -atique, < L. -aticus, where -icus (see -ic) 
is added to a past=participle stem in -at, or < 
Gr. -atikos, where -ikos (see -ic) is added to a 
noun stem in -at-.] 

-ation, suffix. A form used in nouns of action of 
Latin origir and, by analogy, in nouns of non- 
Latin origin; as, creation, flirt ation. [< F. 

-ation, < L. -atio(n-), where -tio(n-) (see -tion) 
is added to the stem of verba of the conju¬ 
gation.! 

At-lan'ta, 1 at-lan’ta; 2 at-ian'ta, n. The cap¬ 
ital city of the State of Georgia; pop. 200,616; 
besieged by the Federal army in 1864. 
At-lan'tic, 1 at-lan'tik; 2 at-lan'tic. I. a. Of or 
pertaining to the Atlantic ocean or to Atlantis. 
II. n. An ocean between America and Europe 
and Africa; 33,000,000 sq. m. [< L. Atlanlicus 

< Gr. Atlantikos, pertaining to Atlas.] 
At-lan'tis, 1 at-lan'tis; 2 at-lan'tis, n. [L.] A 

mythical continent supposed to have been en¬ 
gulfed by the Atlantic ocean.—At"lan-te'an, a. 
at'las, 1 at'las; 2 at'las, n. 1. A volume of 
maps*or the like. 2. A size of paper, 26 by 33 
(34) inches. 3. [A-] Class. Myth. A Titan 
supporting the pillars of heaven on his shoul¬ 
ders. 4. Anat. The topmost bone of the spine. 

[ < Gr. L Atlas, < a- euphonic, + tlao, bear.] 
at'inos-phere, ) 1 at'mas-fir; 2 at'mos-fer, n 
at'mos-fere p , )The mass or body of gases, 
chiefly air, that surrounds the earth or an> 
heavenly body; any surrounding element or 
influence; environment. [< Gr. atmos, vapor, + 
sphaira, sphere.]—at"mos-pher'ic, a. Per¬ 
taining or belonging to or dependent on the 
atmosphere. at"mos-pher 'i-calf. -ly, adv. 
a-toll', 1 a-tel'; 2 a-tol', n. A ring=shaped 
coral island. [< 

Malayalam adal, 
closing.] 

at'om, 1 at'am; 2 
at'om, n. 1. 

One of the in¬ 
divisible parts of 
which all matter 
is supposed to 
be formed. 2. The smallest imaginable por' 
tion of matter. 3. An exceedingly small 
particle or thing; an iota. [< Gr. alomos , 

< a- priv. + lemno, cut.]—a-tom'ic, -i-cal, a. 
Of or pertaining to an atom or atoms; minute; 
infinitesimal; elemental.—at'om-ize, vt. [-ized; 
-iz"ing.] To reduce to atoms; pulverize; spray, 
at'orn-isef.—at'om-Iz"er, n. An apparatus 
for reducing a liquid to spray. at'om-ls"ert. 

at/om-y 1 ,1 at'am-i; 2 at'om-y, n. [-ies z , pi ] An 
atom; pigmy. [ < L. atomi, pi. of atomus, atom.] 
at'o-my 2 , 1 at'o-mi; 2 iit/o-my, n. A skeleton 
or an emaciated person. [ < anatomy.] 
a-tone', 1 a-ton'; 2 a-ton', v. [a-toned'; 
a-ton'ing.] I. t. To make expiation or 
amends for; propitiate; appease; reconcile. 
II. i. 1. To make an expiation for sin or a 



l-a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = <mt; oil; 10 = fetid; cfhin; go; O = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; fljll, rple, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, this. 












atop 

Augustus Caesar 


44 


sinner; make amends, reparation, or satisfac¬ 
tion. 2. To be at one; agree. [ME. at on (see at; 
one).]— a-tone'ment, n. Satisfaction, repara¬ 
tion, or expiation made for wrong or injury; 
somethin ' suffered, done, or given by way of 
satisfaction; the sacrificial work of Christ, 
a-top', 1 a-tep'; 2 a-top', adv. & prep. On the 
top; up above. 

-ator, suffix. An agent; doer; actor; one who or 
thaf, which; as, arbitrator; mediator. [< L. 
-ator, where -tor, the suffix of agency, is added to 
the stem in -a- of verbs of the first conjugation.] 
-atory, suffix. Of or pertaining to; producing or 
produced by; of the nature of; expressing; as, 
exclamatory. [< L. -atorius, where the adjec¬ 
tive suffix -ius is added to -ator; see -ator.] 
a-tro'cious, 1 a-tro'sTius; 2 a-tro'shus, a. Out¬ 
rageously wicked, criminal, vile, or cruel; 
heinous; horrible. [< L. alrox, cruel.]— a-tro'- 
cious-ly, adv.— a-tro'cious-ness, n.— a-troc'- 
i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The being atrocious; an 
atrocious deed; shocking cruelty or wickedness, 
at'ro-phy, )1 at'ro-fi; 2 at'ro-fy. I. vt. & vi. 
■at'ro-fy p , )[-phied; -phy"ing.] To cause to 
waste away; wither. II. n. [-phies 2 , pi.] A 
wasting or withering of the body or any of its 
parts; also, a stoppage of the growth of a 
part or organ. [< Gr. LL+F a- priv. + trephO, 
nourish.]— a-troph'ic, a. 

at'ro-pin, 1 at'ro-pin; 2 at'ro-pin, n. A poisonous 
alkaloid obtained from the deadly nightshade: 
used to check spasms and to dilate the pupil of 
the eye. [ < Atropa, generic name of night¬ 
shade family.] at'ro-pinef. 
ats., abbr. At suit of. 

at-tach'S 1 a-tadh'; 2 3,-tach', v. I. t. 1. To 
make fast to something; join; connect; attrib¬ 
ute; assign. 2. To unite by affection; win. 
3. Law. To take and hold by legal process. 
II. i. To belong as a quality or the like; be 
incident; vest. [< F. attacker, < a- to, + Bret. 
tack, nail.]— at-tach'a-bl(e p , a. 
at"ta"che', 1 a"ta"dhe'; 2 a"ta"?he', n. [F.] A 
subordinate member of a diplomatic em¬ 
bassy. 

at-tach'ment, 1 a-tadh'ment or -mant; 2 &- 
tach'ment, n. 1. An attaching or a being 
attached; adherence; affection. 2. That by 
which, or the point at which, anything is 
attached; a bond; band; tie. 3. An appen¬ 
dage or adjunct. 4. Law. A legal seizure of 
a person or property. 

at-tack', 1 a-tak'; 2 &-tak', v. I. t. 1. To set 
upon; begin battle or conflict with. 2. To 
assail with speech, etc.; criticize; censure. 
3. To begin work on; set about. 4. To act 
upon vigorously, as acid upon metal. II. i. 
To make an onset or assault. [ < F. attaquer, for 
attacker, attach.] 

at-tack', n. The act of attacking; an onset; 

an attacking force; a seizure, as by disease, 
at-tain', 1 a-ten'; 2 a-tan', v. I. t. To arrive 
at (a desired object); acquire; achieve; 
reach. II. i. To arrive or reach with effort: 
with to. [< L. F ad, to, + tango, touch.]— at¬ 
tain'a-bl(e p , a. That can be attained; practica¬ 
ble.— at-tain"a-bil'i-ty, at-tain'a-bl(e-ness p , 
n. — at-tain'nient, n. The act of attaining; 
that which is attained; an acquisition; achieve¬ 
ment. 

at-tain'der, 1 a-ten'dar; 2 a-tan'der, n. Eng. 
Law. A sentence of confiscation and out¬ 
lawry against a person, as for treason, 
at-taint', 1 a-tent'; 2 a-tant'. I d . vt. To dis¬ 


grace; inflict attainder upon; condemn; 
seize upon, as disease. II. n. 1. Imputation; 
stigma. 2. Attainder. 3. A hit, as in tilting. 

[ < OF. ateint, ult. < L. ad, to, + tango, touch.] 
at'tar, 1 at'ar; 2 St'ar, n. The fragrant essen¬ 
tial oil extracted from rose»petals. [ < Per. ‘atar, 
< Ar. 'Ur, < ‘atara, breathe perfume.] 
at-tein'per, 1 a-tem'par; 2 a-t6m'per, vt. To 
modify by mixture; soften; moderate; temper, 
at-tempt', 1 a-tempt'; 2 i-tempt'. I d . vt. To 
make an effort to do; make an effort against, 
as to conquer or seduce; endeavor; try; es¬ 
say. II. n. A putting forth of effort; a trial; 
endeavor; essay; attack. [< L. F ad, to, + 
tento, try.] 

at-tend' d , 1 a-tend'; 2 3,-tdnd', v. I. t. 1. To 
wait upon; minister to; visit or care for pro¬ 
fessionally. 2. To be present at or in (a meet¬ 
ing, etc.). 3. To follow as a result; accom¬ 
pany. II. i. 1. To give heed; listen; give at¬ 
tendance, care, or thought: with to. 2. To be 
an attendant; be present: with at, on, or upon. 
3. To follow as a result: with on or upon. 
[ < L. attendo, < ad, to, + tendo, stretch.]— at- 
ten 'dance, n. An attending; those who attend; 
an audience or congregation; a retinue.—at- 
ten'dant. I. a. Following or accompanying; 
consequent; waiting upon. II. n. One who at¬ 
tends, as a servant, retainer, companion, or suit¬ 
or; also, one who is present (at a service), 
at-ten'tion, 1 a-ten'dhan; 2 a-t£n'shon, n. 1. 
Close or earnest attending; active conscious¬ 
ness; the power or faculty of mental concen¬ 
tration. 2. An act of courtesy or gallantry. 
3. Practical consideration; care. 4. The sol¬ 
dierly posture of readiness. [< L. attendo; 
see ATTEND.] 

at-ten'tiv(e 8 , 1 a-ten'tiv; 2 &-t£n'tiv, a. Of, 
pertaining to, giving, or showing attention; 
observant; intent; thoughtful; courteous; 
gallant; polite, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
at-ten'u-ate, 1 a-ten'yu-et; 2 &-t£n'yq-at, v. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] I. t . To make thin, 
small, or fine; draw r out, as a wire; emaciate; 
weaken; impair; enfeeble. II. i. To be¬ 
come thin; lose substance or force. [< L. ad, to, 
+ tenuis, thin.]— at-ten"u-a'tlon, n. 
at-test' d , 1 a-test'; 2 a-t£st', v. 1. 1. To certify 
as accurate, genuine, or true, as by signature 
or oath; confirm; vouch for. II. i. To certi¬ 
fy. [ < L. ad, to, + testis, witness.] 
at-test', n. One who or that wiiich attests; 
testimony; attestation. 



at 'tes-ta'tion, 1 at"es-te'iffian; 2 &t"&s-ta'- 
shon, n. The act of attesting; the evidence or 
statement made in attesting. 

At'tic, 1 at'ik; 2 at'ic, a. Of or pertaining to 
Attica or Athens in Greece; classic; witty.— 
Attic salt, refined, classical wit. 
at'tic, n. A half*story next the roof; a garret. 

At'tl-ca, 1 - 

at'i-ka; 2 
at'i-ca, n. 

Anancient 
kingdom 
andrepub- 
lic, and 
modern 
state, in 
Greece; pop. 341,000; capital, Athens. 

At'ti-la, 1 at'i-la; 2 at'i-la, n. King of the Huns 
(4067-453), a barbarous conqueror; “the scourge 
of God.” 

at-tire', 1 a-tair'; 2 a-tlr'. I. vt. [at-tired'; 


Renaissance Attic. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; 1 = e; go. not, or, wdm 






45 


atoj> 

Augustus Caesar 


at-tir'ing.] To dress; array; adorn. II. n. 
Dress or clothing; apparel; garments; cos¬ 
tume; adornment. [< OF. atirer, adorn.] 
at'ti-tude, 1 at'i-tiud; 2 at'i-tud, to . 1 . Posi¬ 
tion of the body, as suggesting some thought, 
feeling, or action. 2. State of mind, beha¬ 
vior, or conduct regarding some matter. [F.] 
at-tor 'ney, 1 a-tur'm; 2 a-tflr'ny, to. [-neys z , 
pi.] A person empowered by another to act 
in his stead; a lawyer. [< OF. a, to, + tourner, 
turn.]—at-tor'ney-ship, n. 
at-tract' d , 1 a-trakt'; 2 a-traet', v. I. t. 1. 
Physics. To draw to or toward itself, as a 
magnet, without apparent rhechanical con¬ 
nection. 2. To draw (a living agent) by 
some winning influence; charm; allure; en¬ 
tice; win. II. i. To exert attractive influ¬ 
ence or power. [< L. ad, to, + traho, draw.]— 
at-trac'tion, n. The act or process of attract¬ 
ing, or that which attracts; attractive power or 
property; anything pleasing or alluring.—at- 
trac'tiv(e s , a. Having the power or quality of 
attracting; drawing; pleasing; winning -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

at (rib., abbr. Attributive, attributively. 
at-trib'ute, 1 a-trib'yut; 2 a-trib'yut, vt. 
[-UT-ED d ; -ut-ing.] To ascribe (something) 
as due and belonging, caused by, or owing to; 
assign; refer: with to. [< L. ad, to, + tribuo, 
allot.]—at-trib'u-ta-bl(e p , a. 
at'tri-bute, 1 at'ri-biut; 2 at'ri-but, n. 1. 
That which is attributed; a characteristic. 
2. Art & Myth. A distinctive mark or sym¬ 
bol. 3. Gram. An adjective or its equivalent. 
at"tri-bu'tion, 1 at"ri-biu'£han; 2 at"ri-bu'- 
shon, n. An attributing, or that which is at¬ 
tributed; attribute. 

at-trib'u-tiv(e s , 1 a-trib'yu-tiv; 2 a-trib'yu- 
tiv. I. a. Pertaining to or of the nature of an 
attribute; expressing or assigning an attri¬ 
bute; ascribed (to a certain author), as a 
work of art. II. to. Gram. An attributive 
word; an adjective or its equivalent, at-trib'- 
u-tiv(e-ly s , adv. 

at-tri'tion, 1 a-tri^h'an; 2 a-trish'on, n. A 
rubbing out or grinding down. [ < L. ad, to, + 
tero, rub.] 

at-tune', 1 a-tiun'; 2 a-tun , vt. [at¬ 
tuned'; at-tun'ing.] To bring into tune 
with; harmonize; adjust, 
at. wt., abbr. Atomic weight.—Au., abbr. Au¬ 
gustus, Aurelius.—Au, abbr. Aurum (L., gold), 
au'burn, 1 e'barn; 2 a'burn. I. a. Reddish* 
brown; as, auburn hair. II. n. An auburn 
color; a reddish*brown. [< LL. op alburnus, 
whitish.] 

A. U. C., abbr. [L.] Anno Urbis Conditae, or Ab 
Urbe Condita (in the year of the building, or from 
the construction, of the city [Rome]; 753 B. C.). 
auc'tion, 1 ek'^han; 2 ac'shon. I. vt. To sell 
by or at auction. II. n. A public sale of 
property to the highest bidder. [ < L. audio (n-), 
< augeo, increase.]—auc"tion-eer'. I. vt. To 
sell by auction. II. n. One who sells by or at 
auction. 

au-da'cious, 1 e-de'^hus; 2 a-da'shiis, a. De¬ 
fiant of ordinary restraints, as of law or 
decorum; bold; presumptuous; shameless; 
insolent. [< L. audax ( audac -), < audeo, dare.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, ». 

au-dac'i-ty, 1 e-das'i-ti; 2 a-dac'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] The being audacious; impu¬ 
dence; boldness; daring; bold originality; 
recklessness. 


au'di-bl(e p , 1 e'di-bl; 2 a'di-bl, a. Percepti¬ 
ble by the ear; loud enough to be heard. 
[< L. LL audio, hear.]—au"di-bil'i-ty, n. au'- 
di-bl(e-ness p t.—au'di-bly, adv. 
au'di-ence, 1 o'di-ens; 2 a'di-eng, n. 1. An as¬ 
sembly of hearers. 2. The act of hearing; a 
formal conference. [ < L. audientia, < audio, hear.] 
au'dit, 1 e'dit; 2 a'dit. I d . vt. To examine, 
adjust, and certify, as accounts. II. n. An 
official examination and verification of ac¬ 
counts; a calling to account; a settlement of 
accounts; balance=sheet. [< L. audllus, < 
audio, hear.] 

au'di-tor, 1 e'di-tar or -ter; 2 a'di-tor, n. 1. 
One who audits accounts. 2. One who listens; 
a hearer. 

au"di-to'ri-um, 1 e"di-t6'ri-um; 2 a"di-to'ri- 
um, n. [-ri-ums z or -ri-a, pi.] 1. The audi- 
ence*room of a public building. 2. [U. S.] A 
large building for public meetings. [L., < 
audio, hear.] 

au'di-to-ry, 1 e'di-to-ri; 2 a'di-to-ry. I. a. Of 
or pertaining to hearing, to the organs or 
sense of hearing, or to an audience*room. 
II. n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. An assembly of hearers; 
an audience. 2. An auditorium. 

Au'du-bon, 1 e'du-ben; 2 a'du-bbn, John 
James (1780-1851). An American ornitholo¬ 
gist. [abbr. Augmentative. 

Aug., abbr. August, Augustan, Augustus.—aug.„ 
au'ger, 1 o'gar; 2 a'ger, n. A large tool for 
boring holes in wood, etc. [< 

AS. nafegar; the ME. a nauger 
became an auger.] 
aught, 1 et; 2 at, n. Anything; 
any part or item. [ < AS. awiht, 

< an wiht; see an; whit.] 
aug-ment' d , 1 og-ment'; 2 ag- 
mgnt', vt. & vi. To increase < 
in any way; enlarge; intensify. 

[< L. augmentum, < augeo, 
increase.] —aug"men-ta'tion, 
n. The act or result of augment¬ 
ing; enlargement; increase; an 
addition.— aug-men'ta-tiv(e 8 , 
a. Having the quality or power Augers, 
of augmenting, aug-men' - l-Twisted. 2. Post. 
tiv(e s t. hole- 3 - Shl P- 

Augs'burg, 1 augz'burH; 2 ougg'burH, n. A 
historic city (pop. 154,560) in S. Germany, 
au'gur, 1 o'gar; 2 a'gur, v. I. t. 1. To prog¬ 
nosticate; divine; predict. 2. To betoken; 
portend. II. i. 1. To be an augury or omen. 
2. To conjecture from indications or omens. 


¥ 



au'gur, n. A soothsayer; prophet. [L., < avis, 
bird, + garrio, talk.] 

au'gu-ry, 1 e'giu-n; 2 a'gu-ry, to. [-ries z , pi.] 

1. Foretelling by signs or omens; divination. 

2. A portent or omen; prediction; presage._ 
au-gust', 1 e-gust'; 2 a-gust', a. 1. Majestic; 

imposing. 2. Of high birth or rank; venerable; 
eminent. [< L . augustus, < augeo, increase.] 
Au'gust, 1 e'gust; 2 a'gust, to. The eighth 
month of the year, containing 31 days. [< L. 
Augustus, the first Roman emperor.] 

Au-gus'ta, 1 e-gus'ta; 2 a-gus'ta, to. 1. The cap¬ 
ital city of the State of Maine; pop. 14,114. 2. 
A city in E. Georgia; pop. 52,550. 

Au'gus-tine, 1 o'gus-tln; 2 a'gus-tin, n. 1. 
Saint (354-430), bishop of Hippo, Africa; a 
Father of the Church. 2. Saint (—604?), 
brought Christianity to England. 

Au-gus'tus Cae'sar, 1 e-gus'tus si'zar; 2 a-gus'tus 
ce'sar. The first Roman emperor (63 B.C.-A.D. 
14).— Au-gus'tan, a. 


l;a = final; 
2:wQlf, dft; 


l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; lu = feud; <min; go; _ U = sing; 
book, boot; flj.ll, rule, cure, but, bOrn: oil, boy; go, gem; ink, 


fhin, thiF 
thin, thi 











auk 

avoirdupois 


46 


auk, 1 ek; 2 ak, n. A short*winged, web* 
footed diving bird of northern seas. 

[< Ice. alka .] 

auld, 1 eld; 2 aid, a. [Scot. & North. 

Eng.] Old.— auld lang syne, days 
gone by, especially happy days, 
aunt, 1 ant; 2 ant, n. The sister 
of one’s father or mother, or the 
wife of one s uncle. [ < L. OF amita, 
aunt.] 

au'ral, 1 e'ral; 2 a'ral, a. Per¬ 
taining to the ear or sense 
of hearing; auricular. [< L. 
auris , ear.] 

au're-ate, 1 e'n-et; 2 a're- 
at, a. Of the color of 
gold; golden. [L .aureatus, 
covered with gold.] Auk. 

au're-ole, 1 e'ri-ol; 2 a're- 

61, n. Any rftdiance around a body; a corona; 
halo. [ < L. f. of aureolus, < aurum, gold.] 
au'ri-cl(e p , 1 e'ri-kl; 2 a'ri-cl, n. 1. A chamber 
of the heart, which receives blood from the 
veins and transmits it to a ventricle 2. 
The external ear; an ear*shaped appendage or 
part. [ < L. auricula, dim. of auris, ear.] 
au-ric'u-lar, 1 e-rik'yu-lar; 2 a-ric'yu-lar, a. 
1. Of or pertaining to the ear or the sense of 
hearing; intended for or perceived by the 
ear; audible; confidential. 2. Ear*shaped. 
3. Of or pertaining to an auricle, 
au-rif'er-ous, 1 e-rif'ar-us; 2 a-rff'er-us, a. 
Containing gold. [< L. aurum, gold, + fero, 
bear.] [eases of the ear. 

au'rist, 1 e'rist; 2 a'rist, n. A specialist in dis- 
au'rochs, 1 e'reks; 2 a'rocs, n. The European 
bison. [ < Gr. auerochs, wild ox.] 
au-ro'ra, 1 o-ro'ra; 2 a-ro'ra, n. 1. [A-] The 
Roman goddess of dawn. 2. The glow of early 
morning; dawn. [L., dawn.]—au-ro'ra bo"re- 
a'lls, a brilliant nocturnal radiance often suffus¬ 
ing the sky of high northern latitudes, northern 
lightsf.—au-ro 'ral, a. Pertaining to or like the 
dawn; dawning; roseate. 

Aus., Aust., Austr., abbr. Austria, Austrian, 
aus'pice, )1 es'pis; 2 as'pig, re. Favoring in- 
aus'pis 8 , ) fluence or guidance; patronage; (pi.) 
favoring circumstances or indications. [ < L. 
auspex, a diviner, < avis, bird, + specio, view.] 
aus-pl'cious, 1 es-pi^h'us; 2 as-plsh'us, a. Of 
good omen; favorable; propitious; also, 
prosperous; fortunate; happy, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
aus-tere', 1 os-tir'; 2 as-ter', a. 1. Severe, 
grave, or stern; strict; abstemious. 2. Sour 
and astringent. 3. Severely simple; un¬ 
adorned. [ < Gr. L+ o F austeros, < auo, dry.] -ly, 
adv. — aus-ter'i-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.) Gravity or 
rigor; also, severe self-restraint. aus-tere'nesst. 
Aus'ter-litz, 1 es'tar-lits; 2 as'ter-llts, n. A town 
in Moravia; Napoleon defeated Austrians and 
Russians, Dec. 2, 1805. 

Aus'tin, 1 es tin; 2 as tin, n. The capital city of 
the State of Texas; pop. 34,880. 
aus'tral, 1 os'tral; 2 as'tral, a. Southern; tor¬ 
rid. [ < L. australis, < auster, south.] 

Austral., abbr. Australasia, Australia. 
Aus"tral-a'sla, 1 os"tral-e's < ha; 2 as"tral-a'sha, n. 
A division of the globe including Australia and 
the neighboring islands; 3,188,405 sq. m.; pop. 
7.172,000.— Aus-tral-a'slan, a. & n. 
Aus-tra'li-a, 1 es-tre'li-a; 2 as-tra'li-a, n. An 
island*continent (2,974,581 sq. m.; pop. 5,247,- 
000), S. E. of Asia.— Commonwealth of Aus¬ 
tralia, the several states of the Australian con¬ 
tinent, Tasmania, and Papua, united as a govern¬ 


ment; 3,063,041 sq.m.; pop. 5,500,000; capital. 
Yass*Canberra.—Aus-tra'Ii-an, a. & n. 
Aus'tri-a, 1 es'tri-a; 2 as'tri-a, n. A republic 
(39,012 sq. m.; pop. 6,139,000) of centra) 
Europe (capital, Vienna), which with Hungary 
(capital, Budapest)' formed the former empire 
of Austria-Hungary.—Aus'trl-an, a. & n. 
Auth., abbr. Author.—auth., abbr. Authority, 
au-then'tic, 1 o-then'tik; 2 a-thfin'tic, a. Ac¬ 
cording with the facts; authorized; trust¬ 
worthy; genuine. [< Gr. authentes, real author.] 
au-then'ti-calj.—au-then'ti-cal-ly, adv. 
au-then'ti-cate, 1 e-fhen'ti-ket; 2 a-then'ti- 
eat, vt . [-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To make or 
show to be authentic.—au-then"ti-ca'tlon, n. 
An authenticating; attestation; confirmation. 
au"then-tic'i-ty, 1 e"£hen-tis'i-ti; 2 a"thgn- 
tlg'i-ty, n. The state of being authentic, 
authoritative, or genuine, 
au'thor, 1 e"£har; 2 a'thor, n. 1. An origina¬ 
tor; first cause; creator; the original writer, 
as of a book; also, one who makes literary 
compositions his profession. 2. An author’s 
writings collectively. [ < L. OF auctor, < augeo, 
increase.]—au'thor-ess, n.fem.: now little used. 
au-thor'i-ta"tiv(e s , 1 o-ther'i-te"tiv; 2 a-thor'- 
i-ta"tiv, a. 1. Possessing or proceeding from 
proper authority; duly sanctioned. 2. Exer¬ 
cising authority; positive; commanding, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

au-thor'i-ty, 1 e-fher'i-ti; 2 a-th6r'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The right to command and to 
enforce obedience; the right to act officially; 
personal power that commands influence, 
respect, or confidence. 2. The person or per¬ 
sons in whom government or command is 
vested: often in the plural. 3. An authorita¬ 
tive opinion, decision, or precedent. [< L. F 
auctoritas, < auctor, author.] 
au'thor-ize, 1 e'fliar-aiz; 2 a'thor-iz, vt. 
[-ized; -iz"ing.] 1. To confer authority upon; 
empower; commission. 2. To warrant; justi¬ 
fy; sanction. —au"tlior-l-za'tlon, n. The act of 
authorizing; legal sanction._ 
au'thor-sliip, 1 e'thar-slnp; 2 a'thor-shlp, n. 
1. The state, quality, or function of an au¬ 
thor. 2. Origination or source. 

Autli. Vcr., A. V., abbr. Authorized Version. 
au"to-bl-og'ra-phy, 1 e"to-bai-eg'ra-fi; 2 
a"to-bI-og'ra-fy, n. [-phies 2 , pi.] The story 
of one’s life written by himself. [ < Gr. autos, 
self, + biography.]— au"to-bl-og'ra-pher, n. 
— au"to-bi"o-graph'ic, -1-cal, a. Of, pertain¬ 
ing to, or like autobiography, -i-cal-ly, adv. 
au'to-boat, au'to-bus, au'to-car, n. A 
boat, an omnibus, a car propelled by motor 
power. 

au'to-crat, 1 e'to-krat; 2 a'to-crat, n. A su¬ 
preme ruler whose power is unrestricted and 
irresponsible. [< Gr. autos, self, + kratos, 
strength, power.]—au-toc'ra-cy, n. [-cies 2 , 
pi.) The rule or authority of an autocrat; ab¬ 
solute government; controlling influence.— 
au"to-crat'ic, a. Pertaining to or like an 
autocrat or autocracy; irresponsible; despotic.— 
au"to-crat'i-cal-ly, adv. 
au'to-graph, ) 1 e'to-graf; 2 a'to-graf. I. a. 
au'to-grafs, ) Written by one’s own hand, as 
a note. II. n. 1. Writing done with one’s own 
hand; one’s own signature. 2. An auto¬ 
graphic copy. [< Gr. autos, self, + graphs, 
write.]—au"to-graph'lc, a. Of the nature of 
an autograph; written with the author’s own 
hand. -1-calf.—au"to-graph'l-cal-ly, adv. 
au"to-hyp-no'sis, 1 e'to-hip-nO'sis; 2 a'to-hyp- 



r artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; net, 6r; full, rflle; but, burn; 
art. ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 








47 


no'sis, n. The state or condition of self-hypnotism. 
au"to-mat'ic, 1 e"to-mat'ik; 2 a"to-mat'ie, a. 
1. Self-moving or -regulating. 2. Acting 
mechanically; done from force of habit or 
without volition; done by self-acting machin¬ 
ery. -i-calf.—au"to-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 
au-tom'a-ton, 1 e-tem'e-ten; 2 a-tom'a-ton, 
n. ' [-tons or -ta, pi.] Any automatic mech¬ 
anism that imitates actions of living beings. 
au"to-mo'bi!e, 1 e"to-m6 / bil; 2 a/'to-mo'bil, n. 
A self ^propelling 
vehicle; horseless 
carriage. 

au-ton'o-my, 1 e- 

ten'o-mi; 2 a-ton'o- 
my, n. [-mies z , pi.] 

The power, right, Automobile, 

or condition of self-government; practical in¬ 
dependence with nominal subordination; self' 
determination, as of the will.— au"to-nom'ic, 
-i-cal, a. —au-ton'o-mous, a. 
au'top-sy, 1 e'tep-si; 2 a'top-sy, to. [-sies z , 
pi.] Postmortem examination of a human 
body. [ < Gr. autos, self, + optos, seen.] 
au"to-sug-gest"i-bil'i-ty, 1 •e'To-sug-jestT-bil'i- 
ti; 2 a"to-sug-gest"i-bil'i-ty, n. Psychol. 1. The 
state or quality of being autosuggestive. 2. Abili¬ 
ty to hypnotize oneself. — au"to-sug-ges'tion, to. 
Suggestion emanating from self only. 
au"to-sug-ges'tiv(e s , 1 e"to-sug-jes'tiv; 2 a"to- 
sug-ges'tiv, a. 1. Fitted or tending to stimulate 
thought of itself. 2. Pertaining to or character¬ 
istic of autosuggestion. 

au'to-truck, 1 e'to-truk; 2 a'to-truk, n. A 
truck fitted with a motor-engine from which it 
derives its power of propulsion, 
au'to-type, 1 e'to-taip; 2 a'to-typ, to. A pho¬ 
tographic process by which pictures are pro¬ 
duced in monochrome in a carbon pigment; 
also, the print so produced.— au"to-typ'ic, a. 
au'tuinn, ) 1 e'tum; 2 a'turn, to. The third 
au'tum 3 , 5 season of the year: often called 
fall. [< L. autumnus, autumn.]— au-tum'nal, 
a. Of, pertaining to, or like autumn; ripening; 
declining. 

Au"vergne', 1 o"vern'; 2 o"vern\ n. A former 
province of France.— Auvergne Mountains, 
in central France; highest peak, 6,188 ft. 
aux., auxil., abbr. Auxiliary, 
aux-il'ia-ry, 1 egz-il'ye-ri; 2 agg-il'ya-ry. I. a. 
Giving or furnishing aid; subsidiary; acces¬ 
sory. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. One who or 
that which aids or helps; assistant; associate; 
a verb that helps in the conjugation of an¬ 
other verb. 2. pi. Allied troops. [ < L. auxili- 
arius, < augeo, increase.] aux-il'iarj. 

A. V., abbr. Authorized Version.— Av., Ave., abbr. 

Avenue.— av., avdp., avoir., abbr. Avoirdupois, 
a-vail', 1 e-vel'; 2 a-val', v. I. t. To assist or 
aid; profit. II. i. To be of value or advan¬ 
tage; suffice. 

a-vail', n. 1. Utility for a purpose; profit; 
benefit; good. 2. pi. Proceeds. [< a- 11 + F. 
valoir, < L. valeo, be of value.] 
a-vail'a-bl(e p , 1 a-vel'a-bl; 2 a-val'a-bl, a. 
Capable of being used advantageously; 
usable; profitable; valid; at one’s disposal, as 
funds.— a-vail"a-bil'i-ty, n. Fitness to serve 
a given purpose, a-vail'a-bl(e-ness p t.—a-vail '- 
a-bly, adv. . , 

av'a-lanch(e p , 1 av'a-landh; 2 av a-laiich, n. 
The fall or sliding of a mass of snow and 
ice often bearing earth and rocks down a 
mountain-slope; also, the mass so falling. 



(F„ 
av'a-» 
av'a-i 
avan 
av"a-r 
Greec 
-ness 
a-vast' 
Stop! 
a-vauir 
away! 
A've, 1 
The s- 
invoc 
openii 
well.] 
a-veng 

A-VF 

flict 

beh 

take 

vim 

On 

av'e- 

thoj 

pp. 

a-ver 

A-V 

deni 

true. 

av'er- 

-AG-: 

of; t 
assu 
calci 
dina 
divi' 
amc 
nar 
1< 
a-ver 
in 
wi 
-r 


a- 


e 

4 

a'vi 

pi. 

a'vi- 

wh 
Tht 
a-vid 
and 
chen 
A"vi"g 
city i 
1309 
av"o-c 
n. 1 
versi 
mon l 
voco, c 
a-void' 
or at 
out, 
bl(e 
T 
av" 
d 
T 


0 


1:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 
2: wQlf, do: book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, b» 










48 


mtral 

strat- 

'o af- 
r; ac- 
o , call.] 
leclare 
knowl- 
vow.] — 
owledg- 
openly. 
/cu-lar, 
avuncu- 

ait for; 
< OF. 

ke' or 
se, as 
aken. 
ke or 


ake. 
Stir- 
g; an 

o ad- 
uants i 
vision, 
r, the 
ich is 
bserve, 

iessing 
; con- 
ge- + 

Naut. 
)f the 


, dis- 
side; 
1 by 
\.S. 

>T 
IT. 
ith 
, a. 
adv. 

or 

ible. 

iTor a 


.. Un- 
; bun- 
also, 
as an 
:k fore- 

•ument 


awn, 1 on; 2 an, n. Bot. A bristle-like appen¬ 
dage of certain grasses; beard, as of wheat or 
rye. [ME. awn, < agun, < Ice. ogn, chaff, 
husk.]— awn(c)d», a. Having an awn; bearded, 

awn'ing, 1 en'irj; 2 an'ing, n. A roof-like shel¬ 
ter from sun or rain. [ < F. auvent, awning.] 
a-woke', 1 a-wok'; 2a-wok', imp.&pp. of awake, v. 
a-wry', 1 a-rai'; 2 a-ry', a. & adv. Toward one 
side; crooked; distorted; obliquely; per¬ 
versely. , , , 

ax, l 1 aks; 2 aks, n. An edge*tool for chop- 

axe, \ ping, hewing, or the like. [ < AS. eax, xx.) 
ax'i-al, 1 aks'i-al; 2 aks'i-al, a. Of, pertaining 

to, or constituting an axis. _ _ 
ax'il-la-ry, 1 aks'i-le-ri; 2 aks'i-la-ry, a. 1. Of, 
pertaining to, or situated in, the armpit. 2. 
Zool. Attached to a joint. [ < L. axilla, dim. of 
axis, axis.] 

ax'i-om, 1 aks'i-am; 2 aks l-om, n. A self* 
evident or necessary truth. [ < Gr. axidma, < 
ago, lead, weigh.]—ax"i-o-mat'Ic, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to or of the nature of an axiom; self-evident. 
ax"i-o-inat'i-calt.— ax"I-o-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 
ax 'is, 1 aks'is; 2 aks'is, n. [-es z , pi.] A line on 
which something rotates, or around which 
something is symmetrically arranged; any 
central line or pivotal point. [L.] 
ax'l(e p , 1 aks'l; 2 aks'l, n. A shaft or spindle 
on which a wheel is mounted and on or with 
which it turns. [< Ice. dxul, axle.] ax'le- 
tr66^|• 

ay, 1 e; 2 a, adv. Ever; always, ayef.—for ay or 
aye, forever; eternally. 

aye, 1 ai; 2 i. I* n. An expression of assent; 

affirmative vote. II- adv. Yes; yea. ay£. 
Ayr, 1 ar; 2 ar, n. A city (pop. 35,740) in Ayr¬ 
shire, Scotland. 

Ayr'shlre, 1 ar'shlr; 2 ar'shir, n. A county (pop. 
299,254). S. W. Scotland; early home of Burns. 

az, , abbr. Her. Azure, 
a-za'le-a, 1 o-ze'h-a; 2 

a-za'le-a, n. A flower¬ 
ing shrub of the heath 
family. [ < Gr. azaleos, 

< azo, parch.] 
a-zo'ic, 1 e-z5'ik; 2 
a-zo'ie, a. Without 
life; without organic 
remains. [ < Gr. a- 
priv. + zol, life.] 

A-zores', 1 a-zorz'; 2 
a-zorg', n. Portuguese 
islands (922 sq. m.; 
pop. 242,600) in N. 

Atlantic ocean; capital, 

Ponta Delgada. 
az'ote, 1 az'dt; 2 az'5t, 
n. Chem. Nitrogen: 
old name. [F., < Gr. a- priv. + zad, live.] 
az'ure, 1 a 3 'ur; 2 azh'ur. I. a. 1. Like the 
blue of the sky; skyblue. 2- Like the clear 
sky; cloudless; spotless. II. n. 1. A clear 
sky-blue color or pigment. 2. The clear sky; 
the blue vault of heaven. [ < Per. ar+f lajward, 
lazhward, lapis lazuli, a blue mineral.] 



Azalea. 


*y; hit, police: obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
\ get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n fl 








49 


Avon 

backward 


B 


B, b, 1 bl; 2 be, n. [bees, B’s, or Bs, 1 biz; 
2 be§, pi.] The second letter in the English 
alphabet. 

B., abbr. Bay, British, Brutus.— B, aftftr. Boron. 
— b., abbr. Base, book, born, brother.— B. A., 
abbr. Bachelor of Arts, British Academy, Brit¬ 
ish America.— Ba, abbr. Barium, 
baa, 1 ba; 2 ba. I. vi. To bleat as a sheep. 

II. n. The bleat of a sheep. [Imitative.] 

Ba'al, 1 be'al; 2 ba'al, n. The supreme Syro- 
Phenician divinity; the sun-god. 

Baal"bek', 1 bal"bek'; 2 bal"b6k', n. A ruined 
city in Syria; site of the Temple of the Sun. 
bab'ble, / 1 bab'l; 2 bab'l, v. [bab'bled, bab'- 
bab T, ( ld p ; bab'bling.] I. t. To utter un¬ 
intelligibly; blurt out; tell thoughtlessly. II. 
i. To utter inarticulate sounds; murmur, as 
a stream; prattle; gossip. [Imitative.]— bab'- 
bler, n. [prattle; gossip, 

bab'ble, n. The rippling sound of a stream; 
babe, 1 beb; 2 bab, n. An infant; baby. [Ult. 
imitative; cp. babble.] 

Ba'bel, 1 be'bel; 2 ba'bel, n. 1. The tower de¬ 
scribed in Gen. xi, 9; also, Babylon. 2. [b-or 
B-]. Confusion of many voices or languages; 
tumult. [ < Heb. Babel, Babylon, perhaps < 
Assyrian bab*ilu, lit. gate of God, < bab, gate, + 
ilu, God.]— Ba'bel-dom, n. A condition like 
Babel; noisy confusion. 

bab-oon', 1 bab-un'; 2 bab-bon', n. A fero¬ 
cious Old World 
monkey. [ < OF. 
babuin, baboon.] 
ba'by, 1 be'bi; 2 ba'- 
by. I. vt. [ba'bied; 
ba'by-ing.] To 
treat as a baby; 
play lightly with. 

II. n. [ba'bies 2 , pi.] 

A child in arms; 
an infant. [Dim. of 
babe.]— baby act. „ ahnftn 

1. A babyish act. Baboon. 

2. A law exempting from responsibility a per¬ 
son under legal age— ba'by-dom, n. The 
condition or realm of infancy.— ba'by=farm", 
n. A place where babies are received to be 
nursed for hire.— b.=farmer, n.— b.sfarming, n. 
— ba'by-hood, n. The period of infancy; the 
condition of being a baby.— ba'by-ish, a. Child¬ 
ish; infantile. 

Bab'y-lon, 1 bab'i-lan; 2 bab'y-lon, n. Ancient 
city, on Euphrates river; capital of Babylonia. 
—Bab"y-lo'nl-an,a. Bab"y-lo'nishf.—Bab"- 
y-lo'ni-an, n. _ 

bac"ca-lau're-ate, 1 bak"e-le'n-et; 2 bae'a- 
la're-at, n. 1. The degree of bachelor. 2. A 
sermon to a graduating class, baccalau¬ 
reate sermon}:. [ < LL. baccalaureatus, < 
baccalaureus, cor. of baccalarius ; see bachelor.] 
bac 'cha-nal, 1 bak'a-nal; 2 bae'a-nal, n. A 
votary of Bacchus; a drunken reveler. [< L. 
Bacchus, god of wine.] bac'chant t; bac'- 
chantef (Jem.).— bac"cha-na'li-a, n. pi. 1. 
[B-] Rom. Antiq. A festival of Bacchus. 2. 
Drunken revelries; orgies. [L.]—bac"cha-na'- 
li-an. I. a. Of or like bacchanalia. II. n. A 
bacchanal.—bac'chic, a. Of or like Bacchus; 
bacchanalian. 



Bac'chus, 1 bak'us; 2 bac'us, n. The Roman god 
of wine: identified with the Greek Dionysus. 

Bach, 1 bflH; 2 baH, Johann Sebastian (1685- 
1750). A German musician, composer, and 
organist. 

bach., abbr. Bachelor. 

bach'e-lor, 1 badh'i-ler; 2 bach'e-lor, n. 1. 
An unmarried man. 2. One who has taken 
his first university degree. 3. A young 
knight. [ < LL.op baccalaris, bachelor.]— 
bach'e-lor’s=but"ton, n. One of several plants 
or their flowers; especially the blue-bottle or 
corn=flower. 

ba-cil'lus, 1 ba-sil'us; 2 ba-fil'us, n. A rod* 
shaped bacterium, often productive of putre¬ 
faction or disease. [ < L. bacillum, dim. of bacu- 
lum, stick.] 

back*, 1 bak; 2 bak, v. I. t. 1. To force back¬ 
ward. 2. To supply with a back; strengthen 
at the back; uphold; sustain; support. 3. To 
mount, sit, or ride upon the back of. 4. To 
write upon the back of; address or indorse. 
II. i. To move rearward.— back'er, n. One 
who backs, as with money; a supporter. 

back, a. 1. In the rear; behind. 2. Remote or 
retired. 3. In arrears; overdue, as a debt. 

back, n. 1. That side of the trunk nearest the 
spine, in man the hinder, in quadrupeds the 
upper part. 2. The reverse, rear, or posterior 
part of anything. [ < AS. bsec, back.] 

back, adv. 1. To or toward the rear; behind. 
2. To or toward a source, a former place, con¬ 
dition, etc. 3. In a state of check or hin¬ 
drance. 4. Into time past; colloquially, in 
time past. 5. In return; again; as, to give 
back. 6. In reserve or concealment. [For aback.] 
—back'bite", vt. To revile or traduce behind 
one’s back.—back'bit"er, n. A secret calum¬ 
niator or slanderer.—back'bit"ing, a. & n. — 
back'-bone", n. The spine or vertebral column; 
firmness; resolution.—background", n. The 
part of a picture which is represented as behind 
the principal objects; a subordinate position; 
obscurity.—back'hand"ed, a. 1. Delivered 
with the back of the hand, or with the hand 
turned backward; hence, equivocal; ironical. 
2. Sloping to the left, as writing.—back'ing, n. 

1. Support; supporters or promoters collectively. 

2. Motion backward. 3. The back of anything.— 
back'log", n. A large log placed at the back of 
the fire in an open fireplace.—back'side", n. 
The rear or hinder side.—back'slide', vi. To re¬ 
turn to wrong or vicious ways; relapse; aposta¬ 
tize.—back'woods", n. Wild, sparsely settled 
districts: used also attributively. — back'- 
woods"man, n. [-men, pi.] 

back'gam"mon, 1 bak'gam"on; 2 bak'g&m"- 
on, n. A game played by two persons, on a 
special board, the moves of the pieces being 
determined by dice-throws. [< back, adv., -j- 
game.] 

back'sblsh, n. See bakshish, back'sheesh}:. 

back'ward, 1 bak'ward; 2 bak'w r ard, a. 1. 
Turned to the back or rear; reversed. 2. 
Retiring; bashful. 3. Slow; dull. 4. Late,- 
behindhand.— back'ward, adv. 1. In the direc¬ 
tion of the back; to the rear; into time past 
2. With the back foremost; in reverse order; 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; an = out ; 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, 


oil; lu = feud; dhin; go; 
but, bfirn; oil, boy; go, 


U = si ng; thin, this, 
gem; ink; thin, this. 










bacon 

Baltimore 


50 


from better to worse, back'wardsf. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

ba'con, 1 be'kan; 2 ba'con, n. The salted and 
dried or smoked flesh of the hog, especially 
the back and sides. [ < OF. bacon, ult. < V of 
back, n .] 

Ba'con, 1 be'kan; 2 ba'con, n. 1. Francis, Lord 
(1561-1626), an English philosopher, and Lord 
Chancellor. 2. Roger (12147-1292?), an En¬ 
glish scientist. 

bac-te'ri-uin, 1 bak-ti'ri-um; 2 b&c-te'ri-um, 
n. [bac-te'ri-a, p(.] One of numerous wide¬ 
ly distributed microscopic organisms, rod* 
shaped or corkscrew*like, some beneficent, 
others harmful. [LL., < Gr. bakterion, < bak- 
tron, stick, staff.]— bac-te'rln, n. A bacterial 
vaccine, bac-te'rinef.—bac-te'rl-oid, a. & n. 
—bac-te"ri-ol'o-gist, n. —bac-te"ri-ol'o-gy, 
n. The branch of biology that deals with bacteria, 
bad, 1 bad; 2 bad. I. a. [worse; worst.] 
Opposite to good in any manner or degree; 
vicious; wicked; deficient; incorrect; worth¬ 
less; distressing; unfortunate; disagreeable. 
11. n. 1. That which is bad; those who are 
bad, taken collectively. 2. A bad state or 
condition. [ME. bad, badde, bad, evil.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

bade, 1 bad; 2 bad, imp. of bid, v. 

Ba'den, 1 ba'den; 2 ba'dgn, n. A German re¬ 
public (5,823 sq. m.; pop. 2,208,500), and city 
(pop. 25,440). 

badge, 1 baj; 2 badg, n. A token, mark, or 
decoration. [ < LL. baga, ring, collar.] 
badg'er, 1 baj'ar; 2 badg'er, vt. To worry or 
persecute persistently; bait, 
badg'er, n. A small, burrowing, nocturnal, 
and carnivorous 
mammal. [ < ME. 
bageard, < bage, E. 
badge, from its 
stripes.] 

ba"di"nage', 1 ba"- 

di"na 3 '; 2 ba"di"- 
nazh', n. Playful 
raillery; banter. 

[F ] American Badger. 

Baf'ifln, 1 baf'in; 2 baf'ln, William (1584-1622). 
An English arctic explorer.— Baf'fin=Land",n. 
An island of British North America.— B. Sea, 
a sea (800 m. by 400 m.) W. of Greenland, 
baf'lie, ) 1 baf'l; 2 baf'l, vt. [baf'fled, baf'ld p ; 
baf'l p , ) baf'fling.] To defeat, foil, or frus¬ 
trate; circumvent. [< OF. beffler, beffer, baffle.] 
bag, 1 bag; 2 bag, v. [bagged, bagd 8 ; bag'- 
ging.] I. t. 1. To put into a bag or bags; 
capture or kill, as game. 2. To fill out like a 
bag. II. t. To resemble a bag; bulge; sag. 
bag, n. 1. A sack or pouch; the udder of a 
cow. 2. What a bag will hold. ,3. The amount 
of game bagged. [< Ice. baggi, bag.]— bag'gy, 
a. Like a bag; loose; bulging. 
bag"a-tel (le' p , 1 bag"a-tel'; 2 bag"a-tgl', n. 

1. A trifle. 2. Games. A modification of bil¬ 
liards. [F.] 

Bag-dad', 1 bag-dad'; 2 bag-d&d', n. 1. Vilayet 
(54,540 sq. m.; pop. 900,000), Turkey In Asia. 

2. Its capital city (pop. 200,000); captured by 
British, March 11, 1917. 

bag'gage, 1 bag'ij; 2 bag'ag, n. 1. [U. S.] The 
trunks, packages, etc., of a traveler. Called 
luggage in Great Britain. 2. An army’s 
movable equipment. [ < OF. bague, pack.] 
bag'ging, 1 bag'ig;2bag'ing, n. 1. The putting 
into bags. 2 . A coarse material for making bags. 


bag'pipe, 1 bag'paip; 2 b&g'pip, n. A Scotch 
musical wind*instrument in which the reeds 
are supplied with air directly from a bag under 
the player s arm. See pipe. —bag'pip"er, n. 

B. Agr., abbr. Bachelor of Agriculture.—Bah., 
abbr. Bahamas. 

Ba-ha'ma, 1 ba-he'ma or ba-ha’ma; 2 ba-ha'ma or 
ba-ha ma. 1. Channel. Channel between 
Florida and Bahama Islands. 2. Islands. 
Group in British West Indies; 4,403 sq. m.; pop. 
55,944. Ba-ha'mast. 

Bah-i'a, 1 ba-I'a; 2 ba-i'a, ra. A state (164,643 sq. 
m.; pop. 3,373,000), and city (pop. 348,130), in 
Brazil. 

Bai'kal, 1 bai'kal; 2 bl'kal, n. Lake in S. Siberia, 
third largest (13,487 sq. m.) in Asia. 
bail 1 , 1 bel; 2 bal, vt. To admit to bail; set 
free on security for appearance at a future day, 
also, to become surety for. [< L.of bajulo, bear 
a burden.]—bail'a-bl(e p , a. Admitting of bail. 
bail 2 , vt. To provide with a bail or handle. 
bail 3 , vt. & vi. 1. To dip out, as water. 2. To 
clear of water by dipping it out. 
bail 1 , n. Law. 1. One who becomes surety for 
the debt or default of another. 2. The secur¬ 
ity or guaranty given or agreed upon. 3. 
Release, or the privilege of release, on bail. 
bail 2 , n. The handle of a pail or like vessel; an 
arch«shaped support. [ME. bayle.] 
bail 3 , n. 1. A division between the stalls of a 
stable. 2. Cricket. One of the crosspieces 
of the wicket. [OF., prob. < L. baculum, stick.] 
bai'lif(f p , 1 be'lif; 2 ba'lif. n. A sheriff’s 
deputy; local magistrate. [< LL.of bajulus, 
guardian.] 

Bail"leul', 1 bai'lyul'; 2 briyul', n. A town, N. 

E. of France, taken by Germans, April 15,1918. 
bai 'li-wick, 1 be'li-wik; 2 ba'li-wlk, n. The 
office, jurisdiction, or district of a bailiff. 
Bai-reuth', 1 bai-reit'; 2 bl'rbit, n. City (pop. 
33,160), N. Bavaria; Wagner festivals. Bay¬ 
reuth' j. 

bairn, 1 barn; 2 barn, n. [Scot.] A child. [< AS. 
beam, child.] 

bait 1 *, 1 bet; 2 bat, v. 1. 1. 1. To put a bait on 
or in. 2. To feed while resting. 3. To tor¬ 
ment, as by setting dogs upon; harass; worry. 
II. i. To stop for rest and refreshment. 
[ < Ice. beita, make to bite, < blta, bite.] 
bait, n. 1. Anytiiing used to allure a fish 
or other animal. 2. A luncheon, as on a 
journey. 

baiz(e p , 1 bez; 2 baz, n. A napped woolen 
fabric used for table*covers, etc. [< OF. bales, 
baize.] 

bake, 1 bek; 2 bak, v. [baked; bak'en|| I bak'- 
ing.] I. t. To cook by dry and continued 
heat; vitrify by heat, as bricks. II. i. 1. To 
do the work of baking. 2. To become 
cooked or hardened by heat. [< AS. bacan, 
bake.]— bak'er, n. One who bakes and sells 
bread, cake, etc.— bak'er-y, n. [-iesz, pi.] A 
place for baking bread, cake, etc.— bak'iug, n. 
The act of baking; the quantity baked, 
bak'shish, 1 bak'slmffi; 2 b&k'shish, n. In the 
Orient, a gratuity or tip. [< Hind .per bakshish, 
present ] back'sheeslit; back'shisht. 

Bal., Baluch., abbr. Baluchistan.—bal., abbr. 
Balance. 

Ba'laain, 1 bg'lam; 2 ba'lam, n. A Hebrew 
prophet, addressed by the ass he rode ( Num. 
xxii-xxiv). 

Ba"la-kla'va, 1 ba'la-kla'va; 2 ba"la-kla'va, n. 
Village in Crimea; battle between English and 
Russians, Oct. 25, 1854 (Charge of Light Brigade). 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, bun 
2: art, ape, fat. fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, cot, or, w6j 






51 


bacon 

Baltimore 


bal 'anee, 1 bal'ans; 2 bal'ang, v. [bal'anced; 
bal'anc-ing.] I. t. 1. 

To bring into or keep in 
equilibrium; poise. 2. 

To adjust, as an account. 

3. To offset. 4- To 
weigh; deliberate upon; 
ponder. II. i. 1. To be 
in equipoise. 2. To 
hesitate. 3. To dance 

to and fro. 

bal'ance, n. 1. A pair 

of scales or other in¬ 
strument for weighing. 

2. The act of balanc- Balance, 

ing or comparing. 3. The being in equi¬ 
librium; equipoise. 4. Com. (1) An equality 
between the credit and debit totals of an ac¬ 
count. (2) The difference between such 

totals; excess on either side. (3) Hence, col¬ 
loquially, remainder; surplus. 5. The bal¬ 
ance-wheel of a watch. [ < L. F M-, two, + lanx, 
dish.] 

Bal-bo'a, 1 bal-bo'a; 2 bal-bo'a, Vasco Nunez de 
(14757-1517). Spanish discoverer of Pacific 
ocean (1513). 

bal'co-ny, 1 bal'ko-m; 2 bal'co-ny, n. [-nies z , 
pi.] A projecting bal- 
ustraded platform be¬ 
fore a window; a tier 
of seats in a theater. 

[< It. balco, scaffold, 
story.] 

bald, 1 bold; 2 bald, a. 

Destitute of hair or 
other natural covering; 
unadorned. [ME. balled, 

< BALL 1 , Tl.] -iy, adv. 

-ness, n. 

bal'der-dash, 1 bel'dar-da^h; 

2 bal'der-dash, «. An empty 
and pretentious flow of 
words. [< Dan. balder, noise, 
clatter, -j- dash.] 

bale, 1 bel; 2 bal, vt. [baled; 
bal'ing.] To make into a 
bale. 

bale 1 , n. A package of bulky Balcony, 
goods, corded or otherwise prepared for 
transportation. [< LL.of bala, round bundle, 
package.] 

bale 2 1|, n. That which causes ruin or sorrow; wo. 
[< AS. bealu, evil, wickedness.]— bale'ful, a. 
Hurtful; malign; malignant; pernicious. 

BfUe, 1 bal; 2 bal, n. [F.] Same as Basel. 

Bal"e-ar'lc Isles, 1 balT-ar'ik; 2 bal"e-ar'ic. 
Mediterranean group; Spanish province (1,935 
sq. m.; pop. 332,000). 

Ba'li-ol, 1 be'li-el; 2 ba'li-ol, n. 1. John de 
(1249-1315), king of Scotland; rival of Bruce. 
2. Edward ( -1363), son of John; king of 

Scotland. Bal 'll-ol J . 

Ba-llze', n. Same as Belize. See British 
Honduras. 

balk 1 , / 1 bek; 2 bak, v. I. t. To render un- 

baulk, ) successful; thwart; frustrate. II. i. 
To stop short and refuse to proceed.— balk'y, a. 
Disposed to balk. 

balk, ) n. 1. An obstruction; hindrance; de¬ 
baulk, ) feat. 2. A failure; miss; blunder. 3. 
A feint. [< AS. balca, heap, beam.] 

Bal-kan', 1 bol-kan' or bel'kan; 2 bal-kan' or 
bal'kan, a. Pertaining to the peninsula south of 
the Danube, lying between the Adriatic, Aegean, 




and Black Seas.—Balkan Mountains, a range 
in S. Europe, westward from Black Sea. 
ball, 1 bel; 2 bal, vt. & vi. To form into a ball; 

form balls upon, as of snow on the foot. 
ball 1 , n. Any globular or spherical body; a 
game played with a ball. [ < MHG. OF balle, bal, 
a spherical body.] half. 

ball 2 , n. An evening assembly for dancing. 

[ < Gr. ll+f ballizo, dance, < ballo, throw.] 
bal'lad, 1 bal'ad; 2 bal'ad, n. Any popular 
narrative poem. [ < F. ballade, dancing-song.] 
bal'last, 1 bal'ost; 2 bal'ast. I d . vt. To pro¬ 
vide or fill with ballast; steady. II. n. 1. Any 
heavy substance, as sand, etc., laid in the hold 
of a vessel to steady it. 2. Gravel or broken 
stone for a railroad-bed. [D., lit. ‘back-load.’] 
bal"let', 1 ba"le' ; 2 ba"le', n. A dance by 
women on the stage; the ballet-dancers of 
any theater, collectively. [F., dim. of bal; see 
ball 2 , n.] 



, 1 ba-lun'; 2 ba-loon' 
hated with gas 
lighter than air, 
that rises and floats 
in the air. [< It. 
ballone, < MHG. 
bal; see ball 1 , n .]— 
bal-loon'ist, n. An 
aeronaut. 

bal'Iot, 1 bal'at; 2 
bal'ot. I d . vi. 1. 

To cast a ballot; 
vote by ballot. 2. 

To draw lots. II. 
n. 1. A written or 
printed vote or 
ticket; a little ball. 

2. The act or 
system of voting 
secretly by balls or 
tickets; also, the 
whole number of 
votes so cast. [ < 

F. ballotle, little ball.] 

ball'room", 1 _bel'- 
rum"; 2 bal'room", 
n. A room for balls 
or dancing. 

balm, 1 bam; 2 bam. 


n. 


A bag,in- 


Balloon trailing Anchors. 
I. vt. To anoint with or 


as with balm. II. n. 1. A soothing applica¬ 
tion; anything that soothes or heals. 2. An 
aromatic resinous exudation from various 


trees or shrubs; balsam; also, a tree or shrub 
that yields balm; any one of various aro¬ 
matic plants. [ < L.of balsamum; see balsam, n.] 
—balm'y, a. 1. Fragrant; aromatic. 2. Heal¬ 
ing; soothing; mild.— balm'i-ly, adv .— balin'- 
1-ness, n. 

Bal-mor'al Castle, 1 bal-mer'el; 2 bal-m6r'al. 
A royal residence, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. 

bal 'sam, 1 bel'som; 2 bal'sam, n. 1. An aro¬ 
matic, oily preparation used for healing; a 
fragrant ointment; balm. 2. An aromatic 
resin or the tree that yields it; also, a flower¬ 
ing plant. [< L. balsamum, < Gr. balsamon. 
balsam-tree.]— bal-sam'Ic, a. & n. 

Balt., Balto., abbr. Baltimore. 

Bal-tha'zar, 1 bal-fhe'zar; 2 bal-tha'§ar, n. One 
of several characters in Shakespeare’s plays. 

Bal'tic Sea, 1 bel'tik; 2 bal'tie. A sea enclosed by 
Russia, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. 

Bal'tl-more, 1 bel'ti-mor; 2 bal'ti-mor, n. A city 
in Maryland (pop. 733,830): named for Lord 
Baltimore (Cecil Calvert, 1580-1632), founder 
of Maryland. 


1:8 = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II; Iu = fc«d; cfhin; go; D = sin^; fhin, this, 
2: wQlf, dQ; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611, boy; go, gem; iok; thin, this, 































































Baluchistan 

barge 


52 


Ba-lu"chi-stan', 1 ba-liT'<5hi-stan'; 2 ba-lq'chi- 
stan', n. A country in S. Asia (134,638 sq. m.; 
pop. 835,000). 

bal'us-ter, 1 bal'us-tar; 2 bal'us-ter, n. One of 
a set of small pillars that support a hand-rail 
and form with the hand-rail a balustrade. 
(< It. F balaustro, < balaustra, wild pome¬ 
granate-flower.]— bal"us-trade', n. A band* 
rail supported by balusters. 

Bal"zac', 1 bal"zfik'; 2 bal"zae',Honorede (1799- 
1850). French realistic novelist. _ 
bain-boo', 1 bam-bu'; 2 bam-boo', n. A tall 
treedike or 
shrubby grass, ^ 

its stem, wood, 
leaf, or fiber, or 
any article made 
from it. [ < 

Malay bambu. ] 
ban, 1 ban; 2 ban. 

I. vt. & vi. 

[BANNED, BAND 8 ; 

ban'ning.] To 

E lace under a 
an; anathema¬ 
tize ; issue a ban. 

II. n. 1. A 
proclamation or 
edict; a sentence 
of outlawry; any 
aut h o r i t a t ive 
prohibition; ex- 
communication ; 
oath; curse. 2. 
pi . An an¬ 
nouncement of 
intention to marry, 
tion, edict.] 

ba'nal, 1 be'nal; 2 b&'nal, a. [F.] Meaningless 
from overuse; commonplace; trivial.— ba-nal'- 



Bamboo. 

a, section of the stem nt a node. 

[ < AS. ( ge)ban , proclama- 


1-ty, n. 

ba-nan'a, 1 ba-nan'o; 2 ba-n&n'a, n. The 
fruit of a large herbaceous tropical plant. 
Called also the banana-plant. [Sp., < native 
Guinea name.] 

han'ca, 1 bao'ka; 2 ban'ca, n. [P. I.] A dugout. 

band, 1 band; 2 band. I d . vt. 1. To bind, tie, 
or unite. 2. To mark with a stripe. II. n. 

I. That which binds, ties, or unites; a bond; a 
flat flexible strip of any material used for 
binding, as an article of dress, etc. 2. A 
company of persons associated, as for play¬ 
ing musical instruments. [Ult. < OHG., < n/ of 
bintan , bind.] 

band'age, 1 band'ij; 2 b&nd'ag. I. vt. [-aged; 
-ag-ing.] To bind or cover with a bandage. 

II. n. A strip, usually of soft cloth, used in 
dressing wounds, etc.; any band. [F., < bande, 
band.] 

band'box", 1 band'beks"; 2 band'boks", n. A 
light round box for carrying bonnets, etc. 

ban'dit, 1 ban'dit; 2 b&n'dit, n. [ban'dits or 
ban-dit'ti, pi] A highwayman; brigand. 
[ < It. bandito, pp., < LL. bandio, bannio; ban¬ 
ish.] 

ban'dog", 1 ban'deg"; 2 ban'dog", n. A large 
fierce dog, commonly kept chained. [< band, 
+ DOG.] 

ban'dy, 1 ban'di; 2 ban'dy, vt. [ban'died; 
ban'dy-ing.] To give and receive; exchange, 
as words, blows, etc.; knock or pass to and fro. 

ban'dy, a. Crooked outward at the knees. 
—ban'dydegged", a. Having bandy legs; bow- 
legged. 


ban'dy, n. [ban'dies z , pi.] 1. Hockey. 2. A 
hockey-stick. [< Gr. F band , band, bond.] 
bane, 1 ben; 2 ban, n. Anything pernicious or 
noxious; a scourge; disease; poison. [ < AS. 
bana, murderer, destruction.]—bane'ful, a. 
Noxious; poisonous; dangerous; injurious; dead¬ 
ly.—bane'ful-ly, adv. 

bang 1 , 1 bag; 2 bang, vt. & vi. To strike w r ith a 
heavy sound; knock; beat; make a loud, 
heavy sound. [ < Ice. banga, beat, hammer.] 
bang 2 , vt. To cut straight across, as the front 
hair. 

bang 1 , n. A sudden or noisy blow, thump, 
whack, or explosion. 

bang 2 , n. Front hair cut straight across, 
bang, adv. 1 . With a violent blow or loud and 
sudden noise. 2. All at once; abruptly. 
Bang"kok', 1 bar)"kek'; 2 bang'kdk', n. A city 
(pop. 629,000), capital of Siam. 
ban'gl(e p , 1 bao'gl; 2 ban'gl, n. A slender metal¬ 
lic bracelet or dependent ornament. [< Hind. 
bangri, glass bracelet.] 

Ban'gor. 1 ban'ger; 2 ban'g6r, n. County-seat 
(pop. 25,980) of Penobscot county, Me.; lumber 
market. 

ban'ian, } 1 ban'yan; 2 ban'yan, n. An East- 
ban'yan, s'Indian tree of the nettle family, 
which sends down from its branches roots that 
develop into accessory trunks; Indian fig. 
ban'ish', 1 ban'ish; 2 ban'ish, vt. To expel 
from one’s country or from any customary or 
desired place; drive away; dismiss; exile. [< 
OHG. ll+of bannan, summon.]—ban'Ish-ment, 
n. Exile, expulsion. 

ban'is-ter, 1 ban'is-tar ; 2 b&n'is-ter, n. 1. A 
baluster. 2. pi. A balustrade: a corruption, 
ban'nis-tert. 

ban'jo, 1 ban'jo; 2 b&n'jo, n. [-jos z , pi.] A 
musical instru- 

ment of the Banjo. 

guitar class, 

with a parch- 

ment * covered 

hoop instead of a hollow 

wooden body. [Negro corr., 

< Gr. 8p pandoura, musical % 

instrument.]—ban'jo-lst, n. jk 

bank 1 ', 1 barjk; 2 bSnk, vt. 

To make into a bank; 
shelter under a bank; form or lie in banks. 
bank 21 , v. I. t. To deposit in a bank. II. i. 
To do business as or with a bank or banker. 

— bank'a-bl(e p , a. Receivable by a bank. 
bank 1 , n. 1. A long acclivity; a rising ground. 

2. The land at the edge of a watercourse. 3. 
A shallow; shoal. [< AS. banc, mound.] 
bank 2 , n. An institution for lending, borrow¬ 
ing, issuing, or caring for money. [Ult. < MHG. 
banc, bench.]—bank'er, ra. One engaged in 
banking.—bank'snote", n. 1 . A promissory 
note, issued by a bank. 2. A note payable at a 
bank. 

bank'ing 1 , n. The business of a bank or 
banker: used also adjectivally. 
bank'ing 2 , n. The forming of a ridge or 
mound: an embankment, 
bank 'nipt, 1 baqk'rupt; 2 b&nk'rupt. I d . vt. 
To make bankrupt. II. a. Unable to pay 
one’s debts; insolvent. III. n. A person 
unable to pay his debts or without credit or 
resources. [< It. banco, bank, + rotta, broken.] 

— bank'rupt-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] The state of 
being insolvent; failure or inability to pay just 
debts. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern: hit, ice; i = e: I = e; go, not, or, w6n- 








53 


Baluchistan 

barge 


ban'ner, 1 ban'er; 2 ban'er, n. A cloth bearing 
a device, suspended from a pole by a cross* 
bar; any flag or standard. [< LL.of banderia, 
banner.) 

ban'nock, 1 ban'ek; 2 ban'ok, n. A cake of 
coarse meal baked on a griddle or hot stone. 
[< AS. bannuc, < Gael, bannach, cake.) 
if an 'nock-burn, 1 ban'ak-burn; 2 ban'ok-burn, n. 
Scottish town near Stirling; Bruce defeated En¬ 
glish, June 24, 1314. 

ban'quet, 1 baq'kwet; 2 ban'kwgt. I d . vt. & 
vi. To feast richly. II, n. A sumptuous 
feast. [F.] 

bans, banns, 1* banz; 2 bang, n. pi. of ban. 
ban'shee, 1 ban'Shl; 2 ban'she, n. It. & Scot. 
Folklore. A fairy visitant whose wailing foretold 
death. [< Gael. ban*sith, < ban, woman, + 
sith, fairy.) 

ban'tain, 1 ban'tam; 2 ban'tam, n. A small 
breed of the domestic hen. [ < Bantam, in Java.) 
ban'ter, 1 ban'tar; 2 ban'ter. I. vt. To make 
sport of; joke. II. n. Good*humored ridi¬ 
cule; raillery. 

bant'ling, 1 bant'lir); 2 bant'ling, n. A young 
child; infant; youth. [Corr. of handling, < 
band 2 , n.] 

ban'yan, n. Same as banian. 
ba'o-bab, 1 be'o-bab; 2 ba'o-bab, n. [Cent. Afr.) 
1 . A tree with huge trunk bearing edible, gourd* 
like fruit. 2. Its fruit. mon'keysbread"t. 
Bap., Bapt., abbr. Baptist.—bap., abbr. Bap¬ 
tized. 

Ba"paume', 1 ba"p5m'; 2 ba"pom', n. A city of 
N. E. France (pop. 4,000); scene of severe fight¬ 
ing in World War, 1914-1918. 
bap-tise', vt. & vi. Same as baptize. 
bap'tism, 1 bap'tizm; 2 bap'tlgm, n. The act 
of baptizing; an ordinance in which water is 
used in symbol or acknowledgment of conse¬ 
cration to Christ. {Malt, xxviii, 19.)—bap-tis'- 
mal, a. Pertaining to baptism. 

Bap'tist, 1 bap'tist; 2 bap'tist, n. One holding 
that the only valid baptism is the immersion 
of a believer; originally, one who baptizes, 
bap'tis-ter-y, ) 1 bap'tis-tar-i, -tn; 2 bap'tis- 
bap'tis-try, j ter-y, -try, n [-ter-ies z , 
-tries z , pi.] A reservoir in a church, for bap¬ 
tism by immersion; a portion of a church 
set apart for baptisms. 

bap-tize', 1 bap-taiz'; 2 bap-tiz', vt. & vi. 
[-tized'; -tiz'ing.] To administer baptism 
to; administer the sacrament of baptism; to 
christen or name; consecrate; dedicate. [< 
Gr.LL+F baplizo, < bapto, dip.) bap-tise't. 
bar, 1 bar; 2 bar. I. vt. [barred, bard 3 ; 
bar'ring.] 1 . To close; obstruct; hinder; 
prohibit. 2. To except. 3. To mark with 
bars. II. n. 1. A piece of solid material, 
long in proportion to its width and thickness; 
a barrier; an obstruction; a bank, as of sand, 
at the entrance to a river or harbor. 2. An 
enclosed place in a court*room; a court or 
any place of justice; the legal profession. 3. 
A counter where liquors or refreshments are 
dispensed. 4. A stripe. 5. Mus. The verti¬ 
cal line that divides a staff into measures. 

[ < LL.of barra, bar.) 

Bar., abbr. Barrister, Baruch.—bar., abbr. Bar¬ 
leycorn, barometer, barrel. 

Bar-ab'bas, 1 bar-ab'as; 2 bar-ab'as, n. Bib. A 
robber released in place of Jesus at the demand of 
the multitude. Matt, xxvii, 16. 
barb, 1 barb; 2 barb, vt. To provide with a 
barb or barbs; hence, to make cutting or severe. | 


barb 1 , n. A backward*projecting point, as on 
an arrow, a fish*hook, etc. [ < L.f barba, beard.) 
barb 2 , n. A horse of the breed brought by the 
Moors from Barbary into Spain. ’ 

Bar-ba'dos, 1 bar-be'doz; 2 bar-ba'dos, n. An 
island (166 sq. m.; pop. 200,370) of the British 
West Indies. Abbreviated, Barb, 
bar-ba'ri-an, 1 bar-be'n-an; 2 bar-ba'ri-an.. 
I. a. Uncivilized; cruel; barbarous. II. n. 
An uncivilized or uncultured person; ancient¬ 
ly, a foreigner. [< L. barbarus; see barbarous.) 
bar-bar'ic, 1 bar-bar'ik; 2 bar-bar'ic, a. Rude¬ 
ly splendid, striking, or picturesque, 
bar'ba-rism, 1 bar'ba-rizm; 2 bar'ba-ngm, n. 

1. The status between savagery and civiliza¬ 
tion; rudeness. 2. A foreign or disapproved 
word or idiom. —bar'ba-rize, vt. & vi. 

bar-bar '1-ty, 1 bar-bar'i-ti; 2 bar-bar'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] Brutal or barbarous conduct; a. 
barbarous deed. 

bar'ba-rous, 1 bar'ba-rus; 2 bar'ba-rus, a. 1- 
Pertaining to or like a barbarian; uncultivat¬ 
ed; rude; cruel; brutal; savage. 2. Marked 
by barbarisms in speech; unpolished. 3.. 
Rude or harsh in sound. [< L. barbarus, < Gr. 
barbaros, not Greek, foreign.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Bar'ba-ry, 1 bar'ba-ri; 2 bar'ba-ry, n. The Mo¬ 
hammedan countries of N. Africa, exclusive of 
Egypt. 

bar'be-cue, } 1 bar'bi-kiu; 2 bar'be-cu. I. vt. 
bar'ba-cue, ) [-cued; -cu"ing.] To roast, 
whole. II. n. An animal roasted whole, as 
an ox. [< Haytian 3 F barbacoa, framework of 
sticks.) 

bar'ber, 1 bar'bar; 2 bar'ber, n. One who cuts 
the hair, shaves the beard, etc. [< L.of barba . 
beard.) 

bar'ber-ry, 1 bar'ber-i; 2 bar'ber-y, n. 1. A 
shrub bearing yellow flowers and bright*red 
oblong berries. 2. Its fruit. [< LL. berberis, bar¬ 
berry.) 

bar-bette', 1 bar-bet'; 2 bar-bet', n. An armored 
cylinder protecting a revolving turret on a war*- 
ship. [F., dim. < L. barba, beard.) 
bar'bi-can, 1 bar'bi-kan; 2 bar'bi-can, n. An 
outer fortification or outwork. [ < F. barbicans. Ji 
Bar"ce-lo'na, 1 bar"si-lo'na; 2 bar"ce-lo'na, n. 
Province (2,968 sq. m.; pop. 1,196,700) and city 
(pop. 618,770), N. E. Spain. [poet- 

bard, 1 bard; 2 bard, n. A Celtic minstrel; any 
bare 1 , 1 bar; 2 bar, vt. [bared; bar'ing.] To. 

lay bare; strip; reveal; expose. 
bare 2 1|, imp. of bear, v. 

bare, a. 1. Devoid of covering or dress; naked;; 
unfurnished; empty; unarmed; unsheathed. 

2. Not more than just suffices; simple; mere;; 
plain: meager. 3. Manifest or evident; un¬ 
disguised. [< AS. bser, bare.)— bare'back". I. 
a . Riding a barebacked horse. II. adv . With¬ 
out a saddle.— bare'backed", a . — bare'- 
laced", a. Having the face bare; hence, im¬ 
pudent; audacious.— bare'foot", a . & adv . With 
the feet bare. bare'foot"ed|. — bare'head"ed, 
a. — bare'Iy, adv . Only just; scarcely; scantily; 
nakedly; boldly; plainly. —bare'ness, n. 

bar'gain, 1 bcir'gin; 2 bar'gin. I. vt. & vi. To^ 
agree in advance concerning; barter; trade; 
negotiate; stipulate. II. n. 1. A mutual 
agreement between persons. 2. That which 
is agreed upon; an advantageous transaction;. 
an article bought or offered at a low price.. 
[< LL.of barcanio, traffic.)— bar'gain-er, n. 
bar'gain-or"t. 

barge, 1 barj; 2 barg, n. A flat*bottomed 
freight*boat or other large boat, as for plea- 


1:a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Ifi = feud; tfhin; go; O = Bing; thin, this. 
3: wqlf, dp; book, boot; fijill, r#le, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; liik; thin, this. 








baritone 

base 


54 


sure excursions. [< LL. barga; see bark 3 , re.]— 
barge'man, re. [-men, pi.] 
bar'i-tone, re. Mus. Same as barytone. 
ba'rl-um, 1' be'n-um; 2 ba'ri-um, re. Chem. A 
yellow to white, malleable, nonvolatile ele¬ 
ment. [< Gr. barys, heavy.]—bar'lc, a. Of or 
pertaining to barium. 

bark 1 ', 1 bark; 2 bark, vi. To utter a bark, as 
a dog. [< AS. beorcan, borcian, bark.] 
bark 2 ', vt. 1. To remove the bark from; 
scrape; girdle. 2. To rub off or abrade the 
skin of. 3. To cover with or as with bark. 
4. To tan or color in an infusion of bark. 
bark 1 , re. A short, abrupt, explosive sound 
made by a dog, a fox, etc. 
bark 2 , re. The rind or covering of a tree or 
other plant. [< Sw. bark, rind.] 
bark 3 , re. A three-masted vessel square-rigged 
. except for the mizzenmast, which is forehand* 
aft rigged; any vessel or boat. [< F. barque, 
< LL. barca, barga , bark.) barquef. 
bar'keep"er, 1 bar'kip"ar; 2 bar'kep"er, re. 
One who serves liquors over a bar. bar'- 
tend"erj. 

bar'ley, 1 bar'll; 2 bar'ly, re. A hardy, bearded 
cereal, or the grain it bears. [< AS. bserlic .] 

barm, 1 barm; 2 barm, re. The froth or foam 
rising on fermented malt liquors; brewers’ 
yeast. [< AS. beorma, yeast.]—barm'y, a. 

Bar'me-cide, 1 bar'mi-sald; 2 bar'me-cid, re. 1. 
One of a former princely family of Bagdad. 2. 
One who gives imaginary feasts or favors; so 
called from a character of this name in the Arabian 
Nights. Bar'ma-cidet.—Bar'me-[or ma-]- 

cide, a. Illusive; unreal. 

barn, 1 barn; 2 barn, re. A storehouse for hay, 
etc.; also [U. S.], a stable. [ < AS. bern .] 

Bar'na-bas, 1 bor'na-bas; 2 biir'na-bas, re. Com¬ 
panion of Paul the Apostle. 
bar'na-el(e p , 1 bar'na-kl; 2 bar'na-cl, re. A 
shell-fish found attached to rocks, ships, etc.; 
also, a species of goose; a persistent follower. 
[ME. barnakylle, dim. of bernake, the goose.] 
Bar'ne-veldt, 1 bar'na-velt; 2 bar'ne-vSlt, Jan 
van Olden (1549?—1619). A Dutch patriot, 
bar'o-graph, 1 bar'o-graf; 2 bar'o-graf, re. A self* 
recording barometer. [< Gr. baros, weight, + 
grapho, write.] 

ba-rom'e-ter, 1 ba-rem'i-tar; 2 ba-rom'e-ter, re. 
An instrument for indicating atmospheric 
pressure. [ < Gr. baros, weight, + metron, mea¬ 
sure.]— bar"o-inet'rie, a. -ri-calf. 
bar'on, 1 bar'an; 2 b&r'on, re. A member of the 
lowest order of hereditary nobility in several 
European countries. [F., < LL. baro(n-), < 
OHG. baro, man.]—bar'on-age, re. Barons col¬ 
lectively.—bar'on-ess, re. fem. —ba-ro'nl-al, 
a. Pertaining to a baron, a barony, or the order 
of barons.—bar'on-y,re. [-ies 21 , pi.] Therank, 
dignity, or domain of a baron, 
bar'on-et, 1 bar'an-et; 2 bilr'on-St, re. An 
inheritable English title, below that of baron; 
also, the bearer of the title.—bar 'on-et-age, re. 
Baronets collectively.—bar'on-et-cy, re. [-cies*, 
pi.] The rank of a baronet, bar'on-et-shipj. 
ba-rouche', 1 ba-ru^h'; 2 ba-ruch', re. A four- 
wheeled low*bodied pleasure*vehicle with fold¬ 
ing top. [ < L.it+g bis (see bi-) + rota, wheel.] 
bar'rack, 1 bar'ak; 2 bar'ak, re. A structure 
for the lodgment of soldiers: generally plural; 
an adjustable roof for sheltering hay, etc. See illus. 
in next column. [ < It.* 1 baracca, soldiers' tent.] 
bar"rage', 1 bar"ra3'; 2 bar"razh\ re. 1. [F.] Mil. 
Concentrated fire on a part of an enemy’s lines. 
2. (I bar'ij; 2 bar'ag) An artificial structure in 
the bed of a river to increase the water*depth. 



bar'rel, 1 bar'el; 2 bar'gl. I. vt. [bar'reled or 
bah'relled, bar-reld s ; bar'rel-ing or 
bar'rel-ling.] To put or 
pack in a barrel. II. re. 1. 

A round vessel, made with 
staves and hoops, about 31 
inches high. 2. As much as a 
barrel will hold. 3. Something 
resembling a barrel, as the tube 
of a firearm, the body of an i m _ r . _ 
animal, etc. [ < LL.of barile, S/K 1 Vl 
barrel.] — bar'reLor'gan, re. A Hay-barrack. 
hand*organ. 

bar'ren, 1 bar'en; 2 bar'en. I. a. Sterile; un¬ 
profitable; dull. II. re. A tract of barren land. 
[< OF. baraigne, barren.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
bar"ri-cade', 1 bar"i-ked'; 2 b&r"i-cad', I. vt. 
[-cad'ed 11 ; -cad'ing.] To defend with a bar¬ 
ricade. II. re. A barrier closing a passage, as 
for defense. [< Sp * barricada, < barrica, bar¬ 
rel.] bar"ri-ca'doJ. 

bar'ri-er, 1 bar'i-ar; 2 bar'i-er, re. Something 
that obstructs progress or prevents encroach¬ 
ment; a boundary; obstruction. [< OF. bar- 
riere, < LL. barra, bar.] 

bar'ris-ter, 1 bar'is-tar; 2 bar'is-ter, re. Eng. 

Law. An advocate. [ < bar 1 , rej 
bar'room", 1 barTum"; 2 bar'room", re. A room 
where liquors and refreshments are served, 
bar'row 1 , 1 bar'o; 2 bar'o, re. A tray or box 
having a wheel or wheels and handles. [< AS. 
*berewe, < beran, bear.] 

bar'row 2 , re. A burial-mound; cairn; heap. 

[ < AS. beorg, hill, place of burial.] 

Bart., Bt., abbr. Baronet. 

bar'ter, 1 bar'tar; 2 bar'ter. I. vt. & vi. To ex¬ 
change (commodities); trade by exchange of 
commodities. II. re. The exchanging of 
commodities or a commodity given in ex¬ 
change. [< OF. bareter, < barat, barter.]— 
bar'ter-er, re. 

Bar"the"Ie"niont', 1 bar'’te*le"meh’: 2 bar't&’le'- 
m6n'. re. A village E. of Nancy, France, where 
the first three American soldiers fell in the World 
War, Nov. 3, 1917. Here the French erected a 
monument in 1918. 

Bar-thol'o-niew, 1 bar-Chel'o-miu; 2 bar-th61'o- 
mu, Saint. One of the Twelve Apostles, on 
whose festival day, Aug. 24, 1572, occurred the 
slaughter of the Huguenots, called Massacre of 
St. Bartholomew’s. 

Bar"ti-nue'us, 1 bfir'ti-ml'us; 2 bar"ti-me'us, re. 
A beggar cured of blindness (Mark x, 46-52). 

Bar"ti-ine'usf. 

Ba'ruch, 1 be'ruk; 2 ba'ruc, re. Bib. Jeremiah’s 
writer; also, a book by him. [Heb., blessed.] 
bar'y-tone, 1 bar'i-ton; 2 bar'y-ton. I. a. 
Mus. Having a register higher than bass and 
lower than tenor. II. re. Mus. A barytone 
male voice, or a person having such a voice. [ < 
Gr.rr barys, heavy, + tonos, tone.] bar'1-tone 
bas., abbr. Basso. 

ba'sal, 1 be'sal; 2 ba'sal, a. Pertaining to, of, 
or at the base; fundamental, 
ba-salt', 1 ba-selt' or bas'elt; 2 ba-salt' or 
bfts'alt, re. An igneous rock of a dark color 
and often of columnar structure. [ < L. basaltes, 
dark marble.]—ba-salt'ic, a. 
base, 1 bes; 2 bas, vt. [based; bas'ing.] To 
place upon a base or basis; ground; estaDlish. 
base, a. 1. Low in sentiment, morals, or rank; 
of humble or ignoble birth; abject. 2. Low 
in value. 3. Mus. Same as bass. [ < LL.* 1 
bassus, low.] -ly, adv. -ness, re.—base'-born", 
a. Born out of wedlock; also, of low birth; plebeian. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, 6r; full, rOle; but, b©rn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won, 










COMMON AMERICAN BARKS.—I. 

1. Basswood. 2. White elm. 3. White cedar. 4. White oak. 5. Box-elder. 6. Yellow birch. 7. 
Sweet cherry. 8. Red maple. 9. Black walnut. 10. Horse-chestnut. 11. Red pine. 12. White ash. 
13. Sycamore. 14. White mulberry. 15. Tulip. 16. Canoe birch. 



































COMMON AMERICAN BARKS.—II. 

1. Brittle willow. 2. Shagbark hickory. 3. Honeydocust. 4. Chestnut. 5. Blue beech. 6. White 
spruce. 7. Great laurel. 8. Wich»hazcl. 9. Persimmon. 10. Fragrant crab. 11. Hemlock. 12. 
Sassafras. 13. Cottonwood. 14. Holly. 15. Balsam hr. 16. Butternut. 
































57 


base 

batter 


base, n. 1. The lowest or supporting part; the 
foundation. 2. Mus. Same as bass. 3. 
Chem. A compound which is capable of so 
uniting with an acid as to neutralize its acid 
properties and form a salt. 4. Mil. A basis of 
operations or of supplies. 5. In baseball, any 
one of the four points of the diamond. 
[< Gr>+F basis, stepping, base, < baino, go.]— 
base Aboard", n. Same as mop*board.— base'- 
less, a. 1. Without foundation. 2. Unfounded; 
groundless.— base'ment, n. The ground floor 
of a building, beneath the principal story, 
base'ball", 1 bes'bel"; 2 bas'bal", n. 1. A 
game played with a bat, ball, and four bases 
marking the course each player must take in 
running. 2. The ball used in this game. 
Ba'sel, 1 ba'zel; 2 ba'sel, n. A city (pop. 135,380), 
Basel*Stadt canton, Switzerland. BaleJ [F.]. 
Ba'shan, 1 be'Shan; 2 ba'shan, n. A region E. of 
Jordan, Palestine; famous for oaks and wild bulls, 
ba-shaw', 1 ba-6he'; 2 ba-sha', n. See pasha. 
bash'ful, 1 ba^h'ful; 2 bash'ful, a. Shrinking 
from notice; shy; timid. [< abash.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

ba 'sic, 1 be'sik; 2 ba'sic, a. Pertaining to or 
like a base.— ba'sic-al-ly, adv. Fundamentally; 
in a basal way.— ba-sic'i-ty, n. 

Bas'il, 1 bazil; 2 bas'd, Saint (329?-379). “Basil 
the Great’’; bishop of Caesarea, 
bas'i-lisk, 1 bas'[or baz']i-lisk; 2 bas'[or ba§']- 
i-lisk, n. 1. A fabled creature whose breath 
and look were fatal. 2. A lizard with erectile 
crest. [ < Gr. basiliskos, dim. of basileus, king.] 
ba'sin, 1 be'sn; 2 ba'sn, n. A shallow vessel, 
with sloping sides; a cavity like that of such a 
vessel. [ < LL. F bachinus, < bacca, bowl.] 
ba'sis, 1 be'sis; 2 ba'sis, n. [ba'ses 2 , pi] 
That on which anything rests; support; foun¬ 
dation; chief ingredient. [L.; see base, w.] 
bask 1 , 1 bask; 2 bask, vi. To luxuriate, as in 
warmth. [ < Old Scand. badhask, bathe oneself.] 
bas'ket, 1 bas'ket; 2 bas'ket, n. 1. A vessel of 
interwoven twigs, splints, or strips. 2. 
What a basket will hold, bas'ket-fulf. [< W. 
basged.]— bas'ketsbali", n. An indoor game like 
football played with an inflated ball and elevated 
baskets for goals; also, the ball used.—bas'- 
ket-ry, n. Basket*making or basketwork. 
Basque, 1 bask; 2 bask, n. 1. One of a distinct 
linguistic family of the French and Spanish 
Pyrenees. 2. The language of the Basques.— 
Basque, a. 

bas"*re-lief', 1 bd"*ri-llf'; 2 ba"=re-lef', n. 
Sculpture in which the figure projects but 
slightly from the background. [< It. p basso* 
rilievo, < basso low, + rilievo, relief.] bass"* 
re-lief'J. [compass, 

bass, 1 bes; 2 bas, a. Mus. Low in tone or 
bass 1 ,1 bas; 2 bas, n. One of various food*fishes. 
bass 2 , 1 bes; 2 bas, n. Mus. The lowest tones 
of the male voice, or of an instrument. [< OF. 
bas; see base, a.] 

bass 3 ,1 bas: 2 bis, n. Same as basswood. 
Bas-sa'ni-o, 1 bas-sa'nl-o; 2 bas-sa'nl-o, n. In 
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, Portia’s suc¬ 
cessful suitor. 

Bas"sein', I ba'sen'; 2 ba"sen', n. A district 
(6,284 sq. m.; pop. 475,000) in Lower Burma; its 
capital city (pop. 30,000). _ 

bas-soon', 1 ba-sun'; 2 ba-soon', n. A wooden 
reeddnstrument with curved mouthpiece. [< 
ItA bassone, < basso, < L. bassus, low.] 
Bas'so-ra, 1 bds'o-re; 2 bas'o-ra, n. Turkish vila¬ 
yet (53,580 sq. m.; pop. 600,000), W. Asia; its cap¬ 
ital (pop. 55,000); occupied by British in 1914. 


bass vi'ol, 1 bes vai'al; 2 bas vi'ol. A large, 
stringed instrument of the violin type, 
bass'wood", 1 bas'wud"; 2 bas'wood", n. The 
American linden* or whitewood=tree. basst. 
bast, 1 bast; 2 bast, n. The fibrous inner bark 
of trees; also, cordage, etc., made from it. [< 
AS. basst, lime*tree.] 

bas'tard, 1 bas'terd; 2 bas'tard. I. a. Born 
out of wedlock; spurious; abnormal or unusu¬ 
al. II. n. An illegitimate child. [< MHG. ll +of 
bast, mat.] 

bas'tard-y, n. Illegitimacy. 
baste 1 ,1 best; 2 bast, vt. [bast'edc 1 ; bast'ing.] 
To sew loosely together. [< MHG. op bestan, 
bind.] [while cooking. 

baste 2d , vt. To cover with gravy or the like 
bas"ti-na'do, 1 bas"ti-ne'do; 2 bas"ti-na'do. 
I. vt. To beat on the soles of the feet; beat or 
flog. bas"ti-nade'L II. n. A beating with 
a stick, usually on the soles of the feet. [ < Sp. 
baslonada, < baston, cudgel.] 
bas'tion, 1 bas'dhan; 2 bas'chon, n. Fort. A 
projecting part of a fortification. [ < It. bas- 
tione, < bastire, build.]— bas'tioned, a. 
bat, 1 bat; 2 bat, vt. & vi. [bat'ted 11 ; bat'- 
ting.] To strike with or as with a bat. 
bat 1 , n. 1. Any stick or club for striking the 
ball in baseball, cricket, etc. 2. A brickbat. 
3. A sheet of batting. 

bat 2 , n. A nocturnal mammal with limbs con¬ 
nected by a wing»membrane. [Corr. < Dan. 
bakke, bat.] battf. 
bat., batt., abbr. Battalion, battery. 

Ba-ta'vi-a, 1 ba-te'vi-a; 2 ba-ta'vi-a, n. Capital 
city (pop. 235,000) of Java and Dutch East 
Indies. 

batch, ) 1 badh; 2 bach, n. The dough for one 
bach?, ( baking, or the quantity of bread, etc., 
baked; the grain for one grinding; grist; any 
set of things made or done at one time. [ < AS. 
bacan, bake.] 

bate, 1 bet; 2 bat, vt. [bat'ed^ ; bat'ing.1 1. 
To lessen; moderate; abate. 2. To deduct. 
[OF. abatre; see abate, v.} 

ba-teau', 1 ba-to'; 2 ba-t5', n. [ba-teaux', 1 
-toz'; 2 -toz', pi] A flat*bottomed boat; a pon¬ 
toon for a bridge. [ < AS.ll+f bat, boat.] 
bath, 1 bath; 2 bath, n. [baths, 1 baths or 
bathz; 2 baths or bath§, pi] A bathing; that 
in which one bathes; a building or receptacle 
for bathing. [ < AS. bxlh, bath.] 

Bath, 1 bath; 2 bath, n. A city (pop. 68,650) in 
Somerset, England, famous for its hot springs, 
bathe, 1 beth; 2 bath, v. [bathed; bath'ing.] 

I. t. To wash or immerse; wet; lave; suffuse. 

II. i. To take a bath.—bath'er, n. 
Bath-she'ba, 1 bath-ghrbe; 2 bath-she'ba, n. 

Wife of Uriah, and of David; mother of Solomon, 
bat'op, 1 bat'en or (F.) ba"toh'; 2 bat'on or 
( F .) ba/'ton', n. A short staff or rod. [F. baton, 
< LL. basto{n~), stick.] 

Bat'on Rouge, 1 bat'an rus; 2 bat'on rqzh. A 
city (pop. 15,000), capital of Louisiana, 
bats'man, 1 bats'man; 2 bats'man, n. [-men, 
pi] One who handles the bat, as in baseball, 
bat-tal'ion, 1 ba-tal'yan; 2 ba-tal'yon, n. 
Two or more companies of infantry; a body 
of troops. [< LLJt+f battalia; see battle.] 
bat'ten 1 , 1 bat'n; 2 bat'n, vt. & vi. To make or 
grow fat; thrive; gratify a craving, as for 
cruelty. [ < Ice. batna, grow better, improve.] 
bat'ten 2 , vt. To put battens on. 
bat'ten, n. A narrow strip of wood; a cleat, 
bat'ter, 1 bat'ar; 2 bat'er, vt. & vi. To strike 


1-a = final* I = habit; aisle; an = out; ell; fu = feud; tfhin; go; u = Bing; thin, this. 
giwQlf, dp; book, boot; ftjll, rule, cQre, but, burn; oil. boy; go, gem; ink; thin, thu». 








batter 

becalm 


58 


repeatedly; beat; dent; mar; deface. [< LL. F 
batto, < battuo, beat.] 

bat'ter 1 , to. A thick liquid mixture beaten up 
for use in cookery. 

bat'ter 2 , to. A heavy blow; also, repeated 
blows, or the condition resulting from them, 
bat'ter 3 , to. A batsman, as in baseball. 
bat'ter-ing=ram", 1 bat'sr-iq-ram"; 2 bat'er- 
ing-ram", to. A long beam, a 

with heavy head, anciently 
used in forcing gates and H 

making breaches in walls. Ji| G. 

bat'ter-y, 1 bat'ar-i; 2 b&t'er-y, 

to. [-ies z , pi.] 1. Mil. (1) mg*'®-— j| 
An earthwork enclosing can- , „ „ P 

non. (2) A company of ar- _ _ 
tillerymen, or their guns and Battering-ram. 
other equipment. 2. Elec. A group of cells, 
dynamos, etc. 3. Law. The unlawful use of 
force by one person upon another, 
bat'ting, 1 bat' 113 ; 2 Mt'ing, to. Cotton or 
wool prepared in sheets, or the art of prepar¬ 
ing it; also, the act of batting in any sense of 
the verb. cot'ton*bat"tingt. 
bat'tl(e p , 1 bat'l; 2 b&t'l. I. vi. [bat'tled, 
bat'tldp; bat'tling.] To fight; struggle; 
strive. II. n. 1. A combat between hostile 
armies or fleets; a fight; conflict; contest. 
21|. Arms or an armed force. [< LL J battalia, < 
batto; see batter, v.] 

bat'tle-dore", 1 bat'l-dor"; 2 bat'l-dor", to. A 
parchment-covered bat used to drive a 
shuttlecock. 

bat'tle-ment, 1 bat'l-ment or -mant; 2 bail¬ 
ment, n. A parapet indented along its upper 
line.—bat'tle-ment-ed, pa. Furnished with 
battlements. 

bau'bl(e p , 1 be'bl; 2 ba'bl, to. A worthless 
showy trinket; gewgaw; toy; originally, the 
wand of a jester. [< L.or babulus, foolish.] 

baw'blej. 

baulk, v. & to. Same as balk. 

Bav., abbr. Bavaria, Bavarian. 

Ba-va'ri-a, 1 ba-ve'n-a; 2 ba-va'ri-a, n. A Ger¬ 
man republic (29,292 sq. m.; pop. 7,150,150); 
formerly a kingdom. 

bawl, 1 bel; 2 bal, vt. & vi. To cry or wail 
loudly. [ < Ice. baula, low, as a cow.]—bawl'er, n. 
bay, 1 be; 2 ba, v. I. t. To bark at; drive or 
bring to a stand in the chase. II. i. To bark 
hoarsely. [ < OF. bayer, < LL. bado, gape.] 
bay, a. Red-brown: said of horses. 
bay 1 , to 1. A body of water partly enclosed by 
land; an arm of the sea. 2. Any recess. 3. A 
kind of wood used for furniture. bay's 
wood"*. [< F. bale, < LL. baia, bay.] 
bay 2 , «. 1. The laurel-tree. bay'stree"$. 

2. A laurel wreath; poetic renown. [< F. bale, 
< L. baca, berry.] 
bay 3 , to. A bay horse. 

bay 4 , to . 1 . A deep bark or cry, as of dogs in 
hunting. 2. The situation of a hunted crea¬ 
ture compelled to turn on its pursuers. [For 
abay, < OF. abai, barking.] 
bay 5 , to . 1 . A large space in a barn for storage, 
as of hay. 2. A principal compartment or 
division, as between piers or columns. [< F. 
bate, < bayer, gape; see bay, r.] 

Bay'ard, 1 bai'erd; 2 bl'ard, to. 1. Chevalier de 
(1475-1524), Pierre du Terrail, a French soldier 
and pattern of knighthood; hence, a man of 
heroic courage and chivalry. 2. Thomas F. 
(1828-1898), an American statesman. 
bay'ber"ry, 1 be'ber"i; 2 ba'bSr"y, to. One of 


various trees, as the wax-myrtle or laurel, or 
its fruit. 

Ba"yeux', 1 ba"yu'; 2 ba"yu', to. Town in Nor¬ 
mandy, France; Bayeux tapestry in cathedral, 
bay'o-net, 1 be'o-net; 2 ba'o-n6t. I d . vt. To 
stab or charge with a bayonet. II. to. A 
dagger-like weapon attachable to the muzzle 
of a musket. [Prob. < Bayonne, in France.] 
Ba-yonne', to. 1. 1 be-on'; 2 ba-on'. A city in 
Hudson county, New Jersey; pop. 76,760. 2. 1 
ba"yen'; 2 ba"yon'. A fortified town in France; 
pop. 27,000. 

bay'ou, 1 bai'u; 2 bl'u, to. A sluggish inlet or 
outlet from a lake or bay. [ < Choctaw bayoue.] 
Bay-reuth', to. Same as Baireuth. 
bay win'(low. Arch. A projecting window* 
structure of angular plan, reaching to the 
ground, as distinguished from an oriel win¬ 
dow (supported on corbels or brackets) and 
from a bow window (curved in.plan). 
ba-zaar', / 1 bo-zar'; 2 ba-zar', to. 1. An Orien- 
ba-zar', ) tal market-place or range of shops. 
2. A fancy fair for charity. [ < Per. bazar, mar¬ 
ket.] 

bbl., brl., abbr. [bbls., pi.] Barrel.— B. C., abbr. 
Before Christ, Board of Control, British Colum¬ 
bia.— B. C. L., abbr. Bachelor of Civil Law.— 
B. D., abbr. Bachelor of Divinity.—bd., abbr. 
Board, bond, bound.—bdl., abbr. [bdls., pi.] 
Bundle.—bds., abbr. Bookbinding. Boards, 
be, 1 bi; 2 be, vi. [am, art, is, are, pres.; was, 
■wast, were, imp.; be, were, wert, subj.; 
be, imper.; been, pp.; being, ppr.] 1. To 
have existence. 2. To exist in a special state, 
relation, etc. 3. To happen. 4. To belong; 
concern: with to. [< AS. beon, be.] 
be-, prefix■ By; near; on; about: used (1) in its 
original prepositional sense; (2) to render intran¬ 
sitive verbs transitive; (3) to form verbs from 
adjectives or nouns; (4) to intensify the notion 
of a verb; (5) to give a secondary meaning to a 
simple verb; (6) with nouns, adjectives, or ad¬ 
verbs, to form other adverbs, conjunctions, or 
prepositions; (7) with privative force; i. e., to 
give a meaning opposed to that of the simple 
word; (8) without special force. Be- forms nu¬ 
merous compounds which are readily understood 
by combining the meaning of the prefix with that 
of the second element. [change. 

Be., abbr. Beryllium.—b. e., abbr. Bill of ex- 
beach, 1 bich; 2 bech. I', vt. To run or haul 
up on a beach. II. to. The sloping shore of a 
body of water; a wave*washed margin; strand, 
bea'con, 1 bl'kan; 2 be'eon. I. vt. & vi. To 
furnish with a beacon; light up; 
shine as a beacon; guide by a light. ■ 

II. to. A prominent object, set I 
up as a guide or warning as to palm 
mariners; a signal-fire or -light. 

[< AS. bedcen, sign, signal.] 

Bea'cons-tield, 1 bl'kanz-flld; 2 P; ’■ A 
be'cons-feld. See Disraeli. fj?-jj 

bead, 1 bid; 2 bed. I d . vt. & vi. To ht— 

decorate with or as with beading \ r ~^ 
or beads; collect in beads; bubble; Beacon, 
foam; sparkle. II. to. 1. A little perforated 
sphere or the like, intended to be strung on a 
thread or attached to a fabric for decoration. 
2. pi. A rosary; hence, prayers. 3. A bubble 
or bubbles of gas on the surface of a liquid; 
froth. 4. A small knob used as the front 
sight of a gun. 5. A small convex molding. 
[ME. bede, prayer, bead.]— bead'ing, to. Bead¬ 
like ornamentation; beads collectively; beaded 
fabrics. 


I: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n.’ 














59 


batter 

becalm 


bea'dl(e p , 1 bl'dl; 2 be'dl, n. [Eng.] A petty 
parish or university official; a crier or mes¬ 
senger of a court. [< OHG.° p butil, one who 
summons.] 

bea'gl(e p , 1 bl'gl; 2 be'gl, n. 1. A small, short- 
coated hunting-hound. 2. A constable. 

beak, 1 blk; 2 bek, n. The projecting jaws or 
other mouth-parts of birds; bill; also, the prow 
of a ship. [< LL.p beccus, beak.] — beaked, a. 

beak'er, 1 blk'ar; 2 bek'er, n. A large, wide¬ 
mouthed cup or goblet. [ < Gr. L L+icE bikos, 
wine-jar.] 

beam, 1 bim; 2 bem, v. 1. t. 1. To send out as 
or like rays of light. 2. To furnish with or as 
with beams. 3. To burnish. II. i. To shine. 
—beam'ing, pa. Radiant; bright; cheerful. 

beam, n. 1. A long horizontal piece of wood, 
stone,’or metal forming part of the frame of a 
building or other structure. 2. The bar of a 
balance. 3. A ray of light, or a group of nearly 
parallel rays. I < AS. beam, tree, ray of light.] 

beam'y, 1 bim'i; 2 bem'y, a. 1. Radiant; joy¬ 
ous; gladsome. 2. Like a beam; massive. 

bean, 1 bln; 2 ben, n. The oval edible seed of 
certain plants; a bean-bearing plant. [ < AS. bean.] 

bear 1 , 1 bar; 2 bar, v. [bore or bare; borne or 
born, 1 b5rn, 2 born; bear'ing.] I. t. 1. To 
support; hold up; sustain; convey; carry. 2. 
To show visibly; display; exhibit. 3. To suf¬ 
fer; endure or undergo. 4. To have; hold; 
maintain; entertain. 5. To produce; give 
birth to. 6. To conduct (oneself); behave. 
II. i. 1. To produce fruit. 2. To be able to 
sustain a desired weight. 3. To have a cer¬ 
tain direction; take an aim or course. 4. To 
rest heavily; lean; press. 5. To be in a certain 
direction. 6. To endure with patience; suffer. 
7. To have relation or reference; be pertinent. 
[< AS. beran, carry, wear, bear, suffer.]— bear '- 
a-bl(e p , a. Capable of being borne. —bear'a- 
bly, adv. —bear'er, n. One who or that which 
bears, carries, or has in possession. —bear'ing, 
n. 1. The act of sustaining, enduring, produc¬ 
ing, etc. 2. Deportment; manner. 3. Relation; 
connection; meaning. 4. A part (of a machine) 
that rests on something, or on which something 
rests. 5. A heraldic device. 

bear 2 , vt. [U. S.] Finance. To depress the 
price of (stocks, etc.). 

’bear, n. 1. A large plantigrade carnivore, with 
massive body and short tail. 2. A 
speculator who seeks to depress 
prices. 3. One of 
two constellations: 
see below.—bear'ish, 
a. Like a bear; rough; 
surly. — Great Bear 
( Ursa Major), a large 
northern constella¬ 
tion. See pointers. 

The Dipper}:. —Lit- % 

tie B. (.Ursa Minor), .. ., 

a northern constella- American Black Bear, /so 

tion including the pole-star. 

beard, 1 bird; 2 berd. I d . vt. To take by the 
beard; pull the beard of; defy. II. n. 1. 
The hair on a man’s face, especially on the 
chin. 2. Some similar growth or appendage; 
a tuft of hair-like processes; an awn, as of 
grass; the barb of an arrow or of a hook. 
[< AS. beard.] —beard 'ed, a. Having a beard. 
—beard'less, a. Without a beard; young; in¬ 
experienced.—beard 'less-ness, n. 

beast, 1 blst; 2 best, n. 1. One of the inferior 



animals; a quadruped. 2. A rude or filthy 
person. [ < L. bestia, beast.]— beast'ly, a. 
beast'li-ness, n. 

beat, 1 bit; 2 bet, v. [beat; beat'en or beat, 
beat'n p ; beat'ing.] I. t. l.'To strike re¬ 
peatedly. 2. To excel; overcome; vanquish. 

3. To dash or strike against, as wind or wave. 

4. To range over in hunting. II. i. 1. To 
strike repeated blows. 2. To throb; pulsate. 
3. Naut. To work up against the wind by 
tacking. 4. To conquer; wan. [< AS. beatan, 
beat, thrust.]— beat'en, a. Shaped by beating. 
—beat'er, n. 

beat, n. 1. A stroke or blow; a pulsation. 2. 
A round, line, or district regularly traversed, 
as by a sentry or a policeman. 

be-at'i-fy, 1 bi-at'i-fai; 2 be-at'i-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] To make supremely happy; enroll 
among the saints. [< LL. p beatus, happy, + 
facio, make.]— be"a-tlf'ic, a. Imparting or ex¬ 
pressing supreme happiness; blissful. be"a-tif'- 
1-calJ. — be-at"i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of bless¬ 
ing, or the state of being blessed, 
be-at'i-tude, 1 bi-at'i-tiud; 2 be-at'i-tud, n. 
Supreme blessedness; a declaration of bless¬ 
edness, as in Matt. v. 3-11. 

Be'a-trlce, 1 bl'a-tris; 2 be'a-trlc, n. 1. Floren¬ 
tine lady (1266-1290), idealized by Dante 
(Divine Comedy). 2. Heroine of Shakespeare’s 
Much Ado About Nothing. 

Beat'ty,l blt'i;2bet'y, David, (1871- ). Earl 

of Brooksby and the North Sea; British vice- 
admiral; defeated German squadron in North 
Sea, Jan., 1915, and fleet off Jutland, May, 1916. 

beau, 1 bo; 2 bo, n. [beaus or beaux, 1 boz; 

2 bd§, pi.] 1. A ladies’ man; a dandy; fop. 
2. [Colloq.] An escort or lover. [F., < L. bellus, 
fine, pretty.] * 

Beau'fort, 1 biu'fart; 2 bu'fort, Henry (1370- 
1447). English cardinal; introduced in Shake¬ 
speare’s Henry VI. 

beau'-i-de'al, 1 bo'-ai-dl'al; 2 bo'-I-de'al, n. 
The highest conceivable type of beauty or 
excellence. [F. beau ideal, (the) ideal beautiful.] 
Beau're-gard, 1 bo'n-gard; 2 bo're-gard, Pierre 
G. T. (1818-1893). Confederate general (Bull 
Run, Shiloh). 

beau'te-ous, ) 1 biu'ti-us; 2 bu'te-iis, a. Full 
beu'te-ous p , ) of beauty; beautiful, -ly, adv. 

"D6SS Ti 

beau'ti-ful, ) 1 biu'ti-ful; 2 bu'ti-ful, a. Pos- 
beu'ti-ful p , ) sessing conspicuous beauty; ex¬ 
celling in form or grace; complete and har¬ 
monious. -ly, adv. -ness, n. — beau'ti-fy, vt. 
& vi. [-fied; -fy"ing.] To make or grow beau¬ 
tiful; adorn. 

beau'ty, / 1 biu'ti; 2 bu'ty, n. [beau'ties 2 , pi.] 
beu'ty p , ) 1. That quality of objects that grati¬ 
fies the esthetic nature; the perfection of form 
resulting from the harmonious combination of 
diverse elements in unity. 2. A person or 
thing that is beautiful. [ < F. beaute, < L. bellus, 
beautiful.] 

beaux, 1 boz; 2 bo§, n. Plural of beau. 
bea'ver 1 , 1 bl'ver; 2 be'ver, n. 1. An amphibi¬ 
ous rodent of rat-like form, with a scaly, flat, 
oval tail and webbed hind feet, noted for 
skill in damming shallow streams, and valued 
for its fur. 2. The fur of the beaver or a hat 
made of it; a high silk hat. [ < AS. befer.] 
bea'ver 2 , n. A movable piece of medieval ar¬ 
mor covering the lower part of the face. [< 
OF. baviere, prop, bib, < have, saliva.] 
be-calm ', 1 bi-kam' ;2 be-eam', vt. Tomake calm; 
still; delay (a ship, etc.) by reason of a calm. 


1-3 = final: inhabit; aisle; au = out; ell; lfl = fe«d; (fhin; go; D = sing; thin, this. 
2: wolf, da; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 












became 

belfry 


60 


i 


be-came', 1 bi-kem'; 2 be-cam', imp . of become, p. I 
be-cause', 1 bi-kez'; 2 be-ca§'. I. adv. By 
reason (of). II. conj. For the reason that 
(literally, by cause); since. [< be- + cause, m.] 
be-chance', 1 bt-dhuns'; 2 be-chang', vt. & vi. 
[be-chanced' 1 ; be-chanc'ing.] To befall; 
happen. 

beck 1 , 1 bek; 2 bek, vt. & vi. To beckon. 
beck 1 , n. A nod or other sign of wish or 
command. 

beck 2 , n. A small brook, or the valley in which | 
it runs. [< Ice. bekkr , stream, brook.] 

Beck'et, 1 bek'et; 2 b6k'6t, Thomas a (1117- j 
1170). An English prelate, chancellor, and | 
Archbishop; murdered in Canterbury cathedral, 
beck'on, 1 bek'n; 2 b8k'n, v. I. t. To sum¬ 
mon by gesture. II. i. To make a mute sig¬ 
nal, as with the hand. [ < AS. beacnian, beckon, 
nod.] [scure; darken. 

be-cloud' d , 1 bi-klaud'; 2 be-cloud', vt. To ob- 
be-come', ) 1 bi-kum'; 2 be-com', v . [be- 
be-cuni'p, j came'; be-come'; be-com'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To accord with; befit. 2. To set off; 
grace. II. i. 1. To come to a state or condi¬ 
tion from any previous one. 2. To begin; 
come about. 3. To be fit or suitable. [< AS. 
becuman, befall.] 

be-com'ing, ) 1 bi-kum'irj; 2 be-com'ing, pa. 
be-cum'ingp, ) Appropriate; suitable; pleas¬ 
ing; adorning, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
bed, 1 bed; 2 bfid, v. [bed'ded 11 ; bed'ding.] I. 
t. To lay in or as in a bed; put to bed; plant 
in a bed; cohabit with. II. i. To sleep; co¬ 
habit. 

bed, n. 1. Any place or thing used for sleeping | 
in or on; a couch. 2. Something likened to or 
serving as a bed, foundation, or support. 3. 

A layer; deposit. [< AS. bed.) —bed'*rock", to. 
The solid rock of the earth’s crust.—bed 'room", ' 
n. A sleeping«room.—bed 'spread", n. A quilt j 
or counterpane. bed'qul!t"t. 

Be 'da, 1 be'da; 2 be'da (673-735). An English 
monk; “the father of English learning.” Called 
also Venerable Bede (1 bid; 2 bed), 
bc-dab'ble, ) 1 bi-dab'l; 2 be-dab'l, vt. [-bled, 
be-dab'le, )-bldp; -bling.] To sprinkle or 
splash with liquid; dabble, 
be-daub', 1 bi-deb'; 2 be-dab', vt. 1. To smear 
with something oily or sticky; soil; abuse; 
vilify. 2. To load with vulgar ornament or 
flattery. 

bed'bug", 1 bed'bug"; 2 b£d'bug", n. A blood* 
sucking wingless bug of reddish*brown color 
and vile odor, infesting houses and especially 
beds. 

bed'ding, 1 bed'ig; 2 b£d'ing, to. 1. The fur¬ 
nishings for a bedstead. 2. Straw or other 
litter for animals to sleep on. 3. A putting to 
bed. 4. That which forms a bed or founda¬ 
tion. 

bc-deck' 1 , 1 bi-dek'; 2 be-dSk', vt. To deck; 
adorn. 

be-dew', 1 bi-diu'; 2 be-du', vt. To distil, as 
dew, upon. 

be-diin', 1 bi-dim'; 2 be-dim', vt. [be-dimmed', 
be-dimd' s ; be-dim'ming.] To make dim; ob¬ 
scure. 

be-diz'en, 1 bi-diz'n or bi-dai'zn; 2 be-diz'n or 
be-dl'zn, vt. To dress out; adorn with tawdry 
splendor, be-diz'zent. 
bed'lam, 1 bed'lam; 2 bed'lam, «. An excited 
crowd; an uproar; an insane asylum. [Corr. of 
Bethlehem .] 


Bed 'ou-in, 1 bed'u-in or -In; 2 bed'u-in or -in, to. 
One of the nomadic Arabs of Syria, Arabia, 
etc.; any nomad or vagabond. [ < Ar. F badawly, 
desert*dweller.] Bed'a-weeu{; Bed'u-inf. 


be-drag'gle, 
be-drag'ip. 


A forest tree of the 


1 bi-drag'l; 2 be-drag'l, vt. & vi. 
[-GLED, -GLDP; -GLING.] To 
make or become wet or soiled, as by dragging. 
bed'rid"den, ) 1 bed'rid"n; 2 bSd'nd"n, a. 
bed'rid"n p , ) Confined to bed by sickness or 
weakness. [Corr. < AS. bedrida, < bed, bed, + 
rlda, rider.] bed'rid"J. 

bed'stead, / 1 bed'sted; 2 bed'stSd, to. A frame- 
bed'sted=>, ) work lor supporting a mattress, 
bedding, etc. [< AS. bed, bed, + slede, place.] 
bee, 1 bl; 2 be, to. 1. A social honey*gathering 
insect. 2. A gathering of neighbors for work 
or amusement. [< AS. bed .]— bee'sbread", n. 
Pollen as stored by bees for food.— bee'iilve", n. 
1. A hive for a colony of honey*bees. 2. Any 
place filled with busy workers.— bee*line, n. 
The shortest course from one place to another, 
as of a bee to its hive, 
beech, 1 blch; 2 bech, to. 
oak family. [ < AS. 
bece (< boc; see book) , 
beech.1— beech 'n ut", n. 

Theedible triangular nut 
of the beech, beech'* 
en, a. Pertaining to 
the beech*tree or its 
wood. 

beef, 1 blf; 2 bef, to. 1. 

The flesh of a slaugh¬ 
tered adult bovine 
animal. 2. [beeves, 
pi.] Any adult bovine 
animal. [< L. F bos 
( bon -), ox.] — bully* 
beef', to. Canned or 
pickled beef —b e e f' - 
steak", to. See steak. 
been, 1 bin or bln; 2 bln or ben, pp. of be. 
beer, 1 blr; 2 ber, to. An alcoholic fermented 
liquor made from malt and hops; a similar 
beverage made from roots, etc. [< AS. bear.] 
Be-cr'she-ba, 1 bi-ur'Shi-ba; 2 be-er'she-ba, n. 

Town in southern Palestine (Gen. xxi, 31). 
bees'wax", 1 blz'waks"; 2 be§'waks", to. The 
wax of which honey*bees make the cells of 
their comb. 



Leaves and Fruit of the 
English Beech. 


beet, 1 bit; 2 bet, to. The fleshy edible root of a 
biennial herb; also, the plant. [< L.as b e t a , 
beet.] 

Bee'tho-ven, 1 be't5-ven; 2 be'tb-vfcn, Ludwig 
van (1770 1827). German composer (Sym¬ 
phonies, etc.). 

bee'tl(e lp , 1 bi'tl; 2 be'tl, vi. [bee'tled; bee'- 
tling.] To jut out; overhang, 
bee'tie 2 , vt. To beat or stamp with or as with 
a beetle, mallet, etc. 

bee'tie, a. Overhanging; prominent; as, a 
beetle brow, bee'tlingt.—bee'tl(c browed", a. 
bee'tie 1 , to. Any coleopterous insect. See 
Coleoptera. [< AS. bllel, bell, biting animal.] 
bee'tie 2 , to. A heavy wooden hammer or mal¬ 
let; a maul. [< AS. bytel, betel, mallet.] 
beev(e)s p , 1 blvz; 2 bevs, to. Plural of beef. 
be-fall', 1 bi-fol'; 2 be-fal', v. [be-fell'; be- 
fall'en, be-faln'p; be-fall'ing.] I. t. To 
occur or happen to. II. i. To come about; 
happen. [ < AS. be-, be-, + feallan, fall.] be- 
fal't. 

be-fel(l'p, 1 bi-fel'; 2 be-fel', imp. of befall, v. 
be-tit', 1 bi-fit'; 2 be-fit', vt. [BE-FiT'TED d ; be- 
fit'ting.] To be suitable for; be worthy of. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn, 















61 


became 

belfry 


—be-fit'tlng, pa. Becoming; adequate; suit¬ 
able. -ly, adv. 

be-fog', 1 bi-feg'; 2 be-fog', vt. [be-fogged', 
be-fogd's; be-fog'ging.] To envelop in fog; 
confuse; bewilder. 

be-fore', 1 bi-for'; 2 be-for'. I. adv. 1. Id 
front; ahead. 2. Prior in time; earlier. II. 
prep. 1. In front of; ahead of. 2. Prior to, in 
time; anterior to. 3. In advance of, in rank, 
etc. 4. In preference to; in comparison with. 
5. Face to face with; in the presence or within 
the jurisdiction or cognizance of. 6. De¬ 
manding the immediate attention of. III. 
conj. 1. Rather than. 2. Previous to the 
time when. [ < AS. be-, be-, + foran, before.] 
be-fore'hand". I. a. Being in easy circum¬ 
stances; forehanded. II. adv. In advance; 
before the time. 

be-friend' d , / 1 bi-frend'; 2 be-frend', vt. To be 
be-frend' p , ja friend to; stand by; help in 



time of need. 

beg, 1 beg; 2 beg, v. [begged, begd 8 ; beg'- 
ging.] 1. 1. 1. To ask for (a thing) earnestly; 
solicit in charity. 2. To entreat (a person); 
supplicate; beseech. II. i. To ask alms. [< 
AS. bedecian, beg.]— to beg the question, to 
take for granted the matter in dispute, 
be-gan', 1 bi-gan'; 2 be-gan, imp. of begin, v. 
be-get', 1 bi-get'; 2 be-gfit', vt. [be-got' or be¬ 
gat'; be-got' or be-got'ten, be-got'n p ; be- 
get'ting.] To procreate; generate; bring 
into existence. [ < AS. bi- (see be-), + gitan, get.] 
beg'gar, 1 beg'ar; 2 beg'ar. I. vt. 1. To reduce 
to want; impoverish. 2. To outdo; exhaust. 
II. n. One who asks alms; a poor person; 
(humorously) fellow; rogue.— beg'gar-li-ness, 
n.— beg'gar-ly, a. Miserably poor; mean; 
sordid.— beg'gar-ly ||, adv. In the manner of 
a beggar; meanly; suppliantly.— beg'gar-y, n. 

1. Extreme indigence or deficiency. 2. Beggars 
as a class. 3. The act or habit of begging. 

be-gin', 1 bi-gin'; 2 be-gin', v. [be-gan' or 
be-gun'; be-gun'; be-gin'ning.] I. t. To 
take the first step in; give origin to; start. II. 
t. 1. To take the first step; start. 2. To 
come into existence; arise; originate. [< AS. 
be-, be-, + -ginnan, open.]—be-gin'ner, n. 1. 
A founder; originator. 2. A novice; tyro.—be- 
gin'ning, n. 1. The starting*point; origin. 

2. The first stage or part. 3. The source or 

first cause of anything. [away! 

be-gon e' p , 1 bi-goa'; 2 be-gon', interj. Depart! 
be-go'ni-a, 1 bi-go'm-a; 2 be-go'ni-a, n. A plant 
of a large 
genus with 
brilli a ntl y 
colored leaves 
and showy 
irregular 
flowers. [ < 

Michel Be- 
gon. French 
botanist.] 
be-got', 1 bi¬ 
got'; 2 be¬ 
got'. imp., 
be-got'ten, 

pp . Of BEGET, 

V . 

be-grudge', 1 

bi-grnj'; 2 

p® ’ ° r [BE I Royal Begonia (Begonia rex). 
grudged'; be-grudg'ing.] To envy one the 


possession of. 


be-guile', 1 bi-gail'; 2 be-gll', vt. [be-guiled'; 
be-guil'ing.] 1. To deceive; delude. 2. To 
while away; charm; diyert. [< be- + guile.] 
be-gun', 1 bi-gun'; 2 be-gun', imp.& pp. of begin, v. 
be-half', 1 bi-haf'; 2 be-haf', n. The interest 
or defense (of any one); preceded by in, on, 
or upon. 

be-have', 1 bi-hev'; 2 be-hav', v. [be-haved'; 
be-hav'ing.] 1. 1. 1. To conduct with regard 
to deportment or duty; comport. 2. To con¬ 
duct properly or suitably. II. i. To act, 
operate, or comport oneself: said of persons 
and things. [< AS. behabban, restrain.]— be- 
ha'vior, n. 1. Manner of conducting oneself; 
demeanor; deportment. 2. Manner of action of 
a machine, a chemical, etc. be-ha'viourj. 
be-he(a)d' 8 , 1 bi-hed'; 2 be-hSd', vt. To take 
the head from; decapitate. [< be- + head.] 
be-heid', 1 bi-held'; 2 be-held', imp. & pp. of 
behold, v. 

be-hest', 1 bi-hest'; 2 be-hest', n. An au¬ 
thoritative request; command. [< AS. behaes, 
command.] 

be-hind', 1 bi-haind'; 2 be-hlnd'. I. ddv. In, 
toward, or at the rear; backward; in reserve; 
behindhand. II. prep. 1. At the back of; on 
the other side of. 2. In a position to aid. 3. 
Remaining after the death or departure of. 
4. Inferior to. [< AS. be-, be-, + hindan, 
behind.] 

be-hind'hand", adv. & a. Behind time; late; 

behind; backward; in arrears, 
be-hold', 1 bi-hold'; 2 be-hold', v. [be-held'; 
be-hold'ing.] I. t. To look at or upon; 
view; see. II. i. To observe something; 
look; see: used in the imperative, like an in¬ 
terjection. [< AS. be-, be-, + healdan, hold.]— 
be-hold'en, a. Indebted.— be-hold'er, n. An 
eye*witness; spectator. 

be-hoof', 1 bi-huf'; 2 be-hoof', n. That which 
benefits; advantage; use. [ < AS. behof.] 
be-hoove', 1 bi-huv'; 2 be-hoov', vt. [be¬ 
hooved'; be-hoov'ing.] To be becoming to, 
needful, or right for. 

Beh'ring, n. Same as Bering. 
be'ing, 1 bl'irj; 2 be'ing. I. ppr. of be, v. Ex¬ 
isting; continuing to be. II. n. That which 
exists or is conceived of as existing; existence. 
Bei-rut', 1 be-rut'; 2 be-rut', n. Vilayet (6,180 sq. 
m.; pop. 534,000), Asiatic Turkey; its capital 
(pop. 150,000); occupied by the French, Oct., 
1918. Bey'rout}:. 

Bel., Belg., abbr. _ Belgian, Belgic, Belgium, 
be-la'bor, 1 bi-le'bar; 2 be-la'bor, vt. To beat; 
thrash. 

be-late', 1 bi-let'; 2 be-lat', vt. [be-lat'ed*! ; 

be-lat'ing.] To delay past the proper hour. 
belch 4 ,1 beldh;2 belch, v. I. t. 1. To eject vio¬ 
lently, as gas from the stomach; vomit. 
2. To cast forth noisily, as ashes from a 
volcano. II. i. 1. To eructate noisily. 2. To 
come forth forcibly, as flame from a furnace. 
[ < AS. bealcan .] 
belch, n. An eructation. 

bel'dam, ) 1 bel'dam, -dem; 2 bel'dam, -dam, 
bel 'dame, ) n. A forbidding or malicious old 
woman; a hag. [< F. bel, fair, + dame, lady.] 
be-Iea'guer, ) 1 bi-li'ger; 2 be-le'ger, vt. To 
be-Jea'ger p , j surround with an armed force; 

besiege. [< D. belegeren .] 

Bel'fast, 1 bel'fast; 2 bel'fast, n. A city (pop. 

386,000) in Ulster province, Ireland, 
bel'fry, 1 bel'fn; 2 bel'fry, n. [bel'friesz, pi.] 
A tower in which a bell is hung, or the part 


1: a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; an = out; oil; lu = feud; dliin; go; q = sing; thin, this, 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy: go, gem; ink; thm, this. 

















Belgium 

berth 


containing the bell. [Corr. < ME. berfray, 
watch=tower.] 

Bel'gi-um, 1 bel'ji-um; 2 bgl'gi-um, n. A king¬ 
dom (11,373 sq. m.; pop. 7,577,000) of N. W. 
Europe; neutrality violated and country over¬ 
run by Germans in 1914; capital, Brussels.— 
Bel 'gi-an, a. & n. 

Bel-grade', 1 bel-gred'; 2 Ml-grad', n. A city 
(pop. 120,000), capital of Serbia; captured by 
Austrian troops in 1915. 

Be'li-al, 1 bl'li-al; 2 be'li-al, n. The Hebrew per¬ 
sonification of lawlessness; the devil; any fiend, 
be-lie', 1 bi-lai'; 2 be-ll', vt. [be-lied'; be-ly'- 
ing.] 1. To give the lie to; contradict. 2. To 
fall short of; disappoint. [< AS. leogan, falsify.] 
be-lief', 1 bi-llf'; 2 be-lef', n. 1. Probable 
knowledge; intellectual conviction; accep¬ 
tance of something as true; trust in another’s 
veracity. 2. That which is believed; theory; 
opinion. [< AS. geleafa, belief; see believe.] 
be-liev(e' p , 1 bi-liv'; 2 be-lev', v. [be- 
liev(e)d'8; be-liev'ing.] I. t. 1. To accept 
as true on testimony or authority; be con¬ 
vinced of, as the result of study or reasoning. 
2. To credit (a person) with veracity; accept 
the word of. II. i. 1. To be sure of the ex¬ 
istence or truth of anything. 2. To have con¬ 
fidence in the truth or integrity of a person, 
the strength of a thing, etc. 3. To think; sup¬ 
pose. [< AS. gelyfan, gelefan, believe.]— be- 
llev'a-bl(e p , a. That may be believed.— be¬ 
lie v'er, n. One who believes; an adherent of a 
religious faith. [probably, 

be-like', 1 bi-laik'; 2 be-lik', adv. Perhaps; 
Bel"i-sa'rl-us, 1 belT-se'ri-us; 2 beiT-sa'd-iis, w. 
A Byzantine general (505?-565); defeated the 

be-lit'tlej , 1 ‘bi-lit'l; 2 be-lit'l, vt. [-tl(e)d p ; 
be-lit'l p , ( -TLiNG.] To detract from; dis¬ 
parage; depreciate. 

Be-llze', 1 be-llz'; 2 be-liz', n. A city (pop. 11,000), 
capital of British Honduras. Ba-lizef. 
bell, ( 1 bel; 2 bSl, vt. To put a bell on; shape 
bel p , ) like a bell; give forth a belldike sound, 
bell, n. A hollow metallic instrument for giv¬ 
ing forth a sound when 
struck. [ < AS. belle, < 
bellan; see bellow.] 

Bel'Meau' Wood,l bePo'; 

2 b61"o'. A region N. 

W. of Chateau Thierry, 

Frafice, from which U. 

S. troops and Marines 
drove the Germans, 

June 6-27, 1918. 
belle, 1 bel; 2 b«l, n. A 
beautiful and attrac¬ 
tive woman. [F., fem. 
of beau; see beau.] 

Bell" sle'. Strait of, 1 
bel"il ; 2 bdlTI . A strait 
between Labrador and Liberty Bell. 
Newfoundland. 

Bel-ler'o-phon, 1 be-ler'o-fen; 2 b£-16r'o-f6n, n. 
Mylh. A Greek hero who slew the Chimera and 
perished in the attempt to scale heaven on the 
winged horse Pegasus. 

belles"slet'tres, 1 belMet'r; 2 bSIMSt'r, n. pi. 
Polite literature. [F.] 

bel 'li -cose, 1 bel'i-kos; 2 bSl'i-cos, a. Pugna¬ 
cious; warlike. [< L. bellum, war.]— bel'll- 
cose-ly, adv. —bcl"Il-cos'l-ty, n. 

Bel"li"eourt', 1 bel"i"kur'; 2 bel*Pear', n. A vil¬ 
lage, N. E. France, taken by U. S. Army fromGer- 
mans, breaking Hindenburg line, Sept. 29, 1918. 


63 


bcl-lig'er-ent, 1 be-lij'ar-ent; 2 be-llg'er-ent. 

I. a. 1. Warlike; bellicose. 2. Engaged in or 
pertaining to warfare. II. n. A power or 
person engaged in legitimate warfare. [< L. 
bellum, war, + gero, carry on.]—bel-lig'er-en- 
cy, n. bel-lig'er-encej. 

bell 'man, n. [-men, pi.] A town crier. 

Bel-lo'na, 1 be-lo'na; 2 be-lo'na, n. Rom. Myth. 

The goddess of war; sister of Mars, 
bel'low, 1 bel'o; 2 bel'o, v. I. t. To proclaim 
with loud voice. II. i. To utter a loud hol¬ 
low sound; roar; shout. [< AS. bellan, bellow.] 
bel'low, n. A loud hollow cry or roar, 
bel'lows, 1 bel'oz; 2 bel'os, n. sing. & pi. An 
instrument with an air*chamber and flexible 
sides, for directing a current of air on a fire, 
bel'ly, 1 bel'i; 2 bdl'y. I. vt. & vi. [bel'lied; 
bel'ly-ing.] To swell out or fill, as a sail. 

II. n. [bel'liesz, pi.] The abdomen; some¬ 
thing round and protuberant; as, the belly of 
a sail. [< AS. belg, bag, husk, shell.]—bel'ly- 
ache", n. Intestinal colic; pain in the bowels. 

be-long', 1 bi-leq'; 2 be-16ng', vi. 1. To be a 
possession or part, a resident or native; apper¬ 
tain. 2. To concern; be an attribute; be 
suitable (to).—be-long'ing, n. That which or 
one who belongs to a person or thing: usually in 
the plural. 

be-love', 1 bi-luv'; 2 be-lov', vt. [be-loved'; 

be-lov'ing.] To love: only in the passive, 
be-lov'ed, ) 1 bi-luv'ed or -luvd'; 2 be-lov'gd 
be-luv'ed p ,) or -16vd'. I. a. Greatly loved; 

dear to the heart. II. n. One greatly loved, 
be-low', 1 bi-lo'; 2 be-lo'. I. adv. 1. In or to a 
lower place; lower in place or rank; farther 
down on a page, or farther on in a list, a book, 
etc. 2. On the earth, as distinguished from 
heaven. 3. In or to Hades or hell. II. prep. 

1. Beneath in point of place; under. 2. Far¬ 
ther down than in course or direction. 3, 
Lower than in grade, degree, etc.; inferior to 

Bel-shaz'zar, 1 bel-^haz'ar; 2 bgl-shaz'ar, ». 
Last Babylonian king, at whose banquet (Bel« 
shazzar’s Feast) handwriting appeared on a 
wall (Dan. v). 

belt, 1 belt; 2 b?lt. I d . vt. To gird with a belt; 
fasten on with a belt; mark with belts or 
bands; supply with or drive by a belt, as a 
machine. II. n. 1. A band worn around the 
waist; a band for transmitting power in 
machinery. 2. Any broad encircling band, 
region, etc.; a zone; strip; strait. [< AS. belt, < 
L. balteus, belt.]—belt'ing, n. Belts collec¬ 
tively, or the material for belts. [ment. 

be-moan', 1 bi-mon'; 2 be-mon', vt. To la- 
Ben., Benj., abbr. Benjamin. 

Be-na'res, 1 bi-nd'rlz; 2 be-na'reg, n. A political 
division (10,414 sq. m.; pop. 922,000), and its 
capital (pop. 204,000) in British India, 
bench, 1 bendh; 2 bSnch, n. 1. A long, wooden 
seat, with or without a back. 2. A stout 
table for mechanical work. 3. The judges’ 
seat in court; the judge or the judges collec¬ 
tively; the judiciary. [< AS. bene.] 
bend, 1 bend; 2 b6nd, v. [bent or bend'ed 11 ; 
bend'ing.] 1. 1. 1. To bring into a curve, or 
out of or aside from a straight line; crook; 
deflect; direct. 2. To apply closely, as the 
mind. 3. To subdue. 4. Naut. To make 
fast; tie. II. i. 1. To take a curved shape. 

2. To take a certain direction. 3. To yield; 
submit; conform. 4. To devote oneself. 5. 
To overhang. [< AS. bendan, bend, < bend, 
band, bond.] 



1; artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, g5; not, Sr; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 











63 


Belgium 

berth 


bend, n. 1. A curve or crook. 2. An act of i 
bending or bowing. 3. Naut. A loop or knot, 
be-neath', 1 bi-nlth'; 2 be-neth'. I. adv. 1. 
At a lower point; below; in a lower position. 
2. Under a cover or surface. II. prep. 1. 
Under; lower in place, condition, etc., than. 
2. Below the surface of. 3. Under the power 
of. 4. Unworthy of. [< AS. be-, be-, + neothan, 
below.l 

ben'e-dick, 1 ben'i-dik; 2 ben'e-dlk, n. A newly 
married man. [ < Benedick, in Shakespeare’s 
“Much Ado about Nothing.”] ben'e-dictj. 
ben"e-dic , tion, 1 benT-dik'iihan; 2 ben"e- 
die'shon, n. The act of blessing, as at the 
close of worship; blessing; favor. [< L.ll 
bene, well, + dico, say.]—ben"e-dic'tiv(e 8 , 
-dic'to-ry, a. 

ben"e-fac'tion, 1 ben"i-f ak'slian; 2 ben"e- 
f&c'shon, n. A kindly or generous act; a gift 
or boon; beneficence. [< L. bene, well, + facio, 
do.]— ben"e-fac'tor, n. A friendly helper; a 
patron.— ben'e-fac'tress, n. fem. 
ben'e-fice, / I ben'i-fis; 2 b6n'e-fig. I. vt. To 
ben'e-fis 8 , ) invest with a benefice. II. n. An 
ecclesiastical living or its revenue. [< L. bene- 
ficium, favor.]— ben'e-ficed, a. Holding a bene¬ 
fice. 

be-nef'i-cence, 1 bi-nef'i-sens; 2 be-nef'i- 
geng, n. The quality of being beneficent; 
active goodness; also, a beneficent act. 
be-nef'i-cent, 1 bi-nef'i-sent; 2 be-nef'i-gent, 
a. Bringing about or doing good; character¬ 
ized by charity and kindness. [ < L. bene, well, 
4- facio, do.]—be-nef'i-cent-iy, adv. —ben"e- 
fi'cial, a. Conferring benefits; helpful, -ly, adv. 
ben"e-fi'ci-a-ry, 1 ben"i-fi^h'i-e-n or -fish'a-ri; 
2 ben"e-fish'i-a-ry or -fish'a-ry. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to benefits or benevolence. II. n. 
[-ries z , pi.] A recipient of a charitable privi¬ 
lege, or of any benefit or profit. [< L. bene- 
ficiarius, < beneficium, favor.] 
ben'e-fit d , 1 ben'i-fit; 2 ben'e-fit, v. [ben'e- 
fit-ed; ben'e-fit-ing.] I. t. To be helpful 
or useful to; profit; improve. II. i. To de¬ 
rive improvement; be helped, 
ben'e-fit, n. 1. Profit; advantage. 2. A favor 
bestowed; privilege. [< F. bienfait, < LL. 
benefactum, benefaction.] 
be-nev'o-lence, 1 bi-nev'o-lens; 2 be-nev'o- 
lSng, n. 1. Desire for the welbbeing or com¬ 
fort of others; love to mankind; charitable¬ 
ness. 2. Any act of kindness or good-will, 
be-nev'o-lent, a. Characterized by benev¬ 
olence; kindly; charitable. [< L. OY bene, well, 
+ volen(t-)s, ppr. of volo, wish.] -ly, adv. 

Beng., abbr. Bengalee, Bengali. 

Ben-gal', 1 ben-gel'; 2 ben-gal', n. 1. A province 
in N. E. British India; 70,000 sq. m.; pop. 
45,483,000; capital, Calcutta. 2. Formerly, a 
division of India, comprising Bengal Proper 
and Eastern B. and Assam. 3. Bay of. Part of 
Indian ocean, between India and Farther India. 
be-night' d , 1 bi-ncdt'; 2 be-nit', vt. To involve 
in darkness or gloom.— be-night'ed, pa. Over¬ 
taken by night; ignorant; depraved, 
be-nign', 1 bi-nain'; 2 be-nin', a. Gracious; 
generous; kindly; soft; genial; propitious; 
mild. [< L. benignus, benignant, kind.]— be¬ 
nign 'ly, adv. 

be-nig'nant, 1 bi-nig'nant; 2 be-mg'nant, a. 
1. Condescending; gentle; gracious. 2. 
Helpful; salutary, -ly, adv.— be-nig'ni-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. Kindliness; beneficence. 2. 
Healthfulness; salubrity. 3. A gracious action or 
influence, be-nig'nan-cyf. 


Ben-ln', 1 ben-In'; 2 ben-in', n. A country, a 
river, and a town. Upper Guinea, W. Africa, 
ben'i-son, 1 ben'i-sen; 2 ben'i-son, n. A bene¬ 
diction; blessing. [ < LL.of benedictio, benedic¬ 
tion.] [Youngest son of Jacob. 

Ben'ja-inin, 1 ben'ja-min; 2 ben'ja-min, n. 
Ben Lo'mond, 1 lo'mand; 2 lo'mond. A moun¬ 
tain in Stirlingshire, Scotland; 3,192 ft. high. 
Ben Ne'vis, 1 nl'vis; 2 ne'vis. Mountain in N. W. 

Scotland; highest (4,406 ft.) in British Isles, 
bent, 1 bent; 2 bent, imp. & pp. of bend, v. 
bent 1 , n. 1. Tendency; bias; disposition; 
mood. 2. The degree of tension; limit of en¬ 
durance or capacity. 

bent 2 , ». One of various stiff wiry grasses. 

[< AS. beonet.] bent'*grass"t. 
be-numb', ) 1 bi-num'; 2 be-num', vt. To 
be-num's, ) make insensible or torpid; stupefy; 
deaden. [< AS. be-, be-, + niman, take.]— be¬ 
numbed', pa. 

ben'zin, >1 ben'zm, -zm or -zln; 2 ben'zin,-zin 
ben 'zine, ) or -zin, n. A colorless inflammable 
liquid derived from petroleum and used for 
cleansing clothing, etc. 

ben'zo-ate of so'da. Same as sodium benzoate. 
ben'zo-in, 1 ben'zo-in or -zein; 2 ben'zo-in or 
-zoin, n. 1. A gum resin. 2. The spice»bush 
( Benzoin benzoin). 3. Chem. A variously ob¬ 
tained crystalline compound. [ < F. benjoin, < 
Pg. beijoin, < Ar. luban jawl, incense of Java.] 
— ben-zo'ic, a. 

be-queath', 1 bi-kwlth'; 2 be-kweth', vt. To 
give by will; make a bequest of. [ < AS. be-, be-, 
+ cwethan, say.]— be-quest', n. The act of be¬ 
queathing or that which is bequeathed, 
be-rate', 1 bi-ret'; 2 be-rat', vt. [BE-RAT'ED d ; 

be-rat'ing.] To chide severely; scold; rail at. 
be-reav(e' p , 1 bi-rlv'; 2 be-rev', vt. [be¬ 
reaved' or be-reft'; be-reavd' s ; be-reav'- 
ing.] To deprive, as of something valuable 
or beloved; despoil; rob. [< AS. be-, be-, + 
reafian, rob.]— be-reave'ment, n. The act of 
bereaving, or the state of being bereaved; an 
afflictive loss. 

Ber"e-ni'ce, 1 ber"i-nai'sl; 2 ber"e-ni'ge, n. Bib, 
Daughter of Herod Agrippa I., King of Judea. 
Acts xxv, 13. Ber-ni'cej. 
berg, 1 burg; 2 berg, n. An iceberg. [< Ice. 
or G. berg.] 

ber'ga-mot 1 , 1 bur'ga-met; 2 ber'ga-mfit, n. A 
tree of the rue family, or its fruit, furnishing an 
oil used as a perfume. [< Bergamo, Italian town.] 
ber'ga-mot 2 , n. A variety of pear. [< Turk, it+p 
begarmUdi, < beg, prince, + armud, pear.J 
Be'ring, 1 bl'Lor be']np; 2 be'[or bearing, Vitus 
(1680-1741). Danish navigator; discoverer of 
Bering Sea and Bering Strait, west of Alaska. 
Ber'lin, 1 bur'lin or (G.) ber-lln'; 2 ber'lin or (G .) 
ber-lin', n. A city (pop. 3,804,000), capital of 
Prussia and of the former German Empire. 
Ber-mu'da, 1 bar-miu'da; 2 ber-mu'da, n. A 
British island group (20 sq. m.; pop. 22,000) and 
naval base, N. Atlantic ocean; capital, Hamilton. 
Bern, 1 bern; 2 bern, n. A Swiss canton (2,657 sq. 

m.; pop. 646,000), and city (pop. 104,000). 
ber'ry, 1 ber'i; 2 ber'y. I. vi. [ber'ried; 
ber'ry-ing.] 1. To form or bear berries. 2. 
To seek for or gather berries. II. n. [ber'- 
ries 2 , pi.] 1. A small succulent fruit. 2. A 
coffee=bean or the like. [ < AS. berige.] 
ber'serk, 1 bur'sark; 2 ber'serk. n. 1. Norse 
Myth. A furious fighter. 2. A freebooter, 
berth, 1 burth; 2 berth. I‘. vt. To provide 
with a berth. II. n. 1. A bunk or bed in a 
vessel, sleeping*car, etc. 2. Naut. Any place 
in which a vessel can lie; sea*room. 3. A 


l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; IO = feud; dhin; go; O = sin 0 ; thin, this. 
2 : wQlf, d«; bobk, boot; ffill, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611, b 6 y; go, fcem; u>k; thin, tbia. 






beryl 

biblio 


64 


place on a vessel; office or employment in 
general. [Perhaps < V of bear 1 , ».] birthf. 
ber'yl, 1 ber'il; 2 ber'yl, n. A precious stone of 
varying color. The aquamarine and emerald 
varieties are used as gems. [< Gr.L+oF beryllos.] 
be-seech', 1 bi-sidh; 2 be-sech', vt. [be¬ 
sought'; be-seech'ing.] To entreat ear¬ 
nestly; implore; supplicate; beg; plead. 
[< be- + ME. sechen, < AS. sScean, seek.]— 
be-seech'lng-ly, adv. -ness, n. 
be-seein', 1 bi-sim'; 2 be-sem', v. I. t. To be 
becoming to; befit. II. i. To seem, 
be-set', 1 bi-set'; 2 be-set', vt. [be-set'; be- 
set'ting.) 1. To harass, obstruct, or em¬ 
barrass. 2. To set or stud, as with gems: only 
in the past participle. [ < AS. be-, about, + settan, 
set.]— be-set'ting, pa. Constantly assailing, 
be-slde', 1 bi-said'; 2 be-sid'. I. adv. Close by; 
at hand. II. prep. 1. At or by the side of; 
near; close to. 2. In comparison with. 3. In 
addition to. 4. Away or apart from, 
be-sides', 1 bi-saidz'; 2 be-sld§'. I. adv. 1. In 
addition; also. 2. Aside from. II. prep. 1. 
In addition to; other than. 2. Except, 
be-siege', 1 bi-sij'; 2 be-seg', vt. [be-sieged'; 
be-sieg'ing.] To lay siege to; beset or har¬ 
ass.—be-sieg'er, n. 

be -smear', vt. To smear over; sully. 
be-smirch' 1 , vt. To soil; stain; defile, 
be'som, 1 bi'zam; 2 be'§om, n. A bundle of 
twigs used as a broom; any agency that 
cleanses or abolishes. [ < AS. besma, broom.] 
be-sot', 1 bi-set'; 2 be-sot', vt. [be-sot'ted^ ; 
be-sot'ting.] To stupefy, as with drink; en¬ 
slave; infatuate. [ < be- + sot, n.\ 
be-sought', 1 bi-set'; 2 be-sot', imp. & pp. of be¬ 
seech, v. 

be-speak', 1 bi-spik'; 2 be-spek', vt. [be¬ 
spoke'; be-spoke' or be-spo'ken; be- 
speak'ing.] 1. To ask for in advance. 2. To 
give token of; indicate. 

Bes"sa-ra'bi-a, 1 bes"a-re'bi-a; 2 bSs"a-ra'bi-a, n. 
A district (17,143 sq. m.; pop. 2,345,000) in N. E. 
Roumania. 

Bes'se-mer, 1 bes'i-mar; 2 b6s'e-mer, n. Steel 
prepared by forcing a blast of air through the 
molten metal. [< Henry Bessemer, who in¬ 
vented it in 1855.] 

best, 1 best; 2 best. I. a. [Superl. of good.] 
Most excellent or desirable. II. n. The 
most excellent; the highest degree or state; 
the utmost. III. adv. [Superl. of well.] In 
the most excellent or suitable manner; wit h the 
most favorable result; to the utmost degree, 
be-sted', ) 1 bi-sted'; 2 be-stSd', vt. [be- 
be-stead', ) sted'; be-stead'; be-sted'ing; 
be-stead'ing.1 [Now only in the participial 
combinations.] To put in some (commonly 
undesirable) position; beset. [< be- + ME. 
sleden, place.] 

bes'tial, 1 bes'cffial; 2 bes'chal, a. Pertaining 
to or like beasts or a beast; animal; brutish; 
sensual; depraved. [< L. bestialis, < bestia, 
beast.]— bes"ti-al'i-ty, n. Character or con¬ 
duct befitting beasts. —bes'tial-ly, adv. 
be-stir', 1 bi-stur'; 2 be-stlr', vt. [be-stirred', 
be-stird' s ; be-stir'ring.] To move with 
life or vigor; incite to brisk activity, 
be-stow', 1 bi-sto'; 2 be-sto', vt. 1. To confer 
as a gift: with on or upon; present. 2. To use 
or expend; apply. —be-stow'a-bl(e p , a. —be¬ 
stow'al, n. The act of bestowing; gift, 
be-strew', 1 bi-stru'; 2 be-stru', vt. [be¬ 


strewed' or be-strewn'; be-strew'ing.] 1. 
To sprinkle with things. 2. To scatter about, 
be-stride', 1 bi-straid'; 2 be-strid', vt. [be¬ 
strode' or be-strid'; be-strid'den or be- 
strid'; be-strid'ing.] To stand over or sit 
upon astride; step over at a stride. 
be-.strow', 1 bi-stro'; 2 be-strd', vt. [be- 
strowed'; be-strowed' or be-strown'; be- 
STROw r 'iNG.] Same as bestrew. 
bet, 1 bet; 2 bet, v. [bet or bet'ted 11 ; bet'- 
ting.] I. t. To stake or pledge on an uncer¬ 
tain issue. II. i. To wager money, etc., 
upon some uncertain issue or event. [Short for 
abet.] [stake in any wager, 

bet, n. 1. The act of betting; wager. 2. The 
bet., abbr. Between. 

be-take', 1 bi-tek'; 2 be-tak', vt. [be-took'; 
be-tak'en; be-tak'ing.] To resort (to); 
take (oneself), remove, or go (to), 
be'tel, 1 bl'tl; 2 be'tl, n. A shrubby plant the 
leaves of which are chewed by certain Asiatics. 
[< Pg. betel, < Mai. vetilla, betel.]—be'tel* 
nut", n. The astringent seed of an East*Indian 
palm, used for chewing with beteMeaves. 
Beth'a-ny, 1 beth'a-m; 2 b€th'a-ny, n. A village 
in Palestine, two miles E. of Jerusalem. 

Beth'el, 1 beth'el; 2 bgth'el, n. A ruined tow'n in 
Palestine, near Jerusalem. Gen. xxvili, 19. 
Be-thes'da, 1 bi-Chez'da; 2 be-the§'da, n. A pool 
near the sheep*gate, Jerusalem. John v, 2. 
be-think', 1 bi-thiqk'; 2 be-think', vt. & vi. 
[be-thought'; be-think'ing.] To remind 
oneself; take thought; deliberate. 
Beth'le-hem, 1 beth'h-hem; 2 beth'le-hSm, n. 
Ancient city in Palestine; birthplace of Jesus 
Christ. — Beth'le-hem-ite, n. One born in 
Bethlehem. 

Beth"mann*Holl'weg, 1 bet"man*horveH;2 bet"- 
man*hol'veH, Theobald von (1856-1921). Ger¬ 
man imperial chancellor, 1909-17. [bethink. 
be-thought', 1 bi-€het'; 2 be-thot', imp. & pp. of 
Beth-sai-da, 1 befh-se'i-da; 2 beth-sa'i-da, n. 

Ancient town W. of Lake Tiberias, Palestine, 
be-tide', 1 bi-taid'; 2 be-tld', vt. & vi. [be-tid'- 
ED d ; be-tid'ing.] To happen to or befall; 
betoken; happen. 

be-times', 1 bi-taimz'; 2 be-tlm§', adv. In 
good season or time; soon. [ < be- + time, n.] 
be-to'ken, 1 bi-to'kn; 2 be-to'kn, vt. To be a 
sign of; give promise or evidence of. [be- + token.] 
be-took', 1 bi-tuk'; 2 be-took', imp. of betake, v. 
be-tray', 1 bi-tre'; 2 be-tra', vt. 1. To deliver 
up to an enemy; be a traitor to. 2. To dis¬ 
close (a matter) in breach of confidence. 3. 
To lead astray; seduce. 4. To reveal unin¬ 
tentionally; show signs of. [< be- + OF. trair, 
< L. trado.)— be-tray'al, n. —be-tray'er, n. 
be-troth' 1 , 1 bi-treth' or -troth'; 2 be-troth' or 
-troth', vt. To engage to marry; promise in 
marriage; affiance. [< be- -f troth.] — be¬ 
troth 'al, n. Engagement to marry, be-troth'- 
inentf. 

bet'ter, 1 bet'ar; 2 b&t'er, vt. & vi. To make or 
grow better; improve; also, to surpass; excel, 
bet'ter, a. [Compar. of good.] 1. Superior in 
excellence, amount, or value; preferable; sur¬ 
passing. 2. Improved in health; convales¬ 
cent. [< AS. betera.] 

bet'ter 1 , n. 1. Advantage; superiority. 2. A 
superior, as in ability, rank, age, etc. 
bet'ter 2 , n. One who lays wagers, bet'torj. 
bet'ter, ode. [Compar. of well.] In a superior 
manner; more excellently; more thoroughly 
or correctly; in a higher degree. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but burn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, dr, wdul 






65 


beryl 

biblio- 


bet'ter-ment, 1 bet'or-ment or -msnt; 2 b6t'- 
er-ment, n. Improvement; an addition to 
the value of real property, 
be-tween', 1 bi-twin'; 2 be-twen'. I. adv. In 
intervening space, time, position, or relation; 
during, in, or at intervals. II. prep. 1. In 
the space which separates (two places or ob¬ 
jects). 2. Intermediate in relation to (qual¬ 
ities, etc.). 3. With relation to both of; 
taking one or the other of. [< AS. be-, be-, + 
tweonum, dat. pi. of tweon, double, two.] 
be-twixt', 1 bi-twikst'; 2 be-twikst', adv. & 
prep. Between. [< AS. be-, be-, + -twix, < 
twi-, two.] 

bev'el, 1 bev'el; 2 bev'el. I. vt. & vi. [bev'- 
eled or bev'elled, bev'- 
eld 9 ; bev'el-ing or bev'- 
el-ling.] To give a sloping 
edge to; have a sloping edge. 

II. a. Oblique; slanting; 
beveled. III. n. 1. Any Bevel-square, 

inclination of two surfaces other than 90°, as 
at the edge of a timber, etc. 2. An adjustable 
instrument for measuring angles; a bevel* 
■square. [< F. biveau,, bevel.] 
bev'er-age, 1 bev'ar-ij; 2 bSv'er-ag, n. Drink; 

that which is drunk. [ < OF. bevre, drink.] 
bev'y, 1 bev'i; 2 bev'y, n. [bev'ies 2 , pi .] A 
flock of birds; a small group, as of girls or 
women. [ < OF. beveye, a drinking company.] 
be-wail', 1 bi-wel'; 2 be-wal', vt. & vi. To 
mourn for; lament over; make lamentation, 
be-ware', 1 bi-war'; 2 be-war', v. I. t. To 
look out for; be wary of. II. i. To be cau¬ 
tious or wary; exercise prudence or heed; look 
out: often with of. [< AS. beon (see be) + 
waer : wary.] 

be-wil'der, 1 bi-wil'dar; 2 be-wil'der, vt. To 
confuse or perplex; daze. [< be + wild.] — 
be-wil'der-ment, n. Confusion; entanglement. 
be-witch' 1 , / 1 bi-widh'; 2 be-wlch', vt. 1. To 
be-wich' p , ) gain power over by charms or in¬ 
cantations. 2. To please irresistibly; charm; 
fascinate. [< be- + witch.] —be-witch'ing, 

pa. Charming; captivating.—be-witch 'ing-ly, 

adv. —be-witch'ment, n. The act or power of 

bewitching, or the state of being bewitched, 
be-witch'er-yj. [betray. 

be-wray'||, 1 bi-re'; 2 be-ra', vt. To disclose; 
bey, 1 be; 2 be, n. 1. The governor of a Turk¬ 
ish town or district. 2. A Turkish title of 
nobility. [< Turk, beg, lord.]— bey'lik, n. The 
district ruled by a bey.— bey'ship, n. The office 
or function of a bey. bey'doinf. 
be-yond', 1 bi-yend'; 2 be-yond'. I. n. That 
which is on the other side or farther on; the 
future life. II. adv. On the other side of 
something intervening; yonder; far off. III. 
prep. Farther or later than; out of reach of; 
superior to; surpassing; more than. [< AS. 
begeondan, < be-, be-, + geond, yond.] 
bez'ant, 1 bez'ant; 2 bez'ant, n. A medieval gold 
coin of the Byzantine Empire, value about $2.42. 
[<Gr.LL+oF Byzanlion, Constantinople.] byz'- 
antf. , 

bez'el, 1 bez'el; 2 bez'el, n. 1. A bevel on the edge 
of a cutting tool. 2. A facet of a gem. 3. A 
groove and flange made to receive a beveled 
edge, as of a watch-crystal. 4. A flat engraved 
gold seal. [ < OF. bisel, perhaps < L. bis, twice.] 
be-zique', 1 ba-zlk'; 2 be-zik', n. A game of cards 
based upon the declaring of certain combina¬ 
tions upon taking a trick; also, a combination 
in this feame. [< F. bestgue.] ba-zique'f. 


be-zo'nl-an, 1 bi-zo'm-an; 2 be-zo'ni-an, n. 

[Rare.] A raw recruit; w r retch; knave, 
bhang, 1 bap; 2 bang, n. [AngloHnd.] The dried 
leaves and capsules of the Indian hemp prepared 
for smoking or as an infusion for drinking. 
[Hind, bhang.\ bangf; banguef; bengf. 
bhees'tee, 1 bis'tl; 2 bes'te, n. [Anglo-Ind.] A 
native water*carrier. bhees'tief; bhees'tyf. 
bi-, 1 bai-; 2 bl-, prefix. Twice; doubly; two. 
[ < L. bi, < bis, twice, < duo, two.] Bi- some¬ 
times becomes bin- or bis- for euphony.— bi- 
an'nu-al, a. Occurring twice a year; semi¬ 
annual.— bi-an'nu-al-ly, adv. — bi-cen'te-na- 
ry. I. a. Occurring once in 200 years. II. n. 
The space of 200 years; the 200th anniversary. 
bi"cen-ten'ni-alf. — bi-ceph'a-lous, a. Hav¬ 
ing two heads.— bi-col'ored, a. Of two colors. 
— bi-en'ni-al. I. a. Occurring every two 
years; lasting two years. II. n. A plant that 
lives two years.— bi-en'ni-al-ly, adv. — bi-fo'- 
cal, a. Having two focuses, as eye-glasses. - bi- 
fo'li-ate, a. Bot. Two=leaved.— bi-fur'cate d , v. 
To fork; divide into two branches or stems.— bi¬ 
fur'cate, a. Forked. bi-fur'cat-edj; bi- 
fur'cons J.—bi-fur'cate-ly, adv. —bi"fur-ca'- 
tion, n. — bi-lat'er-al, a. Pertaining to two 
sides; two-sided.— bi-lin'guai, a. Recorded or 
expressed in two languages; speaking two lan¬ 
guages.— bi-lit'er-al, a. Composed of two 
letters. — bi-men'sal, a. Bimonthly.— bi"- 

me-tal'lic, a. Consisting of or relating to two 
metals.— bi-met'al-ism, n. The concurrent 
use of both gold and silver as money at a 
fixed relative value. bi-met'al-lismt. — bi- 
met'al-Ist or -list, n. — bi-month'ly, a. & adv. 
Once in two months.— bi-par 'tite, a. Con¬ 
sisting of two corresponding parts.— bi-seg'- 
ment, n. The half of a segment, as formed by 
bisection.— bi-week'ly. I. a. Occurring or 
appearing once in two weeks. II. n. A bi¬ 
weekly publication. 

B. I., abbr. British India.— Bi, abbr. Bismuth. 
Bi"ar"ritz', 1 bl"a"rlts'; 2 bi"a"rits', n. Watering- 
place in southwestern France, 
bi'as, 1 bai'as; 2 bi'as. I. vt. [bi'ased 1 or 
bi'assedS bi'ast 9 ; bi'as-ing or bi'as-sing.] 
To cause to incline or swerve; influence or 
affect unduly; prejudice. II. a. Running 
diagonally across the texture; cut slantingly: 
said of cloth. III. n. [bi'as-es z or bi'as-ses, 
pi.] 1. A line, cut, or seam running obliquely 
across the threads of a fabric. 2. A mental 
predilection or prejudice. [< F. biais, slant.] 
bib, 1 bib; 2 bib. I. vt. & vi. [bibbed, bibd 9 ; 
bib'bing.] To tipple. II. n. 1. A cloth 
worn under the chin by children at meals. 
2. A waist*piece attached to a woman’s apron. 
[< L. bibo, drink.]— bib'ber, n. A tippler. 

Bib., abbr. Bible, Biblical.—bibl., abbr. Bib¬ 
liotheca. 

Bi'bie, 1 bai'bl; 2 bi'bl, n. 1. The Sacred 
Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. 
2. The sacred books of any people. [< Gr. 
biblia, pi. of biblion, dim. of biblos, byblos, book, 
papyrus.]—Bible paper, a light, thin, opaque, 
durable paper used for printing books.—Bib'li- 
cal, a. 1. Pertaining to the Bible. 2. In har¬ 
mony with the Bible. 

bib'li-o-. 1 bib'li-o-; 2 blb'li-o- Of or pertaining 
to a book or books, especially the Bible; a 
combining form. [< Gr. biblion, book.]—bib"li- 
og'ra-pher, n. One who writes about or is 
skilled in bibliography.—bib"li-o-graph'ic, a. 
bib"li-o-graph'i-calf. — bib"li-og'ra-phy, n. 
[-phiesz, pi.] 1. The description and history of 
books. 2. A list of the works of an author, or 
of the literature bearing on a particular sub- 


Ira = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = oztt; eil; Iu = feud; cfhin; go; r) = sing; thin, this. 
2 : wQlf, da; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 










bibulous 

bishop 


66 


ject.—bib"li-ol'a-try, re. Book*worship; espe¬ 
cially, extravagant homage paid to the letter of 
the Bible.—bib"li-ol'a-ter or-trist, re.—Bib"li- 
ol'o-gy, re. 1. Biblical literature. 2. [b-] Bibli¬ 
ography.—bib"li-o-ma'ni-a, re. Book=mad- 
ness; the passion for collecting books.—bib'li- 
o-man"cy, re. Divination by books.—bib"li-o- 
nia'ni-ac. I. a. Pertaining to bibliomania; 
book*mad. II. re. One who has a passion for 
collecting books.—bib'li-o-phile, re. One who 
loves books.—bib"Ii-o-the'ca, n. A library, 
or a collection of books. 

bib'u-lous, 1 bib'yu-lus; 2 bib'yq-lus, d. Given 
to drink; taking up moisture readily; ab¬ 
sorbent. [< L. bibulus, < bibo, drink.) 
bi-cen'te-na-ry, bi-ceph'a-lous. See bi-. 
bi'ceps, 1 bai'seps; 2 bl'cgps, re. The large 
front muscle of the upper arm. [L., < bi- (see 
bi-) -|- caput, head.) 

bick'er, 1 bik'ar; 2 bik'er, vi. 1. To dispute 
petulantly; wrangle; chatter, as a bird. 2. 
To flow noisily, as a brook; flicker and splut¬ 
ter, as a flame. [Etym. doubtful.) 
bl-col'ored, a. See bi-. 

bi'cy-cle, 1 bai'si-kl; 2 bl'gy-cl. I. vi. [-cled; 
-cling. 1 To ride a bicycle. II. re. *A two* 
wheeled vehicle with a tandem arrangement 
of the wheels, and cranks or levers for its pro¬ 
pulsion by the feet. [ < bi- + L. cyclus (< Gr. 
tyklos), wheel.]—bi'cy-clist, re. One who rides 
on a bicycle; a wheelman, bi'cy-cler|; cy'- 
clistt. 

bid, 1 bid; 2 bid, v. [bade, bad, or bid; bid'- 
den or bid; bid'ding.] I. t. 1. To make an 
offer of (a price). 2. To command; order. 
3. To address, as a greeting or farewell. 4. 
To proclaim publicly; announce. II. i. To 
offer a price, or a service for a certain price. 
[Used for two AS. verbs, biddan, pray, ask, and 
beddan, command.)—bid'da-bl(ep, a. —bid'- 
dance, re.—bid'der, re.—bid'ding, re. 1. A 
notification or command; also, a solicitation or 
invitation. 2. The making of a bid or bids, as 
at a sale. 

bid, re. An offer to pay or accept a price, 
bide, 1 baid; 2 bid, v. [bid'ed 11 or bode; bid'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To wait for; await. 2. To 
tolerate; suffer; endure. II. i. To dwell; 
wait; stay; abide. [< AS. bldan.] 

Ble'la, 1 bl'la; 2 be'la, Baron (1782-1856), Wil¬ 
helm von. A German astronomer; discovered 
Biela’s comet in 1826. 
bi-en'ni-al, bi-en'ni-al-ly. See bi-. 
bier, 1 bir; 2 ber, re. A framework for carrying 
a corpse to the grave; a coffin, hearse, or the 
grave itself. [ < AS. bxr, < beran, bear.) 
bi-fo'li-ate, bi-fur'cate, etc. See bi-. 
big, 1 big; 2 big, a. [big'ger; big'gest.] 1. 
Of great size, amount, or intensity; large; 
great; bulky. 2. Fruitful; pregnant. 3. 
Full to overflowing. 4. Puffed up; pompous. 
—big'ness, re. 

foig'a-my, 1 big'e-mi; 2 bfg'a-my, re. The 
crime of marrying any other person while 
having a legal spouse living. [< l.ll+of ( Se e 
bi-) + Gr. gamos, marriage.)—bi-gam'ic, a. 
big'a-mousj.—big'a-inist, re. One guilty of 
bigamy. 

big'horn", 1 big[hern"; 2 blg'horn", re. The 
Rocky Mountain sheep, remarkable for its 
horns. 

bight, 1 bait; 2 bit, re. 1. A slightly receding 
bay; a small recess in a bay, a bend in a river, 
or the like. 2. Naut. A loop or turn in a 
rope. [ < AS. byht, corner, bay, < bugan, bend.) 


big'ot, 1 big'at; 2 big'ot, re. An illiberal ad¬ 
herent of a religious creed or of any party or 
opinion. [F.]—big'ot-ed, a. Stubbornly at¬ 
tached to a creed, party, system, or opinion.— 
big'ot-ed-ly, adv.— big'ot-ry, re. [-riesz, pi.] 
Obstinate and intolerant attachment to a cause 
or creed. 

bi"jou', 1 bi" 5 u'; 2 bi"zhu', re. [bi"joux', 1 
bi" 3 uz'; 2 bi"zhuz', pi.] A jewel; a trinket. 
[F.]—bi-jou'te-rie, re. Jewelry, bi-jou'tryj. 
bi-lat'er-ai, a. See bi-. 

Bil-ba'o, 1 bil-ba'o; 2 bil-ba'o, re. A manufactur¬ 
ing city (pop. 100,000) in N. Spain. 
bil'ber"ry, 1 bil'ber"i; 2 bil'ber"y, re. The 
European whortleberry or its fruit, 
bile, 1 bail; 2 bil, re. 1. A bitter yellowish or 
green fluid secreted by the liver. 2. Anger; 
peevishness. [< L. bilis, bile, anger.) 
bilge, 1 bilj; 2bllg, v. [bilged; bilg'ing.] I. t. 
1. Naut. To stave in the bottom of (a ves¬ 
sel). 2. To cause to bulge. II. t. 1. Naut. 
To be stove in. 2. To bulge, 
bilge, re. 1. The flat or nearly flat part of a 
ship’s bottom. 2. The bulge of a barrel. 
[Var. of bulge.)— bilge'swa"ter, re. Foul water 
that collects in the bilge of a ship, 
bil 'i-a-ry, 1 bil'i-e-n; 2 bfl'i-a-ry, o. Pertain¬ 
ing to or conveying bile. [ < L. bilis, bile.) 
bi-lin'gual, a. See bi-. 

bil'ious, 1 bil'yus; 2 bil'yus, a. 1. Suffering 
from real or supposed disorder of the liver; 
hence, denatured. 2. Of, pertaining to, con¬ 
taining, or consisting of bile. [< L. p biliosus, 
< bilis, bile.) -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
bl-lit'er-al, a. See bi-. 

-bility, suffix. A termination forming nouns 
from adjectives in -ble; as, probability, from 
probabte. [< F. -bilite, < L. bilita(t-)s, < -bilis, 
-ble, + -ta(t-)s, -TY. 2 ] 

bill', / 1 bil; 2 bil, vt. To enter in a bill; charge; 
bih, ( advertise by 1 bills or placards, 
bill 2 , vi. To join bills, as doves; caress, 
bill', re. 1. A statement of an account or of 
money due. 2. [U. S.] A bank* or govern- 
ment*note; as, a ten*dollar bill. 3. A list of 
items; as, a bill of fare. .4. The draft, of a 
proposed law. 5. Law. A paper filed in a 
court calling for some specific action. <>. 
Some public notice or advertisement. [< LL. 
billa, for bulla; see bull 2 , re.]—bill of exchange, 
a written order from one person to another for 
the payment of money to a third.—b. of fare, 
a list of the dishes provided at a meal.—b. of 
health, an official certificate of the crew’s health 
issued to a ship’s master on departure from a 
port.—b. of lading, a written acknowledgment 
of goods received for transportation. 
bill 2 , re. A beak, as of a bird. [ < AS. bile.] 
bill', re. A hook*shaped instrument or weapon; 
a halberd. [< AS. bill, sword, ax.) 

—bill'man, re. A soldier armed 
with a bill. 

bil'let 1 , 1 bil'et; 2 Ml'gt, v. I. t. 

1. To lodge (soldiers) in a pri¬ 
vate house. 2. To serve with a 
biHet. II. i. To be quartered; 
lodge. 

bil'let 1 , re. 1. A written missive; 
a note. 2. A requisition on a 
household to maintain a soldier. Bill of the 
3. The place of men so lodged.[F ] time of Hen- 
bil'let 2 , re. A stick, as of firewood; r V VII. 
any short thick stick. [< OF. billete, < LL. 
billus, log.) 



1 : artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, or; full, rGle; but, burn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 






67 


bibulous 

bishop 


bil"Iet-doux\ 1 bil"S-du'; 2 bll"e-du', n. 
[billets-doux', 1 bil"e-duz'; 2 bll"e-dus, pi] 
A lover’s note. [F.] 

bil'Harris, 1 bil'yerdz: 2 bil'yardg, n. A game 
played with ivory balls and cues, on a cloth- 
covered table. [< F. billard, < Mile, block.] 
bil'Iings-gate", 1 bil'njz-get; 2 bil'ing^-gat, n. 
Vulgar and abusive language. [< Billingsgate 
fish-market, London.] 

Biirjim", 1 bil'jim"; 2 bil'jlm, n. The typical 
Australian: a nickname. 

bil'lion, 1 bil'yen; 2 bil'yon, n. 1. [U. S. & Fr.] 
A thousand millions (1,000,000,000). 2. 

[Eng.] A million millions (1,000,000,000,000). 
bil'low, 1 bil'o; 2 bil'o. I. vt. & vi. To raise 
into or roll in billows; surge; swell; undulate. 
II. n. A great wave of the sea; a storm-wave; 
also, any wave, as of sound, etc.; in the plural, 
the sea. [< Ice. bylgja .]— bil'low-y, a. 
bil'ly, 1 bil'i; 2 bll'y, n. [bil'lies 2 , pi] A 
short bludgeon; a policeman’s club, 
bl-men'sal, bi-month'ly, etc. See bi-. 
bin, 1 bin; 2 bin, n. A large receptacle for 
holding meal, coal, etc. [< AS. binn, manger.] 
bin-, prefix. See bi-. 

bi'na-ry, 1 bai'na-ri; 2 bi'na-ry. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to, characterized by, or made up of 
two; double; paired. II. n. [-ries z , pi. A 
combination of two things; a couple; duality. 

[ < L. blnarius, < bini, two, < bis; see bi-.] 
bind, 1 baind; 2 bind, v. [bound; bound or 
bound'en; bind'ing.] I. t. 1. To tie to¬ 
gether; make fast by tying; cause to cohere. 

2. To constrain as by moral influence or moral 
or legal obligation. 3. To put a bandage or a 
binding on. 4. To gather and fasten between 
covers the sheets of (a book). II. i. 1. To 
have binding force; be obligatory. 2. To co¬ 
here; stick. 3. To tie up anything. [< AS. 
bindan .]— bind'er, n. One who or that which 
binds.— bind'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] A place 
where books are bound.— bind'ing. I. pa. 

Causing to be bound; obligatory. II. n. 1. The 
act of fastening or joining. 2. Anything that 
binds objects to each other, as the cover of a 
book. 3. A strip sewed over an edge for pro¬ 
tection. 

Bing'en, 1 blq'en; 2 bing'en, n. A town (pop. 

10,000) on the Rhine, in the republic of Hesse. 
bin'na-cl(e p , 1 bin'a-kl; 2 bm'a-el, n. A stand 
or case for a ship’s compass, 
bin-oc'u-lar, 1 bin-ek'yu-lar; 2 bm-oe'yu-lar. 
I. a. 1. Pertaining to both eyes at once. 2. 
Having two eyes. II. n. A telescope, opera- 
glass, etc., adapted for use by both eyes at 
once. [< bin- 4- L. oculus, eye.] 
bi-no'mi-al, 1 bai-no'mi-al; 2 bl-no'mi-al. I. a. 
Consisting of two names or terms. II. n. Alg. 
An expression having two terms, 
biog., abbr. Biographer, biography. 
bi"o-gea'e-sis, 1 bai"o-jen'i-sis; 2 bI"o-g5n'e-sis, 
n. Biol. The doctrine that life is generated from 
living beings only. [< Or. bios, life, + genesis.] 
bi-og'e-nyj. 

bi-og'ra-phy,) 1 bai-eg'ra-fi; 2 bl-og'ra-fy, n. 
bi-og'ra-fy p , ) [-phies z , pi] A written ac¬ 
count of a person’s life. [< bio-, < Gr. bios, 
life, + grapho, write.]— bi-og'ra-pher, n. One 
who writes an account of a person’s life. —bi"- 
o-grapli'ic, bi"o-graph'i-cal, a. Pertaining 
to or consisting of biography. —bi"o-graph'i- 
cal*ly* clcLv 

biol., abbr. Biologic, biological, biology, 
bi-ol'o-gy, 1 bai-el'o-ji; 2 bi-ol'o-gy, n. The 
science of life or of living organisms. [ < bio- + 


-logy.]— bi"o-log'Ic, a. bi"o-iog'i-cait.—bi"- 
o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

bl-on'o-niy, 1 bai-on'o-mi; 2 bi-on'o-my, n. 

1. The science of the laws of living functions. 

2. The branch of biology treating of habits, 
breeding, and adaptation. bi"o-nom'icsf. — 
[< Gr. bios, life, + -nomy.]— bi"o-nom'ic,-i- 
cal, a. -i-cal-ly, adv. —bi-on'o-mist, n. 

bl-par'tlte, a. See bi-. 

bi'ped, 1 bai'ped; 2 bi'pSd. I. a. Having two 
feet. II. n. An animal having two feet. 
[< L. bi- (see bi-) + pes, foot.]— bip'e-dal, a. 
Of or pertaining to a biped. 

bi'plane, 1 bai'plen; 2 bl'plan, n. A form of 
aeroplane consisting of two planes arranged 
one above the other; distinguished from 
monoplane and triplane. 

birch, 1 burdh; 2 birch, n. 1. A tree of the oak 
family, with 
outer bark 
separable i n 
thin layers. 

2. A birch rod. 

3. The wood 
of the birch. 

4. A canoe 
made of birch 
bark. [< AS. beorc.] — birch'en, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to birch; made of birch. 

bird, 1 burd; 2 bird, n. A warm-blooded, 
feathered, egg-laying vertebrate animal, hav¬ 
ing the fore limbs modified as wings. [< AS. 
bridd, bird.]— bird 'lime", n. A sticky substance 
smeared on twigs to catch small birds.— b.-man, 
n. [-men, pi.] An aeronaut, especially an 
aeroplanist.— b. of paradise, a bird of New 
Guinea, noted for the curious form and beauty of 
the plumage in the male.— b. of passage, a 
migratory bird.— bird’s'-eye", a. 1. Marked 
or spotted so as to resemble a bird’s eye. 2. 
Seen at a glance, and from above, as if by a 
bird’s eye. 

Bir'ming-ham, 1 bur'mir)-am or -ham; 2 blr'- 
ming-am or -ham, n. 1. A manufacturing city 
(pop. 919,400) of Warwickshire, England. 2. 
A coalmining and manufacturing city (pop. 
178,800), Jefferson county, Alabama. 

birth, 1 burth; 2 birth, n. 1. The fact or act 
of being born; nativity. 2. A beginning; an 
origin. 3. The bringing forth of offspring; 
parturition. 4. Ancestry or descent; lineage. 

5. Issue; offspring. (< AS. beorlh, < beran, 
bear.]— birth'day", n. The day of one’s birth 
or its anniversary: used also adjectivally.— 
birth'mark", n. A mark or stain existing on the 
body from birth’.— birth'place", n. The place 
of one’s birth or of origin in general.— birth'- 
right", n. Native right or privilege. 

bis-, prefix. See bi-. 

bis., abbr. Bissextile.— Bisc., abbr. Biscayan. 

Bis'cay, 1 bis'ke; 2 bis'ca, n. 1. A province (836 
sq. m.; pop. 384,000), N. Spain. 2. Bay of. 
Bay on north coast of the province. 

bis'cuit, 1 bis'kit; 2 bis'eit, n. 1. A small soft 
cake; also, a cracker. 2. Bisque. [F.] 

bi-sect ' d , 1 bai-sekt'; 2 bi-sect, vt. To divide 
into two parts of equal size. [ < bi- + L. sectus, 
pp. of seco, cut.]— bi-sec'tion, ».— bi-sec'tor, n. 

bi-seg'ment, n. See bi-. 

bish'op, 1 bi^h'ap; 2 bish'op, n. 1. An over¬ 
seer in the church, having charge of a dio¬ 
cese. 2. A piece in a set of chessmen. [ < Gr.As 
episcopos, < epi, upon, + skopeo, look at.]— 
bish'op-ric, n. The office or the province of a 
bishop; a diocese. 



Birch-bark Canoe. 


1:0 = final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = feud; (fhin; go; o = sin^; Chin, this, 
2: wolf, dq; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this, 















TYPICAL BIRDS. 


1. Wild turkey. 2. Imperial eagle. 3. Wilson’s snipe. 4. Ptarmigan. 5. African darter. 6. Crow. 7. 
American robin. 8. Wilson’s petrel. 9. Ruffed grouse. 10. Bob*white. 11. Sand-hill crane. 12. Woodcock. 
13. Sparrow-hawk. 14. Red-and-blue macaw. 15. Red-winged blackbird. 16. Common loon. 17. Blue jay. 
18. Prairie-hen. 19. Barn-owl. 20. Cormorant. 21. Purple heron. 22. White pelican. 23. Golden pheasant. 









69 


bisk 

blacken 


bisk, 1 bisk; 2 bisk, n. A thick rich soup made 
from meat or fish, especially shellfish. bisque 1 !. 
Bis'marck, 1 bis'mark; 2 bls'mark, Prince, Otto 
Leopold von Bismarck *Schonhausen (1815-1898). 
A German statesman; founder of German empire, 
bi 'son, 1 bai'san; 2 bi'son, n. A bovine rumi¬ 
nant, nearly related to the true ox; esp., the so* 
called North*American buffalo. [< Gr.L+ p bison.] 
bisque 2 , 1 bisk; 2 bisk, n. Ceram,. Ware baked 
once but not glazed, bis'cuit-ware"!. 


bisque 3 , n. An advantage given to an opponent 
in various games, as lawn*tennis, consisting of a 
point or stroke to be taken at any time. [F.] 
bis-sex'til(e 8 , 1 bi-seks'til; 2 bi-seks'til. I. a. 
Pertaining to a leap*year. II. n. A leap* 
year. [< L. bi-, bi-, + sextus, sixth, < sex, six.] 
Bis'sing, 1 bis'sip; 2bis'sing, Moritz Ferdinand 
von (1844-1917), German soldier; governor*gen- 
eral of Belgium, 1914-1917. 


bit 1 , 1 bit; 2 bit, vt. [bit'ted^ ; bit'ting.] To 
put a bit in the mouth of; train, as a horse, to 
the use of a bit; bridle; curb; check; restrain. 
bit 2 , I bit; 2 bit, imp. & pp. of bite, v. 
bit 1 , n. 1. A wood*boring tool adapted to be 
used with a stock 
or brace. 2. The 
metallic mouth¬ 
piece of a bridle. 

3. The part of a 
key that engages 
the bolt or tum¬ 
blers of a lock. 

[ < AS. bllan, bite.] 
bit 2 , n. A small 
piece, portion, or 
fragment; a little, 
bitch, 1 bitfh; 2 bich, n. 
dog or other canine animal. 



Bits and Bit*stock or Brace. 

1. Brace. 2. Chuck for gripping round- 
shank bits. 3. Screw-driver. 4. End¬ 
boring bit. 5. Drill-bit. 6. Spoon- 
bit. 7. Gimlet-bit. 8. Center-bit. 

[< AS. blta, < bitan, bite.] 
The female of the 
[< AS. bicce.] 


bite, 1 bait; 2 bit, v. [bit, bit'ten or bit, 
bit'n p ; bit'ing.] I. t. 1. To seize with the 
teeth; remove by biting: with off, etc. 2. 
To sting, as mosquitoes. 3. To act upon, as 
mustard on the tongue, or an acid on copper; 
cause to smart; sting; corrode. 4. To grip; 
take hold of. 5. To cheat; trick. II. i. 1. 
To seize something with the teeth. 2. To be 
pungent or stinging to the taste. 3. To 
wound or pierce; sting. 4. To take a bait, 
as fish. 5. To take firm hold on something; 
grip. [< AS. bllan, bite.]— bit'er, n.— bit'ing, 
pa. Keen; pungent; stinging, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
bite, n. 1. The act of biting, or the hurt in¬ 
flicted by biting. 2. A morsel of food. 3. 
The grip taken by a tool in action. 


Bl-thyn'i-a, 1 bi-thin'i-a; 2 bi-thyn'i-a, n. An 
ancient country in N. W. Asia Minor. 

bit'ten, pp. of bite, v . 

bit'ter, 1 bit'or; 2 bit'er, a. 1. Having a 
peculiar acrid taste, as of quinin. 2. Pro¬ 
ducing pain of body or mind; keen; poignant; 
severe. 3. Feeling or showing hate or re¬ 
sentment. 4. Stinging; sharp; severe: said 
of words. [< AS .biter, < bllan, bite.] -ish, a. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

bit'ter, n. 1. That which is bitter; bitterness. 
2. pi. An infusion of bitter ingredients, often 
with spirits. 


bit'tern, 1 bit'arn; 2 bit'ern, n. A small heron. 

See illus. In next column, 
bl-tu'men, 1 bi-tiu'men; 2 bl-tii'mgn, n. 1. 
Mineral. A native mixture of hydrocarbons, as 
naphtha or asphalt. 2. A brown paint. [L.]— 
bi-tu 'mi-nous, a. 


bi'valv(e 8 , 1 bai'valv; 2 bi'valv. I. a. Having 
two valves, as a mollusk. bi'vaiv(e)d! 8 ; bi- 
val'voust; bi-val'vu-iarj. II. n. A headless 
mollusk having a shell of two valves, as the 
oyster. [< bi- + valve.] 
biv'ou-ac, 1 biv'u-ak or 
biv'wak; 2 biv'u-Se or 
biv'wae. I. vi. [biv'ou- 
acked 1 ; biv'ou-ack-ing.] 

To encamp for the night 
without tents. II. n. A 
temporary encampment 
without shelter. [F.] 
bi-weekly, a. & n. See bi-. 
bi-zarre', 1 bi-zar'; 2 bi- 
zar', a. Grotesque; odd. 

[F.] 

bk., abbr. Bank, bark, book. 

— bkg., abbr. Banking.—• 
bkt., abbr. [bkts., pi.] 

Basket.— B. L., abbr. 

Bachelor of Laws.— bi., 
abbr. [bls., pi.] Bale, 
barrel.— b. I., abbr. Bill 
of lading. 

blab, 1 blab; 2 blab, v. 

[blabbed, blabd 8 ;blab'- 
bing.] I. t. To tell or 
repeat indiscreetly. II. 
i. To tell tales; tattle. 

[ < Dan. blabbre, babble.] Bittern. »/u 
black, 1 blak; 2 blak. I 1 , vt. & vi. To make or 
become black; blacken and polish. II. o. 
1. Having little or no power to reflect light; 
of the color of jet. 2. Having a very dark 
skin; swarthy. 3. Destitute of light; gloomy; 
dismal; forbidding; also, sad; shameful. 4. 
Evil; malignant; wicked; deadly. III. n. 
1. The absence of color, or the darkest of all 
colors; sable. 2. That which is black. 3. 
A negro, black 'a-moorj. [< AS. blac, dark.] 
— black art, magic; necromancy.— b. death, a 
plague prevalent in Asia and Europe in the 
14th century.— b. jack. 1. A small oak of the 
United States. 2. A bludgeon. 3. A drinking* 
can, originally of leather, now of metal.— b. 
lead, graphite, plumbago.— b. list, a list of 
persons under suspicion, censure, etc.— black'- 
ness n 

black'ball", 1 blak'bel"; 2 blak'bal". I. vt. 
1. To vote against, as with a black ball; 
ostracize. 2. To blacken, as shoes, with 
blackball. II. n. 1. A vote rejecting ap¬ 
plication for membership. 2. Shoemakers’ 
blacking made into balls, 
black'ber"ry, 1 blak'ber"i; 2 blak'bgr"y, n. 
[-ber"ries z , pi.] The black edible fruit of cer¬ 
tain shrubs, or one of the plants producing it. 
black'bird", 1 blak'burd"; 2 blak'bird", n. 

1. A common European thrush, the male of 
which is black, with a yellow bill. 2. One of va¬ 
rious black or blackish North*American birds. 

black'board", 1 blak'bord"; 2 blak'bord", n. 
A blackened surface, for marking upon with 
chalk. 

black 'cap", 1 blak'kap"; 2 blak'cap", n. 1. 
Any of several birds having a black crown, 
as the European warbler, chickadee, etc. 

2. The black raspberry. 

black 'en, 1 blak'n; 2 blak'n, v. I. t. 1. To 
make black, dark, or gloomy; darken 2. 
To defame; calumniate. II. i. To become 
or grow black. 



1: 9 = final; i = habit; aisle; ail = out: eil; lu = feud; tfhin; go; i) = sin^; thin, Ibis. 
2: wQlf, do’; book, b<7ot; full, rple, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 



















Black Forest 
blood 


70 


Black For'est (G. Schwarz'wald, 1 Shvarts'valt; 
2 shvarts'valt). A mountainous wooded region 
in Baden and Wurttemberg. 
black'guard, ) 1 blag'arcl or -ard; 2 blag'ard or 
black'gard s , > -ard. I d .vt. To revile. II. a. Of 
or like a blackguard; base; vile. III. n. A 
low, vicious fellow. -Ism, n. -ly, adv. 
black'ing, 1 blak'irj; 2 blak'ing, n. A prepara¬ 
tion used to give blackness or luster, or both, 
black'leg", 1 blak'leg"; 2 blik'lgg", n. A pro¬ 
fessional swindler or gambler; a cheat; 
sharper. 

black'mail". 1 blak'mel"; 2 blak'mal". I. vt. 
To levy blackmail upon. II. n. 1. Extortion 
by threats or accusation. 2. [North. Eng. & 
Scot.] A tax formerly paid to bandits to in¬ 
sure immunity from pillage.— black 'mail"er, n. 
black 'smith", 1 blak'smith."; 2 blak'smith", n. 

A smith who works in or welds wrought iron, 
black'snake", 1 blak'snek"; 2 bl&k'snak", n. 
1. One of various black or dark snakes. 2. 
A heavy pliant whip of rawhide. 

Black'stone, lblak'ston; 2 blac'ston. Sir William 
(1723-1780). An English patriot; Commentaries. 
black'thorn", 1 blak'fhorn"; 2 blak'thorn", n. 
A thorny shrub of the rose family; also, a 
walking=stick made of its wood, 
blad'der, 1 blad'ar; 2 blad'er, n. A sac in the 
pelvic cavity, for the temporary retention of 
urine; some part or organ of analogous struc¬ 
ture, as an air-vessel or an air-cell. [< AS. 
blsedre, blister, < 4 / of blow 1 , r.] 
blade, 1 bled; 2 blad, n. 1. The flat, cutting 
part of any edged tool or weapon. 2. The 
leaf of grasses or certain other plants. 3. 
A rakish young man. [ < AS. Used, leaf.] 
blain, 1 blen; 2 blan, n. A pustular tumor; a 
blister. [< AS. blegen, boil, < of blow 1 , c.] 
blame, 1 blem; 2 blam. I. vt. [blamed; 
blam'ing.] To find fault with; censure; ac¬ 
cuse. II. n. Expression of disapproval, as 
for something wrong; faultfinding; censure; 
also, fault; culpability. [< F. bldmer, < LL. 
blasphemo; see blaspheme, v.] —bla'ma-bl(er, 
a. Deserving censure; culpable; faulty, blame'- 
fulj; blame'wor"thyt.—bla'ma-bly, adv .— 
blame'ful-ly, adv. — blame 'ful-ness, ». — 
blame'less, a. Innocent; guiltless, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

Blanc, Mont, 1 men blan; 2 moil blan. Highest 
peak of Alps (15,781 ft.). 

blanch*, 1 blandh; 2 blanch, vt. & vi. To make 
or become white or pale; bleach; pale. 
[ < F. blanchir, < blanc, white.] 
blanc"-mange', 1 bla"-mdn 3 '; 2 bla"*manzh', 
n. A whitish jelly-like preparation used for 
desserts, etc. [ < F. blawmanger, white-eating.] 
bland, 1 bland; 2 blSnd, a. 1. Affable in man¬ 
ner; gentle; suave. 2. Mild; balmy; genial. [< 
L. blandus, mild.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
blan'dish*, 1 blan'disTi; 2 bhWdish, vt. To 
wheedle; caress; coax; please. [< L.of blandus, 
bland.]— blan'dlsh-ment, n. Soothing, caress¬ 
ing, or flattering speech or action, 
blank, 1 blaQk; 2 blank. I. a. 1. Wholly or 
partly free from writing or print. 2. Lack¬ 
ing in ornament, interest, or results; empty; 
void. 3. Without rime; as, blank verse. 4. 
Disconcerted; confused. 5. Utter; down¬ 
right. 6. Pale or white; colorless. II. n. 
1. A paper containing no written or printed 
matter. 2. A written or printed paper with 
blank spaces. 3. A vacant space. 4. A 
lottery-ticket which has drawn no prize; a 


disappointing result. [ < F. blanc, < OHG. 
blanch, white.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
blan'ket, 1 blatj'ket; 2 blan'kSt. I d . vt. To 
cover with or as with a blanket. 51. n. A 
heavy woolen covering, as of a bed; also, a 
sheet of other material, as of india-rubber. 
[OF., orig. white, < blanc, white.] 
blare, 1 blar; 2 blar. I. vt. & vi. [blared; 
blah'ing.] To sound loudly, as a trumpet. 
II. n. A loud brazen sound. [Onomatopoeic.] 
blar'ney, 1 blcir'm; 2 blar'ny. I. vt. & vi. To 
flatter, cajole, or wheedle. II. n. Wheedling 
flattery. 

bla"se', 1 bkTze'; 2 bla*§e', a. Sated with pleasure; 

wearied or worn out. as by dissipation. [F.] 
blas-pheme', ) 1 blas-flm'; 2 blas-fem', v. 
bias-feme 1 ", ) [blas-fhemed'; blas-phem'- 
ing.] I. t. To speak in an impious or ir¬ 
reverent manner of God or sacred things. 
II. i. To speak blasphemy; use profane 
language; swear. [< Gr vt. blasph?md, < blapto, 
hurt, + phemi, speak.]'—blas-pho'mer, n .— 
blas'phe-mous, a. Impious; irreverent: pro¬ 
fane. -ly, adv.— blas'phe-my, n. [-miesz, pi.] 
Evil or profane speaking of God or sacred things, 
blast, 1 blast; 2 blast. I d . vt. & vi. I. To rend 
in rieces by explosion. 2. To wither, as by 
a wind; blight; shrivel; destroy. 3. To bring 
to ruin or infamy; curse. II. n. 1. A strong 
or sudden wind; a strong artificial current of 
air, steam, or the like. 2. The discharge of a 
firearm, or of any explosive; a loud, sudden 
sound, as of a trumpet. 3. A blight or blight¬ 
ing influence. [< AS. blsest, blowing.] 
bla'tant, 1 ble'tant; 2 bla'tant, a. Noisy; 
blustering. 

blaze 1 , 1 blez; 2 blaz'. I. vt. & vi. [blazed;, 
blaz'ing.] To cause to flame or to shine 
vividly; burn or shine with a flame; flame; 
gleam. II. n. A vivid glowing flame; 
brightness; effulgence; ardor. [< AS. blsese, 
flame.] 

blaze 2 . I. vt. To publish abroad or noise 
about; proclaim. II. || n. A proclamation or 
report. [ME. blasen, blow’ a trumpet.] 
blaze 3 . I. vt. To mark (a tree) by chipping 
or peeling; hence, to mark out (a path) in this 
way. II. n. 1. A white spot on the face of 
an animal, as a horse. 2. A mark chipped on 
a tree, to indicate a path; a path so indicated, 
bla'zon, 1 ble'zn; 2 bla'zn. I. vt. 1. To pro¬ 
claim; publish. 2. To inscribe or decorate. 
3. To emblazon, as heraldic bearings; de¬ 
lineate. II. n. 1. A coat of arms; show or 
semblance. 2. A proclaiming abroad. [< F. 
blason, coat of arms, shield.]—bla'zon-ry, n. 
1. The art of describing or depictinir heraldic 
devices. 2. A coat of arms. 3. Decoration; show, 
bldg., abbr. [bldgs., pi.] Building. 

-bl(er, suffix. Used in forming adjectives from 
verbs: usually preceded by a vowel. [< F. -ble, 
< L. -bilis, -BLE.] 

bleach*, 1 bllcfh; 2 blech, vt. & vi. To whiten; 

blanch. [< AS. blzecan, become pale.] 
bleak, 1 bilk; 2 blek, a. 1. Exposed to wind 
and w’eather; bare; barren; dreary. 2. Cold, 
cutting, or penetrating. [ < AS. bisec, blac, 
shining.] —bleak'ly, adv. —bleak'ness, n. 
blear, 1 bllr; 2 bier. I. vt. To dim or inflame 
(the eyes); obscure; blur. II. a. Dimmed*, 
dull; bleared. [ME. bleren, blink.]—blear'- 
eyed", a. 1. Weak-sighted. 2. Mentally short¬ 
sighted. b.-wlttedt.—blear'y, a.— blear'l- 
ness, blear'ness, n. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n. 






71 


Black Forest 
blood 


bleat, 1 blit; 2 blet. I d . vi. To cry as a sheep 
or goat. II. to. The cry of the sheep or goat. 
[ < AS. blxtan.) 

bleed, 1 blid; 2 bled, v. [bled; bleed'ing.] 

I. t. 1. To draw blood from; cause to 
lose sap or other fluid. 2. To shed or exude. 

3. [Colloq.] To extort money from. II. i. 

1. To lose blood; feel deep grief or sympathy. 

2. To suffer or die, as in battle. 3. To lose 
blood, sap, etc. [< AS. bledan, < blod, blood.] 

blent'ish, 1 blem'i^h; 2 blem'ish. I*. vt. To 
mar or impair. II. to. A disfiguring defect; 
also, moral reproach or stain. [< OF. blemir, 
wound, < Ice. blar, livid, bluish.] 
blench 1 , 1 blench; 2 blench, vi. To shrink 
back; flinch; quail. [< AS. blencan, deceive.] 
blend, 1 blend; 2 blend, vt. & vi. [blend'ed; 
BLEND , ED d or blent ; blend'ing.] To mix; 
mingle; combine. [< AS. blandan, mix.] 
Blen'heim, 1 blen'haim; 2 blSn'hlm, n. Village 
in Bavaria; Marlborough defeated French and 
Bavarians, Aug. 13, 1704. 
bless, 1 bles; 2 bl8s, vt. [blessed* or blest; 
bless'ing.] 1. To bring happiness or good 
fortune to; prosper. 2. To invoke God’s 
favor upon (a person or thing). 3. To con¬ 
secrate. 4. To honor and exalt; praise; glori¬ 
fy. 5. To account (oneself) happy; felicitate. 
[<AS. bledsian, bloedsian, bless.] 
bless'ed, / 1 bles'ed or blest; 2 bles'ed or blSst, 
blest, ) a. 1. Being in enjoyment of felicity 
in heaven; beatified. 2. Worthy of venera¬ 
tion or of blessing. 3. Joyful; healing. 4. 
Happy; favored, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
bless'ing, 1 bles'ip; 2 bles'ing, to. 1. That 
which makes happy or prosperous; a gift of 
divine favor. 2. A benediction. 3. Grateful 
adoration; worship. 4. Cursing or scolding: 
a euphemism. 

blew, 1 blu; 2 blq, imp. of blow, v. 
blight d , 1 blait; 2 blit, v. I. t. To cause to de¬ 
cay; blast. II. i. To be affected with blight, 
blight, to. 1. A diseased state of plants, as 
mildew, rust, etc. 2. Anything that withers 
hopes or prospects. 

Bligh'ty, 1 blai'ti; 2 bli'ty, to. [Soldiers’ Slang.] 1. 
England. 2. A wound. [Corr. of Ar. Wilayal 
(Bilayati ), Europe ] BH'tey{. 
blimp, to. [Colloq.] A non*rigid dirigible balloon: 

a telescope word &(alloon)ft?rop. 
blind' 1 , 1 blaind; 2 blind, vt. 1. To make blind. 

2. To shut off from view; screen; hide, 
blind, a. 1. Without the power of seeing; also, 
lacking in perception or judgment. 2. Act¬ 
ing or proceeding at random. 3. Difficult to 
trace or understand; illegible; unintelligible. 

4. Having no opening or outlet; hidden; ob¬ 
scure. [< AS. blind.]— blind 'ly, adv. With¬ 
out sight or without foresight; at random; reck¬ 
lessly.—blind'man, n. The blindfolded player 
(of either sex) in blindman’s buff.—blindman’s 
bull, a game in which one who is blindfolded must 
catch and identify some one.—blind'ness, n. 

blind, 1 blaind; 2 blind, 
to. Something that ob¬ 
structs vision or shuts 
off light; a screen or 
shutter; a subterfuge; 
ruse.— blind 'er, to. One 
who or that which blinds; 
a flap on the side of a 
horse’s head*stall. Venetian Blind, 

blind'fold". I d . vt. To cover or bandage the 
eyes; hoodwink; mislead. II. a. !• Having 







mj 

X l LH 

ir i) u—1 


the eyes bandaged. 2. Having the mental vi¬ 
sion darkened; heedless; rash, bllnd'fold-edi. 
blink 1 , 1 bliqk; 2 blink, v. I. t. To look at 
with half*closed eyes; miss or evade seeing; 
pass by. II. i. 1. To wink repeatedly and 
rapidly; get a hasty glimpse. 2. To twinkle; 
glimmer. [ME. blenken, shine.] 
blink, to . 1 . A glance or glimpse. 2. A shim¬ 
mer or glimmer.—blink'er, to. 1. A horse’s 
blinder. 2. One who or that which blinks, 
bliss, 1 blis; 2 blis, to . 1 . Superlative happi¬ 
ness; heavenly joy. 2. A cause of delight. 
[< AS. blis, < blith, sweet.]—bliss 'ful, a. Su¬ 
premely happy, -ly, adv. -ness, to. 

Bliss, Tasker Howard, (1853- ). American 

general; U. S. military representative on Su¬ 
preme War Council of the Allies and associated 
nations in France, 1917-19. 
blis'ter, 1 blis'tar; 2 blls'ter, v. I. t. To 
produce a blister or blisters upon; hurt as by 
a blister; gall. II. i. To have a blister or 
blisters form or rise. 

blis'ter, to. 1. A thin vesicle, especially one 
on the skin, containing watery matter. 2. 
Any substance used for blistering. [ME. blis¬ 
ter. Allied to blast.] 

blithe, 1 blaith or blaifh; 2 blith or blith, a. 
Joyous; gay; merry; sprightly. [< AS. blith, 
blithe, sweet, happy.] -ly,ad».—blithe'some,a. 
Showing or imparting gladness; cheerful; merry, 
bliz'zard, 1 bliz'ard; 2 bliz'ard, to. A high, cold, 
blistering wind accompanied by blinding snow. 
[ < AS. bliesan*, blaze, blow.] 
bloat d , 1 blot; 2 blot, vt. & vi. To puff up or 
swell; inflate, as with conceit, 
bloat, to. One who is bloated; a drunkard, 
bloat'er, to. A selected smoked herring. 
block 1 , 1 blek; 2 blok, vt. To stop with or as 
with a block; impede; obstruct: often with 
up. [< F. bloquer, block up; of G. origin.] 
block, to. 1. A solid piece of wood, metal, or 
other material. 2. A section or di¬ 
vision; a mass or row, as of houses. 

3. A sheave or pulley, or set of pul¬ 
leys, in a frame or shell. 4. An ob¬ 
struction. [ME. blok, orig. doubtful.] 

—block'he(a)d"s, n. A stupid person. 

—block'house", n. A fort of logs and 
heavy timbers, with loopholes for mus¬ 
ketry.—block 'ish, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. , 
block-ade', 1 blek-ed';2 blok-ad'. I. vt. Block. 
[-AD'ED d ; -ad'ing.] To close to traffic or commu¬ 
nication by military or naval force; obstruct; 
block up. II. to. The investing and closing of 
a seaport, etc., by hostile forces. [< block, a.] 
Bloem'fon-tein", 1 blum'fen-ten"; 2 blum'fdn- 
ten". to. City (pop. 27,000), capital of Orange 
Free State province, Union of South Africa. 
Blois, 1 blwa; 2 blwa, to. Ancient manufacturing 
city (pop. 24,000), of W. Central France, 
blond, 1 blend; 2 blond. I. a. 1. Having a 
fair skin with light eyes and hair. 2. Flaxen 
or golden, as hair. II. to. A blond person: 
feminine blonde. [F., < LL. blondus, yellow.] 
blood, 1 blud; 2 blod, to . 1 . The fluid that cir¬ 
culates in the heart, arteries, and veins; red 
in almost all vertebrates. _ 2. Kinship by de¬ 
scent; lineage; race; especially, noble lineage. 

3. Vitality; temperament; mood; passion. 

4. Bloodshed; war; murder. 5. A dashing 
fellow; gallant. [< AS. blod, < V of blow, 
bloom.]—blood Gheat", to. The normal tem¬ 
perature of the human body, about 98^° Fahr.— 
b.sborse, to. A horse of a fine breed, especially 



l:a = final: 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; lu = feud; cfliin; go; r) = sin 0 ; Chin, this. 
2 : wolf, dq; book, boot; full. rule, cure, bfit, bOrn; oil. boy; go, gem; ink; tbm. tins. 

































blooded 

bodice 


72 


of the English*Arab cross, blood 'ed horse}:. 
— b.diot, a. —blood'less, a. 1. Having no 
blood; without color; pale; lifeless; cold-hearted. 
2. Without bloodshed, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
b.-money, n. Money paid for bloodshed.— 
blood'shed", n. The shedding of blood; 
slaughter; carnage.— blood'stickler, n. An 
animal that sucks blood, as a leech; a cruel ex¬ 
tortioner.— blood 'thirst"y, a. Thirsting for 
blood; murderous; cruel.— blood'thirst"l-ly, 
adv. —blood'thirst"l-ness, n. —b.-vessel, n. 
Any tubular canal in which the blood circulates, 
blood'ed, 1 blud'ad; 2 blod'ed, a. 1. Having 
blood or temper of a specified character; as, 
cold “blooded, 2. Having pure blood or lineage; 
thoroughbred. 

blood'hound", 1 blud'haund"; 2 blod'hound", 
n. A keen-scented hound employed in trac¬ 
ing fugitives. 

blood 'y, 1 blud'i; 2 blod'y, a. [blood'i-er; 
blood'i-est.] 1. Covered or stained with 
blood, blood 'iedj. 2. Consisting of, con¬ 
taining, or mixed with blood. 3. Character¬ 
ized by or delighting in bloodshed; sangui¬ 
nary; bloodthirsty. 4. Red like blood; 
suggesting blood. [ < AS. blod, blood.]— blood'- 
i-ly, adv. —blood'i-ness, n. 
bloom, 1 blum; 2 bloom, vi. 1. To bear 
flowers; blossom. 2. To glow with health 
and beauty. 3. To produce luxuriant vege¬ 
tation.— bloom 'ing, pa. Coming into flower; 
fresh and beautiful; prosperous.— bloom'ing- 
ly, adv. —bloom'ing-ness, n. 
bloom 1 , n. 1. The act of blooming, or the 
state of being in flower; fulness and freshness 
of life. 2. A flower or flowers collectively; 
the downy covering of fruits, as of the peach. 
bloom 2 , n. Metal. A mass of malleable iron 
from which the slag has_been beaten off. 
bloom'er, 1 blum'ar; 2 bloom'er, n. A trouser* 
like garment for women, 
bloom 'y, 1 blum'i; 2 bloom'y, a. 1. Abounding 
in blooms; flowery. 2. Covered with bloom, as 
a fruit. 

blos'som, 1 bles'am; 2 blos'om. I. vt. & vi. 
To bloom. II. n. 1. A flower, or flowers col¬ 
lectively. 2. The state or period of flowering; 
bloom. [< AS. bldstma, blossom.]— bios'soul¬ 
less, a. —blos'som-y, a. 
blot, 1 blot; 2 blSt, v. [blot'ted'I ; blot'ting.] 
I. t. 1. To spot with ink; stain. 2. To dis¬ 
grace; sully. 3. To blur or obliterate, as 
waiting: often with out. 4. To dry with 
blotting*paper. 5. To obscure; darken. II. 
t. To make a blot or blots; become blotted. 
— blot'ter, n. 1. A sheet, pad, or book of 
blotting*paper. 2. The first record*book, as in 
a police*station. 3. Anything that blots or 
defiles.— blot'ting-pa"per, n. Unsized paper 
for absorbing any excess of ink. 
blot, n. A spot or stain, as of ink; reproach; 

blemish; an erasure. [< Ice. blettr, stain.] 
blotch, / 1 bledh; 2 bloch. I*, vt. To mark 
bloche, ) or cover with blotches. II. n. 1. A 
spot or blot. 2. An inflamed eruption on the 
skin. [< blot, n.] 

Blount, 1 blunt; 2 blunt, Charles (1563-1605?), 
Earl of Devonshire. An English statesman; 
suppressed Irish rebellion, 1603. 
blouse, 1 blauz or ( F .) bluz; 2 bloug or (F .) blu§, 
n. 1. A short loose shirt or frock, worn as 
an outer garment by workingmen in France; 
hence, a French workingman. 2. A loose 
upper garment for either sex, chiefly women and 
boys. [F., perhaps < OF. bliaut, upper garment.] 


blow 1 , 1 bio; 2 bio, v. [blew; blown; blow'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To move, remove, eject, or 
overthrow by a current of air. 2. To form by 
inflating a material, as glass. 3. To force air 
into or through (a wind instrument); cause to 
sound. 4. To put out of breath. 5. To lay 
eggs in, as flies in meat. II. i. 1. To emit a 
current of air or a jet of water or steam. 2. 
To move in a current, as the wind; be carried 
by the wind. 3. To sound by being blow'n. 

4. To pant; be winded. [< AS. blaivan.] 
blow 2 , 1 bio; 2 bio, vi. To bloom. [< AS. 

blowan.] 

blow 1 , n. 1. A sudden or violent stroke; 

thump; thwack. 2. A sudden misfortune. 
blow 2 , n. 1. The act of blowing; a blast; gale. 

2. The oviposition of a fly; a flyblow. 
blow 3 , «. The state of flowering; a mass of 
blossoms; blossoms in general, 
blow'er, 1 blo'ar; 2 blo'er, n. One who or that 
which blows; a device for increasing a draft, 
blow' 'pipe", 1 blo'paip"; 2 blo'plp", n. A tube 
by which air or gas is blown through a flame 
for the purpose of heating or melting some¬ 
thing. 

blowz'y, 1 blauz'i; 2 blowz'y, a. 1. Having a 
red or flushed face. 2. Slatternly or unkempt; 
slovenly, blous'yj; blows'yj; blow-zed}, 
blub'ber, 1 blub'ar; 2 bliib'er, vi. To sob 
noisily. 

blub'ber, n. The layer of fat beneath the 

skin, as in a whale. 

Blii'eher, 1 blii'Har, blu'dhar or blu'kar; 2 blii'- 
Her, blu'cher or blu'ker, Gebhard L., Ftirst von 
(1742-1819). Prussian field*marshal at Water¬ 
loo. 

bludg'eon, 1 bluj'an; 2 bliidg'on, n. A short 
club, used as a weapon. [Cp. D. bludsen, bruise.] 
blue, 1 blu; 2 blu. I. vt. [blued; blu'ing.] 
To make or cause to become blue; treat with 
bluing. II. a. [bltj'er; blu'est.] 1. Having 
the color of the clear sky. 2. Dismal; dreary; 
melancholy; despondent. 3. Severe or Puri¬ 
tanic; strict. 4. Faithful; genuine; sterling. 

5. Livid, as from contusion, cold, or fear. 6. 
Devoted to literature; pedantic: said of 
women. III. n. 1. The color of the clear 
sky; azure; also, a dye or pigment of this 
color. 2. A bluestocking. [< OF. blen, < OHG, 
blao, blue.]— blue'ber"ry, n. [-riesz, pi.) A 
many*seeded, edible, bluish-black American 
berry, or the shrub that bears it.— blue'blrd", 
n. A small American bird, 
of a prevailing blue above. 

— blue"-bot'tle, n. 1. A 
dark*blue flesh*fly. 2. A 
flower, wild or cultivated, 
with tubular florets, blue, 
violet, etc., each borne on 
a tall, slender stalk, the corn¬ 
flower or bachelor’s button. 

— blue'stock"ing, n. A 
learned or literary woman.— 
blu'ing, n. The giving of 
a blue tint to; also, the tint 
so given, or the material Bluebird. Vs 
used, as indigo.— blii'Ish, a.— tiie blues, low 
spirits; melancholy. 

biu'et, 1 blu'et; 2 blu'et, n. One of various blue¬ 
flowering plants: (1) [U. S.] A delicate meadow 
flower of the madder family. (2) [Eng.] A gar¬ 
den flower of the aster family. biue'bot"tleJ. 
Blue ltidge. The S. E. portion of the Alleghenies, 
in Virginia and North Carolina. 



1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ftll; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdnj 








73 


blooded 

bodice 


bluff', ) 1 bluf; 2 bluf, vt. & vi. To overawe 
blufr, )by bold assumption; boast in order 
to. mislead. 

bluff, a. 1. Blunt, frank, and hearty; rude or 
abrupt, but kindly. 2. Rising steep and 
bold, as a cliff. 

bluff 1 , n. Bold speech or manner intended to 
overawe or deceive.—bluff 'er, n. 
bluff 2 , n. A bold, steep headland, 
blun'der, 1 blun'dar; 2 blun'der. I. vt. & vi. 
To bungle; err egregiously; proceed stupidly; 
stumble. II. n. A stupid mistake. [< Ice. 
blunda, doze, slumber.]—blun'der-er, n. 
blun'der-buss, 1 blun'dar-bus; 2 blun'der- 
bixs, n. A short gun with large bore and flar¬ 
ing mouth. [< D. donder, thunder, + bus, box.] 
blunt, 1 blunt; 2 blunt. I d . vt. & vi. To make 
or become blunt; dull the edge or point of; 
lose sharpness. II. a. 1. Having a thick end 
or edge; not sharp or piercing. 2. Abrupt in 
manner; plain-spoken; brusk. 3. Slow of 
wit; dull.—blunt'Iy, adv.— blunt'ness, n. 
blur, 1 blur; 2 blfir. I. vt. & vi. [blurred, 
blurd 8 ; blur'ring.] To make or become 
obscure or indistinct; also, to dull, soil, or 
blemish; become indistinct. II. n. A 
smeared or indistinct marking; a blemish, 
blurb, 1 blurb; 2 blurb, n. A publisher's state¬ 
ment concerning a book or its author. 
blurt d , 1 blurt; 2 blfirt, v. I. t. To utter 
abruptly; burst out with. II. i. To puff 
out the breath suddenly, as in contempt. 
[Akin to blare, t>.] 

blush 1 , 1 bluifli; 2 blush, v. I. t. To make red; 
redden; suffuse. II. i. To become red; flush; 
redden. [< AS. blysan, blush, < blys, blaze.] 
blush, n. 1. A reddening, as of the face, from 
modesty, shame, or confusion; a red or rosy 
tint; flush. 2. A glance; glimpse; view, 
blus'ter, 1 blus'tar; 2 blus'ter. I. vi. To blow 
in gusts; fume with anger; utter vain men¬ 
aces; swagger. II. n. 1. Boisterous talk or 
swagger. 2. A fitful and noisy blowing of 
the wind; blast.— blus'ter-er, n .— blus'ter- 
fng, pa. 1. Windy; disagreeable. 2. Noisy; 
swaggering, -ly, adv. — blus'ter-ous, a. Stormy; 
rough; violent; given to bluster, blus'ter-yj; 
bius'trousj. 

b. m., abbr. Board measure.—B. Mus., abbr. 
Bachelor of Music.—bn., abbr. Battalion.— 
b. o., abbr. Branch office; buyer’s option, 
bo 'a, 1 bo'a; 2 bo'a, n. 1. Any large non- 
poisonous serpent that crushes its prey in its 
folds, bo'ascon-stric'tort. 2. A long fur 
or feather neck-wrap worn by women. [L.] 
Bo"a-di-ce'a, 1 bo"a-di-sI'a; 2 bo"a-di-ce'a, n. 

British queen, defeated by Romans (died 62). 
boar, 1 bor; 2 bor, n. 1. A male hog. 2. The 
native hog of the Old World. [ < AS. bar, boar.] 
board d , 1 bord; 2 bord, v. I. t. 1. To enclose 
w r ith boards. 2. To furnish with meals for 
pay. 3. To put at board. 4. To come along¬ 
side or go on board of (a ship, etc.). II. i. 
To be supplied with regular meals for pay. 
board, n. 1. A thin and broad flat piece of 
wood. 2. A table, spread for serving food; 
the food served; meals regularly furnished for 
pay. 3. An organized official body. 4. pi. 
The stage of a theater. 5. Pasteboard; a 
pasteboard book-cover. 6. The deck or side 
of a vessel, as in the phrase on board. [< AS. 
bord, board, side of a ship, table.] 
board'er, n. 1. A person who receives regu¬ 


lar meals, or meals and lodging, for pay. 2. 
One detailed to board an enemy’s ship, 
board'ing, n. 1. Boards collectively; a struc¬ 
ture of boards. 2. The obtaining of food, or 
food and lodging, regularly for pay. 3. The 
act of going on board a ship. 
boast d , 1 bost; 2 bost, v. I. t. 1 . To speak of 
ostentatiously. 2. To possess as a distinction. 
II. i. To vaunt or pride oneself; exult; glory, 

boast, n. 1. A boastful speech. 2. A source 
of pride.— boast'er, n.— boast'fui, a. Inclined 
to boast; proud. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
boat, 1 bot; 2 bot. I d . vt. & vi. To carry or 



Whale-boat. 

place in a boat; go in a boat; row; sail; 
navigate. II. n. A water-craft; especially, 
a small vessel for oars or sails. [ < AS. bat.] 
boat'swain, 1 bo'sn or bot'swen; 2 bo'sn or 
bot'swan, n. A petty officer of a ship in 
charge of rigging, etc. 

Bo'az, 1 bo'az; 2 bS'az, n. A Bethlehemite, who 
married Ruth. Ruth ill, 10. 
bob, 1 bob; 2 bob, vt. & vi. [bobbed, bobd 8 ; 
bob'bing.] 1. To move with a jerky motion; 
angle with a bob. 2. To cut short, as a 
horse’s mane or tail. 

bob, 1 bob; 2 bob, n. 1. A cork or float on a 
fishing*line. 2. A small pendent object, as 
a pendulum. 3. A jerky movement. [Ono¬ 
matopoeic.]—bob'-sled", n. Either of two 
short sleds or pairs of runners connected tandem 
by a top plank, or the entire vehicle so formed. 
—bob'tail, n. 1. A short tail or a tail cut short; 
also, an animal with such a tail. 2. The rabble; 
common herd.—bob'tailed, a. 

Bo"ba-dil'la, 1 b6"ba-dll'ya; 2 bS'ba-diTya, 
Francisco de ( -1502). A Spanish viceroy; 
arrested Columbus. 

bob 'bin, 1 beb'in; 2 bob'in, n. A spool or small 
pin to hold weft or thread. [< F. bobine.] 
bob"bi-net', 1 beb"i-net'; 2 bob"i-nSt', n. An 
open perforated fabric; a machine-made lace, 
bob'o-link, 1 beb'o-liqk; 2 bob'o-lfnk, n. An 
American singing bird. 

[Imitative from its note.] 
bob"*white\ 1 beb"- 
hwait'; 2 bob"*hwit', n. 

The North-American 
quail; also, its cry. [Imi¬ 
tative.] 

Boc-cac'cio, 1 bok-ka'ffiio; 

2 boe-ea'cho, Giovanni 
(1313-1375). Italian 
novelist; Decameron. 

Bocbe, 1 bo^h; 2 boch, n. 

[Fr. Slang.] 1. A blood¬ 
thirsty rioter or revolu¬ 
tionist. 2. [Recent.] A _ , ,, 

German soldier. [Perh. Bobolink. 1 /i 
contr. of F. caboche, thickhead.] 
bode, 1 bod; 2 bod, v. [bod'ed 1 *; bod'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To have a token or presentiment of. 
2||. To predict or presage. II. i. To presage 
good or ill. [ < AS. bodian, announce], 
bod'ice, ) 1 bed'is; 2 bod'ig, n. 1. The close- 
bod 'is s , ) fitting waist of a woman’s dress. 



1: d = final; 1 = habit; aisle; an = <rat; ©il; Iu = feud; tfhin; go; rj = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 

















bodiless 

boon 


74 


2. A woman’s ornamental laced waist. [< 

BODY.] 

bod'i-less, 1 bed'i-les; 2 bod'i-ISs, a. Having 
no body; without material form; incorporeal, 
bod'i-ly, 1 bed'i-h; 2 bod'i-ly. I. a. Pertain¬ 
ing to the body; corporeal. II. adv. 1. In 
the body; in person. 2. All together; wholly; 
completely. 

bod'kin, 1 bed'kin; 2 bod'kin, to. A pointed 
instrument for piercing holes in cloth, etc. 
[Celtic.] 

bod'y, 1 bed'i; 2 bod'y. I. vt. [bod'ied, bod'- 
y-ing.] To embody; represent. II. to. 
[bod'ies 2 , pi.] 1. The entire physical part 
of a man or other animal; also, the trunk, 
exclusive of the limbs; the principal part of 
anything. 2. A person; an individual. 3. 
Geom. A solid. 4. A collection of persons, 
things, facts, or the like, as a whole. [ < AS. bodig.] 
Boe-o'ti-a, 1 bi-o'ghi-a; 2 be-6'shi-a, n. An 
ancient republic of E. Greece; capital Thebes. 
Boer, 1 bur; 2 bur, ». A Dutch colonist, or 
person of Dutch descent in South Africa. 
[D. farmer] BoorJ. 

Bo-e'thi-us, 1 bo-I'fhi-us; 2 bo-e'thi-us, Anicius 
(475?-525). Roman statesman and philosopher, 
bog, 1 bog; 2 bog. l.vt.&vi. [bogged, bogd s ; 
bog'ging.] To sink or stick in a bog. II. 
to. Wet and spongy ground; marsh; morass. 
[< Ir. bogach, < bog, soft.] — bog'gy, a. 
Swampy; miry. [standard score, 

bo'gey 1 , 1 bo'gi; 2 bo'gy, n. Golf. An estimated 
bog'gle, ) 1 beg'l; 2 bog'l, vt. & vi. [bog'gled, 
bog'l p , ) bog'ldp; bog'gling.] To bungle; 

hesitate; quibble. [spurious, 

bo'gus, 1 bo'gus; 2 bo'gus, a. Counterfeit; 
bo'gy, ) 1 bo'gi; 2 bo'gy, to. [bo'giesz, bo'- 
bo'gey 2 , J geys z , pi.] A goblin; bugbear. 
Bo"go-ta', 1 bo"go-ta'; 2 bo*go-ta', n. Capital 
city (pop. 144,000) of Colombia. 

Bob., Bohem., abbr. Bohemia, Bohemian. 
Bo-he'mi-a, 1 bo-hl'mi-a; 2 bo-he'mi-a, n. A state of 
the Czechoslovak Republic; formerly a province 
of Austria (20,060 sq. m.; pop. 6,774,000), capital, 
Prague.—Bo-he'mi-an. I. a. 1. Of or per¬ 

taining to Bohemia. 2. Leading the life of a 
Bohemian. II. to. 1. An inhabitant of Bohemia. 
2. A gipsy. 3. [B- or b-] A person, usually of 
artistic or literary tastes, who lives in a more or 
less unconventional manner, 
boil, 1 boil; 2 boil, v. I. t. 1. To bring to the 
boiling-point. 2. To cook, affect, or produce 
by boiling. II. i. 1. To come to the boiling* 
point; bubble up; be agitated. 2. To be ex¬ 
posed to the action of a boiling liquid. [ < L.of 
bullio, < bulla, bubble.]—boil'ing^point", to. 
The temperature at which a liquid begins to boil: 
of water, under ordinary conditions, 212° Fahr. 
boil 1 , n. A purulent and painful tumor seated 
in the skin. [ < AS. byl, byle.] 
boil 2 , n. 1. The. act or state of boiling. 2. 

An immersion in boiling water, 
boil'er, 1 beil'ar; 2 boil'er, n. A vessel in 
which a liquid is boiled or steam generated. 
Boi'se, 1 bei'zr, 2 boi'se, n. A city (pop. 21,400), 
capital of Idaho; county*seat of Ada county, 
bois'ter-ous, 1 beis'tar-us; 2 bois'ter-us, a. 
Vociferous and rude; tempestuous, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

Bo-kha'ra, 1 bo-ka'ra; 2 bo-ka'ra, n. A state 
(90,000 sq. m.; pop. 1,250,000) and city (pop. 
75,000) of Turkestan; under Russian control. 
Bol., abbr. Bolivia.—bol., abbr. Bolus, 
bold, 1 bold; 2 bold, a. 1. Possessing, showing, 
or requiring courage; audacious; fearless; 


spirited. 2. Presuming; forward; brazen. 

3. Striking; vigorous; prominent. [< AS. beald, 
bald.]— bold'ly, adv. —bold'ness, to. 
bole 1 , 1 bol; 2 bol, n. The trunk of a tree. 

[ < Ice. bolr, bulr, lit. a round body ; akin to ball.] 
bole 2 , n. A fine, compact, soft clay. [< L. 

bolus, < Gr. bolos, clod.] 

Bol'eyn, 1 bul'in; 2 bol'yn, Anne (1507-1536). 

Second wife of Henry VIII.; beheaded. Bul'lenJ. 
Bol'lug-broke, 1 bel'iri-bruk; 2 bol'ing-brok, n. 
1. Viscount (1678-1751), Henry Saint John, 
English prime minister. 2. In Shakespeare’s 
Richard II., the duke of Hereford, afterward 
Henry IV. of England. See England. 


Bol'i-var, 1 bel'i-var; 2 bol'i-var, Simon (1783— 
1830). Venezuelan patriot; “liberator of South 
America ** 

Bo-llv'i-a, 1 bo-liv'i-a; 2 bo-llv'i-a, n. A South- 
American republic (708,195 sq. m.; pop. 
2,889,970). 

boll, 1 bol; 2 bol. I. vi. To form into or pro¬ 
duce pods. II. n. 1. A round pod or seed- 
capsule, as of flax or cotton. 2. A knob. 
[< AS. bolla, bowl; akin to ball.]— boll'*wee"- 
vil, n. A destructive weevil infesting cotton- 
bolls.— b.sworm, n. The larva of a pale-brown 
moth that feeds on cotton*bolls and on the fruit 
of other plants, as maize, corn-worm^. 
Bo-lo'gna, 1 bo-lo'nya; 2 bo-lo'nya, n. A prov¬ 
ince (1,448 sq. m.; pop. 602,000) of N. Italy; its 
capital city (pop. 190,000). 

Bol"she-vi'kl, 1 bel'dhi-vl'kl; 2 bdrshe-vi'kl, n. pi. 
[Itus ] A revolutionary political party in Russia 
(1917- ). [<Rus. bolshe (adj ), more, + -ik, 

suffix used to form nouns.’,—Bol'she-vist, n. 
bol'ster, 1 bol'ster; 2 bol'ster. I. vt. To sup¬ 
port with or as with a bolster; prop up; aid; 
abet. II. n. A long underpillow for a bed. 
[< AS. bolster.] 

bolt ld , 1 bolt; 2 bolt, v. 1. 1. 1. To fasten with 
or as with a bolt or bolts. 2. U. S. Polit. 
To refuse to support; break away from; as, 
to bolt a candidate. 3. To swallow hurriedly. 

4. To drive out suddenly or with force; 
expel; blurt out. II. i. 1. To dash off un¬ 
expectedly; run away, as a horse. 2. U. S. 
Polit. To repudiate a party measure or 
candidate.— bolt 'er 1 , n. One who or that which 
bolts in any sense. 

bolt 2d , vt. To sift; examine as by sifting. 
[< Gr.L+op py T , flre, coarse woolen cloth.]— 
bolt'er 2 , n. Same as bolt 2 , n. 
bolt 1 , n. 1. A sliding bar or piece for fastening 
a door, etc. 2. A pin or 
rod used for holding any¬ 
thing in its place. 3. An 
arrow; a long cylindrical 
shot for a cannon, or the 
like; hence, anything 
coming suddenly. 4. 

U. S. Polit. A refusal to ^ R . 

support a party, candi- , „ 

J 1 - m K Boiler.patch bolt. 2. 

date, or policy. 5. A Countersunk bolt. 3. Coup- 
sudden start, departure, hng-boit. 4 . stovcboit. 5 . 
or spring. 6. A roll, as Blank bolt ‘ 
of cloth; a block of wood. [ < AS. bolt, catapult.] 
bolt 2 , n. A rotating cylindrical or other frame, 
covered with silk or the like, for sifting flour, 
bolt, adv. Like an arrow; stiffly; swiftly; 

straight.— bolt upright, in an erect position, 
bo'lus, 1 bo'lus; 2 bS'lus, n. A large pill. [L.] 
Bom., abbr. Bombay. 

bom(b p , 1 bum or bem; 2 bum or b5m, to. A 
hollow iron projectile containing an explosive 



1 : artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, er; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; 1 = e: I = e: go. net, or, won, 










75 


bodiless 

boon 


material to be fired by concussion or by a 
time-fuse, bomb'shellt; shell*. [<Gr.Lftom- 
bos, hollow sound.]— bomber, bomb'sthrow"er. 
One who or that which throws bombs, 
bom-bard ' d , 1 bom-bard'; 2 bom-bard', vt. To 
assail with or as with shot or shell.— bom¬ 
bard 'ment, to. An assault with shot or shell, 
bom'bast, 1 bem'bast; 2 bom'bast, n. Gran¬ 
diloquent language; rant. [< OF. bombace, pad¬ 
ding.]— bom-bas'tic, a. Inflated; grandilo¬ 
quent. -ti-cal*. — bom-bas'ti-cal-ly, adv. 
Bom'bay, 1 bem'be; 2 bom'ba, to. A province 
(122,984 sq. m.; pop. 19,626,000), with Aden 
and other dependencies, and seaport city (pop. 
979,000) of British India, 
bo'na fi'de, 1 bo'na fai'dl; 2 bo'na fl'de. [L.] In 
good faith; without deceit: used in English as a 
compound adjective; as, bona*fide transactions, 
bo-nan'za, 1 bo-nan'za; 2 bo-nan'za, n. [U. S ] 
A rich mine, vein, or find of ore; profitable 
speculation. [Sp., success, < L. bonus, good.] 
Bo'na-parte, 1 bo'na-part; 2 b5'na-part, Napo¬ 
leon (1769-1821). French military leader and 
conqueror (1795-1815); emperor (1804-1815). 
bon'bon, 1 ben'ben or ( F .) bon'ben; 2 bon'- 
b6n or ( F .) bon'bon, to. A sugar-plum; con¬ 
fection. [F., < L. bonus, good.] 
bond d , 1 bend; 2 bbnd, vt. 1. To put under 
bond; mortgage. 2. In building, to bind 
securely together. 

bond, a. Subject to servitude; enslaved. [< AS. 
bonda, bunda, head of a family, peasant.]— 
bond 'maid", n. A female slave.—bond 'man, n. 
[-men, pi.] A male slave or serf, bonds 'manf. 
—bond'wom"an, bonds'wom"an, n. fern. 

bond, 1 bend; 2 bond, to. 1. That which binds; 
a band; tie. 2. pi. Fetters; captivity. 3. 
An obligation or constraint. 4. An obliga¬ 
tion in writing under seal. 5. An interest- 
bearing debt-certificate. 6. In building, 
timbers or stones which help to bind together. 
[Var. of band 1 , to.]-L iberty bond, an interest- 
bearing debt-certificate issued by the United States 
government In 1917 & 1918 to finance war costs. 

bond'age, 1 bend'ij; 2 bfind'ag, to. Compul¬ 
sory servitude; slavery; imprisonment; cap¬ 
tivity; subjection. 

bond'ed, 1 bend'ed; 2 bond'gd, pa. 1. Hy¬ 
pothecated for payment of bonds; mortgaged. 
2. Held in bond for payment of duties. 3. 
Secured by bonds, as a debt, 
bonds'man, 1 bondz'man; 2 bondg'man, to. 
[-men, pi.] 1. Law. One who is bound as 
security for another. 2. A bondman. 

bone, 1 bon; 2 bon, vt. [boned; bon'ing.] 1. 
To remove the bones from. 2. To stiffen 
with bone. 3. To fertilize with bone-dust. 

bone, to. 1. The frame or skeleton of a verte¬ 
brate animal, or any portion of it. 2. pi. The 
skeleton; mortal remains. 3. Something 
made of bone or similar material. [ < AS. ban.] 
—bone'-dust", to. Pulverized bone; used as a 
fertilizer, b.-flourj; b.-manure?; b.-mealj. 
bone'set", 1 bon'set"; 2 bon'sSt", ». A bitter tonic 
and diaphoretic herb. 

bon'fire", 1 ben'fair"; 2 bon'fir", to. A large 
fire in the open air. [< bone, to., + fire.] 
Bon"heor', 1 ben"ur'; 2 bdn"ur', Marie Rosalie 
(1822-1899). A French artist; animal-painter. 
bon"ho-mle', 1 ben"o-mi'; 2 bon'o-me', ». Genial 
nature or manner; good-fellowship. [F.] bon"- 
hom-mle'*. 

Bon'1-face, 1 ben'i-fes; 2 bSn'i-fap, «. An inn¬ 
keeper; hotel laadlord. [< Boniface, the inn¬ 
keeper in Farquhar’s Beaux' Stratagem.] 


bon mot, 1 ben mo; 2 bon mo. [bon mots*, pi.] 
A clever saying; terse witticism. [F.] 
bonne, 1 bon; 2 b6n, to. A French nurse-maid. 
[F.] 

bon'net, 1 ben'et; 2 bon'et. I d . vt. To put a 
bonnet on. II. to. A covering for the head; 
esp , an outdoor head-dress for women. [F.j 
bon'ny, 1 bon'i; 2 bon'y, a. [bon'ni-er; bon'- 
ni-est.] 1. Having homelike beauty; sweet 
and fair. 2. Blithe; merry; cheery. [< F. bon. 
good.] 

bon'ny-cIab"ber, 1 ben'i-klab"ar; 2 bon'y- 
clab"er, to. Milk curdled by souring. [Of 
Ir. origin.] [ [L„ good.] 

bo'nus, to. A premium or extra allowance, 
bo'ny, 1 bo'm; 2 bo'ny, a. 1. Of, like, per¬ 
taining to, 'or consisting of bone or bones. 
2. Having prominent bones; thin; gaunt. 
Bo"ny',1 bo"ni'; 2 bo^ny', to. A town, N. E. France; 
taken from the Germans by the U. S. Army when 
it broke the Hindenburg Line, Sept. 29, 1918. 
boo'by, 1 bu'bi; 2 boo'by, to. [boo'bies 2 , pi.] 
A dull fellow; dunce. [< Sp. bobo, fool.] 
boo'dle, 1 bu'dl; 2 boo'dl, to. 1. [Slang U. S.] 
Money; specifically, a bribery fund; corruption- 
money; public plunder. 2. The lot or pack. 3. 
[Thieves' Slang.] Counterfeit money. 4. A 
card-game. [Cp. D. boedel, property.] bud'- 
dlet-—boo'dle-dom, «.—boo'dle-lze, vt .— 
boo'dler, to. 

book, 1 buk; 2 book. I*, vt. & vt. To enter in 
a book; engage beforehand, as seats, etc. II. 
to. 1. A number of sheets of paper boifnd or 
stitched together; a printed and bound 
volume. 2. A treatise or one of its sub¬ 
divisions. [< AS. boc, book, (orig.) beech-tree.] 
—book'blnd"er, to. One whose trade is the 
binding of books.—book'bind"er-y, to. [-ies*. 
pi.] A place where bookbinding Is carried on.— 
book'bind"lng, to. The art, act, or process of 
binding books.—book'ish, a. 1. Fond of 
books; book-learned. 2. Pedantic; unpractical, 
-ly, adv. -ness, to.— book'keep"er, n. One 
who keeps accounts; an accountant.—book'- 
keep"Ing, to. The art, method, or practise of 
recording business transactions systematically. 
—b.-maker, to. 1. One who compiles, prints, 
or binds books. 2. A professional betting man, 
especially as connected with the turf.—book'- 
sell"ing, to .— book'worm", to . 1 . A close 
student. 2. The larva of an insect destructive 
to books. 

boom 1 , 1 bum; 2 boom. I. vt. & vi. To sound 
with a deep, resonant tone, as a cannon; 
hence, to rush onward impetuously; also, to 
hum loudly, as a beetle. II. to. A deep, rever¬ 
berating sound, as of a cannon, or of breakers. 
boom 2 . I. vt. To move, extend, obstruct, or 
confine by means of a spar or boom. II. to. 
1. A spar holding the foot of a fore-and-aft 
sail. 2. A chain of logs to confine floating 
logs, etc. [< D . boom, tree, beam.] 
boom 3 . [Colloq., U. S.] I. vt. & vi. To bring 
forward; advertise energetically; advance 
with a rush; gain rapidly. II. to. A swollen, 
roaring torrent; sudden activity or pros¬ 
perity. 

boom'e-rang, 1 buna'a-rap; 2 boom'e-rang, to. 

1. A curved wooden missile of the natives of 
Australia that will return to the thrower. 

2. Any proceeding that recoils upon the 
originator. 

boon, 1 bun; 2 boon, a. 1. Possessing con¬ 
vivial qualities; genial; jovial. 2. Fortunate; 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = fewd; (Thin; go; I) = ein^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; £o, gem; ink; thin, this. 










boon 

Bourges 


76 


prosperous. 3||. Benign; bounteous. [< F. bon, 
good.] 

boon, n. A good thing bestowed; favor; bless¬ 
ing. [ < Ice. bon, petition.] 

Boone, Daniel (1735-1820). An American 
pioneer. _ 

boor, 1 bur; 2 boor, n. 1. A coarse rustic; an 
ilbbred fellow. 2. A Dutch peasant. 3. 
[B-] Same as Boer. [< D. boer, < bouwen, till.] 
—boor'ish, a. Rude; clownish, 
boost, 1 bust; 2 boost. I d . vt. [Colloq., U. S.] 
To push or lift from beneath. II. n. A lift; 
help. 

boot 1 , 1 but; 2 boot. I d . vt. & vi. To put boots 
on; put on one’s boots. II. n. 1. A leather 
covering for the foot and leg. 2. A high 
shoe. 3. A carriage receptacle, for carrying 
parcels, etc, 4. A medieval instrument of 
torture, compressing the foot and leg. 
[< F. botte.]— boot'black", n. One who cleans 
and blacks boots.—boot'jack", n. An imple¬ 
ment to aid in removing boots.—b.^tree, n. 
An apparatus for stretching or shaping boots. 
boot 2 . I d . vt. To profit; avail. II. n. 1. 
Something over and above given in barter. 
2. Advantage; resource; help. [< AS. bat, 
profit.]—to boot, in addition; over and above. 
Bo-o'tes, 1 bo-5'tlz; 2 bo-o'teg, n. A northern 
constellation, whose brightest star is Arcturus. 
See CONSTELLATION. 

booth, 1 buth or buth; 2 booth or booth, n. A 
stall at a fair, market, etc.; a temporary 
shelter. [< Ice. budh.\ 

Booth, n. 1. Edwin Thomas (1833-1893), an 
American tragedian. 2. John Wilkes (1839- 
1865), an American actor who assassinated 
Abraham Lincoln. _ 

boot'less, 1 but'les; 2 boot'ISs, a. Profitless; 

useless; unavailing, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
boots, 1 btits; 2 boots, n. A hotel bootblack, 
boo'ty, 1 bu'ti; 2 boo'ty, n. [boo'ties 2 , pi.] 
The spoil of war; plunder; gain. [< Ice. bytl, 
exchange.] 

bor., abbr. Borough. 

bo'rax, 1 bo'raks; 2 bo'raks, n. A white 
crystalline compound used as an antiseptic 
and as a flux. 

Bor"deaux', 1 ber^dO'; 2 bor"d5', n. A seaport 
(pop. 262,000) of S. W. France; wine trade 
center; temporary French capital in 1914. 
bor'dor, 1 bor'dar; 2 bor'der, v. I. t. 1. To 
put a border on. 2. To be contiguous to; ad¬ 
join. II. i. To lie on the border; be contigu¬ 
ous; approximate; resemble: with on or upon. 
bor'der, n. A margin dr edge; outer portion 
or limit; brink; verge; frontier: used also ad¬ 
jectivally. [< F. bordure, < D. boord, edge.] 
— bor'der-er, n. One who dwells on a frontier. 
bore 1 , 1 bor; 2 bor, v. [bored; bor'ing.] I. t. 

I. To make a hole in or through, as with an 
auger. 2. To make (a hole) by or as by 
turning an auger. 3. To tire; weary; annoy. 

II. t. 1. To make a hole with a boring*tool. 2. 
To yield to a boring»tool. 3. To advance by 
gradual motion. [< AS. borian,< V bhar, cut.] 

bore 2 , imp. of bear, v. 

bore 1 , n. A hole made by or as if by boring; the 
interior diameter of a firearm or cylinder. 
bore 2 , n. A tiresome person or thing; an annoy¬ 
ance. [< AS. bor, auger.]—bore'doni, n. Bores 
as a class; the habit of being a bore, or the condi- 
. tion of being bored; ennui. 

bore 3 , n. A high crested wave caused by the rush 
of flood*tide up a river. [< Ice. bara, billow.] 


bo're-al, 1 bo'ri-al; 2 b6're-al, a. Pertaining to 
the north or the north wind; northern 
Bo're-as, 1 bo'ri-as; 2 bo're-as, n. The north 
wind. [Gr.] 

Bor'gia, 1 ber'ja; 2 bor'ga. 1. Cesare (1478- 
1507), an Italian cardinal, soldier, and adven¬ 
turer. 2. Lucrezia (1480-1519), sister of Cesare, 
w ife of Alfonso, Duke of Este. 
born, 1 born; 2 born, a. 1. Brought forth or 
into being, as offspring. 2. Natural; in¬ 
grained. [ < AS. boren, pp. of beran, bear.] 
borne, 1 born; 2 born, pp. of bear, v. 

Bor'ne-o, 1 ber'm-o; 2 bor'ne-o, n. Principal 
island (290,000 sq. m.; pop. 1,920,000) in Malay 

A rr h i hpIp crri 

bor'ough, ( i bur'o; 2 bor'o, n. 1. [U. S.] An 
bor'o*, ) incorporated village or town, or a 
distinct section of a city. 2. [Eng.] A munic¬ 
ipal corporation or a town possessed of cer¬ 
tain privileges. 3t. Any town. [< AS. burg, 
burh, fort, city.] 

bor'row, 1 ber'o; 2 bdr'o, v. I. t. 1. To obtain 
on promise of return. 2. To appropriate; 
copy; adopt; pretend; feign. II. i. To pro¬ 
cure the loan of something; copy or adopt 
thoughts, words, etc., from others. [< AS. bor- 
gian, give a pledge, borrow', < borg, pledge.] 
bosk'y, 1 bosk'i; 2 bfisk'y, a. Full undergrowth; 

abounding in shrubbery.—bosk'I-ness, n. 
Bos'ni-a and IIer"ze-go-vI'na, 1 boz'm-a, her*- 
tsa-go-vl'na; 2 bbg'ni-a, lifer"tse-go-vi'na. A state 
of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; 
19,702 sq. m.; pop. 1,932,000. 
bo'soin, 1 bu'zam or bu'zam; 2 bc/gom or bo'- 
§om, n. 1. The breast of a human being, 
especially that of a woman. 2. That portion 
of a garment covering the breast, or the re¬ 
ceptacle which it forms. 3. The breast as the 
seat of affection, etc. 4. Any deep or en¬ 
closed place or supporting surface. Used ad¬ 
jectivally in all senses. [ < AS. 65m.] 
Bos'po-rus, 1 bos'po-rus; 2 bfes'po-rus, n. A strait 
betw een the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora. 
Bos'pho-rust. 

boss 1 , 1 bos; 2 b5s. I*, vt. To w r ork in relief; 
emboss. II. n. A circular prominence; a 
knob; stud. [ < F. bosse, hump, bump.]— boss'y, 
a. Decorated with or as with bosses. 
boss 2 , 1 bes; 2 b6s. [Colloq., U. S.] I 1 , vt. & vi. 
To master; manage; dominate. II. n. 1. A 
superintendent or employer of workmen; 
manager; foreman. 2. An organizer or dic¬ 
tator of a political party. [ < D. baas, master.] 
Bos"suet', 1 bo'swfe'; 2 bo"swe', Jacques Benigne 
(1627-1704). A French divine, bishop, and writer. 
Bos'ton, 1 bes'tan; 2 bos'ton, n. The largest sea¬ 
port city of New England (pop. 748,060); capital 
of Massachusetts. 

Bos'well, 1 boz'wel; 2 bfes'wfel, James (1740- 
1795). A Scottish lawyer; biographer of Samuel 
Johnson. 

Bos'worth, 1 bez'warfh; 2 b6§'worth, n. A town 
in Leicestershire. England; here Richard III. 
was defeated and slain, Aug. 22, 1485. 
bot, 1 bet; 2 bot, n. I. The larva of a bot*fly. 
2. A bot*fly.— bot'sfly", n. A fly, the larvse 
of which are parasitic in vertebrates, as in horses, 
bot., abbr. Botanical, botanist, botany, bought, 
bot 'a-ny, 1 bet'a-nj ; 2 bot'a-ny, n. [-nies z , pi] 
The science that treats of plants with refer¬ 
ence to their structure, functions, classifica¬ 
tion, etc. [ < Gr. botanikos, < bolania, a plant, 
< bosko, feed.]— bo-tan'l-cal, a. Of or pertain¬ 
ing to botany; connected with the study or cul¬ 
tivation of plants, bo-tan 'Icf. —bo-tan'1-eal- 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or. w6n' 









77 


boon 

Bourges 


ly, adv .— bot'a-nist, n. A student of or one 
versed in botany.— bot'a-nize, v. [-nized; 
-niz"ing.] I. t. To explore for botanical speci¬ 
mens, etc. II. i. To make botanical investiga¬ 
tions. bot'a-niset. — bot'a-uiz"er or -nis"er, n. 
botch 1 , l 1 boch; 2 boch, v. I. t. 1. To do in a 
boeh p , J bungling way. 2. To mar or spoil; 
disfigure. II. i. To make or mend a thing 
clumsily; bungle. [< OD. butsen, strike, repair.] 
—botch'er, n.— botch'er-y, n. 
botch, n. 1. A bungled piece of work; a bad 
job. 2. A bungling workman. —botch'y, a. 
both, 1 both; 2 both. I. a. The two inclusively 
or together; the one and the other alike. II. 
pron. The two, including the one and the 
other; the pair. III. adv. & conj. Equally; 
alike; as well. (< Ice. b&lhir; cp. AS. ba, both.] 
Bo'tha, 1 bo'ta; 2 bo'ta. Louis (1862-1919), South* 
African statesman; premier of Union of South 
Africa; commander of its forces against German 
East Africa (1914-15). 

both'er, 1 beth'ar; 2 both'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
trouble; annoy; make a fuss. II. n. A source 
of annoyance; petty perplexity; vexation. 
[Prob. for pother; cp. Ir. buaidhirt, trouble.]— 
both" er-a'tion, n. Annoyance; vexation.— 
both'er-some, a. Causing bother or perplex¬ 
ity; vexatious. 

Both'ni-a, 1 beth'm-a; 2 both'ni-a, Gulf of. A 
northern extension of the Baltic Sea between 
Sweden and Finland. 

Both'well, 1 both'wel: 2 both'wel, Earl of (1537- 
1578), James Hepburn. A Scottish conspirator; 
husband of Mary Queen of Scots (1567). 
bott, n. Same as bot. 

bot'tle, ) 1 bet'l; 2 bot'l, vt. [bot'tled, bot'- 
bot'I p , > ld p ; bot'tling.] To 
put into a bottle or bottles; 
restrain; shut in. 
bot'tle 1 , n. 1. A vessel for 
holding, carrying, and pouring 
liquids, having a neck and a 
narrow mouth .that can be 
stopped. 2. As much as a bot¬ 
tle will hold, bot'tie-fulj. Leather Bottle. 
[ < OF. bouteille, bolel, ult. < Gr. pytine, flask.] 
bot'tle 2 t, n. A bundle, as of hay. 
bot'tom, 1 bet'orn; 2 bot'om. I. vt. & vi. 1. To 
provide with a bottom or basis; base or found 
(upon). 2. To fathom; rest, as on a founda¬ 
tion; touch bottom. II. a. Lowest; funda¬ 
mental; basal. III. n. 1. The lowest part of 
anything; under surface; base; support. 2. 
The ground beneath a body of water. 3. The 
real meaning; base; root. 4. Low land along 
a river. 5. The part of a vessel below the 
waterdine; hence, a vessel. 6. Residuum or 
dregs. 7. Endurance; stamina; grit. [ < AS. 
botm .]— bot'tom-less, a. Having no bottom; 
unfathomable; baseless; visionary. 
bou"doir', 1 bu"dwar'; 2 bu"dwar', n. A 
lady’s private sitting*room. [F., < bouder, pout.] 
—bou"doir-esque', a. 

bough, 1 bau; 2 bou, n. A limb of a tree. 

[ < AS. bog, boh, arm.) 

bought, 1 bet; 2 bot, imp. & pp. of buy, v. 
bouil'lon, 1 bfil'yan or ( F .) bu"yen'; 2 bul'yon 
or (F.) bu"yon', n. Clear beef soup. [F.] 
bou!., abbr. Boulevard. 


A broad city avenue. 2. Originally, a ram¬ 
part. [ < G. F bollwerk, bulwark.] 

Bou-logne', 1 bu-lon'; 2 bu-lon', n. A seaport 
(pop. 53,000) of France, on the English Channel, 
bounce, 1 bauns; 2 bounc?. I. vt. & vi. [bounced 1 ; 
bounc'ing.] To cause to bound; move with a 
bound. II. n. A sudden or violent spring or 
leap; a bounding or elastic motion; rebound. 
[< LG. bunsen, beat, knock.]—bounc'er, n. 1. 
A large or strong person or thing. 2 . One who or 
that which bounces. 3. [Colloq.] An audacious 
lie.—bounc'ing, pa. 1. Strong and active; 
large; exaggerated. 2 . Swaggering; boastful; un¬ 
truthful. 

bound 1 , 1 baund; 2 bound. I d . vi. To leap 
lightly; spring; spring back; rebound. II. n. 
A light elastic leap or spring; also, a rebound. 
[< F. bondir, leap, < L. bombus, buzzing.] 
bound 2 . I d . vt. 1. To set bounds to; restrict. 
2. To form the boundary' of; adjoin. 3. To 
describe or name the boundaries of. II. n. 
1. That which circumscribes; boundary. 2. 
pi. The district included within a boundary 
or limits. [< LL.of bodina, limit.]—bound '- 
less, a. Having no limit; vast; measureless; in¬ 
finite. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
bound, pa. 1. Made fast; tied; confined in 
bonds. 2. Constrained or compelled. 3. 
Having a cover or binding. 4. Apprenticed. 
[< AS. bunden, pp. of bindan, bind.] 
bound, a. Having one’s course directed; on 
the way; destined: with for or to. [ < Ice. butnn, 
pp. of biia, prepare.] 

bound'a-ry, 1 baund'a-ri; 2 bound'a-ry, n. 

[-ries 2 , pi] A limiting or dividing line or mark, 
bound 'en, 1 baund'an; 2 bound'en, a. 1. 
Obligatory; necessary. 2|[. Under obligations; 
obliged. 

boun'te-ous, 1 baun'ti-us; 2 boun'te-iis, a. 
Giving freely and largely; generous; benefi¬ 
cent: plentiful, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
boun'ti-ful, 1 baun'ti-ful; 2 boun'ti-ful, a. 
Bounteous; generous; abundant. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

boun'ty, 1 baun'tx; 2 boun'ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
1. Liberality in giving or bestowing; munif¬ 
icence. 2. Gifts or favors generously be¬ 
stowed. 3. A grant or allowance from a gov¬ 
ernment. [ < L.of bonita(t-)s, goodness, < bonus, 
good.] 

bou-quet', 1 bu-ke'; 2 bu-ke', n. 1. A bunch of 
flowers; a nosegay. 2. Aroma. [F.] 
Bour'bon, 1 bur'ban or (F.) bur"ben'; 2 bur'boc 
or (F.) bur"boh', n. 1. A member of the deposed 
royal house of France, or of the Spanish or the 
Neapolitan branch of the same family. 2. 
[Slang, U. S.] Polit. A stubborn conservative.— 
Bour'bon-ism, n. 

bour"geois', 1 bur" 3 wa'; 2 bur"zhwa', a. Of or 
pertaining to the commercial or middle class, as 
distinguished from the nobility or from the work¬ 
ing class; hence, uncultivated; ilbbred; common. 
[F.] 

bour"geols'>, n. 1. A member of the commercial 
or middle class; a townsman; tradesman. 2 . A 
14th=century coin. [F., = burgess.]— bour"- 
geoi"sie', n. The middle class of society, espe¬ 
cially in France: used collectively. 
bour-geois' 2 , 1 bar-jeis'; 2 bur-g6is', n. Print. 
A size of type: about 9*point. bur-geois'J. 



boul'der, 1 bol'dor; 2 bol'der, n. A large stone 
moved by natural agencies from its original 
bed. [ < Sw. dial, bullersten, large pebble.) 

bol'dert; boul'der=stone"t; bowl'dert. 
bou'Ie-vard, 1 bu'la-vard; 2 bu'le-vard, n. 1 . 


This line is in bourgeois. 

bour'geon, vi. & n. See burgeon. 

Bourges, 1 burs; 2 burzh, n. A city (pop. 46,000) 
in central France. 


1: a = final; inhabit; aisle; au = out; oil; ifi = feud: c^hin: go: tj = sin^; fhin, this. 
2: wolf, dQ; book, boot: full, rule, cure, but, burn: oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








bourn 

brawl 


78 


bourn, ) 1 born; 2 born, n. That which limits; 

bourne, ) bound; goal; end. [< LL. P bodina, 
limit.] 

bourse, 1 burs; 2 burs, n. Finance. An exchange 
or money-market: especially the Paris stock* 
exchange. [F., purse, < LL. bursa, bag, < Gr. 
byrsa, hide.] 

bout, 1 baut; 2 bout, n. 1. A single turn; a 
set-to. 2. A fit of drunkenness, reveling, or 
illness. 3. A bend or turn, dh of a rope; bight. 
[< bow 1 , ».] 

Bou-vier', 1 bu-vir'; 2 bu-ver', John (1787-1851). 
American jurist; compiler of a Law Dictionary. 

bo'vine, 1 bo'vm or -vain; 2 bo'vin or -vln, a. 
Ox-like; slow; stupid. [< LL. bovinus, < L. 
bos, ox.j 

bow 1 , 1 bau; 2 bow, v. [bowed, bowd 9 ; bow'- 
ing.] 1 . 1. 1 . To bend in reverence, courtesy, 
etc. 2. To express by bowing, as assent. 3. 
To attend with bows. 4. To press down; 
humiliate; oppress. II. i. To bend forward 
the head or body in courtesy, assent, etc.; 
bend; stoop; worship; submit; yield. [< AS. 
bugan, bow, bend, flee.] 

bow 2 , 1 bo; 2 bo, vt. [bowed; bow'ing.] To 
curve like a bow; bend. 

bow 1 , 1 bau; 2 bow, n. An inclination of the 
body or head forward and downward, as in 
salutation or worship. 

bow 2 , 1 bo; 2 bo, n. 1. A bend or curve, or 
s o m ething 
bent or 
curved. 2. 

An elastic 
weapon, 
bent by a 
cord and projecting an arrow by its recoil 
when suddenly released. 3. A rod having 
parallel hairs strained between raised ends, 
used with a violin by drawing across the 
strings. 4. A knot with a loop or loops, 
as of ribbon, etc. 5. Any one of various 
bow-shaped objects, as one of the rims of a 
pair of spectacles or one of the curved sup¬ 
ports passing over the ears. [< AS. boga, < 
bUgan; see bow 1 , ®.]— bow'*knot", n. A knot 
so formed as to be readily untied.— bow win¬ 
dow, a projecting window built up from the 
ground-level, with curved ground*plan. Com¬ 
pare BAY WINDOW. 

bow 3 , 1 bau; 2 bow, n. 1. The forward part of 
a vessel: often in the plural. 2. The forward 
oarsman of a boat. [ < Ice. bogr, shoulder, bow.] 

Bow'ditch, 1 buu'dkfh; 2 bow'dich, Nathaniel 
(1773-1838). An American mathematician and 
navigator. 

Bow'doin, 1 bo'dn; 2 bd'dn, James (1726-1790). 
American patriot.— Bowdoin College (founded 
1794), Brunswick, Me. 

bow 7 'el, 1 bau'el; 2 bow'el, n. 1. An intestine; 
the inner part of 'anything. 2||. pi. The in¬ 
testinal regions, formerly considered as the 
seat of the tender emotions; pity; compas¬ 
sion; heart. [< L.ll+of botellus, dim. of botulus, 
sausage, intestine.] 

bow'er, 1 bau'ar; 2 bow'er, n. A shady recess; 
a retired dwelling; private apartment; arbor; 
boudoir. [ < AS. bur, chamber, < buan, dwell.] 
— bow'ersbird", n. An Australian bird that 
builds a bower or play-house apart from its 
nest, ornamenting it with shells, feathers, etc. 

bow'iesknife", 1 bo'i-naiF; 2 bo'i-nif", n. [U. S.] 
A hunting-knife with two-edged point, hilt, cross* 
piece, and sheath first made by R. P. Bowie, f < 
James Bowie, Texas, 1790-1836, w 7 ho first used it.] 


bowl, 1 bol; 2 bol, v. I. t. 1. To hit with any¬ 
thing rolled; knock down; prostrate. 2. To 
carry or trundle along on wheels. 3. Cricket. 
To deliver (a ball). II. i. 1. To play at 
bowls. 2. To roll a bowl or other round ob¬ 
ject. 3. To move smoothly and swiftly for¬ 
ward, as on wheels. 4. Cricket. To deliver 
a ball.—bowl 'er, n. 1. One who plays at bow T ls. 
2. Cricket. The player who delivers the ball. 
bowl 1 , n. A concave domestic vessel, nearly 
hemispherical and larger than a cup; a large 
goblet. [ < AS. bolla; so called from its rounded 
shape; cp. bole 1 , n.] 

bowl 2 , n. 1. A large wooden ball for playing 
bowls or tenpins. 2. A turn or inning at a 
game of bowls. [ < F. boule, < L. bulla, bubble.] 
— bow ls, n. pi. [Eng.] An open-air game played 
w 7 ith one-sided or weighted balls, 
bowl 'der, n. Same as boulder. 
bow'sprit, 1 bo'sprit; 2 bo'sprft, n. A spar 
projecting forward from the bow of a vessel. 
box 11 , 1 beks; 2 boks, vt. 1. To put into or en¬ 
close in a box: often with up. 2. To furnish 
w ith a bushing or box. 

box 21 , v. 1. 1. To cuff or buffet. II. i. To spar 
with boxing-gloves. [ < Dan. baske, slap, strike.] 
— box'er, n. A pugilist.— box'ing, n. Spar¬ 
ring; pugilism. 

box 1 , n. 1. A receptacle or case of wood or 
other material. 2. Any one of various objects 
or receptacles resembling a box, as an axle- 
bearing, the raised seat of a coach, etc. 3. 
The quantity contained in a box or that a box 
will hold. 4. Baseball. The rectangular 
space on a baseball field in which the pitcher 
stands. [< AS. box, < L buxum, anything 
made of boxwood, < buxus, box-tree.] 
box 2 , n. A slap or cuff on the ear or the cheek. 
box 3 , n. 1. A small tree or shrub of the spurge 
family, of the Old World; a dwarf variety of 
which is used for garden-edgings. 2. Box¬ 
wood. [ < AS. box, < L. buxus, box-tree.] 
box'w ood", 1 beks'wmd"; 2 boks'wood", n. The 
yellowish close-grained wood of the box. 
boy, 1 bei; 2 boy, n. 1. A male child; lad; 
youth; son. 2. pi. Comrades; fellows. 3. 
A male servant.— boy'hood, n. 1. The state 
or period of being a boy. 2. Boys collectively. 
— boy'ish, a. Of, pertaining to, or like boys or 
boyhood, -ly, adv. 

boy'cott, 1 bei'ket; 2 bSy'cbt. I d . vt. To 
combine against by refusing to deal or asso¬ 
ciate with. II. n. Refusal of all dealings w 7 ith 
a person or persons. [< Captain Boycott, first 
notable victim of the system in Ireland (1880- 
1881).] 

Boyne, 1 boin; 2 bdyn, n. A river in Ireland; 

William III. defeated James II., July 1, 1690. 
Boz'za-ris, 1 bet'sa-ris or bo-zar'is; 2 bot'sa-ris or 
bo-zar'is, Marcos (1788-1823). A Greek patriot, 
b. p., abbr. Below proof, bills payable.— bp., 
abbr. Bishop.— bp., bpl., abbr. Birthplace.— 
B. P. O. E., abbr. Benevolent and ProtecMve 
Order of Elks.—Br., abbr. Breton, British. 
—Br, abbr. Bromine.— br., abbr. Brig, brother. 
Bra 'bant, 1 bra'bant or (F.) bra"ban'; 2 bra'bant 
or (F.) bra"ban', n. A former duchy, now form¬ 
ing three provinces (1,268 sq. m.; pop. 1,562,000) 
of Belgium; capital, Brussels, 
brace, 1 bres; 2 brae. I* vt. [braced 1 ; brac'- 
ing.] 1. To strengthen; render firm; prop. 
2. To join together by a brace. II. n. 1. A sup¬ 
port, as of w'ood or metal, to hold something 
firmly in place; in the plural, suspenders. 2. 
A crank-like handle, as for a bit. See illus. 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, b©rn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ftll; me, get, prfiy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn! 










79 


bourn 

brawl 


at bit. 3. A clasp or clamp, or, in writing 
and printing, a doubly curved line for 

uniting words, etc. 4. A pair; couple; two. 
brace'let, 1 bres'let; 2 brag'let, n. An orna¬ 
mental band encircling the wrist or arm. [F.] 
brach'l-al. 1 brak'i-al or bre'ki-al; 2 brae'i-al or 
bra'ei-al, a. Of or pertaining to the arm, espe¬ 
cially the upper arm. 

brack'en, 1 brak'n; 2 brak'n, n. A brake or other 
large fern. [Prob. < Sw. broken, fern.) brach'- 
enf; breck'anf. 

brack'et, 1 brak'et; 2 brak'et. I d . vt. To pro¬ 
vide with a bracket or brackets; join with a 
brace; couple together. II. n. 1. A piece 
projecting from a wall, as to support a shelf; 
a projecting gas-fixture or lamp=holder, etc. 
2. In printing or writing: (1) One of two 
marks, [ ], used to enclose any part of the 
text. (2) A brace. [< L.sp braca, pi. bracse, 
breeches.] 

brack'ish, 1 brak'i^h; 2 brak'ish, a. Somewhat 
saline; nauseous. [< D. brak, brackish.] brak'- 
IshJ. 

bract, 1 brakt; 2 bract, n. A modified leaf in 
or enclosing a flower-cluster. [ < L. bractea, thin 
metal plate.) 

brad, 1 brad; 2 brad, n. 1. A small and slender 
nail. 2. A glaziers’ tack. [ < Ice. broddr, spike.) 

Brad'dock, 1 brad'ak;2 brad'ok, Edward (1695?- 
1755). An English general; defeated and slain 
near Fort Duquesne: now Pittsburgh. 

brae, 1 bre; 2 bra, n. [Scot.] A bank; hillside; 
slope.— brae'head", n. A hilltop.— brae'- 
man", n. A man living among hills. 

brag, 1 brag; 2 brag. I. vt. & vi. [bragged, 
bragd 3 ; brag'ging.] To boast; bluff; vaunt 
oneself. II. n. 1. The act of bragging; boast¬ 
fulness; boastful language. 2. The thing 
bragged of; boast. 3. A person who brags. [< 
OF. braguer, brag; of Celtic orig.)— brag'gart, 
n. A vain boaster. 

Bragg, Braxton (1817-1876). An American 
soldier; general in the Confederate army. 
brag"ga-do'cio, 1 brag" 9-do'6ho; 2 brag"a-do'- 
sho, n. 1. Pretentious boasting. 2. One who 
talks boastfully; a swaggerer. [ < Braggadochio, 
a boastful character in Spenser’s Faerie Queene .] 
Bra'he, 1 bra'ha; 2 bra'he, Tycho (1546-1601). 
A Danish astronomer; built Uranienborg Ob¬ 
servatory. 

Brail'ma, 1 brd'ma; 2 bra'ma, n. The supreme 
Creator; the first of the Hindu triad.— Brah'- 
inan, n. A member of the first of the four 
castes of India; the sacerdotal class. Brah'- 
minf.—Brah-man'[-min ']ic, a. —Brah 'man- 
tor -min-]lsm, n. — Brah'man-[or -min-]ist, n. 
Brah"ma-pu'tra, 1 brcFmg-pu'tra; 2 bra/'ma-pu'- 
tra, n. A river in Tibet and India.— Brahma¬ 
putra Valley, division (20,869 sq. m.; pop. 
2,450,000) of Assam. 

braid, 1 bred; 2 brad. I d . vt. To weave to¬ 
gether; plait; bind or ornament with braid. 
II. to. A narrow flat tape or strip for binding 
or ornamenting fabrics; anything braided or 
plaited. [ < AS. bregdan, brandish, weave, braid.) 
brain, 1 bren; 2 bran, to. 1. Anat. That part of 
the central nervous system that is within the 
skull; hence, mind; intellect: often in the 
plural. 2. Zool. The principal regulating 
ganglion of invertebrates. [< AS. bregen.] — 
brain 'less, a. Without brain; destitute of in¬ 
telligence; senseless. 

brake 1 , 1 brek; 2 brak, v. [braked; brak'ing.] 
1. 1. To apply a brake to; reduce the speed of; 
bruise, as flax. II. i. To act as brakeman. 
brake 2 [Archaic or Obs.], imp. of break, v. 


brake 1 , n. 1. A device for retarding or arrest¬ 
ing the motion of a vehicle, a wheel, etc. 2. 
A harrow. 3. An implement for separating 
the flber;of flax, hemp, etc., by bruising. [ < LG. 
brake, flax-brake, < F of break, c.)— brake '- 
man, brakes'man, n. [-men, pi.] One who 
tends a brake or brakes. 
brake 2 , n. A variety of fern; bracken. 
brake 3 , to. A thicket. 

Br. Am., abbr. British America, 
brain 'bl(e p , 1 bram'bl; 2 bram'bl, n. The Eu¬ 
ropean blackberry; hence, any prickly shrub, 
bran, 1 bran; 2 bran, n. The coarse outer coat 
of wheat, rye, and other cereals. [F., < W. bran, 
husk.) 

branch, 1 brandh; 2 branch. I 1 , vt. & vi. To 
put forth branches; separate into branches. 
II. a. Diverging from or tributary to a 
trunk, stock, or main part. III. n. 1. A 
secondary stem of a tree, shrub, or the like; 
an offshoot. 2. A separate part; side issue; 
division; department. 3. A tributary stream. 
[< LL. F branca, claw.)—branch'let, n. A 
small branch; a twig.—branch'y, a. 
brand, 1 brand; 2 brand. I d . vt. To mark with 
or as with a hot iron; stigmatize; imprint in¬ 
delibly. II. n. 1. A burning stick; firebrand. 
2. A mark burnt with a hot iron; trade-mark; 
stigma. 3. Quality; kind. 4. A branding- 
iron. 5. A sword. [ < AS. brand, burning.) 
bran'dish 1 , 1 bran'didh; 2 bran'dish, vt. To 
wave, shake, or flourish triumphantly or de¬ 
fiantly. 

brand'-new', 1 brand'-niu'; 2 brand'-nfi', a. 
Quite new; fresh and bright, bran'-new 't 
[Colloq.]. 

bran'dy, 1 bran'di; 2 bran'dy, n. [bran'dies 2 ,. 
pi.] An alcoholic liquor distilled from wine. 
[< D. brandewijn, brandy, lit. burnt wine.) 
Bran'dy-wine, 1 bran'di-wain; 2 bran'dy-wln, n. 
A creek in Pennsylvania and Delaware; Lord 
Howe defeated Washington here Sept. 11, 1777. 
bra'sier, n. Same as brazier. 
brass, 1 bras; 2 bras, n. An alloy of copper 
and zinc, or something made of it. [ < AS. brass.] 
— bras'sy, a. Covered with, made of, or like 
brass. [ously. 

brat, 1 brat; 2 brat, n. A child: contemptu- 
bra-va'do, 1 bra-ve'for -vd']do; 2 bra-va'[or 
-va'Jdo, n. [-dos z or -does 2 , pi.] Arrogant 
defiance or menace; affectation of reckless 
bravery. [< Sp. bravada, < bravo, brave.) 
brave, 1 brev; 2 brav. I. vt. [braved; brav'- 
ing.] To meet, face, take, or treat with 
courage and fortitude; defy; dare; challenge. 
II. a. [brav'er; brav'est.] 1. Having or 
showing courage; intrepid; courageous. 2||. 
Elegant; showy; splendid. III. n. A man 
of courage; a soldier; a North-American 
Indian warrior; a bravo. [F.]— brave'Iy, adv. — 
brav'er-y, n. [-ies 2 , pi.] 1. The quality or state 
of being brave; valor; gallantry; heroism. 2. 
Elegance of attire; show; splendor; beauty, 
bra'vo, 1 bre'vo; 2 bra'vo. I. n. [bra'vos 2 or 
bra'voes 2 , pi.] 1. A daring villain; hired 
assassin; bandit. 2. A shout of applause. 
II. interj. Good! well done! [It.] 
braw, 1 bre; 2 bra, a. [Scot.] Brave or bravely 
dressed; splendid; handsome; fine, -ly, adv. 
brawl, 1 brel; 2 bral. I. vt. & vi. To utter 
noisily; w r rangle; scold; flow noisily, as water. 
II. n. A noisy quarrel or wrangle; a row; a 
roaring of a stream. [ = D. brallen, G. prahlen, 
brag.) 


l:a=final; i = hablt: aisle; au = <mt; oil: iu = fe«d; <5hin; go; o = sin< 7 ; thin, this. 
2 : wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






Drawn 

brim 


80 


brawn, 1 bron; 2 bran, n. 1. Flesh; firm 
muscle; strength. 2. The flesh of the boar. 
[< OHG.° F bralo, < bratan, roast.]— brawn'y, a. 
Having or characterized by brawn; strong. 
bray 1 , 1 bre; 2 bra, vt. To bruise, pound, or 
mix, as in a mortar. [< G.° F brechen, break.] 
bray 2 . I. vt. & vi. To give forth the cry of an 
ass, or any loud, harsh, jarring sound. II. n. 
Any loud, harsh sound, as the cry of an ass. 
[< LL.of bragio, cry aloud.] 

Braz., abbr. Brazil, Brazilian. 
braze 1 , 1 brez; 2 bra§, vt. [brazed; braz'ing.] 
To make of or like brass; ornament with brass. 
braze 2 , vt. To join by hard solder, 
bra'zen, 1 bre'zn; 2 bra'zn, a. 1. Made of or 
like brass. 2. Impudent; shameless, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. — bra'zen-face", n. A person marked 
by boldness or impudence.— bra'zenffaced", a. 
bra'zier, 1 brewer; 2 bra'zher, n. 1. An open 
pan for holding live coals. 2. A worker in brass. 
Bra-zil', 1 bra-zil'; 2 bra-zil', United States of. 
A republic (3,290,564 sq. m.; pop. 30,645,300), 
South America. [950 m. long. 

Bra'zos, 1 bra'zos; 2 bra'zos, n. A river in Texas; 
breach, 1 britffi; 2 brech. I 4 , vt. To make a 
breach in; break through. II. n. 1. The 
act of breaking; infraction; infringement. 2. 
That which is broken; a gap or break. 3. A 
quarrel. [< MHG.° F brechen, or< AS. brecan, 
break.] 

bread, / 1 bred; 2 bred, n. An article of food 
bred 8 , ) made of flour or meal; also, food in 
general; the necessaries of life. [< AS. bread; 
cp. brew.] — bread'fruit", n. The fruit of a 
tree of the South Sea 
Islands: when roasted, 
resembling bread ; 
also, the tree.— 
bread 'stuff", n. 

Material for bread; 
grain, meal, or flour, 
breadth, ) 1 bredfh; 2 
bredth 8 , )br6dth, n. 

1. Measure or dis¬ 
tance from side to 
side; width. 2. 

Catholicity; liber- Breadfruit. In 
ality. 3. That which has breadth; a piece 
of a fabric. [ < AS. brsedu, < brad, broad.] 

break, 1 brek; 2 brak, v. [broke or brake 
(poet.); bro'ken or broke; break'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To separate into parts or make a 
fracture in, as by a blow; rupture or shatter. 

2. To fail to keep; violate; transgress; in¬ 
fringe. 3. To make bankrupt. 4. To de¬ 
grade, as a military officer; cashier. 5. To 
tame. II. i. 1. To become fractured, inter¬ 
rupted, or shattered; burst. 2. To begin, 
open, or change suddenly. 3. To lose health, 
credit, etc.; fail; become bankrupt. [< AS. 
brecan.}— break'a-bl(e p , a. Capable of being 
broken, -ness, n. — break'age, n. 1. A break¬ 
ing, or being broken. 2. Articles broken.— 
break'down", n. The act of breaking down; a 
collapse.— break'er, n. 1. One who or that 
which breaks. 2. A wave of the sea that breaks 
on a beach, etc.— break'neck". I. a. Likely 
to break the neck; dangerous. II. n. A steep 
and dangerous place.— break'wa"ter, n. A 
mole or wall for protecting a harbor from the 
force of waves. 

break, n. 1. An opening or breach; interrup¬ 
tion. 2. A starting or opening out; as, the 
break of day. 


break'fast, ) 1 brek'fast; 2 brgk'fast. I d . vt. 
brek'fast 9 , ) & vi. To give a breakfast to; eat 
breakfast. II. n. The first meal of the day. 
bream, 1 brim; 2 brem, n. 1. A European fresh* 
water fish, with deep, compressed body. 2. [U. 
S.J Any one of various fishes, as sunfishes, etc. 
breast, / 1 brest; 2 brgst. I d . vt. To encoun- 
brest 8 , j ter, buffet, or stem; bear the brunt of. 
II. n. 1. The front of the chest. 2. One of 
the mammary glands; the bosom. 3. The 
seat of the affections, etc.; the mind or heart. 
[< AS. breost .]— breast'plate", n. Defensive 
plate armor for the breast.— breast'*wheel", n. 
A water*wheel receiving the water on a level 
with its horizontal axis.— breast'work", n. Fort. 
A low temporary defensive work; a parapet, 
breath, ) 1 bretli; 2 breth, n. 1. Air respired; 
breth 8 , ) an act of respiration; life; respiration. 
2. An instant; breathing*time; pause. [< AS. 
brseth, breath, odor.]— breath'less, a. 1. Out 
of breath. 2. Intense or eager. 3. Taking away 
the breath. 4. Without breath; dead, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

breathe, 1 brlth; 2 breth, t>. [breathed; 
breath'ing.] I. t. 1 . To inhale and exhale, 
as air; respire; emit by breathing; utter; 
suggest; manifest. 2. To give exercise to; 
overtire. 3. To rest, as for breath. II. ». 
1. To inhale and exhale air; respire; to be 
alive. 2. To pause for breath. 3. To move 
gently, as air; exhale. 

breath'er, 1 brlth'ar; 2 breth'er, n. One who or 
that which breathes. 

breath'ing, 1 brlth'm; 2 breth'ing, n. 1. The act 
of respiration; a breath. 2. A gentle breeze. 3. 
Spiritual inspiration or aspiration; also, utter¬ 
ance. 4. Time to take breath. 5. Exercise that 
quickens the breath. 6. Gram. The aspirate, 
b. rec., abbr. Bills receivable, 
breech, 1 brldh; 2 brech, n. The posterior and 
low r er part of the body; the rear end of a gun 
or cannon. [ < AS. brec, pi. of broc, breeches.] 
breech'es, 1 bridh'ez; 2 brich'es, n. pi. A gar¬ 
ment for men, covering the waist, hips, and 
thighs. [A double pi., < AS, brec; see breech, n.] 
breech'ing, 1 bridh'irj; 2 brlch'ing, n. A hold¬ 
back strap passing behind a horse’s haunches, 
breed, 1 brld; 2 bred, v. [bred, breed'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To produce, as offspring; beget; 
hatch; raise; hence, to originate; cause. 2. 
To bring up; train. 11. i. 1. To bear, beget, 
or produce young. 2. To be born; develop; 
originate. [< AS. bredan, < brod, brood.] — 
breed'er, n. 

breed, n. The progeny of one stock; a race 
or strain; a sort or kind. 

breed'ing, 1 brid'irj; 2 bred'ing, n. 1 . The 
generating, bearing, or training of young. 2. 
Nurture or its effect; manners; especially, 
good manners. 

breeze, 1 briz; 2 brez, n. A moderate current 
of air; a gentle wind. [< F. brize, brise, = Sp. 
brisa, northeast wind.]—breez'y, a. Like a 
breeze; airy; windy; brisk or animated. 

Brem'en, 1 brem'en; 2 brem'en, n. State (99 
sq. m.; pop. 312,270) and seaport city (pop. 
264,270), N. W. Germany. 

Bres'cia, 1 breSh'a; 2 brSsh'a, n. A province 
(1,806 sq. m.; pop. 619,860) and city (pop. 
89,600) in Lombardy, Italy. 

Bres'lau, 1 bres'lau; 2 brgs'low, n. A university 
city, S. E. Prussia; pop. 528,270. 

Bret., abbr. Breton. 

Bre-tagne', 1 bra-ta'nya; 2 bre-ta'nye, n. An¬ 
cient Celtic kingdom, now forming five French 



1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whad, all; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 










81 


brawn 

brnn 


provinces, between the English Channel and 
the Bay of Biscay. Brit'ta-nyf [Eng.], 
breth'ren, 1 breth'ren; 2 breth'ren, n. pi. 
Brothers. 

Bret'on, 1 bret'an; 2 bret'on, re. 1. A native of 
Brittany. 2. The language of the Bretons. 
—Bret'on, a. 

brev. , abbr. Brevet, brevetted. 

breve, 1 brlv; 2 brev, re. 1. Mus. A note equal to 
two semibreves, or the sign for it; now rarely 
used. 2. A mark ( y ) placed over a vowel to in¬ 
dicate that it is short: opposed to macron (~). 
[It., < L. brevis, short.] 

bre-vet', 1 bn-vet'; 2 bre-vet'. 1. vt. [bre- 
vet'ted* 1 ; bre-vet'ting.] To raise to a speci¬ 
fied rank by brevet. II. a. Held or con¬ 
ferred by brevet; holding rank by brevet; 
brevetted. III. n. Mil. A commission ad¬ 
vancing an officer in honorary rank without 
advance in pay or in command. [F.] 
bre'vi-a-ry, 1 bri'vi-e-n; 2 bre'vi-a-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi.] R. C. & Gr. Chs. A prayer*book. 
[ < L. breviarium, < brevis, short.] 
bre-vier', 1 bri-vir'; 2 bre-ver', n. A size of 
type, about 8*point. [G.] 

This line is in brevier. 

brev'i-ty, 1 brev'i-ti; 2 brev'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] The quality of being brief; brief time; 
conciseness. [< L. brevilas, < brevis, short.] 

brew, 1 bru; 2 bru. I. vt. & vi. To make by 
fermentation, as ale or beer; concoct; plot; 
contrive; be in process of production. II. n. 
That which is brewed; the product of brew¬ 
ing. [ < AS. bred wan.] —brew'age, n. The proc¬ 
ess of brewing; a drink prepared by brewing or 
mixing; hence, a concocted scheme; plot.— 
brew'er, n. —brew'er-y,re. [-ies z , pi.) An estab¬ 
lishment for brewing. brew'shouse"J. 

Bri-a 're-us, 1 brai-e'ri-us; 2 brl-a're-us, n. Myth. 

A monster with a hundred arms, 
bribe, 1 braib; 2 brlb. I. vt. & vi. [bribed; 
brib'ing.] To give a bribe to; give, offer, or 
promise bribes. II. n. Any gift or emolu¬ 
ment used corruptly to influence public or 
official action; anything that seduces or al¬ 
lures; an allurement. [OF., piece of bread.]— 
brlb'er, re.—brib'er-y, n. [-ies 2 , pi.] The 
giving, offering, or accepting of a bribe. 
bric'*a*brac", 1 brik'=a*brak"; 2 bnc'*a*brae", 
n. Art. Objects of curiosity or for decoration; 
rarities; antiques. [F.] 

brick, 1 brik; 2 brik. I 1 , vt. To cover or line 
with bricks. II. re. A molded block of clay, 
usually burned and about 8J by 4J by 2 
inches in size; bricks collectively. [< OD. F 
bricke, brick, orig. fragment.]—brick'bat", n. 
A piece of a brick, especially when used as a missile. 
— brick'=kiln", n. A structure in which bricks 
are burnt.—brick'lay"er, re. One who builds 
with bricks.—brick 'lay"ing, re. 
bri'dai, 1 brai'dal; 2 brl'dal. I. a. Pertaining 
to a bride or a wedding; nuptial. II. n. A 
wedding. [ < AS. bryd, bride, + ealu, ale.] 
bride, 1 braid; 2 brid, n. A woman newly 
married, or about to be married. [< AS. bryd.] 
bride'groom", 1 braid'grum"; 2 brid'groom", 
n. A man newly married or about to be mar¬ 
ried. [< AS. bryd, bride, + guma, man.] 
brides'maid", n. A young unmarried woman 
who attends a bride at her wedding, 
bridge, 1 brij; 2 bridg. I. vt. [bridged; 
bridg'ing.] To construct a bridge or bridges 
over; span; get over; pass. II. n. 1. A 


structure erected to afford passage across a 
water way or the like; a raised support. 2. 
Bridge * whist. 

[< AS. brycg.] — 
bridge = whist, 
n. A variety of 
the game of 
whist. 

bri'dle, 1 brai'- 
dl; 2 brl'dl, v. 

[bri'dled ; 
bri'dling.] I. 
t. To put a Girder Bridge. 

bridle on; check; curb; restrain or govern. 
II. i. To raise the head and draw in the 
chin, through resentment, pride, etc. 
bri'dle, n. 1. The headdiarness of a horse, in¬ 
cluding bit and reins. 2.. A check or curb 
upon action or movement. [ < AS. bridel.] 
brief, 1 brif ; 2 bref. I c . vt. To epitomize; 
abridge.. II. a. Short in time or space; 
quickly passing; of few words; concise; lim¬ 
ited. III. n. Any short or abridged state¬ 
ment, as of the law and authorities in a case; 
an epitome. [< F. bref, < L. brevis, short.]— 
brief'less, a. Having no briefs or clients.— 
brief'ly, adv. 

Bri"enz', 1 brl"an'; 2 bri"ah', n. A lake in Bern 
canton, Switzerland. 

bri'er, 1 brai'ar; 2 bri'er, n. A prickly bush or 
shrub. [< AS. brer.] bri'arj:.—bri'er-y, a. 
brig, 1 brig; 2 brig, n. A two=masted square* 
rigged vessel. [Abbr. of brigantine.] 

Brig., abbr. Brigade, brigadier, 
bri-gade', 1 bri-ged'; 2 bri-gad'. Mil. I. vt. 
[bri-gad'ed 11 ; bri-gad'ing.] To form into a 
brigade. II. n. A force of two or more regi¬ 
ments commanded by a brigadier=general. [F.] 
brig"a-dier', 1 brig"a-dlr'; 2 brig"a-der', n. 
Mil. A general officer who commands a bri¬ 
gade. brig"a-dier'sgen'er-alt. 
brig'and, 1 brig'and; 2 brig'and, re. A robber; 
a bandit; especially, one of a band of outlaws 
and plunderers. [F.]— brlg'and-age, n. 1. Rob¬ 
bery, as by organized bands. 2. Brigands col¬ 
lectively. 

brlg'an-dine, 1 brig'an-din or -dain; 2 brlg'an- 
din or -din, re. A medieval coat of mail made of 
metal plates, scales, or rings, sewn upon linen, 
leather, or the like. [OF.] 
brig'an-tine, 1 brig'an-tin; 2 brig'an-tin, n. A 
two=masted vessel, brig*rigged except for a fore* 
and*aft mainsail. [< F. brigantin] 
bright, 1 brait; 2 brlt, a. Full of light; shining; 
brilliant; quick*witted; cheery; auspicious; 
illustrious. [ < AS. briht, bright.] -iy, adv. 
-ness, re. 

Bright, John (1811-1889). An English Quaker, 
statesman, and free*trade advocate, 
bright'en, 1 brait'n; 2 brlt'n, vt. & vi. To 
make or become bright or brighter; illumi¬ 
nate; cheer; distinguish, 
bril'liance, )1 bril'yans,-yan-si; 2 bril'yang, 
bril'lian-cy, )-yan-gy, re. The quality of be¬ 
ing brilliant; brightness; luster, 
bril'iiant, 1 bril'yant; 2 bril'yant. I. a. 
Sparkling or glowing with luster or light; 
very bright; showy; accomplished; illustrious; 
splendid. II. re. 1. A diamond of the finest 
cut. 2. The smallest size of type. 

This line is set in Brilliant. 

[< F. brlllanl, ppr. of briller, sparkle.]— brll'- 
iiant-ly, adv. —brll'liant-ness, re. 
brim, 1 brim; 2 brim. I. vt. & vi. [brimmed, 



l:a = final; i = habit: aisle; au = owt; oil; iu = fewd; tffnn; go; rj = sire^; fhin, this. 
2; wolf, do: book, boot; fyll, ryle, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 














brimstone 

Brummell 


82 


brimd 3 ; brim'ming.] To fill or be filled to the 
brim. II. to. The rim of a cup; the margin of 
a river; a projecting rim, as of a hat. [AS. brim, 
surf.]— brim'ful", a. Full to the brim, brim'- 

brim'stone, 1 brim'ston or -stan; 2 brim'- 
ston or -ston, to. Sulfur. [ME. brennen, burn,+ 
ston, < AS. st&n, stone.] 

brind'ed, 1 brind'ed; 2 brind'Sd, a. Irregular¬ 
ly streaked. [< Ice. brandr.] brin'dledj. 

Brin'di-si, 1 brin'dl-zl; 2 brin'di-gl, n. A seaport 
(pop. 25,000) of S. E. Italy. 
brin'dl(e p , 1 brin'dl; 2 brln'dl. I. a. Brindled. 

II. to. A brindled color, or a brindled animal, 
brin'dl(e)d p , 1 brin'dld; 2 brin'dld, a. Tawny 
or grayish, with irregular streaks or spots; 
also, barred; streaked. 

brine, 1 brain; 2 brln, to. Water strongly im¬ 
pregnated with salt; sea*water; the ocean; 
tears. [< AS. bryne, salt liquor.]— brin'y, a. 
bring, 1 brio; 2 bring, vt. [brought; bring'- 
ing.] 1. To convey, carry, or conduct to or 
toward the place where the speaker is, or is to 
be, or is thought of as being; cause to come; 
fetch. 2. To influence; persuade. 3. To 
cause; produce; yield; return; render. 4. To 
exchange for; fetch as a price. [< AS. bringan.] 
brink, 1 brirjk; 2 brink, n. 1. The verge of a 
steep place, or of a dangerous condition, ac¬ 
tion, event, or time. 2. The margin of any 
water; bank; shore. [< Dan. brink, verge.] 
Bris'bane, 1 briz'ben; 2 brig'ban, n. A seaport 
(pop. 189,5S0), capital of Queensland, Australia. 
Bri-se'is, 1 brai-si'is; 2 bri-se'is, n. In Homer’s 
Iliad, Achilles’s concubine, seized by Agamem¬ 
non. 

brisk, 1 brisk; 2 brisk, a. 1. Moving, acting, 
or taking place rapidly; quick, sprightly, or 
vivacious; spirited; lively. 2. Sharp or stimu¬ 
lating; effervescent. [Prob. Celt.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. [of an animal, 

bris'ket, 1 bris'ket; 2 bris'ket, n. The breast 
bris'tle, 1 bris'l; 2 bris'l, v. [bris'tled, bris'- 
tld p ; bris'tling.] I. t. To erect as or like 
bristles; cover as with bristles; make bristly; 
excite; irritate; agitate. II. i. 1. To be thickly 
beset, as with bristles. 2. To erect the bris¬ 
tles; show anger: often with up. 3. To be¬ 
come erect like bristles. 

bris'tle, n. A coarse, stiff hair, as of swine. 
[ME. bristle, berslle, dim. of AS. byrsl, bristle.]— 
bris'tly,a. Having or resembling bristles. 
Bris'tol, 1 bris'tal; 2 bris'tol, n. A seaport (pop. 
377,060) in Somersetshire, England.— Bristol 
Channel, an arm of the Atlantic, between 
Wales and S. W. England. 

Brit., abbr. Britain, Britannia, Britannica, Bri- 
tannicus, British. 

Brit'ain, 1 brit'in; 2 brit'an, n. The island of 
Great Britain, especially the southern part of it, 
prior to the Anglo*Saxon conquest; a province 
under the Romans. 

bri-tan'ni-a, 1 bn-tan'i-a; 2 bri-tan'i-a, n. 1. 
An alloy of tin with copper and antimony. Bri¬ 
tannia metalf. 2. [B-] [Poet.] The United 
Kingdom of Great Britain: formerly, England 
and Wales; also, a female figure symbolic of them. 
Bri-tan'nic, 1 bri-tan'ik; 2 bri-tan'ie, a. Of or 
pertaining to Great Britain. [ < L. Brilannicus .] 
Brit'i-cism, 1 brit'i-sizm; 2 brit'i-cl§m, n. A 
word or expression characteristic of Great Britain 
or the British. Brit'lsh-ismt; Brit'ti-cismt. 
Brit'ish, 1 brit'ufli; 2 brit'ish. I. a. Pertain¬ 
ing to Great Britain, the United Kingdom, or 
the British empire. Bri-tan'nic J. II. n. 1. 


pi. The people of Great Britain or of the 
British Empire. 2. The language of the an¬ 
cient Britons. [< AS. Bryttisc, < Bryllas, 
Britons.]—Brit'ish-er, n. A native or subject 
of Great Britain; a British soldier.—Brit'ish- 
ism, n. See Briticism. 

Brit. Mus., abbr. British Museum. 

Brit'on, 1 brit'an; 2 brit'on, to. 1. One of the 
ancient Celtic people of Great Britain. 2. A 
native or citizen of Great Britain. 

Brit'ta-ny, n. Same as Bretagne. 
brit'tie, ) 1 brit'l; 2 brit'l, a. Liable to break; 
brit'l p , ^ fragile. [< AS. breotan, break.]— 
brit'tle-ness, n. 

Bro., abbr. [bros., pi.] Brother, 
broach, 1 brodh; 2 broch. I', vt. 1. To men¬ 
tion or introduce (a matter); make public. 
2. To tap, as a cask. II. n. 1. A boring* 
tool; reamer. 2. A brooch. [< LL. r broca, spike.] 
broad, 1 bred; 2 brod. I. a. 1. Extended in 
lateral measurement; wide; expanded; vast. 

2. Comprehensive; catholic; liberal; tolerant. 

3. Strong, rude, or coarse, as speech. II. n. 
1. The broad part of anything. 2. A former 
English gold coin, broadGpiece"]:. III. 
adv. In a broad manner; broadly; fully. 
[< AS. brad.] —broad'Ish, a. Somewhat 
broad. —broad'ax", n. An ax with broad edge 
and short handle, broad 'axe"t.—broad 'cast". 

I. Vt. To cast, scatter, or disseminate widely. 

II. a. Cast or scattered abroad, as seed. III. n. 
Agric. A casting or scattering of seed, etc., over 
the ground. IV. adv. By scattering abroad, or 
so as to scatter abroad or disseminate.— B. 
Church, the liberal wing of the Church of En¬ 
gland, or, by extension, of any church.— B.s 
churchism, n. —B.schurchman, n. —broad'- 
eloth", n. A fine quality of black cloth.— 
broad'side". I. n. 1. All the guns on one 
side of a man=of*war, or their simultaneous dis¬ 
charge; any sweeping attack. 2. A vessel’s side 
above the waterdine. 3. A large sheet of paper, 
printed on one side, broad 'sheet"!. II. adv. 
With the broadside turned, presented, or ex¬ 
posed.— broad'sword", n. A sword with a 
broad cutting blade and obtuse point. —broad '- 
ly, adv. —broad 'ness, n. 

broad 'en, 1 bred'n; 2 brod'n, vt. & vi. To 
make or become broad or broader. 

Iirob'ding-nag, 1 breb'dip-nag; 2 brob'ding-nag, 
n. The giant’s country in Swift’s Gulliver’s 

Travels.— Brob"ding-nag'i-an, a. & n. Brob"- 
dig-nag'1-ant. 

bro-oade', 1 bro-ked'; 2 bro-cad', n. A silken 
fabric woven with raised figures. [< LL.n+sp 
broca, stake.] 

bro-chure', 1 bro-^hiir'; 2 bro-phiir', n. A 
pamphlet; slight sketch. [F.] 
bro'gan, 1 bro'gan; 2 bro'gan, n. A coarse, 
heavy shoe. [ < Gael, brogan, dim. of brog, shoe.] 
Brock'ton, 1 brek'tan; 2 broc'ton, n. A city, E. 

Massachusetts; pop. 66,260. 
brogue, 1 brog; 2 brog, n. A dialectic (espe¬ 
cially Irish) pronunciation of English, 
broil, 1 broil; 2 brdil, vt. & vi. To cook by di¬ 
rect heat, as over coals. [ < OF. bruiller.] 
broil 1 , n. A turmoil; noisy quarrel; brawl. 
[< F. brouiller, confuse.] 

broil 2 , n. Something broiled; a broiling heat, 
broke, imp. of break, v. 

bro'ken, 1 bro'kn; 2 bro'kn, pp. (of break, v.) 

& pa. Shattered; crushed; tamed; infirm; 
bankrupt; interrupted; disordered; irregular. 
— bro"ken=down', a. Broken in health or 
strength; ruined; wrecked; disintegrated; decom- 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rflle; but, bfjrn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fgrn; hit, ice; 1 = 6; I = e; go, ndt, or, wdnj 










83 


brimstone 

Brummell 


posed.— b.shearted, a. Crushed or over¬ 
whelmed in spirit, as by sorrow.— b. victuals, 
fragments of food.— b.=winded, a.—Habitually 
short of breath. 2. Affected with the heaves, as 
a horse.— bro'ken-ly, adv. — bro'ken-ness, n. 
bro'ker, 1 bro'ker; 2 bro'ker, n. One who buys 
and sells for another on commission. [AS. bru- 
can, use.]— bro'ker-age, n. The business or 
commission of a broker. 

bro'ma, 1 bro'ma; 2 bro'ma, n. 1. The dry 
powder of cacao=seeds after the oil has been 
expressed; also, a beverage prepared there¬ 
from. 2. Med. Solid food. [< Gr. broma.] 
bro'min, ( 1 bro'mm, -mm or -min; 2 bro'- 
bro'inine, \ min, -min or -min, n. Chetn. A 
dark reddish*brown, non=metallic liquid ele¬ 
ment with a suffocating odor.— bro'mic, a. Of, 
pertaining to, or containing bromin.— bro'mid, 
n. A compound of bromin. bro'midet. 
bron'chi-al, 1 breq'ki-al; 2 bron'ci-al, a. Of 
or pertaining to the chief air*passages of the 
lungs.— bronchial tubes, the two subdivisions 
of the trachea, conveying air into the lungs.— 
bron-chi'tis, n. Pathol. Inflammation of the 
bronchial tubes. 

bron'co, 1 breq'ko; 2 bron'co, n. [U. S.] A 
native horse; mustang. [< Sp. bronco, rough.] 

bron'chof. 

Bron'te, 1 bren'te; 2 bron'te, n. One of three 
English novelists, sisters, Anne, Charlotte, and 
Emily Jane, but especially Charlotte(1816-1855). 
Bronx, 1 brerjks; 2 bronks, n. A county of S. E. 
New York; 41 sq. m.; pop. 431.000; borough 
of New York city. 

bronz(e p , 1 brenz; 2bronz. I. vt. (bbonz(e)d 8 ; 
bronz'ing.] To harden or color like bronze; 
brown; tan. II. n. A reddish*brown alloy of 
copper and tin, or a statue made of it; a 
bronzedike pigment. [ < OHG. IT+F brun, _brown.] 
brooch, 1 brodh or brudh; 2 broch or brooch, n. 

A breastpin. [ = broach, n.] 
brood d , 1 brud; 2 brood, v. 1. 1. To cover with 
body and wings, as a bird its young; cherish; 
nurse. II. i. 1. To sit, as a bird, on eggs or over 
its young. 2. To meditate long or moodily, 
brood, n. 1. All the young birds of a single 
hatching; all the young of the same female; 
young creatures collectively; offspring; prog¬ 
eny. 2. Species; kind; race. [< AS. brod.] 
brook 4 , 1 bruk; 2 brook, vt. To put up with; 

endure; tolerate. [< AS. brucan, use, enjoy.] 
brook, n. A small natural stream; a rivulet. [< 
AS. broc, brook.]— brook'let, n. A little brook. 
Brook'line, 1 bruk'lain; 2 brook'lin, n. A town 
(pop. 37,750) in Massachusetts, near Boston. 
Brook'lyn, 1 bruk'hn; 2 brook'lyn, n. Former 
city, now a borough (pop. 2,018,360) of New 
York city. _ 

broom, 1 brum; 2 broom, n. 1. A brush at¬ 
tached to a long handle for sweeping. 2. 
Any shrub of the bean family, with stiff 
green branches. [< AS. brom, broom; orig. a 
kind of shrub.]— broom Gcorn", n. A cane* 
like grass, of which brooms are made.— broom'- 
stick", n. The handle of a broom, 
broth, 1 broth; 2 broth, n. A fluid food made 
by boiling flesh, vegetables, etc., in water; a 
thin or strained soup. [AS.] 
broth'el, 1 breth'al; 2 brdth'el, n. A house of 
prostitution. 

broth'er, 1 bruth'ar; 2 broth'er, n. [broth'- 
ers or breth'ren, pi.] 1. A son of the same 
parents or parent. 2. One closely united with 
another or others, as by religious, political, or 
family bond: also used adjectivally. [< AS. 


brothor.] —broth'er-hood, n. Fraternal rela* 
tionship; a society or fraternity.— broth'erdn* 
law", n. A brother of a husband, of a wife, of a 
sister’s husband, or of a wife’s sister’s husband. 
—Brother Jonathan [Humorous], the people 
of the United States collectively: said to be from 
Washington’s frequent allusion to Jonathan 
Trumbull by this name.— broth'er-ly, a. Per¬ 
taining to or like a brother; fraternal.— broth'- 
er-ly, adv. —broth'er-Ii-ness, n. 
brou-ette', 1 bru-et'; 2 brq-et', n. 1. A small 
two=wheeled carriage. 2. A type of closed 
motor*vehicle for four passengers, 
brough'am, 1 bru'am; 2 bru'am, n. A kind of 
close four=wheeled vehicle for 
two or four persons. [ < Lord | 

Brougham.] 

Brough'am, 1 bro'am; 2 bro'am.l 
Henry, Lord (1778-1868). A 
British Lord Chancellor, writer, 
brought, 1 brat; 2 brot, imp. & pp. of bring, v. 
brow, 1 brau; 2 brow, n. 1. The front upper 
part of the head; the forehead; the eyebrow; 
the countenance in general. 2. The upper 
edge of a cliff or the like. [ < AS. brU.] 
brow'beat", 1 brau'blt"; 2 brow'bet", vt. 
[brow'beat"; brow'beat"en; brow'beat"- 
ing.] To intimidate by stern, overbearing 
manner; cow; bully. 



Brougham. 


brown, 1 braun; 2 brown. I. vt. & vi. To 
make or become brown; bronze; tan. II. a. 
Of the dusky or tawny color known as brown. 
III. n. A dark color, shading toward red, 
yellow, or black, as the color of faded leaves; 
also, a pigment or dye used to produce it; a 
thing or part that is brown. [< AS. brun.] 
— brown study, absent*mindedness; deep med¬ 
itation.— brown'ish, a .— brown'ness, n. 
Brown, n. 1. Elmer Ellsworth (1861- ), 

American educator; Chancellor of New York 
University; U. S. Commissioner of Education, 
1906-11. 2. John (1800-1859), an American 
abolitionist, hanged at Charlestown, Va. 
brown'ie, 1 braun'i; 2 brown'i, n. A homely 
goodmatured sprite, brown'yj. 

Brown'ing, 1 braun'irr, 2 brown'ing, n. 1. Eliza¬ 
beth Barrett (1806-1861), English poet; wife of 
Robert. 2. Robert (1812-1889), English poet, 
browse, ) 1 brauz; 2 browg, vt. & vi. [browsed, 
browz p , ) browzd 8 ; brows'ing.] To feed upon 
(leaves, twigs, etc.); also, to graze. [< MHG. OF 
broz, shoot.] 

Bruce, 1 brus; 2 brqc. Robert (1274-1329). King 
of Scotland; defeated Edward II. at Bannock¬ 
burn. [000) in Belgium. 

Bru'ges, 1 bru'jiz; 2 brq'geg, n. A city (pop. 53,- 
bru'in, 1 bru'in; 2 bru'in, n. A bear. [£).] 
bruise, 1 bruz; 2 bru§, v. [bruised; bruis'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To batter in or dent without 
breaking; contuse. 2. To pound small; 
crush, as in a mortar. II. i. To use the fists 
in boxing or fighting; box. [< OF. bruiser, bri- 
ser, break.]— bruis'er, n. A pugilist, 
bruise, n. A surface injury caused by violent 
contact; contusion. 

bruit, 1 brut; 2 brut. I d . vt. & vi. To noise 
abroad; report; proclaim. II. n. A rumor 
noised abroad; a din; clamor. [F., < bruire, roar.] 
brume, 1 brum; 2 brum, n. Fog; mist; vapor. [< 
L. F bruma, winter.]—bru'mal, a. Wintry.— 
bru'mous, a. Brumal; foggy; gloomy, 
brum'ma-gem, 1 brum'a-jem; 2 brum'a-g§m. 
I. a. Cheap and showy; spurious; bogus. II. n. 
Cheap, imitation jewelry; an imitation; a sham. 
[Cor. of Birmingham .] 

Brum'mell, 1 brum'el; 2 brum'61, George 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; IO = f«ud; cfhin; go; r = sinp; Chin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











brunette 

bull 


• 84 


Bryan (1778-1840). “Beau Brummell,” an 
English exquisite; friend of the Prince R'egent. 
bru-nette', 1 bru-net'; 2 bru-net'. I. a. Dark* 
hued; having dark complexion, hair, and 
eyes. II. n. A woman or girl of dark com¬ 
plexion, eyes, and hair. [F.] bru-net'J. 
Bruns'wick, 1 brunz'wik; 2 brung'wik, n. A 
former duchy (1,418 sq. m.; pop. 481,000), Cen¬ 
tral Germany; independent republic, Dec., 1918. 
brunt, 1 brunt; 2 brunt, n. The main shock or 
stress; hardest part. [< Ice. bruna, advance like 
fire.] 

brush', 1 bru^h; 2 brush, v. I. t. 1. To use a 
brush on; sweep; touch lightly. 2. To fur¬ 
nish with brushwood; bush. II. i. To move 
lightly and quickly, often with a touch, 
brush, n. 1. An implement, as of bristles, for 
cleansing, smoothing, etc. 2. The act of 
brushing. 3. A thicket; wooded country; 
brushwood. 4. A bushy object, as the tail of 
the fox. 5. A smart skirmish; a dashing ride; 
chase. [< OHG. LL+OF brusta, bristle.]— brush'- 
wood", n. 1. A low thicket; underwood. 2. 
Cut bushes, or branches.— brush'y, a. 
brusk, ) 1 brusk or brusk; 2 brusk or brusk, 
brusque, ) a. Rude or curt; blunt; offhand. 

[< It. F brusco, rude.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Brus'sels, 1 brus'elz; 2 brhs'elg, n. A city (pop. 
685,270), capital of Belgium; occupied by the 
Germans, 1914-1918, 

brute, 1 brut; 2 brut. I. a. 1. Wanting the 
rational faculty; merely animal; unintelli¬ 
gent; also, sensual; brutal. 2. Merely materi¬ 
al; unconscious; dead. II. n. 1. Any animal 
other than man, as a horse, dog, etc. 2. A 
brutal person. [< L. p brutus, stupid.]— bru'- 
tal, a. 1. Characteristic of or like a brute; 
sensual; cruel; savage. 2. [Recent.] Unfeeling; 
rude; coarse. [< L. brutus, stupid.]— bru-tal'i- 
ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The being brutal; a brutal 
action.— bru'tal-lze, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To 
make brutal.— bru'tal-ly, adv. — brut'ish, a. 
Pertaining to, characteristic of. or resembling 
brutes; stupid; irrational; sensual; gross.— brut'- 
Ish-ly, adv. — brut'ish-ness, n. 

Bru'tus, 1 bru'tus; 2 bru'tus, Marcus Junius 
(85-42 B.C.). A Roman republican leader, one 
of Caesar’s assassins. 

Bry'ant, 1 brai'ant; 2 bry'ant, William Cullen 
(1794-1878). An American poet and journalist, 
bryol., abbr. Bryology. 

bry-ol'o-gy, 1 brai-el'o-ji; 2 bry-61'o-gy, n. The 
department of botany that treats of mosses. 
[< Gr. bryon, moss (< bryb. swell), + -ology.] 
bry'o-ny, 1 brai'o-m; 2 bry'o-ny, ti. A common 
English herb of the gourd family with white or 
yellowish flowers and black or red berries. [< 
GrA bryonia, < bryd, swell.] 
b. s., abbr. Bill of sale.— B. Sc., abbr. Bachelor 
of Science.— Bt., abbr. Baronet.— bu., bus., 
abbr. Bushel, bushels. 

bub'ble, ) 1 bub'l; 2 bub'l. I. vi. [bub'bled, 
bub'le, ) bub'ld p ; bub'bling.] 1. To form 
bubbles; rise in bubbles. 2. To make an in¬ 
termittent liquid sound. II. n. 1. A vesicle 
of liquid, filled w r ith air or other gas. 2. Any¬ 
thing unsubstantial; a delusion; cheat; 
fraud. 3. The process or sound of bubbling. 
[Scand. or D.] 

buc"ca-neer',) 1 buk"a-n!r'; 2 bQc"a-ner', n. 
buc"a-nier', ) A pirate or freebooter. 
Bu-cen'taur, 1 biu-sen'ter; 2 bO-cen'tyr, n. 1. 
The state barge of Venice. 2. A mythical mon¬ 
ster, half bull and half man. [< Gr. bous, ox, + 
kentauros, centaur.] 


Bu-ceph'a-lus, 1 biu-sef'a-lus; 2 bu-cef'a-lus, n. 
The war*horse of Alexander the Great; also, 
playfully, any horse. 

Bu-chan'an, 1 biu-kan'an; 2 bu-can'an, Janies 
(1791-1868), American statesman. See presi¬ 


dent. 

Bu"eha-rest', 1 bifl'ka-rest'; 2 buVa-rest', n. A 
city (pop. 309,000), capital of Roumania; 
taken by the Germans, Dec. 6, 1916. Bu"kha- 
rest'J. 

buck*, 1 buk; 2 buk, v. I. t. 1. Mil. To punish 
by lashing the wrists together, passing the 
arms over the bent knees, and inserting a 
stick between the joints of the knees and the 
elbows. 2. To throw (a rider) by bucking. 
II. i. To spring viciously from the ground, 
as a horse or mule. [ < buck 1 , n .] 
buck', 7i. 1. The male of various animals, as 

of deer, rabbits, etc. 2. A dashing fellow’; a 
young blood. [< AS. bucca, he goat.] 
buck 2 , n. The act of bucking. 
buck'sbas"ket, n. A basket for soiled clothes, 
buck'board", 1 buk'bord"; 2 buk'bord", n. 
[U. S ] A light, four-wheeled vehicle having 
a long elastic board in place of body and spring, 
buck'et, 1 buk'et: 2 buk'St, n. 1. A deep cy¬ 
lindrical vessel, with a bail, for dipping or car¬ 
rying liquids. 2. [Local, U. S.] A pail. 3. As 
much as a bucket will hold. buck'ct-ful|. 
4. A compartment on a water*wheel, or the 
like. [ME. boket, dim. of AS.‘ bile, pitcher.]— 
buck'etsshop", n. [U. S.j An office for gam¬ 
bling in fractional lots of stocks, grain, etc., with 
no delivery of securities or commodities sold or 
purchased. 

buck'eye", 1 buk'ai"; 2 buk'y", ». 

American tree allied to 
the horse*chestnut. 
buck'l(e lF , 1 buk'l; 2 
buk'l, v. [buck'led, 
buck'ld p ; buck'ling.] 

I. t. To fasten with or 
as wdth a buckle. II. i. 

To apply oneself vigor¬ 
ously; grapple. 
buck'le 2 , vt.&vi. To bend, 
wrnrp, curl, or crumple. 

[< F. boucler, bulge.] 
buck'le 1 , n. A metal 
frame with movable 
tongue, for fastening 
straps, etc. [< F. boucle, 

< L. buccula, dim. of 
bucca, cheek.| • 

buck'le 2 , 7i. A bend; distortion, 
buck'ler, 1 buk'ler; 2 buk'ler, n. A small 
round shield; a plate or protective covering 
on various animals. 



Buckeye. 

a, the fruit. 


buck'ram, 1 buk'ram; 2 buk'ram. I. a. Of or 
like buckram; stiff ; precise. II. n. A coarse 
glue*sized fabric, for stiffening garments. 
[< OF. boucaran, coarse cloth.] 
buck'shot", 1 buk'^het"; 2 buk'shot", n. 

Large shot, used in hunting large game, as deer, 
buck'skin", 1 buk'skin"; 2 buk'skfn". I. a. 
Made of or colored like buckskin. II. n. 
The skin of a buck; a soft, strong, grayish- 
yellow leather, or something made of or re¬ 
sembling it. 

buck'wheat", 1 buk'hwit"; 2 buk'hwet", n. A 
plant, or its seeds, from which a kind of 
flour is made. [ < AS. bbc, beech, + w t heat.] 
bu-col'ic, 1 biu-kel'ik; 2 bu-eol'ic. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to or like shepherds or herdsmen; 


1 : artistic, art; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, burn- 
2: art. ape. fat. fare, fast, whait, ftll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6nj 







85 


brunette 

bull 


pastoral. II. n. A pastoral poem. [< Gr. 
boukolikos, < bous, ox.] 

bud, 1 bud; 2 bud, v. [bud'ded 11 ; bud'ding.] 
1. t. 1. To graft by inserting a bud into slit 
bark. 2. To put forth, as buds. II. i. 1. To 
put forth a bud or buds. 2. To begin to grow, 
bud, n. 1. An undeveloped stem, branch, or 
shoot. 2. The act or stage of budding. 3. 
Zool. A bud*like projection, as in polyps, etc., 
developing into a new individual. 

Bu'da-pest", 1 bu'da-pest"; 2 bu'da-pest", n. A 
city (pop. 1,184,600), capital of Hungary. 

Bud 'dha, 1 bud'a; 2 bud'a, n. An incarnation of a 
divine intelligence or wisdom; specif., Gotama, 
the founder of Buddhism (568-488 B. C.). 
Boodhf; Boodh'at; Boud'dhat; Buddhf.— 
Bud'dliism, n. A mystical and ascetic relig¬ 
ious faith and cult originating in N. Hindustan 
and widely prevalent in central and southern 
Asia. Boodli'lsmt.—Bud'dhist, a. & n.— 
Bud-dhis'tic, -ti-cal, a. 
bud'dy, 1 bud'i; 2 bud'y, n. [-dies z , pi.] An off¬ 
spring; a son or daughter; hence, a companion; 
chum. 

budge, 1 buj; 2 budg, vt. & vi. [budged; 

budg'ing.J To move a little: stir; give way; go. 
budg'et, 1 buj'et; 2 budg'et, n. Formerly, a 
small sack or its contents; a collection of 
news; financial estimate. [< F. bougette, dim. of 
bouge, bag.] 


Bue'na Vis'ta, 1 bwe'na vls'ta; 2 bwe'na vis'ta. 
A village, Coahuila state, N. E. Mexico; U. S. 
Gen. Taylor defeated Santa Anna, 1847. 
Bue'nos Ai'res, 1 bo'nas e'riz or ( Sp .) bwe'nOs ai'- 
res; 2 bo'nos a're§ or (Sp.) bwe'nos I'res. A prov¬ 
ince (117,777 sq. m.; pop. 2,279,500) and seaport 
city (pop. 1,650,000) of Argentine Republic, 
buff, ) 1 buf; 2 buf. I. a. Made of or of the 
bul p , ) color of buffdeather; brownish*yellow. 
II. n. 1. A thick, soft, flexible leather. 
buff'death"ert. 2. Its color, a light yellow. 
3. A coat made of buffdeather. [ < LL. F bufalus; 

See BUFFALO.] 



buf'fa-Io 1 , 1 buf' a-lo; 2 buf'a-lo, n. [-loes z or 
-los z , pi.] 1. A large 
Old World ox, now 
extensively domesti¬ 
cated. 2. The North* 

American bison. [It., 

< Gr. L boubalos, Afri¬ 
can antelope.] 

Buf'fa-lo 2 , n. A com¬ 
mercial city and lake* 
port in Erie county, N. 

Y. (pop. 506,770). 
buf'fer, 1 buf'ar; 2 
buf'er, n. A device 
for lessening the 
shock of concussion. Buffa i 0 (def.l.) V 4S 
[ < OF. buffe, a blow.] 

buf'fet d , 1 buf'et; 2 buf'St, vt. & vi. To strike; 
beat with repeated blows; struggle against; 


contend. 

buf'fet 1 , 1 buf'et or bu-fe'; 2 buf'et or bu-fe', n. 

1. A sideboard. 2. A public lunch*room. [F.] 
buf'fet 2 , 1 buf'et; 2 buf'et, n. A blow; cuff; 

assault. [< OF. buffet, dim. £f buffe, blow.] 
buf-foon', 1 bu-fun'; 2 bii-foon', n. A profes¬ 
sional clown; low jester. [ < It. F buffone, < 
buffa, jest.]— buf-foon'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 
Low drollery or coarse jokes, as of a buffoon, 
bug, 1 bug; 2 bug, n. Any one of various in¬ 
sects or small crustaceans. [ < W. bwg, specter.] 
bug'bear", 1 bug'bar"; 2 bug'bar", n. An imagi¬ 
nary object of terror; a specter, bug'a-boo J. 


Top* 

buggy. 




Bugle. 


hug'gy, 1 bug'i; 2 bug'y, n. [bug'gies z , pl.\ A 
light four*wheeled vehicle 
with or without a hood: 
when with a hood, called 
a top=buggy. [Cp. 

Hind, baggl, gig.] 
bu'gle, 1 biu'gl; 2 bu'- 
gl, a. Of, r e s e m - 4 
b 1 i n g , or adorned| 
with bugles. See 
bugle 2 , n. 

bu'gle 1 , n. A wind*instrument resembling a 
horn or trumpet; a huntsman’s 
horn. [OF., an ox.] bu'gle* 
horn"f.—bu'gler, n. One who 
plays on the bugle. 
bu'gle 2 , n. A tube*shaped glass 

bead. [ < MHG.u bouc, boug, ring, bracelet.] 
bubl, 1 bul; 2 bul, n. Metal or tortoise»shell 
inlaid in furniture; also, cabinet=work so 
decorated. [< Boule, French artist.] 
build, 1 bild; 2 bild, v. [built 1 or BuiLD'ED d ; 
build'ing.] I. t. 1. To frame, construct, or 
erect, as a dwelling, a ship, etc. 2. To fabri¬ 
cate; establish; found. 3. To renew; strength¬ 
en: usually with up. II. i. 1. To follow the 
business of building; form; construct. 2. To 
rely; depend: with on or upon. [< AS. byldan, 
< bold, house.]— build, n. The manner or style 
in which anything is built; form; figure.— 
build 'er, n. — build'ing, n. 1. That which is 
built; an edifice. 2. The art, business, act, or 
process of building, 
bul., abbr. Bulletin. 

Bu"la-wa'yo, 1 bu"la-wa'yo; 2 bu"la-wa'yo, n. A 
commercial town in S. Rhodesia, Africa, 
bulb, 1 bulb; 2 bulb, n. 1. Bot. A cluster of 
thickened, scaledike leaves, growing usually 
underground. 2. Any protuberance resem¬ 
bling a plant=bulb. [< Gr. L bolbos, bulbous 
root.]— bul'bar, a. Of or pertaining to a bulb. 
— bulb'ous, a. 1. Bot. Having or growing from 
bulbs. 2. Of, pertaining to, or like a bulb, 
bul-ba'ceousf; bul'bosef; bulb'yf. 

Bulg., abbr. Bulgaria, Bulgarian. 

Bul-ga'ri-a, 1 bul-ge'n-a; 2 bul-ga'ri-a, n. A for¬ 
mer Turkish dependency in S. E. Europe; since 
1908 an independent kingdom (33,647 sq. m.; 
pop. 5,000,000); capital, Sofia; ally of Central 
Powers in World War (1914-1918); defeated and 
sued for peace Sept. 30, 1918. 
bulge, 1 bulj; 2 bulg. I. vt. & vi. [bulged; 
bulg'ing.] To swell out or be protuberant; 
press out of shape. II. «. The most convex 
part, as of a cask; a protuberant part; swell¬ 
ing. [Scand.] 

bulk, 1 bulk; 2 bulk, n. 1. Magnitude; mass; 
volume; size; a large body. 2. The principal 
part; main body; majority. [< Ice. bulki, heap.] 
— bulk'y, a. [bulk'i-er; bulk/i-est.] Huge; 
large; unwieldy.— bulk'i-ness, n. 

bulk'he(a)d"s, 1 bulk'hed"; 2 bulk'hed", n. A 
compartment or partition, as in a ship or mine. 

bull, / 1 bul; 2 bul, vt. To speculate for an 
bul p , ) advance in the price of, as stocks. 
bull 1 , n. 1. The male of domestic cattle and of 

other animals. 2. Finance. A dealer who seeks 
or expects higher prices. [ < AS.dim. of bulluca, 
bullock.] — bull'*head"ed, a. Having a head 
like a bull’s; hence, stupidly obstinate; stubborn. 
bull 2 , n. An official document of the Pope, 
sealed with a leaden seal; rescript; edict. [ < LL, 
bulla, edict, seal, < L. bulla, boss, knob.] 
bull 3 , n. A ridiculous blunder in speech. [Cp. 
OF. boule, fraud.] 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = owt; ell; iu = fead; <fhin; go; Q = si ng; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dg; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 

















bulldog 

burrow 


86 


bull'dog", 1 bul'deg"; 2 bul'dog". n. A squat 
and muscular dog with flat head and project¬ 
ing under jaw, remarkable for the tenacity of 
its grip. 

bull'doze", 1 bul'ddz"; 2 bul'doz", vt. [bull'- 
dozed"; bull'doz"ing.] [Slang, U. S.] To 
Intimidate; bully. [Explained as < dose of the 

BULL=WHIP.] 

Bul'len, Anne. See Boleyn. 
bul'let, 1 bul'et; 2 bul'et, n. A small projec¬ 
tile for a firearm. [< L. F bulla, knob.] 
bul'le-tin, 1 bul'i-tin; 2 bul'e-tin. I. vt. To 
make public by bulletin. II. n. A brief 
official summary, publication, or placard. [F.] 
bull'finch", 1 bul'findh"; 2 bul'finch", n. A 
singing bird having a short stout bill, 
bull'frog", 1 bul'freg"; 2 bul'frog", n. A large 
North*American frog, with a bellowing cry. 
bul'lion, 1 bul'yan; 2 bul'yon, n. Gold or sil¬ 
ver uncoined or in mass, as in bars, plates, or 
the like. [< LL. F billus, log.] 
bul'lock, 1 bul'ak; 2 bul'ok, n. An ox over 
four years old. [ < AS. bulluca .] 

Bull Run, 1 bul run; 2 bul run. A creek in N. E. 
Virginia; scene of two Federal defeats, July 21, 
1861, and Aug. 29-30, 1862. See Manassas. 
bull’s'seye", 1 bulz'*ai"; 2 bul§'-y", n. The cen¬ 
ter of a target, or a shot that hits it; a circular 
window; a thick disk or lens of glass, or a 
lantern fitted with one; a small wooden 
block perforated for ropes. 
bul'ly, 1 bul'i; 2 bul'y, v. [bul'lied; bui/ly¬ 
ing.] I. t. To browbeat; terrorize; drive; 
coerce. II. i. To be quarrelsome and blus¬ 
tering. 

bul'ly. I. a. [bul'li-er; bul'li-est.] 1. [Slang.] 
Excellent; admirable. 2. Quarrelsome; blus¬ 
tering. II. n. [bul'lies 2 , pi.] A quarrelsome, 
swaggering, cow'ardly fellow, 
bul'rush", 1 bul'rush"; 2 bul'rush", n. A tall 
rushdike plant growing in damp ground or 
water. 

bul'wark, 1 bul'wark; 2 bul'wark, n. A defen¬ 
sive wall or rampart; fortification; defense; 
the raised side of a ship, above the upper 
deck. [ < Dan. bul, trunk of a tree, ■+• vxrk, work.] 
Bul'wersLyt'ton, n. See Lytton. 
bum'ble-bee", 1 bum'bl-bi"; 2 bum'bl-be", n. 
A large, hairy, social bee. , 

[Imitative.] hum'ble- **’*\ 9 ^ /*A--^ 

bum'nier, 1 bum'ar; 2 

bum'er, n. [U. S.] A 

plundering straggler of M fply 

the army; a worthless 

loafer. [Cp. G. bummler, Rlimh ip hpp 2 /. 
loafer.] numuieoee. /* 

bump, 1 bump; 2 bump. I*, vt. To bring or 
come into collision with; thump; knock; jolt. 
II. n. 1. A violent impact or collision; a 
heavy blow. 2. A protuberance like that 
caused by a blow. 

bump'er 1 , 1 bump'ar; 2 bump'er, n. 1. Some¬ 
thing that bumps or causes a bump. 2. A 
buffer. 

bump'er 2 , n. A cup or glass filled to the brim. 

[Corr. of bombard, leather liquorsjug.] 
bump'kin, 1 bump'kin; 2 bump'kin, n. An 
awkward rustic; a clown; lout. [For boomkin, 
small boom.] 

bump'tious, I bump'ghus; 2 bump'shus, a. Ag¬ 
gressively and offensively self-conceited. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 


bun, 1 bun; 2 bun, n. A small sweet cake. 

bunnf. 

bunch, 1 bunch; 2 bunch. I*, vt. & vi. To 
make into or form a bunch or bunches; col¬ 
lect; gather; group. II. n. 1. A compact 
collection; group; cluster. 2. A hunch; 
hump; protuberance. [< Ice. bunki, heap.]— 
bunch 'y, a. Being, growing in, or having 
bunches; like a bunch. 

bun'co, 1 buij'ko; 2 biin'co, n. A swindling 
game in which confederates join to rob a 
stranger. bun'ko|. 

buu'dl(e p , 1 bun'dl; 2 bun'dl, v. [bun'dled, 
bun'dld p ; bun'dling.] 1. t. 1. To make 
into a bundle: often with up. 2. To dismiss 
or dispose of summarily. II. i. To pack up 
and be off. 

bun'die, n. A package; group; collection. 

[< AS. byndele, < bindan, bind.] 
bung, 1 burj; 2 bung, n. A stopper for the 
large hole through which a cask is filled; also, 
the hole itself. bung'*hole"J. 
bun'ga-low, 1 burj'ga-lo; 2 bun'ga-15, n. A 
country-house, primarily one-storied, with 
wide verandas: an Oriental type. [Ult. < Ban- 
ga, Bengal.] 

bun'gl(e p , 1 buo'gl; 2 bun'gl- I. vt. & vi. 
[bun'gled, bun'gld p ; bun'gling.] To make 
or do badly or clumsily; botch. II. n. An 
awkward, clumsy, and imperfect job or per¬ 
formance; botch. [< Sw. dial, bangla, w r ork in¬ 
effectually.]— bun 'gler, n.— bun'gling, pa. 
Awkward; clumsy; unskilful, -ly, adv. 
bun'ion, 1 bun'yan; 2 bun'yon, n. A painful 
swelling of the joint at the base of the great 
toe. [< Ice. OF+IT bunga, elevation.] 
bunk, 1 buijk; 2 bunk. I', vi. To sleep in a 
bunk; to go to bed. II. to. A small compart¬ 
ment, shelf, or recess, etc., used as a sleeping- 
place. 

bun'ker, 1 burj'kar; 2 bun'ker, n. 1. A large 
receptacle, as a coabbin on a ship. 2. Golf. 
A pit or hole in the ground, usually artificial; 
loosely, any rough ground. 

Bun'ker Hill. A hill near Charlestowm, Mass.; 
battle between the American colonists and the 
British, June 17, 1775. 
bun'ko, n. See bunco. 

Bun'sen, lbun'zen; 2bun'- 
§en, n. 1. Baron von 
(1791-1860). Christian 
K. J„ a German diplomat 
and historian. 2. Robert 
William Eberhard 
(1811-1899), a German 
chemist and discoverer; 
invented the Bunsen gas 
burner, spectroscope, 
etc. 

bull'ting 1 , 1 bun'tirj; 2 
bun'ting, n. A light, 
woolen stuff used for 
flags; hence, flags, etc. 
bun'ting 2 , n. A bird 
related to the finches. 



Buntings. Vs 

The Snow*»bunting. 2. Tho 
Corn*bunting. 


bunt'line, 1 bunt'lin; 2 bunt'lin, n. Naut. A 
rope used in hauling a square sail up to the 
yard. 

Bun'yan, 1 bun'yan; 2 bun'yan, John (1628- 
1688). An English allegorist; author of Pilgrim's 
Progress. 

bun'yon, n. Same as bunion. 
buoy, 1 bei or bu'i; 2 boy or bu'y. I. vt. 1. To 
keep afloat; support; sustain. 2. To mark 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go< not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = er, i = e; go, not, or, w'On. 













87 


bulldog 

burrow 


with buoys. II. n. A float moored, as on a 
rock or shoal, as a guide to navigators. [< L. 
boia, halter.]— buoy'age, n. Buoys collectively; 
a system of buoys. 

buoy'ant, 1 bei'ant or bu'yant; 2 boy'ant or 
bu'yant, a. Having the power or tendency 
to float or keep afloat; vivacious; cheerful; 
hopeful, -ly, adv. — buoy'an-cy, n. 1. Power 
or tendency to keep afloat. 2. Elasticity of 
spirits; cheerfulness. 

bur 1 , )1 bur; 2 bflr, n. [Commonly bur in 
burr 1 , ) literary and botanical, burr in mechan¬ 
ical uses.] 1. A rough or prickly flower=head, 
or the like. 2. The burdock. 3. A protuber¬ 
ance; lump. 4. An impediment or unwel¬ 
come adherent. See burr. 
bur'bot, 1 bur'bat; 2 bflr'bot, n. A fish with 
barbels on the nose and chin. [< F. bourbotte .] 
bur'den, 1 bur'dn; 2 bflr'dn, vt. To load or 
overload. 

bur'den 1 , n. 1. Something heavy that is borne 
or carried; a load. 2. The carrying capacity 
of a vessel. [< AS. byrthen, load.]— bur'den- 
some, a. Hard or heavy to bear; oppressive, 
bur'den 2 , n. Something often repeated, as in 
a song; refrain. [< LL. F burdo(n-), drone.] 
bur'dock, 1 bur'dek; 2 bfir'dok, n. A coarse 
biennial weed, with a globular bur and large 
roundish leaves. [< bur -f dock, plant.] 
bu'reau, 1 biu'ro; 2 bu'ro, n. [bu'reaus or bu'- 
reaux, pi.] 1. [U. S.] A chest of drawersffor 
clothing, etc. 2. A public department; an 
organized staff of literary workers, etc.; also, 
the place where the work is done. 3. A writ- 
ing=desk; escritoire. [F.] 
bu-reau'cra-cy, 1 biu-ro'kra-si; 2 bu-ro'era-cy, 
n. [-cies z , pi.] 1. Government by bureaus, es¬ 
pecially by rigid and arbitrary routine. 2. Gov¬ 
ernment ofllcials collectively.— bu'reau-crat, n. 
burg, 1 burg; 2 burg, n. A borough; village. 

[< AS. burg, burh, fort, city.] 
burg., abbr. Burgess, burgomaster, 
bur'geon, 1 bur'jan; 2 bur'gon. I. vl. To put 
forth buds; sprout, as a branch. II. n. 1. A 
bud; sprout. 2. A boss for protecting the bind¬ 
ing of a book. [F., < OHG. burjan, raise.] 
bour'geont. 

bur'gess, 1 bur'jes; 2 bfir'ges, n. A freeman, 
citizen, or officer of a borough or burg, 
burgh, 1 burg or bur'o; 2 burg or bur'o, n. An 
incorporated town or village; borough; 
originally, a castle.— burgh'er, n. An inhabi¬ 
tant, citizen, or freeman of a borough or burg, 
bur'glar, 1 bur'glar; 2 bur'glar, n. One who 
commits a burglary. [ < OF. borg, borough, + 
laire, robber.]— bur-gla'ri-ous, a. -ly, adv.— 
bur'glar-ize, vt. 

bur'gla-ry, 1 bur'gla-n; 2bfir'gla-ry,n. [-ries^, 
pi.] The breaking and entering of a building 
(primarily of a dwelling, by night) with in¬ 
tent to commit robbery, or other crime, 
bur 'go-mas" ter,. 1 bur'go-mas"tar; 2 bflr'go- 
mas"ter, n. 1. A Dutch municipal magis¬ 
trate; a mayor. 2. A large arctic gull. 
Bur-goyne', 1 bur-gein'; 2 bur-goyn', John (1723— 
1792). English general, surrendered to Gates, 
Saratoga, 1777. 

Bur'gun-dy, 1 bur'gun-di; 2 bur'gun-dy, n. 1. 
A former kingdom, duchy, and later province of 
E. central France. 2. [-dies, 1 -diz; 2 -dig, pi.] A 
wine made in this territory or a similar wine made 
elsewhere.— Bur-gun'di-an, a. & n. 
bur'i-al, 1 ber'i-al; 2 ber'i-al, n. The burying 
of a dead body; sepulture. [ < AS. byrgels, tomb.] 


Bu'ri-an, 1 bu'ri-an; 2 bu'ri-an, Stephan (1851- 
). Austrian count; minister of foreign af¬ 
fairs, 1915- 

bu'rin, 1 biu'rin; 2 bu'rin, n. An engraver’s 
tool; graver; also, his style 
or manner of execution. [F.] 

Burke, 1 burk; 2 burk, 

Edmund (1729-1797). An 
Irish orator, statesman, and 
writer. 

burl., abbr. Burlesque, 
bur 'lap, 1 bur'lap; 2 bfir'lap, n. A coarse 
stuff of jute, flax, etc., used for wrapping. 
bur-Iesque', 1 bur-lesk'; 2 bfir-lesk'. I. vt. & 
vi. [bur-lesqued' 1 ; bur-lesqu'ing.] To 
represent mockingly or ludicrously; carica¬ 
ture. II. a. Marked by ludicrous incon¬ 
gruity. III. n. Ludicrous imitation or rep¬ 
resentation; caricature. 

bur'ly, 1 bur'h; 2 bflr'ly, a. 1. Large of body; 
bulky; stout; lusty. 2||. Bluff or rough in man¬ 
ner. [Cp. OHG. burlih, lofty.]— bur'li-ness, n. 
Bur'ma, 1 bur'ma; 2 bur'ma, n. 1. The largest 
province in E. British India, composed of the 
former provinces of Upper and Lower Bur¬ 
ma and the Shan States; 236,738 sq. m.; 
pop. 12,113,000; capital, Rangoon.— Bur'man, 
n.—Bur-mese', a. 

burn, 1 burn; 2 burn, v. [burnt or burned; 
burn'ing.] I. t. 1. To destroy, change, or 
damage by fire; consume; scorch. 2. Surg. 
To cauterize. II. i. To be in process of 
consumption by fire; appear or feel hot; be 
eager, intense, or excited; glow. [ < AS. beornan .] 
— burn'ingjglass", n. A convex lens, for con¬ 
centrating the sun’s rays upon an object. 
burn 1 , n. An effect or injury from burning; 
a burnt place. 

burn 2 , n. [Scot.] A brook or rivulet. [< AS. 

burna.] bourn t; bournet. 
burn'er, 1 burn'ar; 2 bflrn'er, n. One who or 
that which burns; the light*giving part of a 
lamp, etc. 

bur'nish 1 , 1 bur'm^li; 2 bflr'nish, v. I. t. To 
polish by friction; make brilliant or shining. 
II. i. To become bright. [ < OF. burnir, polish.] 
bur-noose', 1 bur-nus'; 2 bur-nobs', n. 1. A 
woolen cloak with hood, of Arabs and Moors. 
2. A hooded cloak worn by women in Europe and 
America, ber-nouse't; boor-noosebor- 
nous't; bour-nous'J; bur'nost; bur'nousf. 
Burns, 1 burnz; 2 burns, Robert (1759-1796). 

The national poet of Scotland. 

Burn'side, 1 bOrn'said; 2 burn'sld, Ambrose 
Everett (1824-1881). United States general, 
burnt, 1 burnt; 2 bflrnt, pp. of burn, v. ; also 
pa. Affected or consumed by fire; charred; 
scorched; also, diseased, as grain. 
burr 2 , ) n. 1. See bur 1 , n. 2. A roughness or 
bur s , ) rough edge, or a tool that produces it. 
burr 3 , n. 1. A rough guttural sound of r. 2. Any 
rough, dialectic pronunciation; a whirring sound; 
a buzz. bur 2 t. 

burr 4 , n. A.halo round the moon or a star. bur 3 J. 
Burr, Aaron (1756-1836). American politician, 
bur'ro, 1 bur'o; 2 bur'o, n. [Sp., or S. W. U. S.] 
A small donkey, used as a pack=animal. 
bur'row, 1 bur'o; 2 bur'o, v. I. t. To dig a 
burrow into or through; perforate. II. i. To 
dig into, under, or through something; make 
or live in a burrow. 

bur'row, n. 1. A hole made in and under the 
ground, as by a rabbit, etc., for habitation. 
2. A mound or barrow. 



1: a = final; l = habit; oisle; an = out; ©II; 10 = feud; cfhin; go; o = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; foil, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, £em; ink; thin, this. 






oursar 

caboose 


88 


bur'sar, 1 bur'sar; 2 bur'sar, re. 1. A treasurer, as 
of a college. 2. [Scot.] A beneficiary student, 
burst, 1 burst; 2 burst, v. [burst; bursting.] 

I. t. To rend or break suddenly or violently. 

II. i. 1. To suffer rupture from an internal 
force. 2. To become suddenly active or ex¬ 
cited; break forth, out, or away. [ < AS. berstan.] 

burst, n. 1. A sudden or violent explosion, 
rending, or disruption. 2. A spurt; rush, 
bur'then, 1 bur'thn; 2 bur'thn, v. & re. Same as 
burden.— bur'then-some, a. 
bur'y, 1 ber'i; 2 ber'y, vt. [bur'ied, burn¬ 
ing.] To put in or under the ground, or 
other covering; inter; hide; cover up; engross 
deeply; absorb. [< AS. byrgan, < beorgan, hide, 
protect.]—bur'y-ingsground", re. A cemetery. 
bus 1 , 1 bus; 2 bus, re. [Colloq.] An omnibus: an 
abbreviated form, often written ’bus. buss 1 !, 
bush, 1 buSh; 2 bysh, n. 1. A thickly branch¬ 
ing shrub. 2. A forest with undergrowth. 3. 
A bough. 4. A fox’s brush. [ < Dan. busk, bush.] 
—bush'boy", n. A bushman.—bush'man, re. 
[-men, pi.] 1. [Austral.] A dw'eller or farmer in 
the bush. 2. [B-] [S. Afr.] One of an aboriginal 
nomadic tribe.—bush'ran"ger, n. One who 
ranges the bush; also [Austral.], an outlaw living 
in the bush.—bush'srid"er, re. [Austral.] A 
professional ranger on a bush-farm.—bush'- 
whack"er, n. 1. One who ranges or fights in 
the bush; a guerrilla. 2. A stout scythe for cut¬ 
ting bushes, or one who uses it.—bush'whack", 
c.—bush'whack"ing, n. —bush'y, a. 1. Cov¬ 
ered with bushes. 2. Like a bush; shaggy, 
bush., abbr. Bushel, bushels, 
bush 'el, 1 bu^h'el; 2 bush 'SI, re. A measure 
of capacity; four pecks, or a vessel holding 
that amount. 

bush'ing, 1 bu^h'iy; 2 bysh'ing, re. A metallic 
lining for a hole, as in the hub of a wheel, 
bus'i-ly, 1 biz'i-li; 2 big'i-ly, adv. Actively; 
industriously. 

bus'i-ness, 1 biz'i-nes; 2 blg'i-n8s,re. 1. Apursuit 
or occupation; trade; profession; calling. 2. 
A matter or affair; interest; concern; duty, 
busk, 1 busk; 2 busk, vt. & vi. [Scot, or Obs.] To 
dress; deck; get ready; prepare, 
bus'kin, 1 bus'kin; 2 bus'kin, n. A laced half- 
boot, worn by Athenian tragic actors; hence, 
tragedy.— bus'kined, a. 
buss 2 , 1 bu3; 2 bus, n. [Archaic or Dial.] A kiss; 
smack. bus 2 f. 

bust, 1 bust; 2 bust, n. The human chest or 
breast; a piece of statuary representing the 
human head, shoulders, and breast. [ < 
LL.it+f bustum, trunk of the body.] 
bus'tard, 1 bus'tard; 2 bus'tard, n. A large 
Old World game-bird. 

bus'tl(e p , 1 bus'l; 2 bus'l, vt. & vi. [bus'tled, 
bus'tld p ; bus'tling.] To hurry; hustle; 
make a stir or fuss. [ < Ice. bustla, bustle, splash 
about.] 

bus'tie 1 , re. Excited activity; noisy stir; fuss, 
bus'tie 2 , n. A pad worn by women on the 
back below the waist to distend the skirts, 
bus'y, 1 biz'i; 2 big'y. I. vt. & vi. [bus'ied, 
bus'y-ing.] To make or be busy; keep em¬ 
ployed; occupy oneself. II. a. [bus'i-er; 
bus'i-est.] 1. Intensely active; constantly 
or habitually occupied. 2. Temporarily en¬ 
gaged; not at leisure. 3. Officiously active; 
prying; meddling. 4. Pertaining to or filled 
with business. [<AS. bysig, active.]— bus'y- 
bod"y, re. [-bod’ies 2 , pi.] One who officiously 
meddles with the affairs of others. 


but, 1 but; 2 but, adv. No otherwise than; not 
more than; only; merely; simply, 
but, prep. Leaving out; except; barring, 
but, conj. 1. With the exception that; except. 

2. Otherwise than (that); more than (that). 

3. Still; yet; nevertheless; however; notwith¬ 
standing; tho; even if. 4. Moreover; be¬ 
sides; again. [< AS. butan, except, without.] 

but., abbr. [L.] Butyrum (butter), 
butch 'er, I budh'ar; 2 buch'er. I. vt. To 
slaughter (animals) for market; hence, to 
kill men barbarously or brutally. II. n. 1. 
One who slaughters animals or deals in meats 
for food. 2. A bloody or cruel murderer. 
[< OHG. p bocch, he-goat.]—butch'er-ly, a. 
Of or pertaining to a butcher.—butch'er-y, n. 
[-ies z , pi. ] 1. Wanton or wholesale slaughter. 

2. [Eng.] A slaughter-house; the butcher’s trade. 
but'Ier, 1 but'lar; 2 but'ler, n. A man servant 
in charge of the dining-room, wine, plate, etc. 
But'ler, re. 1. Benjamin Franklin ( 1818 - 1893 ), 
American lawyer; general. 2. Nicholas Murray 
( 1862 - ), an American educator; publicist; 

President of Columbia University, New York, 
1902 - . 

butt d , ) 1 but; 2 but, vt. & vi. 1. To strike wdth 
but p , ) or as with the head or horns. 2. To 
project; jut; abut. [< OHG. OF bUzan, strike.] 
butt 1 , re. 1. The larger or thicker end of any¬ 
thing. 2. A hinge. 3. A target. 
butt 2 , n. A stroke, thrust, or push with or as 
with the head. 

butt 3 , re. A large cask; a measure of wane, 126 
U. S. gallons; a pipe. [< F. botte, cask.] 
butte, 1 biut; 2 but, re. A conspicuous hill or 
natural turret. (F.l [S. W. Montana. 

Butte, 1 biut; 2 but, re. A city (pop. 41,600) of 
but'ter, 1 but'or; 2 but'er. I. vt. To put 
butter upon. II. re. The fatty constituent 
of milk, separated by churning. [< Gr. L+ * a 
boutyron, prob. < bous, cow, + tyros, cheese.]— 
but'ter-milk", re. The liquid left after churning, 
but'ter-cup", 1 but'or-kup"; 2 but'er-eup", re. 
A plant, with yellow cup-shaped flowers; also, 
the flow r er. 

but'ter-fly", 1 but'ar-flai"; 2 but'er-fly", re. 
[-flies" 2 , pZ.] 1. A diurnal insect, with 
brightly colored wdngs. 2. A gay idler or 
trifler. [< AS. buttorfledge .] 
but'ter-in, ) 1 but'or-in, -in or -In; 2 but'er- 
but'ter-ine, s in, -in or -in, re. Artificial butter; 
oleomargarin. 

but'ter-nut", 1 but'or-nut"; 2 but'er-nut", re. 
1. The oily edible nut of the North-American 
white w'alnut; also, the tree. 2. A nut of 
British Guiana. 

but'ter-y, 1 but'or-i; 2 but'er-y. I. a. Con¬ 
taining, like, or smeared w r ith butter. II. re. 
[-ies 2 , pi.] A pantry; a wane-room or wine- 
cellar 

but'took, 1 but'ok; 2 but'ok, re. 1. The hinder 
part of a ship’s hull. 2. pi. The rump, 
but'ton, 1 but'n; 2 but'n, v. I. t. To fasten 
with or as with a button or buttons. II. i. 
To admit of being buttoned, 
but'ton, re. 1. A knob or disk, as of bone or 
metal, by which one part of a garment may 
be fastened to another. 2. A pivoted fast¬ 
ener for a door, window, etc. 3. A knob or 
protuberance. [ < OF. boton, bud, button.] 
but'ton-hole", 1 but'n-hol"; 2 but'n-hol". I. 
vt. [-holed"; -hol"ing.] 1. To work but¬ 
tonholes in. 2. To hold by the buttonhole; 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police] obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, dr. w6n. 





89 


bursar 

caboose 


interview; bore. II.* n. A slit to receive and 
hold a button. 

but'ton-wood", 1 but'n-wud"; 2 but'n-wood", 
n. The plane-tree of the United States, syc'- 

a-morej. 

but'tress, 1 but'res; 2 but'res. 
port with or as with a but¬ 
tress; sustain; uphold. II. n. 

A structure built against a 
wall to strengthen it; a sup¬ 
port. [< OF., < bouter, boter, 
push.] 

bux'om, 1 buks'am; 2 buks'om, 
a. 1. In full health and vigor; 
plump; comely. 2. Brisk and 
cheerful. [< AS. bugan, bow, 

+ -sum, -some.] -ly, adv. 

-ness,». 

buy, 1 bai; 2 by, v. [bought, 
buy'ing.] 1. 1. 1. To obtain 

for a price; purchase. 2. To 
bribe; corrupt. 3. To be a 
price for. II. i. To make a pur¬ 
chase or purchases. [< AS. bycgan.]— buy'er, n. 
buzz, ) 1 buz; 2 buz, v. I. t. To whisper; gos- 
buz p , ) sip. II. i. To hum, as a bee; whisper; 

murmur; vibrate. [Imitative.]—buz'zer, n. 
buzz, n. A low murmur, as of bees, of talk, or 
of distant sounds; rumor; gossip, 
buz'zard, 1 buz'ard; 2 buz'ard, n. 1. A large 
hawk. 2. An American vulture, tur'key® 
buz"zardf. [< L.o p buteo, buzzard.] 
b. v., abbr. [L.] Bene vale (farewell). —B. V. 
M., abbr. [L.] Beata Virgo Maria (Blessed 


Virgin Mary). — bx., abbr. [bxs., pi.] Box. 
by, Tl bai; 2 by, n. 1. Something of minor 
bye, ) importance; a side issue. 2. A goal.— 
by the bye or by, incidentally; by the way. 
by, adv. 1. In the presence or vicinity; at 
hand; near. 2. Up to and beyond something; 
past. 3. On one side; aside; apart; off; up. 
— by and by. 1. After a time; at some future 
time. 2. The hereafter. 3||. At once; immedi¬ 
ately.— by sway, a side or secluded lane, road, 
or way. byspathj; by-roadf. 
by, 1 bai; 2 by, prep. 1. Alongside of; along 
the line of; beside; past; over (a course). 2. 
Through the agency, means, or help of; with. 
3. In accordance with; according to. 4. To 
the extent, number, or amount of; multiplied 
into; in connection with or in the name of: 
used in oaths, etc. [ < AS. bl, big.] 
by'gon(e" p , 1 bai'gen"; 2 bv'gon". I. a. Gone 
by; former; past; out-of-date. II. n. Some¬ 
thing past. 

by'slaw", 1 bai'-le"; 2 by'-la", n. A rule or law 
subordinate to a constitution or charter. 
By'ron, 1 bai'ran; 2 by'ron, Lord, George Noel 
Gordon Byron (1788-1824). An English poet. 
by'stand"er, 1 bai'stand" ar; 2 by'stand"er, n. 

One who stands by; a looker-on. 
by'word", 1 bai'wurd"; 2 by'wftrd", n. 1. An 
object of derision. 2. A nickname. 3. A 
trite saying. [ < AS. biword, < bl, by, + word, 
word.] 

By-zan'ti-um, 1 bl-zan'ghi-um; 2 by-zan'shi-um, 
n. An ancient city, now Constantinople, on the 
Bosporus.— By-zan'tine, a. Of, pertaining to, 
or derived from Byzantium. By-zan'ti-an?. 


I 4 , vt. To sup- 



Buttresses. 


C 


C, C, 1 si; 2 <?e, n. [gees, C’s. or Cs, 1 siz; 
2 ce§, pi.] The third letter in the English 
alphabet. 

C., abbr. Csesar, Caius, calendx (L„ calends), 
Catholic, Centigrade, chairman, chancellor, chan¬ 
cery, chief, church. Congress, Conservative, con¬ 
sul, Court.—C, abbr. Carbon—c., abbr. Caput, 
carton, cent, centime, centimeter, centum, cen¬ 
tury, chapter, circa, circiter, circum (L„ about), 
city, ( Naut. log-book) cloudy, conductor, congius, 
court, cubic.—Ca, abbr. Calcium.—ca., abbr. 

Cases, centare.—C. A., abbr. Chartered account¬ 
ant, chief accountant, commercial agent, Con¬ 
federate army, controller of accounts. 

Ca'a-ba, n. Same as Kaaba. 
cab, 1 kab; 2 cab, n. 1. A one-horse public 
carriage. 2. [U. S.] The covered part of a 
locomotive. [Abbr. of cabriolet.] 
ca-bal', 1 ka-bal'; 2 ca-bal'. I. vi. To form a 
cabal; plot. II. n. A number of persons 
secretly united for some private purpose; in¬ 
trigue; conspiracy. [ < Heb. 1 * qabbalah, secret 
doctrine.]— ca-bal'ism 2 , n. 
cab'a-la, 1 kab'a-la; 2 eab'a-la, n. 1. The mystic 
theosophy of the Hebrews. 2._ Any occult or 
mystic system. [ < Heb. qabbalah, reception, < 
qabal, receive.] cab'ba-laf; kab'a-laf; kab ba- 
laf. — cab'a-lism 1 , n.— cab'a-list, n. — cab a- 
lis'tic, a. Pertaining to the cabala; mystic. 
cab"a-lis 'ti-calf. — cab"a-lis 'ti-cal-ly , adv. 
cab'a-ret, 1 kab'a-ret or (F.) ka"ba"re'; 2 cab'a- 
rfit or (F.) ca"ba"re', n. [F.] 1. A tavern or wine* 
shop. 2. [U. S.] A vaudeville entertainment, as in 
a restaurant, during meals. 3. A tea- or coffee-set. 


cab'bage, 1 kab'ij; 2 c&b'ag, n. The close¬ 
leaved head formed by certain plants, or the 
plant producing it. [ < L. OF caput, head.] 
cab'in, 1 kab'in; 2 eab'in. I. vt. & vi. To shut 
up or dwell in or as in a cabin; crib; hamper. 
II. n. 1. A small, rude house; hut. 2. A 
compartment of a vessel for officers or passen¬ 
gers. 3. A small room; bedroom. [< LL. y 
capanna, cabin.] 

cab'i-net, 1 kab'i-net; 2 eab'i-ngt. I. a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to or suitable for a cabinet. 2. Secret; 
confidential. II. n. 1. The body of official 
advisers of a king or president; a council, or 
the chamber in which it meets. 2. A room 
for works of art, etc.; also, the articles so col¬ 
lected. 3. A piece of furniture fitted with 
shelves and drawers. 4||. A small private 
room; a study or closet. [F., closet.]— cab'i- 
uet-mak"er, n. One who makes household 
furniture. 

ca'ble, 1 ke'bl; 2 ea'bl. I. vt. & vi. [ca'bled; 
ca'bling.] 1 . To fasten, as by a cable; tie 
fast. 2. To send (a message) by submarine 
telegraph. II. n. 1 . A heavy rope or chain, 
as for mooring vessels, etc. 2. A cable’s- 
length, 100 fathoms. 3. An insulated tele¬ 
graph wire or wires, as for a submarine tele¬ 
graph. 4. [Colloq.] A cablegram.— ca'ble-gram, 
n. [Colloq.] A message by submarine telegraph, 
ca-boose', 1 ka-bus'; 2 ca-boos', n. 1. A con¬ 
ductors’ car on a freight-train. 2. The cook’s 
galley on a ship. [< D. kombuis, cook’s cabin.] 


1:8 = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = <rat; 
2: wQlf, d<); book, boot; fqll, rule, cure, 


oil; Iu = feud; tfhin; go; fj = amp; €hin, 
but, bdra; oil, boy; go, gem; i®k; thin, 


this. 

this. 














Cabot 

calory 


90 


Cab'ot, 1 kab'at; 2 cab'ot, Sebastian (1474- 
1557). English navigator; with his father, 
John Cabot, a Venetian navigator in English 
service, discovered America (Labrador), 1497. 
cab"ri-o-let', 1 kab"n-o-le'; 2 cab"ri-o-l§', n. 
A one-horse covered carriage with two seats; 
a cab. [F.] 

Ca'bul, n. Same as Kabul. 
ca-ca'o, 1 ka-ke'o or ka-ka'o; 2 ca-ca'o or ca- 
ea'o, n. Chocolate-nuts, or the tree produc¬ 
ing them. [ < Mex.sv cacauntl, cacao.] 
cache, 1 knSh; 2 each. I. vt. [cached*; cach¬ 
ing.] To conceal or store as in the earth; 
hide. II. n. A place for concealing or storing. 
[F.] 

cach"in-na'tion, 1 kak"i-ne'shan; 2 cacVna- 
shon, n. Loud laughter. [< L. cachinno, laugh 
loudly.] 

cack'l(e p , 1 kak'l; 2 cak'l. I. vi. [cack'l(e)d p , 
cack'ling.] To make a shrill cry, as a hen 
that has laid an egg; chatter. II. n. The 
shrill, broken cry of a hen after laying an egg; 
the gabbling of a goose; idle talk; chattering 
or chuckling. [Imitative.]— cack'ler, n. 
cac'tus, 1 kak'tus; 2 cac'tus, n. [cac'ti or 
cac'tus-es z , pi.] A green, 
fleshy, spiny plant. [L.] 
cad, 1 kad; 2 cad, n. 1. A 
low fellow or hanger-on. 

2. [Eng.] The conductor 
of an omnibus. [< cadet.] 

—cad'dish, a. 
ca-dav'er-ous, 1 ka-dav'- 
ar-us; 2 ca-dav'er-us, a. 

Like a corpse; pale; 
ghastly.— ca-da 'ver, n. A 
corpse, as for dissection, 
cad'die, 1 kad'i; 2 cad'i, n. 

An errand-boy, as one 
carrying clubs for golf-players. cad'dyt; cad'- 
ief; cad'yf. 

cad'dy, 1 kad'i; 2 cad'y, n. [cad'dies 2 , pi.] A 
receptacle for tea. [ < Malay kali, pound.] 
ca'deuce, 1 ke'dens; 2 ca'dSng, n. Rhythmical 
movement, as in music. [ < L. cado, fall.] 
ca-det', 1 ka-det'; 2 ca-dSt', ». 1. A pupil in a 
naval or military school. 2. A younger son 
or brother serving in the army without a 
commission. [F.]— ca-det'ship, n. 

Ca'diz, 1 kB'diz; 2 ea'diz, n. A province (2,834 
sq. m.; pop. 468,000) of S. W. Spain, and its 
capital (pop. 65,360). 

Cad'inus, 1 kad'mus; 2 cad'mus, n. Myth. 
Founder of Thebes; brought Phenician alphabet 
to Greece. Kad 'most [Gr.]. 

Ca"dor"na', 1 ka"der"na'; 2 ca"d6r / 'na', Luigi 
(1850- ). Italian general; defeated Austrians, 

1915, but was himself defeated by Austro*Ger- 
mans in 1917. 

cae'cum, ) 1 sl'kum; 2 ce'cum, n. [c^'ca, pi.] A 
ce'cum, s blind pouch, or cavity, open only at 
one end, especially that situated between the 
large and small intestines. [L., < csecus, blind.] 
Caed'mon, 1 kad'man; 2 ead'mon, n. The earliest 
known English poet (7th century). 

Caen, 1 kah; 2 can, n. Old French city, former 
capital of Normandy; burial-place of William 
the Conqueror. 

Caer'le-on, 1 kar'li-en; 2 car'le-6n, n. A Roman 
station in Britain; a ruined amphitheater is the 
supposed seat of King Arthur’s court. 

Cae'sar, 1 si'zar; 2 c6'sar, Julius (100-44 B.C.). 

A Roman general, statesman, and historian. 
C;»s"a-re'a, 1 ses"o-rI'a; 2 ces"a-re'a, n. An an¬ 
cient seaport in Palestine, now a ruined village, 
cse-su'ra, cae-su'ral, etc. See cesura, etc. 


ca"fe', 1 ka"fe'; 2 ca"fe*, n. 1. A coffee-house; 

restaurant. 2. Coffee. [F.] 

Ca"gay-an', 1 ka'gai-an'; 2 ea"gy-an', n. A prov¬ 
ince (6,587 sq. m.; pop. 96,000) in Luzon, P. I. 
cage, 1 kej; 2 cag. 1. vt. [caged; cag[ing.] To 
shut up in or as in a cage; confine; imprison. 
II. n. A structure, with openwork of w ire or 
bars, as for confining birds or beasts. [F.] 
Ca'glia-ri, 1 ka'lya-rl; 2 ca'lya-ri, Paolo (1532- 
1588). Venetian painter, born at Verona; called 
Paul Veronese. 

Ca-giios'tro, 1 ka-lyos'tro; 2 ca-lyos'tro, Ales¬ 
sandro (1743-1795). Assumed name of Italian 
impostor, Giuseppe Balsamo. 

Cai'a-phas, 1 ke'for kai']a-fas; 2 ca'[or cl']a-fas, n. 

A Jewish high priest. Luke iii, 2. 

Cain, 1 ken; 2 can, n. Bib. Eldest son of Adam; 

slew his brother Abel. Gen. iv, 1-10. 
cairn, 1 karn ; 2 earn, n. A mound or heap of 
stones, as for a memorial. [Scot., < Gael, cam, 
heap.] [(pop. 791,000). 

Cai'ro, 1 kaiTo; 2 cl'ro, n. The capital of Egypt 
cals'son, 1 ke'san; 2 ca'son, n. 1. Mil. An 
ammunition*chest or *wagon. 2. Engin. A 
large water-tight box within which work is 
done under water, as on a bridge-pier. [F.] 
cai'tif(f p , 1 ke'tif; 2 ca'tif. I. a. Vile; basely 
wicked. II. n. A base wretch. [< L.o F cap- 
tlvus, captive.] 

ca-jole', 1 ke-jol'; 2 ca-j5l', vt. & vi. [ca-joled'; 
ca-jol'ing.] To impose on by flattery; dupe; 
wheedle. [< F. cajoler, < cage; see cage, n.] — 
ca-jol'er, n.— ca-jol'er-y,n. [-iEs z ,ph] Theact 
of cajoling; deceit; flattery.— ca-jol'ing-ly, adr. 
cake, 1 kek; 2 cak. I. vt. & vi. [caked*; cak'- 
ing.] To form into a hardened mass. II. n. 
1. A sweetened and baked culinary composi¬ 
tion; also, a small or thin mass of dough, etc., 
baked or fried. 2. A hardened mass. [ < Ice. kaka.] 
Cal., abbr. Calcium, calendar, calomel.— Cal. 

(official), Calif., abbr. California, 
cal'a-bash, 1 kal'a-basfli; 2 cal'a-bash, n. A 
gourd of the calabash-tree, or a vessel made 
from its shell; also, the tree. [< Per. sp + F khar- 
buz, melon.] 

cal"a-boose', 1 kal'a-bQs'; 2 cal'a-bobs', n. [Local 
U. S.] A jail; lock-up. 

Ca-la'bri-a, 1 ka-le'bn-a; 2 ea-la'bri-a, n. A for¬ 
mer department (5,819 sq. m.; pop. 1,472,000) 
in Italy.— Ca-la'brl-an, a. & n. 

Ca"lais', 1 ka"le'; 2 ea"l&', n. A French seaport 
(pop. 72,000) on English Channel, facing Dover, 
ca-lam'i-ty, 1 ka-lam'i-ti; 2 ea-lam'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] A misfortune or disaster. 
[< L. F calainita(t-)s.} — ca-lam'i-tous, a. Dis¬ 
astrous. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
cal'a-mus, 1 kal'a-mus; 2 cal'a-miis, n. [-mi, 
pi.] 1. A kind of flag, sweet' -flag" 2. 
[C-] A genus of Oriental climbing palms—the 
climbing rattans. 2. A reed; quill; pen; flute. 
[ < Gr. L kalamos, reed.] 

ca-lash', 1 ka-lasih'; 2 ea-lSsh', n. A low¬ 
wheeled light carriage 
with folding top; a 
folding carriage-top or 
hood. [< Gr. F kalesche.) 
cal-ca're-ous, 1 kal-ke'- 
n-us; 2 cal-ca're-us, a. 

Of, containing, or like 
lime or limestone. [< 

L. calx {calc-), lime.] , , 

Cal'chas, 1 kal'kas;2 cal'- Calash. 

cas, n. A legendary Greek soothsayer at the 
siege of Troy. Kal'chasf [Gr.]. 
cal'ci-mine, 1 kal'si-mnin; 2 cal'gi-mln. I. vt. 




1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 











91 


Cabot 

calory 


[-mined; -min"ing.] To apply calcimine to. 
II. n. A white or tinted wash for ceilings, 
walls, etc. [< L. calx {calc-), lime.] 
cal 'cine, 1 kal'sin or kal-sain'; 2 cal'gin or cal¬ 
lin', vt. & vi-. [cal/cined; cal'cin-ing.] To 
render or become friable by heat. [< L. F calx 
{calc-), lime.]—cal"ci-na'tion, n. 
cal'cl-lim, 1 kal'si-um; 2 cal'gi-um, n. A 
metallic element, found in limestone, etc. [ < L. 
calx, lime.] 

cal'cu-late, 1 kal'kiu-let; 2 cal'cu-lat, vt. & vi. 
[-LAT ,, ED d ; -lat"ing.] To compute mathe¬ 
matically; ascertain by computation; reckon; 
estimate; plan. [< L. calculus, pebble.]—cal'- 
cu-la-bl(e p , a. Capable of being calculated, 
estimated, or forecast.—cal"cu-la'tlon, n. 1. 
The act or art of computing. 2. A computation; 
reckoning.—cal'cu-la"tor, n. One who cal¬ 
culates; a calculating machine or set of tables, 
cal'cu-lus, 1 kal'kiu-lus; 2 cal'cu-lus, n. [-li, 
pi.] 1. Pathol. A stonedike concretion, as in 
the bladder. 2. Math. A method of calculat¬ 
ing by algebraic symbols. [L., dim. of calx 
{calc-), stone.]—cal'cti-lous, a. Stony; gritty; 
pertaining to, like, or affected with calculus. 
Cal-cut'ta, 1 kal-kut'a; 2 cal-eut'a, n. The capi¬ 
tal of Bengal, India (pop. 1,027,000). 
cal'dron, 1 kel'dron; 2 cal'dron, n. A large 
kettle or boiler. [< L. OF caldaria, < caldus, 
hot.] caul'dronf. 

Cal"e-do'nl-a, 1 kar'i-do'm-a; 2 care-do'ni-a, n. 
Ancient name of Scotland, now poetical. —Cal"- 
e-do'ni-an, a. & n. 

cal'en-dar, 1 kal'en-dar; 2 cal'gn-dar, n. 1. A 
systematic arrangement of subdivisions of 
time, as years and months. 2. An almanac. 
[< L. calendx, calends (first day of the Roman 
month).] 

cal'en-der, 1 kal'en-dar; 2 cal'gn-der. I. vt. 
To press in a calender. II. n. A machine for 
giving to cloth, paper, etc., a gloss, by press¬ 
ing between rollers. [ < L. LL+F cylindrus, cylinder.] 
calf 1 , 1 kaf; 2 caf, n. [calves 2 , pi.] 1. The 
young of the cow or of various other animals. 
2. The skin of the calf, or leather made from 
it. calf'skin"t. [< AS. cealf.] 
calf 2 , n. [calves 2 , pi] The hinder part of the 
human leg below the knee. [ < Ice. kalfi.] 
Cal-houn', 1 kal-hun'; 2 cal-hun', John C. (1782- 
1850). American statesman; States’ rights ad¬ 
vocate. 

Cal'1-ban, 1 kal'i-ban; 2 cal'i-ban, n. In Shake¬ 
speare’s Tempest, a deformed savage slave of 
Prospero. 

cal'i-ber, ) 1 kal'i-bar; 2 cal'i-ber, n. 1. The 
cal'i-bre, ) internal diameter of a tube, as of a 
gumbarrel; size of bore. 2. Degree of indi¬ 
vidual capacity or power. [< F. calibre, bore of 
a gun.] _ [calyx, n. 

cal'i-ces, 1 kal'i-siz; 2 cal'i-ces, n. Plural of 
ca!'i-co, 1 kal'i-kb; 2 cal'i-co. I. o. Made of 
or like calico. II. n. [-coes 2 or -cos 2 , pi] 1. 
[U. S.] Cotton print. 2. [Eng.] White cotton 
cloth. [< Calicut, in India.] 
ca'lif, / 1 ke'lif; 2 ca'lif, n. The spiritual and 
ca'lipli, ) civil head of a Mohammedan state. 
[< Ar. khallfah, successor {i. e., of Mohammed).] 
—cal'i-fate, cal 'i-phate, n. The office, dig¬ 
nity, or reign of a calif. 

Cal"i-for'ni-a, 1 kalT-fer'm-a; 2 cal"i-for'ni-a, n. 
A Pacific State (158,360 sq.m.; pop. 2,378,000), 
U. S.— Gulf of C., an inlet of the Pacific, be¬ 
tween Mexico and Lower California. 
ca-IIg'ra-pliy, ca-log 'ra-phy. See calligraphy. 
Ca-lig'u-la, 1 ka-lig'yu-la; 2 ca-Iig'yu-la, Calus 
Caesar (12-41). A Roman emperor; assassinated. 


cal'i-per, 1 kal'i-par; 2 cal'i-per, n. An instru¬ 
ment like a pair of compasses, for 
measuring diameters: usually in 
the plural. [Corr. of caliber.] 
ca'liph, n. Same as calif, [thenics. 
cal"is-then'ics, n. Same as callis- 
ca'lix, 1 ke'liks or kal'iks; 2 ca'liks 
or eal'iks, n. [cal'i-ces 2 , pi ] 1. 

A cup=shaped organ or cavity. 

2. Same as calyx. [L., cup.] 
calk 11 , /I kek; 2 cak, vt. 1. To 
caulk 1 , ) make tight, as a boat’s 

seams, by plugging with soft 
material. 2. To fasten together. [ < Caliner 
L. OF calco, tread.]— calk'ing, n. 
calk 21 , vt. 1. To furnish with calks. 2. To 
wound with a calk. 

calk, n. A spur on a horse’s shoe, to prevent 
slipping. [< L. calx, heel.]— calk'er, n. 

call, 1 kel; 2 cal, v. I. t. 1. To appeal to by 
word of mouth. 2. To utter or read aloud. 

3. To summon; convoke; convene; invoke sol¬ 
emnly. 4. To designate or characterize in 
any way; name; style; suppose; assume to 
be so much. II. i. 1. To send out a cry or 
summons; appeal; sound a signal. 2. To 
make a brief visit. [< AS. ceallian.] — call'er, n. 

call, n. 1. A shout or cry to attract attention 
or reply. 2. A summons or invitation; divine 
vocation; requirement; claim; right; obliga¬ 
tion. 3. A brief visit. 

cal'la, 1 kal'a;2 cal'a.n. Bot. A South*African 
plant, with a large milk»white blossom. [L.] 
Cal-Ia'o, 1 ka-la'o; 2 ea-la'o, n. A seaport (pop. 

34,350) in Peru, the port of Lima, 
cal-lig 'ra-phy, [ 1 ka-lig'ra-fi; 2 ca-lig'ra-fy, n 
cal-lig'ra-ly p , ) Beautiful penmanship. [< 
Gr. kalos, beautiful, + grapho, write.] —cal"ll- 
graph'ic, a, 

call'ing, 1 kol'iq; 2 cal'ing, n. 1. A summons. 

2. Habitual occupation; a vocation. 
Cal-li'o-pe, 1 ka-lai'o-pi; 2 ea-ll'o-pe, n. Class. 

Myth. Muse of eloquence and epic poetry, 
cal'li-per, n. Same as caliper. 
cal"lis-then'ics, 1 kal"is-Chen'iks; 2 cal"is- 
thSn'ics, n. pi. Light gymnastics to promote 
grace as well as health. [ < Gr. kalos, beautiful, 
+ sthenos, strength.] 

cal'lous, 1 kal'us; 2 cal'iis, a. Thickened and 
hardened, as the skin under pressure; insen¬ 
sible; unfeeling. [< L. callosus, < callum, hard 
skin.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — cal-los'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] A thickened, hardened portion of 
the skin; hardness; insensibility, 
cal'low, 1 kal'o; 2 cal'o, a. Unfledged; in¬ 
experienced; youthful. [< AS. calu, bald.] 

calm, 1 kam; 2 cam, v. I. t. To still; soothe; 
tranquilize. II. i. To become quiet or placid. 

calm, a. Free from disturbance or agitation; 
quiet; placid; serene. [< GrAL+F kauma, heat 
of the sun.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
calm, n. Tranquillity; stillness; serenity, 
cal'o-mel, 1 kal'o-mel; 2 cal'o-mel, n. A heavy, 
white, tasteless compound of chlorin and 
mercury. [ < Gr. kalos, beautiful, + melas, black.] 
ca-lor'ic, 1 ko-lor'ik; 2 ca-lor'ic. I. a. Of or 
pertaining to heat. II. n. Heat; formerly, a 
supposed principle of heat. [< L. calor, heat..]— 
cal"o-rif'ic, a. Able to produce heat; heating. 
ca!"o-rlf'i-caU.—cal"o-rim'e-ter, n. An ap¬ 
paratus for measuring heat, 
cal'o-ry, 1 kal'o-ri; 2 cal'o-ry, n. [-ries 2 , pi.] 
One of two recognized units of heat: (1) The 
greater c., the heat required to raise one kilo- 



1-3 = final- i = habit; aisle; au = ont; oil; iff = fetid; tfhin; go; T\ = Bing; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, tins. 









calumet 

canonize 


92 


gram of water 1° C. kilogram c4- (2) The 
lesser c., the heat required to raise one gram of 
water 1° C. gram c4. [ < F. calorie, < L. 

calor, heat.] cal'o-riet. 
cal'u-met, 1 kal'yu-met; 2 eal'yu-mSt, n. A to¬ 
bacco-pipe, used by American Indians at con¬ 
ferences; pipe of peace. [F., < L. calamus, reed.] 
cal'um-ny, 1 kal'um-m; 2 eal'um-ny, n. 
[-nies z , pi.] A false, malicious, and injurious 
accusation or report; defamation; slander. [< 
L. F calumnia, < calvor, deceive.]— ca-lum'ui- 
ate, v. [-Ar"ED d ; -at"ing.] I. t. To accuse 
falsely; defame. II. i. To utter calumnies.— 
ca-lum"ni-a'tiou, n. —ca-lum'ni-a"tor, n. — 
ca-luin'ni-ous, a. Slanderous; defamatory, 
ca-lum'ni-a-to-ryt. 

calv(e p , 1 kav; 2 eav, vt. & vi. [calv(e)d 8 ; 
calv'ing.] To bring forth (a calf). [< AS. 
cealfian, < cealf, calf.] 

Cal'vin, 1 kal'vin; 2 eal'vin, John (1509-1564). 
French Protestant reformer.—Cal'vin-ism, n. 
The doctrine of Calvin.—Cal'vin-ist, n. 
calx, 1 kalks; 2 calks, n. [calx'es 2 or cal'ces, 
pi.] The residue from the calcination of 
minerals; also, lime or chalk. [L.] 

Ca-lyp'so, 1 ka-lip'so; 2 ca-lyp'so, n. Myth. A 
nymph of Ogygia, where Ulysses was wrecked, 
ca-lyx, 1 ke'liks or kal'iks; 2 ca'lyks or e&l'- 
yks, n. [cal'y-ces, 1 kal'i-slz; 2 cSl'y-geg, or 
ca'lyx-es, pi.] 1. The outermost series of 
leaves of a flower. 2. A cup-shaped part or 
organ. [L.] 

cam, 1 kam; 2 cam, n. Mech. A non-circular 
or eccentric rotating piece, to give 
reciprocating motion. [ < Dan. tarn, 
comb.] 

Cam., Camb., abbr. Cambridge. 

Cam"brai', 1 kan"bre'; 2 can"bra', n. 

French city taken by the Germans, 

1914; captured from them by British, 

Nov., 1917; recaptured by Germans 
in the spring of 1918. 
cam'brie, 1 ltem'brik; 2 eam'brie, 

n. A fine white linen or a coarse cot- shaft" », and 
ton fabric. [ < Kameryk, a Flem. city.] a recipro- 
Cain'bridge, 1 kgm'brij; 2 cfim'brldg, ® at !? g moti ° n 
n. 1. A borough (pop. 59,260) of ‘ r ° * he flj ' r ° d> 
S. E. England; seat of Cambridge 
University (first charter given 1231). 2. A 

city (pop. 109,690), E. Massachusetts; seat of 
Harvard University (founded 1636). 
Cam-by'scs, 1 kam-bdi'slz; 2 cam-by'ses, n. King 
of Persia, 529—522 B.C.; son of Cyrus. 

Cam'den, n. A city in New Jersey; pop. 116,310. 
came, i kern; 2 cam, imp. of come, v. 



Cam. 

The cam re¬ 
volves with the 



earn'd, 1 kam'el; 2 c&m'gl, n. 
atic or Af¬ 
rican rumi¬ 
nant having a 
humped back, 
and capable 
of subsisting 
long without 
water. 2. A 
buoyant wa¬ 
ter-tight con¬ 
trivance for 
lifting wrecks, 
etc. [ < Heb. g&- 
m&l, camel.]— 
cam"el- eer', 
n. — cam ' el - 
lsh,a.-ness,n. 
ca-md'li-a, 1 
ka-mel'i-a; 2 


1. A large Asi- 


Camel. V70 


ea-m51'i-a, n. Bot. A tropical Eastern tree or 
shrub w’ith white or rose-colored flowers. 
[< Kamel , a Jesuit traveler.] 
ca-mel'o-pard, 1 ka-mel'o-pard; 2 ea-mSl'o- 
pard, n. The giraffe. [Gr. kamelos, camel, + 
pardalis , pard.] 

Cam'e-lot, 1 kam'i-let; 2 eam'e-16t, n. Reputed 
seat of King Arthur’s court, in S. W. England. 
cam'e-O, 1 kam' 1 - 0 ; 2 eam'e-o, n. A striated 
stone (as onyx or agate) or shell, carved in 
relief; also, the art of so carving [< 1>L. IT 
cammxus , cameo.] 

cam'er-a, 1 kam'er-a; 2 cam'er-a, n. [-as z or 
-.e, pi .] 1. A chamber or box in which the 
image of an exterior object is projected upon 
a plane surface by a lens or lenses. 2. A 
chamber. [L., vault, < Gr. kamara, anything 
arched.]—cam'e-ral, a . 

cam'o-mile, 1 kam'o-mail; 2 eam'o-mil, n. A 
strong-scented bitter herb of the aster family. 
[< Gr. L + F chaviai , on the ground, + melon, 
apple.] 

Ca-mor'ra, 1 ka-mer'a; 2 ca-mdr'a, n. A secret 
society of Naples, Italy, practising violence and 
extortion. 

ca"mou"flage', 2 ka"mu''fld 3 '; 2 ca'mq'fiazh'. 
n. [Recent.] Disguise by masking, as ar¬ 
tillery, with branches, leaves, etc.; also, artifi¬ 
cial scenery or painting, etc., to deceive an enemy; 
by extension, any deception. [Fr., < It. camuffare, 
disguise.]-ca"mou"fleur', n. masc. [F.] One 
who devises camouflage. 

camp, 1 kamp; 2 c3,mp. I 1 , vt. & vi. To 
place in or go into camp; encamp; lodge 
temporarily. II. n. 1. A group of tents 
or other shelters, as for soldiers or hunters, 
or the place so occupied; also,- a single tent, 
cabin, etc. 2. An army encamped; military 
life; the field. [ < L. F campus, field.1 
Cam-pa'gna, 1 kam-pa'nya; 2 cam-pa'nya, n. 
A malarial plain surrounding Rome; now under 
reclamation. Cam-pa 'ni-af. 
cam-paign', / 1 kam-pen'; 2 e&m-pan', n. 1* 
cam-pain' 8 , £A series of connected military 
operations; also, the time an army keeps the 
field. 2. A political, commercial, or other con¬ 
test. [< L. F campus, field.]— cam-paign'er, n. 
Camp'bell, 1 kam'ol; 2 cam'el, n. 1. Alexan¬ 
der (1788-1866), an Irish-American theologian; 
founder of the Disciples of Christ. 2. Thomas 
(1777-1844), a Scottish poet. 

Cam-pe'clie, 1 kam-pl'tfhl; 2 cam-p€'che, n. 
Mexican state (18,087 sq. in.; pop. 86,500); its 
capital city (pop. 17,000).—Bay of C., a bay, 
S. W. part of Gulf of Mexico, 
cam'phor, / 1 kam'fsr; 2 cam'for, n. A fra- 
cam'for 8 , (grant gum-like compound, ob¬ 
tained from an Asiatic evergreen tree. [ < 
Malay AR+F fcapfir, camphor.]—cam 'phor-ate,tf. 
[-at"ed‘1; -at'ing.] To treat with camphor.— 
cam-phor'ic, a . 

cam'pus, 1 kam'pus; 2 cam'pfls, n. The grounds 
of a college, or court enclosing the buildings. 
can 1 , 1 kan; 2 can, v. [could.] [A defective 
auxiliary now used only in the present and 
imperfect indicative.] To be able (to do 
something). [< AS. cann , 1st and 3d per. sing, 
of cunnan , know.] [up in cans. 

can 2 , vt. [canned, cand»; can'ning.] To put 
can, n. A vessel for holding, carrying, or pre¬ 
serving liquids. [ < AS. canna , can.] 

Can., abbr. Canada.—can., abbr. Canon, canto. 
Ca'naan, 1 ke'nan; 2 ca'nan, n. That part of 
Palestine between the Jordan and the Mediter¬ 
ranean.—Ca'naan-ite, a. & n. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, g'3; net, er; full, rQle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh^t, jtll; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit t ice; i = e; I = e; go, n6t, or, wdn) 









93 


calumet 

canonize 


Can'a-da, Dominion of, 1 kan'a-da; 2 can'a-da. 
A federation of colonies and provinces (3,729,665 
sq. m.; pop. 7,205.GUO) of British North America 
(except Newfoundland).— Ca-na'di-an, a. & n. 
ca-nailie', 1 ke-nel' or ( F .) ka"na'ya; 2 ea-nal' 
or (F.) ca/'na'ye, n. The rabble; mob. [F.] 
ca-nal', 1 ka-nal'; 2 ea-nal', n. An artificial 
inland waterway; any channel, groove, pas¬ 
sage, or duct. [ < L. F canalis, channel.] 

Ca-nal' Zone. A strip of United States territory 
extending 5 miles on each side of the Panama 
Canal, across the Isthmus of Panama, 
ca-nard1 ka-nard'; 2 ca-nard', n. A fabri¬ 
cated sensational story. [F.] 
ca-na'ry, 1 ka-ne'ri; 2 ca-na'ry, n. [-ries z , pZ.] 
1. A finch, originally of the Canary Islands, 
now a common cage-bird. 2. A bright yellow 
color. 3. Wine from the Canary Islands. 
Ca-na'ry Is'lands. A group of Spanish islands 
(2,808 sq. m.; pop. 506,410) off N. W. Africa, 
can'cel, 1 kan'sel; 2 can'gel, vt. [can'celed or 
can'celled, can'celd 8 ; can'cel-ing or can'- 
cel-ling.] To mark out or off, as by crossed 
lines; strike out; annul; revoke. [< L. F cancello, 
make like a lattice.]—can"cel-a'tion, n. 
can'cer, 1 kan'sar; 2 can'ger, n. 1. A malignant 
and commonly fatal tumor; any inveterate 
and spreading evil. 2. [C-] The Crab, a zodi¬ 
acal constellation or sign. [L., crab.]—can 'cer- 
ous, a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or af¬ 
fected with a cancer; virulent; incurable. 
can"de-la 'bruin, 1 kan"di-le'brum; 2 can"de- 
la'brum, n. [-bra, pi.] A branched candle¬ 
stick or lamp-stand. [L.] 
can'did, 1 kan'did; 2 can'did, a. Sincere; in¬ 
genuous; frank; impartial; fair. [ < L. F candidus, 
white.]—can'did-ly, adv. —can'did-ness, n. 
can'di-date, 1 kan'di-det; 2 can'di-dat, n. A 
nominee or aspirant for any position. [ < L. can- 
didalus, candidus , white (because office-seekers in 
Rome wore white togas).]—can'di-da-cy, n. 
[-cies z , pi.] The state or position of being a can¬ 
didate. can'di-date"shipf; can'di-da-turef. 
can'dl(e p , 1 kan'dl; 2 can'dl, n. A cylinder of 
tallow, wax, or other solid fat, containing a 
wick, to give light when burning; a light or 
luminary. [< L. A8 candela, < candeo, shine.]— 
can'dle«pow"er, n. The illuminating power of 
a standard sperm candle: a measure of light.— 
can 'die-stick", n. A support for a candle or can¬ 
dles.—standard c., a spermaceti candle burning 
two grains a minute; used as a standard of light. 
Can'die-mas, 1 kan'dl-mas; 2 ean'dl-mas, n. The 
feast of the Purification, Feb. 2. Popularly 
called QTound*hog or woodchuck, day. 
can'dor, 1 kan'dar; 2 can'dor, n. Freedom 
from mental reservation or prejudice; open¬ 
ness; frankness; impartiality; fairness. [< L. F 
candor, < candeo, be white.] can'dourt. 
can'dy, 1 kan'di; 2 ean'dy. I. vt. & vi. [can'- 
died; can'dy-ing.] To form, form into, de¬ 
posit, or cover with crystals of sugar; pre¬ 
serve by coating with sugar. II. n. [can'- 
dies z , pi.] A confection of sugar or molasses, 
or both. [Orig. < Sans, khanda, < khand, break.] 
canc, 1 ken; 2 can. I. vt. [caned; can'ing.] 
1. To strike or beat with a cane. 2. To bot¬ 
tom or back with cane, as a chair. II. n. 1. 
A walking-stick. 2. A slender, flexible woody 
stem, or a plant with such a stem, as a rattan, 
or the sugar-cane. [Gr. L+OF kanna, reed.]—cane's 
brake", n. Land overgrown with canes, 
ca-nine', 1 ka-nuin'; 2 ca-nin', a. Pertaining 
to or like a dog. [ < L. cantnus, < cants, dog.] 


can'is-ter, 1 kan'is-tar; 2 ean'is-ter, n. 1. A 
metal case, as for tea, coffee, or spices. 2. 
A metallic cylinder filled with bullets to be 
fired from a cannon. [ < Gr. L kanistron, < kanna, 
reed.] 

can'ker, 1 karj'kar; 2 cin'ker, v. I. t. To in¬ 
fect with canker; eat away or into like a can¬ 
ker; corrode; corrupt. II. i. To fester, 
can'ker, n. 1. Any ulcerous sore with a ten¬ 
dency to gangrene; a group of small ulcers 
in the mouth. 2. A disease of fruit-trees. 3. 
Any secret or spreading evil. 4. An insect de¬ 
structive to fruit-trees. can'kersworm"J. 
[< L.Aa cancer, cancer.]— can'ker-ous, a. 
Can'ne, 1 kan'ne; 2 can'ne (anc. Can 'me, 1 kan'- 


nl; 2 can'ne), n. Village, Bari province, Italy. 
Here Hannibal defeated Romans, 216 B. C. 
can'nel, 1 kan'el; 2 ean'el, n. A bituminous coal, 
rich in gas, with low heating power, cannel 
coalf. [factory.—can'ner, n. 

can'ner-y, 1 kan'ar-i; 2 can'er-y, n. A canning 
Cannes, 1 kan; 2 can, n. A seaside resort (pop. 

30,000), S. E. coast of France, 
can'ni-bal, 1 kan'i-bal; 2 can'i-bal. I. o. 
Pertaining to or characteristic of cannibals or 
their feasts. II. n. A human being that eats 
human flesh; also, an animal that devours its 
own species. [ < Sp. Canibales (< Caribes, Ca- 
ribs).]—can'ni-bal-ism, n. —can"ni-bal-is'- 
tic, a. 

can'non, lkan'an; 2 can'on, n. [can'nons or 
can'non, pi.] A large tubular weapon for dis¬ 
charging heavy shot; a great 
gun. [< LL. F canon, tube, < 

Gr. L kanna, reed.]—cannon¬ 
ade', v. [-ad'edd; -ad'ing.] I. 
t. To attack with cannon-shot. 

II. i. To fire cannon repeatedly. 

— can"non-ade', n. A con¬ 
tinued attack with or discharge of cannon.— 
can"non-eer', n. A soldier who serves as gun¬ 
ner. can"non-ier'f. [can 1 , v. 

can'not, 1 kan'et; 2 can'ot. Can not. See 
can'ny, ) 1 kan'i; 2 ean'y, a. [Scot.] 1. Careful in 
can'nie, ) determining or acting; prudent; thrifty. 
2. Pleasing; comely; worthy. [ < Ice. ksenn, keen.] 
—can'ni-ly, adv.— can'ni-ness, n. 
ca-noe', 1 ka-nu'; 2 ea-no', n. A light boat 
propelled by paddles. [< Haytian sp canoa .]— 
ca-noe', vt. & vi. — ca-noe'ing, n.— ca-noe'- 



A Steel Cannon. 


1st, n. 

can'on 1 , 1 kan'-an; 2 can'on, n. 1. A rule or 
law; standard; criterion. 2. The books of 
the Bible that are recognized by the Church 
as inspired. [ < Gr. L+A8 kanon, rule.] 
can'on 2 , n. A dignitary of the Roman Catho¬ 
lic or the Anglican Church. [ < LL. OF canonicus, 
canonical.]— can'on-ess, n. fern. 
ca-non', ) 1 kan'yan or (Up.) ka-nyon'; 2 can'- 
can'yon, ) yon or (Sp.) ca-nyon', n. A deep 
gorge or ravine, with steep or precipitous 
sides. [Sp. canon.] 

ca-non'i-cal, { 1 ka-nen'i-kal, ka-nen'ik; 2 
ca-non'ic, ) ca-non'i-cal, ca-non'ie, a. 1. 
Belonging to or characteristic of the canon of 
Scripture. 2. Regular; lawful; accepted or 
approved. [< Gr. LL kanonikos, < kanon; see 
canon 1 .] —ca-non'i-cal-ly, adv.— can"on-ic'- 
i-ty, n. The quality of being canonical, 
ca-non'i-cals, 1 ka-nen'i-kalz; 2 ea-non'i-calg, 
n. pi. Official robes, as of the clergy, 
can'on-ize, 1 kan'an-aiz; 2 can'on-iz, vt. 
[-ized; -iz"ing.] To declare to be or regard as 
a saint. [< L. LL canon; see canon 1 .] — can"on- 
i-za'tion, n. 


1: a = final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = out; eil; Iu = feud; cfhin; go; D = Bing; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








canopy 

Caracas 


94 


can'o-py, 1 kan'o-pi; 2 can'o-py. I. vt. [-pied; 
-py-ing.] To cover with or as with a canopy. 
II. ». [-pies 2 , pi.] A suspended covering as 
over a throne, shrine, bed, etc. [ < Gr. F kono- 
peion, bed with mosquito=curtains.] 
cant ld , 1 kant; 2 cant, v. I. t. To set slant¬ 
ingly; tip up; tilt. II. i. To tilt; slant. 
cant 2d , vt. & vi. To talk with affected religious¬ 
ness. [< L. canto, freq. of cano, sing.] 
cant 1 , n. An inclination or tipping; a slope or 
set to one side. [< LL.of cantus, corner.] 
cant 2 , n. 1. Hypocritical or ostentatious re¬ 
ligious talk. 2. Any technical or professional 
phraseology. [< L. OF cantus, song.] 

Cant., abbr. Canterbury, Canticles, 
can’t, 1 kant; 2 cant. [Colloq.] Cannot, [bridge). 
Cantab., abbr. [L.] Canlabriglensis (of Cam- 
can'ta-loup, 1 kan'to-lup or -lop; 2 can'ta- 
lup or -lop, n. A variety of muskmelon. [F.] 
can-tan 'ker-OUS, 1 kan-tar)'kar-us; 2 can- 
t&n'ker-us, n. [Colloq.] Quarrelsome; ill* 
natured; perverse. [< ME. conteckour, quar¬ 
reler.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
can-ta'ta, 1 kan-ta'ta; 2 can-ta'ta, n. Mus. A 
choral composition in the style of oratorio. [It.] 
can-teen', 1 kan-tln'; 2 c&n-ten', n. Mil. 1. A 
soldiers’ drinking*flask. 2. A sutlers’ refresh¬ 
ment* and liquor=shop. [ < It. F cantina, cellar.] 
can'ter, 1 kan'ter; 2 can'ter. I. vt. & vi. To 
ride or move at a canter. II. n. A moderate, 
easy gallop. [ < Canterbury, in allusion to the 
pace of pilgrims riding to Canterbury.] 
Can'ter-bur-y, 1 kan'tar-ber-r, 2 ean'ter-Mr-y, 
n. A cathedral city (pop. 23,740) and arch¬ 
bishopric in Kent, England; seat of the Primate 
of the English Church. 

can'ti-cl(e p , 1 kan'ti-kl; 2 c&n'ti-cl, n. 1. A 
non*metrical hymn, to be chanted. 2. [C-] 
pi. The Song of Solomon. [ < L. canticulum, < 
cano. sing.] 

Can"tlg"ny', 1 kan"tl"nyl'; 2 cah"ti"nyi', n. French 
village where United States troops defeated the 
Germans, May 27-28, 1918. 
can'tl-Iev"er, 1 kan'ti-lev"er or -li'Ver; 2 can'- 



Cantilever Bridge. 

St. Lawrence Bridge. (Canadian Pacific Railway), 
near Montreal. 

ti-18v"er or -leaver, n. 1. A heavy bracket 
supporting a balcony, or the like. 2. One of 
two long bracketdike trusses, reaching to¬ 
ward each other from opposite piers, and join¬ 
ing to form a bridge. [< cant 1 , n., + lever.] 
can'ta-lev"erf; can'ta-[or -te- or-tl-]Iiv"ert. 
can'to, 1 kan'to; 2 c&n'to, n. A division of a 
poem. [< L.it cantus, song.] 
can'ton, 1 kan'ten; 2 can'ton, v. I. t. 1. To 
divide into cantons. 2. To assign to quarters. 
II. i. To enter into cantonments, 
can'ton, n. 1. A district, as of the Swiss con¬ 
federation. 2. The rectangular part of a flag 
next the staff. [F.]— can'ton-ment, n. A place 
for lodging troops, as in a town; a military station. 
Can-ton', 1 kan-ten'; 2 can-ton', n. A seaport 
(pop. 1,250,000), Kwangtung province, China. 


Cantuar., abbr. [L.] Cantuaria, Cantuariensis 
(Canterbury, of Canterbury). 

Ca-nute', 1 ka-nfit'; 2 ca-nyt', n. (994?-1035). 
A Danish king, who was king also of England 
from 1017. CnutJ. 

can'vas, 1 kan'vas; 2 can'vas, n. A heavy, 
strong cloth of various grades, used for sails, 
painting, or embroidery. [< L.° F cannabis, 
hemp.] 

can'vass', 1 kan'vas; 2 can'vas, v. 1. 1. 1. To 
go about a district to solicit (votes, etc.) ; trav¬ 
erse (a district) for solicitation; personally 
solicit. 2. To examine; scrutinize; sift. II. i. 
To go about soliciting votes, orders, or the 
like. [< canvas, n.; orig. meaning ‘sift through 
canvas.’]—can'vass-er, n. One who canvasses; 
one who solicits trade. 

can'vass, n. 1. The going about to solicit 
orders, interest, or votes. 2. A detailed ex¬ 
amination; inquiry; scrutiny, 
caout'chouc, 1 ku'dhuk; 2 cu'chuc, n. India* 
rubber. [ < S.*Am. F cahuchu.] 
cap, 1 kap; 2 cap, v. [capped*, capt 8 ; cap'- 
ping.] I. t. 1. To put a cap on; cover; 
crown; complete; also, to excel. 2. To doff 
the cap to in salutation. II. i. To uncover 
the head, as in salutation, 
cap, n. A covering without a brim, to be worn 
upon the head; a covering at the top or end of 
anything. [< LL.as cappa, hood, cape.] 
cap., abbr. [caps., pi.] Capital, capital letter.— 
Cap., Capt., abbr. Captain. 
ca'pa-bl(e p , 1 ke'ps-bl; 2 ea'pa-bl, a. Having 
adequate ability or capacity to do or to re¬ 
ceive; efficient; able; qualified; competent. [< 
L ll+f capio, take, hold.]—oa"pa-bil'I-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] The state or quality of being capa¬ 
ble. ca'pa-bl(e-ness p J.—ca'pa-bly, adv. 
ca-pa'clous, 1 ka-pe'i^lius; 2 ca-pa'shus, a. 
Able to contain or receive much; spacious; 
roomy. [ < L. capax, < capio, hold.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

ca-pac'i-tate, 1 ka-pas'i-tet; 2 ca-p&g'i-tat, vt. 
[-TAT"ED d ; -tat"ing.] To render capable; 
qualify in law. 

ca-pac'i-ty, 1 ka-pas'i-ti; 2 ca-p&c'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi ] 1. Ability to receive or contain; 
cubic extent; carrying power or space. 2. 
Adequate mental power to receive, under¬ 
stand, etc.; ability; talent; capability. 3. 
Specific position, character, or office. 4. Le¬ 
gal qualification. [<L. F capacilas, < capax; see 
capacious.] 

cap"»a*pie', 1 kap"*a*pl'; 2 cap"*a*pe', adv. 

From head to foot. [OF.] 
ca-par'i-son, 1 ka-par'i-san; 2 ca-p&r'i-son. 
I. vt. To put housings on; clothe richly. II. 
n. 1. Decorative trappings for a horse. 2. 
Showy or sumptuous apparel. [< LL. 8p+ of 
cappa, cape.] 

cape 1 , 1 kep; 2 cap, n. A point of land extend¬ 
ing into the sea or a lake. [< F. cap, < L. 
caput, head.] 

cape 2 , n. A circular sleeveless upper garment; 

a short cloak. [ < LL. F cappa, cape.] 

Cape Bret'on, 1 bret'an or brit'an; 2 brgt'on or 
brlt'on, n. An island (5,229 sq. m.; pop. 122,000) 
N. E. of Nova Scotia. 

Cape Cod. A peninsula in S. E. Massachusetts, 
enclosing Cape Cod Bay. 

Cape Horn. Southern extremity of S. America. 
Cape of Good Hope. 1. Southern extremity of 
Africa; discovered by Diaz, 1486. 2. A province 
(276,995 sq. m.; pop. 2,565,000) of the Union of 
South Africa; capital, Cape Town. 


I: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, f6rn; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go. not. or. wdn. 






















95 


canopy 

Caracas 


ca'per, 1 ke'par; 2 ca'per, vi. To leap play¬ 
fully; frisk. [< L. IT capreolus, dim. of caper, 
capra, goat.] 

ca'per 1 , n. Leaping or frisking; prank; antic. 
ca'per 2 , n. pi. The flower=buds of a low shrub 
of Mediterranean countries, used as a condi¬ 
ment. [< Ar.° R+F kabbar, caper.] 
Ca-per'na-um, 1 ka-pur'm-um;2 ca-per'na-iim, n. 

Ancient town, by the Sea of Galilee. Matt, iv, 13. 
Ca'pet, 1 ke'pet; 2 ca'pet, Hugh. French king, 
987-996; descendants reigned till 1792 (direct 
till 1328). 

Cape Tow n. A seaport (pop. 161,750), capital of 
Cape of Good Hope province, South Africa. 
Cape Verde Islands, 1 vurd; 2 verd. Group of 
Portuguese islands (1,650 sq. m.; pop. 150,000), 
W. of Senegambia, W. Africa, 
cap'il-la-ry, 1 kap'i-le-ri; 2 cap'i-la-ry. I. a. 
Of, pertaining to, or like hair; fine; slender; 
having a hair=like bore, as a tube or vessel; 
also, pertaining to such a tube. II. n. 
{-ries z , pi.] A minute vessel, as those con¬ 
necting the arteries and veins; any tube with 
a fine bore. [< L. capillaris, < capillus, hair.] 
—cap"il-lar'i-ty, n. 



cap'i-tal, 1 kap'i-tal; 2 kap'i-tal, a. 1. Stand¬ 
ing at the head or beginning; chief; principal; 
excellent; admirable. 2. Of or pertaining to 
the death ^penalty; punishable with death. 
[< L. F capitalis, < caput (capit-), head.]— 
cap'i-tal-ly, adv. 1. Excellently. 2. So as to 
deserve death. 

cap'i-tal 1 , n. 1. A chief city or town; the seat 
of government. 2. A large letter used at the 
beginning of a sentence, of a proper name, etc. 
[ < capital, a.] 

cap'i-tal 2 , n. 1. Wealth employed in or 
available for production. 2. Resources or ad¬ 
vantages. [ < LL. F capitate, property.] 
cap'i-tal 3 , n. The upper member of a column 
or pillar. [ < L. capitellum, ^ 
dim. of caput (capit-), head.] ^ 
cap'i-tal-ist, n. An owner 
of capital.—cap"i-tal-ls'- 
tic, a. 

cap'i-tal-ize 1 , 1 kap'i-tal- 
oiz; 2 cap'i-tal-iz, vt. 

[-ized;-iz"ing.] To begin mmm J| 
with a capital letter, cap'i- Egyptian Capital, 
tai-isei • 

cap'i-tal-ize 2 , vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To convert 
into capital or cash. cap'i-tal-ise|. 
cap"i-ta'tion, 1 kap"i-te'£han; 2 cap"i-ta'- 
shon, n. An individual assessment or tax. 
[< L. caput, head.] 

Cap'i-tol, 1 kap'i-tel; 2 cap'i-tol, n. 1. [U. S.] 
The official building of Congress or of a State 
legislature; a state*house. 2. The temple of 
Jupiter Maximus in ancient Rome or the hill 
on which it stood. [< L. capitolium, < caput 
(capit-), head.] „ 

ca-pit'u-Iate, 1 ka-pit'yu-let; 2 ca-pit'yu-lat, 
vt. & vi. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To surrender 
on stipulated terms; make terms. [< L. LL 
capilulum, chapter, < caput, head.]—ca-pit"u- 
la'tion, n. A conditional surrender, or the in¬ 
strument embodying it; a charter or treaty, 
ca'pon, 1 ke'pan; 2 ca'pon, n. A cock gelded 
to improve the flesh and increase growth. [< 
Gr. L+AS kapon, capon.] 

Cap"pa-do'ci-a, 1 kap"a-do'ghi-a; 2 cap"a-do'- 
shi-a, n. Ancient province in Asia Minor. Kap"- 
pa-do-ki'at [Gr.].—Cap"pa-do'cian, a. & n. 
Ca'pri, 1 ka'pri; 2 ca'pri, n. An island S. of Bay 
of Naples; also, a wine produced there. 


ca-price', 1 ka-prls'; 2 ca-prig', n. A sudden 
unreasonable change of mood or opinion; a 
whim; freak; also, a capricious disposition; 
anything capricious. [F.]— ca-pri 'clous, a. 

Characterized by or resulting from caprice; 
fickle; whimsical. -iy, adv. -ness, n. 
Cap'ri-corn, 1 kap'ri-kern; 2 cap'ri-corn, n. 
The tenth sign of the zodiac, entered by the sun 
at the winter solstice; also, a zodiacal constella¬ 
tion. [< L. caper (capr ), goat, + cornu, horn.] 
— tropic of Capricorn, see tropic. 
cap'si-cum, 1 kap'si-kum; 2 cap'si-cum, n. 
The plant producing red pepper, or its fruit. 
[ < L. capsa, box.] 

cap-size', 1 kap-saiz'; 2 cap-siz', vt. & vi. [cap¬ 
sized'; cap-siz'ing.] To upset or overturn. 
[Ult. < L. caput, head.] 

cap'stan, 1 kap'stan; 2 cap'stan, n. An up¬ 
right windlass for hoisting anchors, etc. [L. F 
capistrum, a halter.] 

cap'sule, 1 kap'siul; 2 eap'sul, n. 1. A dry 
dehiscent seed»vessel, as of a pink or a lily. 
2. A small case, shell, cap, or seal. [F.]— 
cap'su-lar, a. cap'su-Ia-ryj. 
cap'tain, 1 kap'tin; 2 cap'tin, n. The com¬ 
mander of a vessel, or of a company of sol¬ 
diers; a chief; leader. [< L. F caput (capit-), 
head.]— cap'tain-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.) The posi¬ 
tion, rank, or term of office of a captain, cap'- 
tain-shipf. 

cap'tion, 1 kap'ffhan; 2 cap'shon, n. 1. A title, 
introduction, or heading. 2. An arrest. [< L. 
captio(n ), < capio, take.] 
cap'tious, 1 kap'^hus; 2 cap'shiis, a. 1. Apt 
to find fault; hypercritical. 2. Perplexing; 
sophistical. [< L. F capliosus, deceptive.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

cap'ti-vate, 1 kap'ti-vet; 2 eap'ti-vat, vt. 
[-vat"ed <! ; -vat"ing.] To charm; win; fasci¬ 
nate. [ < L. captivatus, < captivus, captive.] 
—cap"ti-va'tion, n. 

cap'tiv(e 8 , 1 kap'tiv; 2 cap'tiv. I. a. Taken 
prisoner; held in confinement or bondage. II. 
n. 1. One captured and held in confinement 
or restraint; a prisoner. 2. One who is held 
captive in will and feeling. [< L. captivus, < 
captus, pp. of capio, take.]—cap-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. 
The state of being held captive; thraldom. 2. 
[Archaic.] Captives collectively.—cap'tor, n. 
One who takes or holds captive, 
cap'ture, 1 kap'dhur; 2 cap'chur. I. vt. [cap'- 
tured; cap'tur-ing.] To take captive; take 
possession of; catch; gain; win. II. n. 1. 
A capturing, or being captured. 2. The per¬ 
son or thing captured. [F., < L. caplura, < 
captus, pp. of capio, take.] 

Cap'u-a, 1 kap'yu-a; 2 eap'yu-a, n. An ancient 
town in S. W. Italy. 

Cap'u-let, 1 kap'yu-let; 2 cap'yu-16t, n. Father 
of Juliet, in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. 
car, 1 kar; 2 car, n. 1. [U. S.] A vehicle for 
use on a railroad. 2. A wheeled vehicle, as an 
automobile; chariot. 3. The cage of an ele¬ 
vator. 4. The basket of a balloon or the like. 
[ < OF. car; of Celtic origin.] 

Car., abbr. [L.] Carolus (Charles). —car., abbr. 
Carat. 

ca"ra-ba'o, 1 kd"ra-ba'o; 2 ca/'ra-ba'o, n. 

[P. I.] A water*buffalo. 
car'a-bine, n. Same as carbine. 

Car"a-cal'la, 1 kar"a-kal'a; 2 car"a-eal'a, Marcus 
Aurelius Antoninus (188-217). A Roman 
emperor (212-217). 

Ca-rac'as, 1 ka-rak'as; 2 ea-rac'as, n. A city 
(pop. 90,000); capital of Venezuela. 


I: 8 = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Iu = feud; (fhin; go; o = sin 0 ; fhin, ttiis. 
2 : wQlf, dp; book, boot; fgll, rule, cure, but, bttrn; oil, boy; go, fcem; ink; thin, this. 






















caracK 

carpet 


96 


car'ack, 1 kar'ek; 2 e&r'ak, n. A large Portuguese 
or Spanish merchantman. [ < LL. F carrico, load 
a car.] car'act; car'rackt; car'yckf. 
ca-rafe', 1 ka-rof'; 2 ea-raf', n. A glass water* 
bottle; decanter. [F.] 

car'a-mel, 1 kar'a-mel; 2 ear'a-m^l, n. 1. A 
candy of sugar, butter, etc. 2. Burnt sugar. [F.] 
car'at, 1 kar'at; 2 ear'at, n. 1. A twenty* 
fourth part: expressing the proportion of gold 
in an alloy. 2. A unit of weight for gems, 
about 3.2 grains. [F.] 

car'a-van, 1 kar'a-van; 2 ear'a-van, n. An 
Oriental armed company of traders, pilgrims, 
etc.; traveling company or menagerie. [ < Per. 8P+F 
karwdn, caravan.]— car"a-van'sa-ry, n. [-riesz, 
pi.] An Oriental hostelry or inn. car"a-van 'se¬ 
rai; car"a-van'se-raij; car"a-van'ser-yj. 
car'a-vel, 1 kar'a-vel; 2 eir'a-vSl, n. A fleet 
vessel of 


Spain and 
Portugal in 
the 15th cen¬ 
tury. [ < Gr. LL 
karabos, light 
ship.] 

car'a-way, 1 

kar'o-we; 2 
c&r'a-wa, n. 
A European 
biennial herb; 
also, its fruit, 



Caravel. 

[ < Ar. 8p al, the, + kamfigd, 


the so*called seeds, 
caraway.] 

car'bid, ) 1 kar'bid or-baid; ear'bid or-bid, n. 
car'bide, s a compound of carbon with one or 
more positive elements. car'bu-rett- 
car'bine, 1 kar'bain or -bln; 2 ear'bln or -bin, n. 
A horseman’s rifle or musket. [< F. cirabin .]— 
car"birneer', n. A soldier armed with a carbine. 
car-bol'ic, 1 kar-bel'ik; 2 ear-bol'ie, a. Of, 
pertaining to, or derived from carbon and 
oil; of or pertaining to coal*tar oil. [< carbon 
+ L. oleum, oil.]— carbolic acid, a caustic 
poison, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, 
car'bon, 1 kar'ban; 2 car'bon, n. A non* 
metallic chemical element found in all or¬ 
ganic substances, and in the coals, etc.; pure 
charcoal; also, anything made of carbon. [< L. 
carbo{n-), coal.]— car"bo-na'ceous, a. Of, per¬ 
taining to, or yielding carbon.— car'bon-ate. 
I. vt. [-at"ed' 1 ; -at"ing.) To charge with car¬ 
bonic acid. II. n. A salt of carbonic acid.— car¬ 
bon 'ic, a. Of, pertaining to, or obtained from 
carbon.— carbonic acid, a heavy, colorless, in¬ 
combustible gas, produced in the respiration of 
animals and in the decay or combustion of or¬ 
ganic matter.—car"bon-If'er-ous, a. Con¬ 
taining or yielding carbon or coal.— car"bon-I- 
za'tion, n.— car'bon-ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] 
To reduce to carbon; coat or charge with carbon. 
car"bo-run'duni, 1 kar"bo-run'dum; 2 ear"bo- 
run'dum, n. An artificial compound of carbon 
and silicon: used as an abrasive. [< carbo[n] 
+ [co]rundum.] 

car'boy, 1 kar'bei; 2 car'boy, n. A large glass 
bottle enclosed in a box or in wickerwork, for 
corrosive acids, etc. [< Per. qaraba, demijohn.] 
car'bun-cl(e p , 1 kar'burj-kl; 2 ear'bun-el, n. 
1. A malignant boil; anthrax. 2. Mineral. 
A gem of brilliant fire and deep red color. [< 
L.° F carbunculus, dim. of carbo(n-), coal.] 
car'bu-ret"er, 1 kar'biu-ret"ar; 2 car'bu-rfit'er, 
n. A device for combining air with the vapor of a 
liquid fuel to secure explosive action, as in motor* 
engines. car'bu-ret"orf ; car'bu-ret"terf. 


car'cass, / 1 kar'kas; 2 car'cas, n. 1. The dead 
car'case, ) body of an animal. 2. The frame, 
as of a house or ship. 3. A bomb filled with 
an inflammable substance. [ < OF. carcas .] 
card 1 , 1 kard; 2 card, vt. To comb, dress, or 
cleanse with a card. See card 2 , n. 
card 1 , n. 1. A piece of cardboard bearing a 
name, address, business, etc., or symbols for 
use in certain games. 2. Cardboard. [ < 
Gr. L+F charte, leaf of paper.]—card'board", n. 
A thin pasteboard of fine quality and finish. 
card 2 , n. A wire*toothed brush for carding 
wool, etc., or for currying cattle and horses. 
[ < L. LL carduus, thistle.] 

Card., abbr. Cardinal. 

Car'de-nas, 1 kar'de-nas; 2 car'de-nas, n. A 
Cuban seaport (pop. 32,750). 
car'di-ac, 1 kar'di-ak; 2 car'di-ac, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to, situated near, or affecting the heart. 
Car'diff, 1 kar'dif; 2 ear'dlf, n. A mining and sea¬ 
port town (pop.200,260), Glamorganshire, Wales. 
—Cardiff giant, a rude statue discovered, 1869, 
near Cardiff, N. Y. 

car'di-gan, 1 kar'di-gan; 2 car'di-gan, n. A 
jacket of knitted wool. [ < the Earl of Cardigan .] 
car'di-nal, 1 kar'di-nal; 2 car'di-nal, a. 1. Of 
prime importance; chief; fun¬ 
damental. 2. Of a rich, red 
color; vermilion. [ < L. cardinalis, 
pertaining to a hinge, important, 

< cardo, hinge.] -ly, adv. 
car'di-nal, n. 1. One of the 
princes of the Roman Catholic 
Church, constituting the Pope’s 
chief advisory council. 2. A 
cardinal*bird. 3. A short, 
hooded cloak worn by women 
iD the 18th century. 4. A 
bright and rich red color. [ < L. 
cardinalis; see cardinal, a.]— 
car'di-nal-ate, n. The rank, 
dignity, or term of office of a car¬ 
dinal. car'dl-nal-slilpf. — car'- 
di-nal*blrd", n. An American, 
crested finch; red»blrd. 
car'di-o-, 1 kar'di-o-; 2 ciir'di-o-. From Greek 
kardia, heart: a combining form. — car'dl-o- 
graph, n. Med. An instrument for tracing 
and recording the force of the movements of the 
heart, car'di-a-graphf. — car"di-o-graph'ic, 
a. —car"di-og'ra-phy, n. car"di-ag'ra-phyj. 
—car'di-old, n. A heart-shaped curve, 
care, 1 kar; 2 c&r, vi. [cared; car'ing.] 1. To 
be interested or concerned for some person or 
thing. 2. To be inclined or disposed; desire, 
care, n. 1. Anxiety or concern; solicitude. 2. 
Responsible charge or oversight. 3. Watch¬ 
ful regard or attention; heed. 4. Any object 
of solicitude or guardianship. [< AS. cam, 
cearu.] — care'fill, a. Exercising, marked by, or 
done with care; attentive and prudent; circum¬ 
spect. • -ly, adv. -ness, n.— care'less, a. 1. 
Neglectful; indifferent; heedless. 2. Free from 
solicitude or anxiety; light-hearted. 3. Negli¬ 
gent; easy, -ly, adv. -ness, n .—care 'worn", 
a. Tired or harassed with care, 
ca-reen', 1 ko-rin'; 2 ea-ren', vt. & vi. To tip 
or incline to one side, as a vessel. [ < L. F carina, 
keel.] 

ca-reer', 1 ka-rir'; 2 ea-rer'. I. vi. To'move 
with a swift, free, and headlong motion. II. 
n. A free and swdft course; a swift run or 
charge; a life or period of notable achieve¬ 
ment. [< F. carrUre, < OF. cariere, road.] 



Cardinal*bird. 

Vt 

cardinal*red. 


ca-ress', 1 ka-res'; 2 ea-r6s'. IV vt. To touch 




1 : artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, Sr; full, rGle; but, burn; 
3 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. Ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or. wdn. 

















97 


carack 

carpet 


or handle endearingly; fondle; embrace; pet; 
treat with favor. II. n. The act of fondling; 
a gentle, affectionate movement. [< LL. IT+P 
caritia, dearness, < L. cams, dear.]—ca-ress'- 
Ing, pa. -ly, adv. 

ca'ret, 1 ke'ret; 2 ca'ret, n. A sign (A) placed 
below a line, denoting an omission. [L., there is 
wanting, < careo, want.] 

Ca'rey, 1 ke'ri; 2 ca'ry, n. 1. Henry C. (1793- 
1879), an American economist. 2. William 
(1761-1834), a founder of English Christian Mis¬ 
sions in India, and Sanskrit scholar. 

car'go, 1 kar'go; 2 ear'go, n. [-goes 2 , pi.] 
Goods and merchandise taken on board of a 


vessel; lading; load. [Sp.] 

Car"ib-be'an Sea, 1 karT-bl'an; 2 ear"i-be'an. 

A sea between West Indies and South America, 
car'i-bou, 1 kar'i-bu; 2 car'i-by, n. The North* 
American reindeer. [Ca¬ 
nadian F.] 

car'i-ca-ture, 1 kar'i-ks- 
dhur; 2 car'i-ca-chur. I. 
ti. [-tured; -tur"ing.] To 
represent so as to make 
ridiculous; travesty; bur¬ 
lesque. II. n. 1. A pic-; 
ture or description marked 
by ridiculous exaggeration 
or distortion; burlesque. 

2. The act or art of caricaturing. [F.j— 
car'i-ca-tur-lst, n. A maker of caricatures, 
ca'ri-es, 1 ke'ri-iz; 2 ca'ri-eg, n. Ulceration 
and decay of a bone or of a tooth. [L.]— ca'ri- 
ous, a. Affected with caries; decayed. 
Ca-rin'thi-a, 1 ks-rin'fhi-a; 2 ea-rin'thi-a, n. A 
region of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and 



Caribou Antlers. 


Slovenes (3,989 sq. m.; pop. 370,000). 
car'i-ole, 1 kar'i-ol; 2 ear'i-ol, n. A small car¬ 
riage. [F.] 

cark, 1 kark; 2 eark, vt. & vi. [Archaic.] To fill or 
be filled with anxiety; as, caricing care. 

carl, 1 kfirl; 2 carl, n. [Dial, or Poet.] A stout 
fellow; rustic; churl. [< AS. carl.] carlef. 

Car-lisle', 1 kar-lail'; 2 car-111', n. 1. A cathedral 
city (pop. 52,600), of N. E. England, where Mary 
Queen of Scots was imprisoned, 1568. 2. John 

Griffin (1835-1910), American statesman; 
Speaker of House of Representatives, 1883; Se¬ 
cretary of U. S. Treasury, 1893. 

Carl'1st, 1 karl'ist; 2 carl'ist, n. In France, a 
supporter of Charles X. and his line; in Spain, a 
supporter of the pretender, Don Carlos de Bour¬ 
bon (1788-1855), and of his representatives. 
Carls'bad, 1 karls'bat; 2 carls'bat, n. A health 
resort (pop. 15,000) in Bohemia. 

Car-lyle', 1 kar-lail'; 2 car-lyl', Thomas (1795- 
1881). Scottish author; the “Sage of Chelsea.” 
car'man, 1 kar'man; 2 car'man, n. [car'men, 
pi.] One who drives a car or cart. 

Car'mel, Mount, 1 kar'mel; 2 ear'mel. Mountain 
in central Palestine, associated with Elijah, etc. 
car'mine, 1 kdr'min; 2 car'min, n. A rich 
purplish*red color; a pigment prepared from 
cochineal; rouge. [< Ar.^ qirmazi, crimson.] 
car'nage, 1 kar'mj; 2 car'nag, n. Extensive 
and bloody slaughter; massacre; also, the 
bodies of the slain. [< L. IT+F caro (earn-), flesh.] 
car'nal, 1 kar'nal; 2 car'nal, a. Pertaining to 
the fleshly nature or to bodily appetites; sen¬ 
sual; formerly, worldly; not spiritual. [< L. 
carnalis, < caro, flesh.]— car-nal'i-ty, n. The 
quality of being carnal; sensuality.— car'nal- 
ize, vt. To make carnal.— car'nal-ly, adv. 
Car-nar'von, 1 kar-nar'van; 2 ear-nar'von, n. A 
town (pop. 8,300) in Wales; birthplace of Ed¬ 


ward II. 


car-na'tion, 1 kar-ne'shan; 2 car-na'shon, n* 
1 . Flesh'color. 2. A pink of southern Europe. 
[< L. F caro {earn-), flesh.] 

Car-neg'ie, 1 kar-neg'i; 2 car-neg'i, An¬ 
drew (1837—1919). Scottish*American iron¬ 
master, manufacturer and benefactor.— Car¬ 
negie Institution, an institution for investi¬ 
gation, research, and discovery for the im¬ 
provement of mankind, founded at Washington, 
D. C., 1902, by Andrew Carnegie, 
car-ne'lian, 1 kar-nil'yan; 2 ear-nel'yan, n. A 
clear red chalcedony, often cut as a gem. 
[< L. F cornu, horn.] cor-ne'lianf. 
car'ni-val, 1 kar'm-val; 2 car'ni-val, n. 1. A 
period of festival and gaiety, just before 
Lent. 2. Any gay festival or revel. [<L. ll+it 
earn, flesh, + levo, take away, lighten.] 
car-niv'o-rous, 1 kar-niv'o-rus; 2 car-mv'o- 
rus, a. Eating or living on flesh. [< L. caro 
learn-), flesh, + voro, devour.] -ly, adv. -ness, 
n. — Car-niv'o-ra, n. pi. An order of carnivorous 
mammals.— car'ni-vore, n. One of the Carnivora. 
car'ob, 1 kar'ab; 2 car'ob, n. 1. An evergreen 
tree of the Mediterranean region. 2. Its long, 
sickle=shaped, fleshy pods, used for fodder, 
car'obsbean'f. [ < Ar. m +F kharrub, bean*pods.] 
car'obet; ca-roub'af; car'ubbet. 
car'ol, 1 kar'al; 2 car'ol. I. vt. & vi. [car'- 
oled or car'olled, car'old s ; car'ol-ing or 
car'ol-ling.] T o utter in song, as a bird; sing; 
warble. II. n. A song of joy; the warbling 
of birds; a hymn of religious joy. [ < OF. caroile.) 
car'om, 1 kar'am; 2 car'om. I. vi. To make a 
glancing movement. II. n. The impact of a 
billiard*ball against two other balls in suc¬ 
cession, or the stroke producing it. [Abbr. of F. 
carambole.] can'nonf [Eng.]; car'romf. 
ca-rot'id, 1 ka-ret'id; 2 ca-rot'id. I. a. Of, 
pertaining to, or near one of the carotids. 
-alE II. n. One of the great arteries of the 
neck, carotid artery $. [< Gr. karoti{d-)s, 

carotid artery.] 

ca-rou'sal, 1 ka-rau'zal; 2 ea-rou'gal, n. A 
jovial feast or banquet; boisterous revelry, 
ca-rouse', 1 ka-rauz'; 2 ca-rou§'. I. vi. [ca¬ 
roused'; ca-rous'ing.] To drink deeply and 
boisterously. II. n. A carousal; a bumper. 
[ < Gr. OF gar, completely, + aus, out.] 
car'ou-sel, 1 kar'u-zel; 2 ear'q-§el, n. A merry* 
go=round. [< F. carrousel.) car'rou-self. 
carp*, 1 karp; 2 carp, vi. To find fault un¬ 
reasonably; cavil. [< Ice. karpa, boast.] 
carp, n. [carp, formerly carps, pi.] A fresh* 
water food*fish. [ < LL. OF carpa, carp.] 
carp., abbr. Carpentry. 

car'pal, 1 kdr'pal; 2 car'pal, a. Of, pertaining 
to, or near the wrist. [ < Gr. karpos, wrist.] 
Car-pa'thi-an, n. Same as Karpathian. 
car'pel, 1 kdr'pel; 2 ear'pel, n. A one*celled 
pistil or seed*vessel. [ < Gr. karpos, fruit.] car- 
pel'umf. 

car'pen-ter, 1 kdr'pen-tar; 2 car'pen-ter, n. 
A builder or repairer of wooden structures. 

[ < L.o F carpentum, two*wheeled carriage.]— 
car'pen-try, n. The art, trade, or work of a 
carpenter. 

car'pet, 1 kar'pet; 2 car'pSt. I d . vt. To cover 
with or as with a carpet. II. n. A heavy 
ornamental floor*covering; also, the fabric 
used for it. [< LL. OF carpila, thick woolen 
cloth.]—car'pet-bag", n. A hand*bag for trav¬ 
elers, especially one made of carpeting.—^car'- 
pet-ing, n. 1 . Material used for carpets; car¬ 
pets collectively. 2. The act of covering with 
or as with carpet. 


1*a = final; l = habit; aisle; an = out; ©II; Iu = feud; dhin; go; r) = sinp; €hin, this, 
<3:wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; 111 k; thin, this. 







Carrara 

cataclysm 


98 


Car-ra'ra, 1 kar-ra'ra; 2 car-ra'ra, n. Town (pop. 

42,000), N. Italy; famous for marble*quarries. 
car'riage, 1 kar'ij; 2 car'ag, n. 1. A wheeled 
vehicle for carrying persons. 2. That which 
carries something, as in a machine. 3. 
Transportation; the charge for, or cost of, 
carrying. 4. Deportment; bearing. 5||.That 
which is carried. [ < OF. cariage, < carier, carry.) 
car'ri-er, 1 kar'i-ar; 2 car'i-er, n. One who or 
that which carries.— car"ri-erspig'eon, w. A 
homing pigeon. See homing, under home. 
car'ri-on, 1 kar'i-an; 2 car'i-on, to. Dead and 
putrefying flesh; a carcass. [< L. LL caro, flesh.) 
car'rot, 1 kar'at; 2 car'ot, n. A reddish*yellow 
edible root, or the plant producing it. [< Gr. L+F 
karoton , carrot.)— car'rot-y, a. Like a carrot; 
reddishoyellpw. 

car'ry, 1 kar'i; 2 car'y, v. [car'ried; carry¬ 
ing.] I. t. 1. To bear, or cause to be borne, 
fiom one place to another; transport; convey. 
2. To bear in mind; contain; include; com¬ 
prise; involve; imply. 3. To lead; urge; move; 
influence. 4. To transfer; remove; extend. 
5. To win; capture. G. To bear up; sustain; 
hold. 7. To demean or conduct; bear; behave; 
8. [U. S.] To keep on hand. II. i. 1. To 
act as a carrier. 2. To have or exert impelling 
or propelling power. [ < L. OF carrus, cart.) 
car'ry, 1 kar'i; 2 car'y, to. [car'ries 2 , pi .] A 
portage. 

car'ry-all", 1 kar'i-el"; 2 car'y-al", to. A one* 
horse four*wheeled covered vehicle. [Corr. 
of CARIOLE.] 

Car 'so, 1 kar'so; 2 car'so, ra. Mountainous region 
N. of Trieste, Italy; Italians defeated Austrians, 
1916-17. 

cart d , 1 kart; 2 cart, v. 1. 1. To convey or carry 
in or as in a cart. II. i. To drive or use a 
cart.— cart'age, n. The act or cost of carting.— 
cart'er, to. One who drives a cart; a teamster, 
cart, n. 1. A heavy two*wheeled vehicle, for 
carrying loads. 2. A light two*wheeled vehi¬ 
cle with springs, as for pleasure. [< Ice. kafir.] 
Car"ta-ge'na, 1 kar"ta-ji'na; 2 ear"ta-ge'na, to. 

1. Seaport (pop.102,500), Murcia province, Spain. 

2. Seaport (pop. 51,380), Bolivar, Colombia. 
carte 1 , 1 kart; 2 cart, to. A card or paper; a bill 

of fare. [F„ card.)— carte blanche, an order 
signed in blank to be filled up at discretion; un¬ 
conditional permission or authority. [F.) 
carte 2 , to. A position in fencing. [ < F. quarte, 
lit. fourth.) 

car'tel, 1 kar'tel; 2 car'tel, to. 1. A written offi¬ 
cial agreement, asfortheexchangeofprisoners. 

2. A written challenge, as to singlecombat. [F.] 
Car'tliage, 1 kar'thij; 2 car'thag, n. Ancient 

country and city, N. Africa: destroyed by the 
Romans. 

Car"tier', 1 kar"tye'; 2 ciir"tye', Jacques (1491- 
1557). French navigator; discovered St. Law¬ 
rence river, 1535. 

car'ti-lage, 1 kar'ti-hj; 2 car'ti-lag, n. A 
tough, elastic animal tissue; gristle. [F.] 
— car"tl-lag'i-nous, a. 1. Of or like cartilage; 
gristly. 2. Having a gristly skeleton, as sharks, 
car'ton, 1 kar'tan or -ton; 2 ear'ton, n. 1. A 
pasteboard box; pasteboard. 2. A cartoon. 

3. A white disk within the bull’s*eye of a target 
or a shot striking it. [F.J 

car-toon', 1 kar-tun'; 2 car-toon', to. 1. A sketch 
for a fresco or mosaic. 2. A caricature. [< 
L. IT+F charla-, see card 1 , n.)— car-toon'1st, to. 
car'tridge, 1 kar'trij; 2 car'tridg, n. A charge 
for a firearm or for blasting, enclosed in a 
case or shell. [Corr. of F. cartouche , cartridge.)— 


blank cartridge, a cartridge containing powder 

only. 

Cart'wright, 1 kart'rait; 2 eart'rlt, n. 1. Ed¬ 
mund (1743-1823), English clergyman, inven¬ 
tor of the power»loom. 2. Peter (1785-1872), 
an American Methodist preacher. 

Ca-ru 'so, 1 ka-ru'zo or so; 2 ca-ry'go or so, Enrico 
(1874-1921). Italian operatic tenor. 
carv(e s , 1 karv; 2 carv, v. [carved, carvd 8 ; 
carv'ing.] I. t. 1. To cut figures or designs 
upon. 2. To make by cutting or chiseling; 
sculpture. 3. To cut up, as cooked meat. II. i. 
1. To make carved work or figures. 2. To cut 
up cooked meat served at table. [ < AS. ceorfan.) 
— carv'er, n. 1. One who carves. 2. A carving* 
knife.— carv 'ing, n. The act of one who carves. 
car"y-at'id, 1 kar"i-at'id; 2 car"y-at'id, n. A 
supporting column in the form of a sculptured 
female figure. [< L. Caryatides.] [waterfall. [F.J 
cas-cade', 1 kas-ked'; 2 cas-cad', n. A small 
Cas-cade' range or moun'tains. A range ex¬ 
tending from N. California through Oregon and 
Washington into Brit. Columbia; alt. 14,363 ft. 
case, 1 kes; 2 cas, vt. [cased 1 ; cas'ing.] To 
cover with a case; incase. 
case 1 , n. 1. The state of things in a given in¬ 
stance, real or hypothetical. 2. An event; 
contingency. 3. A particular instance or ex¬ 
ample; in law, a cause of action; a suit; an 
action. 4. State; physical condition or situa¬ 
tion; plight. 5. Gram. The relation of a noun, 
pronoun, or adjective to other words, or its 
form indicating the relation. [ < L. F casus, event.) 
case 2 , n. 1. A box, sheath, bag, or other cover¬ 
ing in which something is or may be kept; 
quantity or number so contained; a set. 2. 
Print. A tray, with compartments for holding 
type. [< L. F capsa, box, < capio, receive.) 
case'=hard"en, 1 kes'*hard"n; 2 eas'*hard"n, vt. 
1. To harden by carbonizing the surface of 
(iron). 2. To make callous or insensible, 
ca'se-ln, 1 ke'si-in; 2 ca'se-in, n. A compound 
found in milk; the principal ingredient in cheese, 
case'mate, 1 kes'met; 2 cas'mat, n. A vaulted 
chamber in a fortification, or an armored bulk¬ 
head on shipboard, with openings for guns. [F.] 
case'ment, 1 kes'ment or -mant; 2 cas'ment, n. 
A hinged windowsash; a window. [< LL. casa- 
mentum, house*frame.) 

ca'se-ous, 1 ke'si-us: 2 ca'se-us, a. Of, pertaining 
to, or like cheese; cheesy. [ < L. caseus, cheese.) 
cash', 1 kash; 2 cash, vt. To convert into cash, 
as a check. [casse, box.] 

cash 1 , n. Current money in hand. [ < OF. 
cash 2 , n. [cash, pi.] A former coin of China, 
worth one*fifth of a cent. [ < Tamil kasu, small 
coin.) 

Cash., abbr. Cashier. 

casli-ier', 1 kash-Ir'; 2 c5sh-er', vt. To dis¬ 
miss in disgrace, as a military officer. [< j_,of+d 
casso, destroy.) 

casli-ier', n. A custodian of money; a cash* 
keeper or paymaster. [< F. cassier, < caisse, 
casse, money»box.) 

cash'mere 1 ,1 ka^h'mir; 2 cash'mer, n. A fine, 
soft, costly fabric made from the wool of the 
Cashmere goat. [< Cashmere (state in the 
Himalayas).) 

Cash-mere' 2 , n. Same as Kashmir. 
cas'ing, 1 kes'ip; 2 cas'ing, n. That with which a 
thing or place is incased or lined. 
ca-si '»o, 1 ks-sl'no; 2 ea-si'no, n. 1. A room or 
building for public resort and diversion. 2. 
A summer=house, or the like, as in Italy. 3. 
A game of cards. [It., dim. of casa, house.) 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn- 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh£t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6ni 







99 


Carrara 

cataclysm 


cask, 1 kask; 2 cask, n. A barrebshaped 
wooden vessel, or the quantity it will hold. 
[< Sp. F casco, cask.] 

cas'ket, 1 kas'ket; 2 cas'ket, n. 1. A small box 
or chest, as for jewels or other precious arti¬ 
cles. 2. [U. S.] A buriabcase. [< F. cassette, 
dim. of casse, chest.] 

Cas'pi-au Sea, 1 kas'pi-an; 2 eas'pi-an. Inland 
salt sea between S. E. Europe and Asia (169,381 
sq.m.). [like protuberance. [F.] 

casque, 1 kask; 2 cask, n. A helmet; a helmet* 
cas-sa'va, 1 ka-sa'va; 2 ea-sa'va, n. 1. One of 
various tropical American shrubs or herbs; 
manioc. 2. Tapioca. [< Haytian 9P+F kasabi. j 
cas'sla, 1 ka^h'a; 2 eash'a, n. A coarse variety of 
cinnamon; also, the tree yielding it. [L.] 
cas'si-mere, 1 kas'i-mlr; 2 cas'i-mer, n. A 
woolen cloth for men’s wear. [ < F. casimir, = 
CASHMERE.] 


Cas"si-o-pe'ia, 1 kas"i-o-pI'ya; 2 eas"i-o-pe'ya, n. 
A constellation near the North Pole. See con¬ 
stellation. 

Cas'sius, 1 kaffli'us; 2 cash'us, Lon-gi'nus Ca'- 
ius (died 42 B.C.). A Roman general, conspira¬ 
tor against Caesar. 

cas'sock, 1 kas'ak; 2 cas'ok, «. A close=fitting 
garment, reaching to the feet, as worn byRo- 


man Catholic clergy, 
cas'so-wa-ry, 1 kas'o 
[-ries z , pi .] A large, 
fleet, ostrich Hike 
bird of Australia. [ < 
Malay kassuwaris. 
cast, 1 least; 2 cast, v. 
[cast; cast'ing.] I. 
t. 1 . To throw with 
force; fling; hurl. 2. 
To throw off, out, 
or over; emit; let 
fall; shed. 3. To 
deposit; give; as, to 
cast a vote. 4. To di¬ 
rect or turn; impute. 


[It. F casacca, greatcoat.] 
we-n; 2 cas'o-wa-ry, n. 



Helmeted Cassowary. 1 /to 
5. To make a cast of; found; stereotype. 6. To 


compute; reckon up; calculate. 7. Theat. (l)To 
assign, as for a part. (2) Todistribute the parts 
of(aplay). 8. Law. To defeat in a suit. II. i. 
1. To take shape in a mold, as metal. 2. To 
make a computation. [< Ice. kasta, throw.] 
cast, n. 1. The act of throwing; anything 
thrown, or the distance to which it is or may 
be thrown. 2. An object founded or run in 
or as in a mold. 3. An impression, as in wax 
or plaster. 4. A characteristic formation; 
stamp; shade. 5. A twist; warp; squint. 6. 
Theat. The distribution 
*of parts to performers. 

Cas-ta'li-a, 1 kas-te'h-a; 

2 cas-ta'li-a, n. Foun¬ 
tain on Mount Parnassus, 
near Delphi, sacred to 
Apollo and the Muses. 

Cas'ta-lyf [Poet.].— Cas¬ 
ta'li-an, a. 

cas'ta-net, 1 kas'ta-net; 

2 c&s'ta-net, n. A pair 
of small clappers, used 
as an accompaniment to 
song or dance. [< L. sp 
castanea, chestnut.] 



Castanets, showing 
manner of holding. 

One 


cast'a-way, 1 kast'a-we; 2 cast'a-wa, n. 

who is wrecked or abandoned; an outcast, 
caste, 1 kast; 2 east, n. _ One of the hereditary 
clashes into which society is divided in Hin¬ 


dustan; a social class. [< L. pG castus, pure.] 
cas'tel-lan, 1 kas'te-lan; 2 eas'tg-lan, n. The 
keeper or commander of a castle, cas'tel-laint. 
cas'tel-Iat"ed, 1 kas'te-let"ed; 2 cas'tg-lat"8d, 
pa. 1. Having battlements; built like a 
castle; fortified. 2. Having a castle or castles, 
cast'er, / 1 kast'ar; 2 cast'er, n. 1. One who or 
cast'or, ) that which casts. 2. A cruet for con¬ 
diments. 3. A small (swiveling) roller fast¬ 
ened under an article of furniture, etc. 
cas'ti-gate, 1 kas'ti-get; 2 cas'ti-gat, vt. [-gat"- 
ED d ; -gat"ing.] To punish with or as with 
the rod; chastise. [< L. castus, pure, + ago, 
make.]— cas"ti-ga'tion, n. A whipping; severe 
rebuke or criticism.— cas'ti-ga-to-ry, a. 
Cas-tile', 1 kas-tll'; 2 cas-til', n. Former Spanish 
kingdom. See Aragon. — Cas-til'tan, 1 kas-til'- 
yan; 2 eas-tll'yan, n. 1. A citizen of Castile. 2. 
The speech of Castile; pure Spanish, 
cast'ing, 1 kast'irj; 2 cast'ing, n. The act of 
casting, or any metal object cast in a mold. 
cas'tl(e p , 1 kas'l; 2 cas'l. I. vt. & vi. [cas'- 
tled; cas'tling.] 1. To place in or as in a 
castle; fortify. 2. Chess. To change simul¬ 
taneously the relative positions of king and 
castle. II. n. 1. A strong fortress; a castle* 
like building; any place of rightful defense 
and security. 2. Chess. A castle*shaped piece; 
a rook. [ < L.as castellum, dim. of castrum, fort.j 
cas'tor 1 ,1 kas'tar; 2 cas'tor, n. 1. A beaver, or 
its fur; a fur, silk, or other hat. 2. A heavy 
fabric for overcoats, etc. [ < Gr. L kastor, beaver.] 
cast 'or 2 , n. Same as caster. 
cas'tor soil", 1 kas'tar=eil"; 2 cas'tor*6il", n. A 
thick vegetable oil: used as a cathartic, 
cas'trate, 1 kas'tret; 2 cas'trat, vt. To emas¬ 
culate; geld; mutilate. [< L. castro, castrate.]— 
cas-tra'tion, n. 

cas'u-al, lka3'u-9l;2cazh'u-al. I.a. Occurring 
by chance; accidental; unusual. II. n. 1. 
[Gt. Brit .] A casual laborer or pauper. 2. Mil. A 
soldier unable to accompany his regiment on 
service, as through illness, desertion, etc. [< 
L.ll+f casus, chance.]— cas'u-al-Iy, adv. — cas'- 
-al-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. A fatal or serious ac¬ 
cident. 2. A chance occurrence, 
cas'u-ist-ry, 1 ka 3 'u-ist-ri; 2 cazh'u-ist-ry, n. 
[-ries 2 , pi:] 1. The determination of duty in 
doubtful cases. 2. Sophistical reasoning. [< 
L. F casus, case.]— cas'u-ist, n. 1. An expert in 
casuistry. 2. A moral sophist.— cas"u-is'tic, a. 
cas"u-.ls'ti-calf.—cas"u-is'ti-cal-ly, adv. 
cat, 1 kat; 2 cat, n. 1. A domesticated carnivo¬ 
rous mammal, kept to kill mice and rats and 
as a pet. 2. Any related or similar animal, as 
a lion, tiger, or polecat. 3. One of various 
fishes. cat'fisfa"|. 4. A purchase for hoist¬ 
ing an anchor. 5. A whip with nine lashes, 
formerly used in army and navy. cat"*o’* 
nine'stailsf. [< AS. cat.] —cat'boat", n. A 
small one*masted sailboat.— cat'gut", n. A 
very tough cord, made from the intestines of 
animals, for stringing musical instruments, etc. 
— cat'mint", n. An aromatic herb of which 
cats are fond. cat'nip"J. — cats'paw", n. 1. 
A person used as a tool or dupe. 2. Naut. A 
light wind barely ruffling the water, cat’s'* 
paw"f. — cat'sup", n. Same as catchup. 

Cat., abbr. Catechism.— Cat., Catal., abbr. Cat¬ 
alan.— cat., catal., abbr. Catalog, 
cat'a-, prefix. Down; against; under; wholly: used 
in words of Greek origin, becoming cat- before 
a vowel and cath- before the aspirate. [< Gr. 
kata, down, against, through, concerning.] 
cat'a-clysm, 1 kat'a-klizm; 2 cat'a-clygm, n 


1 : 9 = final; l = habit; aisle; au = owt; eil; Iu = fe«d; tfhin; go; r* = sin#; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cOre, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, tins. 











REPRESENTATIVE TYPES OF CATS. Vs 

1 Angora 2 Siamese. 3. Short-haired blue. 4. Smoke Persian. 5. Silver tabby. 6. Bun or 
Ticked short-haired. 7. Manx. 8. Shaded silver. 9. Long-haired chinchilla. 10. Short-haired brown 
tabby. 11. Short-haired tortoise-shell. 


i r 

* t 
l *• <- 


< < 






101 


catacomb 

cathedral 


An overwhelming flood, convulsion, or catas¬ 
trophe. [< Gr. kata, down, + klyzo, wash.] — 
cat"a-clys'mal, cat"a-clys'mlc, a. 
cat'a-comb, 1 kat'a-kom; 2 eat'a-com, n. An 
underground gallery used as a buriabplace. 
[ < Gr. LL+F kata, down, + kymbe, hollow.] 
cat'a-falque, 1 kat'a-falk; 2 cat'a-falk, n. A 
draped and canopied stage on which a dead body 
lies in state; also, a stately funeral car. [F., < 
It. catafalco, scaffold.] cat'a-talc J. 
cat'a-lep-sy, 1 kat'a-lep-si; 2 cat'a-lep-sy, n. 
A sudden suspension of consciousness, with 
muscular rigidity. [ < Gr. kata, down, + lam- 
band, seize.] cat"a-lep'sis:t. — cat"a-lep'tic, a. 
& n. 

cat'a-lo, 1 kat'a-lo; 2 eat'a-lo, n. A hybrid be¬ 
tween the native buffalo and the domestic cow, 
cat'a-lowf; cat'ta-lowt; cat'te-lot. 
cat'a-log, / 1 kat'a-leg; 2 cat'a-log. I. vt. 
cat'a-logue, j [-loged, -logued; -log-ing, 
-logu-ing.] To make a catalog of; insert 
in a catalog. II. n. An alphabetical list of 
names, persons, or things. [< Gr. F kata, en¬ 
tirely, + lego, reckon.] 

ca-tal'pa, 1 ka-tal'pa; 2 ea-tal'pa, n. A tree of 
China, Japan, and North America, having large, 
ovate leaves, lar r e belbshaped flowers, and long 
slender pods. [Am. Ind.] 

cat"a-ma-ran', 1 kat'a-ma-ran'; 2 cat"a-ma-ran', 



Catamaran. 


n. 1. A long, narrow raft with outrigger. 2. A 
pleasure*boat with twin hulls. [< Tamil kalta* 
maram, tied wood.] 

cat'a-mount, 1 kat'a-maunt; 2 cat'a-mount, 
n. A wildcat, cougar, or lynx, 
cat'a-plasm, 1 kat'a-plazm; 2 eat'a-plagm, n. 
Med. A poultice. [ < Gr. kata, down, + plasso, 
form.] 

cat'a-pult, 1 kat'a-pult; 2 cat'a-pult, n. An an¬ 
cient military engine for throwing stones or 
other heavy missiles. [ < GrA kalapeltes .] 
cat'a-ract, 1 kat'a-rakt; 2 e&t'a-raet, n. 1. A 
great waterfall. 2. Opacity of the crystalline 
lens of the eye. [Gr. kata, down, + arasso, dash.] 
ca-tarrh ', 1 ka-tar'; 2 ca-tar', n. Exaggerated 
secretion from a mucous membrane, espe¬ 
cially of the throat and head. [< GrA kata, 
down, + rheo, flow.]—ca-tarrh'al, a. 
ca-tas'tro-phe, ) 1 ka-tas'tro-fi; 2 ca-t&s'tro- 
ca-tas'tro-fee, S fe, n. 1. Any final event; 
denouement; a fatal conclusion; great and 
sudden misfortune. 2. 

Geol. A sudden, vio¬ 
lent change; cataclysm. 

[ < Gr. katastrophe, < 
kata, down, + strepho, 
turn.] 

Ca-taw'ba, 1 ka-te'ba; 2 
ca-ta'ba, n. 1. A river 
in North Carolina. 2. 

An American grape , , 

and wine. Catbird. >/» 

cat'bird", 1 kat'burd"; 2 e&t'blrd", n. A small 
slate*colored North*American thrush: named 
from its cat*like cry. 



catch, ) 1 kadh; 2 each, v. [caught, catch'ing.] 
cache, y i. t. 1. To take, seize, or come upon, 
as something departing or fleeing; take 
captive; capture. 2. To entrap; ensnare; 
surprize. 3. To seize and hold; grasp; en¬ 
gage; captivate. 4. To apprehend or per¬ 
ceive clearly, as something faint or evanes¬ 
cent. 5. To contract, as a disease; incur, as 
an injury, etc. II. i. 1. To seize or attempt 
to seize something: with at. 2. Baseball. To 
act as catcher. 3. To become entangled or 
fastened. 4. To be communicated or com¬ 
municable, r.3 a disease. [< L. OP capto, freq. of 
capio, take.]— catch'er, n. 1. One who or that 
which catches. 2. Baseball. The player sta¬ 
tioned behind the plate to catch balls that pass 
the batsman.— catch'ing, pa. Infectious; cap¬ 
tivating.— catch'pen"ny. I. a. Cheap, poor, and 
showy. II. n. [-nies z , pi.] An inferior article, 
made merely to sell. 

catch, n. 1. The act of catching. 2. That 
which catches or fastens; a fastening. 3. That 
which is or may be caught or gained. 4. An 
artful trick. 5. An impediment; a break. 6. 
Mas. A round; a scrap of song, 
catch'pole", 1 katfh'pol"; 2 cach'pol", n. 1. A 
medieval weapon for catching a person out of 
arm’s reach. 2. See catchpoll. 
catch'poll", n. 1. One who arrests for debt; a 
bailiff. 2. A tax*gatherer. [< LL. cacepollus, 
chassipullus, < cacio, catch (< L. capio, take), 
-f pullus, fowl.] catch'pole"t. 
catch'up, 1 kadh'up; 2 cach'up, n. A spiced 
condiment for meats. [< E.*Ind. kltjap.] 
cat'e-chism, 1 kat'i-kizm; 2 eat'e-cigm, n. A 
short religious treatise in the form of question 
and answer. [ < Gr. kata, down, + echo, sound.] 
—cat"e-chet'ic, -1-cal, a. Of or pertaining to 
oral instruction; consisting of question and answer, 
cat'e-chize, -chise, 1 kat'i-kaiz; 2 cat'e-el§. vt. 
[-chized, -chised; -chiz"ing, -chis"ing.] To 
interrogate solemnly; instruct as by cate¬ 
chism.—cat'e-chlst, n. One who catechizes. 
cat'e-chlz"er or -chls"ert. 
cat'e-chu, 1 kat'i-(5hu; 2 eat'e-ch\i, n. An astrin¬ 
gent extract from various East=Indian and 
African plants. [< Malay kachu.] 
cat"e-chu'men, 1 kat"i-kiu'men; 2 eat"e-eu'men, 
n. One under instruction in the elements of 
Christianity; a convert; beginner. [ < Gr. 
katSchoumenos, < kata, down, + echo, sound.]— 
cat"e-chu'me-nal, cat"e-chu-men'1-cal, a. 
cat'e-go-ry, 1 kat'i-go-ri; 2 cat'e-go-ry, n. 
[-ries z , p?.] A class of things existing or con¬ 
ceived of as existing. [ < Gr. kategorla, accusa¬ 
tion, assertion.]—cat"e-gor'1-cal, a. Without 
qualification; unequivocal, -ly, adv. 
cat'e-nate, 1 kat'i-net; 2 cat'e-nat, rt. [-nat"ed<1; 
-natTng.] To connect like the links of a chain; 
form into a chain or series.—cat'e-nat"ed, pa. 
cat'e-natet. 

ca'ter, 1 ke'tor; 2 ca'ter, vi. To furnish food or 
entertainment. [< OF. acater, buy.]— ca'ter- 
cr, n. 

cat'er-pil"lar, 1 kat'or-piPar; 2 cat'er-pfi"ar, 
n. 1. The larva of a butterfly, or of some 
other insects. 2. A traction device, 
cat'er-waul, 1 kat'ar-wel; 2 eat'er-wal, vi. To 
utter a discordant cry like a cat. [Imitative.] 
Cath., abbr. Catherine, cathedral, Catholic, 
ca-thar'tic, 1 ka-fhar'tik; 2 ea-thar'tic. I. a. 
Purgative; purifying. II. n. A purgative 
medicine. [ < Gr. kalhartikos, < katharos, pure.] 
Ca-thay', 1 ka-fhe'; 2 ca-tha', n. [Poet.] China, 
ca-the'dral, 1 ka-ftu'dral; 2 ca-the'dral, n. The 


1: a = final; l = hablt; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; (fhin; go; D = sinp; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Catherine 

cavort 


102 


chief church of a diocese; the bishop’s church, 
containing his official chair or throne: used 
also adjectivally. [< Gr. L+LL kathedra, seat.] 
Cath'e-rine, 1 kafh'i-rin; 2 cath'e-rin, n. 1. 
C. II. (1729-1796), the Great, empressof Russia, 
1762-1796. 2. C. de Medici (1519-1589), 

queen of France; instigated Massacre of St. 
Bartholomew’s. 3. C. of Aragon (1485-1536), 
first, wife of Henry VIII. of England, 
cath'ode, 1 kath'od; 2 cath'od, n. The nega¬ 
tive pole of a galvanic battery. [< Gr. kata, 
down, + hodos, way.]—ca-thod'lc, a. 
Cath'o-lic, 1 kath'o-lik; 2 cath'o-lic. I. a. 1. 
Pertaining to the whole Christian church. 2. 
Pertaining to the Church of Rome. 3. [c-] 
Large=minded; liberal; comprehensive; broad; 
general; universal. II. n. A member of the 
Roman Catholic Church.—Ca-thol'i-cism, n. 
The doctrine and practise of the Roman Catholic 
Church.—cath"o-Iic'i-ty, n. 1. Comprehen¬ 
siveness in views, tastes, and sympathies. 2. 
Universal prevalence or acceptance. 

Cat'i-line, 1 kat'i-lain; 2 cat'i-lln, Lucius Ser¬ 
gius. Roman conspirator, denounced by Cicero, 
cat'kin, 1 kat'kin; 2 cat'kin, n. Bot. A de¬ 
ciduous scaly spike of flowers, as in the wil¬ 
low; an ament or cattail. [ < MD. katleken, dim. 
of katte, cat.] 

Ca'to, 1 ke'to;2 ca'to, Marcus Portius. (1) “The 
Elder” (234-140 B. C.), Roman patriot; foe of 
Carthage; (2) “The Younger” (95-46 B. C.), 
Roman patriot and philosopher. 

Cats'kill mountains, 1 kats'kil; 2 cfits'kil. A 
group in E. New York; highest peak, Slide 
Mountain (4,205 ft.). 
cat'ta-Io, n. Same as catalo. 
cat'tie, } 1 kat'l; 2 c&t'l, n. pi. Domesticated 
cat'l 1 ’, ) bovine animals. [< LL. OF capitale, 
property.] 

Ca-tul'lus, 1 ks-tul'us; 2 ca-tul'us, Caius Vale¬ 
rius (87-45? B. C.). A Roman lyric poet. 

Cau -ca'sian, 1 ke-ka^h'an; 2 ca-eash'an, n. 1. 
A member of the white division of the human 
species. 2. A member of the fair peoples of 
the Caucasus mountains. 3. The language 
spoken by people of the Caucasus region.—Cau¬ 
casian, a. 

Cau'ca-sus, 1 ke'ka-sus; 2 ca'ca-sus, n. A moun¬ 
tain range between the Black and Caspian seas, 
cau'cus, 1 ke'kus; 2 ca'cus, n. [U. S.] A pri¬ 
vate or preliminary meeting of members of 
a political party to select candidates or con¬ 
cert measures. [< the Caucus Club, Boston, 
< Algonkin caucawasu, Chickahominy cocka- 
rouse, councilor.] 

cau'dal, 1 ke'dal; 2 ca'dal, a. Of, pertaining to, or 
near the tail. [< L. cauda, tail.] -ly, adv. 
cau'dl(e p , 1 ko'dl; 2 ca'dl, w. A warm drink of 
wine, eggs, etc. [ < L. OF calidus, warm.] 
caught, 1 ket; 2 eat, imp. & pp. of catch, v. 
caul, 1 kel; 2 eal.n. A membrane. [< OF.caZe.cap.] 
caul'dron, 1 kel'dran; 2 cal'dron, n. Same as 

CALDRON. 

cau 'li-flow"er, 1 ke'h-flau"ar; 2 ca'li-flow"er, 
n. The fleshy edible head of a variety of 
cabbage; also, the plant. [< L. caulis, cabbage, 
+ FLOWER.] 

caulk, caulk 'er, etc. Same as calk, etc. 
caus., abbr. Causative. 

cause, 1 kez; 2 cas. I. vt. [caused; caus'ing.] 
To be the cause of; produce; effect; induce; 
compel. II. n. 1. The power or efficient 
agent producing any thing or event. 2. A 
reason. 3. A great enterprise or movement. 
4. Law. An action or suit. 5||. Behalf; inter¬ 
est; also, purpose; aim: called in philosophy 


final cause. [< L. F causa, cause.]— caus'al, a. 
Pertaining to, constituting, involving, or ex¬ 
pressing a cause, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — cau- 
sal'l-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.} 1. The relation of 
cause and effect. 2. Causal action or agency.— 
cau-sa'tion, n. The principle of causality; 
causative power, action, or agency; causality.— 
caus'a-tiv(e®, a. Effective as a cause; express¬ 
ing cause; causal. -l.v, adv. -ness, n. — cause'- 
lcss, a. I. Having no just cause; groundless. 2. 
Uncaused; selPproduced. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
cause'way, 1 kez'we; 2 cag'wa, n. A raised 
road or way, as over marshy ground. [ < causey 
(< LL.° F calcio, tread) + way.] cau'seyj. 
caus'tic, 1 kes'tik; 2 cas'tic. I. a. Corroding; 
corrosive; stinging; sarcastic, caus'ti-calj. 

11. n. A caustic substance. [< Gr . kaustikos, 

< kaio, burn.]— caus'ti-cal-ly, adv.— caus- 
tic'I-ty, n. caus'tic-nessj. 

cau'ter-Ize, or-ise, 1 ke'tar-aiz; 2 ca'ter-Iz, vt. 
[-ized; -iz"ing.] To sear with a caustic drug 
or a heated iron; make callous or insensible. 
—cau"ter-i-za'[or -sa'Jtlon, n. 
cau'ter-y, 1 ke'tar-i; 2 ca'ter-y, n. [-ies 2 , pi.] 
The application of a caustic; a cauterizing 
agent. [ < Gr. kaulerion, dim. of kauter, a sear- 
ingdron.] 

cau'tion, 1 ke'iffian; 2 ca'shon. I. vt. To ad¬ 
vise to be cautious; warn. II. n. 1. Care to 
avoid injury or misfortune; prudence; wari¬ 
ness. 2. An admonition or warning. [< L. 
caulio(n-), < caveo, beware.]— cau'tion-a-ry, a. 
Constituting or conveying a warning; admoni¬ 
tory.— cau'tious, 1 ke'ghus; 2 ca'shus, a. Ex¬ 
ercising or manifesting caution; wary; prudent. 
—cau'tious-ly, adv. —cau'tlous-ness, n. 

Cav., abbr. Cavalry. 

cav"al-cade', 1 kav w al-ked'; 2 cSv^al-cad', n. 
A company of riders; a parade. [F., < L. IT 
caballus, horse.] 

cav"a-ller', 1 kav"e-llr'; 2 c&v"a-ler'. I. a. 
Free and easy; offhand; also, haughty or 
supercilious. II. n. 1. [C-] An adherent of 
the Stuarts of Great Britain as opposed to the 
Puritans. 2. A horseman; knight; escort. [F., 

< It. cavaliere, < L. caballus, horse.] -ly, adv. 
cav'al-ry, 1 kav'al-ri; 2 chv'al-ry, n. Mounted 

troops.— cav 'al-ry-man, n. [-men, pi.] 
cave, 1 kev; 2 cav. I. vt. & vi. [caved; cav'- 
ing.] To hollow out; cause to fall in; give 
way; fall in. II. n. A natural cavity be¬ 
neath the surface of the earth. [< L. F cavea, < 
cavus, hollow.] 

Cav'ell, 1 kav'l; 2 cav'l, Edith (1866-1915). En¬ 
glish nurse; shot by the Germans in Belgium, Oct. 

12, 1915. 

cav'ern, 1 kav'arn; 2 ciiv'ern, n. A large cave; 
a den; cavity. [< L. caverna, < cavus, hollow.]— 
cav'ern-ous, a. Consisting of or containing 
caverns; like a cavern; holknvsoundlng. -ly, adv. 
cav"i-ar', 1 kav"i-ar'; 2 eav"i-ar', n. The salted 
roe of the sturgeon. [ < Turk, khavyar.] cav"- 
i-arc't. 

cav'il, 1 kav'il; 2 c&v'il. I. vi. [cav'iled or 

CAV'lLLED, CAV'lLD 9 ; CAV'lL-ING Or CAV'lL- 

ling.] To pick flaws or raise frivolous ob¬ 
jections. II. n. A captious objection; cav¬ 
iling. [< L. OF caviller, < cavilla, jeering.] — 
cav 'il-er, -lcr, n .— cav 'iI-lng-[or -ling-]ly , adv. 
Ca-vi'te, 1 kd-vl'te; 2 ca-vi'te, n. A province 
(610 sq. m.; pop. 135,000) in Luzon, P. I.; also, its 
capital, a fortified seaport (pop. 6,000). 
cav'i-ty, 1 kav'i-ti; 2 eav'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
A hollow or sunken space; hole. [<L. F cavus, 
hollow.] 

ca-vort', 1 ka-vert'; 2 ca-vort', vi. [Slang, U. S.] 


1; artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rQle; but, born- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; 1 = e; go, not, or, won! 










mm 






, ,, 1 

% 


' 

rt' 



m 

f 

S 





REPRESENTATIVE TYPES OF CATTLE. 


1. Shorthorn bull. 

2. Hereford bull. 

3. Aberdeen*Angus bull. 

4. Galloway bull. 


5. Devon bull. 

6. Sussex steer. 

7. West Highland cow. 

8. Polled Durham cow. 


9. Red Polled cow. 

10. Holstein=Friesian cow. 

11. Dutch Belted bull. 

12. Jersey cow. 


13. Guernsey cow. 

14. Ayrshire cow. 

15. Brown Swiss cow. 

16. Texas Longhorn steer. 











Cavour 

century 


104 


To prance, as a horse; curvet. [Perhaps cor. of 
curvet.) 

Ca-vour', 1 ka-vflr'; 2 ca-vur', Count Camillo B. 

dl (1810-1861). Italian statesman, 
caw, 1 ke; 2 ca. I. vi. To cry like a crow. II. 

n. The cry of a crow. [Imitative.] 
Cawn-pur', 1 ken-pur'; 2 can-pyr', n. A district 
(2,366 sq. m.; pop. 197,000) and city (pop. 179,- 
000), N. British India; massacre, 1857. 

Cax'ton, 1 kaks'tan; 2 eaks'ton, William (1422- 
1491). First English printer; scholar and trans¬ 
lator. 

Cay-enne', )1 ke-en'; 2 ca-&n', n. 1. A 
Cay-en'r, j French seaport (pop. 14,000) on 
Cayenne Island; capital of French Guiana, S. 
America. 2. Red pepper, 
cay'inan, 1 ke'mon; 2 ca'man, n. A tropical 
American alligator. [< Sp.; of Carib. origin.] 
cay-use', 1 kai-yOs'; 2 ey-yys', n. [Western U. S.] 
An Indian pony; bronco. 

C. B., abbr. Cape Breton, Chief Baron, Common 
Bench, Companion of the Bath.—Cb, abbr. 
Columblum.—C. C., abbr. Caius College, Cir¬ 
cuit Court, Civil Court, Consular Clerk, County 
Clerk, County Commissioner, County Court, 
Cricket Club, Crown Clerk.—c. c., abbr. Comple 
couranle (F., account current), cubic centimeter. 
—cc., abbr. Chapters.—C. C. C., abbr. Christ’s 
College, Cambridge; Corpus Christi College.— 
C. C. P., abbr. Code of Civil Procedure, Court 
of Common Pleas.—C. Or. P., abbr. Code of 
Criminal Procedure.—Cd, abbr. Cadmium.— 
c. d. v., abbr. Carte de visite.—C. E., abbr. 
Canada East, civil engineer. Church of En¬ 
gland.—Ce, abbr. Cerium, 
cease, 1 sis; 2 ges, i>. [ceased 1 ; ceas'ing.] 1. 1. 
To leave off or discontinue (one’s own ac¬ 
tion). II. i. To come to an end; stop; de¬ 
sist. [< L. p cesso, freq. of cedo, yield.]—cease'- 
less, a. Continuing without pause or stop.— 
cease'less-ly, adv.— cease 'less-ness, n. 
Ce-bu', 1 s6-bu'; 2 Cfi-bu', n. An island and 
province (1,782 sq. m.; pop. 592,000), and its 
capital (pop. 35,000), P. I. 

Cec'il, 1 ses'il or sl'sil; 2 ggg'il or ge'gil, n. 1. 
Robert (15637-1612), earl of Salisbury, Secre¬ 
tary of State under Elizabeth and James I. of 
England. 2. William (1520-1598), Lord Burgh- 
ley, English Secretary of State under Elizabeth. 
Ce'crops, 1 sl'kreps; 2 ce'crops, n. Legendary 
first king of Attica and founder of Athens, 
ce'dar, 1 sl'dsr; 2 ge'dar. I. a. Pertaining to 
cedar. II. n. A large tree of the pine family, 
having evergreen leaves and fragrant wood. 
[< Gr. L+ o p kedros, cedar*tree.] 
cede, 1 sld; 2 ged, vt. [ced'ed'I ; ced'ing.] To 
yield or give up; surrender title to; transfer: 
said especially of territory. [ < L. cedo, yield.] 
ce-dil'la, 1 si-dil'a; 2 ce-dll'a, n. Gram. A mark 
under the letter c (g), to indicate the sound of 
s. [Sp.] 

ceil, 1 sll; 2 gel, vt. To furnish with a ceiling; 
line the roof of. [ < F. del, < L. caelum, heaven, 
sky.]—ceil'ing, n. The overhead covering of a 
room; internal sheathing, as of a vessel, 
cel., abbr. Celebrated.—Cel., Cels., abbr. Celsius, 
cel'an-dlne, 1 sel'an-dain; 2 cel'an-dln, n. A 
European perennial herb of the poppy family, 
with small yellow flowers. 

Cel'e-bes, 1 sel'i-blz; 2 gSl'e-beg, n. A Dutch 
island (71,470 sq. m.; pop. 852,000) of the Ma¬ 
lay Archipelago. 

cel 'e-bra te, 1 sel'i-bret; 2 gel'e-brat, vt. 
[-BRAT"ED d ; -brat"ing.] 1. To commemo¬ 
rate joy fully; keep; observe. 2. To make fa¬ 
mous, as by song or poem. 3. To observe 


with solemn rites. [< L. celebratus, < celeber, 
renowned.] — cel'e-brant, n. One who cele¬ 
brates, as mass.—cel'e-brat"ed, pa. 1. Fa¬ 
mous. 2. Performed with customary rites.— 
cel"e-bra'tion, n. The act, time, or means of 
celebrating; a festal observance.—cel'e-bra t"- 
er, or -bra"tor, n. —ce-leb'rl-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.) 1. The being celebrated. 2. A celebrated 
person. 

ce-ler'i-ty, 1 si-ler'i-ti; 2 ge-lSr'i-ty, n. Quick¬ 
ness; speed; rapidity. [< L J celeritas, < celer, 
swift.] 

cel'er-y, 1 sel'ar-i; 2 gSl'er-y, n. A biennial 
herb, whose blanched stems are used as a 
salad. [< Gr. F selinon, parsley.] 
ce-les'tial, 1 si-les'chal; 2 ge-les'chal. I. a. 1. 
Of or pertaining to the sky or heaven; heav¬ 
enly; divine. 2. [C-] Of or pertaining to the 
Chinese dynasty or dominion. II. n. 1. A 
heavenly being. 2. [C-] A Chinese. [< L. OF 
caelum, heaven.] -ly, adv. 
cel'i-ba-cy, 1 sel'i-ba-si; 2 g£l'i-ba-gy, n. The 
state of being unmarried. [ < L. caelebs, unmar¬ 
ried.]— cel'1-bate, n. An unmarried person, 
cell, /I sel; 2 g81, n. 1. A small chamber, 
cel 1 ’, ) space, or cavity. 2. A minute vesicle of 
a living organism. 3. Elec. A single element 
of a voltaic battery. [< L. OF cella, small room.] 
cel'lar, 1 sel'ar; 2 gSl'ar, n. An underground 
room, as under a building. [< L. F cellarium, 
pantry, < cella, cell.] —cel'Iar-age, n. A cellar 
or cellars; storage in a cellar or the charge for it. 
Cel-li'nl, 1 Chel-H'nl; 2 chel-ll'ni, Benvenuto 
(1500-1571). An Italian sculptor and goldsmith, 
cel'lo, 1 <5hel'o;2 chfil'o,». A violoncello, ’cel'lof. 
cel'Iu-Iar, 1 sel'yu-lar; 2 gel'yu-lar, a. Of, 
pertaining to, or like a cell or cells; consisting 
of or containing cells. [< L. cellula, dim. of 
cella, cell.]—cel'lu-lold, n. A hard elastic com¬ 
pound, prepared from guncotton and camphor, 
etc., under hydraulic pressure.— cel'lu-lose, n. 
An amorphous white compound, the basis of the 
structure of plants, used as an absorbent. 

Celt, /_ 1 selt; 2 gSlt, n. A member of the 
Kelt, \ branch of the Aryan family that in¬ 
cludes the Irish, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and 
Low Bretons. [< Gr. L+F Kcltoi, Celts.] — Celt'- 
1c, Kelt'lc. I. a. Of or pertaining to the 
Celts. II. n. The language of the Celts, 
celt, n. A prehistoric implement or weapon of 
stone or bronze. [< L. 
celles, stone»chisel.] 

Celt., abbr. Celtic. 
ce-ment' d , 1 si-ment'; 2 
ge-mSnt', v. I. t. To 
cover with or unite by 
cement. II. i. To 
cohere. 

ce-ment', n. 1. A sub¬ 
stance for joining objects Celts, 

by adhesion; hence, any i, 2 , s. Prehistoric Eure- 
bond of Union. 2. A pean bronie celts. 4. Amer- 
mortardike substance ioan celt 0 f poUahed stone, 
for producing a hard, smooth, or water»proof 
surface. [ < L. OF caemenlum, < caedo, cut.] 
cein"en-ta'tion, 1 sem"en-te'^han; 2 g6m"gn- 
ta'shon, n. 1. The act of cementing. 2. A 
process of making steel by heating wrought 
iron in charcoal. 

cem'e-ter-y, 1 sem'i-ter-i; 2 gem'e-tSr-y, n. 
[-ies 2 , pi.] A place for the burial of the dead. 
[ < Gr. koimiterion, < kelmat, He down.] 
cen., abbr. Central, century.— Ccn. Am., abbr. 
Central America. 

Cen'ci, 1 dhen'dhl; 2 chfen'chi, Beatrice (1577- 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, bum- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whfrt, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit. Ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n’ 












105 


Cavour 

century 


1599). A Roman lady, beheaded as an acces¬ 
sory to her lather’s murder; heroine of Shelley’s 
The Cenci. 

Ce-nis', 1 sa-nl'; 2 ge-hi', Mont. Alpine Peak, 
6,775 ft.; railway tunnel, 8 m. long, 
cen'o-bite, 1 sen'o-bait; 2 gen'o-bit, n. A 
monk, f < Gr. LI - koinos, common, + bios, life.] 
—ceu"o-bit'ic, ceu"o-bit'i-cal, a. 
cen'o-taph, ) 1 sen'o-taf; 2 gen'o-taf, n. An 
cen'o-taf p , ) empty tomb. [< Gr. L kenos, 
empty, + laphos, tomb.] 

cen'ser, 1 sen'sar; 2 gen'ser, n. A vessel for 
burning incense. [ < L. OF incensum, incense.] 
ceil'sor, 1 sen'sar; 2 gen'sor, n. 1. An official 
examiner of manuscripts and plays, em¬ 
powered to prohibit their publication or per¬ 
formance. 2. Any one who censures or 
arraigns; a critic. 3. An ancient Roman 
magistrate. [L., < censeo, judge.]— cen-so'ri- 
al, a. Of or pertaining to a censor.— cen-so'- 
rl -ous, a. Given to censure; judging severely; 
faultfinding, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — censor¬ 
ship, n. The office, term, or powers of a censor 
or critic. 

ceil'sure, 1 sen'- 
^hur; 2 gen'shur. 
l.vt. [cen'sured; 
cen'sur-ing.] To 
blame; condemn; 
reprimand. II. n. 

1. The act of cen- 
suring; disap¬ 
proval or blame. 

2. Reprimand. 

[< L. F censura, < 
censeo, judge.]— 
cen'sur-a- b!(e p , 
a. Deserving cen¬ 
sure; blameworthy. 

cen'sus, 1 sen'sus; 

2 gSn'sus, n. An 
official numbering 
of the people of a 
country; also, the 
printed record of 
it. [L., < censeo, 
assess.] 

cent, 1 sent; 2 gent, n. 1. The one*hundredth 
part of a dollar. 2. Centum or cento, hun¬ 
dred; an abbreviation, chiefly in the phrase 
percent. See per. [< L. p centum, hundred.] 
Cent., Centig., abbr. Centigrade.—cent., abbr. 

Central, centum, century. [system. 

cen'tare, 1 sen'tar; 2 cen'tar, n. See metric 
cen'taur, 1 sen'tar; 2 gen'tar, n. A fabled 
monster, half man and half horse. [< Gr. 
tenlauros.] 

cen'te-na-ry, 1 sen'ti-ne-ri; 2 gen'te-na-ry. 
I. a. Of or pertaining to a hundred or a cen¬ 
tury. II. n. [-ries z , pl.\ 1. A hundredth 
anniversary. 2. A period of a hundred years. 
[< L. centum, hundred.]— cen"te-na'ri-an, n. 
One who has reached the age of one hundred years. 
Cen-teil'ni-al, 1 sen-ten'i-al; 2 gen-ten'i-al. 

I. a. Of or pertaining to a hundredth anni¬ 
versary. II. n. A hundredth anniversary. 

[ < L. centum, hundred, + annus, a year.] 

cen'ter, ) 1 sen'tar; 2 gen'ter, v. [cen'tered, 
cen'tre, ) cen'tred, cen'terds; cen'ter-ing, 
cen'tring.] I. t. To place in or on a center; 
draw to a center; determine the center of. 

II. i. To be or converge in the center, 
cen'ter, ) n. 1. The middle point; that point 
cen'tre, ) within a circle which is equally dis- | 


tant from every point of the circumference. 
2. A point of attraction or convergence; focal 
point. [< Gr. L+F kentron, < kenteo, prick.]— 
cen 'terror -tre=]bit", n. A bit with a cutting 
edge that revolves about a central point. —cen'- 
ter-board", n. Naut. 1. In certain fore»and=aft 
vessels, a movable device which can be lowered 
through a watertight slot so as to prevent lee¬ 
way. 2. A boat furnished with this device, 
cen-tes'i-mal, 1 sen-tes'i-mal; 2 gen-tes'i-mal, 
a. 1 . One*hundredth. 2. Pertaining to pro¬ 
gression by hundreds. [< L. centesimus, hun¬ 
dredth.] 

cen'ti-grade, 1 sen'ti-gred; 2 gen'ti-grad, a. 
Graduated to a scale of a hundred. [On the 
centigrade thermometer the freezing=point of 
water is zero and its boiling*point 100°.] [ < L. 
centum, hundred; and see grade, n.\ 
cen'ti-gram or -gramme, cen'tl-li"ter or -li"- 
tre. See metric system under metric. 
cen"time', 1 san"tlm'; 2 can"tim', n. In France, 
Belgium, etc., a hundredth of a franc, nearly one* 
fifth of a cent. 

cen'ti-me"ter, > 1 sen'ti-mi"tar; 2 gen'ti-me"ter, 
cen'ti-me"tre,) n. One*hundredth of a meter. 
See metric system. 

cen'ti-ped, >1 sen'ti-ped, -pid; 2 gen'ti-pgd, 
cen'ti-pede, ) -ped, n. A manydegged insect. 

[< L. centum, hundred, + pe(d-)s, foot.] 
cen'tral, 1 sen'tral; 2 gen'tral, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to or acting from the center; chief, 
-ly, adv.— cen-tral'i-ty, n. 
cen'tral-ize or -ise, 1 sen'tral-aiz; 2 gen'tral-Iz, 
vt. & vi. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To make central; 
bring or come to a center; concentrate. —cen"- 
tral-i-za'tion or -sa'tion, n. The concentra¬ 
tion of control in a central authority, 
cen'tre, n. Same as center. 
cen'tric, 1 sen'tnk; 2 gen'tric, a. Central; re¬ 
lated to a nerve=center. ceu'tri-calt.—cen'- 
tri-cal-Iy, adv. 

cen-trif'u-gal, 1 sen-trif'yu-gel; 2 ggn-trif'yq- 
gal, a. 1 . Directed or tending away from a 
center; radiating. 2. Employing centrifugal 
force. [< L. centrum, center, fl- fugio, flee.] 
-ly, adv. 

cen-trip'e-tal, 1 sen-trip'i-tal; 2 gSn-trip'e-tal, 
a. Directed, tending, or drawing toward a 
center. [< L. centrum, center, + peto, seek.] 
-ly, adv. 

cen'tu-pl(e p , 1 sen'tiu-pl; 2 gen'tu-pl, a. In¬ 
creased a hundredfold. [< 

L. F centum, hundred, + plico, 
fold.] 

cen-tu'ri-al, 1 sen-tiu'ri-al; 2 
gen-tu'ri-al, a. Of or pertain¬ 
ing to a century, 
cen-tu'ri-on, 1 sen-tiu'n-an; 

2 gen-tu'ri-on, n. Rom. 

Antiq. A captain of a 
century. 

cen'tu-ry, 1 sen'dhu-ri; 2 
gen'chu-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] 

1 . A period of 100 years. 2. 

Rom. Antiq. (1) A body of 
foot*soldiers (at one time 
100 men); one*sixtieth of 
a legion. (2) A division 
of the Roman people. 3||. 

A hundred things of the 
same kind. [< L. centuria, 

< centum, hundred.] —cen'tu-ry splant", n. 
The American aloe, flowering at long intervals— 
as formerly supposed, once in a century. 




1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = <wt; ell; iu = fe«d; tfhin; go; rj = sing; fhin, this. 
2: wplf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 



















cephalic 

chancellor 


106 


«e-phal'ic, ) 1 si-fal'ik; 2 ce-fal'ic, a. Of, per- 
ee-fal 'ic p , J taining to, on, in, or near the head. 

[ < Gr.n kephale, head.] 
cer am., abbr. Ceramics. 

ce-rain'ie, 1 si-ram'ik; 2 qe-ram'ic, a. Per¬ 
taining to pottery. [ < Gr. keramos, potters’ 
clay.] ke-ram'icf.—ce-ram'ics, n. The art 
of molding, modeling, and baking in clay, ke- 

rain'icsf. 

cerat., abbr. [L.] Cer alum (ointment), 
ce'rate, 1 si'rit; 2 se'rat, n. Pharm. An 
ointment of oil or lard, with wax, etc. [< 
L. cera, wax.] [with wax. 

ce'rat-ed, 1 sl'ret-ed; 2 ce'rat-ed, a. Covered 
Cer'be-rus, 1 sur'bi-rus: 2 cer'be-rus, n. Class. 
Myth. The dog guarding the portals of the in¬ 
fernal regions. 

ce're-al, 1 si'ri-al; 2 ce're-al. I. a. Pertaining 
to edible grain. H. n. A grain, or a grain* 
yielding plant. [< L. Cerealis, < Ceres, god¬ 
dess of corn.] 

-cer"e-bel'lum, 1 ser"i-bel'um; 2 Qg^e-bSkum, 
n. [-bel'la, pi.] Anat. The little or hinder 
brain. [L., dim. of cerebrum, brain.] 

•cer'e-brum, 1 ser'i-brum; 2 cer'e-briim, n. 
[-bra, pi.] The upper and anterior part of 
the brain: assumed to be the seat of thought 
and will. [L.]—cer'e-bral, a. Of, pertaining 
to, or like the brain; mental, cer'e-brict.— 
cer"e-bra'tion, n. Brain-action, conscious or 
unconscious. 

cere'ment, 1 sir'ment or -mant; 2 cer'ment, n. 
A garment or wrapping for the dead. [ < F. cire- 
tnent, a waxing.] 

•cer'e-mo-ny, 1 ser'i-mo-m; 2 Qgr'e-mo-ny, n. 
|-nies z , pi.] 1. A formal act, rite, or obser¬ 
vance, or a series of them. 2. Observance of 
etiquette; formal civility. [< L. cxremonia, 
ceremony.]—cer"e-mo'nl-al. I. a. Of or per¬ 
taining to ceremony; ritual; formal. II. n. A 
system of rules of ceremony; ritual; etiquette; 
ceremony, -ism, n. -ly, adv.— cer"e-mo'ni- 
ous, a. Observant of or conducted with cere¬ 
mony; formal, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Ce'res, 1 sl'rfz; 2 ce'res, n. Class. Myth. God¬ 
dess of grain and harvests. See Demeter. 
Cer'ro Gor'do, 1 ser'o gor'do; 2 cer'o gor'do. A 
mountain pass, N E. of Mexico city, where the 
United States defeated Mexico in 1847. 
cert., certif., abbr Certificate, certify, 
cer'tain, 1 sur'tin; 2 cer'tin, a. 1. Sure, as 
matter of fact, expectation, purpose, efficacy, 
or effect. 2. Having a settled conviction; as¬ 
sured; confident; positive. 3. Indefinite; one; 
some as, a certain man. (< L. OF certus, < cerno, 
determine.]—cer'tain-ly, adv —cer'tain-ty, n. 
I-ties 2 . pi ] 1. The quality or fact of being cer¬ 
tain. 2. A known truth. 3. Precision; accuracy, 
cer-tif'i-cate, 1 sar-tif'i-ket; 2 ger-tTf'i-cat. I. 
vt. |-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ingJ To furnish with or 
attest by a certificate. II. n. A written dec¬ 
laration or testimonial.—cer"tl-fi-ca'tIon, n. 
The act of certifying.—cer-tlf'l-ca-to"ry, a. 
cer'ti-fy, 1 sur'ti-fcii; 2 cer'ti-fy, v |-fied; 
-fy"ing] I. t. 1. To give certain knowledge 
of (a thing); attest. 2. To make a positive 
statement to (a person); assure II. i. To 
make attestation. [< E. F certus (see certain); 
and see -fy.I 

cer'ti-tude, 1 sur'ti-tiud; 2 qer'ti-tud, n 1. 
Perfect assurance, confidence. 2. Assured 
fact or reality; sureness and precision, 
•ce-ru'le-an, 1 si-ru'h-an; 2 ce-ru'le-an, a. Of 
a deep clear blue; sky-blue. [ < L. cxruleus, 
dark-blue.J 


Cer-van'tes Sa"a-ve'dra, 1 ther-van'tes (E. sar- 
van'tlz) sd*a-ve'dra; 2 ther-van'tes ( E. cer-van'¬ 
tes) sa"a-ve'dra, Miguel de (1547—1616). Span¬ 
ish author ( Don Quixote). 

cer'vi-cal, 1 sur'vi-kal; 2 cer'vi-cal, o. Of, 
pertaining to, or near a neck. [ < L. cervix, neck.j 
cer'vine, 1 sur'vin; 2 cer'vin, a. 1. Of or pertain¬ 
ing to deer. 2. Dun-colored. [< L . cervinus, < 
cervus, deer.] 

ces-sa'tion, 1 se-se'shan; 2 ce-sa'shon, n. A 
ceasing; stop; pause. [< L. cessatio{n~), < 

cesso; see cease.] 

ces'sion, 1 sesli'an; 2 c&sh'on, n. The act of ced¬ 
ing: surrender. [< L. v cessio(.n-)j < cedo, yield.] 
cess 'pool", 1 ses'pul"; 2 ces'pool", n. A cov¬ 
ered well or pit for the drainage from sinks. 
[< Gael, sos, dirty mess, + pool.] cess'pit"J. 
ces'tus 1 , 1 ses'tus; 2 cfes'tus, n. [-ti, 1 -tai; 2 -tl, 
pi.] Class. Antiq. A belt or girdle. 
ces'tus 2 , n. [ces'tus, pi.] Horn. Antiq. A device 
of thongs, often loaded, wound about the hands 
and arms in boxing. 

ce-ta'cean, 1 si-tS'khan; 2 ce-ta'shan, n. An aquatic 
mammal of fish-like form, as a whale or porpoise. 
Cet"e-wa'yo, 1 setT-wa'yo; 2 c^t'e-wa'yo, n. A 
Zulu king (1859-1880; d. 1884). 

Cet'iu-je, 1 tset'in-ye; 2 tset'in-ye, n. The capital 
(pop. 5,000) of Montenegro; fell to Austrians, 
Jan. 13, 1916. Cet'tin-jet. 

Ceu'ta, 1 siu'ta or ( Sp .) Che'u-ta; 2 cu'ta or ( Sp .) 
the'y-ta, n. A Spanish seaport (pop. 24,000) in 
Morocco: opposite Gibraltar. 

Cey-lon', 1 si-len'; 2 ce-10n', n. Island (25,332 
sq. m.; pop. 4,757,600) south of India; British 
crown colony. 

cf., abbr. Calf, confer (L., compare).—c. f. & 1., 
abbr. Cost, freight, and insurance.—C. G., 
abbr. Captain-general, Captain of the Guard, 
Coast Guard, Commissary-general, Consul-gen¬ 
eral.—C. G. II., abbr. Cape of Good Hope.— 
eg., abbr. Centigram.—C. G. S., abbr. Centi¬ 
meter-gram-second, Commissary-general of Sub¬ 
sistence.—C. H., abbr. Court House, Custom 
House.—Ch., abbr. Charles, chief, China, Chi¬ 
nese, church. 

Chad, 1 Chad; 2 chad, n. A lake in the Sudan, 
central Africa (10,000 sq. m. in dry, 50,000 in 
rainy season). 

Chser"o-ne'a, 1 ker"o-ni'a; 2 cer"o-ne'a, n. 
Ruined town, Bceotia, Greece; scene of victories 
of Philip of Macedon (338 B. C.), and Sulla (86 
B. C.). 

chafe, 1 <fhef; 2 chaf, v. [chafed 1 ; chaf'ing.] 

I. t. 1. To injure or make sore by rubbing; 
gall 2. To fret; irritate; annoy. 3. To try to 
make warm by rubbing. II. i. 1. To rub so 
as to wear; become abraded. 2. To be irri¬ 
tated, fume. [< L.° F caieo, glow, -(- raclo, make.l 

chaf'er, 1 Chef'ar; 2 chfif'er, n. The cockchafer or 
other scarabseid beetle. [ < AS. cea/or, ceafer.) 
chafT, ) 1 clinf; 2 chaf. v. [Colloq ] To poke 
chaf p , (fun at; banter; ridicule. [Var. of 

CHAFE, 0.] 

chaff 1 , n. 1. The external envelops or husks 
of grain; also, straw or hay cut fine. 2. Ref¬ 
use; trifles collectively. [< AS. ceaf .]— chaff'y, a. 
chaff 2 , n. Good-natured raillery; banter, 
chaf'fer, 1 Chaf'ar; 2 chaf'er. I. vi 1. To dis¬ 
pute about price. 2. To talk idly; chatter. 

II. n. A disputatious bargaining. ( < AS. ceap, 
bargain, + faru, journey.]— chaf'fer-er, n. 

chaf'finch, 1 dhaf'inch; 2 chaf'inch, n. A 
European song-finch [< chaff 1 , n., + finch.] 
chaf'ingsdish", 1 dhef'irj-disffi"; 2 chaf'ing- 
dish", n. A vessel for holding live coals, a 
lamp, or hot w r ater, for heating or cooking. 


1 : artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; i = e; go, hfct, or, w6n. 







107 


cephalic 

chancellor 


cha-grin', 1 sha-grin'; 2 gha-grin'. I. vt. To 
humiliate; mortily. II. n. The vexation of 
disappointment and v/ounded pride; morti¬ 
fication. [F.] 

chain, 1 dhen; 2 chan. I. vt. To fasten, as 
with a chain. II. n. 1. A string of inter¬ 
linked rings or links, serving to bind, drag, 
ornament, or hold. 2. Shackles; bonds; en¬ 
thralment: usually in the plural. 3. Any 
connected series; a succession; range, as of 
mountains. 4. A surveyors’ measuringdine 
of 100 links. [L. v catena, chain.]—chain'=gang", 
n. A gang of convicts compelled to work in 
chains.—c.=painp, n. A pump that raises 
water by means of buckets or disks on an endless 
chain passing through a tube.—c.=shot, n. Can- 
non»balls chained together, formerly used in 
warfare.—c.»stitch, n. A chaimlike stitch used 
in crocheting, embroidery, etc. 

Chair, 1 dhar; 2 char. I. vt. To put into or 
carry in a chair; install in office. II. n. 1. A 
movable seat with four legs and a back. 2. 
A seat of office, as of a professor or moderator; 
also, the office or officer; a chairman. 3. 
Railroad. An iron block for holding rails in 
place. 4||. A sedan. [< F. chaire, < Gr. kathe- 
dra, seat.] 

chair'man, 1 dhar'man; 2 ch&r'man, n. [-men, 
pi.] 1. One who presides over an assembly. 
2!|. One of the carriers of a sedan=chair.— 

chair'man-ship, n. 

Chaise, 1 dhez; 2 ghag, n. 1. A two=wheeled, 
one*horse vehicle for 


two persons. 2. A 
light four=wheeled 
carriage. [F.] 

Chat., Chald., abbr. 

Chaldaic, Chaldean, French Chaise of 1760. 
Chaldee. — chal., chald., abbr. Chaldron, 
chal-ced'o-ny, 1 kal-sed'o-m; 2 cal-ged'o-ny, 
n. Mineral. A waxy, translucent quartz. 
[< Gr. Chalkedon (town in Asia Minor).] cal- 
ced 'o-nyf. 

Chal-de'a, 1 kal-di'a; 2 eal-de'a, n. Ancient king¬ 
dom on the Persian Gulf.— Chal-de'an, a. & n. 
Chal-dae'anf. 

chal'(Iron, 1 dhel'dran; 2 chal'dron, n. A 
weight or measure for coal and coke (Eng. 
32 to 36 bu., U. S. 2,500 to 2,900 lbs.). [< F. 
chaudron.] 



Cha"let', 1 sTia"le'; 2 gha"le', n. A Swiss cot¬ 
tage or herdsmen’s hut; also, a building in 
imitation of it. [< Swiss chalet.] 
chal'ice, ) 1 dhal'is; 2 chal'ig, n. A cup used 
chal'is 8 , s in the Lord’s Supper. [< L. F calix 
( calic -), cup.] 

chalk, 1 dhek; 2 chak. I 4 , vt. To put chalk on 
or in; mark with chalk. II. n. A soft, white, 
compact limestone, or a piece of it, used for 
marking or drawing. [< L. AS calx (calc-), lime.] 
—chalk 'y, a. Of, containing, or like chalk.— 
chalk 'i-ness, n. 

chal 'lenge, 1 dhal'enj; 2 chal'eng, v. [-lenged ; 
-leng-ing.] I. t. 1. To dare (a person) to a 
contest or trial; call out to a duel. 2. To in¬ 
vite or defy (scrutiny or proof). 3. To claim 
as one’s due. 4. To call in question; dispute; 
object to (a juror, voter, or vote). 5. Mil. To 
utter a challenge to, as a sentry. II. i. To 
dare or defy any one.—chal'len-ger, n. 

Chal'lenge, 1 dhal'enj; 2 chal'eng, n. 1. A call 
or defiance to personal contest. 2. A formal 
objection or exception against a person or 
thing. 3. A sentry’s call, requiring one to 


halt and give the countersign. [< L.of calumnia-. 

see CALUMNY.] 

chal'lis, 1 Shal'i; 2 chal'i, n. A light, albwool 
dress fabric. [= Anglo=Ind. shaiee, < Hind. 
sdlu, soft cotton stuff.] chal'liet; chal'lyf. 
cha-lyb'e-ate, 1 ka-lib'i-et; 2 ea-lyb'e-at, a. 

Impregnated with iron. [ < Gr. chalyps, steel.) 
Cham., abbr. Chamomile.—Chamb., abbr. Cham¬ 
berlain. 

chain'her, 1 dhem'bar; 2 cham'ber, n. 1. A 
room in a dwellingdiouse, especially a bed¬ 
room. 2. pi. [Eng.] A suite of rooms or 
offices. 3. A hall where an assembly meets; 
also, the assembly. 4. An enclosed space, as 
at the breech of a gun. [ < L. F camera, vault.]— 
cham'ber-lain, n. 1. A palace official. 2. A 
steward or treasurer.—chain'ber-maid", n. A 
woman having care of bedchambers, 
cha-me 'le-on, 1 ka-mi'li-an; 2 ca-me'le-on, n. 
A lizard that has the power of 
changing its color. [Gr. L cha- 
mal, on the ground, + feore.lion.] 
cham'fer,ldham'far;2 cham'- 
fer. I. vt. To cut a channel 
in; bevel. II. n. A groove 
or channel; a bevel, 
chain 'ois, 1 dham'i or sTiam'- 
©i; 2 gham'i or gham'oi, n. 

1. A mountain antelope of 

Europe. 2 ; A soft leather. [F.] Chameleon. 

cham'o-mile, n. Same as camomile. 
Cha"mo"nix', 1 jffia"m6"nl'; 2 cha ,/ mo"m', n. 
Valley of Arve river, N. of Mt. Blanc, France. 
Cha"mou"nl'f. 

champ 4 , 1 dhamp; 2 champ, vt. & vi. To bite 
impatiently, as a horse the bit. [< S\yed. dial. 
kdmsa, chew with difficulty.] 
cham-pagne', 1 ^ham-pen'; 2 gham-pan', n. 
An effervescent wine, especially from Cham¬ 
pagne, a former province of France. 
Cham-paign', 1 iham-pen'; 2 gham-pan'. I* 
a. Of or pertaining to level ground or open 
country. II. n. Flat and open ground. [< 
LL of campania-, see campaign.] cham-pagne't. 
chain'pi-on, 1 dham'pi-an; 2 cham'pi-on. I. 
vt. To act as the champion of; contend for; 
advocate. II. n. 1. Originally, one who 
fought in behalf of another; one who defends 
a person, principle, etc. 2. The victor in an 
open contest. [< L,.^ + f campus, field.]— cham'- 
pi-on-ship, n. The state or position of a cham¬ 
pion. 

Cham-plain', 1 gham-plen'; 2 gham-plan', n. 1 . 
Samuel de (1570-1635), French discoverer, 
founder of Quebec. 2. Lake C., a lake between 
New York and Vermont. 

Cham"pol"lion', 1 :ffidh"pol"yen'; 2 chan'pol"- 
yon', Jean Frangois (1790-1832). A French 
Egyptologist. 

Chan., Chanc., abbr. Chancellor, 
chance, 1 dhans; 2 chang. I. vi. [chanced 4 ; 
chanc'ing.] 1 . To occur accidentally; hap¬ 
pen. 2. To come unexpectedly or unde- 
signedly ( on or upon). II. a. Occurring by 
chance; casual. III. n. 1. Fortune; luck. 

2. An accident. 3. A favorable conjuncture 
of circumstances; opportunity. 4. Probabil¬ 
ity; contingency; likelihood. [< LL. P cadentia, 
< L. cado, fall.] 

chan'cel, 1 dhan'sel; 2 chan'gel, n. The space 
about the altar in a church, for the clergy. 
[OF.] 

chan'cel-lor, 1 dhan'se-lsr; 2 chan'g8-lor, n. 
1. A high officer of state or of a university. 



1: 8 = final; I = hablt^ aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = fead; (Thin; go; p = sin#; thin, this. 
2: wplf, dq; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this, 













Chancellorsville 

Chatham 


108 


2. A judicial officer sitting in a court of chan¬ 
cery or equity. [ < LL. OF cancellarius, usher of 
a law-court.]— Lord High C., in Great Britain, 
the highest judicial officer of the crown.— chan '- 
cel-lor-ship, n. The office of a chancellor. 
Chan'cel-lors-ville, 1 bhan'se-larz-vil; 2 chan'- 
Ce-lorg-vll, n. A village, Spottsylvania county, 
Va., where Lee defeated Hooker, May 2-4, 1863. 
chan'cer-y, 1 dhan'sar-i; 2 chan'ger-y, n. A 
court of equity; formerly, in England, the 
court presided over by the Lord High Chan¬ 
cellor. [ < LL. F cancellarius; see chancellor.] 
chan"de-lier', 1 ffian"da-llr'; 2 ghan"de-ler', n. 
A branched support for lights suspended from 
a celling. [< L. LL+F candela, candle.] 
chan'dler, 1 dhan'dlar; 2 chan'dler, n. A 
trader; dealer, especially in candles; as, a 
t&Wovf“chandler. [ < F. chandelier, chandler, 

candlestick.]— chan'dler-y, n. [-iesz, pi.] A 
chandler’s shop or goods; placeforkeeping candles. 
Change, 1 dhenj; 2 chang, v. [changed; chang'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To make different; convert; 
alter. 2. To exchange; interchange. II. i. 
To become different; vary.— change"a-bil'l-ty, 
n. change'a-bl(e-ness p f.—change'a-bl(e p , a. 
1. Capable of being changed. 2. Likely to 
change; inconstant. — change'a-bly, adv. — 
change'ful, a. Full of or given to change, 
-ness, n. —change 'ful-ly, adv. —change'less, 
a. Free from change; Immutable.— chang'er, n. 
change, n. 1. The act or fact of changing; 
alteration; substitution, or something used in 
substitution. 2. Small money. 3. A place 
for general transaction of business. See ex¬ 
change. [ < LL. F cambium, exchange.] 
change'ling, 1 dhenj'liq; 2 chang'ling, n. 1. 
An ill-favored child supposed to have been 
substituted by fairies for a beautiful one 
stolen away. 2. A fickle person: used also 
adjectivally. 

chan'nel, 1 dhan'el; 2 chan'81. I. vt. [chan¬ 
neled or chan'nelled, chan'neld p ; chan'- 
nel-ing or chan'nel-ling.] To cut or wear 
channels in. II. n. The bed of a stream; 
deep part of a river; a wide strait; any groove 
or passage. [ < L.of canalis, water-pipe.] 
Chan'nel Is 'lands. A British group (Jersey, 
Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark; 75 sq. m.; pop. 
59,500) in the English Channel, off France, 
chant, 1 dhunt; 2 chant. I. vt. & vi. To sing, 
as to a chant; sing. II. n. A melody adapted 
to words without strict rhythm; a psalm or 
canticle so recited; a song; melody. [< L. F 
cantus, < cano, sing.] chauntf.—chant'er, n. 
chant'orf; chaunt'erj.—chant'ress, n. fern. 
chan'ti-cleer, 1 dhan'ti-kllr; 2 chan'ti-eler, n. 

A cock. [< F. chanter, chant, -f- clair, clear.] 
cha'os, 1 ke'es; 2 ca'os, n. A condition of utter 
disorder and confusion, as the unformed 
primal state of the universe. [ < Gr. F chaos, < 
chaino, gape.] —cha-ot'ic, a. Of, pertaining to, 
or like chaos; unformed; disordered, 
chap, 1 dhap; 2 chap, vt. & vi. [chapped 1 or 
chapt; chap'ping.] To crack and roughen, 
as the skin. 

chap 1 , n. A crack, as in the skin. 
chap 2 , n. [Colloq.j A fellow; lad. 
chap 3 , 1 dhop; 2 chap, n. A jaw; in the plural, 
the mouth and cheeks. [ < Ice. kiaptr, jaw.] 
Chap., abbr. Chaplain. —chap., abbr. Chapter. 
chap"ar-ral', 1 dhap"a-ral'; 2 chap"a-rhl', n. 
A tangle of dwarf oak, low thorny shrubs, 
etc. [Sp., < chaparra, evergreen oak.] 
chap '-book", 1 dhap'-buk"; 2 chap'-bdok", n. A 
pamphlet sold by a chapman. [See chapman.] 


cha"peau', 1 ffia"p5'; 2 gha/'po', n. [cha¬ 
peaux', 1 -poz'; 2 -poz', pi] A hat; especially, 
a plumed or military hat. [F.] 
chap'el, 1 dhap'el; 2 chap'el, n. 1. A place of 
worship other than a large and regular church. 

2. A chapel service. [< LL.of capella, dim. of 
cappa, cape, cope (orig. of a saint, held as a relic).] 

chap'er-on, 1 shap'ar-on; 2 chap'er-on. I. vt. 
To act as chaperon to. II. n. A woman who 
acts as attendant or protector of a young un¬ 
married woman in public. [F.] chap'er- 
onef.—chap'er-on-age, ra. 
chap'fal"len, ) 1 dhep'fel"n; 2 chap'fal"n, a. 
chop'fal"len, ) Having the chap or jaw droop¬ 
ing; hence, dejected; crestfallen, 
chap'lain, 1 dhap'lm; 2 chap'lin, n. A clergy¬ 
man having official charge of religious ser¬ 
vices, as of a legislature, a regiment, or a ship. 
[< F. chapelain.]— chap'lain-ey, n. [-cies*, 
pi.] The office of a chaplain, chap'lain-shipf. 
chap'let, 1 dhap'let; 2 chap'ldt, n. A wreath 
or garland; necklace; rosary. [< F. chapelet.] 
chap'man, 1 dhap'man; 2 chap'man, n. [chap'- 
men, pi.] A pedler. [ < AS. ce&p, trade, + man, 
man.] 

chap'ter, 1 dhap'tar; 2 chap'ter, n. 1. A divi¬ 
sion of a book. 2. The clergy of a cathedral. 

3. A branch of a society. [ < L. F capitulum, dim. 
of caput, head.] 

Cha-pul"te-pee', 1 dha-pQrte-pek'; 2 cha-pql'te- 
pde', n. Fortified hill protecting Mexico City, 
Mexico. 

char 1 , 1 char; 2 char, vt. & vi. [charred, 
chard 8 ; char'ring.] To scorch or be 
scorched; burn to charcoal. 
char 2 , vi. [Prov. Eng.] To do chores or chares. 

[< AS. cerran, turn.] charet. 
char, n. [Dial.] Same as chore, charet. 
char'ac-ter, 1 kar'ak-tar; 2 ear'ac-ter. I. vt. 
To impress, engrave, or depict; characterize. 
II. n. 1. The quality, or qualities, distin¬ 
guishing any person or class, especially high 
qualities; moral force. 2. Reputation. 3. A 
representation; assumed part; role; also, the 
person holding or represented as holding it. 

4. A figure engraved, written, or printed; 
mark; sign; letter. [ < Gr. charakier, an engraved 
mark, < charassd, engrave.]— char"ae-ter-is'- 
tlc. I. a. Distinguishing; marking specifically. 
II. n. A distinctive feature; peculiarity, -ti- 
cal-ly, adv.— char'ac-ter-less, a. -ness, n. 

char'ac-ter-ize or-ise, 1 kar'ak-tar-aiz; 2 car'- 
ac-ter-iz, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] 1. To describe; 
designate. 2. To be a mark or peculiarity of; 
distinguish.— char"ac-ter-i-za'tion or -sa'- 
tion, n. 

eha-rade', 1 ^ha-red'; 2 cha-rad', n. An enig¬ 
ma given in representation. [F.] 
char'coal", 1 dhar'kol"; 2 char'col", n. A 
black, porous substance, obtained by the im¬ 
perfect combustion of organic matter, as of 
wood, in an air-tight kiln; nearly pure carbon. 
[< AS. cearcian, crack, + coal.] 
charge, 1 cliarj; 2 charg, v. [charged; charg'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To lay or impose something 
upon, as a load, trust, or requirement; exhort; 
instruct; enjoin. 2. To set or state as a price; 
demand. 3. To set down or record something 
as due from; debit. 4. To accuse. 5. To 
make an onset upon. 6. To emblazon, as 
with heraldic emblems. II. i. 1. To demand 
or fix a price. 2. To make an onset. [< F. 
charger, < LL. carrico, < L. carrus, car.] 
charge, n. 1. The quantity put or to be put 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 











109 


Chancellorsville 

Chatham 


into a firearm, a furnace, etc. 2. Care and 
custody, or that which is under one’s care. 3. 
A price; entry of indebtedness; tax; expense; 
cost. 4. An address of instruction or admoni¬ 
tion. 5. An accusation. 6. An impetuous 
onset; also, the signal for it. 7. A heraldic 
figure or device; a bearing, 
charge 'a-bl(e p , 1 dharj'a-bl; 2 charg'a-bl, a. 

Capable of being or rightfully to be charged, 
charg'er, 1 dharj'er; 2 charg'er, n. 1. One who 
or that which charges; a war-horse. 2||. A 
large dish. [chary manner. 

char'i-Iy, 1 dhar'i-li; 2 char'i-ly, adv. In a 
char'i-ness, 1 dhar'i-nes; 2 char'i-nes, n. The 
qualiiy of being chary. 

Char'ing Cross, 1 Oiar'irj; 2 char'ing. A London 
district, W. end of the Strand; site of one of the 
crosses erected by Edward I. at places where the 
body of his wife rested on the way to Westminster, 
char'i-ot, 1 char'i-at; 2 char'i-ot, n. 1. Antiq. 
A two-wheeled vehicle used in war and racing. 
2. An ornate four-wheeled carriage. [OF.] — 
char"i-ot-eer', n. A driver of a chariot. 
Char'i-ty, 1 dhar'i-ti; 2 char'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. Liberality to the poor; almsgiving; 
alms. 2. An institution for the help of the 
needy. 3. Readiness to overlook faults; 
leniency. 4. Benevolence; Christian love. 
[< L. p carita{t-)s, < cams, dear.]—char'l-ta- 
bl(e p , a. Beneficent; generous; considerate; 
lenient; indulgent, -ness, n. -ta-bly, adv. 
char'la-tan, 1 dhar'la-tan; 2 ghar'la-tan, n. A 
pretender, as to medical knowledge; quack. 
[F.]—char'la-tan-ry, n. char'la-tan-ismt. 
Char"le-magne', 1 Shar"li-men'; 2 ghar"le-man', 
n. (742-814). King of the Franks (800-814). 
Charles, 1 dharlz; 2 charlg, n. 1. C., “The Bold” 
(1433-1477), duke of Burgundy; introduced in 
Scott’s Quentin Durward and Anne of Geierstein. 

2. C. I., Stuart (1600-1649), English king; en¬ 
gaged in Civil War; tried and beheaded, 1649. 

3. C. II., Stuart (1630-1685), English king; ac¬ 
ceded at Restoration, 1660. 4. C. V.(1500-1558), 
emperor of Germany and king (C. I.) of Spain. 

Charles’s Wain. See Wain, 1. 

Charles'tou, n. 1. A town in South Carolina; pop. 
67,960. 2. The capital of West Virginia; pop. 

39,610. 

Charles'town, 1 dharlz'taun; 2 charl§'town, n. 

Part of Boston, Mass.; U. S. navy-yard, 
char'lotte russe, 1 rus; 2 rus. Whipped cream or 
custard in a form made of sponge-cake, 
charm, 1 dharm; 2 charm, v. I. t. 1. To put a 
spell upon; captivate; fascinate; delight. 2. 
To protect as by a spell. II. i. To act like a 
charm; be fascinating.— charm'er, n. 
charm, 1 dharm; 2 charm, n. 1. The power of 
alluring or delighting; fascination; also, that 
which charms; beauty. 2. A magical spell; 
amulet. [ < F. charme, < L. carmen, song.] 
Charm'ing, 1 dhcirrn'ir); 2 charm'ing, pa. Hav¬ 
ing power to charm, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
char'nel, 1 dhar'nel; 2 char'nel. I. a. Sepul¬ 
chral. II. n. A sepulcher. char'nel house"!. 
[< L caro {earn-), flesh.] 

Cha'ron, 1 ke'ran; 2 ea'ron, n. Class. Myth. The 
ferryman of the dead over the Styx,, 
chart, 1 dhart; 2 chart. T 1 . vt. To lay out on 
a chart. II. n. A map, as for the use of 
navigators. [< Gr.n+oF charts, leaf of paper.] 
chart., abbr. [L.] Med. Chartas (papers [contain¬ 
ing powders, etc.]). 

char'ter, 1 dhdr'tar; 2 char'ter. I. vt. 1. To 
hire by charter. 2. To establish by charter. 
II. n. 1. An act of incorporation. 2. A 


document granting special rights or privi¬ 
leges. 3. A lease, as of a vessel. [< L.o p char- 
tula, dim. of charla; see chart, m.] 

Char-treuse', 1 ^har-truz'; 2 char-trug', n. 1. 
La Grande C., the original Carthusian monas¬ 
tery, near Grenoble, France; monks expelled, 
1903. 2. [c-] A variety of liqueur first made there. 
char'\vo"man, 1 dhar'wu"man; 2 char'w T o"man, n. 
[Eng.] A chorewoman. 

char'y, 1 dhar'i; 2 ch&r'y, a. 1. Cautious; 
wary. 2. Careful; prudent; sparing. [< AS. 
cearig, sorrowful, sad, < cearu. care ] 
Cha-ryb'dis, 1 ka-rib'dis; 2 ca-ryb'dis, n. Class 
Myth. A ravenous woman, transformed into 
a whirlpool on the Sicilian coast, opposite the 
Italian rock Scylla: hence “ between Scylla and 
Charybdis”, i. e., between two dangers. 

Chas., abbr. Charles. 

chase’, 1 dhes; 2 chas, v. [chased 1 ; chas'ing.] 

I. t. 1. To follow with intent to catch, ob¬ 
tain, etc.; pursue. 2. To drive away; dispel. 

II. i. To follow in pursuit; run swiftly. [<OF. 
chacier, < L. capto; see catch, v.]— chas'er, n. 

Chase 21 , vt. To ornament by indenting. 
chase 1 , n. 1. Earnest pursuit. 2. That which 
is pursued. 3. The practise of hunting; hunt¬ 
ers collectively; the hunt. 4. [Eng.] A pri¬ 
vate game-preserve. 

chase 2 , n. 1. A frame into which type is fast¬ 
ened for printing. 2. The forward part of a 
cannon. 3. A groove; trough; trench. [< 
OF. chasse. < capsa; see case 2 , n.\ 
chasm, 1 kazm; 2 ca§m, n. A yawning hollow; 

deep gorge. [ < Gr. chasma, < chainb, gape.] 
chas-seur', 1 Sha-sur'; 2 cha-sur', n. A light¬ 
armed soldier of cavalry or infantry. [F., < 
OF. chacier, chase.] 

clias'sis, 1 dhas'is; 2 chas'is, n. Sing. & pi. The 
frame and springs of a motor-car; by extension, 
its mechanical parts and the wheels. [< F. 
chassis, < OF. chasse; see chase 2 , n.] 
chaste, 1 dhest; 2 chast, a. 1. Modest; virtu¬ 
ous. 2. Pure in style. [< L. p castus, pure.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

chas'ten, 1 dhes'n; 2 chas'n, vt. 1. To discipline 
by pain or trial. 2. To moderate; soften. 3. To 
refine; purify. 4||. To chastize, —ehast'en-er, n. 
chas-tise', 1 dhas-taiz'; 2 chas-tis', vt. [chas¬ 
tised'; chas-tis'ing.] 1. To correct with the 
rod. 2. To punish, as an enemy. [< chasten.] 
chas-tize'f. — chas-tis'er, n. — chas'tise- 
ment, n. The infliction of punishment, 
ehas'ti-ty, 1 dhas'ti-ti; 2 chas'ti-ty, n. The 
state or quality of being chaste; purity, 
chat, 1 dhat; 2 chat. I . vi. [chat'ted^; chat '- 1 
ting.] To converse in an easy manner. II, n. 
Easy and familiar speech. [Short for chatter.] 
cha"teau', 1 dha"to'; 2 <?ha"to', n. [cha". 



teattx', pi.] A 
castle; country 
mansion. [F.] 

Cha"teau' Thi"- 
er"ry', ltI"ar"rP; 

2 ti"er"ry'. French 
city (pop. 8,000) 
on Western Front 
in the World War 
1914-18; captured 
by U. S. troops 
from the Germans, 
chat' e- laine, 1 

dhat'a-len; 2 chat'e-lan, n. 1. A chain, hanging 
from a woman’s belt, to hold small articles. 2. 
The mistress of a castle. [F.l 
Chat'ham, 1 dhat'sm; 2 chat'am, Earl of (1708- 
1778), William Pitt. An English statesman. 


French Chateau. 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; lu = feud; <fhin; go; Q = sm^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; fyJl, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











Chattanooga 

Chile 


110 


Chat"ta-noo'ga, 1 (5hat"a-nu'ga; 2 chat"a-noo'ga, 
n. A city (pop. 58,000), S. E. Tennessee; battles 
of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, 
Nov. 23-25, 1863. 

chat'tel, 1 dhat'el; 2 chat'81, n. Law. An article 
of personal property; a movable. [< OF. 
chatel.] 

chat'ter, 1 dhat'ar; 2 chSt'er. I. vt. & vi. 1. 
To click (the teeth) rapidly together, as in 
shivering. 2. To talk fast and trivially. 3. 
To make rapid and indistinct sounds, as a 
monkey. II. n. 1. Idle prattle. 2. Jabber¬ 
ing, as of a monkey. 3. A rattling of the 
teeth. [Imitative.]— chat'ter-box", n. A volu¬ 
ble talker. 

Chat'ter-ton, IChat'ar-ton; 2 chat'or-ton,Thomas 
(1752-1770). An English romantic poet; suicide, 
chat'ty, 1 dhat'i; 2 ch&t'y, a. Given to chat; 

loquacious.— chat'ti-ness, n. [water«jar. 

chat'ty, n. [-ties, pi] An East*Indian porous 
Chau'cer, 1 cfhe'sar; 2 cha'cer, tieof'frey (1340?- 
1400). “Father of English Poetry;” Canterbury 
Talcs 

chauf'feur, 1 gho'far; 2 cho'fer, n. [F.] One 
who drives or operates an automobile.— chauf"- 
feuse', 1 gho"fuz'; 2 cho"fug', n. A woman who 
drives a motor*car. 

Chau-tau'qua, 1 She-te'kwa; 2 cha-ta'kwa, n. A 
lake in Chautauqua county, N. Y.; a summer 
resort, headquarters of an educational association 

(Chautauqua Circle). 

Ch. C., Ch. Ch., abbr. Christ Church.— Ch. Clk., 
abbr. Chief Clerk. 

cheap, 1 dhip ; 2 chep, a. Bearing or bringing a 
low price; hence, poor; mean. [< AS. ceap, 
trade (in phrase good cheap).] — cheap'en, vt. 
& vi. 1. To make or become cheap. 2||. To beat 
down the price of.— cheap'en-er, n. — cheap'ly, 
adv. —cheap'ness, n. 

cheat d , 1 dhit; 2 chet, vt. & vi. To deceive or 
defraud. [Abbr. of escheat, ».]— cheat 'er, n. 
cheat, n. 1. A fraud; imposture. 2. A 
swindler. 3. A weed; chess. 
check 1 , 1 dhek; 2 chSk, v. I. t. 1. To restrain 
by force or suddenly; stop; curb. 2. To mark 
with a check or checks; hence to test by com¬ 
parison. 3. To attach a check to, or obtain 
one for. 4. To put in check. 5||. To rebuke. 
II. i. To pause.— check 'srein", n. A rein from 
the bits to the saddle of a harness to keep a 
horse’s head up. bear'ingsrein"t. 
check, n. 1. A checking or being checked. 
2. That which checks, as a check*rein. 3. A 
written order for money, drawn upon a bank 
or banker. 4. A numbered tag, or the like, 
to identify the owner of an article. 5. A mark 
for verification, as in an account. 6. A square 
in a checkered surface; any checkered pat¬ 
tern. 7. In chess, an attack or menace to the 
king. [< F. echec, < Per. shah, king.] 
check'er, 1 dhek'ar; 2 chek'er, vt. To mark 
with squares or crossed lines; diversify, 
check'er, n. 1. A piece in the game of check¬ 
ers. 2. A square in a checker*surface. 3. pi. 
A game played on a checker “board; draughts. 
[< OF. eschekier, chess*board, ult. < Per. shah, 
king.] checq v uert.—check'er*board", n. A 
board divided into 64 squares, 
check'er-ber"ry, 1 (fliek'ar-ber'i; 2 chek'er-b6r"y, 
n. [-ries z , pi.] The wintergreen or its red berry, 
check'mate", 1 cffiek'met"; 2 chSk'mat". I d . 
vt. Chess. To put (a king) in a check from 
which no escape is possible; defeat by a skil¬ 
ful maneuver. II. n. The act or position of 
checkmating. [< Ar J shah, king, + mat, dead.] 


cheek, 1 dhik; 2 chek, n. 1. Either side of the 
face below the eye; an analogous part. 2. 
[Slang.] Assurance; impudence. [< AS. ceace.] 
cheek 'y, 1 dhlk'i; 2 chek'y, a. [Slang.] Impudent; 
brazen. 

cheep, 1 <5hlp; 2 chep. I. vi. To chirp or squeak 
faintly; peep. II. n. A weak chirp or squeak. 
[Imitative.]— cheep'er, n. 
cheer, 1 dhir; 2 cher, v. I. t. 1. To make cheer¬ 
ful. 2. To applaud with cheers. II. i. 1. To 
be or become cheerful. 2. To utter cheers, 
cheer, n. 1. A shout of applause or encourage¬ 
ment. 2. Cheerfulness. 3. Provisions for a 
feast. 41|. Expression; look. [< LL.r cara (< 
Gr. kara), head.]— cheer'er, n.— cheer'ful, a. 
In good spirits; joyous; lively; willing.— cheer 
ful-ly, adv. —cheer'ful-ness, n. —cheer'Iess, 
a. Destitute of cheer; gloomy, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
cheer'y, 1 cfhir'i; 2 cher'y, a. 1. Abounding in 
or showing cheerfulness. 2. Fitted to cheer; 
cheering.— cheer'i-ly, adv.— cheer'i-ness, n. 
Cheese, 1 dhlz; 2 cheg, n. The pressed curd of 
milk. [< L.as caseus, cheese.]— cheese-cake", 
n. A pie containing curd or cheese.— c.=cloth, 
n. A thin fabric, as for wrapping a cheese after 
pressing.—c.sinonger, n. A dealer in cheese.— 
c.sparing, a. Miserly; parsimonious.— chees'y, 
a. Containing or resembling cheese, 
chef, 1 ^hef; 2 ch£f, n. A male head cook. [F.] 
chef "s(l ’ceu'vre, 1 ^he"»du'vr; 2 che"‘dh'vr, n. 

[chefs"*d’ceu'vre, pi.] A masterpiece. [F.] 
Che"foo', 1 tfhrfu'; 2 che’fdo', n. Commercial 
city and treaty port (pop. 54,450), Shantung 
province, China. Che"fu'J; Chi"fu't. 
Chel'sea, 1 Chel'si; 2 ch&l'se, n. A borough (pop. 

63,700) of S. W. London, England, 
chem., abbr. Chemical, chemist, chemistry, 
chem'i-cal, 1 kem'i-kal; 2 eSm'i-eal. I. a. 1. 
Of or pertaining to chemistry. 2. Obtained 
by or used in chemistry, chem'ict [Poet.]. 
II. n. A substance obtained by or used in a 
chemical process. —chem'i-cal-ly, adv. 
che-mise', 1 ^hi-mlz'; 2 che-mig', n. A wo¬ 
man’s undergarment. [F., < LL. camisia, shirt.] 
chem'1st, 1 kem'ist; 2 c&m'ist, n. 1. One 
versed in chemistry. 2. A dealer in chemi¬ 
cals. [Abbr. of ALCHEMIST.] 
chem'is-try, 1 kem'is-tn; 2 c&m'is-try, n. 1 . 
The science that treats of matter con¬ 
sidered as composed of atoms and of their 
relations and affinities. 2. A treatise on this 
science. 

che-nille', 1 ghi-nll'; 2 che-nil', n. A soft fluffy 
cord of cotton, wool, etc., often made into fringes, 
curtains, etc. [F., caterpillar, < canicula, dim. 
of cants, dog.] 

Che'ops, 1 kl'ops; 2 c5'6ps, n. Egyptian king 
(4th dynasty), supposed builder of first pyramid 
near Cairo. 

cheque, 1 <)hek; 2 chfek, n. Same as check, 3. 
cheq 'uer, etc. Same as checker, etc. 
Cher"bourg', 1 ghacbur'; 2 cber"b\ir', n. Forti¬ 
fied seaport (pop 44,000), N. France, 
cher'ish', 1 cffier'i^h; 2 chfir'ish, vt. 1. To care 
for kindly; foster; nurture. 2. To entertain 
fondly, as a hope or an idea. [ < F. cher, dear.] 
che-root', 1 6hi-rut'; 2 Che-root', n. A cigar*like 
roll of inferior tobacco cut at both ends. [ < F. 
cheroute, < Hind, shuruttu, roll.] she-root't. 
cher'ry, 1 (ffier'i; 2 chSr'y. 1. a. 1. Like a 
cherry; red. 2. Made of cherry*wood. II. n. 
[cher'ries 2 , pi.] A small roundish or heart* 
shaped red or reddish, yellow, or black fruit 
growing on a long pedicel, with a small round 
stone; also, the tree that bears it, or its wood. 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn. 










Ill 


Chattanooga 

Chile 


Cher"so-ne'sus, 1 kur"so-nI'sus; 2 eer"so-ne'sus, 
n. The ancient name of several European penin¬ 
sulas (Crimea, Gallipoli, Jutland). Cher-so'- 
ne-sosj [Gr.]. 

cher'ub, 1 hher'ub; 2 chgr'ub, n. 1 . [cher'- 
ubs z , pi.] The representation of a beautiful 
winged child, or the winged head of a child; 
hence, a beautiful child. 2. [cher'u-bim, pi .J 
One of an order of exalted angelic beings. 
[< Heb. LL k'rubh, cherub.]— che-ru'bic, che- 
ru'bi-cal, a.— cher'u-bim, n. 1. Plural of 
cherub. 2. [Erroneous.] A cherub: with plural 
Cherubinis. [chirp. 

Cher 'up, 1 dher'up; 2 cher'up, v & n. Chirrup; 

Ches'a-peake, 1 cflies'a-plk; 2 ches'a-pek, n. 1. 
Bay, between Maryland and Virginia. 2. An 
American frigate (Captain Lawrence), defeated 
by the English “Shannon,” Boston harbor, June 
1, 1813. 


A game played by 


Chess=board. 

Pieces as arranged at 
w » a w oiiouu, /v. opening of game; a, rook; b. 

• A large box, as lor knight; c, bishop; d , queen; 
packing. 2. The part of «, king; /, bishop; g, knight; 
the body enclosed by the h< rook 5 *> i,— *’*• P awns - 
ribs; the thorax. [< Gr. L+A3 lisle, box.] —chest 
of drawers, a box-like frame containing drawers, 
bu'reauf [U. S.]. 

Ches'ter, 1 hhes'tar; 2 chSs'ter, n. A city (pop. 
41,000) in Cheshire, England; old city wall and 
much old architecture preserved. 

Ches'ter-field, 1 hhes'tar-flld; 2 ches'ter-feld, 
Earl of (1694-1773), Philip Dormer Stanhope. 
An English courtier and wit; Letters to His Son 
(published 1774). 


, a i A c d . e rn A, 


<X b c of e fab 


chess 1 , 1 dhes; 2 ches, n. 
two persons on a check¬ 
ered board divided into 
64 squares, with 16 
pieces on each side. [< 
OF. esches, pi. of eschec; 
see check 1 , «.]—chess'- 
board", n. The board on 
which chess is played.— 
chess'man, n. One of 
the pieces in chess. 

Chess 2 , n. An oat-like 
weed. 

chest. 1 ih-ipst.’ 2 ohpst r>. 


chest'nut, 1 dhes'nut; 2 chSs'nut. I. o. 1. 
Richly red-brown. 2. Made of the wood of 
the chestnut. II. n. 1. An edible nut, grow¬ 
ing in a prickly bur; also, the tree that bears 
it, or its wood. See leaf. 2. A reddish-brown 
color, or a horse of that color, ches'nutj. 

che'tah, 1 (fffl'ta; 2 che'ta, n. The hunting-leop¬ 
ard of southwestern Asia and northern Africa. 
[< Hind, chilah, < Sans, chitraka, speckled.] 
chee'tahf; chei'tat. 

chev"a-lier', 1 ^hev"a-llr'; 2 ghgv"a-ler', n. A 
knight; cavalier. [F.] 

chev'I-ot, 1 tfhev'i-at; 2 ch6v'i-ot, n. A cloth made 
from the wool of sheep bred on the Cheviot Hills, 
or from commoner grades in imitation of it. 
—Cheviot Hills, a range between Scotland and 
England. 

chev'ron, 1 ^hev'ran; 2 ghev'ron, n. A device 
of inverted V-shaped bars worn on the sleeve 
by non-commissioned officers. [F.] 

Chew, 1 dfiu; 2 chu. l.vt.&vi. To cut or grind 
with the teeth; work the jaws and teeth; 
ruminate; meditate. II. n. The act of 
chewing, or that which is chewed. [< AS. 
cedwan, chew, eat.] 

Chey"enne', 1 :fhai"en'; 2 chren', n. A city (pop. 
13,830), capital of the State of Wyoming. 

Chf., abbr. Chief.— Ch. hist., abbr. Church his¬ 
tory.— Chi., abbr. Chicago. 


Chi-ca'go, 1 ifln-ke'go; 2 chi-ca'go, n. City and 
lake port (pop. 2,701,700), Cook county, Illinois, 
chi-cane', 1 ^hi-ken'; 2 chi-can', n. Mean, 
petty trickery, with fair pretense. [F.] chi- 
can 'er-yt. 

Chich'es-ter, 1 dhkfh'es-tsr; 2 chlch'es-ter, n. A 
cathedral city (pop. 12,410), Sussex, England, 
chick, 1 dhik; 2 chile, n. 1 . A young chicken. 

2. A young person; a child, 
chick'a-dee, 1 dhik'a-dl; 2 chik'a-de, n. An Amer¬ 
ican titmouse. [< its note.] 

Chick"a-mau'ga Creek, 1 (5hik"a-me'ga; 2 chlk'- 
a-ma'ga. A creek in Walker county, Georgia; 
scene of indecisive Confederate victory, Dec. 
18 and 19, 1863. 

chick'en, 1 dhik'en; 2 chik'gn, n. 1. The 
young of the common fowl; loosely, a fowl 
of any age, or its flesh. 2. A child, or an in¬ 
experienced person. [ < AS. cicen, for *cycen, 
dim. of coc, cock.]—chick'en=heart"ed, a. 
Faint-hearted or cowardly.—c.=pox, n. A mild 
febrile disease of children, 
chick'weed, 1 (fluk'wld; 2 chlk'wed, n. A spread¬ 
ing, white-flowered herb of the pink family, 
chic'o-ry, 1 hhik'o-n; 2 clne'o-ry, n. A peren¬ 
nial herb of the aster family: used in adulterat¬ 
ing coffee. [ < Gr. L kictrora, chicory.] 
chide, 1 dhaid; 2 chid, vt. & vi. [chid (chode, 
16th cent.); chid'den or chid, chid'n p ; chid'- 
ing.] 1. To rebuke; admonish; scold. 2. To 
beat with murmuring sound, as waves; mur¬ 
mur; bay, as hounds. [<AS. cidan.] —chid'er, n. 
chief, 1 dhif; 2 chef. I. a. Highest in rank or 
authority; foremost; greatest; of great im¬ 
portance. II. n. 1. A ruler, leader, or head; 
principal actor or agent; principal part. 2 . 
Her. The upper part of a shield. [< F. chef, 
head.]—cliief'ly, adv. Most of all, or above all; 
especially 

chief'tain, 1 dhif'tin; 2 chef'tin, n. The head 
of a Highland clan; chief; leader. [< LL. 
capilanus, < L. caput, head.]—chief'taln-cy, 
n. The rank or territory of a chieftain, ckief'- 
tain-shipi. 

chif'fon, 1 dhif'an; 2 chif'on, n. 1 . Any decorative 
part of feminine apparel. 2. Avery thin gauze. [F.} 
chif"fo-nier', 1 ^hiro-nlr'; 2 chif"o-ner', n. 1. An 
ornamental cabinet. 2. A high, narrow bureau. [F.] 
chi"gnon', 1 dhi'nyeh'; 2 ghe"ny6h', n. A roll 
of hair worn on the back of the head by women. 
[F.] 

Chih'li, 1 dill'll; 2 chi'li, n. A province (115,830 
sq. m.; pop. 22,970,000), N. E. China.—Gulf 
of C., Strait of C., gulf and strait in N. W. 
Yellow Sea, China. 

Chi-hua'hua, 1 dhl-wa'wa; 2 chi-wa'wa, n. A 
Mexican state (87,802 sq. m.; pop. 423,390), and 
its capital (pop. 39,700). 

chil'blain, 1 dhil'blen; 2 chil'blan, n. A blain 
of the hands or feet, from exposure to cold. 

chill'blaint. 

child, n. [chil'dren, 1 dhil'dren; 2 chll'drdn, 
pi.] A human offspring, considered with refer¬ 
ence to parent or parents; a descendant; a 
person between infancy and youth. [AS. cild.) 
—child'hood, n. The state or time of being 
a child.—child'ish, a. lake children or child¬ 
hood; puerile; petty, -ly, adv. -ness, n .— 
child'less, a. Having no children. -iy, adv. 
-ness, n. —child'like", a. Like a child; artless; 
confiding; docile, -ness, n. 
childe, 1 dhaild; 2 child, n. A youth of gentle 
blood, especially as in training for knight¬ 
hood. child J. 

Chi'le, 1 (5hl'le; 2 chi'le, n. A republic (292,580 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = <rat; ell; IQ = feud; cfhin; go; o = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wolf, dft; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, b6y; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








chill 

Chosen 


112 


sq. m.; pop. 4,038,000), on Pacific coast, South 
America. Chi'llf.—Chil'e-an, a. & ra. Chil'- 
I-anf. 

chill, ) 1 <fhil; 2 chil, v. 1. t. To reduce to a low 
chil p , (temperature; make chilly; discourage. 

II. i. To become or feel unpleasantly cold. 
Chill. I. a. Moderately, unpleasantly, or in¬ 
juriously cold; chilly. II. ra. 1. A sensation 
of cold, as that which precedes a fever. 2. A 
check to ardor, joy, etc. [< AS. dele, cyle .]— 
chill'y, a. Producing or feeling a chill.—chill 
i-ly, adv .—chill 'I-ness, ra. 

Chil"lon', 1 Shi"yen'; 2 chi’yon', ra. An ancient 
castle on Lake Geneva, where the subject of 
Byron’s Prisoner of Chillon was detained, 
chi-mae'ra, n. Same as chimera. 
Chim"bo-ra'zo, 1 <5him"bo-ra'zo; 2 chim"’bo-ra'- 
zo, n. A mountain peak (20,498 ft.) and prov¬ 
ince (5,544 sq. m.; pop. 122,000) in Ecuador. 
Chime 1 , 1 Chaim; 2 chim. I. vt. & vi. [chimed; 
chim'ing.] To ring musically; sound melo¬ 
diously; harmonize; agree. II. ra. A set of 
bells tuned to a scale; harmony; agreement. 

[ < AS. cimbal, < L. cymbalum; see cymbal.] 
Chime 2 , ) I. vt. To make a chime in (a stave, 
Chimb, j etc.). II. ra. 1. The edge or brim of 
a cask, barrel, or tub. 2. A channel in a ves¬ 
sel’s deck. [Of AS. origin.] 

Chi-me 'ra, j 1 ki-[or kai-]mi'ra; 2 ci-[or ci-]me'- 
chi-mte'ra, ) ra, n. 1. An absurd and ground¬ 
less fancy. 2. [C- or c-] A mythical fire* 
breathing monster. [< Gr. L chimaira, < chi- 
mairos, he goat.]—chi-mer'I-cal, a. Like a 
chimera; impracticable; visionary, chl-mer'let. 
-ly, adv. 

chim'ney, 1 Chim'm; 2 chim'ny, ra. A flue for 
the smoke or gases from a fire; a structure 
containing it, or something resembling such a 
structure. 

chlin-pan'zee, 1 Chim-pan'zi; 2 chim-pSn'ze, 
n. A West*African ape, about 5 feet in 
height. [Angola.] 

chin, 1 Chin; 2 chin, ra. The central and an¬ 
terior part of the lower jaw. [ < AS. dn (orig. 
‘cheek’).] 

Chin., abbr. China, Chinese, 
chi'na, 1 Chai'na; 2 chi'na, ra. 1. [C-] The 
S. E. division of the Chinese Republic; 
1,532,420 sq. m.; pop. 320,650,000; colloqui¬ 
ally the Chinese Republic. 2. Porcelain or 
porcelain*ware (originally from China). chi '- 
na-ware"f.—Chl'na-nian, ra. One of the Chi¬ 
nese.—China sea, part of Pacific ocean between 
China and the Philippine Islands, 
chinch, 1 ChinCh; 2 chinch, ra. 1. A bug de¬ 
structive to grain. 2. The bedbug. [< L.s p 
cimex, bug.] 

chin-chil'la, 1 Chin-Chil'a; 2 chin-chil'a, ra. 
[S. Am.] 1. The soft, pearly*gray fur of the 
chinchilla; also, a woolen imitation of it. 2. 
A squirreMike rodent of the Andes. [Sp.] 
chine 1 , 1 chain; 2 chin, ra. The spine, back* 
bone, or back; a piece of meat from the back. 
[< OF. eschine, back*bone, < OHG. skina, 
needle.] 

chine 2 , ra. Same as chime 2 . 

Chi-nese', 1 Chai-nls'; 2 chl-nes'. I. a. Of or 
pertaining to China. II. ra. sing, or pi. A 
native or naturalized inhabitant of China, or 
the language of China. 

Chi-nese' Republic. A former empire in E. 
Asia, including China, Manchuria, Mongolia, 
Tibet, and E. Turkestan; about 4,275,000sq. m.: 
pop. 433,500,000; capital, Peking. 


chink 1 , 1 chirjk; 2 chink. I 1 , vt. To make a 

chink. II. ra. A short, sharp, metallic sound. 
[Imitative.] 

chink 2 . I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To open in chinks; 
crack. 2. To fill, as chinks. II. ra. A long, 
narrow cleft; crevice. [< AS. dnu, chink.] 
chln'ka-pln, 1 Chirj'ka-pin; 2 chln'ka-pln, n. 
Either of two trees of the United States, or their 
edible nuts. [< Am. Ind . chechinquarnin.] chin'- 
ca-pinf; chin 'qua-pinf. 
chints, 1 cfhints; 2 chints, ra. A cotton fabric 
printed w'ith designs of flowers, etc., in colors. 

[ < Hind, chlnl, < Sans, chitra, variegated.] 
chintz?. 

Chi 'os, 1 kai'os; 2 el'ds, ra. Turkish island, Aegean 
sea; reputed birthplace of Ilomer.—Chi'an, a. . 
chip, 1 (hip; 2 chip, v. [chipped 1 , chipt 8 ; 
chip'ping.] I. t. To break off a chip from; 
break open. II. t. To scale off. [Cchop 1 .] 
chip, ra. 1. A small piece cut or broken off. 2. 

A small disk or counter used in games, 
chip'munk, 1 chip'muijk; 2 chip'munk, n. 
[Am. Ind.] A North»American squirreMike 
rodent with stripes on the back, chip'- 
inucki; chip'ping*squir'relt; ground'* 
squir"relt. 

chip'per, 1 Chip'ar; 2 chip'er, a. [U. S.] Brisk; 

hearty; sprightly. 

chi-rog'ra-phy, / 1 kai-reg'ra-fi; 2 ci-rbg'ra- 
chi-rog'ra-fy p , ) fy, ra. Style or character of 
handwriting. [< Gr. cheir, hand, + graphd, 
write.]—chl-rog'ra-pher, ra.—chi"ro-graph'- 
ic, chi"ro-graph'i-cal, a. 

Chi'ron, 1 kdi'ran; 2 ol'ron, ra. Gr. Myth. Wisest 
of the centaurs. Chel'ronJ [Gr.]. 
chi-rop 'o-dist, 1 kai-rep'o-dist; 2 ci-rop'o- 
dist, ra. One who treats ailments of the hands 
and feet. [< Gr. cheir, hand, + pous, foot.]— 
chi-rop'o-dy, ra. 

chirp, 1 (hurp; 2 chirp. I 1 , v. To give a chirp. 
II. ra. A short, sharp, cheerful sound, as 
made by some birds and insects. [Imitative.] 
chir'rup, 1 hir'up; 2 chir'up. I', vt. & vi. To 
chirp with a sustained note. II. ra. A chirp; 
a cheery sound. [ < chirp.] 
chls'el, 1 chiz'el; 2 chlg'61. I. vt. [chis'eled 
or chis'elled, chis'- 
eld s ; chis'el-ing or 
chis'el-ling.] To cut, 
engrave, or carve, as 
with a chisel. II. ra. A cutting*tool with a 
beveled edge, used for mortising, etc. [< LL. 
cisellum, forceps.] 

Chi'shi-ma, 1 Chrslhl-md; 2 chi'shi-ma, ra. A 
chain of Japanese Islands, N. E. Japan. Ku'rll 
Islamist. 

chit, 1 chit; 2 chit, ra. A girl or young woman 
regarded as little more than a child. [Cp. cat 1 , 
kitten.] 

chit'schat", ra. Careless, familiar talk, 
chiv'al-ry, 1 ^hiv'al-ri; 2 ghiv'al-ry, n. 1. The 
knightly system of feudal times. 2. Disinter¬ 
ested courtesy; bravery; magnanimity. 3. A 
body of knights, warriors, or gallant gentle¬ 
men. [ < F. chevalerie, < chevalier, knight.]— 
chiv'al-ric, a. Pertaining to chivalry.—chlv'- 
al-rous, a. 1. Knightly; gallant; courteous, 
generous, and brave. 2. Pertaining to chivalry, 
-ly, adv. -ness, ra. 

chive, 1 chaiv; 2 chlv, ra. A perennial herb al¬ 
lied to the leek and onion. [ < I„ p cepa. onion.] 
Ch. J., abbr. Chief Justice. C. J.f. 
chlo'ral, 1 klo'ral; 2 clo'ral, ra. A compound 
obtained from chlorin and alcohol, used as a 
hypnotic, etc. chlo'ral hy'dratei. 



Chisel. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, f&re; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, er; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice: I = e; 1 = e; go, not, or, wdn. 









113 


chill 

Chosen 



Chock. 


chlo'rin, )1 klo'rin or -rin; 2 chlo'rin or -rin, 
chlo'rine, ) n. Chem. A greenish*yellow, poi¬ 
sonous, gaseous element with an offensive 
odor, having great power for bleaching, de¬ 
odorizing, and disinfecting. [ < Gr. chloros, green, 
< chloe, verdure.]—chlo'rate, n. A salt of 
chloric acid.—chlo'ric, a. Of, pertaining to, or 
combined with chlorin.—chlo'rid, chlo'ride, n. 
Chem. A compound of chlorin with a more 
positive element or radical.—chlo-rid'ic, a. 
chlo'ro-form, 1 klo'ro-ferm; 2 chlo'ro-form. 

I. vt . Med. To administer chloroform to. 

II. n. A liquid compound, used as an anes¬ 
thetic. chloric etherj. 

chlo'ro-phyl, )1 klo'ro-fil; 2 chlo'ro-fyl, n. 
chlo 'ro-phyll, 3 The green coloring=matter con¬ 
tained in plants. [ < Gr. chloros, green, + phyl- 
lon, leaf.] 

chock, 1 dhek; 2 chok. I*, v . To fit or wedge 
in tightly. II. n. 

A block or wedge, 
as to prevent or 
limit motion. [< 
choke, r.] 

chock Gfull", 1 rfhek'-ful"; 2 chok'*ful", a . 
Completely full; full to crowding or choking. 

chuck'<fuH"t. 

choc'o-late, 1 dhek'o-lit; 2 choc'o-lat. I. a . 
Flavored or colored like, or made with choco¬ 
late. II. n. A preparation of cacao*nuts, or 
a beverage made from it. [ < Mex. 8p chocolatl.] 
choice, 1 dheis; 2 dhoic, a . [choic'er; choic'- 
est.] 1. Select; elegant; excellent. 2. Fastidi¬ 
ous; dainty.— choice'ly, adv .— choice'ness, n. 
choice, n. 1. The act, fact, power, or privi¬ 
lege of choosing; preference; election. 2. One 
who or that which is chosen or to be chosen; 
also, a variety from which to choose. [< OF. 
chois, < choisir, coisir, choose.] 
choir, ) 1 kwair; 2 cwir. I. vt. & vi. 1. To 
quire, 3 cause to sing together. 2. To sing, as 
in a choir. II. n. 1. A body of trained sing¬ 
ers, or that part of a church occupied by 
them; chancel. 2. A band or organized com¬ 
pany. [< L. OF chorus; see choral, a.] 
choke, 1 dhok; 2 chok, v. [choked*; chok'- 
ing.] I. t . 1. To stop the breathing of/ as by 
obstructing or constricting the throat; suffo¬ 
cate. 2. To fill up; stop; obstruct. II. i. To 
become suffocated, clogged, or foul. [Of AS. 
origin; perhaps imitative.]— choke'ber"ry, n. 
A North*American shrub of the rose family; also, 
it6 small red or purple astringent fruit.— c.=bore, 
n. The bore of a gun narrowed at the muzzle; 
or a gun so made.— c.=cherry, n. A North* 
American wild cherry.—c.=damp, n. Mining. 
Black damp; carbon=dioxid gas.— cho'ky, a . 
Suffocating; somewhat choked, cho'keyf. 
choke, n. The act of choking, 
choke'sfull", a . Same as chock*full. 
chol'er, 1 kol'ar; 2 eol'er, n. Heat and hasti¬ 
ness of temper. [ < L. F cholera; see cholera.] 
— chol 'er-ic, a. Easily provoked, 
chol'er-a, 1 kel'ar-a; 2 eol'er-a, n. Pathol. 1. 
An acute epidemic disease. A"si-at 'ic chol '- 
er-at. 2. An active prostrating disease, not 
epidemic, chol'er-amor'busf. [L,.,< Gr. cho¬ 
lera, < chole, bile.]— ehoP'e-ra'ic, a. 
chol 'Ic, n. Same as colic. 

choose, 1 dhuz; 2 choog, vt . & vi . [chose, cho'- 
sen, cho'zen p ; choos'ing.] To take by pref¬ 
erence; select; make selection. [ME. chusen, 
chesen, < AS. cedsan.] —choos'er, n. 
chop 1 , 1 dhep; 2 chop, v . [chopped*, chopt 8 ; 



chop'ping.] I. t. 1. To cut or make by 
strokes of a sharp tool; hew; mince. 2. To 
chap. 3. To utter jerkily. II. i . 1. To make 
cutting strokes. 2. To interrupt abruptly. 
3. To crack open; split. [< V of MD. loppen, 
G. koppen, cut.] 

chop 2 *, v . I. t . To barter; exchange. II. i , 
To veer suddenly. [ < D. toopen, cheapen.] 
chop 1 , n. 1. A cut of meat, as of mutton, usu¬ 
ally containing a rib. 2. Coarsely ground or 
broken grain. 3. A cleft or fissure. 4. An act 
of chopping or a tool for chopping. 
chop 2 , n. A jaw: in the plural, the parts about 
the mouth. [ < Ice. kiaptr.] 
chop'fal"len, a. Same as chapfallen. 
chop'shouse" 1 , n. An eating*house. 
chop'shouse" 2 , n. A Chinese customhouse. 
Cho"pin', 1 ho"pan'; 2 oho'pan', Frederic F. 
(1809-1849). Polish composer and pianist; in 
Paris from 1832. 

Chop'per, n. One who or that which chops. 
Chop'ping, 1 dhep'irj; 2 chop'ing, pa. 1. Shift¬ 
ing suddenly, as wind. 2. Full of short, 
broken waves. 

chop'py, 1 dhep'i; 2 chop'y, a. [-pi-er; -pi- 
■ est.] 1. Full of fissures. 2. Full of short 
rough waves. 

chop'ssticks", 1 dhep'*stiks"; 2 chop'*stIks", n. 
pi. Slender rods, as of 
ivory, used in pairs, in 
China, Japan, etc., to 
convey food to the mouth. 

[< chop (corr. of Chin, tlh, 
quick) + stick 1 , n.] 
chop"*su'ey, 1 <fhep" s su'i; 

2 chop"*sy'y, n. [U. S.] 

Cookery. A dish consisting 
of stewed or fried chicken Chop*sticks. 
or pork, rice, noodles, vegetables, and sesame* 
seeds, served in its own juice. [< chop 1 + 
Chin, sui, bits.] 

cho'ral, 1 ko'ral; 2 co'ral. I. a. Pertaining to 
a chorus or a choir. II. 1 ko-ral'; 2 eo-ral', n. 
Mus. A composition for choral performances, 
cho-rale'}. [< L. chorus, chorus, < Gr .choros, 
dance.]—cho'ral-ly, adr. 
chord d , 1 kerd; 2 cord, v . I. t . 1. To furnish 
with chords. 2. To bring into accord. II. i . 
To be in harmony; accord, 
chord, n. 1. Mus. A harmonious combina¬ 
tion, as of musical tones. 2. A string of a 
musical instrument; hence, sensibility or emo¬ 
tion. 3. Math. A straight line connecting 
the extremities of an arc. 4. Engin. One of 
the principal members of a bridge*truss, com¬ 
monly horizontal and in tension. 5. Anaf. A 
cord; tendon. [< L .chorda, < Gr. chords, string 
of a musical instrument.] 

chore, 1 tfhor; 2 chor, n. [U. S. & Prov. Eng.] A 
small job; commonly, in the plural, the routine 
duties of a house, etc. [ < AS. cerr.] 
chor'is-ter, 1 ker'is-tar; 2 cor'is-ter, n. 1. A 
member of a choir. 2. [U. S.] A musical 
director. 

cho'rus, 1 ko'rus; 2 cd'rus, n. 1. A song, or 
the refrain of a song, for several voices. 2. 
The body of singers who perform choral parts. 
[L.]—cho'rlc, a. Relating to a chorus, 
chose, 1 dhoz; 2 ch5g, imp. of choose, v. 
cho'sen, 1 dho'zn; 2 cho'sn, pp. of choose, v. 
Cho"sen', 1 dho"sen'; 2 cho'sen', n. A state and 
peninsula (84,421 sq. m.; pop. 17,284,200) of 
E. Asia; Japanese since 1910; formerly, Korea. 


1: a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; o = sin#; thin, this. 
2: wolf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; i®k; thin, this. 










chough 

circuit 


114 



Chough. 


chough, )1 dhuf; 2 chixf, n. 1. A crowdike 
chuf p , (bird. 2. A jack¬ 
daw. [< AS. ceo; imita¬ 
tive of its cry.] 

chow, 1 dhau; 2 chow, n. 

[Chin.] A breed of dogs of 
northern China. 
chow'*chow", 1 dhau'- 
dhau"; 2 chow-chow", 
n. [Pidgin*Eng.] A mixture, as of pickles; 
medley. 

chow'der, 1 dhau'dar; 2 chow'der, n. A stew 
of clams or fish. [Perh. < F. chaudUre, kettle.] 
Chr., abbr. Christ, Christian, Christina, Christo¬ 
pher. —chr., abbr. Chrestomathy. 
chrism, 1 krizm; 2 cri§m, n. A consecrated oint¬ 
ment in Greek and Roman Catholic churches; 
an anointing. [< Gr. chrisma, < chrio, anoint.] 
—chris'inal, a. 

chris'om, 1 kriz'em; 2 cris'om, n. A christening 
robe. [Var. of chrism.] —chris'omschild", n. 
An innocent babe. 

Christ, 1 kraist; 2 crlst, n. The Anointed; the 
Messiah: a title of Jesus. [< Gr. Christos, orig. 
pp. of chrio, anoint.]— Christ'like", a. -lyf. 
Christ'church, 1 kraist'dhurdh; 2 erlst'church, n. 

A city of southern New Zealand; pop. 61,100. % 
chris'ten, 1 kris'n; 2 eris'n, vt. 1. To name in 
or as in baptism. 2. To administer baptism, 
especially infant baptism, to. [< b. AS christi- 
anus; see Christian, a.]— Chris'ten-dom, n. 
Christian lands, or Christians collectively; the 
Christian world. 

Chris'tian, 1 kris'dhan; 2 ens'chan. I. a. 1. 
Relating to or derived from Christ or his 
doctrine. 2. Professing or following the relig¬ 
ion of Christ. II. n. 1. A disciple of Christ. 
2. Loosely, one of a nation where Christianity 
prevails; a civilized person; a human being. 


[ < Gr. christianos, < Christos; see Christ.]— 
Christian name, a baptismal name: distin¬ 
guished from surname .— Chris"tl-an'i-ty, n. 
1. The Christian religion. 2. The state of being a 
Christian.— Chris'tian-ize or -ise, v .— Chris 
tian-iz"er or -is"er, n. 

Chrls"ti-a 'ni-a, 1 kris"ti-a'm-a; 2 eris"ti-a'ni-a, n. 
The seaport capital (pop. 261,000) of Norway. 

Christ'mas, 1 kris'mas; 2 eris'mas, n. The 
25th of December, celebrated as the anni¬ 
versary of the birth of Christ. [< Christ + 
mass, religious service.] Christ'mas4ide"t. 


Chro-inat'ic, 1 kro-mat'ik; 2 cro-mat'ic, a. 1. 
Pertaining to color. 2. Mus. Proceeding by 
semitones. [< Gr. chromatt-), color.] chro- 
mat'i-calf. — chro-mat'ics, n. 1. The science 
of colors. 2. pi. Chromatic tones or intervals, 
chro'nii-um, 1 kro'mi-um; 2 cro'mi-um, n. 
Chem. A grayish-white metallic element. 
[< Gr. chroma; see chrome.] — ehro'mlc, a. 
chro'mo, 1 kro'mo; 2 cro'mo, n. A print in 
colors. cliro"mo-lith 'o-graphj. 
chro'mo-sphere, 1 kro'mo-sfir; 2 ero'mo-sfer, n. 
A layer of incandescent red gas surrounding the 
sun.— chrs/'mo-spher'ic, a. 

Chron., abbr. Chronicles. —cliron., chronol., 
abbr. Chronological, chronology, 
chron'ic, 1 kren'ik; 2 eron'ic, a. Continuing 
for a long period; inveterate, as disease. [ < Gr. L 
chronikos, < chronos, time.] 
chron'i-cl(e p , 1 kren'i-kl; 2 cr5n'i-cl. I. vt . 
[-cl(e)d p ; -cling.] To record. II. n. 1. A 
register of events in the order of time. 2. 
Specif. [C-], in the plural, the two Old Testa¬ 
ment books following Kings. [ < Gr.L+p chron¬ 
ikos, chronic.] —chron 'i-cler, n . 


chron'o-gram, 1 kren'o-gram; 2 erdn'o-gram, n . 
A record of a chronograph; also, an inscription 
recording a date in numeral letters, 
chron'o-graph, ) 1 kron'o-graf; 2 cron'o-graf, n. 
chron 'o-graf p , (An instrument for recording 
graphically the time of an event. w 
chro-nol 'o-gy, 1 kro-nol'o-ji; 2 cro-nol'o-gy, n. 
[-gies z , pi.] The science that treats of time, 
or the order of events. [ < Gr. chronos , time, + 
-logy.]— chro-nol'o-ger, n. One who studies 
or is versed in chronology, chro-nol'o-gistj. 
— chron"o-log'i-cal, a . chron"o-log'ict. — 
chron"o-log'i-caI-ly, adv . 
chro-nom'e-ter, 1 kro-nem'i-ter; 2 cro-nfim'- 
e-ter, n. A portable timekeeper of high pre¬ 
cision. [< Gr. chronos , time, + -meter.] — 
chro-nom 'e-try,». 

chrys'a-lis, 1 kris'a-lis; 2 crys'a-lls.n. [-lis-es z , 
1 -lis-ez; 2 -lls-gg, or -al'i-des, 1 -al'i-diz; 2 
-Sl'i-de§, pi] The pupa of an insect, enclosed 
in a shell from wdiich the perfect insect 
emerges. [< Gr chrysallls , < chrysos , gold.]— 
chrys'a-lid, a . 
chrys-an'the-mum, 1 
crys-iin'the-mum, n. A 
plant of the aster 
family,w T ith large heads 
of showy flowers. [< 

Gr. L chrysos, gold, + 
anthemon, flower.] 
chrys'o-lite, 1 kris'o- 
lait; 2 erys'o-llt, n. An 
olive=green, transpar¬ 
ent to translucent min¬ 
eral: used as a gem. 

[< Gr. chrysos, gold, + 
lilhos , stone.] 

Chrys'os-tom, 1 kris'as¬ 
tern ;2 erys'os-tom, 

Saint (347?-407). Greek 
Christian Father, 
cht., abbr. [chts., pi.] 

Chest. 

chub, 1 dliub; 2 chub, n. A European carp¬ 
like fish. 

chub'by, 1 dhub'i; 2 chub'y, a . [chub'bi-er; 
chub'bi-est.] Plump; rounded.— chub'bi- 
ness, n. 

chuck 14 , 1 chuk; 2 chuk, vt . To pat or tap, as 
under the chin. [F. choquer, jolt, shake.] 
chuck 21 , vi. To cluck, as a fowl does, or as in 
calling fowls. [Imitative.] 
chuck 1 , n. A playful pat, throw, or toss. 
chuck 2 , n. Mech. A clamp, chock, or wedge. 
chuck 2 , n. A short sudden noise; cluck. 
chuck 4 , n. A chick: a pet name, 
chuckGfull", 1 dhuk'-ful"; 2 chuk'-fyl", a. 
Chock*full. 

chuck'l(e p , 1 dhuk'l; 2 chuk'l. I. vi . [chuck'- 
l(e)d p ; chuck'ling.] To laugh to oneself. 
II. n. A low, suppressed, or broken laugh, 
chum, 1 dhum; 2 chum. I. vt . & vi . [chummed, 
chumd 8 ; chum'ming.] To place in or share 
the same room. II. n. A roommate; inti¬ 
mate companion.— chum 'my, a. Confidentially 
sociable. 

chunk, 1 dhurjk; 2 chunk, n. A short, stout 
thing, person, or animal. [Var. of chuck 2 , n.]— 
chunk'y, a. [U. S.] Short and thick*set. 
church, 1 dhurdh; 2 chflrch, n. 1. A building 
for Christian worship. 2. [C-] A distinct 
body of Christians; a denomination. 3. A 
congregation; also, all Christian believers col¬ 
lectively. 4. The clerical order. 5. Any re- 


kris-an'thi-mum; 2 



Chrysanthemums. 


I: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, bum* 
3: art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. Ice; i = e: I = e; go. not, or, won. 











115 


chough 

circuit 


ligious society or body. [< Gr. AS kyriakon, < 
kyrios, lord.]— church'ly, a.— church'man, n. 
[-men, pi.] 1. An adherent or member of a 
Church. 21|. A clergyman; ecclesiastic. —church '- 
man-ly, a. —church'man-ship, church'- 

war"den, n. 1. An officer of an Anglican church 
having the care of church property and of the 
poor. 2. A long=stemmed clay pipe.— churcli'- 
yard", n. A yard or graveyard adjoining a 
church; a cemetery. 

churl, 1 dhurl; 2 chftrl, n. 1. A low*bred, surly 
fellow. 2. A sordid person. 3. A peasant. 
[< AS. ceorl, man.]— churl'ish, a. Of or like 
a churl; rude; sordid, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
churn, 1 dhurn; 2 chdrn. I. vt. & vi. To agi¬ 
tate (cream or milk), as in a churn; make but¬ 
ter by churning; be in agitation. II. n. A 
vessel in which milk or cream is agitated to 
separate the butter. [< AS. cyrin.] — churn '- 
Ing, n. The process of churning; the butter 
churned at one time. 

Chu"ru-bus'co, 1 dhu"ru-bus'ko; 2 chu'ru-bus'- 
eo, n. A village, S. of Mexico City; United 
States defeated Mexicans, 1847. 

Chute, 1 dhut; 2 chut, n. An inclined trough 
from a higher to a lower level. [F.] shutej. 
chut'ney, 1 dhut'm; 2 chut'ne, n. A piquant 
relish of fruit, spices, etc. chut'neef; chut'- 

nyf. 

chyle, 1 kail; 2 eyl, n. A nutritive fluid formed 
during digestion. [< Gr. chylos, < ched, pour.] 
Chyme, 1 kaim; 2 «ym, n. The partly digested 
food in liquid form as it passes from the 
stomach into the small Intestines. [ < Gr. 
chymos, juice.]—chy'mous, a. 

C. I., abbr. Caius Julius, [Order of the] Crown of 
India.— Cic., abbr. Cicero, 
ci-ca'da, 1 si-ke'da; 2 ci-ca'da, n. [-das* or -d^e, 
pi.] A large insect that produces a loud, shrill 
sound; locust. [L.] 

cic'a-trice, ) 1 sik'o-tris; 2 cie'a-tng:, n. A 
cic 'a-tris s , ) scar. [ < L. cicatrix, scar.] cic'- 
a-trixt.—cic'a-trize or-trise, vt. & vi. [-trized; 
-triz"ing.] To form a scar.— clc"a-tri-za'tion 
or -sa'tion, n. 

CIc'e-ro, 1 sis'i-ro; 2 cic'e-ro, Marcus Tullius 
(106-43 B.C.). Roman orator, author; defeated 
Catiline’s conspiracies. 

ci"ce-ro'ne, 1 dh!"che-ro'ne or sis"i-ro'm; 2 
chi"che-ro'ne or cic"e-ro , ne, n. [-ni, -nes z , 
pi.] A local guide. [It.] 
ci'der, 1 sai'dsr; 2 ci'der, n. The expressed 
juice of apples. [Ult. < Heb. shikar, strong drink.] 
ci"*de-vant', 1 si"®da-van'; 2 c'i"*de-van', a. 
Former. [F.] 

Cl"en-fue'gos, 1 sPen-fwe'gos; 2 cUen-fwe'gos, n. 

Seaport (pop. 96,000), southern Cuba, 
ci-gar', 1 si-gar'; 2 ci-gar', n. A small roll of 
tobacco=leaves for smoking. [< Sp. cigarro, 
cigar.]— cig"a-ret', cig"a-rette', n. A small 
roll of finely cut tobacco in thin paper or tobacco* 
leaf. 

Cl-li'ci-a, 1 si-liSh'i-a; 2 ci-Ush'i-a, n. An an¬ 
cient country, S. E. Asia Minor, 
cll'i-um, 1 sil'i-um; 2 cfl'i-um, n. [-i-a, pi.] 1. A 
vibratile microscopic hair dike process on the sur¬ 
face of a cell, organ, etc. 2. An eyelash. [L.] 
cim'e-ter, n. Same as simitar, cim'i-tarf. 
Cim-me'ri-an, 1 si-ml'n-an; 2 Qi-me'ri-an, a. 
Densely dark; shrouded in gloom, as the 
Cimmerii, a mythical people living in per¬ 
petual darkness. 

cinch, 1 sinhh; 2 cinch, n. [Western U. S.] A 
broad saddle*girth, knotted into place. [ < L.sp 
cingula, girdle, < cingo, gird.] 
cin-cho'na, 1 sin-ko'na; 2 gin-co'na, n. Peru¬ 


vian bark: the source of quinin; the tree that 
yields it. 

Cin"cin-nat'i, 1 sin"si-nat'i; 2 cin"ci-nat'i, n. A 
city (pop. 401,250), Hamilton county, Ohio. 
Cin"cin-na'tus, 1 sin"si-:ie'tus; 2 gin y ci-na , tus, 
Lucius Quintius (519?-439 B. C.). A Roman 
^ patrician and patriot. 

cine'ture, 1 sirjk'dhur; 2 ginc'chur, n. A belt 
or girdle. [< L . cinctura, < cingo, gird.] 
cm'der, } 1 sin'dar; 2 cm'der, n. A burnt=out 
sin'der p , ) coal; a scale from the forging of iron; 

slag; coarse lava. [Prop, sinder, < AS. sinder. ] 
Cin"der-el'la, 1 sin"dar-el'a; 2 cin"der-el'a, n. 
Heroine of an ancient and popular fairy=tale, 
assigned to menial tasks, who finally marries a 
prince; hence, a household drudge. 
ciu"e-mat'o-graph, 1 sinT-mat'o-graf; 2 cln"e- 
mat'o-graf, n. Same as kinetograph. 
clu'er-a-ry, 1 sin'ar-e-ri; 2 cin'er-a-ry, a. Of, re¬ 
lating to, or containing ashes. [L. cinerarius, of 
ashes, < cinis (ciner-), ashes.] ein"er-a'ceoust. 
cin'na-bar, 1 sin'a-bar; 2 cin'a-bar, n. A crystal¬ 
lized mercury sulfid, the chief ore of mercury. 
_ [Gr. L kinnabari, cinnabar.] 
cin'na-mon, 1 sin'a-man; 2 cin'a-mon, n. 1. 
The aromatic inner bark 
of a tropical laurel, 
used as a spice. 2. 

Cassia; Chinese cinna¬ 
mon. [< Heb. G «ginnd- 
mon, cinnamon.] 
cinque'foil, 1 sipk'feil; 

2 Qink'foil, n. 1. A 
five*cusped ornament or 
window. 2. Bot. A 
plant, with fivedobed 
leaves. [< L. quinque, 

__ five, + folium, leaf.] 
ci'pher, ) 1 sai'far; 2 qi'- 
ci'fer 3 , ) fer, v. 1. 1. 1. To 
calculate arithmeti- 
cally. 2. To write in 
secret characters. 3. To Cinnamon, 
add a cipher to. II. i. 1. Flowering branch. 2. 
To figure out arithmet- Cinnamon.bark, prepared for 
ical examples. market, 

ci'pher, n. 1. The character 0; zero. 2. A 
method of secret writing; anything so written. 
3. A monogram. [< Ar. LL +F sifr, < safara, be 
empty.] cy'pherf. 

cir., circ., abbr. [L.] Circa, circlter, circum (about). 
Cir'ce, 1 sur'sl; 2 qir'qe, n. Class. Myth. En¬ 
chantress; transformed companions of Ulysses 
into swine ( Odyssey). 

Cir-ce'an, 1 sar-si'an; 2 cir-ce'an, a. Bewitching 
and degrading, like Circe, 
cir-cen'sian, 1 sar-sen'^han; 2 <;Ir-<;gn'shan, a. 
Of or pertaining to the Roman circus. 
[ < L. circensis, < circus, circus.] 
cir'cl(e p , 1 sur'kl; 2 cir'el, vt. & vt. [cir'cl(e)d p ; 

cir'cling.] To encircle; move in a circle, 
cir'cle, n. 1. Geom. A plane figure bounded 
by a curved line called the circumference, 
everywhere equally distant from a point with¬ 
in called the center; also, the circumference. 
2. Anything circular; a ring. 3. An associa¬ 
tion; set; coterie; class. 4. An argument in 
which the conclusion is assumed to prove the 
premise, and then the premise made to prove 
the conclusion. [< L. cir cuius, dim. of circus, 
ring.]— cir'clet, n. A small ring, 
cir'cuit, 1 sur'kit; 2 gir'cit, n. 1. A passing or 
traveling round. 2. A district to be traveled 
over. 3. Distance around; compass; circum¬ 
ference. [< L.f circum, around, + to, go.]— 



1: a = final; i = habit: aisle; au = out; ell; Iu = fe«d; <5hin; go; o = sin^; Chin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, barn; 611, boy; go, fcem; ink; thin, this. 








circular 

classic 


116 


clr-cu'i-tous, a. Of the nature of a circuit; 
indirect; roundabout, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
cir'cu-lar, 1 sur'kiu-lar; 2 cir'eu-lar. I. a. 1. 
Forming, or bounded by, a circle; round. 2. 
Moving in a circle. 3. Intended for circula¬ 
tion. 11. n. A communication for general 
circulation; a circular letter. [< L.ll circulus; 
see circle, n .)— cir"cu-lar'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
—cir'cu-lar-ly, adv.— cir'cu-lar-ness, n. 
cir'cu-late, 1 sur'kiu-let; 2 gir'cu-lat, v. [-lat"- 
ED d ; -lat"ing.] I. t. To spread abroad; dis¬ 
seminate. II. i. 1. To move by a circuitous 
course back to the starting*point, as the blood 
through the body. 2. To spread abroad, or 
become diffused, as a report. [ < LL. circulo, < 
L. circulus; see circle, n.] — cir"cu-la'tion, n. 
1. Transmission; diffusion; dissemination. 2. 
The extent or amount of distribution; number of 
copies issued, etc. 3. A current medium of ex¬ 
change, as coin, etc.— cir'cu-la"tor, n. — cir'- 
cu-la-to"ry, a. Of or pertaining to circulation; 
circulating. 

clr'cum-, 1 sur'kum-; 2 cir'eum-, prefix. About; 
around; on all sides; surrounding; as, circumflex, 
circumlocution, circumscribe. [< L. circum-, < 
circum, around, about, < circus, circle.] 
clr"cum-am'bi-ent, 1 sur"kum-am'bi-ent; 2 
Cir"cum-am , bi-ent, a. Extending or going 
around; encompassing. 

cir'cum-cise, ) 1 sur'kum-saiz; 2 cir'eum-clg, 
cir'cum-cize p , ( vt. [-cised; -cis"ing.] Toper- 
form circumcision upon. [ < L. circum-, around, 
+ cxdo, cut.]— cir"cum-ci'sion, n. The initia¬ 
tory rite of Judaism; figuratively, spiritual puri¬ 
fication; also, those so purified; the Jewish people, 
cir-cuin 'fer-ence, 1 sar-kum'far-ens; 2 Qir- 
cum'fer-enQ, n. The boundarydine of a circle; 
distance around; circuit; compass. [< l,. circum, 
around, + fero, bear.]— cir"cum-fe-ren'tial, a. 
clr'cum-flex, 1 sur'kum-lleks; 2 gir'cum-flgks. 
I. a. Pronounced or marked with the accent 
called circumflex; hence, bent or curved. II. 
n. A mark ( A ~ ") used over a letter to indi¬ 
cate the combination of a rising with a fall¬ 
ing tone, or to mark a long vowel; also, the 
tone so indicated. [< L. circum, around, + 
fieclo, bend.] 

cir"cum-ja'cent, 1 sur"kum-je'sent; 2 cir"- 
cum-ja'ggnt, a. Bordering on all sides; sur¬ 
rounding. [ < L. circum, around, + jaceo, lie.] 
cir"cum-lo-cu'tion, 1 sur"kum-lo-kiu'shan; 2 
£ir"cum-lo-eu'shon, n. Indirect or rounda¬ 
bout expression; the use of superfluous words. 
[< L. circumlocutio{n-), < circum, around, -f 
loquor, speak.] 

cir"cum-nav'i-gate, 1 sur"kum-nav'i-get; 2 
(jlr"eum-nav'i-gat, vt. [-G.vr"ED d ; -gat"ing.] 
To sail around.—cir"cura-nav"l-ga'tion, n.— 
cir"cum-nav'i-ga"tor, n. 
ctr"cum-po'lar, 1 sur"kum-po'lar; 2 gir"cum- 
po'lar, a. Near, surrounding, or revolving 
about a pole. 

cIr"cum-scribe', 1 sur"kum-skraib'; 2 glr"- 
cum-scrib', vt. [-scribed'; -scrib'ing.] 1. 
To draw a line or figure around; to mark out 
the limits of; define. 2. To confine within 
bounds; restrict. [< L. circum, around, + 
scribo, write.] 

cir"cum-scrip'tion, 1 sur"kum-skrip'^hsn; 2 
<;Ir"eum-serip'shon, n. 1. A circumscribing; 
restriction. 2. The periphery. 3. The space 
circumscribed. 

cir'cum-spect, 1 sur'kum-spekt; 2 or'cum- 
spgct, a. Watchful; cautious; welbconsid- 


ered. [< L. circum, around, + specio, look.]— 
cir"cum-spec'tion, cir'cum-spect-ness, n.— 
cir'cum-spect-ly, adv. 

cir'cum-stance, 1 sur'kum-stans or -stons; 
2 gir'cum-stanQ. I. vt. [-stanced*; -stanc- 
ing.] To place in or under limiting circum¬ 
stances or conditions: chiefly in pp. II. n. 
1. Something incidental; a concomitant; in¬ 
cident. 2. pi. Environment; means and 
style of living; worldly estate. 3||. Formal 
display; ceremony; pomp. [< L.of circumstantia, 
< circum, around, + sto, stand.]—cir"cum- 
stan'tial, a. 1. Consisting of details; minute; 
particular. 2. Pertaining to or dependent on 
circumstances. -ly, adv. —clr"cuin-stan'tl- 
ate, vt. [-AT"ED d ; -at'ing.] To set forth or 
establish circumstantially. 

cir"cum-vent' d , 1 sur"kum-vent'; 2 gir"cum- 
vent', vt. To get around; get the better of, as 
by craft. [ < L. circum, around, + venio, come.] 
—clr"cura-ven'tion, n. A forestalling by arti¬ 
fice; stratagem. 

cir'cus, 1 sur'kus; 2 clr'cus, n. A show in 
which feats of horsemanship, etc., are exhib¬ 
ited; also, the enclosure where they are given. 
[L., ring.] 

Cl'ren-ces"ter, 1 sai'ran-ses'ter or sis'i-tar; 2 cl'- 
ren-ces'ter or cis'e-ter, n. A town in Gloucester¬ 
shire, England; pop. 7,400; Roman ruins. 

Cir'rus, 1 sir'us; 2 cdr'us, n. [cir'ri, I -ai; 2 -I, 
pi ] 1. Meteor. A tufted form of cloud. 2. 

A tendril or a threaddike appendage. [L., 
curl.] 

clstt, n. Same as cyst. 

cis'tern, 1 sis'tarn; 2 gls'tern, n. A reservoir 
for holding water. [< L.of cislerna, < cista, 

CHEST.] 

cit., abbr. Citation, cited, citizen. 

cit'a-del, 1 sit'a-del; 2 clt'a-d€l, n. A fortress 

commanding a city. 

cite, 1 sait; 2 cit, vt. [ciT'ED d ; cit'ing.] 1 . To 
quote or name for argument or exemplifica¬ 
tion; refer to specifically. 2. Law. To sum¬ 
mon to appear before a tribunal. [< L.f cito, 
freq. of cieo, call.]—ci-ta'tion, n. 1. The act of 
citing, or a passage cited. 2. Law. A judicial 
summons.—cl'ta-to-ry, a. Of the nature or 
form of a citation. 

clth'a-ra, 1 sifh'a-ra; 2 clth'a-ra, n. The ancient 

Greek lyre. [< Gr. kithara.) 

cit'i-zen, 1 sit'i-zn; 2 Qit'i-zn, n. 1. One owing 
allegiance to, and entitled to protection from, 
a government: opposed to alien. 2. A resi¬ 
dent of a city or town. 3. A private person; 
one who is not a public officer nor a soldier. [ < 
F. citoyen, < citt; see city.)— clt'l-zen-ship, n. 
The status of a citizen, with its rights and 
privileges. 

cit'ron, 1 sit'ran; 2 Qit'ron, n. A fruit like a 
lemon, but larger and less 
acid; also, the tree (citron* 
tree) yielding it. [< L. IT+F 
citrus, citromtree.]—eit'- 
rate, n. A salt of citric acid. 

—cit'rlc, a. Derived from 
the lemon or like fruits, as 
citric acid.—clt'rous, a. Of 
or pertaining to the lemon or 
like fruits. 

cit'y, 1 sit'i; 2 tft'y, n. Citron. 

[cit'ies 2 , pi.] A place inhabited by a large, 
permanent, organized community; a munici¬ 
pality. [< F. citt, < L. civitas, < civis, citizen.] 

civ., abbr. Civil, civilian. 

civ'et, 1 siv'et; 2 civ'et, n. 1 . A substance of 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, bSrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, ndt, or. w6n. 







117 


circular 

classic 


musk-like odor, secreted by certain carni¬ 
vores. 2. A carnivore that secretes this sub¬ 
stance. [< Ar. F zabad, civet.] civ'et-cat"t. 
civ'ic, 1 siv'ik; 2 giv'ic, a. Of or pertaining to 
a city, a citizen, or citizenship. [< L. civicus, < 
civis, citizen.]—civ'ics, n. The science of gov¬ 
ernment. 

civ'll, 1 siv'il; 2 civ'il, a. 1. Observing the 
social proprieties; formally polite. 2. Of or 
pertaining to a citizen, as opposed to eccle¬ 
siastical or military. 3. Pertaining to the 
relations of citizens; occurring between citi¬ 
zens of the same country. [F., < L. civilis, < 
civis, citizen.]—civil service, the departments of 
the public service that are neither military nor 
naval.—ci-vil'ian, n. One who follows the 
pursuits of civil life; one not a soldier.—ci-vil'- 
i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The being civil; courtesy; 
cold or formal politeness; also, a civil act or 
speech.—civ'il-ly, adv. 

civ'i-lize or -lise, 1 siv'i-laiz; 2 <?iv'i-llz, 
[-lized; -liz"ing.] To bring into a state of 
civilization; reclaim from savagery.—civ"i-li- 
za'tion or -sa'tion, n. The act of civilizing, or 
the state of being civilized; a condition of organ¬ 
ization, enlightenment, and progress, 
civ'i-lized or -lised, pa. Being in a state of 
civilization; pertaining to civilized men. 
Cl"vl-ta -vec'chi-a, 1 tfhl"vi-ta-vek'ki-a; 2 chi*- 
vl-ta-v6e'ci-a, n. A seaport in Rome province, 
Italy; pop. 18,000. 

C. J., abbr. Chief Justice.—ck., abbr. [cks., pi.] 
Cask.—Cl., abbr. Clergyman, Claudius, Clodius, 
chlorin.—cl., abbr. Centiliter, clause, clerk, cloth, 
clab'ber, 1 klab'er; 2 cl&b'er. I. vi. To curdle, 
as milk. II. n. Milk curdled by souring, 
clack, 1 klak; 2 clak. I*, vt. & vi. To clap; 
rattle; babble; chatter. II. n. A sharp, 
short, clapping sound, or something produc¬ 
ing it; chatter. [Imitative.]—clack'er, n. 
clad, 1 klad; 2 clad, imp. & pp. of clothe, v. 
claim, 1 klem; 2 clam. I. vt. & vi. To lay 
claim to; make a claim; maintain. II. n. 1. 
The demand of something from some one on 
the ground of right; the assertion of a right; 
a right or title. 2. The asserting, as of a fact. 
3. Anything claimed, as a settler’s tract. [< L.of 
clamo, cry out.]—Alabama claims, demands 
for compensation made by the United States 
to Great Britain, for depredations caused by 
the Confederate cruiser “Alabama” and other 
British-built vessels during the Civil War.— 
claim 'a-bl (e p , a.— claim'ant, n. One who 
makes a claim, claim'erf. 

Clair- voy'ance, 1 klar-vei'sns; 2 clar-voy'anc, 
n. Assumed preternatural knowledge, as in a 
trance. [F.]— clair-voy'ant, a. & n. 
clam, 1 klam; 2 clam. I. v. [clammed, 
clamd 8 ; clam'ming.] To hunt for or dig 
clams. II. n. A bivalve mollusc, much 
esteemed as food. [< AS. clamm, clamp.] 
clam'ber, 1 klam'ber; 2 clam'ber, vi. To 
climb with difficulty. [ < Icc. klambra, clamp.] 
Clam 'my, 1 klam'i; 2 clam'y, a. [-mi-er; -mi- 
est.] 1. Damp and cold. 2. Soft and sticky. 
[< AS. clam, clay.]— clam 'mi-ly, adv.— clam'- 
mi-ness, n. 

clam'or, 1 klam'er; 2 elam'or. I. vi. To utter 
loud outcries or demands; vociferate. II. n. 
1. Any loud, repeated outcry; vociferation; 
noisy confusion of voices. 2. A vehement ob¬ 
jecting or demanding. [ < L. OF clamor, < clamo, 
cry out.] clam'ourj.—clam'or-ous, a. Mak¬ 
ing or made with clamor, clam'our-ousf. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 


clamp 1 , 1 klamp; 2 cl&mp. I 1 , vt. To join or 
bind as with a clamp. II. n. A device for 
compressing, holding, or binding together 
two or more parts. [ < D. klamp.] 
clamp 2 . I. vi. To walk heavily ; tramp. II. 

n. A heavy tread; tramp. [Imitative.] 
clan, 1 klan; 2 elan, n. A tribe, as of Scottish 
Highlanders; set; clique. [< Gael, clann.] — 
clan'nisb, a. Like a clan; disposed to cling to¬ 
gether; bound by class prejudices; narrow, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. —clan'ship, n. Union under a 
chief.—clans'man, n. [-men, pi.] A member 
of a clan or of the same clan. 
dan-des'tin(e s , 1 klan-des'tin; 2 clan-d§s'tin, 
a. Kept secret; concealed; surreptitious. [<L. 
clandestinus, < clam, in secret.] -ly, adv. Secretly, 
clang, 1 klarj; 2 clSng. 1. vt. & vi. To send 
forth a clang. II. n. A ringing sound, as of 
metal struck. [ < L. clango, resound.] 
clan'gor, 1 klag'ger; 2 clan'gor, n Repeated 
clanging; clamor. [< L. clangor, < clango, 
clang.] clan'gourf. -ous, a. -ous-ly, adv. 
clank, 1 klarjk; 2 clank. I 1 , vt. & vi. To emit, 
or cause to emit, a clank. II. n. An abrupt, 
short, harsh, metallic sound. [Imitative.] 
clap, 1 klap; 2 chip, v. [clapped 1 or clapt; 
clap'ping.] I. t. 1. To strike together with 
a sharp, explosive sound; applaud by clapping 
the hands. 2. To place quickly or suddenly. 
3. To slap. II. i. To applaud by striking the 
hands together. [ME. clappen; perhaps imita¬ 
tive.]—clap'per, n. One who or that which 
claps.—clap'trap", n. Something designed to 
evoke applause; cheap or unworthy artifice, 
clap, n. The act or noise of clapping, 
clap'board, 1 klap'bord; 2 clap'bord, n. A 
lapping weather-board. [Cp. LG. klappen, clap, 
+ holt, board.] [wine. [OF.] 

clar'et, 1 klar'et; 2 cl&r'gt, n. A red table* 
clar'i-fy, 1 klar'i-fai; 2 clar'i-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] To make clear or transparent; 
free from impurities. [< L. F clams, clear.]— 
clar"i-fi-ca'tlon, n. —clar'i-fi"er, n. 
clar'i-net, 1 lclar'i-net; 2 clar'i-ngt, n. Mus. 
A wooden wind-instrument, with finger-holes 
and keys. [< F . clarinette.] clar'i-o-netf. 
clar'i-on, 1 klar'i-an; 2 clar'i-on, n. A small 
trumpet, or its sound. [ < L.of clams, clear.] 
clar'i-ty, 1 klar'i-ti; 2 clar'i-ty, n. Clearness. 
Clark, 1 klark; 2 dark, William (1770-1838). 
American explorer; expedition to Columbia river, 
1804. 

clash, 1 klasih; 2 clash. I 1 , vt. & vi. To strike 
together with a clash; collide; conflict; be in 
opposition; interfere. II. n. A confused re¬ 
sounding metallic noise; collision; conflict; 
opposition. [Imitative.] 
clasp, 1 klasp; 2 clasp. I*, vt. To take hold of 
with an encircling grasp; fasten as with a clasp. 
II. n. 1. A fastening by which things are 
bound together. 2. A firm grasp or embrace. 
[ME. clapsen; akin to clip 2 , ».]—clasp'er, n. 
class, 1 kins; 2 clas. I 1 , vt. To arrange or 
group in classes; assign to a class. II. n. A 
body of persons or things having common 
characteristics; a number of students having 
the same teacher or studies. [< L.f classis, 
class.] 

class., abbr. Classic, classical, classification, 
clas'sic, 1 klas'ik; 2 clas'ic. I. a. 1. Belonging: 
to the first class or rank in literature or art. 
2. Connected with or made famous by Greek 
or Latin authors. 3. Classical. II. n. A 
standard work of literature or art, as of 


1: a = final; I = habit^ olsle; mi = out; ell; Iu = fettd; «fhin; go; p = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






classical 

clock 


118 


Greek or Roman genius; the author of such 
a work. [< L. classicus, of the first rank, < 
classis, class.]— clas'si-clsm, n. Classic style, 
or adherence to it In literature or art. —classi¬ 
cist, n. 

clas'si-cal, 1 klas'i-kal; 2 clas'i-cal, a. i. Of or 
pertaining to the ancient Greeks and Romans. 

2. Resembling or modeled after the highest 
forms of ancient literature or art. 3. Classic. 
[< L. classicus; see classic.] — clas"sl-cal'i- ty , 
n. The quality of being classical, clas'si-cal- 
nessf.—clas'si-cal-ly, adv. 

Clav'er-house, 1 klav'ar-as or kle'vars; 2 clav'- 
er-us or cla'vers, John Graham of (1650?- 
1689). Viscount Dundee; foe of the Cove¬ 
nanters; fell at battle of Killiecrankie. 
clas'sl-fy, 1 klas'i-fai; 2 clas'i-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] To arrange in a class or classes. 
[< L. classis, class, -t- -fy.] — clas'si-fi"a-bl(e p , 
a .— clas"si-fl-ca'tlon, n. A classifying, or a 
system of things classified.— clas'sl-fi"er, to. 
class'mate", 1 klas'met"; 2 clas'mat", n. A 
member of the same class in school or college. 
Clat'ter, 1 klat'sr; 2 clat'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
make a clatter. II. n. A rattling noise; 
noisy talk; chatter. [ < AS. *clatrian, in clatrung, 
clattering.]— clat'ter-er, n. 

Claude Lor-rain', 1 kled le-ren'; 2 clad 16-ran'. 
Pseudonym of Claude Gelee (1600-1682), a 
French landscape*painter, 
clause, 1 klez; 2 cla§, to. 1. A distinct part of a 
composition, as a paragraph or article. 2. 
Gram. A subordinate sentence: distinguished 
from phrase. [ < L. clausus, pp. of claudo, close.] 
Claus'tral, 1 kles'tral; 2 clas'tral, a. Cloistral, 
clave ||, 1 klev; 2 clav, imp. of cleave, v. 
clav'i-chord, 1 klav'i-kerd; 2 clav'i-cord, n. 
A keyboard instrument whose tones were 
produced by the blow of brass pins on hori¬ 
zontal strings; a forerunner of the piano. [< L. 
clavis, key, + chorda, chord.] 
clav'i-cl(e p , 1 klav'i-kl; 2 clav'i-cl, n. The bone 
connecting the shoulder*blade and breast* 
bone; collar*bone. [< L. clavicula, dim. of clavis, 
key.]— cla-vlc'u-lar, a. 

claw, 1 kle; 2 cla. I. vt. & vi. To tear, scratch, 
dig, pull, etc., as with claws; use the claws or 
nails. II. n. 1. A sharp, usually curved, 
horny nail; a clawdike part or organ; any¬ 
thing sharp and hooked. 2. A stroke, clutch, 
or the like, as with claws. [ < AS. clawu, cla.) 
clay, 1 kle; 2 cla, n. 1. A common plastic earth, 
a compound of aluminum and silica. 2. 
Earth in general; the human body. [< AS. 
clseg.) —clay'ey, a. Of, abounding in, like, or 
covered or mixed with clay. 

Clay, Henry (1777-1852). American statesman 
and orator; the Compromise Bill of 1850. 
clay'more, 1 kle'mor; 2 cla'mor, n. A double* 
edged broadsword of the Scottish Highland¬ 
ers. [< Gael, claidheamh, sword, + mor, great.] 
cld., abbr. Cleared. 

-cle, suffix. A diminutive; as, ici cle, particle. [< 
F. -cle, < L. -culm. See -cule.] 
clean, 1 kiln; 2 clen. I. vt. To free from dirt, 
soil, or impurities. II. a. 1. Free from dirt, 
impurity, or defilement; unblemished; pure. 

2. Free from bungling; dexterous; complete. 

3. Welbproportioned; symmetrical. III. adv. 
In a clean manner; unqualifiedly; wholly. 

[ < AS. clxne, clear, pure.]— clean'er, n.— clean 
ness, n. 

clean'ly, )1 klen'li; 2 clSn'ly, a. Neat; tidy; 

clen'lys, ) pure.— clean'li-ly, adv.— clean'li- 
ness, n. 


clean'ly, 1 klln'li; 2 clen'ly, adv. In a clean 
manner. 

cleanse, ( 1 klenz; 2 cl£n§, vt. [cleansed, 
dense 8 , ) clenzd p ; cleans'ing.] To free from 
dirt or defilement; clean; purge. [< AS. clxn- 
sian, < clxne, clean.]— cleans'er, n. 
clear, 1 kllr; 2 cler, v. I. t. 1. To make clear; 
brighten; clarify; clean. 2. To free from en¬ 
cumbrances, accusations, etc.; disencumber; 
acquit. 3. To gain over and above expenses. 

4. To obtain or give a clearance for (a ship). 

5. To pass without touching. II. i. 1. To 
become free from fog, cloud, obscurity, or en¬ 
tanglement. 2. To pass away, as a mist or 
fog. 3. To settle accounts. 4. To take out 
clearance papers, as a ship.— clear'er, n. 

clear, a. 1. Free from anything that dims or 
darkens; unclouded; distinct; intelligible; 
discerning; discriminating. 2. Free from ob¬ 
struction or hindrance. 3. Free from encum¬ 
brance, responsibility, or guilt. 4. Free from 
adulteration, defect, or blemish. 5. Without 
deduction; net 6. Undisturbed; serene. 7. 
Plain; evident. [< L. p clarm, clear.]— clear'ly, 
adv. —clear'ness, n. 

clear, n. Unbroken or unobstructed distance 
or space. [plainly, 

clear, adv. Wholly; completely; quite; clearly; 
clear'ance, 1 klir'ans; 2 cler'an?, n. 1. A 
clearing. 2. A permit for a vessel to sail, 
clear'Ing, 1 kllr'irj; 2 cler'ing, n. 1. A making 
or becoming clear. 2. That which is clear or 
cleared; a tract of cleared land.— clear'lng« 
house", n. An office where bankers exchange 
drafts and checks and adjust balances, 
cleat, 1 kilt; 2 clet. I 1 , vt. To furnish or 
strengthen with a cleat or cleats. II. n. A 
strip of wood or iron fastened across other ma¬ 
terial, or nailed against a wall, etc. [ < V of clot.] 
deav(e lP , 1 kliv; 2 clev, v. [cleft, clove, or 
clave; cleft, clo'ven, or cleav(e)d 8 ; 
cleav'ing.] I. t. 1. To divide forcibly; cut 
through; sunder; split. 2. To make by cut¬ 
ting or hewing. 3. To pass through; pene¬ 
trate. II. i. To divide by natural lines of 
cleavage; split. [< AS. cleOfan.]— cleav'a- 
bl(e p , a. —cleav'age, n. 1. a cleaving or being 
cleft; a split; cleft; division. 2. a tendency in a 
rock or crystal to divide in certain directions.— 
cleav'er, n. One who or that which cleaves; a 
butchers’ chopper. 

cleave 2 , vi. [cleaved; cleaved or clave[|; 
cleav'ing.] To stick fast; cling; adhere. 
[< AS. cllfian, cleofian.) i 2 

clef, 1 kief; 2 el6f, to. Mus. 

A character placed 
upon the staff to deter¬ 
mine the pitch. [F.] 
cleft, 1 kleft; 2 elSft, imp. 

& pp. of CLEAVE 1 , V. 
cleft, pa. Divided par- Treble or O clef. 2. Baas 
tially or completely. or F oU, ‘ 

cleft, n. An opening made by cleaving; fis¬ 
sure; crevice; rift. [< Ice. kluft.] 
clem'a-tis, 1 klem'a-tis; 2 clSm'a-tis, to. A 
perennial flowering plant or vine of the crow¬ 
foot family. See illus. on next page. [< Gr. 
klematis, < klema(t-), vine.] 

Cle"men"ceau', 1 kle"mah"so'; 2 ele'man'co', 
Georges Eugene (1841- ). A French prime 

minister; president of Supreme War Council 
1918-19. 

clein'en-cy,l klem'en-si;2€lgm'gn-<;y,n. Mild¬ 
ness, especially toward offenders; leniency; 



Clefs. 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but. burn- 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n| 



















119 


classical 

clock 


mercy. [< L. dementia, < clemen(t-)s, mild.]— 
clem'ent, a. Lenient; mild; pleasant, -ly, adv. 

clench, 1 klendh; 2 clfinch. I 1 , vt. 1 . To 
grasp or grip firmly. 2. To close tightly, as 
the fist or teeth. 3. To 
clinch. II. n. A clench¬ 
ing; firm grip; clinch. [Of 
AS. origin.) — clench'er, 
n. One who or that which 
clenches; a clenching*tool; 
an unanswerable argument, 
clinch'erj. 

Cle"o-pa'tra, 1 kiro-pe'tra; 

2 ele"o-pa'tra, n. (69-30 
B.C.) Queen ol Egypt; in 
Shakespeare's Anton\j and 
Cleopatra. 

clep"to-nia'nl-a, n. See 

KLEPTOMANIA. 



Clematis. 


cler'gy, 1 klur'ji; 2 cler'gy, n. [cler'gies*, pi] 
The body of men ordained to the Christian 
ministry. [Gr.LL+oF klerikos; see clerk, n.]— 
cler'gy-man, n. [-men, pi.} One of the clergy, 
cler'ic, 1 kler'ik; 2 clSr'ic. I. a. Clerical. II. 

n. A clerk in holy orders, 
cler'i-cal, 1 kler'i-kal; 2 clgr'i-cal, a. 1. Of, 
belonging to, or characterizing the clergy. 2. 
Of or pertaining to a clerk or clerks or pen¬ 
manship.— clerical error, an error of inadver¬ 
tence in a writing, as in a record or other docu¬ 
ment.— cler'i-cal-lsm, n. The principle or 
policy of clerical control over education, marriage 
laws, public charities, etc.— cler'I-cal-ist, a. & n. 
clerk, 1 klurk; 2 clerk (Eng. 1 klark; 2 dark), n. 
1. One who keeps records or accounts; a secre¬ 
tary; assistant; [U. S.] a salesman. 2. Ang. Ch. 
One who leads in the responses. 3||. [Eng.] A 
cleric; anciently, any learned person. [ <Gr. A a 
klerikos, clerical.]— clerk'ly, a. — clerk 'ship, n. 
Cleveland, 1 kllv'land; 2 clev'land, n. 1. Ste¬ 
phen Grover (1837-1908). See president. 2. 
A city in N. E. Ohio; pop. 796,840. 
clev'er, 1 klev'ar; 2 clev'er, a. Ready and 
adroit, as with hand or brain; dexterous; ca¬ 
pable; quick-witted; talented, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
clew, 1 klu; 2 clu. I. vt. 1. To move or fasten 
by or as by a clew or clew- 
Une. 2. To coil into a ball; 
roll up into a bunch. II. n. 1. 

A thread that guides through a 
maze; something that leads to 
the solution of a mystery. 2. 

A lower corner of a sail, or a 
loop at the corner. 3 
diwen.] cluej. . 

dick, 1 klik; 2 cllk. I*. vt. & vi. To produce, 
or cause to produce, a click or clicks. II. n. 
1. A short, sharp, or dull sound,as from a light 
blow. 2. A detent or stop; a pawl. [Imit.] 
Cli'ent, 1 klai'ent; 2 cli'ent, n. 1. One in 
whose interest a lawyer acts. 2. A dependent 
or follower, as of an ancient Roman patrician. 
[< L. dien(t-)s, duen(l-)s, < duo, hear.] 
cli"en-tele', 1 klai"en-tll'; 2 clFen-tel', n. A 
body of clients, dependents, or adherents; a 
following. [F.] 

cliff, 1 klif; 2 clif, n. A high steep face of rock, 
as on the seashore; a precipice. [< AS. dif.\ 
cli'mate, 1 klai'mit; 2 cli'mat, n. l.The tem¬ 
perature and atmospheric conditions of a 
locality; average weather of a place or region, 
etc. 2. A region; clime. [ < Or. klima(l-), 
region, < klind, slope.]—cli-mat'ic, a— clr'ma- 
tol'o-gy, n. The science of climate. 



Clew. 

A ball of yarn. [<AS. 


cli'max, 1 klai'maks; 2 cll'maks, n. 1. Rhet. 
A progressive increase in force throughout a 
passage, culminating at the close. 2. The 
culmination; acme. [< Gr. klimax, ladder, < 
klind, slope.] 

climb, 1 klaim; 2 dim. I. vt. & vi. [climbed or 
clomb (poetical); climb'ing.] To ascend by 
means of the hands and feet, or of tendrils or 
the like; mount, rise, or go up by gradual as¬ 
cent. II. ». The act or process of climbing. 
[< AS. dimban.] —climb'a-bl(e p , a. —cllmb'- 
er, n. [climate, 

clime, 1 klaim; 2 elim, n. [Poet.] A region; 
clinch*, 1 klindh; 2 clinch, v. I. t. 1. To 
secure firmly, as a nail, staple, etc., by bend¬ 
ing down the protruding point; confirm, as a 
bargain or an argument. 2. To grapple with. 
3. To clench. II. i. To take a strong, close 
hold; grapple with one another. [Var. of clench.} 
— clinch'er, n. A clencher. 
clinch, n. A clinching, or that which clinches 
or is clinched; a decisive argument, 
cling, 1 klip; 2 cling, vi. [clung; cling'ing.] 
To hold on to something firmly, as by grasp¬ 
ing, embracing, or winding round; adhere 
tenaciously; stick. [< AS. dingan, shrivel.] 
clin'ic, 1 klin'ik; 2 clin'ic, n. Medical instruc¬ 
tion at the bedside of patients. [ < Gr.r klinikos, 
of a bed.] cli"nique't. — clin'i-cal, a. Of or 
pertaining to a sick-bed or a clinic, -ly, adv. 
clink, 1 klirjk; 2 clink. I*, vt. & vi. 1. To make, 
or cause to make A a clink. 2. To strike 
smartly. II. n. A slight ringing sound, as of 
glass or small metallic bodies in collision, 
clink'er 1 , 1 klipk'ar; 2 clink'er, n. A thing 
that clinks, especially a partly melted mass 
left by coal in burning. 

clink'er 2 , n. A clencher.—clink'er-built", a. 
Naut. Built with overlapping and riveted planks 
or plates. [of epic poetry and history. 

Cli'o, 1 klai'o; 2 cll'o, n. Class. Myth. The muse 
clip 1 , 1 klip; 2 clip, vt. [clipped* or clipt; 
clip'ping.] 1. To trim with shears; shear. 
2. To snip a part from, as a coin. [ < Ice. klippa, 
clip.] [ < AS. clyppan, clasp.} 

clip 2 *, vt. To clasp; embrace; hold tightly. 
clip 3 *, vi. To move swiftly ; speed. [ < clip 1 , t.] 
clip 1 , n. The act of clipping, or that which is 
clipped off; the wool-product of one shearing 
or season. 

clip 2 , n. A clasp for holding letters, etc. 
clip'per, 1 klip'ar; 2 cllp'er, n. One who or 
that which clips; a swift sailing-vessel, 
clip'ping, 1 klip'ir); 2 cllp'ing, n. 1. The act of 
one who or that which clips. 2. That which is 
clipped off or out. 

clique, 1 klik; 2 clik, n. An exclusive or clan¬ 
nish set; coterie. [F.] 

Clive, 1 klaiv; 2 cllv, Robert, Lord (1725-1774). 

English general; founded British Indian empire, 
elk., abbr. Clerk. 

cloak*, 1 klok; 2 clok, v. I. t. To cover with a 
cloak; disguise; conceal. II. i. To put on a 
cloak. 

cloak, n. 1. A loose outer garment. 2. Some¬ 
thing that covers or hides; a pretext; disguise. 
[< OF. cloque, < LL. cloca, bell.] 
clock 1 , 1 klek; 2 clok, n. An instrument for 
measuring and indicating time by mechanical 
movements. [ < LL. docca, bell.]—clock'wise, a. 
In the direction traveled by the hands of a clock. 
—clock'work", n. The machinery of a clock, 
or any similar mechanism: used also figuratively. 


l-a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; lu = feud; cfhin; go;. d = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wplf. dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











clock 

coax 


120 


clock 2 , n. An embroidered ornament on a stock¬ 
ing, as at the ankle. 

clod, 1 klod; 2 clod. I. vt. & vi. [clod'ded* 1 ; 
clod'ding.] 1. To throw clods or stones (at). 

2. To turn into clods. II. n. 1. A lump of 
clay or the like; the soil. 2. Anything earthy 
and gross. [Prob. < Dan. clode, globe.] —clod'- 
hop"per, n. A plowman; rustic; lout. 

clog, 1 kleg; 2 clog, v. [clogged, clogd 8 ; 
clog'ging.] I. t. To put a clog on; hinder; 
choke up; obstruct. II. ». 1. To become 

choked up; be hindered or retarded. 2. To 
adhere in a mass. 

Clog, n. 1. Anything that impedes motion, as a 
block attached to an animal or a vehicle; 
encumbrance; hindrance. 2. A wooden=soled 
shoe. [Allied to clay.]— clog'gy, a. 
clois'ter, 1 kleis'tar; 2 clois'ter. I. vt. 1. To 
seclude; confine, as in a cloister. 2. To pro¬ 
vide with cloisters. II. n. A covered walk; 
hence, a monastery; convent. [< L. OF claus- 
trum, enclosed place, < claudo, close.]— clols'- 
tral, a. Of or pertaining to a cloister; secluded, 
clokef, v. & n. Cloak, 
clombf, clomb'enf, imp. & pp. of climb. 
close, 1 kl5z; 2 clog, v. [closed; clos'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To shut by bringing external parts to¬ 
gether, as the mouth. 2. To fill or obstruct, 
as an opening or passage; stop; shut up. 3. 
To bring to or together, as a door or the lips. 
4. To bring the parts of together; shut up, 
as a knife or book. 5^ To bring to an end; 
terminate; conclude. 6. To bring into con¬ 
tact; join, as the parts of an electric circuit. 
II. i. 1. To come together so as to enclose 
something. 2. To come to an end; terminate. 

3. To grapple; join battle. 4. To join; coa¬ 
lesce; unite; come to an agreement. [< L. F 
clausus, pp. of claudo, close.] 

close, 1 klos; 2 elds, a. 1. Shut in; confined; 
cramped or limited; secluded; secret. 2. 
Closed; fast shut. 3. Near, or near together, 
in space, time, etc. 4. Having parts or ob¬ 
jects near each other; dense; compact. 5. 
Trusty; intimate; as, close friends. 6. Near 
to some aim, purpose, or standard; as, a 
close imitation. 7. Watchful; strict; search¬ 
ing; as, close attention. 8. Nearly even or 
equal; as, a close contest. 9. Secretive; reti¬ 
cent. 10. Avaricious; stingy. 11. Ilbventi- 
lated; stifling; oppressive. 12. Gram. Pro¬ 
nounced with lips partly closed. 13. Shut or 
restricted by law; not open or free; confined 
to a few; as, a close corporation. 14. Fitting 
tightly or snugly.— close-hauled", a. Naut. 
Having the sails set so as to sail close to the 
wind.— close'ly, adv. — close'ness, n. 
close 1 , 1 kloz; 2 cio§, n. 1. The end; conclusion. 

2. A grapple. 3. A junction; meeting. 
close 2 , 1 klos; 2 clos, n. 1. An enclosed place; 
land adjoining a house. 2. A narrow lane or 
passage. 

close, 1 klos ; 2 clos, adv. Closely, 
clos'et, 1 kloz'et; 2 clog'St. I d . vt. To shut up 
or conceal; admit to a private interview. II. 
n. A small chamber, side room, or recess for 
storage or privacy. [OF., dim. of clos, close.] 
clo'sure, 1 klo' 3 ur; 2 clS'zhur, n. 1. A pro¬ 
ceeding to stop debate in a deliberative body 
in order to secure a prompt vote. 2. A clos¬ 
ing or enclosure; that which closes or en¬ 
closes. 3f. A conclusion; end; close, 
clot, 1 klet; 2 clot. I. vt. & vi. [clot'ted* 1 ; 


clot'ting.] To form into clots; coagulate; 
fill or cover with clots. II. n. A coagulated 

mass. 

cloth, 1 kloth; 2 cloth, n. 1. A woven fabric, 
as of wool, silk, flax, cotton, etc.; a piece of 
such fabric. 2. Clerical attire; hence, the 
clerical office; the clergy. [ < AS. clath.] 
clothe, 1 kloth; 2 cloth, vt. [clothed or clad; 
cloth'ing.] To cover or provide with 
clothes; dress; invest. [< AS. clathlan, clothes.] 
clothes, 1 klothz; 2 cloths, n. pi. 1. Garments 
collectively; raiment; clothing. 2. Covering 
for a bed. bed 'elothes"f. [< AS. clathas, pi. 
of clath, cloth.]— clothes-press", n. A closet 
for clothes. 

cloth'ier, 1 kloth'yar; 2 cloth'yer, n. One who 
makes or sells cloths or clothing. 

Cloth'Ing, 1 kloth'ig; 2 cloth'ing, n. Dress in 
general; garments; raiment; apparel; cover¬ 
ing. [closure, n., 1. [F.] 

clo"ture', 1 klo"tur'; 2 cl6"tiir', n. Same as 
cloud d , 1 klaud; 2 cloud, v. I. t. 1. To cover 
with clouds; dim or darken; obscure. 2. To 
cover with obloquy. 3. To variegate, as 
marble. II. i. To be overcast with or as 
with clouds. 

cloud, n. 1. A mass of visible vapor floating in 
the air; any clouddike mass. 2. Something 
that obscures, darkens, dims, confuses, or 
threatens. 3. A dimmed appearance; a spot. 

4. Law. A defect; blemish; as, a cloud on a 
title. [ < AS. clud , round mass.]— cloud 'burst", 
n. A sudden flood of rain, as if a whole cloud 
were discharged at once.— cloud'less, a. Un¬ 
clouded; clear, -ly, adv. — cloud 'y,a. [cloud'i- 
er; cloud'i-est.] 1. Overspread with clouds. 2 
Of or like a cloud or clouds. 3. Obscure; vague - 
confused. 4. Gloomy; sullen. 5. Not limpid oi 
clear. 6. Marked with cloud*like spots.— cloud '- 
i-ly, adv.— cloud 'i-ness, n. 
clout ld , 1 klaut; 2 clout, ct. 1. To patch; ban¬ 
dage. 2. To protect with an iron plate. 
clout 2d , vt. [Colloq.] To beat; cuff. 
clout 8 * 1 , vt. To stud with iron nails. 
clout 1 , n. 1. A piece of cloth or leather; 
patch; rag. 2. The center of a target. 3. An 
iron plate. [ < AS. clUt, < W. clwt.\ 
clout 2 , 7i. A short, stout nail. 
clout 3 , n. [Colloq.] A blow; cuff. 

Clove, 1 klov; 2 clov, imp. of cleave 1 , v. 
clove, n. A dried flower»bud of a tropical ever¬ 
green tree (the clove * 
tree) of the myrtle 
family: used as a 
spice. 

do 'ven, 1 klo'vn; 2 
clo'vn, pa. Parted: 
pp. of cleave, v .— 
clo'ven=foot"ed, a. 

1. Having the foot 
cleft or divided. 2. Sa¬ 
tanic.— c.shoofed, a. 
clo'ver, 1 kld'var; 2 clo'ver, n. Any one of 
several species of threedeaved plants of the 
bean family. [ < AS. clxfre, trefoil.] 

Clown, 1 klaun; 2 clown, n. 1. A professional 
buffoon; a jester. 2. A coarse or vulgar fel¬ 
low; boor. 3. A countryman. [Akin to Ice. 
klutiTii, clumsy fellow.]— elown'er-y, n. [-ies*, 
pi .]— clown 'ish, a. Of or like a clown; rude; 
ilUbred. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
cloy, 1 klei; 2 cloy, vt. To satiate, as with 
sweetness; surfeit. [< F. clouer, nail.] 

C. L. I*. A., abbr. Common paw Procedure Act. 



1:artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast, get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, mle; but, bOrn; 
.2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; 1 = e; go, not, or. wdn. 









121 


clock 

coax 


C. L. S. C., abbr. Chautauqua Literary and Sci¬ 
entific Circle. 

club 1 , 1 klub; 2 club, vt. [clubbed, clubds; 
club'bing.] 1. To beat with a club. 2. To 
use like a club. 

club 2 , v. I. t. To contribute to a common 
purpose; make common stock of. II. i. To 
combine with a common object; join purses 
or efforts; form a club. 

club 1 , n. 1. A stout stick or staff; cudgel; also, 
a staff with curved head of metal or wood, 
as used in golf. 2. A threedobed spot on a 
playing-card; a card so marked. [< Ice. klubba, 
klumba, club.]—clubbed, a. Shaped like, held, 
or used as a club.—club'foot", n. Congenital 
distortion of the foot.—club'sfoot"ed, a. 
club 2 , n. 1. An organization of persons for 
social intercourse or other common object. 

2. A club=house or club=room. 

cluck 1 , 1 kluk; 2 cluk, v. I. t. To call with a 
cluck. II. i. To make the noise of a brood¬ 
ing hen; utter a click or cluck. [Var. of clack.] 
cluck, n. A sound made, or like that made, by 
a brooding hen in calling her chicks, 
clue, 1 klu; 2 clu, v. & n. Same as clew. 
clump, 1 klump; 2 clump, n. A thick cluster; 

tuft; lump. [< Dan. Sw. klump.] — clump 'y, «. 
clum'sy, 1 klum'zi; 2 clum'sy, a. [clum'si-er; 
clum'si-est.] 1. Lacking dexterity, ease, or 
grace; awkward. 2. Rudely constructed; un¬ 
wieldy; ungainly. [< Sw. dial, klummsen, be¬ 
numbed.]— clum'si-Iy, adv.— clum'si-ness, n. 
clung, 1 klurj; 2 clung, imp. of cling, v. 
clus'ter, 1 klus'tar; 2 clus'ter. I. vt. & vi. To 
produce in or collect into a cluster or clusters; 
grow or gather in a cluster or clusters. II. n. 

I. A group or bunch, as of grapes. 2. An as¬ 
sembly; aggregation. [AS.] 

clutch 1 , 1 klucfli; 2 cluch, v. I. t. To seize 
eagerly; grasp and hold firmly. II. i. To 
make a snatch; catch: with at. 
clutch 1 , n. 1. A rapacious or powerful grasp; 
a tight grip; an attempt at seizure: commonly 
in the plural. 2. A talon, claw, paw, or hand. 

3. A device for coupling objects. 
clutch 2 , n. A setting of eggs; a brood. 
Clut'ter 1 , 1 klut'ar; 2 clut'er. I. vt. To throw 

into confusion; litter. II. n. A disordered 
state; confused heap; litter. 
clut'ter 2 . I. vi. To clatter; make a noise. 

II. n. A clattering noise; chattering. 

Clyde, 1 klaid; 2 elyd n. 1. Lord (1792-1863), 

Colin Campbell (Maeliver), Scottish general; 
suppressed Sepoy mutiny, 1857-1858. 2. A 

river in S. W. Scotland, flowing into the Firth of 
Clyde; length, 75 m. 

Cly"tem-nes'tra, 1 klai"tem-nes'tra; 2 cly"tem- 
ngs'tra, n. Gr.Mylh. Faithless wife of Agamem¬ 
non, whom she murdered. 

C. M., abbr. Caius Marius, Certificated Master, 
common meter, Corresponding Member.—cm. 1 , 
abbr. Centimeter.—cm. 2 . Square centimeter.— 
cm. 3 . Cubic centimeter.—C. M. D., abbr. Com¬ 
mon meter double.—C. M. G., abbr. Companion 
[of the Order] of St. Michael and St. George.— 
cm!., abbr. Commercial.—Cn., abbr. Cnseus. 
Cnos'sus, 1 nos'us; 2 nOs'us, n. Chief city and 
traditional capital of Crete; pre-Hellenic ruins. 
co- 1 , prefix. With; together. See com-. 
co- 2 , prefix. Of the complement; as, cosecant; co¬ 
sine; cotangent. [< L. complemenlum, comple¬ 
ment.] 

•C. O., abbr. Commanding Officer, Criminal Of¬ 
fice, Crown Office.— c. o., abbr. Care of.— Co., 
abbr. Cobalt, company, county. 


coach, 1 kodh; 2 coch. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To tutor 
or train; study with or act as a tutor or 
trainer. 2. To carry or be carried in a coach. 
II. n. 1. A large four-wheeled close carriage. 
2. A tutor; trainer. 3. A railway passenger- 
car. [< F. coche.]— fcoach'man, n. [-men, pi.] 
One who drives a coach or a carriage, coacii'eef. 
Coad., abbr. Coadjutor. 

co"ad-ju'tor, 1 k6"a-ju't8r; 2 co"a-ju'tor, n. 
A coworker or colleague; an official assistant. 
[L., < co-, with, + adjuvo, aid.] — co"ad-ju'- 
tress, co"ad-ju'trix, n. fem. 
co-ae'val, a. Same as coeval. 
co-ag'u-late, 1 ko-ag'yu-let; 2 co-ag'yu-lat, v. 
[-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] I. t. To change into a 
curd-like mass; curdle. II. i. To become 
clotted or curdled. [< L. coagulatus, < cogo, 
compel.]— co-ag'u-la-bl(ep, a .— co-ag"u-la'- 
tion, n. —co-ag 'u-Ia-tiv (e s , a. —co-ag'u-la"- 
tor, n. —co-ag'u-len, n. A coagulating powder 
used in surgery. 

coal, 1 kol; 2 col, v. I. t. To supply with coal. 
II. i. To take in coal. 

coal, n. 1. A brittle, compact, amorphous sub¬ 
stance derived from ancient vegetation: found 
in beds or veins in the earth and used as fuel. 
2. A piece of coal broken for use; such piece col¬ 
lectively : in Gt. Brit, commonly used in the plu¬ 
ral. 3. A fragment of burned wood. [< AS. 
col.]— coal'-oil", n. Petroleum.— c.-pit, n. 1. 
A pit from which mineral coal is obtained. 2. 
A pit for making charcoal.— c. =tar, n. The black 
pitch distilled from bituminous coal.— coal'y, 
a. Pertaining to, like, or containing coal. 
co"a-lesce',l ko"a-les';2 co"a-les', ia. [-lesced' 1 ; 
-lesc'ing.] To grow or come together into 
one; fuse; blend. [< L. coalesco, < co-, with, + 
alo, nourish.]— co"a-les'cence, n. A coalescing; 
union.— co"a-les'cent, a. Growing together; 
united; uniting. 

co"a-li'tion, 1 ko'^-liiffi'an; 2 c6"a-lish'on, n. 

1. An alliance of persons, parties, or states. 

2. Coalescence. 

coarse, 1 kors; 2 cdrs, a. 1. Composed of large 
or rough parts or particles. 2. Inferior in 
quality; low; vulgar; indelicate. [Var. of course; 
i. e., in course, ordinary.] -iy, adv. -ness, n. 
coast, 1 kost; 2 cost. I d . vt. & vi. 1. To sail or 
travel along (a shore or border). 2. [U. S.] 
To ride down a slope by force of gravity, as 
on a sled or bicycle. II. n. 1. The land next 
to the sea; the seashore. 2||. A boundary; 
region: chiefly pi. 3. [U. S.] A coasting, as on 
a sled. [< OF. coste, < L. costa, rib, side.]— 
coast'al, a. —coast'er, n.—coast'ward, adv. 
Toward the coast, coast'wards!. — coast '- 

wise, a. By way of or along the coast; as, the 
coastwise trade. 

coat, 1 kot; 2 cot. I d . vt. To cover with or as 
with a coat, as of paint. II. n. 1. An upper 
and outer garment with sleeves: usually worn 
by men. 2. Any outer covering, as the fur of 
an animal, or a layer of ice or paint. [ < MHG. 
ll+of kotze, coarse mantle.]—coat of arms 
(.Her.), the armorial bearings of a person, taken 
collectively.—c. of mail, a defensive garment of 
chain mail.—coat'ing, n. 1. A covering layer; 
coat. 2. Cloth for coats, 
co-a'ti, lko-a'tl; 2 co-a'ti, n. [S. Am.] A rac- 
coon*like mammal with mobile snout. 
coax 1 , 1 koks; 2 eoks, v. I. t. To persuade, or 
seek to persuade, by gentleness and tact; 
wheedle; win; soothe. II. i. To use gentle 
persuasion. [To make a coax (dupe) of, < F. 
coquin, < L. coquus, cook.]—coax'er, n. 


1: » = final; l = hablt^ aisle; au = owt; ell; IO = f eud; <fhin; go; rj = B\ng; Chin, this. 
2: wQlf, dg; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, biirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







cob 

cohere 


122 


cob, 1 keb; 2 cob, n. 1. A roundish mass, heap, 
or lump. 2. [U. S.] The woody spike of an 
ear of maize, round which the kernels grow. 
corn'scob"J. 3. A strong, thick*set, short 3 
legged horse. [Var. of cop, n.] 


co'bait, 1 ko'belt; 2 co'balt, n. A tough steel* 
gray metallic element that forms blue pigments. 
[ < G. kobalt; prob. same as kobold, a demon.] 
Cob'bett, 1 keb'et; 2 eob'et, William (1762- 
1835). An English*American political economist. 


cob'ble,) 1 
cob'l p , ) ct 


kob'l; 2 cob'l, v. [cob'bled, 
cob'ld p ; cob'bling.] I. t. 1. To 
patch or repair, as boots; make clumsily. 2. 
To pave with cobblestones. II. i. To work 
as a cobbler. [< L. OF copulo, join together.] — 
cob'bler, n. One who patches boots and shoes; 
a clumsy workman. 

cob'ble-stone", 1 kob'l-ston"; 2 cob'l-ston", to. 
A rounded water*worn stone, as for paving. 

cob'ble}:. 

Cob'den, 1 keb'den; 2 eob'den, Richard (1804- 
1865). An English statesman; free*trade advo¬ 
cate.—Cob'den-ism, to. The political policy 
advocated by Richard Cobden. 

Co'blenz, 1 ko'blents; 2 co'blents, n. A govern¬ 
ment (1,754 sq. m.; pop. 682,000); its capital 
(pop. 56,000), Rhine province, Prussia; occupied 


by United States Army, 1918- 
World War, 1914-1918. 

CO 'bra, 1 ko'bra; 2 co'bra, to. A 
ous snake of India that can 
dilate its neck into a broad 
hood. [Pg., < L. colubra, snake.]— 
co'bra=de»[da« or di*]ca-pel'lo, 
n. The cobra of India, 
cob'web", 1 keb'web"; 2 
wSb". I. vt. [ c o b'- 
webbed", cob'webd" 8 ; 

COB ' WEB " BING.] To y 
cover with or as with 
cobwebs. II. to. The 
network or fine thread 


after the 


very venom- 


ebb'- 



spun by a spider; hence, Cobra*de*capello in 
a snare, or anything the special basket 

fine 3 spun or flimsy.— of a Hindu snake* 

cob'web"hy, a. charmer, 

co'ca, 1 ko'ka; 2 co'ca, to. [S. Am.] The dried 
leaves of a South*American shrub, used as a 
tonic. 

CO'ca-lll, ) 1 ko'ka-in; 2 ed'ca-m, n. A white, 
co'ca-ine, ) bitter, crystalline alkaloid obtained 
from coca: used as a local anesthetic, 
coch., cochl., abbr. [L.] Cochlear (a spoonful).— 
coch. amp., abbr. A tablespoonful.— coch. 
mag., abbr. A large spoonful.— coch. med., 
abbr. A dessert*spoonful.— coch. parv., abbr. 
A teaspoonful. 

Co'chin*Chi'na, 1 ko'<5hm; 2 eo'chin, to. South¬ 
ernmost state (20,000 sq. m.; pop. 3,051,000) of 
French Indo*China. 

coch'i-neal, 1 kodh'i-nll; 2 coch'i-nel, n. A 
dyestuff yielding a brilliant scarlet dye, con¬ 
sisting of certain insects (of Mexico, Canary 
Islands, and Java) killed and dried by heat. 
[L. 8P coccinus, scarlet, < Gr. kokkos, berry.] 
cock 11 , 1 kok; 2 cok, vt. To raise the cock of (a 
gun or pistol), in readiness for firing. 
cock 21 , vt. To turn up or to one side, as the 
head, ears, etc.; tilt; prick up. [< cock 1 , to.]— 
cocked hat, a hat with brim turned up. 

COCk 3t , vt. To arrange in cocks, as hay. 
cock, a. Male; as, a cock lobster. 
cock 1 , to. 1. A fulbgrown male of the domestic 
fowl. 2. Any male bird. 3. [Eng ] A leader; 


champion. 4. A faucet. 5. The hammer of a 
firearm, or its position when f) 

raised. 6. A weathercock. 7. f 0 V —J 

Cock*crowing. [< AS. cocc (imi- 
tative).]—cock'sandsbiill", 

[Colloq.] Highly improbable;, in- 
credible; absurd.— c.«eye, to. A ^ 

squinting eye.— c.scyed,a. Cross* Self.rloqinn 
eyed.— c. of the walk or of the cock 
loft, an undisputed leader or chief. 
cock 2 , n. A significant tip or upward turn; a 
pricking up; upward bend of a hat*brim. 
cock 3 , n. A small conical pile, as of straw or 
hay. [Akin to Ice. kbkkr, lump.]— cock'horse", 
n. A child’s rocki_ng*horse; hobbyhorse. 
COck-ade', 1 kok-ed'; 2 cok-ad', to. A rosette, 
knot of ribbon, or the like, worn on the hat. 
[< F. cocarde, < coq, cock 1 , to., as if a cock’s 
comb.] 

cock"a-too', 1 kek"a-tu'; 2 cok"a-too', to. A 
crested parrot. [< Hind, kakatua, from its cry.] 
cock'a-trice, 1 kek'a-tris; 2 cok'a-trfc, to. 1. 
A fabulous serpent, said to kill by its breath 
or glance. 2. Any crawling venomous crea¬ 
ture. [OF., corr. of L. crocodilus. crocodile.] 
cock'boat", 1 kek'bot"; 2 cok'bot", to. A 
small rowboat. 

Cock'burn, 1 ko'barn; 2 co'burn, Alexander 
(1802-1880), an English statesman; Lord Chief 
Justice of England; arbitrator on Alabama claims, 
cock'crow ", 1 kek'kro"; 2 cok'crd", n. The 
early morning, cock'crow"ing}. 
cock'er-el, 1 kok'ar-el; 2 cok'er-€l, n. A 
young cock. 

cock'l(e p , 1 kek'l; 2 cok'l, vt. & vi. [cock'led; 
cock'ling.] To wrinkle; pucker. [< cockle 2 , 
n.: from the form of the shell.] 
eock'le 1 , n. A weed that grows among grain. 

[ < AS. coccel, < Ir. cogal, corn*cockle.] 
coek'le 2 , n. An edible European bivalve, or 
its shell; a scallop*shell, etc. [< GrA+F konchy- 
lion, < konche, mussel.]—cock'le«shcll", n. 
Any frail or light boat. [under the roof, 

cock'loft", 1 kek'lbft"; 2 cok'loft", n. A loft 
cock'ney, 1 kek'm; 2 cok'ny, n. A Londoner; 
one having the traits of uneducated London¬ 
ers.— cock 'ney-doni, n. The sphere or realm 
of cockneys; London and its suburbs.—cock'- 
ney-ism, n. The speech or ways of cockneys, 
cock'pit", 1 kek'pit"; 2 eok'pit", n. 1. A pit or 
ring for cock*fighting. 2. An apartment for 
the wmunded in a war*ship. 3. A cubby*hole 
on a small boat. 

cock'roach", 1 kek'rocfh"; 2 eok'roch", n. An 
insect with a flat oval body, chiefly nocturnal, 
infesting houses and ships, 
cocks'comb", 1 keks'kom"; 2 coks'com", n. 
1. A plant with red flowers, suggesting the 
comb of a cock. 2. A coxcomb. 3. A scarlet 
ridge on a jester’s cap; also, the cap. 
cock'swain, n. Same as coxswain. 
cock'tall", 1 kek'tel"; 2 cok'tal", n. [U. S.] A 
drink made of spirits mixed with bitters, 
sugar, and flavoring. 

co 'co, / 1 ko'ko; 2 co'co, n. The palm*tree 
co'coa 1 , ) that produces coconuts. [ < Sp.coco, 
prob. < Gr. kouki, coconut.] co'co!paIm"t. 
co'coa 2 , n. A powder made from the dried 
seed*kernels of the cacao; also, a beverage 
made from it. [Corr. of cacao.] 
co 'co-nut", )1 ko'ko-nut"; 2 c5'co-nut", n. 
co'coa-nut", s The fruit of a tree (the coco*tree 
or coco-palm) , a white*meated seed enclosed 
in a hard shell, and containing a milky liquid. 


1: artistic, ffrt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net.br; full, rflle; but, bbrn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wbn,’ 










123 


cob 

cohere 


co-coon ', 1 ko-kun'; 2 co-eoon', re. 1. The en¬ 
velop in which silkworms are enclosed in the 
chrysalis state. 2. The egg=case of spiders, 
etc. [< F. cocon, dim. of coque, shell.]—co¬ 
coon 'er-y, re. A place for rearing silkworms. 
Co'cos Islands. A group of islands in the Indian 
Ocean, S.W. of Java, off which British cruiser 
Sydney destroyed German raider Emden, Nov., 
1UI4. [Cod., abbr. Codex. 

C. O. D., abbr. Cash (or collect) on delivery.— 
cod 1 , 1 ked; 2 cod, n. A food*fish of temperate 
northern seas. [Akin to D. kodde, club.) cod'- 
fish"J. [velop. [AS. codd, bag.] 

cod 2 , n. 1. A pod or husk. 2. A bag or en- 
cod'dle, )1 ked'l; 2 cod'l, vt. [cod'dled, 
cod'I p , ) cod'dld p ; cod'dling.] To treat as a 
baby or an invalid; pamper. [ < cod 2 , re., pillow.] 
code, 1 kod; 2 cod, re. 1. A systematized body 
of law. 2. A system of signals or of rules. 
[ < C. F codex, caudex, tablet.] 
codg'er, 1 kej'ar; 2 codg'er, n. A testy or ec¬ 
centric old man; fellow. [Var. of cadger, beggar.] 
cod'i-cil, 1 ked'i-sil; 2 cod'i-gil, n. A supple¬ 
ment to a will. [< L. codicillus, dim. of codex 
( codic -), writing.]—cod"i-cll'i-a-ry, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to or of the nature of a codicil. 

COd'i-fy, 1 ked'i-fai or ko'di-fai; 2 cod'i-fy or 
co'di-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy'Tng.] To systema¬ 
tize, as laws.— cod"i-li-ca'tion, n. 
CO-ed"u-ca'tion, 1 ko-ej"u-[or -ed"yu-]ke'^han; 
2 co-Sj"u-[or -ed"yu-]ea'shon, n. The educa¬ 
tion of both sexes, or of whites and negroes, 
together.— co-ed"u-ca'tion-al, a. 
CO"ef-fi'cient, 1 ko"e-fi£h'ent; 2 c5"e-fish'ent. 

1. a. Jointly efficient; acting together to a 
common end. II. n. 1. A cooperating agent. 

2. A number or letter put before an algebraic 
expression which is to be multiplied by that 
number.—co"ef-fi'cien-cy, re. 

coe'no-bite, n. Same as cenobite. 
co-e'qual, 1 ko-I'kwal; 2 co-e'kwal. I. a. Of 
the same value or importance; equal and con- 
joined. II. n. The equal of another or others. 
CO-erce', 1 ko-urs'; 2 co-erg', vt. [co-erced' 1 ; 
co-erc'ing.] To constrain by force or fear; 
compel; restrain or repress. [< L. co-, together, 
+ arceo, press.]— co-er'cion, n. 1. Moral or 
physical compulsion. 2. Government by force. 

3. Compression; pressure. —co-er'clv(e 9 ,a. Serv¬ 
ing or tending to coerce. 

co"e-ter'naI, 1 kOT-tur'nal; 2 co"e-ter'nal, a. 

Existing together from eternity. 

Coeur de Li"on', 1 kur da li"en'; 2 cur de li"6n'. 
[F.] “Idon=heart”: applied to Richard I. of En¬ 
gland. 

co-e'val, 1 ko-!'val; 2 co-e'val, a. Of or be¬ 
longing to the same age or period. [< L. co-, 
together, + sevum, age.] 

co"ex-ist' d , 1 ko"egz-ist'; 2 co"ggz-ist', vi. To 
exist together.—co"ex-Is'tcnce, n.— co"ex-Is'- 
tent, a. Existing together. 
co"ex-tend' d , 1 ko"eks-tend'; 2 eo"£ks-tend', 
vt. & vi. To make or be coextensive.— 
co"ex-ten'siv(e», a. Having the same limits or 
extent. 

cof'fee, 1 kof'i; 2 cof'e, n. The seeds, enclosed 
in dark cherrydike berries, of a tropical tree; 
also, a beverage made from, or the tree pro¬ 
ducing them. [The seeds are also called 
“ beans” or “ berries.”] See illus. in next col¬ 
umn. [< Turk, qahwe, < Ar. qahwe, coffee.] 
— cof'feediouse", c.=room, n. A house or 
room where coffee and other refreshments are 
sold; a cafe.— c.=pot, n. A covered metal or 
earthen pot in which coffee is served. 


cof'fer, 1 kef'or; 2 cof'er, n. 1. A chest or box; 
strong box; safe; caisson. 2. pi. A treasury; 
financial resources. [< L. p cophinus; see cof¬ 
fin.] — cof'fer sdam", 
n. A temporary enclos¬ 
ing dam built in the wa¬ 
ter and pumped dry, to 
protect workmen, 
cof'fill, 1 kef'in; 2 eof'- 
in. I. vt. To put into 
or as into a coffin. 

II. re. 1. The case in 
which a corpse is 
buried.' 2. The lower 
* part of a horse’s 
hoof. [< L. OF coph¬ 
inus, < Gr. kophinos, 
basket.] 

C. of Ci. H., abbr. Cape 
of Good Hope.— cog., 
abbr. Cognate, cognate 
with. 

cog, 1 keg ; 2 cog. I. vt. [cogged, cogd 8 ; cog'- 
ging.] To furnish with or as with a cog or 
cogs. II. n. A tooth projecting from the 
surface of a wheel. [< Gael, coq, cog.]— cog'« 
wheel", n. A wheel with cogs, 
co'gent, 1 ko'jent; 2 co'gent, a. Compelling 
belief, assent, or action; forcible; convincing. 
[< L. cogo, compel, < co-, together, -f ago, 
drive.] -ly, adv. — co'gen-cy, «. Convincing 
power. 

cog'i-tate, 1 kej'i-tet; 2 cog'i-tat, vt. & vi. 
[-TAT"ED d ; -tat"ing.] To think over or about 
(something); meditate; reflect; think. [< L. co-, 
with, + agito, agitate.]— cog'i-ta-bl(e p , a. 
That can be made a subject of thought; think¬ 
able.—cog"i-ta'tion, n. Consideration; re¬ 
flection; thought.—cog'i-ta"tiv(e 8 , a. Capable 
of cogitation; reflective; contemplative, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. [brandy. [F.] 

cog'nac, 1 ko'nyak; 2 co'njdlc, n. French 
cog'nate, 1 keg'net; 2 cog'nat. I. a. Allied by 
blood; kindred; akin; especially, related 
through females only. II. re. A person or 
thing that is cognate to another or others. 
[< L. co-, together, + natus, pp. of nascor, be 
born.]—cog-na'tlon, re. Relationship, 
cog-ni'tlon, 1 keg-ni^h'an; 2 cog-nish'on, re. 
1. The act, power, or faculty of knowing. 2. 
Knowledge; loosely, a conception. [< L. co-, 
together, + nosco, know.]—cog'ni-tiv(e 8 , a. 
Pertaining to or having the power of cognition; 
knowing. 

cog'nize or -nise, 1 keg'naiz; 2 cog'nlz, vt. 
[-nized; -niz"ing.] To know, perceive, or 
recognize. [< L. co-, with, + nosco, know.]— 
cog'ni-za-bl(e p , a. Capable of being known, 
or of being judicially tried or examined.— cog'- 
nl-zance, re. 1. Apprehension or perception; 
knowledge; notice, especially judicial notice or 
jurisdiction. 2. A badge or mark.— cog'ni- 
zant, a. Taking notice; aware, cog'ni-sant j:. 
cog-no'men, 1 keg-no'men; 2 cog-nd'men, re. 
[-no'mens or -nom'i-na, pi.] A surname; 
colloquially, any name. [L., < co- {cum), to¬ 
gether, + nomen, name.] 

co-hab'it d , 1 ko-hab'it; 2 co-hab'it, vi. To 
dwell together as husband and wife ; [ < L. co-, 
together, + habito, dwell.]— co-hab"i-ta'tion, re. 
co-heir', 1 ko-ar'; 2 co-er', re. An heir with 
another or others.— co-heir'ess, re.—co-heir'- 
ship, re. 

co-here', 1 ko-hlr'; 2 co-her', vi. [cohered'; 
co-her'ing.] To stick or hold firmly togeth- 



Berries. 


a, the flower; 6, a berry, split, 
showing the “ beans.** 


T a = final * i = hablt: aisle; au = owt, oil; iu = fered; tihm; go; o = sin 0 ; fhin, this. 
2 ; wQlf, dp’; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







cohort 

collateral 


124 


er. [< L. co-, together, + hxreo, stick.]—co- 
her'ence, ra. Conjunction; consistency; agree¬ 
ment. co-her'en-cyj.—co-her'ent, a. 1. 
Cleaving or sticking together. 2. Logically con¬ 
sistent. 3. Suited; adapted; accordant.—co- 
her'ent-ly, adv. —co-her'er, ra. Wireless Teleg. 
A device employed to detect electric waves, in 
which loosely touching metallic particles in a 
glass tube are made to cohere closely under the 
action of the wave, thus momentarily completing 
a local electric signaling circuit.—co-he'sion, to. 
The act or state of cohering; union; consistency; 
cohesive attraction.—co-he'siv(e 8 , a. Belong¬ 
ing to, exerting, or having the property of cohe¬ 
sion. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

co'hort, 1 ko'hert; 2 co'hort, to. An armed 
company; the tenth of a Roman legion, 500 
to 600 men. [< L. cohorts, company of sol¬ 
diers.] 

coif I!, 1 keif; 2 coif, to. A close*fitting cap, hood, 
or head*dress. [< L .coiffe,< OHG .chuph, head.] 
coif'fure, 1 keif'yur; 2 cSif'yur, to. 1. An ar¬ 
rangement or dressing of the hair. 2. A head* 
dress. [F.] 

coign, 1 kein; 2 coin, to. A projecting angle or 
stone; a corner. [= coin, to., 4.] coignef.— 
coign of vantage, an advantageous position, 
coil, 1 koil; 2 coil, vt. & vi. To wind spirally; 
form rings or coils. [< L.o F col-, together, + 
lego, collect.] 

coil , to . 1 . A ring or spiral formed by winding. 

2. An involvement; a perplexity. 

coil 1| 2 , to. Confusion or tumult; turmoil. [< Gael. 
Ir. goill, war.] 

coin, 1 kein; 2 coin, v. I. t. 1. To make into 
coins; stamp or mint. 2. To originate, as a 
word. II. i. To make counterfeit money.— 
coin'a-bl(e p , a. Capable of being coined.— 
coin'er, to. 1. One who coins. 2. A counterfeiter, 
coin, to. 1. A piece of metallic money. 2. 
Coined money collectively. 3. Kind or means 
of recompense. 4. A quoin. [F., < L. cuneus, 
wedge.]—coin'age, to. 1. The making of coins, 
or the coins made; the system of coins of a 
country. 2. The cost or charge for coining money. 

3. The act of fabricating, or the thing fabricated. 
Co"in-cide', 1 k6"in-said'; 2 c6"in-gid', vi. 

[-ciD'ED d ; -cid'ing.] To agree exactly, as in 
direction, extent, amount, or opinion; concur. 
[< co- + L. inetdo, fall on.]—co-in'cl-dence, 
to. Agreement; correspondence.—co-in'cl-dent, 
a. Agreeing, as in position, time, etc.; concurring. 
co-in"ci-den'talf.—co-in'ci-dent-ly, adv. 
coir, 1 koir; 2 edir, to. Coconut*husk fiber, or 
cables, etc., made therefrom. [< Malay k&gar, 
rope.] coiref. 

co-i'tion, 1 ko-i^h'an; 2 co-ish'on, to. A com¬ 
ing together; especially, sexual intercourse. 
[< L. co-, together, + itus, pp. of eo, go.] co'- 
1-tusf. 

coke, 1 kok; 2 eok. I. vt. & vi. [coked 1 ; cok'- 
ing.] To change or be changed into coke. 
II. to. Coal from which the volatile portion 
has been expelled by heating, as in a retort. 
Coke, 1 kdk or kuk; 2 cdk or cdbk, Sir Edward 
(1552-1634). A Lord Chief Justice of England. 
Col., abbr. Colonel, Colossians.—Col., Colo, 
(official), abbr. Colorado.—col., abbr. College, 
collegiate, colloquial, colloquialism, colonial, 
color, colored, column. [before l.] 

col-, prefix. With; together. [Form of com- 
co-la 'bor-er, 1 ko-le'bar-sr; 2 co-la'bor-er, to. 
A fellow laborer. 

col'an-der, 1 kul'an-dar; 2 col'an-der, to. A 
perforated vessel for straining liquids, etc. 
[< Sp .colador, < L. colum, sieve.] cul 'len-derf. 


CoI'by, 1 kol'bi; 2 col'by, Bainbridge (1869- ). 

American lawyer; United States Secretary of 
State, 1920-1921. 

cold, 1 kold; 2 cold, a. 1. Of a low tempera¬ 
ture; frigid; chilled; chilly. 2. Lacking ardor 
or sympathy; stolid; not cordial; discourag¬ 
ing. [< AS. ceald,.) —cold'«chis"el, ra. A steel 
chisel for cutting cold metal.—cold'ly, adv .— 
cold'ness, to. 

cold, to. 1. A low temperature; lack of heat, or 
the sensation caused by it. 2. A disorder caused 
by exposure to cold.—cold'=bloo«i"ed, a. 1. 
Lacking heat; frigid. 2. Having blood of the 
same temperature as its surrounding medium, as 
a fish or reptile. 3. Unfeeling; heartless; cruel, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Cold Harbor. A village, Hanover county, Va.; 
scene of Federal repulses, June 27, 1862, and 
June 1 and 3, 1864. 

cole, 1 kol; 2 col, to. A plant of the same genus 
as the cabbage. [ < L.as caulis, cabbage.]— 
cole'sslaw", ra. A salad of cabbage cut fine, 
cold 'sslaw"J.—cole'wort", ra. The cabbage or 
a kindred plant. 

CoI"e-op'ter-a, 1 keri-ep'tar-a; 2 col"e-6p'- 
ter-a, to. pi. Entom. An order of insects 
having horny front wings that fit as cases 
over the hind wings; beetles. [ < Gr. koleos, 
sheath, + pteron, wing.]—col"e-op 'ter, «. A 
beetle.—col"e-op 'ter-ous, a. col"e-op'ter-alJ. 

Cole'ridge, 1 kol'rij; 2 col'ridg, Samuel Taylor 
(1772-1834). English romantic poet and critic. 

col'ic, 1 kol'ik; 2 col'ic, to. Acute spasmodic 
pain in the bowels. . [< Gr. kolike, < kolon, 
colon.]—col'ick-y, a. Subject to, suffering from, 
resembling, or productive of colic. 

Co"li"gny', 1 koTrnyl'; 2 coTi"nyi', Gaspard 
de (1517-1572). French admiral; Huguenot 
leader, massacred on St. Bartholomew's day. 
Co"li"gni'j. 

coll., abbr. Colleague, collection, college, colloquial. 
—coll., colloq., abbr. Colloquial, colloquialism. 

col-lab'o-rate, 1 ke-lab'o-ret; 2 cd-liib'o-rat, vi. 
To labor or cooperate with another. [< LL. 
collaboro, < L. col-, with, -|- labor, labor.]—col- 
lab"o-ra'tlon, n.—col-lab'o-ra"tor or -ra"- 
teur, ra. 

col-iaps(e' p , 1 ko-laps'; 2 co-laps', v. [-lapsed' 1 , 
-lapst' 8 ; -laps'ing.J I. t. To cause to 
shrink, fall in, or fail. II. i. 1. To fall to¬ 
gether; cave in. 2. To fail utterly; come to 
ruin. 3. To lose strength or courage; be 
prostrated; succumb. [< L. col-, together, + 
labor, fall.] 

col-lapse', to . 1 . A falling or sinking together. 
2. Extreme prostration. 3. Utter failure; 
ruin. 

col'lar, 1 kol'or; 2 cSl'ar. I. vt. To grasp by 
or provide with a collar. II. to. A band or 
circlet for the neck; a ring or band on or about 
anything. [ < L.° p collare, < collurn, neck.]— 
col'larsbone", to. The clavicle. 

collat., abbr. Collateral, collaterally. 

col-late', 1 ke-let'; 2 co-lat', v. [col-lat'ed 11 ; 
col-lat'ing.] I. f. 1. To compare critically; 
examine. 2. To present, as to a benefice. 
II. f. To bestow a benefice. [< L. col-, to¬ 
gether, + latus, borne.]—col-la'tion, to. 1. 
A collating; comparison. 2. A lunch or light 
repast.—col-la'tor, to. 

col-Iat'er-al, 1 ko-lat'ar-al; 2 co-lat'er-al, a. 
1. Attendant or secondary; incidental. 2. 
Corroborative; confirmatory. 3. Being or 
lying alongside; parallel; bordering. 4. De¬ 
scended from the same ancestor in a different 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i= e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 








VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS BASED ON THE ESTIMATES 
OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES MINT. 


$ = dollar 
£ = pound 


Country 


Argentine Rep.. 

Austria. 

Belgium. 

Bolivia. 

Brazil. 

BritishColonies ) 
in Australasia [ 
and Africa . . ; 

Bulgaria. 

Canada . 

Chile. 


China (Dollar,* 
Tael). 


Colombia. 

Costa Rica. 

Cuba. 

Denmark. 

Ecuador. 

Egypt. 

Finland. 

France. 

Germany . 

Great Britain.. . 

Greece. 

Guatemala.....'. 

Haiti. 

Honduras. 

Hungary. 

India (British). . 
Indo*China. . . . 

Italy. 

Japan . 

Liberia. 

Mexico. 

Netherlands. 

Newfoundland. . 

Nicaragua. 

Norway. 

Panama. 

Paraguay. 

Persia. 

Peru. 

Philipnine Isis. 

Portugal. 

Roumania. 

Russia. 

Salvador. 

Santo Domingo. 

Servia. 

Siam. 

Spain. 

Straits ) 

Settlements) ' 

Sweden. 

Switzerland. 

Turkey. 

Uruguay. 

Venezuela . 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

s = shilling U. S. = United States 

d = penny Eng. = England 

Abt. = about approx. = approximately 


Monentary 

Unit 


peso 

crown 

franc 

boliviano 

milreis 

pound 

sterling 

lei ( pi. leva) 
dollar 
peso 
' Canton 
Haikwan 
< (customs) 
Nankin 
. Peking 
3 Brit. 

( Mex. 
dollar 
colon 
peso 
crown 
sucre 

pound (100 
piasters) 
markka 
franc 
mark 
f pound 
\ sterling 
drachma 
peso 
gourde 
peso 
crown 
rupee 
piaster 
lira 
yen 
dollar 

peso 

florin 

dollar 

cordoba 

crown 

balboa 

peso 

( ashrafi 
( kran 
libra 
peso 
escudo 
leu (pi. lei) 
ruble 
colon 
dollar 
dinar 
tical 
peseta 


dollar 

crown 

franc 

piaster 

peso 

bolivar 


Q 
►J K 
< < 

O O 

H £ 

Values 






u. s. 


Eng. 

02 

Money 


Money 

g 

$0.9648 

£0 

3s 

i iyid 


.2026 



10 


. 1930 



9 v. 

g 

.3893 

... 

1 

734 

g 

.5462 


2 

234 

g 

4.8665 

1 



g Ar S 

. 1930 



9 34 

g 

1.0000 


4 

2 

g 

.3650 

. . . 

1 

6J4 

) 

.7061 

. . . 

2 

9 

1 

.7206 

• . . 

2 

10 

s 





1 

.7008 

... 

2 

934 


. 6904 

• . • 

2 

7 


.4658 

. . • 

1 

934 

\ 3 

.4692 

• • . 

1 

10 

g 

.9733 

. . . 

4 

v< 

g 

. 4653 

* . . 

1 

9 

g 

1.0000 

. * . 

4 

2 

g 

.2680 

• • 

1 

1 

g 

.4867 

. . . 

2 

34 

g 

4.9431 

1 

0 

41/4 

g 

. 1930 



934 

0 Ar a 

. 1930 



934 

g 

.2382 

. . . 

ll H 

1134 

g 

4.8665 

1 




1930 



934 

s 

! 4320 


1 

9 

g 

.2000 


1 

34 

s 

.4320 


l 

9 


2026 



10 

g 

14866 


l 

41/2 

s 

.4665 


l 

11 


1930 



91/2 

g 

’. 4985 


2 

VI 4 

g 

1.0000 


4 

2 

g 

.4985 


2 

VU 

g 

.4020 


1 

7 3 /4 

g 

1.0000 


4 

2 

g 

1.0000 


4 

2 

g 

.2680 


1 

1 

g 

1.0000 


4 

2 

g 

. 9648 


4 

1 


0959 





070 k 



7 34 

g 

4.8665 

1 

.... 

g 

.5000 


2 

634 

g 

1.0S05 


4 

5 1 /2 

g 

.1930 


... 

9>/2 

g 

.5146 


2 

U/2 

s 

.5000 


2 

10 

g 

1.0000 


4 

2 


1930 



9 

g 

.3709 


1 

7 


1930 



934 

g 

.5678 


2 

4 

g 

.2680 


1 

1 


. 1930 



934 


.0440 



2'lt 

g 

1.0342 


4 

3 »/2 

e 

1.930 

. . 

.... 

9V 2 


* Exchange rates fluctuate. 


g = gold 
s = silver 
ex. = exchange rate 


Remarks.* 


Currency, paper, ex. about $0.44 
Unstable; normal ex. $0.2026 
" “ “ $0,193 

124/2 bolivianos = £ 1 . 0.0 
Currency, paper; ex. $0.3244 


Currency, inconvertible paper. 

1 The tael Is a unit of weight, not a 
coin. The customs unit is the 
I Haikwan tael. The silver dollar 
(yuan) of 100 cents is the mone¬ 
tary unit of the Republic and is 
. equivalent to 64.4 cents (Haikwan) 

Currency, paper and gold 
Unstable; normal ex. $0.4653 

“ ■* * $0.2680 

“ “ “ $0.4867 

Actual standard British pound ster¬ 
ling =97)^ piasters. 

Ex. $0,575=1 mark. 

Unstable; normal ex. $0,193 
* $0.24 

“ “ “ $4,867 

“ “ " $0,193 [$1.00 

Currency; paper; ex. abt. 38 pesos = 
Currency, paper; ex. $.020; by treaty 
Currency, bank-notes; ex. abt. $0.44 

15 rupees = 1 pound sterling; ex. $0.43 

Unstable; normal ex. $0,193 
Ex. $0.5075 

Currency, depreciated silver token 
coins. Customs paid in gold 
Ex. $0.50 
Ex. $0,375 

Ex. $0,995 

Ex. $0.2325= 1 crown 

Currency depreciated paper 
Ex. silver kran abt. $0,179 

Ex. abt. $4.80 
Ex. abt. $0.4925 
Currency, paper; ex. $0.50 
Ex. abt. $0.0575 = leu 

Currency, paper; ex. abt. $0.48 

Unstable; normal ex. $0,193 

Valuation for gold peseta, Ex. ap¬ 
prox. $0.19 

Ex. $0.56 

Ex. $0,245 = 1 crown 
Ex. $0.18 

100 piasters = $4.40 equal to Turkish 
pound = 18 shillings 
Ex. abt. $1.03 
Ex. abt. $0,194 


(125) 






























































































colleague 

comestible 


126 


line. [< L. col-, with; and see lateral.] -ly, 
adv. 

col'leag(ue s , 1 kel'ig; 2 eol'eg, n. An associate 
in office. [ < L. F col-, with, + lego, depute.] 
col-lect' d , 1 ke-lekt'; 2 co-lSkt', v. 1. t. 1. To 
gather or bring together. 2. To gather or 
obtain the payment of (money). 3. To re¬ 
gain control of; bring or call back. 4||. To 
infer. II. i. To come together; assemble; 
accumulate. [ < LL. F colleclo, < collegia, as¬ 
semblage.]— col-Iect'a-[or -i-]bl(e p , a. 
col'Iect, 1 kel'ekt; 2 col'eet, n. A short con¬ 
densed prayer, usually for grace or blessing, 
collect., abbr. Collective, collectively, 
col-lect'ed, 1 ke-lekt'ed; 2 co-lekt'ed, pa. 1. 
Assembled; gathered. 2. Composed; self* 
possessed, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
col-lec'tion, 1 ke-lek'sTian; 2 c8-lSc'shon, n. 
A collecting; a group of collected objects or 
individuals; an aggregation; accumulation. 
[< L. collectio(n-), < col-, with, + lego, gather.] 
Col-lec'tiv(e s , 1 ko-lek'tiv; 2 co-16e'tiv. I. a. 
1. Relating to, consisting of, or denoting an 
aggregate or group. 2. Having the power or 
quality of bringing together. II. n. 1. 
Gram. A singular noun naming a collection 
or group. 2. A collection or gathering.— 
col-lec'tlv(e-lys, adv. 

col-lec'tor, 1 ke-lek'tar; 2 co-lSc'tor, n. One 
who collects; one who receives taxes, duties, 
or the like, or collects debts.—col-lec'tor-ate, 
col-lec'tor-ship, n. The office or jurisdiction 
of collector 

col'leen, 1 kel'In; 2 cdl'en, n. [Ir.] A girl. [< Ir. 
cailin, girl.] 

COl'lege, 1 kel'ij; 2 eol'eg, n. 1. An incorpo¬ 
rated school for instruction in the liberal arts 
or professional studies; a school of higher 
learning; one of the educational institutions 
of a university. 2. A body of associates or 
colleagues. [F., < L. collegium, < collega, col¬ 
league.] [legiate. 

col-le'gt-al, 1 ke-ll'ji-el; 2 eo-le'gi-al, o. Col- 
col-le'gi-an, 1 ke-H'ji-an; 2 eo-le'gi-an, n. A 
college student. 

col-le'gi-ate, 1 ke-li'ji-et; 2 eo-le'gi-at. I. a. 
Pertaining to, conducted like, or connected 
with a college or colleges. II. n. A collegian, 
col-lide', 1 ke-laid'; 2 eo-lld', vi. [col-lid'ed 11 ; 
col-lid'ing.] To meet and strike violently; 
clash. [ < L. col-, together, -f Isedo, strike.] 
col'lie, 1 kel'i; 2 eol'i, n. A Scotch sheep*dog. 

[Prob. < Gael, cuiletn, puppy.] col'leyf. 
col'lier, 1 kol'yar; 2 eol'yer, n. A coal-miner; 
a vessel employed in coabcarrying, or one of 
her crew; formerly, a dealer in coal. —col'- 
lier-y , n. ]-ies z , pi.) A coal-mine; the coal»trade. 
col-li'sion, 1 ke-l^'an; 2 ed-llzh'on, n. The 
act of colliding; violent contact; clashing; 
antagonism. 

col'lo-cate, 1 kel'o-ket; 2 eol'o-eat, vt. [-cat"- 
ED d ; -cat"ing.] To put or arrange together; 
station. [ < L. col-, together; and see locate.] — 
col"lo-ca'tion, n. 

col-lo'di-on, 1 ke-15'di-an; 2 eo-lo'di-on, n. A 
solution of guncotton in ether and alcohol 
that forms an adhesive film. [ < Gr. kolla, glue, 
+ eidos, form.] col-lo'di-unif. 
col'loid, 1 kel'eid; 2 eol'oid. I. a. Jelly-like; 
colloidal. II. n. A jellydike substance, as albu¬ 
min. [<Gr. kollddes, glue-like.] — col-loi'dal, a. 
col'lop, 1 kel'ep; 2 eol'op, n. A piece of meat, as 
a slice or morsel for stewing. [Cp. Sw. kollops, 
slices of meat stewed.] 


col-lo'qui-al, 1 ke-lo'kwi-al; 2 co-16'kwi-al, a. 
Pertaining to conversation, especially to 
common speech, as distinguished from literary 
usage. -i>, adv. — col-lo'qui-al-ism, n. A form 
of speech used only or chiefly in conversation, 
col'lo-quy, 1 kel'o-kwi; 2 col'o-kwy, n. 
[-quies 2 , pi.] An informal conference; con¬ 
versation. [< L. col-, together, + loquor, speak.] 
col-Iude', 1 ke-liud'; 2 eo-lud', vi. [-lud'ed* 1 ; 
-lud'ing.] To cooperate secretly; conspire; 
connive. [< L. col-, together, + ludo, play.]— 
eol-lud'er, n.— col-lu'sion, n. Fraudulent co¬ 
operation.— col-lu 'siv(e s , a. Fraudulently con¬ 
certed or devised, -ly, adv. -ness, ra. 
col 'ly, n. Same as collie. 

co-logne', 1 ko-lon'; 2 co-lon', n. A perfume, 
consisting of alcohol flavored with aromatic 
oils. [< Cologne, Germany.] 

Co-logne', 1 ko-lon'; 2 co-lon', n. A government 
(1,544 sq. m.; pop. 1,022,000), and its cathedral* 
city capital (pop. 634,000), Rhine province, Prus¬ 
sia; occupied by British troops, Dec., 1918- . 
Co-lom'bi-a, 1 ko-lem'bi-a; 2 eo-l<5m'bi-a, n. A 
republic (461,606 sq. m.; pop. 5,847,000), N. W. 
South America. 

co'Ion 1 , 1 ko'lon; 2 eo'lon, n. A punctuation- 
mark (:) indicating a pause greater than a 
semicolon, but less than a period. [ < Gr. kolon, 
member.] 

eo'lon 2 , n. The large intestine. [L.] 

Co-lon', 1 ko-lon'; 2 co-lon', n. Atlantic seaport 
(pop. 26,000) in the Canal Zone at Panama, 
colo'nel, 1 kur'nel; 2 cdr'nSl, n. The highest 
officer of a regiment. [F., < It. colonnello, dim. 
of colonna, column.]—colo'nel-cy, n. colo'nel- 
shipt. 

col"on-nade', 1 kel"e-ned'; 2 c61"o-nad', n. A 
range of columns connected by an entabla¬ 
ture. [F.] 

col'o-ny, 1 kel'o-m; 2 c51'o-ny, n. [-nies z , pi.] 

1. A body of emigrants or their descendants 
in a remote region under the control of the 
parent country, or the territory occupied by 
them. 2. Any aggregation of individuals in a 
common group, as of alien residents in a 
country, of bees, etc.: used also adjectivally 
in all senses, f < L. colonia, < colonus, farmer, < 
colo, till.]— co-lo'ni-al, a. Of, pertaining to, 
being produced in, living in, or forming a colony 
or colonies.— col'o-nist, n. A member or in¬ 
habitant of a colony; a settler, co-lo'ni-al J.— 
col'o-nize, v. [-nized; -niz'ing.] I. t. To 
settle a colony or colonies in; emigrate to and 
settle in. II. i. To establish, unite in, or settle 
in a colony or colonies, col'o-nlsef. — col"o- 
ni-za'tion or -sa'tion, n.— col'o-n!z"er or 
-nis"er, n. 

col'o-phon, 1 kol'o-fen; 2 c61'o-f6n, n. An in¬ 
scription or device, often ornamental, at the end 
of ancient books. [LL., < Gr. kolophon, sum¬ 
mit.] 

col'or, 1 kul'or; 2 col'or, v. I. t. 1. To give a 
color to; dye; paint; tint; stain. 2. To mis¬ 
represent; modify; give a tone to. II. t. To 
change color; blush.—col'or-a-bl(c p , a. —col"- 
or-a'tion, n.—col'ored, pa. Having color; of a 
dark-skinned race; embellished or exaggerated. 
—col'or-er, n.—col'or-lst, n. One skilled in 
the use of color. 

col'or, 1 kul'ar; 2 col'or, n. 1. Any one of the 
hues of the rainbow or spectrum, or a tint 
produced by the blending of those hues; 
loosely, any hue, including black and white. 

2. A paint or pigment. 3. An appearance; 
semblance; pretense; disguise. 4. pi. An en- 


1; artistic, Art; fat, fAre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, er; full, rflle; but, burn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n,’ 








127 


colleague 

comestible 


sign, flag, or badge. [< L. color, tint.]—col'or- 
less, a. Without color; impartial; uninteresting. 
Col"o-ra'do, 1 kel"o-ra'do; 2 coPo-ra'do, n. 1. 
A Western mining State (103,658 sq. m.; pop. 
939,629) of the United States.—Colorado Des¬ 
ert, arid region between lower Colorado river 
and Pacific coast. 2. A river flowing from 
Wyoming to Gulf of California; length, 1,500 m.; 
forms Grand Canon. 

col"o-ra-tu'ra, 1 kel"o ra-tu'ra; 2 €ol"o-ra-tu'ra, 
n. 1. Vocal music characterized by runs, trills, 
etc. 2. A singer who produces such effect. [It.] 
co-los'sus, 1 ko-les'us; 2 co-los'iis, n. [-si or 
-sus-es z , pi.] A gigantic statue, especially the 
bronze of Apollo at ancient Rhodes. [ < Gr. kolos- 
sos, gigantic statue.]— co-los'sal, a. Enormous; 
huge; gigantic, -ly, adv. [ing in England, 

col'our, col'our-a-ble, etc. Color, etc.: the spell- 
col'por-teur, 1 kel'per-tar; 2 col'por-ter, n. A 
traveling agent of a religious society, who 
sells or gives away Bibles, etc. [F.] eol'por- 
terf. — col'por-tage, n. A colporteur’s work, 
colt, 1 kolt; 2 eolt, n. A young horse. [AS.]— 
colt'ish, a. Like a colt: frisky; wanton, 
col'ter, 1 kol'tar; 2 col'ter, n. A blade or disk on 
the beam of a plow, to cut the sod. [ < L. culler, 
knife.] coul'terj. 

col"u-brine', 1 koFyu-brain'; 2 eoFyu-brln', a. 
Of or pertaining to a snake; snakelike. [L. 
coluber, serpent.] 

Co-lum'bi-a, 1 ko-lum'bi-a; 2 co-lum'bi-a, n. 

1. The poetic personification of the United States. 

2. The capital of South Carolina; pop. 37,500. 
col'um-bine, 1 kel'um-bin or -bin; 2 col'um- 

bin or -bin, a. Dove-like. [ < L. columbinus, 
< columba, dove.] 

col'urn-bine, 1 kel'um-bain; 2 col'um-bin, n. 
1. A herbaceous plant with 
flowers of five petals. 2. [C-] 

In pantomimes, the sweet¬ 
heart of Harlequin. [< L. 
columbinus; see columbine, a.] 

Co-lum'bus, 1 ko-lum'bus; 2 eo- 
lum'bus, Christopher (1446- 
1506). Italian navigator 
discovered America foi 
Spain, Oct. 12, 1492. 
col'umn, )1 kel'um; 2 
Cdl'um 8 , £ eol'um, n. 1. 

A vertical shaft or pillar; 
a prop or support. 2. A 
vertical series of written Columbine, 
or printed lines, or °» the fruit - 

words, figures, or the like. 3. Mil. A 
body of troops with narrow front, but ex¬ 
tended rearward. 4. Naut. A fleet in single 
file. [< L. columna, column.]— co-lum'nar, a. 
— col'limned, a. Furnished with or arranged 
in columns.— co-Iuin"nI-a'tion, n. Grouping 
of columns; columns collectively, 
com-, prefix. Together; with; often used with in¬ 
tensive force. [ < L. com-, < cum, with.] 

Com., abbr. Commander, commentary, commis¬ 
sion, commissioner, committee, commodore, 
commoner, commonwealth.—com., abbr. Com¬ 
edy, comic, commerce, commercial, common, 
commonly, commune, communicated, communi¬ 
cation, community. 

co'ma 1 , 1 ko'ma; 2 eb'ma, n. A state of uncon¬ 
sciousness with slow, heavy breathing; stu¬ 
por; lethargy. [< Gr. koma, slumber.]—co'ma- 
tose, a. Relating to or affected with coma; ab¬ 
normally sleepy. co'ma-tousj. -ly. adv. -ness, n. 
co'ma 2 , n. [co'm.®, pi ] 1. The nebulosity 

around the nucleus of a comet. 2. A tuft of 
silky hairs. [Gr. kome, hair.] 


co'mate, 1 ko'met; 2 eo'mat, n. A companion, 
comb, 1 kom; 2 com, v. I. t. To draw a comb 
through; disentangle, or cleanse with a comb; 
card; hackle. II. i. To curl over and break 
into foam, as waves.—comb'er, n. One who or 
that which combs; a combing wave.—comb'- 
ing, n. The act of combing or what is removed 
by a comb. 

comb 1 , n. 1. A thin piece of horn, or the like, 
with teeth: for cleaning, dressing, or holding 
in place the hair. 2. Something resembling 
such a comb in appearance or use. 3. The 
fleshy crest on the head of a fowl. 4. The 
crest of a hill or wave. 5. Honeycomb. [ < AS. 
camb, comb, crest, ridge.] 

comb 2 , ) n. [Eng.] A bowbshaped valley or hol- 
cornbe, ) low. coombf; coombef. 
comb., abbr. Combined, combining, 
com'bat, 1 kom'bat; 2 com'bat. I d . vt. & vi. 
To fight or contend with; oppose; resist; do 
battle; contend; struggle. II. n. A battle or 
fight; struggle; contest. [< L. com-, together, 
+ L.ll batluo, beat.]— single combat, a fight 
between two; a duel.— com'bat-ant. I. a. 
Contending in fight; ready or disposed to com¬ 
bat. II. n. One engaged in combat or hostili¬ 
ties.— com'ba-tiv(e 8 , a. Having a pugnacious 
disposition; contentious; full of fight.— com'- 
ba-tive-ly, adv. —com'ba-tive-ness, n. 
com-bine', 1 kem-bain'; 2 com-bin'. I. vt. & 
vi. [-bined'; -bin'ing.] To bring or come 
into a close union; blend; compound; unite. 
II. n. [U. S.] A trust; ring; cabal. [< L. com-, 
together, + bini, two.]— com-bin'a-bI(e p , a. — 
com"bi-na'tion, n. 1. A joining together; 
union; alliance. 2. A compound or group.— 
com-bin'cr, n. 

corn-bus'ti-bl(e p . I. a. Susceptible of com¬ 
bustion; inflammable. II. n. Any substance 
that will readily burn, as pitch or coal.—com* 
bus'ti-ble-ness, n. com-bus"ti-bil'i-tyf. 
corn-bus'tion, 1 kem-bus'dhan; 2 com-bus'-. 
chon, n. The act or process of burning; the 
combination of a substance with oxygen or 
the like, generating light and heat. [< L.ll 
combuslus, pp. of comburo, burn up.] 
comdg., abbr. Commanding.—Comdt., abbr. 

Commandant. 

come, I 1 kum; 2 com, vi. [came; come; com'- 
cum p , ) ing.] 1. To move to or toward the 
place, time, or condition at or in which the 
speaker is or thinks of himself as being; move 
hither; draw nigh; approach. 2. To move 
into view; become perceptible. 3. To arrive; 
be present; exist. 4. To follow as an effect or 
result. 5. To happen; occur; become. [< 
AS. cuman .]—com'er, n. One who comes or 
arrives. 

com'e-dy, 1 kem'i-di; 2 com'e-dy, n. [-dies 2 , 
pi.] An entertaining drama; anything ludi¬ 
crous or comical. [< Gr.L+ p komos, revel, + 
ode; see ode.]— co-me'di-an, n. A comic actor. 
—co-me"di-enne', n.fem. 
come'Iy, ) 1 kum'li; 2 com'ly, a. [come'li-er; 
cum'ly p , ) come'li-est.] 1. Pleasing in per¬ 
son; handsome; graceful. 2. Suitable; becom¬ 
ing; decorous. [< AS. cymlic.] —come'Ii-ly, 
adv. come'Iyt.—come'li-ness, n. 
Co-me'ni-us, 1 ko-me'm-us; 2 eo-me'ni-us, John 
Amos (1592-1671). Slavic educational reformer. 
Ko-mcn 'skif. 

co-mes'ti-bl(e p , 1 ko-mes'ti-bl; 2 eo-mes'ti-bl. 
I. a. Edible; pertaining to food. II. n. An 
eatable. [F., < LL. comestibilis, < com- intens. 
+ edo, eat.] 



1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = o«t; eil; Iu = feud; dhin; go; Tj = aing; €hin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; i|lk; thin, this. 











comet 

commute 


128 


com'et, 1 kem'et; 2 com'et, n. Astron. A heav¬ 
enly body, consisting of a 
coma surrounding a star* 
like nucleus, with a nebu¬ 
lous train. 

A number of periodic com¬ 
ets are now known, among 
which may be mentioned 
Biela’s comet, first re¬ 
corded as observed in Febru¬ 
ary, 1772, with a period of 7 
years; Encke’s c., January, 

1786, period 3 years; Halley’s c., June, 1456, 
period 76 years; and Donati’s c., June, 1858, 
period several thousand years. [< Gr. L+A s ko- 
metSs, long*haired, < tome, hair.]— com'et-a-ry, 
a. co-met'icj. 

com'fit, ) 1 kum'fit; 2 com'fit, n. Adrysweet- 
cum'fit p , ) meat; confection. [< F. confit .] 

com'fi-turet. 

com'fort, / 1 kum'fart; 2 com'fort. I d . vt. 1. 
cum'for t p , ] To give cheer or encouragement 
to; encourage; console; solace. 2. To coun¬ 
tenance; abet. II. n. Freedom or relief from 
pain, annoyance, or want; also, anything that 
contributes to such a state. [ < F. conforl, < L. 
con-, with, + farlis, brave.]— com'fort-a-bl(e p . 

1. a. 1. Having or imparting comfort. 2 1|. Com¬ 
forting. II. n. [U. S.] A wadded bedquilt or 
comforter.— com"fort-a-ble-ness, n. — coin 
fort-a-bly, adv.— com'fort-er, n. 1. One who 
comforts; a consoler; [C-], the Holy Spirit. 2. 
[U. S.] A wadded quilt. 3. A long woolen 
scarf.— com'fort-less, a. 

com'ic, 1 kem'ik; 2 com'ic. I. a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to, like, or connected with comedy. 2. 
Comical. II. n. A comical person or thing; 
comic actor. 

coin'i-cal, a. 1. Droll; ludicrous; diverting. 

2. Comic. [< Gr. kdmikos, < komos, revelry.]— 
com"l-cal 'i-ty, n. 1. The quality of being 
comical. 2. A comical thing, com'l-cal-nessj. 
—com'i-cal-ly, adv. 

Co"mines', 1 ko"min'; 2 co"rmn', Philippe de 
(1445-1511). A French historian; Memoirs. 
com'i-ty, 1 kem'i-ti; 2 eom'i-ty, n. Kindly 
consideration for others; friendliness; good 
will; courtesy. [< L. comita{t-)s, < corais, kind.] 
comm., abbr. Commentary, commerce, common¬ 
wealth. 

com'ma, 1 kem'a; 2 com'a, n. Gram. A punc- 
tuatiommark (,) indicating the slightest 
separation. [< Gr. L komma, segment, < koptd, 
cut off.] 

Com-mand' d , 1 ke-mand'; 2 co-mand', v. I. t. 

1. To order with authority; bid; require; en¬ 
join. 2. To have or hold under one’s control; 
be master of; hence, to be able to get; over¬ 
look, as from a height; cover; guard. 3. To 
claim irresistibly. II. i. To be in authority; 
rule. [< L. F com- intens. + mando, command, 
order.]— com"man-dant', n. An officer in 
command, as of a military post.— com-mand'- 
er, n. 1. One in command; a military leader. 

2. A naval officer next below a captain.— com¬ 
mand'er-y, n. 1-iesz, pi,] i. [u. S.) A lodge 
of various orders, as Knights Templars, etc. 2. 
The rank of commander in an order of knight¬ 
hood.— com-mand'imr, pa. Fitted to com¬ 
mand; impressive; authoritative: dignified, -ly, 
adv.— com-mand'ment, n. An authoritative 
mandate; edict; order; law. 

com-niand', n. 1. The right to command. 
2. The act of commanding. 3. An order; 
commandment. 4. The force or district un¬ 


der a commander. 5. Dominating power; 
hence, range of view; use or control; mastery. 
com"man-deer', 1 kem*an-dir'; 2 eom'an-der', v 
[S. Afr.] To force into military service. [D. 
kommandeeren, command.] 
coni-inein'o-rate, 1 ke-mem'o-ret; 2 co-mem'- 
o-rat, vt. [-RAT"ED d ;- rat"ing.] To celebrate 
or signalize the memory of; keep in remem¬ 
brance. [ <r L. com-, together, 4- memor, mind¬ 
ful.]—com-mem"o-ra'tion, n. The act of com¬ 
memorating, or that which commemorates.— 
coni-niein 'o-ra-tiv(e s , a. cora-mem'o-ra- 
to-ryj. 

com-mence', 1 ke-mens'; 2 co-men?', v. 
[-menced' 1 ; -menc'ing.] I. t. To begin; give 
origin to; initiate. II. i. 1. To have or make 
a beginning; originate; start. 2. To begin to 
be; set up as. [ < L. F com-, together, + initio, 
beginning.]— com-mence 'ment, n. 1. A be¬ 
ginning; origin. 2. A celebration by graduates of 
the completion of a college course, when de¬ 
grees are conferred; also, the day so observed. 
coni-niencl' d , 1 ke-mend'; 2 co-mend', vt. 1. 
To express a favorable opinion of; approve; 
praise. 2. To recommend; accredit; also, to 
present the regards of. 3. To commit with 
confidence; entrust. [ < L. commendo, < com- in¬ 
tens. + mando, command, order.]— com-mend '- 
a-b!(e p , a. Laudable; creditable.— coin-mend 
a-ble-ness,n. —com-mend 'a-bly, adv. —com"- 
men-da'tion, n. 1. The act of commending; 
approbation. 2. Something that commends.— 
com-mend 'a-to-ry, a. Expressing commenda¬ 
tion; serving to commend, 
coin-men 'su-ra-bl(e p , 1 ke-men'^hu-ra-bl; 2 
co-men'shu-ra-bl, a. Measurable by a com¬ 
mon unit; proportionate. — com-men"su-ra- 
bll'i-ty, n. coin-men'su-ra-ble-nesst. —corn- 
men 'su-ra-bly, adv. 

coin-men 'su-rate, 1 ke-men'sftiu-ret; 2 co- 
men'shu-rat, a. 1. Commensurable: 2. In 
proper proportion; proportionate. [< L.nn 
com-, together, + LL. mensuro; see measure, c.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. — com-men"su-ra'tion, n. 
com'ment, 1 kem'ent; 2 com'ent. I d . vi. To 
make comments: with on. II. n. A note or 
remark in explanation or criticism. [< L. 
commentor, freq. of comminiscor, invent.]—com'- 
men-ta-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] A series or body of 
comments; exposition.— com'men-ta"tor, n. A 
writer of commentaries; an annotator; expound¬ 
er. coin'men t-er t; com'men-torj. 
commentt., abbr. Commentators, 
com-rnerce', 1 ke-murs'; 2 co-mer?', vi. [com¬ 
merced' 1 ; com-merc'ing.] To have inter¬ 
course; associate; commune.— com-mer'cer, n. 
com'merce, 1 kom'ars; 2 com'er?, n. 1. Ex¬ 
change of goods, productions, or property, as 
between states or nations; extended trade. 
2. Intercourse. [F., < L. com-, together, + 
merx, wares.]— eom-mer'cial, a. Pertaining 
to, employed in, devoted to, or resulting from 
trade or commerce.— com-mer'cial-ly, adv. 
com-min 'gl(e p , 1 ko-miq'gl; 2 co-nnn'gl, vt. 
& vi. [-gl(e)d p ; -gling.] To mix together; 
mingle. 

com'mi-niite, 1 kem'i-niut; 2 com'i-nut, vt. 
[-NUT"ED d ; -nut"ing.] To reduce to minute 
particles; crush; pulverize; triturate. [< L. 
com- intens. + minuo, diminish.]—com"mi- 
nu'tion, n. 1. Trituration; pulverization. 2. 
Surg. A comminuted fracture, 
com-mis'er-ate, 1 ke-miz'sr-et; 2 eo-mi§'er- 
at, vt. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To feel or mani¬ 
fest pity for; compassionate. [ < L. com-, with, 



Comet. 


1; artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, er; full, rfile; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n,’ 













129 


comet 

commute 


+ miseror, pity.]— com-mis"er-a'tion, n .— 
com-mIs'er-a-tiv(e s , a. 

com 'mis-sa-ry, 1 kem'i-se-n; 2 com'i-sa-ry, n. 
[-ries 2 , pi.] 1. A commissioner. 2. Mil. An 
officer in charge of subsistence, etc. [< L. 
commissus, pp. of commitlo, commit.] — com"- 
mis-sa'ri-al, a. —com"mis-sa'ri-at, n. An 
army department supplying food and other 
necessaries; also,, military supplies. 

com-mis'sioi), 1 ke-miffi'en; 2 eo-mish'on. I. 
vt. To give a commission to, as an officer; 
put into commission, as a ship of war; ap¬ 
point; empower; delegate. II. n. 1. The 
act of committing; doing. 2. The act of en¬ 
trusting; the matter entrusted; a trust; 
charge. 3. A document conferring rank or 
authority; also, the rank or authority so con¬ 
ferred. 4. A body of persons acting under 
public authority. 5. Com. (1) Agency. (2) 
Compensation of an agent. [F., < L. l l com¬ 
missus; see commissary.] — to put in or into 
commission, to put in direct command of a 
designated officer, as a ship of war, for active 
service. 

com-mis'sion-er, 1 ke-miffi'an-er; 2 co- 
mish'on-er, n. The head of an executive de¬ 
partment of government; one specially com¬ 
missioned. 

com-mis"sion-naire', 1 ke-miglPan-ar'; 2 eo- 
mish"on-ar', n. A messenger or light porter. [F.] 

com-mit\ 1 ke-mit'; 2 eo-mlt', vt. [com-mit'- 
TED d ; com-mit'ting.] 1. To do; perpetrate. 

2. To place in trust or custody; consign; en¬ 
trust. 3. To devote; pledge; hence, to in¬ 
volve, compromise, or bind (oneself). 4. To 
memorize, as a speech. 5. To refer, as to a 
committee. [< L. commitlo, < com-, together, 
+ mitto, send.]— com-mit'ment, n. The act 
of committing, or the state of being committed, 
as to prison, com-mit'talf. 

com-mit'tee, 1 ke-mit'i; 2 co-mit'e, n. A per¬ 
son or persons appointed to act upon some 
matter. 

com-mode', 1 ke-mod'; 2 c6-mod', n. 1. A chif¬ 
fonier. 2. A covered wash-stand. 3. A portable 
stool used in evacuating the bowels. [F.j 

com-mo'di-ous, 1 ke-mo'di-us; 2 co-md'di-us, 
a. Suitable; convenient; spacious. [< L. corn- 
modus, < com-, together, + modus, measure.] 
-Iy, adv. -ness, n. 

coin-mod 'i-ty, 1 ke-mod'i-ti; 2 eo-mod'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. A movable article of value; 
something bought and sold. 2f. Conve¬ 
nience; profit. 

corn'ino-d ore, 1 kem'o-dor; 2 eom'o-dor, n. 
1. [U. S.] A naval officer between captain 
and rear-admiral. 2. [Gt. Brit.] The com¬ 
mander of a squadron. [< Sp. comendador, < 
L. commendo, commend.] 

Com'mo-dus, 1 kem'o-dus; 2 com'o-dus, Lucius 
/Elius Aurelius (161-192). A Roman emperor. 

com'mon, 1 kem'an; 2 com'on. I. a. 1. 
Often occurring, met, or seen; frequent or 
usual; customary; regular. 2. Pertaining to, 
connected with, or participated in by two or 
more persons or things; alike; joint; general. 

3. Commonplace; coarse; vulgar; low. 4. 
Gram. (1) Of either gender. (2) Applicable 
to any individual of a class; as, a common 
noun. II. n. Land owned by a town; land 
open to the use of all. [< L. F communis, com¬ 
mon.]— com'mon-al-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pl.\ The 
common people; the lower classes.— com'mon- 
er, n. [Gt. Brit.] One of the commonalty; any 


subject not a peer.— com'mon-ly, adv .— com'- 
mon-ness, n.— com 'mon-place". I. a. Not 
remarkable or interesting; ordinary; trite. II. 
n. 1. A trite remark; familiar truth; platitude; 
truism. 2. A memorandum.— com'mon-place"* 
book", n. A book in which memoranda are 
recorded methodically.— com'mons, n. pi. 1. 
The common people; commonalty. 2. [C-] 
[Gt. Brit.] The legislators of the lower house of 
Parliament. 3. A company eating at a common 
table, as in a college; the provisions so furnished, 
—com'mon-weal", n. The general welfare.— 
com'mon-wealth", n. 1. The people of a 
state; the state. 2. A republic, 
com-mo'tion, 1 ke-mo'dian; 2 co-mo'shon, n. 
A violent agitation; excitement; tumult. [< L« 
com-, together, + moveo, move.] 
coin-mune', 1 ke-miun'; co-mun', vi. [com¬ 
muned'; com-mun'ing.] 1. To converse or 
confer intimately. 2. To partake of the 
eucharist. [< L,. F communico; see communicate.] 
com 'niune, 1 kem'yun; 2 com'yun, n. 1. The 
smallest political division of France, governed 
by a mayor and a council. 2. A self-govern¬ 
ing community. [F., < L .^communis; see com¬ 
mon, a.]— com'mu-nal, a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to a commune. 2. Common; public, 
com-mu'ni-cate, 1 ke-miu'm-ket; 2 co-mu'- 
ni-eat, v. [-CAT"ED d ; -cat'Tng.] I. f. To 
impart; make known. II. t. 1. To make or 
hold a communication; have means of com¬ 
munication. 2. To partake of the Lord’s 
Supper. [ < L. communicatus, < communis; see 
common, a.]— com-mu"ni-ca-bil'i-ty, n .— 
com-mu 'ni-ca-bl (e F , a.— com-mu 'ni-cant, 
n. One who partakes of the Lord’s Supper.— 
com-mu"ni-ca'tion, n. 1. The act of com¬ 
municating; intercourse; conference; corre¬ 
spondence. 2. That which is communicated; a 
letter or message. 3. Means of communicating, 
as a highway or passage.— com-mu'ni-ca- 
tiv(e 9 , a. Ready to communicate; frank; talka¬ 
tive. -ly, adv. -ness, n .— com-mu'ni-ca"tor, n. 
com-mu 'nion, 1 ke-miun'yan; 2 co-mun'yon, 
n. 1. The act of communing; sympathetic 
intercourse; fellowship. 2. The sacrament, or 
the act of partaking of it. 3. Religious fel¬ 
lowship; also, a denomination of Christians, 
com'mu-nism, 1 kom'yu-nizm; 2 com'yu- 
m§m, n. Common ownership of property; 
the abolition of private property and state 
control of labor, religion, social relations, 
etc.— com'mu-nist, n. One who advocates 
communism.— com"mu-nts'tic, a. 
com-mu 'nl-ty, 1 ke-miu'ni-ti; 2 co-mu'ni-ty, 
n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. A body politic, as a village, 
town, city, or state; the public; any body of 
persons having common interests. 2. A 
sharing or participation; identity or likeness, 
com-mute', 1 ke-miut'; 2 eo-mut', v. [com¬ 
muted* 1 ; com-mut'ing.] I. t. To put or 
accept something less instead of. II. i. To 
effect commutation; pay in gross at a reduced 
rate, as railroad fare. [< L. com-, + muto, 
change.]— com-mu"ta-bil'i-ty, n. com-mu '- 
ta-ble-nesst.—com-mu 'ta-bl(er, a. —com"- 
mu-ta'tion, n. 1. A substitution of one kind 
of payment or service for another. 2. Law. A 
reduction or change of penalty.— commutation 
ticket, a railway or other ticket issued for a 
certain length of time at a reduced rate.— com- 
mu'ta-tiv(e s , a. Pertaining to or character¬ 
ized by exchange or commutation.— com'mu- 
ta"tor, n. Elec. A device, as in a dynamo or 
motor, to change the direction or vary the 
strength of an electric current.— com-mut'er. 


1:» = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; <fhin; go; o = sina; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dj>; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, &em; ink; thin, this. 










Como 

composite 


130 


n. One who commutes, or uses a commutation 
ticket. 

Co'mo, 1 ko'mo; 2 co'mo, n. 1. A province (1,105 
sq. m.; pop. 637,863) and town (pop. 46,000), 
Lombardy, Italy. 2. A lake in Como province; 
37 m. long. Lago di C.J. 
com. off., abbr. Commissioned officer.— comp., 
abbr. Comparative, compare, comparison, com¬ 
piled, compiler, composer, composition, compos¬ 
itor, compound, compounded. 
com-pact' ld , 1 kem-pakt'; 2 c6m-p8.€t', vt. To 
pack or press closely; compress; unite closely; 
compose. 

com-pact' 2d , v. To join by a compact; conspire, 
coin-pact', a. 1. Closely and firmly united; 
solid; dense. 2. Condensed; brief; terse. 3. 
Composed; compacted. [< L. F corn-, together,' 
+ pango, fasten.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
com'pact, 1 kem'pakt; 2 eom'paet, n. A 
covenant or contract. [< L. com-, with, + 
paciscor, agree.] 

com-pan'ion 1 , 1 kem-pan'yan; 2 com-pan'- 
yon, n. 1. One who or that which accom¬ 
panies; a comrade; associate. 2)|. An inferior 
or worthless person; fellow. [< L. LL+OF com-, 
together, -f panis, bread.] —coin-pan'ion-a- 
bl(e p , a. Sociable; agreeable, -ness, n. —com- 
pan'ion-ship, n. 

com-pan'ion 2 , n. Naut. A skylight or win¬ 
dow. f < D. kompanje.] — com-pan 'ion-way, n. 
A staircase leading from the deck to a cabin, 
com'pa-ny, 1 kum'pa-m; 2 com'pa-ny, n. 
[-nies z , pi.] 1. The society or presence of 
another or others; fellowship; association; 
society. 2. One or more guests; persons met 
for social purposes; society. 3. An assem¬ 
blage or corporation; a partner or partners 
not named. 4. Mil. A body of men com¬ 
manded by a captain. 

com-pare', 1 kem-par'; 2 com-par', v. [-pared'; 
-par'ing.J I. t. 1. To examine so as to per¬ 
ceive similarity or dissimilarity. 2. To liken. 
3. Gram. To state the degrees of comparison 
of (an adjective or adverb). II. i. To be 
worthy of comparison. [< L. comparo, < com- 
(< cum), together, par, equal.]— com'pa- 
ra-bl(e p , a. That may be compared; fit to 
be compared; similar.— com'pa-ra-bly, adv. — 
com-par'a-tiv(e s , a. 1. Pertaining to, resulting 
from, or making use of comparison. 2. Estimated 
by comparison; relative. 3. Gram. Expressing 
a higher or lower degree, as of the meaning of 
an adjective.— com-par'a-tive, n. Gram. The 
comparative degree, as of an adjective, -ly, adv. 
com-pare'||, n. Comparison, 
com-par'i-son, 1 kem-par'i-san; 2 com-par'i- 
son, n. 1. A comparing; an estimate of rela¬ 
tive likeness or unlikeness; a simile; example; 
resemblance. 2. Gram. That inflection of 
adjectives or adverbs which indicates differ¬ 
ences of degree. 

corn-part'ment, 1 kem-pdrt'ment or -msnt; 
2 com-part'ment, n. A separate section or 
chamber, as of a ship. [< LL. F compartto, < 
L. cum . together, + pars, part.] 
com'pass, / 1 kum'pas; 2 com'pas. Ik vt. 1. 
cum'pass p , ) To bring within one’s possession; 
attain; plan for; plot. 2. To grasp mentally; 
comprehend. 3||. To go around; surround; 
encompass. II. n. 1. Extent within limits; 
reach; scope. 2. A boundary or circuit. 3. 
Moderate bounds; due limits. 4. Mus. The 
range of a voice or instrument. 5. An instru¬ 
ment for determining directions, usually by 


the pointing of a magnetic needle free to turn 
in a horizontal plane, and carrying a marked 
card, as in the mariners' compass. 6. Intent, 



The letters at the circumference are abbreviations of the points, 
they are read: North, north by east, north^northeast, northeast by 
north, northeast, etc. 

purpose, or design. 7. A circular course or 
journey; round, circuit. [< F. compas, < L. 
com-, together, + passus; see pace, n.\ —coin'- 
pass-a-bl(e p , a. Possible; attainable. 

com'pass-es, 1 kum'pas-ez;2 com'pas-eg, n. pi. 
A jointed instrument for marking measure¬ 
ments, describing circles, etc. 

com-pas'sion, 1 kem-pash'an; 2 eom-pash'on, 
n. Pity for suffering, with desire to help or to 
spare; commiseration. [F., < L. LL com-, to¬ 
gether, + patior, suffer.]—com-pas'sion-ate. 

1. vt. [-AT'ED d ; -aT'ing.) To have compassion 
for; commiserate. 11. a. Feeling compassion; 
merciful; sympathetic, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

com-pat'i-bl(e p , 1 kem-pat'i-bl; 2 com-pat'- 
i-bl, a. Capable of existing together; con¬ 
gruous; congenial.—coin-pat"i-bil'l-ty, n. The 
state of being compatible; congruity; congenial¬ 
ity; consistency, coin-pat'i-ble-nesst.—com¬ 
patibly, adv. 

com-pa'tri-ot, 1 kem-pe'tri-at; 2 com-pa'- 
tri-ot, n. A fellow countryman or patriot. 

com-peer', 1 kem-plr'; 2 cSm-per', n. One of 
equal rank; a comrade; associate. [< L. F com-, 
together, + par, equal.] 

com-pel', 1 kom-pel'; 2 chm-pgl', v. [com¬ 
pelled', com-pei.d' s ; com-pel'ling.] I. t. 1. 
To urge irresistibly; constrain; coerce; force. 

2. To obtain by force; exact. II. i. To use 
compulsion. [ < L.of com-, together, pello, 
drive.]—com-pel 'ler, n.—com-pel 'ling-ly, adv. 

com 'pend, 1 kem'pend; 2 com'pSnd, n. A com¬ 
pendium. 

coin-pen'di-ous, 1 kem-pen'di-us; 2 com- 
pgn'di-us, a. Briefly stated; succinct; concise, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

eom-pen 'di-uni, 1 kem-pen'di-um; 2 com- 
pdn'di-um, n. [-di-ums z or -di-a, pi.] An 
abridgment; abstract. L< L.ll com-, together, + 
pendo, weigh.) 

com'pen-sate, 1 kom'pen-set; 2 com'p&n-sat, 
v. f-SAT"ED d ; -sat"ing.] I. t. 1. To make 
suitable return to or for; requite; remunerate. 
2. To make amends for; counterbalance. II. 
i. To make return or amends. [ < L. com-, to¬ 
gether, + penso, weigh.]—com"pen-sa'tiou, n. 
The act of compensating, or that which compen¬ 
sates; payment; amends. 

coni-pete', 1 kem-plt'; 2 corn-pet', vi. [-pet'- 


1: artigtic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 










131 


Como 

composite 


ED d ; -pet'ing.] To contend emulously, as for 

a prize; vie. [ < L. com-, together, + pelo, seek.] 
— com"pe-ti'tion, n. Contention of two or more 
for the same object or for superiority; rivalry. 
— corn-pet'i-tiv (e s , a. Pertaining to or charac¬ 
terized by competition. -Iy,ad». -ness, n.— corn- 
pet'l-tor, n. One who or that which competes, 
com'pe-tence, )1 kem'pi-tens, -ten-si; 2 
com'pe-ten-cy, ) com'pe-teng, -ten-gy, n. 1. 
The state of being competent; ability. 2. 
Sufficient means; sufficiency. 3. Law. Qual¬ 
ification or admissibility, 
com'pe-tent, 1 kem'pi-tent; 2 com'pe-tent, a. 
1. Having sufficient ability or authority; 
qualified. 2. Sufficient; adequate, -ly, adv. 
Com"pi"egne', 1 ken"pl"a/nya: 2 eon"pi"e'nye, n. 
A town (pop. 17,000), N. France; Joan of Arc 
captured there, May 25, 1430. Scene of severe 
fighting of Allied French and British against the 
Germans in 1914 and 1918. 
coin-pile', 1 kem-pail'; 2 com-pil', vt. [-piled'; 
-pil'ing.] To compose (a literary work) from 
other works; gather (materials borrowed or 
transcribed) into a volume or the like. [ < 
L. F compilo, plunder, < com-, together, + pilo, 
rob.]— com"pi-la'tion, n. The act of compil¬ 
ing, or something compiled.—com-pil'er, n. 
com-pla'cence, / 1 kem-ple'sens, -sen-si; 2 
com-pla'cen-cy, ) com-pla'geng, -gen-gy, n. 
[-ces, cies z , pi.] Satisfaction; self*approval; 
serenity. 

coin-pla'cent, 1 -sent; 2 -sSnt, a. Feeling or 
showing complacency. [< L. complaceo, < 
com-, together, + placeo, please.] -ly, adv. 
com-plain', 1 kem-plen'; 2 com-plan', vi. To 
express a sense of ill treatment or of pain, 
grief, or the like; murmur; find fault; present 
a formal statement of grievance. [< L. F com-, 
together, + plango, strike.]— corn-plain'ant, 
n. 1. One who complains, corn-plain 'erf. 2. 
One who enters a formal complaint, 
com-plaint', 1 kem-plent'; 2 com-plant', n. 

1. A statement of wrong, grievance, or injury. 

2. The act of complaining. 3. A grievance. 
4. A physical ailment; disease. 

com'plai-sant", 1 kem'ple-zant"; 2 com'pla- 
§ant", a. Showing a desire or endeavor to 
please; affable; courteous. [< L. F complaceo; 
see complacent.]— com'plai-sance", n. The 
desire or endeavor to please; politeness.—com'- 
plai-sant"ly, adv.— com'plai-sant"ness, n. 
com'ple-ment, 1 kem'pli-ment or -mont; 2 
com'ple-ment. I d . vt. To add or form a com¬ 
plement to; supplement. II. n. 1. Full num¬ 
ber; that which fills up or completes; the state 
of being complete. 2. An addition or append¬ 
age; an accessory. 3. In an angle, the amount 
by which it falls short of 90 degrees. [ < 
L. complementum, < compleo; see complete, 
a.) —com"ple-men'taI, a. Completing; ad¬ 
ditional; accessory. com"ple-men'ta-ryj. 
com-plete', 1 kem-pllt'; 2 com-plet'. I. vt. 
[-plet'ed^; -plet'ing.] .To make complete; 
accomplish; finish; fulfil. II. a. Lacking 
nothing; entire; perfect; full; finished. [< L. F 
completus, pp. of compleo, < com- intens. + 
pleo, fill.]—com-plete'ly, adv.— com-plete'- 
ness, n. —com-ple'tion, n. The act of com¬ 
pleting, or the state of being completed; ac¬ 
complishment; fulfilment.—com-ple'tiv(e 8 , a. 
com'plex, 1 kem'pleks; 2 com'pleks. I. a. 1. 
Consisting of various parts or elements; com¬ 
posite. 2. Complicated; involved; intricate! 
II. n. Something composite or complicated; 
a complication; collection. [ < L. complexus, pp., 


< com-, together, + plecto, braid.]—com-plex'- 
i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi .j The state of being complex; 
something complex. 

com-plex'ion, 1 kem-plek'^han; 2 com-plgk'- 
shon, n. 1 . The color and appearance of the 
skin, especially of the face. 2. General as¬ 
pect; character; quality. [< L. F complexus; see 
complex, a.]—com-plex'ioned, a. 
com-pli'ance, 1 kem-plai'ans; 2 com-pli'ang, 
n. 1 . The act of complying. 2. Complai¬ 
sance. com-pli 'an-eyj. 
com-pli'ant, 1 kem-plai'ant; 2 com-pll'ant, a. 

Complying; yielding.—com-pli'ant-ly, adv. 
com'pli-cate, 1 kem'ph-ket; 2 com'pli-cat. I. 
vt. & vi. [-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To make or 
become complex, difficult, or perplexing; mix; 
confuse; intertwine; entangle. II. a. Com¬ 
plicated; complex. [< L. com-, together, + 
plico, fold.]—com'pli-ca-cy, n. [-cies z , pl.\ 
The state of being complicated; that w T hich is 
complicated; complication; complexity.—com"- 
Pli -ca'tion, n. 1. The act of complicating, or 
the state of being complicated; complexity. 2. 
Anything that complicates, 
coni-plic'i-ty, 1 kem-plis'i-ti; 2 com-plig'i-ty, 
n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The act or state of being an 
accomplice. 

com'pli-ment d , 1 kem'pli-ment or -mant; 2 
com'pli-ment, v. I. t. To pay a compliment 
to. II. i. To use or exchange compliments, 
com'pli-ment, n. 1. An expression of ad¬ 
miration, congratulation, or the like. 2. A 
formal greeting or remembrance: usually in 
the plural. [< L. IT+F complementum; see com¬ 
plement.]— com"pli-men'ta-ry, a. Express¬ 
ing or expressive of compliment, 
com'plin, ? 1 kem'phn; 2 edm'plin, n. Eccl. The 
com 'piine, ) last service of common prayer for 
the day; often used in plural. [ME. complyn, < 
F. compile, < LL. completus; see complete.] 
Complt., abbr. Complainant, 
com-ply', 1 kom-plai'; 2 com-ply', vi. [-plied'; 
-ply'ing.] To act in conformity (with); con- 
sen t; obey [ < E.it compleo; see complete , a.] 
compo., abbr. Composition, compost, 
com-po'nent, 1 kem-po'nent; 2 eom-po'nSnt. 
I. a. Forming a part or ingredient. II. n. 
A constituent part. [< L. compono; see com¬ 
posite.] 

coin-port ' d , 1 kem-port'; 2 corn-port', v. I. t. 
To conduct (oneself). II. i. To be compatible; 
agree. [ < L. com-, together, + porlo, carry.]— 
corn-port'meat, n. Behavior; deportment, 
com-pose', 1 kem-poz'; 2 com-pos', v. [-posed'; 
-pos'ing.] 1. 1. 1. To make up of elements or 
parts; construct; form. 2. To be the con¬ 
stituent parts of; constitute. 3. To tran- 
quilize; calm. 4. To reconcile; arrange; set¬ 
tle. II. 1. To engage in composition. [< F. 
composer, < com-, together, + poser, place.]— 
com-posed', pa. Free from 
agitation; calm. — c o m - 
pos 'ed-ly, adv. — c o m - 
pos'ed-ness, n. — com- 
pos'er, n. 

com-pos'it(e 8 , 1 kem- 
poz'it; 2 com-pos'it, a. 

1 . Made up of separate 
parts or elements; com¬ 
bined or compounded. 2. 

[C-] Arch. Combining the 
Corinthian and Ionic Composite Capital, 
orders. [< L. compositus, pp. of compono, < 
com-, together,-]- pono, place.] -ly,adv. -ness, n. 



l:o = final; I = hablt£ aisle; ail = out', oil; 10 = feud; <5hin; go; o = 8 inf 7 ; Chin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; fijll, rule, cfire, but, bhrn; dll, boy; go, gem; iok; thin, '-^lis. 











composition 

concur 132 


com"po-si'tion, 1 kem"po-zi5ih'9n; 2 c6m"po- 
§ish'on, n. 1. The act of composing, or the 
state or manner of being composed. 2. A 
literary, artistic, or musical production. 3. 
A compound or combination. 4. Typeset¬ 
ting. 5. An agreement or settlement; com¬ 
promise. [F., < L.composilio(n-), < compositus; 
see composite.]— com-pos'i-tor, n. One who 
composes; a typesetter. 

com'pos meu'tis, 1 kem'pes men'tis; 2 com'- 
pos men'tis. Of sound mind. [L.] 
coni'post, 1 kem'post; 2 com'post. I' 1 , vt. To 
make into or cover with compost. II. n. A 
fertilizing mixture; a composition for plaster¬ 
ing. 

com-po'sure, 1 kom-po' 3 ur; 2 eom-p5'zhur, n. 
Tranquillity, as of manner or appearance; 
calmness; serenity. 

coin-pound ' d , 1 kem-paund'; 2 corn-pound', 
v. I. t. 1. To mix intimately, or make by 
such mixture; combine. 2. To settle for less 
than the sum due, as a debt. 3. To cover up 
or condone (a crime) for a consideration. II. 

1. To come to terms; give or accept pay for 
an offense. [< L.<> F compono; see composite.] 

com'pound, 1 kom'paund; 2 com'pound, a. 
Composed of tw r o or more ingredients or 
parts; composite. 

com'pound , n. A compound substance. 
com'pound 2 , n. The walled or fenced enclo¬ 
sure oi a residence or factory in the Orient. 

[ < Malay kampong, enclosure.] 
com"pra-dor', 1 kem"pra-dor'; 2 c6m"pra-dor', n. 
[Pg.] A native agent and intermediary in a 
business house. com"pra-dore't. 
COm"pre-hend ' d , 1 kem"pri-hend'; 2 com"- 
pre-hend', vt. 1. To grasp mentally; under¬ 
stand fully. 2. To include; comprise; en¬ 
compass. [< L. comprehendo, < com-, together, 
+ preliendo, seize.]— com"pre-hen"si-bil'i-ty, 
n. The state of being comprehensible. coin"prc- 
hen'si- ble-ness %. — com"pre-hen'sl-bl(e p , 
a. Capable of bein^ comprehended; conceivable. 
—com"pre-lien'si-bly, adv. —com"pre-hen'- 
sion, n. 1. The mental grasping of ideas, facts, 
etc., or the power of doing so; understanding. 

2. Inclusion; comprehensiveness. — com"pre- 
hen'siv(e s , a. Large in scope or content; in¬ 
clusive; broad, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

coin-press' 1 , 1 kom-prcs'; 2 com-prgs', vt. To 
press together or into smaller space; con¬ 
dense, compact; concentrate. [< L. compressus, 
< com-, together, + prcmo, press.]—com* 
press"i-bll'i-ty, n. com-press'i-ble-nesst.— 
corn-press 'i-bl(c p , a. Capable of being com¬ 
pressed.—com-pres'sion, n. The act of com¬ 
pressing, or the state of being compressed.— 
com-pres'siv(es, a. Tending to or having 
power to compress.—coin-pres'sive-Iy, adv. — 
com-pres'sor, n. One who or that which com¬ 
presses; a compressing muscle or machine, 
com'press, 1 kem'pres; 2 com'pres, n. A de¬ 
vice for compressing. 

com-prise', 1 kem-praiz'; 2 com-prls', vt. 
(-prised'; -pris'ing.] To include and cover; 
consist of; embrace. [< L. F comprehendo; see 
comprehend.] corn-prize' 8 *.—com-pri'sal, n. 
com 'pro-mise, 1 kem'pro-maiz; 2 eom'pro- 
mig, v. [-mised; -mis"ing.] I. t. 1. To ad¬ 
just by concessions. 2. To expose to risk or 
suspicion. II. i. To make a settlement by 
concessions. 

com'pro-mise, n. 1. An arrangement for 
settlement by mutual concession. 2. The 


habit or spirit of concession. [< L. com-, to¬ 
gether, -f- promitto, promise.] 
comptll, 1 kaunt; 2 count, n. Account; reckon¬ 
ing.—comp-trol'ler, n. Same as control¬ 
ler, 1. 

com-pul'sion, 1 kem-pul'^han; 2 com-pul'- 
shon, n. The act of compelling, or the state 
of being compelled; coercion. [< L. compulsus, 
pp. of compello; see compel.]— coin-pul'sIv(e 8 , 
a. Compelling, or tending to compel; compul¬ 
sory. -ly, adv. -ness, n. —coin-pul'so-ry, a. 

1. Employing compulsion; compelling; coercive. 

2. Enforced; forced.—com-pul'so-ri-Iy, adv. — 
com-pul 'so-ri-ness, n. 

com-punc'tion, 1 kem-pur)k's'han; 2 com- 
punc'shon, n. Self*reproach for wrong=doing; 
slight regret. [< L. com- intens. + pungo, 
sting.]— com-punc'tious, a. 
com-pute', 1 kem-piut'; 2 coin-put', vt. & vi. 
[-put'ed 11 ; -put'ing.] To estimate numeri¬ 
cally; calculate; reckon. [< L. com-, together, 
+ puto, reckon.]— com-put"a-bil'l-ty, u .— 
com-put'a-bl(e p , a .— com"pu-ta'tion, n. t. 
The act of computing. 2. A computed amount. 
—coin-put'er, n. • 

Coinr., abbr. Commissioner. — Com. * Sergt., 
abbr. Commissary»sergeant. 
com'rad e, 1 kom'rad; 2 com'rad, n. An inti 
mate companion. [< L. F camera, chamber.] — 
com'rade-ship, n. com'ratie-ry*. 

Comte, 1 kont; 2 cont, Auguste (1798-1857). A 
French philosopher; founder of positivism.— 
Com'ti-an, a.— Com'tism, n. The philosophy 
of Comte. 

Com. Ver., abbr. Common Version (of the Bible). 
con 1 , 1 ken; 2 con, vt. (conned, cond 8 ; con'- 
ning.] To study with care; peruse; learn. [< 
AS. cunnian, test, try to find out, < cunnan, 
know.] [(a vessel). 

coil 2 , vt. & vi. Naut. To direct the steering of 
coil, n. & adv. The contrary; against. Cp. 

pro. [ < L. contra, against.] 
coil-, prefix. With; together: form of com- be¬ 
fore c, d, /, g, i, j, n, q, s, t, w. 

Con., abbr. Consul.— con., abbr. Conclusion, 
contra (L., in opposition to), conversation, 
con a-mo're, 1 kon a-mo're; 2 eon a-mo're. 

With love; heartily. [It.] 
con-cat'e-nate, 1 ken-kat'i-net; 2 eon-eat'- 
e-nat, vt. [-nat"ed^ ; -nat"ing.] To join or 
link together; connect in a series. [ < con-, with, 
+ L. catena, chain.] —con-cat"e-na'tion, n. 
The act of concatenating; a chain*like series, 
con'cave, 1 kon'kev; 2 con'cav. I. a. Hol¬ 
low and rounded, as the interior of a sphere 
or circle. II. n. A concave surface; vault, as 
of heaven. [< L. con- intens. + cavus, hollow.] 
— eon-cav'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pl.\ The state of 
being concave; a concave surface; hollow, 
con-ceal', 1 ken-sll'; 2 eon-gel', vt. To hide; 
secrete. [< L. OF con-, together, -(- celo, hide.]— 
con-ceal 'a-bl(e p , a. —con-ceal'ment, n. 1. 
The act of concealing, or state of being concealed. 
2. A hiding«place. 

con-cede', 1 kon-§Id'; 2 eon-ged', vt. [-ced'- 
ED d ; -ced'ing.] 1. To yield to demand; al¬ 
low; surrender. 2. To bestow; grant. 3. 
To acknowledge; admit. [ < L. concedo, < con-, 
together, + cedo, yield.] 

con-ceit', 1 ken-sit'; 2 eon-get', «. 1. Over¬ 
weening self«esteem. 2. A fanciful idea; a 
quaint or humorous fancy; clever thought or 
expression. 3. Apprehension; understand- 
• ing. [< L.op concipto; see conceive.]— con¬ 
ceit'ed, pa. Having an excessive opinion of 


oneself; vain, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast: get, prey: hit, police; obey, go; not, or: full, rule; but, burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 









133 


con-ceiv(e' p , 1 ken-slv'; 2 eon-gey', v. 
[-ceiv(e)d's; -ceiv'ing.] I. t. 1. To form 
an idea of. 2. To become possessed with, as 
hatred. 3. To think; imagine. 4. To become 
pregnant with; engender; originate. 5|{. To 
understand. II. i. 1. To form a mental 
image; think; imagine. 2. To become preg¬ 
nant. [ < L.of concipio, < con-, together, + 
capio, take.]—con-ceiv'a-bl(e p , a. -ness, n .— 
con-ceiv'a-bly, adv. 

con'cen-trate, 1 ken'sen-tret; 2 con'gen-trat, 
v. [-TRAT"ED d ; -trat"ing.] I. t. To draw to 
a common center; concenter; condense; inten¬ 
sify. II. i. To converge toward a center; be¬ 
come compacted or intensified. [< con-, to¬ 
gether, + L. centrum, center.]— con"cen- 
tra'tion, n. The act of concentrating, or that 
which is concentrated.—con-cen'tra-tiv(e 8 , a. 
Tending to or characterized by concentration, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —con'cen-tra"tor, re. 
con-cen'trie, 1 ken-sen'tnk; 2 con-gen'trie, a. 
Having a common center, as circles, con- 
cen'tri-calf.—con-cen'tri-cal-5y,ad».—con"- 
cen-tric'i-ty, n. 

con'cept, 1 kan'sept; 2 con'gept, re. An ab¬ 
stract general notion or idea; also, any notion 
combining elements into the idea of one 
object. [< L. conceptus; see conceit, re.] 
eon-cep'tion, 1 ken-sep'^han; 2 con-gep'shon, 
re. 1. The act or faculty of conceiving. 2. 
That which is conceived; an idea; notion; 
plan; invention.—con-cep'tu-al, re. Of or per¬ 
taining to conception or a concept, -ly, adv. 
con-cern', 1 ken-surn'; 2 con-gern'. I. vt. 1. 
To relate or belong to; be of interest or im¬ 
portance to. 2. To occupy or engage. 3. To 
affect with solicitude; trouble. II. re. 1. 
That which concerns one; affair; business. 
2. Solicitude; interest. 3. A business estab¬ 
lishment. [< L. core-, with, + cerno, distinguish.] 
con-cern'ing, prep. In relation to; about, 
con-cert' d , 1 ken-surt'; 2 con-gert', vt. To ar¬ 
range in concert; contrive. [< L.it+f concerto, 
arrange.] 

con'cert, 1 ken'ssrt; 2 con'gert, re. 1. Mus. 
A musical performance by a number of voices 
or instruments, or both. 2. Harmony; agree¬ 
ment; accordance; unity. 
con"cer-ti'na, 1 ken"sar-ti'na; 2 con"ger-ti'- 
na, re. A musical instrument of the accordion 
class. 

con-ces'slon, 1 ken-se^li'an; 2 con-gesh'on, re. 
The act of conceding, or that which is con¬ 
ceded.—con-ces's!v(e 8 , a. Involving concession, 
conch, 1 kerjk; 2 cone, re. A large marine 
univalve shell; the shell of a mollusk; a shell 
blown as a horn. [< Gr. L konche, shell.]—con- 
choi'dal, a. Having shelbshaped depressions 
and elevations, con'choidf.—con-chol'o-gist, 
re.—con-chol'o-gy, re. The study of shells, 
conch., conchol., abbr. Conchology. 
con"cierge', 1 kan"syar 3 '; 2 eoh"gyerzh', re. A 
janitor. [F.] 

con-eil'i-ate, 1 ken-sil'i-et; 2 con-gil'i-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To overcome the hostil¬ 
ity of; pacify; soothe; gain; win. [< L. con¬ 
cilium, council.]—con-ciI"I-a'tlon, re.—con- 
cil'l-a-to-ry, a. Tending to conciliate, con¬ 
ch 'l-a-tiv(e s t. 

con-cise', 1 ken-sais'; 2 con-gis', a. Expressing 
much in brief form; compact; terse. [< L. 
concido, cut off.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
con'clave, 1 ken'klev; 2 con'clav, re. A secret 
council or society. [F.] 


composition 

concur 


con-clude', 1 ken-klud'; 2 eon-clud', v. [con- 
CLUD'ED d ; con-clud'ing.] I. t. 1. To come 
to a decision about; determine; decide; also, 
to infer; deduce. 2. To terminate; finish; 
settle. II. i. 1. To come to an end. 2. To 
infer. [ < L. core-, with, + claudo, shut.] 
con-clu'sion, 1 ken-klu' 3 an; 2 con-clu'zhon, 
re. 1. The act of concluding; termination; 
end. 2. A conviction from inference. 3. A 
practical determination; decision. 4. The 
closing part, as of a discourse. [F., < L. core- 
Cludo, CONCLUDE.] 

con-clu'siv(e s , 1 ken-klu'siv; 2 con-clu'siv, a 

1. Decisive; putting an end to doubt. 2. 
Leading to a conclusion; final. -Iy, adv. -ness, re. 

Con-coct' d , 1 kon-kekt'; 2 con-coet', vt. To 
prepare by mixing ingredients; contrive; 
plan; scheme. [< L. core-, together, + coquo, 
boil.]—con-eoc'tion, re. The act of concocting, 
or the thing concocted; contrivance; mixture, 
con-com'i-tan t, 1 kon-kem'i-tont; 2 con- 
com'i-tant. I. a. Existing or occurring to¬ 
gether; attendant. II. re. An attendant cir¬ 
cumstance. [< L.ll core-, with, + comes, com¬ 
panion.]—con-com'i-tance, re. con-coin'1- 
tan-cy|.—con-com 'i-tant-ly, adv. 
coil'cord, 1 kerj'kerd; 2 con'eord, re. Unity of 
feeling or interest; agreement; accord; har¬ 
mony. [< L. concordia, < con-, together, + 
cor, heart.] 

Con'eord, re. A village in E. Massachusetts; 
scene of the first battle in the American Revolu¬ 
tion, April 19, 1775. 

con-cor'dance, 1 kon-ker'dans; 2 con-eor'- 
dang, re. An index of words or topics in a 
book, as the Bible. 

con-cor'dant, 1 ken-ker'dant; 2 eon-cor'dant, 
a. Existing in concord; consonant, -ly, adv. 
con-cor'dat, 1 ken-kor'dat; 2 eon-eor'dat, re. 1. 
An agreement between the papal see and a secu¬ 
lar power. 2. Any public act of agreement. 

[ < L. concordalus, pp. of concordo, agree.] 
coil'course, 1 kerj'kors; 2 eon'eors, re. 1. An 
assembling or moving together; confluence. 

2. An assembly; throng. [< L. F concursus, pp. 
of concurro; see concur.] 

con. cr., abbr. Contra credit, 
con-crete', 1 kon-krlt'; 2 con-cret', v. [con- 
cret'ed 11 ; con-cret'ing.] 1. 1. To form into 
a hardened mass; lay concrete upon; supply 
with concrete. II. i. To coalesce; congeal, 
con'crete, 1 kon'krlt; 2 con'cret, a. 1. Joined 
in or constituting a mass. 2. Embodied in 
actual existence. 3. Applied or relating to a 
particular case; individual; particular. 4. 
Made of concrete, -ly, adv. -ness, re.—con- 
cre'tlon, re. The act of concreting a concrete 
mass.—con-cre'tiv(e 8 , a. Tending to con¬ 
cretion. 

con'crete, re. 1. A hardened mass, as of gravel 
united by hydraulic cement. 2. A concrete 
object, or the conception of it. [< L. concretus, 
< con-, together, + cresco, grow.] 
con'cu-Mne, 1 kert'kiu-bain; 2 con'eu-bln, re. 
A woman who cohabits with a man without 
marriage; a mistress. [< L. con-, with, + cubo, 
lie.]—con-cu'bi-nage, re. 
con-cu'pis-cence, 1 ken-kiu'pi-sens; 2 con- 
cu'pi-seng, re. 1. Undue or illicit sexual de¬ 
sire; lust. 2. Any inordinate appetite or de¬ 
sire. [F., < L. core- intens. + cupio, desire.]— 
con-cu'pis-cent, a. Lustful; carnal; sensual, 
con-cur', 1 ken-lcur'; 2 con-chr', vi. [con¬ 
curred', con-curd' 8 ; con-cur'ring.] To 


1: a = final; inhabit; aisle; an = oret; oil; iu = fered: (Thin; go; r) = sire#; thin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, r||le, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







concussion 

confute 


134 


come or happen together; agree, as in opinion; 
coincide; cooperate; unite; combine. [< L. 
concurro, < con-, together, + cutto, run.]— 
con-cur'rence, n. 1. Combination or coopera¬ 
tion. 2. Agreement; approval. 3. A simulta¬ 
neous occurrence; coincidence.— con-cur'rent, 
a. Occurring or acting together; meeting in the 
same point; coordinate; concomitant, -ly, adv. 

con-cus'sion, i ken-kuffi'an; 2 con-cush'on, 
n. A violent shaking; shock; jar. [< L. con- 
cussio(n -), < con-, together, + guatio, shake.]— 
con-eus'siv(e 8 , a. Pertaining to, producing, or 
tending to produce concussion. 

Con"de', 1 ken"de'; 2 e6n"de', Prince de, “the 
Great.” Louis II. de Bourbon (1621—1686), a 
French general. 

con-demn', >1 ken-dem'; 2 eon-dem', vt. 1. 

con-dem' 8 , ) To speak against; hold or prove 
to be wrong; censure. 2. To pronounce judi¬ 
cial sentence against. 3. To officially forbid 
the use of, as something unfit. 4. To judi¬ 
cially appropriate for public use; declare for¬ 
feited. [< L. condemno, < con- intens. + 
damno, condemn.]— con-dem'na-bl(e p , a. — 
con"dem-na'tion, n. The act of condemning, 
or the state of being condemned.— con-dem '- 
na-to-ry, a. Containing or expressing condem¬ 
nation. —con-demned', pa. 1. Intended for 
persons sentenced to death; as, the condemned 
cell. 2. Pronounced guilty or worthless, as a 
man or a building.— con-demn'er, n. 

con-dense % 1 ken-dens'; 2 eon-dgns', v- 
[-densed'S -denst' 8 ; -dens'ing.] I. t. To 
make dense; compress; consolidate; abridge; 
epitomize. II. i. To become condensed. 
[< L.e condenso, < con-, together, -f densus, 
thick.]— con"den-sa'tion, n. 1. The act of 
making dense or denser, or the state of being 
condensed. 2. Any product of condensing.— 
con-dens 'a-[or -l-]bl(e p , a. — con-dens'er, n. 
1. One who or that which condenses. 2. A de¬ 
vice for condensing or collecting anything, as 
steam or electricity. 

con"de-scend' d , 1 ken"di-send'; 2 con"de- 
s&nd', vi. To be gracious, affable, or social, 
as with an inferior; deign. [< F. condescendre, 

< L. con-, together; and see descend.] — con"- 
de-scend 'ing, pa. Showing condescension; gra¬ 
cious; patronizing, -ly, adv. — con"de-scen'- 
slon, n. The act of condescending; gracious¬ 
ness or courtesy to inferiors. 

con-dign', 1 kon-dain'; 2 con-din', a. Well de¬ 
served; merited; deservedly thorough and 
severe, as punishment. [< L. F condignus, < 
con- intens. + dignus, deserving.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

con'di-men t, 1 ken'di-ment or -mant; 2 con'- 
di-ment, n. A sauce, relish, spice, etc. [< L. 
condimentum.] 

con-di'tion, 1 ken-diffi'an; 2 con-dish'on. I. 
vt. 1. To place a condition or conditions 
upon; limit. 2. To be the condition of; be 
prerequisite to. 3. To specify as a condition; 
require. II. n. 1. The state or mode in which 
a person or thing exists. 2. State of health; 
especially, a healthy state. 3. A modifying 
circumstance. 4. A prerequisite. 5. A grade 
or rank; especially, high social position. [F., 

< L. condicio, < con-, together, + dico, men¬ 
tion.]— con-dl'tlon-al, a. Expressing or im¬ 
posing conditions; not absolute, -ly, adv. 

con-di'tioned, 1 kon-diffi'and; 2 con-dlsh'- 
ond, pa. 1. Limited by or subjected to a 
condition, conditions, or relations. 2. Cir¬ 
cumstanced; placed. 


con-dole', 1 ken-dol'; 2 eon-dol', vi. [-doled'; 
-dol'ing.] To grieve or express sympathy 
with another. [< L. LL con-, with, + doleo, 
grieve.]— con-do'lence, n. con-dole'inentj. 
—con-dol'er, n. 

coil-done', 1 ken-don';2 con-don', vt. [-doned'; 
-don'ing.] To treat as overlooked or for¬ 
given; forgive. [< L. con-, together, + dono, 
give.]—con"do-na'tlon, n. Forgiveness, 
coil'dor, 1 ken'der; 2 con'dor, n. A large vul¬ 
ture of the high Andes. [Sp.] 
con-duce', 1 ken-dius'; 2 ebn-dug, vt. [-duced' 1 ; 
-duc'ing.] To help or tend toward a result; 
contribute. [ < L. F con-, together, + duco, lead.] 
—con-du'ci-bl(e p , a. Conducive. 
con-du'civ(e 8 , 1 ken-diu'siv; 2 eon-du'civ, a. 
Contributing to a result; leading; helping.—con- 
du'clve-ly, adv. —con-du'clve-ness, n. 
con-duct' d , 1 ken-dukt'; 2 con-duct', v. I. t. 

1. To accompany and show the way; guide; 
escort. 2. To manage; carry on; control; 
also, to direct or behave (oneself). 3. To 
transmit, as electricity. II. i. 1. To serve 
as a conductor. 2. To direct or lead. 3. To 
behave; act.— con-duct 'I-bl(e p , a. Capable of 
being conducted.— con-duc'tlon, n. Trans¬ 
mission or conveyance, as of heat, sound, or elec¬ 
tricity. —con-due'tiv(e 8 , a. 1. Having the 
power of conducting. 2. Proceeding by or re¬ 
sulting from conduction.— con"due-tlv'I-ty, n. 
Power to conduct, as heat or electricity, con- 
duc'tancef.—con-duc'tor, n. 1. A guide; 
leader; manager. 2. [U. S.] A railway officer in 
charge of a train or car. 3. A body having con¬ 
ducting power, as a lightning-rod.— con-due"- 
tor-ette', con-duc'tress, n. fern. 

con'duct, 1 ken'dukt; 2 eon'duet, n. 1. One’s 
course of action; behavior. 2. The act of 
managing; direction; control; skilful man¬ 
agement. 3. The action of leading; escort; 
convoy. [< L. conductus, pp. of conduco; see 

CONDUCE.] 

con'duit, 1 ken'dit; 2 c&n'dit, n. A means for 
conducting something, as a tube or pipe for 
a fluid, a subway for electric wires, etc. [F.] 
con'dyle, 1 ken'dil; 2 edn'dyl, n. Anat. An en¬ 
larged and prominent end of a bone. [< L. 
condylus, < Gr. kondylos, knuckle.] 
cone, 1 kon; 2 con, n. 1. A solid figure that 
tapers uniformly from a circular base to a 
point; also, any object having such shape. 

2. Bot. A dry multiple fruit, as of the pine, 
composed of scales arranged symmetrically 
around an axis and enclosing seeds. [< Gr. L 
konos, cone.] 

Conf., abbr. Conference.—conf., abbr. [L.] Con¬ 
fer (compare). 

con-fab'u-late, 1 ken-fab'yu-let; 2 con-fab'- 
yu-lat, vi. [-lat" ED d ; -lat"ing.] To chat; 
gossip; converse. [ < L. con-, together, + fabula; 
see fable.] — con-fab"u-la'tion, n. Familiar 
conversation; chat, con'fabf. 
con-fec'tion, 1 ken-fek'ffian; 2 con-fge'shon, 
n. A sweetmeat; conserve. [F.] con'fectj. 
— con-fec'tlon-er, n. One who makes or deals 
in confectionery.— con-fec'tlon-er-y, n. [-ies z , 
pi.] 1. Candies, sweetmeats, etc., collectively. 
2. A confectioner’s shop. 

con-fed 'er-a-cy, 1 ken-fgd'ar-a-si; 2 c6n-f£d'- 
er-a-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] A number of states 
or persons in league with one another; league; 
confederation. 

con-fed 'er-ate, 1 ken-fed'ar-et; 2 con-fgd'er- 
at. I. vt. & vi. [-at" ED d ; -at"ing.] To form 
or join in a confederacy. II. a. Associated 


I: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or; won. 






135 


concussion 

confute 


in a confederacy. III. n. One who is united 
with others in a league or plot; an associate; 
accomplice. [< L. con- (< cum), together, + 
fcedus, league.]—con-fed"er-a't!on, n. 1. The 
act of confederating. 2. A confederacy, 
con-fer', 1 ken-fur'; 2 con-fer', v. [-ferred', 
-ferd' 8 ; -fer'ring.] I. t. To grant as a gift 
or benefit; bestow. II. i. To hold a con¬ 
ference; consult. [< L. confero, < con-, to¬ 
gether, -)- fero, bear.]—con-fer'men t, n .— 
con-fer'rer, n. 

con'fer-ence, 1 kon'far-ens; 2 con'fer-eng, n. 
1. A formal meeting for counsel or discussion; 
an official council. 2. Conversation; discourse. 
Con-fer'va, 1 ken-fur'va; 2 con-fer'va, n. 

[-V.E, pi.] A green, fresh*water alga. [L.] 
con-fess', 1 ken-fes'; 2 con-fgs', v. [con¬ 
fessed' 1 , sometimes con-fest'; con-fess'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To acknowledge oneself to be 
guilty of; own; admit, as a fault. 2. To 
acknowledge belief in, as a doctrine. 3. To 
demonstrate; disclose; reveal. II. i. To 
make acknowledgment, as of fault, crime, or 
error. [< L. confessus, < con-, together, -f- 
fateor, confess.]—con-fess'ed-ly, adv. By ad¬ 
mission or confession; indisputably.—con-fes'- 
slon, n. 1. The act of confessing; avowal; 
acknowledgment. 2. That which is confessed; a 
creed.—con-fes'sion-al. I. a. Pertaining to a 
confession. II. n. R. C. Ch. A priest’s cabinet 
for hearing confessions.—con-fes'sor, n. 1. 
One who confesses his faith in Christianity, 
especially in the face of persecution. 2. R. C. Ch. 
A priest who hears confessions; a spiritual ad¬ 
viser, as of a king. con-fess'ert. 
con-fet'ti, 1 kon-fet'tl; 2 eon-fet'ti, n. pi. Bon¬ 
bons or small pieces of brightly colored paper 
thrown by revelers at carnivals, etc. [It.] 
COn"fi-dant', 1 ken"fi-dant'; 2 eon"fi-dant', n. 
A person to whom secrets are entrusted. [F.] 
—con"fi-dante', n. fem. 

Con-fide', 1 ken-faid'; 2 con-fid', v. [con-fid'- 
ED d ; gon-fid'ing.] 1. t. To reveal in trust 
or confidence; entrust (to). II. i. To repose 
confidence (in). [< L. con-, with, + fldo, trust.] 
—con-lid 'ing, pa. Unsuspicious; trustful, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

con'fi-dence, 1 ken'fi-dens; 2 con'fi-dgng, n. 
1. Trust in or reliance upon another; belief 
in a person or thing. 2. Assurance; self-re¬ 
liance. 3. Private conversation or commu¬ 
nication; a secret. 4||. That in which one con¬ 
fides.—con'fl-dent, a. Having confidence; as¬ 
sured; self-reliant. -Iy, adv. —con"fl-den'tial, 
a. 1. Having private relations with another; 
trusted; intimate. 2. Given in confidence; se¬ 
cret. 3. Disposed to confide in another.—con"- 
fl-den'tial-ly, adv. 

con-fig"ur-a'tion, 1 ken-fig"yur-e'^han;2 eon- 
fig"yur-a'shon, n. Structural arrangement; 
conformation; contour. [< L. con-, together, + 
figuro, figure.] 

con-fine', 1 ken-fain'; 2 con-fin', vt. [con¬ 
fined'; con-fin'ing.] To shut up; imprison; 
limit; restrict. [< L. F confinis, adjoining, < 
con-, together, + finis, limit.]—con-fin'a-bl(e p , 
a. —con'fine, n. A boundary; limit; border; 
frontier.—con-flne'Iess, a. Unbounded; bound¬ 
less.—con-flne'ment, n. 1. The state of being 
oonfined; imprisonment. 2. Accouchement, 
con-firm', 1 ken-furm'; 2 con-firm', vt. 1. To 
corroborate; verify; make certain. 2. To 
strengthen. 3. Law. To ratify; sanction. 4. 
Eccl. To establish in office; receive into the 
cnurch by confirmation. [< L. conflrmo, < 


con-, together, + firmus, firm.]— con"fir-ma'- 
tion, n. 1. The act of confirming. 2. That 
which confirms; proof. 3. The rite of full in¬ 
duction into the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and 
certain other churches.— con-firm'a-tiv(e 8 , a. 
Tending to confirm; confirmatory.— con-firm '- 
a-to-ry, a. Helping to confirm or establish.— 
con-firm(e) d' 8 , pa. Fixed; established; invet¬ 
erate; as. a confirmed drunkard, 
con'fis-cate, 1 ken'fis-ket; 2 con'fis-cat, vt. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] Law. To appropriate 
as forfeited to the public use or treasury. [< 
L. con-, together, + fiscus, purse.]— con-fis'- 
ca-bl(e p , a. Liable to confiscation. con"fis- 
ca'ta-bl(e p t. — con'fis-cate, a. Confiscated or 
forfeited.— con"fis-ca'tion, n.— con'fis-ca"tor, 
n.— con-fis'ca-to-ry, a. 

con"fla-gra'tion, 1 ken"fla-gre'£han; 2 con"- 
fla-gra'shon, n. A great or extensive fire. 

[ < L. con-, together, + flagro, burn.] 
con-flict' d , 1 ken-flikt'; 2 con-fliet', vi. To 
come into collision; be in mutual opposition; 
clash; contend. [< L. con-, together, + fitgo, 
strike ] 

con'flict, 1 kon'flikt; 2 con'flict, n. A con¬ 
test; strife. 

con'flu-ent, 1 ken'flu-ent; 2 con'flu-Snt. I. 
a. Flowing together so as to form one; 
blended into one. II. n. A fork or branch 
of a river. [< L. con-, together, + fluo, flow.] 
— con'flu-ence, n. A junction of streams; a 
gathering and mingling; uniting; union, 
con-form', 1 ken-ferm'; 2 con-form', v. I. t. 
To make like in form: with to. II. i. To act 
in accord; correspond; comply. [< L. con-, to¬ 
gether, + forma, form.]— con-form"a-bil'I-ty, 
n .— con-form 'a-bl(e p , a. Existing or occurring 
in conformity; correspondent; consistent; com¬ 
pliant; obedient.— con-form'a-bly,ad». — con"- 
for-ma'tion, n. General structure, form, or 
outline; arrangement of parts.— con-form'1st, 
n. One who conforms, as to an established 
church, con-form'ert. — con-form 'i-ty, n. 
Correspondence in form, manner, or use; agree¬ 
ment; acquiescence. 

con-found' d , 1 ken-faund'; 2 eon-found', vt. 
1. To strike with confusion or amazement; 
perplex; overwhelm; abash. 2. To confuse 
with something else; mix. [< L. confundo, < 
con-, together, + fundo, pour.] 
con"fra-ter 'ni-ty, 1 ken"fra-tur'm-ti; 2 con"- 
fra-ter'ni-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] An association; 
brotherhood. [< L. con-, together, + /rater, 
brother.] 

con"frere', 1 koiV'frar'; 2 eon'frer', n. A col¬ 
league. [F.] 

con-front' d , ) 1 ken-frunt'; 2 eon-front', vt. 1. 
con-frunt' p , ) To stand face to face with; face 
defiantly. 2. To put face to face. [ < L. F con-, 
together, + frons ( front -), forehead.] 
Con-fu'clus, 1 ken-fiu'ghus; 2 eon-fu'shus, n. A 
Chinese sage (551-478 B. C.); founder of Con- 
fu'clan-ism, an ethical system based on moral 
relation and ancestor*worship. 
con-fuse', 1 ken-fiuz'; 2 eon-fu§', v. [con¬ 
fused'; con-fus'ing.] I. t. 1. To perplex; 
bewdlder; abash; disconcert. 2. To mix indis¬ 
criminately; disorder; derange. II§. i. To 
become confused. [ < L. confusus, pp. of con¬ 
fundo, confound.] —con-fus'ed-ly, adv. — con- 
fus'ed-ness, n.— con-fu'sion, n. The act of 
confusing, or the state of being confused; per¬ 
plexity; distraction; embarrassment; shame, 
con-fute', 1 ken-fiut'; 2 con-fut', vt. [con- 
FUT'ED d ; con-fut'ing.] 1. To prove to be 
false or invalid; refute successfully. 2. To 


l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; cfhin; go; o = sinp; thin, this, 
2;wQlf, dp; book, boot; fyll, rule, cOre, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; i©k; thin, tilis, 









Cong. 

conserve* 


136 


prove (a person) to be in the wrong. 3||. To 
confound. [< L. confuto, < con-, together, + 
futo, pour.]—con"fu-ta'tion, n. The act of 
confuting; disproof.—con-fut'er, n. 

Cong., abbr. Congius (L., gallon). Congregation, 
Congregational, Congregationalism Congress, 
Congressional. 

Con"ge', 1 kbh" 3 e'; 2 c6n"zhe', n. 1. Leave- 
taking; parting. 2. Dismissal. [F.] con¬ 
gee'}:. 

con-geal', 1 ken-jll'; 2 con-gel', vt. & vi. To 
convert or be converted from a fluid to a solid 
condition; coagulate; stiffen; harden; freeze. 
[< L. con-, together, + Qclo, freeze, < gelu, 
cold.]—con-geal'a-bl(e p , a. con-ge'la-blet. 
—con"ge-Ia'tlon, n. A congealing; clot; con¬ 
cretion. 

con'ge-ner, 1 kon'ji-nsr; 2 con'ge-ner, n. A 
member of the same genus or kind with 
another. [L., < con-, together, + genus, race.] 
—con"ge-ner'ic, a. con-gen'er-oust. 
COii-ge'nial, 1 ken-jin'yel; 2 con-gen'yal, a. 

1. Having similar character or tastes; sym¬ 
pathetic. 2. Suited to one’s disposition; 
agreeable. — con-ge"ui-al'i-ty, n. — con-ge'- 
nlal-ly, adv. 

con-gen'i-tal, 1 ken-jen'i-tal ; 2 con-ggn'i-tal, 
a. Born with one; existing from birth. [< L. 
con-, together, + gigno, bear.]—con-gen'I-tal- 
ly, adv. 

con'gerseel", 1 kep'gar-Il"; 2 c6p'ger*el*, n. A 
marine eel from 4 to 10 feet long. eve'seel"f. 
son-ge'ri-es, 1 ken-jl'ri-Iz; 2 c6n-ge'ri-e§, n. sing. 
& pi. A collection; assemblage; aggregation. 
[L., < congcro; see congest.] 
con-gest' d , 1 ken-jest'; 2 con-gest', vi. To be¬ 
come congested. [< L. congeslus, pp„ < con-, 
together, + gero, carry.]— con-ges'tion, n. An 
excessive accumulation, as of blood in the 
blood-vessels, or of population; overcrowded 
condition.— con-ges'tiv(e s , a. Pertaining to, 
characterized by, or indicative of congestion, 
eon-glom'er-ate, 1 kon-glem'ar-it; 2 con- 
glom'er-at. I. vt. & vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 
To gather into a cohering mass. II. a. 
Massed or clustered; consisting of loosely 
cemented heterogeneous material. III. n. 
A heterogeneous collection; a rock composed 
of pebbles loosely cemented together. [ < 
L. con-, together, + glomus, ball.]— con-glom"- 
er-a'tion, n. 1. A conglomerated mass. 2. 
The act of conglomerating. 

Con'go, n. Same as Kongo. 
con-grat'u-late, 1 kon-gradh'u-let; 2 con- 
grach'p-lat, vt. [-LAx"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To ex¬ 
press sympathetic pleasure in the joy or good 
fortune of (another). [< L. con-, together, + 
gratulor, wish joy.]—con-grat"u-la'tlon, n. 1. 
The act of congratulating. 2. pi. A congratu¬ 
latory speech or writing.—con-grat'u-!a"tor, 
n. —con-grat'u-Ia-lo-ry, a. Expressing con¬ 
gratulation. 

Cong. Rec., abbr. Congressional Record, 
con'gre-gate, 1 keg'gri-get; 2 con'gre-gat, vt. 
& vi. [-GAx"ED d ; -gat"ing.] To bring or 
come together into a crowd; assemble. [< L. 
con-, together, + grego, collect.] 
con"gre-ga'tion, 1 kei)''gn-ge'^h9n; 2 con"- 
gre-ga'shon, n. 1. The act of congregating. 

2. An assemblage, as for worship; a religious 
community or communion. 

con"gre-ga't!on-al, 1 kei/gri-ge'^han-al; 2 
c6n"gre-ga'shon-al, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
congregation. 2. [C-] Pertaining to Con¬ 
gregationalism or to the Congregationalists. 


—con"gre-ga'tion-aI-lsm, n. The church 
polity that makes the authority of the local con¬ 
gregation supreme within its own domain, or 
[C-] the religious denomination founded on that 
polity.— Con"gre-ga'tion-al-lst, n. A mem¬ 
ber of the Congregational denomination, 
con'gress, 1 keij'gres; 2 con'gres, n. 1. An 
assembly or conference. 2. [C-] The na¬ 

tional legislative body of the United States, 
consisting of the Senate and the House of 
Representatives. 3. A coming together; in¬ 
tercourse. [< L. con-, together, + gradior, 
walk.]— con-gres'sion-al, a. Pertaining to a 
congress, especially [C-] the United States Con¬ 
gress.— Con'gress-man, n. [-men, pi.] A 
member of the United States Congress, par¬ 
ticularly of the House of Representatives.— 
Con'gress-wo"inan, n. [-men, pi.] A woman 
elected to the United States Congress. 
Con'greve, 1 kop'grlv; 2 e<5n'£r6v, William 
(1670-1729). An English dramatist, 
con'gru-ent, 1 lcorj'gru-ent; 2 con'gru-£nt, a. 
Having mutual agreement or conformity; 
correspondent; appropriate. [< L. congruen(t-)s, 
ppr. of congruo, agree.]— con'gru-ence, n. 
con'gru-en-cyf.—con'gru-ent-ly, adv. 
con'gru-ous, 1 kerj'gru-us; 2 con'gry-us, a. 
Harmoniously related or combined; appro¬ 
priate; consistent. [< L. congruus, < congruo, 
agree.]— con-gru'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] Agree¬ 
ment; harmoniousness; appropriateness, con'- 
gr u-ous-nessf.—con 'gru-ous-ly, adv. 
con'ic, 1 ken'ik; 2 con'ic, a. Cone-shaped, 
con'i-calf. — conic sections, that branch of 
geometry which treats of the ellipse, parabola, 
and hyperbola, con'icsj. 
co-nif'er-ous, 1 ko-nif'ar-us; 2 co-nff'er-iis, 
a. Cone-bearing. [< L. conus, cone, + fero, 
bear.]— con'i-fer, n. A plant of the pine family, 
conj., abbr. Conjugation, conjunction, conjunctive, 
con-jec'ture, 1 ken-jek'dhur; 2 con-jSc'chur. 

1. vt. & vi. [-tubed; -tur-ing.] To judge 
from incomplete evidence; surmise; guess. II. 
n. 1 . An indecisive opinion; a guess; surmise. 

2. The act of conjecturing. [ < L. con-, with, + 
jacio, throw.]—con-jec'tur-al, a. Of the 
nature of or dependent on conjecture, -ly, adv. 
—con-jec'tur-er, n. 

con-join', 1 kon-join'; 2 con-jdin', vt. & vi. To 
join together; associate; connect; unite. [< 
~L. F con-, together, + jungo, join.] 
con-joint', a. Associated; conjoined, -ly, adv. 
con'ju-gal, 1 ken'ju-gal; 2 con'jy-gal, a. Per¬ 
taining to marriage; connubial; matrimonial. 
[< L. conjugalis, < con-, together, + jungo, 
join.]—con'ju-gal-ly, adv. 
con'ju-gate, 1 ken'ju-get; 2 c5n'ju-gat. I. 
vt. [-GAT"ED d ; -gat'Tng.] To give in order 
the inflections of: said of verbs. II. o. Joined 
in pairs; coupled; paired. [< E. conjugo, yoke 
together, < con-, together, + jugum, yoke.]— 
con"ju-ga'tion, n. 1. Conjunction; union. 2. 
Gram. The inflection of a verb, 
con-junc'tion, 1 ken-jurjk'i^hon; 2 cSn-jiinc'- 
shon, n. 1. The state of being joined together; 
combination; league. 2. A part of speech 
that connects words, clauses, and sentences. 

3. Astron. The nearest apparent approach 
. of two heavenly bodies to each other. [< 

L. conjunctio, < con-, together, + jungo, join.] 
con-june'tiv(e 8 , 1 -tiv; 2 -tiv, a. 1 . Joining; 

connective. 2. Joined together, -ly, adv. 
con-junc'ture, 1 ken-jupk'dhur; 2 con-junc'- 
chur, n. 1 . A combination of circumstances; 
juncture; crisis. 2. The act of joining; union. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ah; me, get, prey, fern; bit, ice; i— e; 1= e; go, not, dr, won,. 








137 


Cong. 

conserve 


con"ju-ra'tion, 1 ken"ju-re'sffi 0 n; 2 con"ju- 
ra'shon, n. 1. A solemn invocation; adjura¬ 
tion. 2. An enchantment; incantation; spell, 
con'jure 1 , 1 kun'jar; 2 con'jur, v. [con'- 
jured; con'jur-ing.] I. t. 1. To effect by 
magic. 2. To summon, drive away, or con¬ 
trol by magic art. II. i. To practise magic. 
— con'jur-er 1 , n. A juggler. 
con-jure' 2 , 1 ken-jur'; 2 eon-jur', v. [con¬ 
jured'; con-jur'ing.] I. t. To call on in 
the name of God or of something sacred; ap¬ 
peal to solemnly; adjure. II. i. To bind 
oneself by oath taken with others. [< L. con-, 
together, + juro, swear.]— con-jur'er 2 $, n. 
One bound with others by a common oath, 
con-jur'ort. 

Conn., aftftr. Connecticut (official). 
con-nate', 1 ke-net'; 2 co-nat', a. Born in and 
with one; innate; congenital; closely united. 
[< L. LL con-, together, + nascor, be born.] 
Con'naught, 1 ken'ot; 2 eon'at, n. A province of 
W. Ireland; 6,867 sq. m.; pop. 610,984. 
con-nect' d , 1 ke-nekt'; 2 co-nect', vt. & vi. To 
join, unite, or combine; associate or be asso¬ 
ciated. [< L. con-, together, + necto, bind.]— 
con-nect'ed-ly, adv. Jointly; coherently.— 
con-nec'tion, n. 1. The act of connecting or 
the state of being connected; union; combina¬ 
tion. 2. Family relationship; a relative. 3. A 
company; denomination. 4. A direct transfer 
from one route to another, as in railway service, 
con-nex'ionf. — con-nec'tIv(e a , a. Capable 
of connecting, or serving to connect; causing or 
involving connection. -ly, adv. — con-nec 'tor, 
n. A person or thing that connects. 
Con-nect'l-cut, 1 ke-net'i-kut; 2 co-net'i-cilt, n. 
A N E. State (4,820 sq. m.; pop. 1,380,631) of 
the United States; capital, Hartford, 
con-nex'ion, etc. Same as connection, etc. 
con-nive', 1 ke-naiv'; 2 co-nlv', vi. [-nived'; 
-niv'ing.] 1. To encourage or assent to a 
wrong by silence or feigned ignorance: fol¬ 
lowed by at. 2. To be in collusion: followed 
by with. [< L. con-, together, + nicto, wink.]— 
con-nl'vance, n. —con-nlv'er, n. 
con"nois-seur', 1 ken"i-sur'; 2 con'd-sdr', n. I 
A competent critical judge of art. [F.| 
con-note', 1 ke-not'; 2 eo-not', v. To indicate or 
mention by Implication. [ < LL. connoto, < 
con-; and see note.J con'no-tatet- — con"no- 
ta'tion, n. —con-no'ta-tlv(e a , a. -ly, adv. 
con-nu'bi-al, 1 ke-niu'bi-al; 2 co-nu'bi-al, a. 
Pertaining to matrimony; relating to husband 
or wife; matrimonial; conjugal; nuptial. [< L. 
con-, together, -f- nubo, marry.] -i-ty, ra.-ly, adv. 
co'noid, 1 ko'neid; 2 eo'noid. I. a. Cone* 
shaped; conical. II. n. Something having 
the form of a cone.— co-noi'dal, a. Like a 
conoid; almost conical. 

Con'quer, 1 kerj'kar; 2 con'ker, v. I. t. 1. To 
overcome; subdue; vanquish. 2. To obtain 
in war, or by any conflict or struggle. II. i. 
To be victorious. [ < L. con-, together , + quxro, 
3 eek.]—con'quer-a-bI(e p , a. —con'quer-or, n. 
con'quest, 1 keg'kwest; 2 con'kwest, n. 1. 
The act of conquering. 2. The thing con¬ 
quered. [< L. OF conquiro; see conquer.] 

Cons., abbr. Consolidated, constable, constitu¬ 
tion.— cons., abbr. Consonant. 
con"san-guin'e-ous, 1 kon"san-gwin'i-us; 2 
c6n"s3,n-gwin'e-us, a. Descended from the 
same parent or ancestor. [< L. con-, together, 
+ sanguis, blood.]— con"san-guin'l-ty, n. 
Blood*relationship. 

con'science, 1 ken'Aliens; 2 con'sheng, n. The 


power or faculty which distinguishes between 
right and wrong; moral sense. [F., < L. con- 
scientia, < con-, together, + scio, know.] -less, 
o.—con"sci-en'tious, a. Governed or dictated 
by conscience, -ly, adv. -ness, n.—con'- 
scion-a-bl(e p , a. Conformable to conscience 
or right; just.—con'scion-a-bly, adv. 
con'scious, 1 ken'^hus; 2 eon'shus, a. 1. 
Knowing one’s own existence and mental 
operations. 2. Embarrassed by undue self* 
consciousness. 3. Cognizant. 4. Present to 
the mind; recognized as belonging to oneself. 
[< L. conscius, < con-, with, + scio, know.]— 
con'sclous-ly, adv. —con'scious-ness, n. 1. 
The state of being conscious; sensation; knowl¬ 
edge. 2. The power of self*knowledge; Internal 
perception. 

con-script ' d . 1 ken-skript'; 2 con-script', vt. 

To force into military service; draft, 
con'script, 1 lcen'skript; 2 con'script. I. a. 
Registered; enrolled. II. n. One who is 
compulsorily enrolled for military service. 
[< L. con-, together, + scribo, write.]—con- 
scrip 'tlon, n. A compulsory enrolment of men 
for military service; draft, 
con'se-crate, 1 ken'si-kret; 2 con'se-crat, vt. 
[-CRAT"ED d ; -crat"ing.] To appropriate to 
sacred uses; devote; dedicate; hallow. [ < 
L. con-, together, + sacer, sacred.]—con"se- 
cra'tion, n. The act of consecrating, or the 
state of being consecrated.—con'se-cra"tor, n. 
con. sect., abbr. Conic section, 
con-sec'u-tiv(e s , 1 ken-sek'yu-tiv; 2 con-sSc'- 
yu-tiv, a. I. Following in uninterrupted suc¬ 
cession; successive. 2. Consequent: witl/fo. 
[< L. con-, with, + sequor, follow.] -ly, adv 
-ness, n. 

con-sen'sus, 1 ken-sen'sus; 2 con-sSn'sus, n. 
A collective opinion; general agreement. [L., 
< con-, together, + sentio, feel.] 
con-sent', 1 ken-sent'; 2 con-sgnt'. I d . vi. 1. 
To yield voluntarily; accede, as to a request; 
acquiesce. 2||. To agree together; accord. II. 
n. 1. A voluntary yielding; compliance. 2. 
Agreement; concord. [< L.of consentio, agree.] 
— con-sen'tlent, a. Mutually agreeing; con¬ 
sonant. 

con"sen-ta'ne-ous, 1 ken"sen-te'm-us; 2 con"- 
sSn-ta'ne-us, a. Mutually consenting or agree¬ 
ing; acquiescent. 

con'se-quence, 1 ken'si-kwens; 2 con'se- 
kwSng, n. 1. That which follows as a result 
or conclusion. 2. Distinction; consideration; 
importance. 

con'se-quent, 1 ken'si-kwent; 2 eon'se-kwgnt. 
I. a. Following as a natural result or as a 
logical conclusion; logical. II. n. The con¬ 
clusion of an inference or syllogism; con¬ 
sequence. [ < L.of con-, together, + sequor, fol¬ 
low.]— con 'se-quent-ly, adv. 1. As a conse¬ 
quence; therefore. 2. In a consequent manner. 
con"se-quen'tial, 1 ken"si-kwen'i^h9l; 2 cori- 
se-kwen'shal, a. 1. Having or showing im¬ 
portance; self“important. 2. Following logi¬ 
cally; consequent, -ly, adv. 
con-serv(e' a , 1 ken-surv'; 2 eon-serv', vt. 
[-serv(e)d' 8 ; -serv'ing.] To keep from loss, 
decay, or injury; supervise and protect; pre¬ 
serve. [< LA conservo, < con-, with, + servo, 
keep.]—con-serv'a-bl(e p , a. That may be 
preserved.—con"ser-va'tIon, n. The act of 
conserving; also, a region conserved.—con- 
ser'va-tism, n. Disposition to be conservative. 
—con-ser'va-tiv(e 9 . I. a. 1. Adhering to the 
existing order of things; opposed to change or 


1:a = final; l = hablt^ aisle; au = out; ©II; Iu = fe«d; cfhin; go; r| = sinff; €hin, this. 
2:wplf, dq; book, boot; fljll, rule, cGre, but, blirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ipk; thin, this. 








conserve 

constrain 


138 


progress. 2. Conserving; preservative. II. n. 
A conservative person.— con'ser-va"tor, n. A 
protector; guardian.— con-ser'va-to-ry. I. a. 

. Adapted to preserve. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] 1 . A 
glazed apartment for tender plants. 2. A school 
of art or science. 

con'serve, 1 ken'surv; 2 eon'serv, n. 1. A 
sweetmeat. 2. Pharm. A confection. 

con-sid'er, 1 ken-sid'ar; 2 con-sid'er, v. I. t. 

1. To reflect upon; ponder. 2. To think to 
be; estimate. 3. To think well of; treat well. 
4. To make allowance for. 5. To fee; re¬ 
munerate. G. To be of the opinion (that): 
followed by a clause as object. 7||. To ob¬ 
serve closely. II. i. To think closely; cogi¬ 
tate. [< L. considero, < con-, with, + sidus 
(slder-), star.]— con-sid'er-a-bl(e p , a. Of note¬ 
worthy size, quantity, or importance.— con-sid'- 
er-a-bly, adv. — con-sld'er-ate, a. Exhibiting 
or given to consideration; thoughtful; kind; 
prudent, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Con-sid"er-a'tion, 1 ken-sid"ar-e'iffian; 2 con- 
sid"er-a'shon, n. 1. The act of considering. 

2. Thoughtful and kindly feeling or treat¬ 
ment. 3. A circumstance to be taken into 
account. 4. Something given in return for a 
service; remuneration. 5. Importance; con¬ 
sequence; standing. 

con-sid 'er-ing, 1 ken-sid'ar-iq; 2 con-sid'er- 
ing, prep. In view of; taking into account 
the fact of: used also elliptically like a con¬ 
junction. 

con-sign', 1 ken-sain'; 2 con-sin', t it. To de¬ 
liver into the care and control of another; 
entrust; commit; transfer; relegate. [< L. 
conslgno, < con-, together, -f- signum, mark.]— 
con"slgn-ee', n. Com. A person to whom 
property has been consigned; a factor.— con¬ 
sign'ment, n. 1. The sending of property to 
a person for keeping, sale, or shipment. 2. The 
property consigned, or a contract consigning it. 
— con"sign-or', n. One who consigns or makes 
a consignment, con-slgn'erf. 

con-sist' d , 1 kon-sist'; 2 con-sist', vi. 1. To be 
composed; be made up: followed by of. 2. 
To have as its foundation, substance, or 
nature; be: followed by in. 3. To be com¬ 
patible; harmonize: followed by with. 4. To 
stand together; subsist. [< L. con-, together, + 
slsto, stand.] 

con-sis'tent, 1 ken-sis'tent; 2 con-sis'tent, a. 
1. Characterized by consistency; agreeing 
with itself; not self*contradictory. 2. Con¬ 
gruous; compatible. 3. Firmly united; solid, 
-ly, adv. —con-sis'ten-cy, con-sis'fence, n. 
[-cies z or -ces z , pi.] 1. Compatibility or har¬ 
mony between things, acts, or statements. 2. 
Degree of firmness or density. 3. That which 
has coherence or firmness. 

con-sis'to-ry, 1 ken-sis'to-ri; 2 con-sis'to-ry, 
n. [-ries z , pi.] An ecclesiastical court; the 
place where it is held; a civil court.— con"sis- 
to'ri-al, a. 

con-so'ci-ate, 1 ken-s5'ghi-et; 2 c5n-so'shi-5t, 
vt. & vi. [-at'ed; -at»ing.] 1. To bring into 
association; unite. 2. To form an association. 
[< L. consociatus, pp., < con-, together, + so- 
cius, companion.]— con-so"ci-a'tion, n. 1. An 
act of consociating. 2. An ecclesiastical court. 

con-sole', 1 ken-sol'; 2 con-sol', vt. [-soled'; 
-sol'ing.] To comfort (a person) in grief or 
sorrow; solace; cheer. [< L. con-, together, + 
solor, comfort.]— con-sol'a-bl(e p , a. That may 
be consoled.— con"so-la'tion, n. 1. The act 
of consoling, or the state of being consoled. 2. 


A comforting thought or fact.—con-sol 'a-to- 
ry. I. a. Tending to console. II. n. [-ries z , 
pl.\ A consoling speech or letter, 
con'sole, 1 ken'sol; 2 con'sol, n. A bracket; 
a corbel. [F.] 

con-sol'i-date, 1 ken-sel'i-det; 2 con-sol'i- 
dat, v . [-DAT"ED d ; -dat"ing.] I. t . To make 
solid, firm, or coherent; unite. II. i. To 
become united, solid, or firm. [< L. con-, to¬ 
gether, + solidus, solid.]— con-sol"i-da'tion, n. 
con-sols', 1 ken-selz'; 2 eon-solz', n. pi. A 
contraction for “consolidated annuities,” a 
British governmental security. 
con"soni-nie', 1 ken"so-me'; 2 €oh"so-me', n. 
Clear meat soup. [F.] 

cou'so-nant, 1 ken'so-nant; 2 eon'so-nant. I. 
a. 1. Being in agreement or harmony; con¬ 
sistent. 2. Consonantal. II. n. An alpha¬ 
betic sound not easily uttered without a 
vowel; a letter representing such a sound. [ < L. 
consonan(t-)s, ppr., < con-, together, -f sono, 
sound.] -ly, ado. -ness, n. — con'so-nance, 
n. Agreement, as of sounds; accord; concord, 
con'so-nan-cyj.—con"so-nau'tal, a. 
con-sort' d , 1 kon-sert'; 2 eon-sort', v. I. t. To 
join; associate. II. t. To keep company, 
con'sort, 1 ken'sert; 2 con'sort, n. A com¬ 
panion or associate; a husband or wife; an 
accompanying vessel; also, companionship; 
company. [ < L. con-, together, + sots, lot.] 
con-spec'tus, 1 ken-spek'tus; 2 cbn-spge'tus, 
n. A general view of a subject; also, a digest 
or summary. [L., < con-, with, + specio, see.] 
con-spic'u-ous, 1 ken-spik'yu-us; 2 con-sple'- 
yy-us, a. 1. Clearly visible; prominent; ob¬ 
vious; striking. 2. Eminent; notable. [< L. 
con-, together, + specio, see.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
coil-spire', 1 ken-spair'; 2 con-splr', v. [con¬ 
spired'; con-spir'ing.] I. t. To plot; 
scheme for. II. i. 1. To join in or form a 
conspiracy. 2. To concur in action or en¬ 
deavor, as circumstances, agencies, or per¬ 
sons. [ < L. conspiro, < con-, together, + 
spiro, breathe.]— con-splr'a-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] 
A secret combination for an evil purpose; plot; 
also, any combination to surprize.— con-spir'a- 
tor, n. One who engages in a conspiracy.— 
con-splr'er, n. 

Const., abbr. Constable, Constantine, constitu¬ 
tion, constitutional. 

con'sta-blfe p , 1 kun'sta-bl; 2 con'sta-bl, n. 1. 
An officer of the peace; a policeman. 2. A 
high military officer in medieval monarchies. 

[ < l. ll+ of comes stabuli, lit. ‘count of the stable.’] 
—con'sta-ble-slilp, n.— con-stab'u-la-ry. I. 
a. Pertaining to or consisting of constables. II. 
n. [-ries z , pi.] Constables collectively; a mili¬ 
tary police force. 

Con'stance, 1 ken'stans; 2 cdn'stanc, n. A lake, 
N. E. Switzerland; 100 sq. m.; also, city on same 
in Baden; pop. 28,000. 

con'stan-cy, I kon'stan-si; 2 con'stan-cy, n. 

I. Steadiness in purpose or action; faithful¬ 
ness in service or affection. 2. Stability. 

con'stant, 1 ken'stant; 2 con'stant. I. a. 1. 
Steady in purpose; resolute; persevering; 
faithful. 2. Steady in movement; long*con- 
tinuing, or continually recurring; invariable. 

II. n. An unchanging property or quality. 
[F., < I,, con-, together, + sto, stand.] -ly, adv. 

Con'stan-tlne, 1 kon'stan-tin; 2 edn'stan-tln, 
Flaverius V. A. (272-337). First Christian em¬ 
peror of Rome. 

Con-stan"ti-no'ple, 1 ken-stan"ti no'pl; 2 cdn- 
stan'ti-no'pl, n. An ancient fortified city (pop. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 








139 


conserve 

constrain 


1,203,000) on the Bosporus, capital of the Otto¬ 
man empire and of modern Turkey. 
con''stel-la 'tion, 1 ken"ste-le'sffian; 2 eon"- 
stfi-la'shon, n. A group or cluster of stars. 
[F., < L. con-, together, + Stella, star.] 


pute; appoint. [< L. constitutus, pp. of constituo, 
< con-, together, -f statuo, place.]— con'sti-tu"- 
tiv(es, a. Helping or having power to constitute. 
con"sti-tu'tioil, 1 ken"sti-tiu'khan; 2 con"- 
sti-tu'shon, n. 1. The act of constituting. 2. 


Table of Constellations. 


EXPLANATION. 

Group I. includes all constellations within 45 degrees of the north pole. Group II. includes all con¬ 
stellations within 45 degrees on each side of the equator. Group III. includes all constellations within 
45 degrees of the south pole. 


Name. 

Group. 

Number 
of Stars.* 

On the 
Meridian 
at 9 p. m. 

Name. 

An-drom'e-da.... 

II. 

79 

Nov. 

Cra'ter. 

Ant'li-a. 

II. 

13 

April 

July 

Oct. 

Crux. 

A'pus. 

III. 

13 

Cyg'nus. . 

A-qua'ri-us. 

II. 

99 

Del-phi'nus. 

Aq'ui-la et An- 
tin'o-us. 

II. 

78 

Aug. 

Do-ra'do. 

Dra'co. 

A'ra. 

III. 

20 

July 

Dec. 

E-quu'le-us. 

A'ri-es. 

II. 

55 

E-rid'a-nus.. . . 

Au-ri'ga. 

II. 

73 

Feb. 

For'nax.. . 

Bo-o'tes. 

II. 

89 

June 

Gem'i-ni.. 

Cie'lum. 

II. 

4 

Jan. 

Grus. 

Ca-mero-par'da- 
lis. 

I. 

83 

Mch. 

Her'cu-les. 

Hor'o-lo'gi-um... 

Can'cer. 

IT. 

48 

Mch. 

Hy'dra. 

Ca'nes Ve-nat'i-ci 

II. 

50 

May 

Hy'drus. 

Ca'nis Ma'jor.... 

II. 

53 

Feb. 

In'dus. 

Ca'nis Mi'nor... . 

II. 

15 

Mch. 

La-cer'ta. 

Cap'ri-cor'nus... 

II. 

36 

Sept. 

Le'o. 

Ca-ri'nat. 

III. 

66 

Mch. 

Le'o Mi'nor. 

Cas*si-o-pe'ia.... 

I. 

66 

Nov. 

Le'pus. 

Cen-tau'rus. 

II. 

97 

May 

Nov. 

Li'bra. 

Ce'pheus. 

I. 

86 

Lu'pus. 

Ce'tus. 

II. 

109 

Dec. 

Lynx. 

Cha-me'le-on.... 

III. 

11 

April 

Ly'ra. 

Cir'ci-nus. 

III. 

11 

June 

Men'sa. 

Co-lum'ba. 

II. 

31 

Feb. 

Mi"cro-sco'pi-um 

Co'ma Ber'e-ni'- 
ces. 

II. 

36 

May 

Aug. 

July 

May 

Mo-noc'e-ros.... 
Mus'ca. 

Co-ro'na Aus- 
tra'lis. 

II. 

23 

Nor'ma. 

Oc'tans. 

Co-ro'na Bo're- 
a'lis. 

II. 

24 

OplPi-u'chus. 

O-ri'on. 

Cor'vus. 

II. 

14 

Pa'vo. 


Group. 

Number 

of Stars. 11 

On the 

Meridiar 

at 9 p. m 

* 

Name. 

Group. 

Number 

of Stars.* 

On the 
Meridian 

at 9 p. M. 

II. 

18 

April 

Peg'a-sus. 

II. 

Ill 

Oct. 

III. 

18 

May 

Per'seus. 

I. 

82 

Dec. 

II. 

146 

Sept. 

Phe'nix. 

III. 

33 

Nov. 

II. 

21 

Sepfc. 

Pic'tor. 

III. 

16 

Jan. 

III. 

16 

Jan. 

Pis'ces. 

II. 

80 

Nov. 

I. 

135 

June 

Pis'cis Aus-tri'- 




II. 

13 

Sept. 

nus. 

II. 

20 

Oct. 

II. 

102 

Dec. 

Pup'pisf. 

II. 

95 

Feb. 

II. 

24 

Dec. 

Pyx'isf. 

II. 

13 

Mch. 

II. 

53 

Feb. 

Re-tic'u-lum. 

III. 

10 

Jan. 

III. 

33 

Oct. 

Sa-git'ta. 

II. 

16 

Aug. 

II. 

148 

July 

;Sag"it-ta'ri-us_ 

II. 

93 

Aug. 

III. 

11 

Dec. 

f Scor'pi-o. 

II. 

63 

July 

II. 

89 

April 

Sculp'tor. 

II. 

30 

Nov. 

III. 

16 

Dec. 

Scu'tum So"bi- 




III. 

19 

Oct. 

es'ki-i. 

II. 

11 

Aug. 

I. 

48 

Oct. 

Ser'pens. 

II. 

20 

Aug. 

II. 

84 

April 

Ser'pens (Ca'put) 

II. 

35 

July 

II. 

20 

April 

Sex'tans. 

II. 

17 

April 

II. 

35 

Jan. 

Tau'rus. 

II. 

122 

Jan. 

II. 

33 

June 

Tel"e-sco'pi-um.. 

III. 

17 

Aug. 

II. 

46 

June 

Tri-an'gu-lum. .. 

II. 

16 

Dec. 

I. 

38 

Feb. 

Tri-an'gu-lum 




II. 

50 

Aug. 

A us-tra'le. 

III. 

11 

July 

III. 

14 

Jan. 

Tu-ca'na. 

III. 

24 

Oct. 

II. 

19 

Sept. 

Ur'sa Ma'jor. 

I. 

125 

April 

II. 

64 

Mch. 

Ur'sa Mi'nor. 

I. 

28 


III. 

12 

May 

Ve'laf. 

II. 

70 

Mch. 

III. 

18 

July 

Vir'go. 

II. 

101 

June 

III. 

22 


Vo'lans. 

III. 

16 

Mch. 

II. 

79 

July 

V ul-pec'u-la-cum 




II. 

107 

Jan. 

An'se-re. 

II. 

42 

Sept. 

III. 

34 

Aug. 






* Number of stars down to the 6th magnitude., inclusive. 

t The four constellations Carina, Puppis, Pyxis, and Vela were formerly considered as a single one, 
called Argo Navis. 


Con"ster-na'tion, 1 ken"st9r-ne'^han; 2 con"- 
ster-na'shon, n. Sudden overwhelming fear; 
terror with confusion; dismay. [< L. con-, to¬ 
gether, + sterno, strew.] 

con'sti-pate, 1 ken'sti-pet; 2 con'sti-pat, vt. 
[-PAT // ED d ; -pat"ing.] To fill and stop (the 
bowels). [< L. con-, together, + stipo, press.]— 
con"sti-pa'tion, ». A morbid inactivity of 
the bowels. 

con-stit'u-ent, 1 ken-stit'yu-ent; 2 con-stit'- 
yu-ent. I. a. 1. Being a necessary part; 
component. 2. Entitled to vote for a public 
officer or representative. II. n. 1 . One rep¬ 
resented politically or in business; a voter; a 
client. 2. A necessary part or element. [ < L. 
constituents, ppr. of constituo; see constitute.] 
—con-stit'u-en-cy, n. [-ciesz, pi.] A body of 
constituents. 

con'stl-tute, 1 ken'sti-tiut; 2 con'sti-tut, vt. 
[-TUT // ED d ; -tut"ing.] 1 . To make (anything) 
what it is; make up; frame; compose. 2. To 
establish as by authority; enact. 3. To de- 


A system of related parts; composition or 
make*up; bodily frame or temperament; the 
fundamental or organic law of a state or of 
an association. 3. [C-] An American frigate; 
defeated and captured the British frigate 
“Guerri6re,” Aug. 19, 1812: “Old Ironsides.” 
— con"sti-tu'tion-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
inherent in, or affecting the constitution of 
a person or of a state; consistent with the 
constitution of a state; lawful. 2. Acting 
under and controlled by a constitution.— con"- 
sti-tu"tion-al'i-ty, n. Accordance with a con¬ 
stitution; lawfulness.— con"sti-tu'tion-al-ly, 
adv. In accordance with or in relation to physi¬ 
cal constitution or organic law; naturally; legally, 
constr., abbr. Construction, construed, 
con-strain % 1 ken-stren'; 2 con-stran', vt. 1. 
To compel by physical or moral means; urge; 
oblige. 2. To confine or compress. [ < OF. 
constraindre, < L. constringo; see constrict.]— 
con-strain(e)d' 3 , pa. Subjected to or resulting 
from constraint; compulsory; repressed.— con- 


1:d = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = feud; tfhin; go; l) = sing; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, this. 


























































































































constrict 

contrary 


140 


strain'ed-ly, adv. —con-stralnt', n. The act 
of constraining, or the state of being constrained; 
compulsion; repression or embarrassment. 

con-strict ' d , 1 ken-strikt'; 2 con-strict', vt. To 
compress or draw together at some point; 
bind; cramp. [ < L. constrictus, pp. of conslringo, 
< con-, together, + stringo, draw tight.]— 
con-stric'tion, re. A constricting, or a con¬ 
stricted part. —con-stric'tiv(e s , a. Tending to 
constrict. —con-stric'tor, n. That which con¬ 
stricts; a serpent, as a boa, that crushes its prey. 

con-struct' d , 1 ken-strukt'; 2 con-struct', vt. 
To put together and set up; build; arrange; 
devise. [< L. cow-, together, + struo, pile up.]— 
con-struct'er, con-struc'tor, n. —con-struc'- 
tion, n. 1. The act of constructing; a structure. 
2. Style of building or composing; grammatical 
arrangement and relation of words. 3. The act 
of construing; interpretation; meaning. —con- 
struc'tion-al, a. Pertaining to construction; 
building. —con-struc'tiv(e s , a. Involving con¬ 
struction; having power or tendency to build up; 
tending to or reaching positive conclusions; 
affirmative. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

con'strue, 1 kon'stru; 2 con'stru, vt. & vi. 
[con'strued; con-stru'ing.] To state the 
syntax of; translate; interpret; explain. [< L. 
construo; see construct.] 

con"sub-stan'tial, 1 kon"sub-stan'£hal; 2 edn 1 ”- 
sub-stan'shal; a. Theol. Having the same sub¬ 
stance. [LL. consubstantialis, <con-, together, and 
see substance.] —con"sub-stan"tl-a'tlon, n. 

con'sue-tude, 1 ken'swi-tiud; 2 con'swe-tud, n. 
Custom; association. [< L . consvetudo, < con- 
intens. + sueo, be accustomed.] — con"sue- 
tu'di-na-ry, a. Arising from custom, con"- 
sue-tu'di-nalf. 

con'sul, 1 ken'sul; 2 con'sul, n. 1. An officer 
appointed to reside in a foreign port or city, 
chiefly as the representative of his country’s 
commercial interests. 2. A chief magistrate 
of ancient Rome, or of the French republic 
(1799-1804). [L„ < consulo, consider.]— con'- 
su-lar, a. Pertaining to a consul.— consu¬ 
late, n. 1. The office or term of office of a con¬ 
sul. con'sul-shipf. 2. The official place of 
business of a consul. 

con-suit' d , 1 ken-sult'; 2 con-suit', v. I. t. 1. 
To ask the advice of. 2. To have regard to, 
as interest or duty; consider. II. i. 1. To 
ask advice. 2. To compare views; take coun¬ 
sel: followed by with. [< L. F consulto, freq. of 
consulo, consult.]— eon-sul'taut, n .— con"sul~ 
ta'tion, n. 1. The act of consulting. 2. A 
meeting, as of doctors, for conference.— con¬ 
sul t'er, con-sul'tor, n. 

con-sume', 1 kon-sium'; 2 con-sum', v. [con¬ 
sumed'; con-sum'ing.J I. t. To destroy 
gradually, as by burning, eating, etc.; waste; 
spend. II. i. To be wasted or destroyed. 
[< L. core-, together, + sumo, take.]— con- 
sum 'ed-ly, adv. [Colloq.] Excessively; unre¬ 
strainedly.— con-sum 'er, re. 

con'suni-niate, 1 lcen'su-met; 2 cSn'su-mat, 
vt. [-mat"ed cI ; -mat"ing.] To bring to com¬ 
pletion or perfection. [< L. core-, together, 4- 
summa, sum.]— con-sum'mate, 1 ken-sum'it; 
2 con-sum'at, a. Of the highest degree; perfect; 
complete, -ly, adv. — con"sum-ma'tion, re. 
The utmost completion; perfect development. 

con-sump'tion, 1 ken-sump';£han; 2 con- 
sump'shon, re. 1 . The act or process of con¬ 
suming. 2. Med. A wasting disease; pul¬ 
monary tuberculosis. [< L. consumptio(n-), < 
consumo; see consume.] — con-sump'tiv(e 8 . I. 
a. 1. Tending to, causing, or designed for con¬ 


sumption. 2. Med. Connected with or affected 
by phthisis. II. re. A person affected with 
phthisis, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
cont., abbr. Containing, contents, continent, con¬ 
tinental, continued, contracted, contracts, con¬ 
traction. 

con'tact, 1 ken'takt; 2 con'tact, re. The com¬ 
ing together, meeting, or touching of two 
bodies. [< L. contingo, < core-, together, + 
tango, touch.] 

con-ta'gion, 1 kon-te'jan; 2 con-ta'gon, re. 1. 
The communication of disease by contact, 
direct or indirect, or, figuratively, of mental 
states by suggestion or association. 2. Pes¬ 
tilential influence; pestilence; plague. [< L. 
contagio{n ~), < contingo; see contact.] 
con-ta'gious, 1 ken-te'jus; 2 con-ta'gus, a. 
1. Transmissible by contact, as a disease, or 
by sympathy, as emotions; catching; spread¬ 
ing. 2. Transmitting disease; pestilential, 
-ly, adv. -ness, re. 

con-tain', 1 ken-ten'; 2 con-tan', v. I. t. 1. 
To hold or be capable of holding; have room 
for; enclose; include; comprise. 2. To keep 
within bounds; restrain. IIj|. i. To restrain 
one’s desires. [ < L. contineo, < con-, together, 
+ teneo, hold.]—con-tain'a-bl(e F , a. That may 
be contained.—con-tain'er, re. 
con-tain'i-nate, 1 ken-tam'i-net; 2 con-tam'- 
i-nat, vt. [-NAT"ED d ; -nat'Tng.] To make 
impure by contact or admixture; taint; de¬ 
file; pollute. [< L. core-, with, + tango, touch.] 
—cou-tam'l-na-bKer, a. That may be con¬ 
taminated.—con-tam"l-na'tlon, re. A con¬ 
taminating; taint.—con-tam'i-na-tlv(es, a. 
con-tenin', 1 ken-tem'; 2 con-tgm', vt. To 
despise; scorn. [< L. contenm.no, < core-intens. 
+ temno, despise.]—con-tem'ner, re. 
eon temp., abbr. Contemporary, 
con'tem-plate, 1 kon'tem-plet; 2 con'tgm- 
plat, v. [-PLAT"ED d ; -plat"ing.] I. t. To 
look at attentively; consider thoughtfully; 
view as possible or probable. II. t. To med¬ 
itate; muse. [< L. core-, together, + tem- 
plum, temple.]—con"tem-pla'tion, re. The 
act of contemplating; continued thought or ab¬ 
straction.— con-teni'pla-tiv(es, a. Given to, 
characterized by, or pertaining to contempla¬ 
tion. -ly, adv. -ness, re.—con'tem-pla"tor, re. 
con-teni"po-ra 'ne-ous, 1 ken-tem"po-re'm- 
us; 2 c6n-tem"po-ra'ne-us, a. Living or oc¬ 
curring at the same time. [ < L. core-, together, 
+ tetnpus, time.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
con-tem'po-ra-ry, 1 kon-tem'po-re-ri; 2 eon- 
tem'po-ra-ry. I. a. Contemporaneous. II. 
re. [-ries z , pi] A person or thing that is 
contemporary. 

con-tenipt', i kon-tempt'; 2 con-tempt', re. 

1. The act of despising; disdain; scorn; wilful 
disregard of authority, as of a court. 2. The 
state of being despised; disgrace; shame. 
[< L. OF contemptus, < contemno; see contemn ] 
—con-tenipt"I-bil'i-ty, re. con-tempt'i-ble- 
nessf.—con-tempt'i-bl(ep, a. Deserving of 
contempt; despicable; vile.—con-tempt'i-bly, 
adv.— con-temp'tu-ous, a. Disdainful, -ly, 
adv. -ness, re. 

con-tend'd, 1 ken-tend'; 2 con-tend', v. I. t. 
To maintain in argument: followed by that 
with an objective clause. II. i. 1. To strug¬ 
gle, as to obtain or defend some object; strive. 

2. To debate earnestly; dispute. [ < I,, contendo, 
< con-, together, + tendo, stretch.]—con¬ 
tend 'er, re. 

con-tent' d , 1 ken-tent'; 2 con-tent', vt. To 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, burn: 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 









141 


constrict 

contrary 


fulfil the hopes or expectations of; satisfy.— 
con-tent'ed, pa. 1. Satisfied with things as 
they are; content. 2. Resigned; willing, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.— con-tent'ment, n. Tlie state 
of being contented. 

coil-tent', a. Contented; satisfied. [< L. con- 
lentus, < contineo, contain.] 

Con-tent' 1 , n. Rest of mind; satisfaction. 
con'tent 2 , 1 kon'tent; 2 con'tent, n. All that 
a thing contains: usually in the plural, 
con-ten'tion, 1 kon-ten'shan; 2 con-ten'shon, 
n. 1. The act of contending; strife; conflict; 
struggle; dispute. 2. An object or point in 
controversy. 

con-ten'tious, 1 ken-ten'^ius; 2 con-ten'- 
shiis, a. Given to or involving contention; 
disputatious; quarrelsome, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
con-ter'mi-nous, 1 ken-tur'mi-nus; 2 con- 
ter'mi-niis, a. Having a common boundary® 
line; coextensive. [< L. con-, with, + terminus, 
limit.] con-ter'mi-nail; co-ter'mi-nousj. 
con-test ' d , 1 ken-test'; 2 con-test', v. I. t. To 
contend about; dispute; strive to win. II. i. 
To contend strenuously. [ < L. contestor, call to 
witness, < con-, with, + testis, witness.]— 
con-test'a-bl(e p , a. 

con'test, 1 ken'test; 2 con'test, n. The act of 
contesting; a struggle; conflict.—con-test'ant, 
n. One who contests. 

con'text, 1 ken'tekst; 2 con'tekst, n. The 
portions of a discourse, treatise, etc., con¬ 
nected with a passage quoted or considered. 
[< L. con-, together, + texo, weave.]—con- 
tex'tu-al, a. -ly, adv. 

con-tex'ture, 1 ken-teks'dhur; 2 con-teks'chur, 
n. Something interwoven; style or manner 
of interweaving; texture.—con-tex'tur-al, a. 
COii-tig'u-ous, 1 ken-tig'yu-us; 2 con-tig'yu- 
us, a. Touching or joining at the edge or 
boundary; adjacent. [< L. contiguus, < con- 
lingo; see contact.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —con"- 
ti-gu'i-ty, n. 1. Nearness; proximity. 2. Un¬ 
interrupted connection; continuity. 

COn'ti-nent, 1 ken'ti-nent; 2 con'ti-nent, a. 
Self*restrained; abstinent; chaste. [< L. 
continents, ppr. of contineo; see contain.] -ly, 
adv.— con'ti-nence, -nen-cy, n. Self®restraint; 
chastity. 

Con'ti-nent, n. 1. One of the great bodies of 
land on the globe. 2. [C-] Europe, as dis¬ 
tinguished from the British islands. [< L. LI - 
continens, continuous.]—con"ti-nen'tal, a. & n. 
con-tin'gent, 1 ken-tin'jent; 2 con-tm'gent. 

I. a. Likely or liable, but not certain, to 
occur; fortuitous; probable. II. n. 1. A 
contingency. 2. A proportionate share; a 
quota of troops. [< L. contingents, ppr. of 
contingo; see contact.] -ly, adv.— con-tin'- 
gen-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] A contingent event, 
eon-tin'gencet. 

con-tin'u-al, 1 kon-tin'yu-al; 2 con-tm'yu-al, 
a. 1. Renewed in regular succession; often 
repeated. 2. Continuous. [Continuous describes 
that which is absolutely without pause or break; 
continual strictly denotes that which often inter¬ 
mits, but as often begins again.] -ly, adv. 
con-tin'ue, 1 ken-tin'yu; 2 con-tin'yu, v. 
[-tied; -u-ing.] I. t. To extend or prolong. 

II. i. 1. To be durable; last; endure. 2. To 
remain; abide. 3. To keep on; persist.— 
con-tin'u-ance, n. 1. The state of continuing; 
duration. 2. Uninterrupted succession; survival. 
3. Law. Postponement.—con-tin"u-a'tion, n. 
The act of continuing, or something added by 
continuing. 


con-tin'u-ous, 1 kon-tin'yu-us; 2 cen-tin'yy- 
us, a. Connected, extended, or prolonged 
without a break; unbroken; uninterrupted. 
[< L. continuus, < contineo; see contain.] — 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —con"ti-nu'i-ty, n. The 
state or quality of being continuous. 
con-tort' d , 1 ken-tort'; 2 con-tort', vt. To 
twist violently; wrench out of shape or place. 
[< L. contortus, pp„ < con-, with, + torqueo, 
twist.]—con-tor'tion, n. The act of contort¬ 
ing; unnatural or spasmodic writhing or wryness, 
as of the limbs.—con-tor'tiv(e a , a. 
con-tour', 1 kon-tur'; 2 con-tur', n. The fine 
bounding a figure or body; outline. [F.] 
contr., abbr. Contract, contracted, contraction, 
contrary. 

con'tra-, prefix. Against;opposite;contrary. [<L. 
contra, against, < cum, with.]—con"tra-dis- 
tinc'tion, n. Distinction by contrary qualities: 
usually preceded by in and followed by to .— 

con"tra-dis-tinct', a. -ly, adv.— con"tra-in'- 
di-cate, vt. Med. To indicate the opposite of. 
—con"tra-in'di-cant, a. & n.— con"tra-in"- 
di-ca'tion, n. 

con'tra-band, 1 ken'tra-band; 2 con'tra-band. 
I. a. Prohibited or excluded, as by military 
law; forbidden. II. n. Contraband goods or 
trade. [ < It. contrabbando, lit. ‘contrary to 
proclamation’.] 

con-tract ' J , 1 ken-trakt'; 2 con-tract', v. I. t. 
1. To shorten by drawing together; narrow; 
limit; condense. 2. Gram. To shorten, as a 
word, by omitting a medial part. 3. To take 
or acquire; become affected with, as a disease 
or a habit. 4. To arrange or settle by con¬ 
tract. II. i. 1. To shrink. 2. To make a 
contract. [< L. contractus, pp., < con-, with, 
+ traho, draw.]— con-tract'ed, pa. Not broad, 
ample, or liberal; narrow; mean; scanty. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. —con-tract"i-bil'i-ty, n. con- 
tract'i-ble-nesst; con"trac-til'i-tyt.—con- 
tract'i-bl(e p or -a-bl(e p , a. con-trac'tilef; 
con-trac'tlvet. 

con'tract, 1 ken'trakt; 2 con'tract, n. A formal 
agreement, or the writing containing it. 
con-trac'tion, 1 ken-trak'^lian; 2 con-trac'- 
- shon, n. 1. The act of contracting, or the 
state of being contracted. 2. That which is 
contracted. 

con-trac'tor, 1 ken-trak'tar; 2 con-trac'tor, n. 

I. One of the parties to a contract. 2. One 
whose business is to execute plans under con¬ 
tract. 3. A muscle that serves to contract. 

con"tra-dict' d , 1 kon"tra-dikt'; 2 contra¬ 
dict', v. I. t. 1. To deny (a statement) 
directly or by implication. 2. To deny a 
statement of (a person). 3. To be incon¬ 
sistent with (a statement, belief, or the like). 

II. i. To utter a contradiction; deny. [< L. 
contra, against, + dico, speak.] —con"tra- 
dict'er, con"tra-dic'(or, n. —con"tra-dlc'- 
tion, n. The act of contradicting; inconsistency; 
direct opposition; something self=contradictory. 
—con"tra-dic'to-ry. I. a. Characterized by 
opposition; inconsistent; diametrically opposed; 
mutually exclusive. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] A prop¬ 
osition by means of which another proposition is 
absolutely denied. —con"tra-dic'to-rl-Iy, adv. 
—con"tra-dic'to-ri-ness, n. 

con"tra-dis-tinc'tion, etc. See contra-. 
con-tral'to, 1 ken-tral'to; 2 con-tral'to, n. 1. 
The part between soprano and tenor. 2 . A 
contralto singer. [It.] al'toj. 
con'tra-ry, 1 ken'tre-n; 2 con'tra-ry. I. a. 
Opposite in disposition, character, action, or 


1: a = final; i = hablO aisle; au = out; oil; iu = fewd; <fhin; go; T) = sin.?; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










contrast 

cool 


142 


direction; opposing; antagonistic; captious; 
perverse. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. One of two 
contrary things. 2. The opposite. [< L. F 
contrarius, < contra, against.]— con"tra-ri'e-ty, 
re. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The quality or state of being 
contrary. 2. A quality or a proposition contrary 
to another; an inconsistency; a contrary.— con'- 
tra-ri-ly, adv. —con'tra-ri-ness, n. —con'tra- 
rl-wise, adv. 1. On the contrary; on the other 
hand. 2. In the reverse order; conversely. 

con-trast' d , 1 ken-trast'; 2 con-trast', v. I. t. 
To compare in order to show unlikeness. II. 
i. To stand in opposition; manifest unlike¬ 
ness. [< L. F contra, against, + sto, stand.] 

con'trast, 1 ken'trust; 2 con'trast, re. The op¬ 
position between things similar in some re¬ 
spects, but different in others; also, the things 
thus opposed. 

COn"tra-vene', 1 ken"tra-vln'; 2 con"tra-ven', 
vt. ' [-vened'; -ven'ing.] To prevent or ob¬ 
struct. [ < L. LL contra, against, + venio, come.] 

—con"tra-ven 'tion, n. 

COn" tre-temps', 1 ken"tra-tah'; 2 coh"tre- 
tan', n. [F.] An embarrassing occurrence; 
awkward incident. 

con-trib'ute, 1 kon-trib'yut; 2 con-trib'yut, v. 
[-UT-ED d ; -ut-ing.] I. t. To supply as part 
of a common stock; give in aid of some ob¬ 
ject. II. i. To share in effecting a result. 
[< L. con-, with, + tribuo, grant, allot.]— con"- 
tri-bu'tion, re. The act of contributing, or that 
which is contributed; a gift; subscription.— 
con-trib'u-tor, n. One who contributes.— 
con-trib'u-to-ry. I. a. Contributing, con- 
trib'u-tiv(e 8 t. II. n. [-ries 2 , pi.] One who or 
that which contributes. 

con'trite, 1 ken'trait; 2 cbn'trit, a. Broken in 
spirit because of a sense of sin; penitent. [ < 
L. contritus, pp. of contero, bruise.] -ly, adv. — 
con-tri'tion, re. Sincere sorrow for sin; deep 
penitence, con'trite-nessf. 

con-trive', 1 ken-traiv'; 2 eon-trlv', vt. & vi. 
[con-trived'; con-triv'ing.] To plan in¬ 
geniously; devise; invent; scheme; plot. [< 
F. con-, with, + trouver, find.]— con-trlv'a- 
bl(e p , a. —con-tri'vance, re. 1. The act of con¬ 
triving. 2. An artifice; stratagem; device.— 
con-triv'er, n. 

con-trol', 1 kon-trol'; 2 con-trol'. I. vt. & vi. 
[con-trolled', con-trold' 8 ; con-trol'ling.] 
To exercise a directing, restraining, or gov¬ 
erning influence over; direct; govern; in¬ 
fluence. II. n. 1. The act of controlling; 
restraining or directing influence; regulation; 
government. 2. One who or that which con¬ 
trols. [< F. contrdle, < LL. contrarotulum, 
counterfoil.]— eon-trol"la-bil 'i-ty, con-trol '- 
la-ble-ness, n.—con-trol'la-bl(e p , a. —con¬ 
troller, n. 1. An officer to examine and verify 
accounts, comp-trol'lerj. 2. One who or that 
which controls, -ship, n. 

Con'tro-ver"sy, 1 ken'tro-vur"si; 2 contro¬ 
versy, n. [-sies z , pi.] Debate or disputa¬ 
tion; dispute as to schemes or opinions. [< 
L. conlroversia, < contra, against, + versus, 
turned.]— con"tro-ver'sial, a. Pertaining to 
controversy; polemical; contentious.— con"tro- 
ver'sial-ist, n. A disputant.— con"tro-ver'- 
sial-iy, adv. 

con'tro-vert d , 1 ken'tro-vurt; 2 con'tro-vert, 
vt. To endeavor to disprove; oppose in de¬ 
bate. [< L. contra, against, + verto, turn.]— 

con"tro-vert'er, n. con"tro-vert'istf.—con"- 
tro-vert'i-bl(e p , a. Capable of being con¬ 
troverted; disputable.— con"tro-vert'l-bly, adv. 


con'tu-ma-cy, 1 ken'tiu-me-si; 2 con'tu-ma- 
5 y, n. [-cies z , pi.] Contemptuous disregard 
of authority; insolent and incorrigible ob¬ 
stinacy. [< L. contumacia, < contumax, stub¬ 
born.]—con"tu-ma'cious, a. Of, pertaining 
to, or characterized by contumacy; rebellious; 
refractory, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
con'tu-me-ly, 1 ken'tiu-mi-li; 2 con'tu-me-ly, 
n. [-lies 2 , pi.] Insulting rudeness in speech 
or manner; scornful insolence. [< OF. contu- 
melie, < L. conlumelia, reproach.]—con"tu- 
me'li-ous, a. Scornfully offensive, insulting, or 
insolent, -ly, adv. 

con-tuse', 1 kon-tiuz'; 2 con-tu§', vt. [con¬ 
tused'; con-tus'ing.] To bruise by a blow. 
[< L. con-, with, + tundo, beat, bruise.]—con- 
tu'sion, n. The act of bruising; a bruise, 
co-nun'drum, 1 ko-nun'drum; 2 co-nun'driim, 
n. A riddle; perplexity. 

Conv., abbr. Convent, convention, conversation. 
eon"va-lesce', 1 kon"va-les'; 2 con"va-l£s', vi. 
[-lesced' 1 ; -lesc'ing.] To recover after a 
sickness. [ < L. con- intens. + valesco, < valeo, 
be strong or well.] —con"va-Ies'cence, n. Grad¬ 
ual recovery from illness. con"va-les 'cen-cy 
—con"va-les'cent. I. a. Recovering health 
after sickness. II. re. One who is convalescing, 
con-vec'tlon, 1 ken-vek'ghan; 2 con-v6c'shon, n. 
The act of carrying or conveying. [L. LL core-, 
with, + veho, carry.] 

con-vene', 1 kon-vin'; 2 con-Ven', v. [con¬ 
vened'; con-ven'ing.] I. t. To call to¬ 
gether; convoke. II. i. To come together; 
assemble. [< L. convento, < con-, together, + 
venio, come.] 

con-ve'nient, 1 ken-vln'yent; 2 con-ven'ygnt, 
a. Conducive to comfort or ease; service¬ 
able; suitable; commodious; favorable; time¬ 
ly. [< L. conveniences, ppr. of convenio; see 
convene.] —con-ve'nlence, re. 1. The state, 
time, or quality of being convenient; suitable¬ 
ness; fitness. 2. That which is convenient, 
con-ve'nien-cyt.—con-ve'nlent-ly, adv. 
coil'vent, 1 ken'vent ; 2 con'vSnt, n. A body 
of monks or nuns, especially the latter, or the 
house occupied by them. [ < L.of conventus, < 
convenio; see convene.] 

con-ven'ti-cle, 1 ken-ven'ti-kl; 2 c5n-vgn'ti-cl, 
re. A religious meeting, especially a secret one 
of Scottish Covenanters.—con-ven'tl-cler, re. 
con-ven'tion, 1 ken-ven'sTian; 2 con-ven'shon, 
re. 1. A formal or stated meeting of delegates 
or representatives. 2. The act of coming 
together. 3. General consent, or something 
established by it; a conventionality. 4. A 
compact, of less dignity than a treaty. [< L. 
convention-), < convenio; see convene.] —con- 
ven'tlon-al, a. 1. Established by convention 
or custom; agreed; stipulated; customary; for¬ 
mal. 2. Of or pertaining to a convention of 
delegates. 3. Art. Represented according to 
artistic convention or rule, rather than to nature 
or fact, -ly, adv.— con-ven 'tion-al-isni, re. 
Regard for conventionality. — cou-ven'lion- 
al-ist, re.—con-ven"tlon-al'l-ty, re. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] The state of being conventional; something 
conventional; a formality.—con-ven'tlon-al- 
ize or -ise, vt. [-ized; -iz'ing.] To make con¬ 
ventional; represent conventionally, 
con-ven'tu-al, 1 ken-ven'Chu-al; 2 c6n-vgn'- 
chu-al, a. 1. Belonging to a convent. 2. Con¬ 
ventional. 

con-verge', 1 ken-vurj'; 2 con-verg', v. [con¬ 
verged'; con-verg'ing.] I. t. To cause 
to tend toward one point. II. i. To tend 


1: artistic, art; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, 6r; full, rOle; but, bum; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, ftil; me, get, pryy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or. won) 











143 


contrast 

cool 


toward one point; come together by gradual 
approach. [< L. LL con-, with, + vergo, verge.] 
— con-ver'gence, n. The act or state of con¬ 
verging; tendency to converge, con-ver'gen- 
cyf.—con-ver'gent, a. Tending to one point, 
con'ver-sant, 1 ken'var-sant; 2 con'ver-sant, 
a. 1. Knowing fully; versed: followed by 
with, formerly by in. 2. Intimately ac¬ 
quainted. 3. Actively employed; concerned: 
followed by with or about. 
con"ver-sa'tion, 1 ken'Vsr-se'sfhon; 2 con"- 
ver-sa'shon, n. 1. The speaking of two or 
more persons alternately with each other; 
colloquy. 2. Intimate association or inter¬ 
course. 31|. Deportment. [F., < L. conver¬ 
sation-), < conversor; see converse, r.]— con"- 
ver-sa'tion-al, a. Pertaining to conversation, 
-ly, adv .— con"ver-sa'tion-al-ist, n. One who 
converses; an interesting talker. con"ver-sa'- 
tion-lstj. 

con-verse', 1 ken-vurs'; 2 con-vers', vi. 
[-versed' 4 , -verst' 8 ; -vers'ing.] 1. To speak 
together informally and alternately. 2j|. To 
associate; have intercourse; commune. [< L. 
conversor, live with, < concerto; see convert, v.] 
—con-vers'a-bl(e p , a. ' Disposed to converse; 
ready in conversation; sociable. —con-vers'er, 
n. One who converses. 

con'verse, 1 ken'vars; 2 eon'vers, a. Turned 
about so that two parts are interchanged; 
transposed; reversed. [< L. conversus, pp. of 
concerto; see convert, v.] — con'verse-ly, adv. 
con'verse 1 , n. 1. Conversation. 2. Close in¬ 
tercourse; communion; fellowship, 
con'verse 2 , n. That which exists in a converse 
relation; an inverted proposition, 
con-ver'sion, 1 kon-vur'^han; 2 eon-ver'shon, 
n. The act of converting, or the state of 
being converted. 

con-vert ' d , 1 ken-vurt'; 2 con-vert', v. I. t. 
1. To change into another state, form, or 
substance; transform. 2. Theol. To turn 
from sin or error to truth and righteousness. 
II||.i. To become changed in character. [< 
L. concerto, < con-, with, + verto, turn.]— con'- 
vert, n. A person who has been converted.— 
con-vert'er, n. One who or that which con¬ 
verts; especially, a vessel in which iron is con¬ 
verted into steel, con-ver'torj.—con-vert"- 
i-bil'i-ty, con-vert'i-ble-ness, n .— con-vert'- 
i-bi(e p , a. 1. Capable of conversion. 2. Equiva¬ 
lent in meaning; interchangeable.— con-vert'- 
i-bly, adv. 

con'vex, 1 ken'veks; 2 con-veks'. I. a. Curv¬ 
ing outward like a segment of a globe or of a 
circle; bulging out. II. n. A convex surface 
or body; convexity. [< L. p convexus, < con-, 
together, + veho, carry.]— con-vex'ed-ly, adv. 
con'vex-lyf. — con-vex'I-ty, n. 1. The state 
of being convex. 2. A convex surface, con¬ 
vex 'ed-nessf; con'vex-nessf. 
con-vey', 1 ken-ve'; 2 con-ve', vt. 1. To trans¬ 
port from one place to another; carry; 
transmit. 2. To communicate. 3. Law. To 
transfer the title to or of, as real estate. [ < 
F. convoy er, < L. con-, with, + via, way.]— 
con-vey'ance, n. 1. The act of conveying. 2. 
That by which anything is conveyed; a vehicle; a 
document transferring title.— con-vey'anc-er, 
n. One whose business is conveyancing.— con¬ 
vey 'anc-ing, n. The business of preparing 
conveyances, including the investigation of 
titles.— con-vey'er, n. One who or that which 
conveys, con-vey 'or J. 

con-vict' d , 1 ken-vikt'; 2 con-vict', vt. 1. To 


prove guilty; find guilty after a judicial trial. 
2. To awaken to a sense of sin. [< L. convictus, 
pp. of convinco; see convince.] 
con'vict, 1 ken'vikt- 2 con'vict, n. One found 
guilty of or undergoing punishment for crime; 
a criminal. 

con-vic'tion, 1 ken-vik'shan; 2 con-vic'shon, 
n. 1 . The state of being convinced or con¬ 
victed; also, in law, the act of convicting. 
2. A doctrine or proposition which one firmly 
believes. 

con-vince', 1 ken-vins'; 2 con-vm?', vt. [con¬ 
vinced' 1 ; con-vinc'ing.] 1. To satisfy by 
evidence; persuade by argument. 2||. To 
convict. [ < L. convinco, < con-, with, + vinco, 
conquer.]—con-vinc'ing, pa. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
con-viv'i-al, 1 ken-viv'i-al; 2 con-viv'i-al, a. 
Pertaining to a feast, especially a drinking* 
feast; festive; jovial. [< L. con-, together, + 
vivo, live.]—con-viv"i-al'i-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] 
Festive merriment or joviality.—con-viv'i-al- 
ly, adv. 

con-voke', 1 ken-vok'; 2 con-vok', vt. [con¬ 
voked' 1 ; con-vok'ing.] To call together; 
summon. [< L. con-, together, + voco, call.]— 
con"vo-ca'tion, n. 1 . The act of convoking. 
2. [C-] An ecclesiastical congress or council. 
con-volv(e' s , 1 ken-velv'; 2 con-volv', v. [con¬ 
volved', con-volvd' s ; con-volv'ing.] I. t. 
To roll together; wind around something; 
twist; turn. II. i. To turn or wind upon 
itself. [< L. con-, together, + volvo, roll.]— 
con'vo-lute, a. Rolled one part on another 
or inward from one side. con'vo-lut"edf.— 
con"vo-lu'tion, n. 1 . The act of convolving.' 
2. The state of being convolved; a# turn; fold; 
especially one of the folds of the brain, 
con-vol'vu-lus, 1 ken-vel'viu-lus; 2 con-vol'vu- 
lus, n. A twining herb with large showy trum- 
pet«shaped flowers. [L., bindweed.] 
con-voy', 1 kon-voi'; 2 con-voy', vt. To act as 
convoy to; escort and protect. [< F. convoy er, 

CONVEY.] 

con'voy, 1 kon'vei; 2 con'voy, n. The act c4 
convoying; that which convoys or is con- 
voyed. 

con-vtilse', 1 ken-vuls'; 2 con-vuls', vt. 
[-vulsed' 1 , -vulst' 8 ; -vuls'ing.] To throw 
into convulsions, as of disease, rage, or 
laughter; agitate violently. [< L. con-, with, 
+ vello, pull.]—con-vul'sion, n. 1. A violent 
and abnormal muscular contraction of the body; 
spasm; fit. 2. Any violent commotion.—coa- 
vul'siy(e 8 , a. Producing, resulting from, or 
characterized by convulsions, -ly, adv. 
co'ny, 1 k5'm; 2 co'ny, n. [co'nies 2 , pi.] A 
rabbit. [< L.oe cuniculus, rabbit.] co'neyf. 
coo, 1 ku; 2 coo. I. vt. & vi. To utter in a coo¬ 
ing manner; utter the note of a dove; make 
love in low, murmuring tones. II. n. A 
murmuring note, as of a dove. [Imitative.] 

cook, 1 kuk; 2 cook. I 1 , vt. & vi. To prepare 
for food by heat; do the work of a cook. II. 
n. One who prepares food for eating. [ < 
L. coquo, cook.]— cook'er, n. A mechanical 
device for cooking food.— cook'er-y, n. [-ies z . 
pi.] The art or practise of cooking: also, a place 
for cooking. 

Cook, James (1728-1779). An English navigator; 

discovered the Hawaiian Islands, 
cook'y, 1 kuk'i; 2 cdok'y, n. [-ies z , p?.] A 
small, sweet cake, cook'eyf; cook'ief. 

cool, 1 kul; 2 cool. I. vt. & vi. To make or 
become less hot, excited, ardent, angry, or 
affectionate. II. a. 1. Moderate in tempera- 


1: a = final, 1 = habit; aisle; au = out', oil: m = fewd: (ffiin; go; r) *= sing; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Coolidge 

cornelian 


144 


ture- somewhat cold. 2. Serving to produce 
rnolness 3. Self-controlled; self-possessed; 
apathetic; chilling; slighting III. n A 
moderate temperature approaching cold. l< 
AS colian, become cool.]— cool 'er, n. That 
which cools, as a vessel to cool liquids.— cool - 
ish. a.— cool 'ly, adv.— cool 'ness, n. 

Coo'lidge, 1 ku lij;2 coo lidg, Calvin (1872- ), 

American statesman; Governor of Massachusetts, 
1919-20; Vice-President of United States, ly^i 
coo'lie, 1 kfl'li; 2 cdo'li, n. An Oriental laborer 
or menial. [< Tamil kult.] cooljt* 

•coomb, n. See comb 2 , coombef. 

coon, 1 kun; 2 eoomn. The raccoon. . 
coop, 1 kup; 2 coop. I 1 * vt. io put into a 

coop; confine. II. n. An enclosure for small 
animals, as fowls or rabbits. [ < L. cupa, tub.] 
coo'per, 1 ku'par; 2 coo'per, n. One whose 
business it is to make casks, etc.— coo per- 
aee. n. The work of a cooper, or the cost of it. 
Coo'per, James Fenimore (1789-18ol). An 
American novelist; Last of the Mohicans. 
co-op'er-ate, 1 ko-op'ar-et; 2 co-op ex-at, vi. 
l-AT"ED d ; -at'Tng.] To operate together for a 
common’ob j ect: followed by wit h .— co-op"er- 

a'tion.w. Jointaction;profit-sharing.— co-op - 

er-a-tlv(e 9 , a. Operating together, especially by 
industrial cooperation.— co-op'er-a"tor, n. 
co-or'di-nate, 1 ko-er'di-mt; 2 co-or di-nat. 

1. vt & vi. [-NAT"ED d ; -NATf'iNG.] To put or 
be in the same rank, class, or order, or in 
harmonious or reciprocal relation. II. a. Of 
the same order or rank; existing together in 

. similar relation. III. n. 1. One who or that 
which is of the same order, rank, power, etc. 

2. Math A member of a system of lines or 
angles by means of which position is deter¬ 
mined [< L. LL co-, with; and see ordinate, 
a.\ -ly, adv. — co-or"dl-na'tlon, n. The act 
of coordinating, or the state of being coordinate. 

•coot, 1 kQt; 2 coot, n. 1* A rail-like aquatic bird. 

2. A stupid fellow, 
coot'ie, 1 kut'i; 2 coot'l, n. 

[Soldiers’ Slang.] A body- 
louse. 

Cop., abbr. Copernican, Cop¬ 
tic.— cop., abbr. Copper, 
co'pal, 1 ko'pol; 2 co'pal,® 

n. A hard transparent ^ .... — 

resin used for varnishes. American Coot. Vis 
[< Mex. copalli, resin.] 

co-part'ner, 1 ko-part'nar; 2 eo-piirt'ner, n. A 
partner in business .sharer.— co-par t'ner-ship, n. 

cope, 1 kop; 2 cop, vt. [coped 1 ; cop'ing.] To 
contend on equal terms; oppose or resist. 
[< F. couper, cut, < coup, a blow.] 

cope, n. 1. Anything that arches overhead; 
a coping. 2. Eccl. A long mantle, especially 
one worn by priests. [ < LL. capa, cape.j 
Co"pen-ha'gen, 1 ko"pn-he'gn; 2 cO’pn-ha'gn, n. 

Seaport capital (pop. 506,390) of Denmark. 
Co-per'ni-cus, 1 ko-pur'm-kus; 2 eo-per'ni-cus. 
Nicholas (1473-1543). A Polish astronomer; 
promulgated, 1543, the now accepted Coperni- 
can system, which considers the sun as center 
of our system.— Co-per'ni-can, a. Pertaining 
to the astronomer Copernicus, or to his system. 
Co-phet'u-a, 1 ko-fet'yu-a; 2 co-fet'yu-a, n. In 
Percy’s Reliques, a king who weds a beggar maid, 
cop'i-er, 1 kep'i-or; 2 edp'i-er, n. A copyist; imi¬ 
tator. [of a wall, 

cop'ing, 1 kSp'irj; 2 cop'ing, n. The top course 
co'pi-ous, 1 ko'pi-us; 2 co'pi-us, a. Abundant; 
ample. [< L. copiosus, < copia, abundance.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 



Copper¬ 

head. 

Vs 



cop'per, 1 kep'ar; 2 cop'er. I. vt. To cover 
with copper. II. n. 1. A reddish ductile 
metallic element. 2. An article made of this 
metal. [Ult. < Gr. Kypros, Cyprus.]—cop'per- 
plate", n. An engraved plate of copper or an 
engraving or impression printed from it: often 
used adjectivally.—cop'per-y, a. Like copper, 
cop'per-as, 1 kep'ar-as; 2 cop'er-as, n. Chem. 
A green crystalline astringent sulfate of iron. 
[< F. coupevose.] green vit'rl-olt. 
cop'per-head", [ 1 kep'ar-hed"; 2 eop'er-hed", 
cop'per-hed" 8 , ) n. A venomous North-Ameri- 
can snake. 

cop'pice, )1 kep'is; 2 
cop'pis 9 , ) eop'ig, n. A 
low-growing thicket. 

[ < OF. copeiz, < vvt, 
coper, cut.] copsej.' 
cop'ra, 1 kop'ra; 2 , M 
edp'ra, n. The v If 
dried and broken ffl 
kernel of the co- ii|| 
conut. [Hind.] 1 
cob'raf; cop'- — 

per-ahf; cop'rahj. . 

Copt, 1 kept; 2 c6pt, n. A native 
Egyptian descended from ancient 
Egyptian stock. 

Copt., abbr. Coptic. 

cop'u-la, 1 kep'yu-la; 2 c6p'yu-la, n. [-las z 
or -L.E, pi.] The word that unites the subject 
and the predicate of a sentence; strictly, the 
present indicative of the verb to be. [L., link.] 
cop'u-late, 1 kep'yu-let; 2 cop'yu-lat, v. 
[-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.J I. t. To couple. II. i. 
To unite in sexual intercourse. —cop"u-la'- 
tlou,n. 1. The act of coupling. 2. Sexual union; 
coition.— cop'u-la-tlv(e 9 , a. cop'u-la-to-ryf:. 
cop'y, 1 kep'i; 2 cop'y. I. vt.&vi. [cop'ied; cop'- 
y-ing.] To make a copy of; reproduce; imi¬ 
tate; also, to admit of being copied. II. n. 
[cop'ies z , pl.\ 1. A reproduction or imita¬ 
tion; duplicate. 2. A single printed pam¬ 
phlet, book, or the like, of an edition or issue. 
3. A pattern given for imitation, especially 
manuscript or other matter to be reproduced 
in type. [< L. F copia, abundance.] —cop'y- 
book", n. A book containing copies to be imi¬ 
tated in penmanship; a writing-book.— eop'y- 
er, n. Same as copier.— cop'y-hold"er, n. 
One who or that which holds copy; especially a 
proof-reader's assistant who holds and reads 
copy for detection of errors and omissions.— 
cop'y-lst, n. One whose business it is to copy; 
also, an imitator.—cop'y-right". I d . vt. To 
secure copyright for (a book or work of art). II. 
n. The legal right of authors and artists to publish 
and dispose of their works for a limited time, 
co-quet', 1 ko-ket'; 2 co-k8t', v. [co-quet'- 
TED d ; co-quet'ting.] I. t. To treat with 
pretended affection; deceive with affected 
fondness. II. i. To trifle in love; treat a 
person with a pretense of fondness. [ < F. 
coqueler, strut, < coq, cock 1 .]— co'quet-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pl.\ Trifling in love; also, the quality of 
being coquettish.— co-quette', n. A woman 
w ho endeavors to attract admiration merely for 
the gratification of vanity; flirt. [F.] — co-quet'- 
tfsh, a. Pertaining to a coquette; disposed to 
coquet, -ly, adv. -ness, n. [fore r.] 

cor-, prefix. With; together. [Form of com- be- 
Cor., abbr. Corinthians, Cornelia, Cornelius, 
coroner.— cor., abbr. Corner, cornet, corpus, 
correction, correlative, correspondence, corre¬ 
spondent, corresponding, corrupted, corruption. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, 6r; full, rtile; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whjjt, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e: go, not, dr, w6n. 












145 


Coolidge 

cornelian 



Red Coral. 
Arch. 1. A 


cor'a-cle, 1 ker'a-kl; 2 edr'a-el, n. A small fish- 
ing*boat of hide or oil»cloth on a wicker frame. 
[< W. corwgl, < corwg, boat.] 

cor'al, 1 ker'al; 2 cor'al. I. a. Consisting of 
or like coral. II. n. A calca¬ 
reous secretion of various 
marine zoophytes, often 
forming reefs or islands.*[F., 

< Gr. korallion, coral.]— 
cor'al-lin(e s , 1 ker'a-lin; 2 
cor'a-lin, a. Of, pertaining to, 
producing, or like coral.— 
cor'al-loid, a. 

cor'ban, 1 ker'ban; 2 cor'ban, 
n. An offering to God, as in 
fulfilment of a vow ( Mark 
vii, 11). [Heb.] 

cor'bel, 1 ker'bel; 2 cor'bel, n. 

bracket projecting from the face of a wall. 
2. The basket 3 shaped cushion of a Corinthian 
capital. [OF., < L. corbis, basket.] cor'bilj. 

cor'bie, 1 ker'bi; 2 cor'bi, n. A crow; raven. [< 
L.f corvus, crow.] cor'byt. 

cord, 1 kerd; 2 cord. I d . vt. 1. To bind or 
secure with cord; furnish with cords. 2. To 
pile fire=wood by the cord. II. n. 1. A string 
of several strands. 2. A measure for wood, 
equal to 128 cubic feet. 3. Corduroy: often 
in the plural. [< Gr. F chords, string.]— cord'- 
age, n. Ropes and cords collectively. 

cor'date, 1 ker'det; 2 cor'dat, a. Bot. Heart 3 
shaped, as a leaf. [< L. cor, 
heart.] -ly, adv. 

Cor"day', 1 ker"de'; 2 eor"da', 

Charlotte (1768-1793). 

Marie Anne Charlotte Corday 
d’Armans, a French patriot 
who assassinated Marat in 
Paris, July 13, 1793, and was 
guillotined. 

cor'dial, 1 ker'jal; 2 cor'jal. 

I. a. Proceeding from the 
heart; exhibiting or express¬ 
ing kindliness; hearty; en¬ 
couraging; cheering. II. n. _ JR 

1. That which invigorates Cordate Leaves, 
or exhilarates. 2. A sweet and aromatic 
alcoholic liquor. [< L. cor (cord-), heart.]— 
cor-dial'i-ty, n. [-tiesz, ph] The quality of 
being cordial, cor'dial-nesst.—cor'dial-ly, adv. 

cord'ite, 1 kerd'ait; 2 cord'It, n. A smokeless 
explosive compound of cellulose nitrate and 
vaseline. [ < cord, from its appearance.] 

Cor'do-ba, 1 ker'do-vct; 2 eor'do-va, n. 1. A 
province (5,299 sq. m.; pop. 539,000) in Anda¬ 
lusia, Spain; also, its capital city (pop. 72,870). 

2. A province (66,912 sq. m.; pop. 787,750) in 
Argentina; also, its capital city (pop. 156,000). 
Cor'do-vat. 

cor'don, I ker'dan; 2 cor'don, n. 1. An ex¬ 
tended line, as of men, ships, forts, etc. 2. 
An ornamental lace, cord, ribbon, molding, 
or coping. [F.] 

cor'du-roy, 1 ker'du-rei; 2 cor'du-roy, n. 1. 
A thick and durable cotton stuff, corded or 
ribbed. 2. A corduroy road. [ < F. corde du rol, 
lit., cord of the king.]— corduroy road, a road 
made of transverse logs laid side by side. 

core, 1 kdr; 2 cor. I. vt. . [cored; cor'ing.] To 
remove the core of. II. n. 1. The central or 
innermost part of a thing; heart, as of an 
apple or pear, containing the seeds. 2. The 
pith of a subject. [ < L.of C or, heart.] 

Co-re'a. Same as Chosen. Ko-re'at. 

co"re-spon 'dent, 1 ko"ri-spen'dent; 2 co"re- 



A joint respondent, as in a 




spon'dent, n. 
suit for divorce. 
co"rI-an'der, 1 ko"ri-an'dar; 2 eo"ri-an'der, n. 
A plant of the parsley family, bearing aromatic 
seeds. [ < Gr. L koriannon, < koris, bedbug.] 
Cor'inth, 1 ker'inth; 2 cor'inth, n. An ancient 
fortified city in Argolis, Greece.—Gulf of C., an 
arm of the Ionian sea, separating Morea from 
N. Greece.—Isthmus of C., an isthmus con¬ 
necting Morea with N. Greece.—Cor-in'thi-an, 
a. Pertaining to Corinth, or to 
an order of architecture marked by < 
slender fluted columns with ornate 
capitals. 

Co"ri-o-Ia'nus, 1 ko"n-o-le'nus; 2 
co"ri-o-la'nus, Caius Marcius. 

A legendary Roman hero; in 
Shakespeare’s Coriolanus. 
cork, 1 kerk; 2 cork. 

I*, vt. To stop with 
a cork, as a bottle. 

II. n. 1. The light, 
porous outer bark of 
a tree (the cork*oak or Greek Corinthian Cap- 
corkHree): used for ant * Base- 

stoppers for bottles, for floats, etc. 2. Any¬ 
thing made of cork or serving as a cork. [< 
L. 8p cortex (cortic -), bark.]—cork'screw", n. 
A spirally shaped instrument for drawing corks 
from bottles.—cork'y, a. Like cork. 

Cork, n. A county (2,885 sq. m.; pop. 392,000), 
Munster province, S. Ireland; also, its capital, a 
seaport (pop. 76,000). 

corm, 1 kerm; 2 corm, n. Bot. A bulbdike, 
solid, fleshy stem. [ < Gr. kormos, tree=trunk.] 

Cor. Mem., abbr. Corresponding member, 
cor'mo-rant, 1 ker'mo-rant; 2 cer'mo-rant. 

I. a. Like a cormorant; greedy; rapacious. 

II. n. 1. A large voracious aquatic bird. 2. 

Hence, a glutton or avaricious person. [< LL. F 
corvus marinus, sea»crow.] [in brine. 

corn, 1 kern; 2 corn, vt. To preserve in salt or 
corn 1 , n. 1. The edible seeds of cereal plants: 

in England, wheat, barley, rye, and oats col¬ 
lectively: in America, maize or Indian corn. 
2§. A granule, as of salt or gunpowder. [ < 
AS. corn.) — corn'=cob", n. See cob, 2.— c.* 
cockle, n. A tall purple 3 flowered Weed of the 
pink family.— c.=erake, n. A European crake 
frequenting cormflelds.— c.^crib, n. [U. S.] A 
building for storage of Indian corn, usually 
raised on posts, with walls made of slats for 
ventilation.— c.sflower, n. Any flower growing 
in 6rain»fields; especially the blue=bottle or 
bachelor’s 3 button: originally and still frequently 
cultivated.— c.=husk, n. See corn^shuck. — c.» 
meal, n. Meal made from majze; Indian meal; 
(in Scotland) oatmeal, c.sflourt. — c.sshuck, 
n. The shuck or husk of an ear of maize.— c.» 
stalk, n. A stalk of Indian corn.— c.*starch, n. 
Starch made from maize.— c.sworm, n. See 
BOLL=WORM. 

corn 2 , n. A horny thickening of the cuticle, 
common on the feet. [ < L. F cornu, horn.] 

Corn., abbr. Cornelius, Cornish, Cornwall, 
cor'ne-a, 1 ker'm-a; 2 eor'ne-a, n. Anat. The 
anterior part of the outer coat of the eyeball. 
[< L. corneus, horny, < corhu, horn.] 
corned, ) 1 kernd; 2 cornd, a. Preserved by 
cornd 8 , ) laying down in coarse salt or in 
brine; as, corned beef. 

Cor"neille', 1 ker"ne'ya; 2 c6r"ne'ye, Pierre 
(1606-1684). French dramatist (The Cid, etc.), 
cor'nel, 1 ker'nel; 2 cor'nel, n. A tree with 
hard, compact wood, as the dogwood, 
cor-ne'lian, n. Same as carnelian. 


1:a = final; I = habit; aisle; an = out; ell; IQ = feud; dbin; go; o = si ng\ thin, this. 
2; w^lf, dft; book, boot; fyll, ryle, cQre, but, bOrn; 6il, boy; go, £em; ink; thin, this. 
















corner 

costume 


146 


cor'ner, 1 ker'nar; 2 cor'ner. I. vt. 1. To 
drive into a corner, or a position of difficulty; 
embarrass. 2. [U. S.] To forestall the market 
to secure a monopoly. II. n. 1. An angle; an 
angular projection or recess. 2. A retired 
spot; a nook. 3. A position of embarrass¬ 
ment or difficulty. [< L. p cornu, horn.]— cor'- 
ner*stone", n. 1. A stone uniting two walls at 
the corner of a building. 2. Something funda¬ 
mental or of primary importance.— cor'ner- 
wise, adv. With the corner in front; diagonally, 
cor'net 1 , 1 ker'net; 2 eor'ngt, n. A small wind* 
Instrument of the trumpet class. [F., < L. LL 
cornu, horn.]— cor'net-ist, cor'net-tist, n. 
cor 'net 2 , n. Mil. [Eng.] Formerly, the lowest 
commissioned cavalry officer, or a pennant 
carried by him; a flag or standard. [ < F. 
cornette, standard.]— cor'net-cy, n. The rank 
or commission of a cornet, 
cor'nice, \ 1 ker'ms; 2 cor'nig, n. A horizontal 
cor'nis s , j molded projection at the top of a 
building, or round the walls of a room close to 
the ceiling. [ < It. OF cormce, < Gr. kordnis, wreath.] 
Cor"nu-co'pi-a, 1 ker"niu-k5'pi-9; 2 cori'nu- 
cd'pi-a, n. [-as z or -je, pi.] The horn of 
plenty symbolizing peace and prosperity. 
[LL., < L. cornu, horn, + copix, gen. of copia, 
abundance, plenty.] _ cor"nu-co'pl-aet. 
Corn-wal'lis, 1 kern-wel'is; 2 eorn-wal'is, 
Charles, Marquis (1738-1805). An English 
general and statesman. See Yorktown. 
corol., coroll., abbr. Corollary. 

CO-rol'la, 1 ko-rel's; 2 co-rol'a, n. Bot. The in¬ 
ner circle or set of leaves of a flower, composed 
of petals. [L., dim. of corona, crown.] cor'olj. 
cor'ol-la-ry, 1 lcer'a-le-ri; 2 cor'o-la-ry, n. 

[-ries z , pi.] A consequence; deduction. 
CO-ro'na, 1 ko-ro'na; 2 co-ro'na, n. [-nas z or 
-NA5, pi.] A crown or garland; a crownlike 
part; upper part of the head; a luminous cir¬ 
cle; halo. [L„ crown.]—cor'o-nal. I. a. Of or 
pertaining to a corona or halo, or to the crown 
of the head. II. n. A crown or garland, cor'o- 
na-ryf.—cor"o-na'tion, n. The act or cere¬ 
mony of crowning a monarch. [L.] 
cor'o-nach, 1 kor'o-naH; 2 cor'o-naH, n. For¬ 
merly, in Scotland and Ireland, a dirge, as for 
a chieftain. [ < Gael, coranack .] 

Co"ro-nel', 1 ko"ro-nel'; 2 eo"ro-nSl', n. A seaport 
of Chile off which German Admiral Von Spee 
defeated British under Sir Christopher Cradock, 
Nov. 1, 1914. 

cor'o-ner, 1 ker'o-nor; 2 cor'o-ner, n. An 
officer who inquires into the cause of sudden 
or violent death. [F.] 

cor'o-net, 1 ker'o-net; 2 cor'o-nSt, «. An in¬ 
ferior crown, denoting noble 
rank less than sovereign; any 
chaplet or wreath for the head, 
cor'po-ral, 1 ker'po-ral; 2 cor'- 
po-ral, a. Belonging or relat¬ 
ing to the body as opposed to 
the mind; as, corporal punish¬ 
ment. [< L. corporalis, < cor¬ 
pus ( corpor -), body.]—cor'po-ral-ly, adv. 
cor'po-ral, n. The lowest noncommissioned 
officer in a company of soldiers, 
cor'po-rate, 1 ker'po-nt; 2 cor'po-rat, a. In¬ 
corporated or belonging to a corporation. 
[< L. corpus, body.] cor'po-ra-tiv(e s t.—cor'- 
po-rate-ly, adv. 1. As a corporate body. 2. 
In the body; bodily.—eor"po-ra'tion, n. A 
body of persons legally associated for the trans¬ 
action of business.—cor'po-ra"tor, n. A mem¬ 
ber of a corporation. 


cor-po're-al, 1 ker-p5'ri-al; 2 cor-po're-al, a. 
Having a body; of a material nature; physi¬ 
cal: opposed to immaterial or spiritual. [< L. 
corporeus, < corpus {corpor-), body.]— cor"po- 
re'i-ty, n. Existence in the body; material ex¬ 
istence; materiality. cor-po"re-al 'i-tyf; cor- 
po're-al-ness t. —cor-po're-al-ly, adv. In or 
relating to the body; bodily, 
corps, 1 kor; 2 cor, n. [corps, 1 korz; 2 corg, 
pi.] A number of persons acting together; a 
section of an army; a special military depart¬ 
ment. [F„ < L.of corpus, body.] 
corpse, 1 kerps; 2 corps, n. A dead body, as of 
a human being. [ < F. corps; see corps.] 
cor'pu-lent, 1 ker'piu-lent; 2 cor'pu-lent, a. 
Having a great excess of fat; very fleshy. [F., < 
L. corpulentus, fleshy, < corpus, body.]— cor 'pu- 
lence, -len-cy, n.— cor'pu-lent-ly, adv. 
cor'pus-cle, 1 ker'pus-1; 2 cor'pus-l, n. A 
minute particle or body; a cell; atom. [< L. 
corpusculum, dim. of corpus, body.] cor'pus- 
culej. — cor-pus'cu-lar, a. Of, pertaining to, 
or made up of corpuscles; molecular, 
corr., corrup., abbr. Corrupted, corruption, 
cor-ral', 1 ke-ral'; 2 co-ral'. I. vt. [cor¬ 
ralled'; cor-ral'ling.] [Western U. S.] 
To drive into and enclose in a corral; pen up. 
II. n. An enclosed space or pen for live 
stock. [Sp.] 

cor-rect', 1 ke-rekt'; 2 co-rSct'. I d . vt. 1. To 
set straight; remove faults or errors from; 
make right; rectify'. 2. To remove, as an er¬ 
ror; remedy. 3. To chastise; punish. 4. To 
point out the mistakes of; set right. II. a. 
Free from fault or mistake; true, right, or 
proper; accurate. [< L. correctus, pp. of corrigo, 
< con-, together, -f rego, rule.]— cor-rect'a- 
bl(e p , cor-rect'i-bl(e p , a. —cor-rec'tion, n. 
1. The act of correcting or setting right; rectifi¬ 
cation; emendation. 2. That which is offered as 
an improvement. 3. The act or process of dis¬ 
ciplining or chastening, cor-rec'ciont.—cor- 
rec'tion-al. I. a. Tending to or intended for 
correction. II. n. A house of correction.— 
cor-rec'tiv(e s . I. a. Adapted to correct. II. n. 
That which has power or tendency to counteract 
anything wrong or injurious.— cor-rect'ly, adv. 
—cor-rect'ness, n. —cor-rec'tor, n. 
Cor-reg'gio, 1 kor-rej'o; 2 cor-r6g'o, Antonio 
Allegri (1494-1534). An Italian painter. 
cor"re-late\ 1 ker"i-let'; 2 cor"e-lat', vt. & vi. 
[-lat'ed* 1 ; -lat'ing.] To put or be in relation, 
especially in reciprocal relation. — corre¬ 
late, 1 ker'i-let; 2 edr'e-lat, a. & n. — cor"rc-la'- 
tion, n.— cor-rel'a-tiv(e s , a. & n. -Iy, adv. 
-ness, n. 

cor"re-spond' d , 1 ker"i-spond'; 2 cor"e-spond / , 
vi. 1. To be adequate or proportioned; be 
equal or like. 2. To hold communication by 
means of letters. [< L. F cor-, together, + re- 

spondeo, respond.] 

Cor"re-spon 'dence, 1 kerVspen'dens; 2 cor"- 
e-spon'deng, n. 1 . Mutual adaptation; con- 
gruity; agreement. 2. Communication by 
letters; also, the letters themselves, cor"- 
re-spon'den-cyf.—cor"re-spon'dent. I. a. 
Having correspondence; adapted: with to. II. n. 
One who communicates with another by mail or 
telegraph. 

eor"re-spond'ing, 1 ker"i-spend'iq; 2 cori'e- 
spond'ing, pa. 1 . Correspondent; being sim¬ 
ilar and similarly placed: with to. 2. Carry¬ 
ing on a correspondence: with with, -ly, adv 
cor'ri-dor, 1 ker'i-der; 2 cor'i-d5r, n. A wide 
gallery or passage in a building. [F.] 



1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, dr, wdn, 











147 


corner 

costume 


cor 'ri-gi-bl(e p , 1 ker'i-ji-bl; 2 cor'i-gi-bl, a. 
Capable of being corrected. [< L. corrigo; see 
correct.]— cor"ri-gi-bil'i-ty, n. cor'ri-gi- 
ble-nessf.—cor'ri-gi-bly, adv. 
cor-rob'o-rate, 1 ke-rob'o-ret; 2 co-rob'o-rat, 
vt. [-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] To strengthen, as 
conviction; confirm. [< L. cor-, together, + 
robur ( robor -), strength.]— cor-rob"o-ra'tion, n. 
The act of corroborating; confirmation; that which 
corroborates.— cor-rob'o-ra-tiv(e 8 , a. Tending 
to confirm; verifying, cor-rob'o-ra-to-ryf. 
cor-rode', 1 ko-rod'; 2 co-rod', v. [-ROD'ED d ; 
-rod'ing.] I. t. To eat away gradually; 
rust. II. i. To become corroded. [< L. cor-, 
together, + rodo, gnaw.]— cor-ro'sion, n. An 
eating or wearing away; gradual decay.— cor- 
ro'siv(e a . I. a. Having the power of corroding. 
II. n. That which corrodes; a corroding agent, 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. 

cor'ru-gate, 1 ker'u-get; 2 cor'u-gat. I. vt. & 
vi. [-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] To contract into 
alternate ridges and furrows; wrinkle. II. a. 
Contracted into ridges or folds; wrinkled, 
cor'ru-gat"edt. [< L. cor-, together, + ruga, 
wrinkle.]—cor"ru-ga'tion, n. The act of cor¬ 
rugating; a wrinkle. 

cor-rupt ' d , 1 ke-rupt'; 2 co-rupt', v. I. t. To 
subject to decay; spoil; also, to vitiate; de¬ 
prave; pollute; pervert, as by bribery. II. i. 
To become rotten; putrefy.— cor-rupt'er, cor- 
rup'tor, n .— cor-rupt"i-bil'i-ty, n. The qual¬ 
ity of being corruptible.— cor-rupt'i-bl(e p , a. 
That may be corrupted; subject to decay.— cor¬ 
rupt'i-ble-ness, n. — cor-rupt'i-bly, adv. — 
cor-rup'tiv(e a , a. Of a corrupting character, 
cor-rupt', a. 1. In a state of decomposition; 
tainted; putrid. 2. Of a perverted character; 
given to bribery; dishonest; depraved. [< L. 
cor-, together, + rumpo, break.]— cor-rupt'Iy, 
adv. —cor-rupt'ness, n. 

cor-rup'tion, 1 ko-rup'^han; 2 co-rup'shon, n. 
1 . The act of corrupting: state of being cor¬ 
rupted. 2. A corrupting influence, as bribery. 
Cors., abbr. Corsica. 

cor'sage, 1 ker'sij; 2 cor'sag, n. The bodice or 
waist of a woman’s dress. [F.1 
cor'sair, 1 ker'sar; 2 cor'sar, rv. A pirate; 
also, his vessel. [< Pr. p corsari, < L. cursus, 
COURSE.] 

corse, 1 kers; 2 cors, n. 1 . A ribbon used for 
vestments. 2||. A corpse. [< OF. cors, body.] 
cor. sec., abbr. Corresponding secretary, 
corse'let, 1 kers'let; 2 eors'lSt, n. Antiq. The 
complete armor of a soldier; also, a breast¬ 
plate. [F.] 

cor'set, 1 ker'set; 2 cor'sSt, n. A close*fitting 
laced bodice, worn as an undergarment by 
women. [OF.]—cor'set-i-er, n. A maker of 
corsets. cor"se"tiere't, 1 kor"se''tyr>r'; 2 eor"- 
se"tyer' (F.fem.). 

Cor'si-ca, 1 ker'si-ka; 2 cor'si-ea, n. A French 
island (3,367 sq. m.; pop. 288,120) in the Medi¬ 
terranean sea.—Cor'si-can, a. & n. 
cor-tege', 1 ker-ta3'; 2 ebr-tezh', n. A train of at¬ 
tendants. [F., < It. corte, court.] 

Cor'tez, 1 ker'tez; 2 cor'tez, Hernando (1485- 
1547). Spanish military explorer; conquered 
Mexico: discovered Lower California. Cor'test, 
cor'ti-cal, 1 ker'ti-kol; 2 cor'ti-cal, a. Of, or 
pertaining to, consisting of, or like bark; ex¬ 
ternal. -ly, adv. 

Co-ru'na, I ko-ru'nya; 2 co-ru'nya, n. A province 
(3,051 sq. m.; pop. 690,800), and its capital (pop. 
60,200), N. W. Spain. 

co-run'dum, 1 ko-run'dum; 2 co-run'dum, n. 


Mineral. An extremely hard aluminum oxid, 
used for polishing, or, when colored, as a gem* 
stone. [< Hind, kurand, corundum.] 
cor'us-cate, 1 ker'us-ket; 2 cor'iis-cat, vi. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To give out sparkles of 
light. [< L. coruscatus, pp. of corusco, flash.]— 
cor"us-ca'tion, n. A burst of sparks or flashes, 
cor-vette', 1 ker-vet'; 2 cor-vSt', n. A wooden 
war=vessel, ranking next below a frigate. [F.] 
cor 'vet J. 

cor'vin(e s , 1 ker'vin; 2 cor'vin, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to a crow; crow*like. [ < L. corvus, raven.] 
cos., abbr. Consiliarius (L., counselor).— cosec., 
abbr. Cosecant, 
co-se'cant, co'sine. See co- 2 . 
co'sey, a. Same as cozy. 

cos-met'ic, 1 kez-met'ik; 2 cog-mgt'ic. I. a. 
Pertaining to the beautifying of the com¬ 
plexion. cos-met'i-cal]. II. n. A com¬ 
pound applied to the skin to improve its ap¬ 
pearance. [ < Gr. kosmos, ornament.] 
cos'mic, 1 kez'mik; 2 cos'mie, a. Pertaining 
to the universe or cosmos; hence, orderly; 
vast, cos'mi-calf. — cos'ml-cal-ly, adv. 
cosmog., abbr. Cosmography. [mos. 

cos-mog'o-ny, cos-mog'ra-phy, etc. See cos- 
cos"mo-pol'i-tan, 1 kez"mo-pel'i-tan; 2 e*§"- 
mo-pol'i-tan. I. a. Common to all the 
world; not local or limited; at home in all parts 
of the world; widely distributed, as a genus. 
II. n. A citizen of the world, cos-mop 'o-Iitet. 
cos'mos, 1 kez'mes; 2 cos'mos, n. 1. The world 
or universe as a system perfect in order or 
arrangement; any harmonious and complete 
system; order; harmony. 2. [C-] Bot. A small 
genus of the Asteracex. [ < Gr. kosmos, order.] 
— cos-mog'o-ny, n. A theory of creation, as of 
the world or of the universe.— cos"mo-gon'ic, 
a. cos-mog'o-nalt; cos"mo-gon'i-calf.— 
cos-mog'ra-phy, n. The science that describes 
the universe, including astronomy, geography, 
and geology.— cos-mog'ra-pher, n. cos-mog'- 
ra-phistf. — cos"mo-graph'ic, a. cos"mo- 
graph'1-calf.-cos-mol'o-gy, n. [-gies z , pi.] 
The general science or philosophy of the uni¬ 
verse.— cos"mo-iog'i-cal, a. cos"mo-log'lcf. 
—cos-mol'o-gist, n. 

Coss., abbr. [L.] Consules (consuls). 

cos'set, 1 kes'et; 2 cos'et. I d . vt. To fondle; 

pet. II. n. A pet lamb; any pet. 
cost, 1 kest or kest; 2 cost or cost. I. vt. [cost; 
cost'ing.] To require as a price; cause the 
expenditure or loss of, as of life. II. n. The 
price paid for anything; outlay; expense; 
charge. [ < L. LL+P consto, < con-, together, + 
sto, stand.] 

cos'tal, 1 kes'tel; 2 eos'tal, a. Of, pertaining 
to, on, or near a rib. [ < L. costa, rib.] 

Cos'ta Ri'ca, 1 kes'ta rl'ke; 2 cbs'ta ri'ea. A 
republic (23,000 sq. m.; pop. 459,430) of Cen- 
ti*£il America 

Cos'ter, 1 kes'tar; 2 cos'ter, Lawrens Janszoon 
(1370?~1440). Dutch inventor of movable types. 
Kos'tert. 

cos'ter-mon"ger, 1 kes't9r-mun"ger; 2 eos'ter- 
mon"ger, n. A street hawker of fruits, vegetables, 
etc., as in the East End of London, cos'tard- 
mon"gerf; cos'terf.—cos'ter-boy", n. 
cos'tiv(e s , 1 kes'tiv; 2 cos'tiv, a. Constipated. 
[< L. OF constipo; see constipate.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

cost'ly, 1 kest'li; 2 eost'ly, a. Of great cost; 

expensive.— cost'li-ness, n. 
cos'tume, 1 kes'tium; 2 cos'tum, n._ The gar¬ 
ments, collectively, worn at one time; dress. 


l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; tnu = o«t; oil; Iu = fetid; <5h_in; go; H = sing', thin, Hiis. 
2:wglf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bllrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










cosy 

course 


/ 


148 


especially of a country, period, class, etc. 
[F„ < L. LL consuctudo, custom.]— cos-tu me', vt. 
co'sy, a. Same as cozy. 

cot, 1 ket; 2 cot, to. 1. A cottage. 2. A light, 
portable bedstead. 3. A finger-stall. 1 < AS. 
cote, cot.] 

cot., abbr. Cotangent, 
co-tan'gent, to. See co- 2 . 

cote, 1 kot; 2 cot, to. A sheepfold, or a place 
of shelter: used chiefly in compounds; as, a dove- 
cole. [ < AS. cote, cot, den.] 
co-tem"po-ra'ne-ous, co-tem'po-ra-ry, etc. 

See contemporaneous, etc. 
co"te-rie', 1 ko"ta-rI'; eo"te-re', to. A set of 
persons who meet habitually; a clique. [F.] 
co-ter 'mi-nous, a. Same as conterminous. 
co-til 'lion, 1 ko-til'yan; 2 co-ttl'yon, to. 1. A 
square dance; quadrille. 2. The music for 
such a dance. 3. A series of round dances; 
the german. [ < F. cotillon, < OF. cole; see 
coat, to.] co-til 'lonf. 

Co"to-pax'i, 1 ko"to-paks'i; 2 eo"to-paks'i, n. 
A volcano (19,613 ft.) in Ecuador. 



cot'tage, 1 ket'ij; 2 cot'ag, n. 1. A humble 
dwelling; small house. 2. [U. S.] An out-of- 
town residence, often large and sumptuous. 
[< cot.] — cot'tag-er, n. The occupant of a 
cottage.— cot'ter 1 , n. A cottager; farm tenant, 
cot'tart; cot'ti-erf.—cot'ter 2 , n. A key or 
wedge, as to fasten a wheel on its shaft. 

cot'toil, 1 ket'n; 2 cot'n, n. 1. The soft, fibrous 
material appendant to 
the seeds of a plant 
(the cotton-plant) ; also, 
the plant itself, or cot¬ 
ton-plants collectively. 

2. Cotton cloth or 
thread. [< Ar. 8p+p qu- 
tun, cotton.]— cot'tons 
gin", n. A machine used 
to separate the seeds from 
the fiber of cotton.— 
cot'ton-seed", n. The 
seed of the cotton-plant. 

—cot'ton-seed uneal", 
n. Cottonseed, ground 
after expressing the oil: 

used in feeding cattle, mttnn.PKnt 
and as a fertilizer.— cot '- Cotton-Fiant. 

ton-seed soil", to.— cot'- a > the bo11 read ^ for P ickin s- 
ton-tail", n. The common gray rabbit.— cot'- 
ton-wood", n. Any one of several American 
species of poplar. — cot'ton-worm", n. The 
larva of a moth, very damaging 
to the cotton-crop.— cot'ton-y, a. 

cot"y-le'don, 1 ketT-li'dsn; 2 
cot"y-le'don, n. A seed-leaf, or 
first leaf of an embryo. [ < Gr. 
koti/lsdon, socket.]— cot"y-led 'o- 
nous, a. Of, pertaining to, or like 
cotyledons. cot"y-led 'o-nalf. 

couch*, 1 kaudh; 2 couch, v. I. t. 

1. To cause to lie or recline; 
lower, as a spear, for attack. 

2. To express, imply, or conceal 
in a form of words. 3. Surg. 

To remove (as a cataract) 

II. i. To lie down; rest; crouch. 

couch, n. I. A bed or other support for sleep¬ 
ing or reclining. 2. Any place for repose. 

couch'ant, 1 kaudh'ant; 2 couch'ant, a. 1. 
Lying down. 2. Her. Reclining with head 
uplifted. [F.] 

cou'gar, 1 ku'gar; 2 cu'gar, to. The puma or 
panther. [ < S.»Am. cuguacuara.] 



Cotyledon, c, 
c, of an Al¬ 
mond -seed, 
separated to 
show the 
Germ ( a ); r. 
Radicle. 

[ < F. coucher.] 


cough*, ) 1 kef; 2 cof, v. 1. 1. 1. To expel by a 
cof p , ) cough: with up. 2. To produce (some 
result) by coughing. II. i. To expel air 
from the lungs in a spasmodic or noisy man¬ 
ner. [imitative.] 

cough, n. A sudden, harsh expulsion of breath; 

a disease productive of coughing, 
could, 1 kud; 2 cud, imp. of can 1 , v. [< AS. 

eulhe, pret. of cunnan, = can 1 , r.] 
cou'lee, 1 ku'le; 2 cu'le, n. 1. A sheet of solidified 
lava. 2. [Local, N. Am.] A deep gulch, usually 
dry: distinguished by its inclined sides from a 
canon. [F.] 

cou-lomb', 1 ku-lem'; 2 cu-ldm', to. The prac¬ 
tical unit of quantity in measuring electricity; 
the amount conveyed by one ampere in one 
second. [ < Coulotnb, a French physicist.] 
coul'ter, 1 kol'tar; 2 eol'ter, n. A colter, 
coun'cil, 1 kaun'sil; 2 council, n. An as¬ 
sembly for consultation or deliberation. [ < L. F 
concilium, < con-, together, + calo, call.]— 
coun'eil-inan, coun'cil-or, couu'cil-lor, n. 
A member of a council. 

couu'sel, 1 kaun'sel; 2 coun'sgl, v. [-seled or 

-SELLED, -SELD s ; -SEL-ING Or -SEL-LING.] I. t. 
To give advice to; admonish; advise. II. i. 
To take counsel; deliberate, 
coun'sel, n. 1. Mutual consultation or delib¬ 
eration. 2. Opinion; advice; deliberate pur¬ 
pose. 3. Good judgment; prudence. 4. A 
lawyer or lawyers engaged in a cause in 
court; an advocate. [< L. F consilium. < con- 
sulo, consult.]— coun'sel-or, coun'sel-lor, n. 

1. One who gives counsel; an attorney at law; 
advocate. 2. A councilor. 

count 11 , 1 kaunt; 2 count, v. I. t. 1. To call 
off the units of, one by one, in order to ascer¬ 
tain the total; enumerate; number; compute. 

2. To consider to be; judge. 3. To ascribe: 
with to. II. i. 1. To call off numbers in 
order; number 2. To carry weight; add 
value. 3. To rely: with on or upon. [< L. F 
compulo; see compute.] — count'a-bl(e p , a. 

count*, to. 1. The act of counting; number. 
2. Attention; heed; estimation. 3. Law. A 
separate charge, as in an indictment. 
count 2 , to. In France, Spain, Italy, etc., a 
nobleman originally corresponding to an earl 
in England. [< L. OF comes, associate.] 
coun'tc-nance, 1 kaun'ti-nans; 2 coun'te- 
nanc. 1. vt. [-nanced*; -nanc-ing.] To ap¬ 
prove; encourage; abet. II. to. 1. One’s 
face or features. 2. Expression; appearance; 
an encouraging aspect; hence, approval; sup¬ 
port. [< F. contenance, contlnentia; see con¬ 
tinent, to.] 

coun'ter, I kaun'tar; 2 eoun'ter, vt. & vi. To 
return, as one blovr by another; give a return 
blow. 

coun'ter, a. Contrary; opposing, 
count'er 1 , 1 kaunt'ar; 2 count'er, to. 1. One 
who or that which counts, especially a 
machine for counting. 2. A piece of wood, 
ivory, etc., used in counting. [< L.° F computo; 
see compute.] 

coun'ter 2 , 1 kaun'tar; 2 coun'ter, to. A table 
on w-hich to count money or expose goods for 
sale. [< OF. conloir, < L. LL computo; see com¬ 
pute.] 

coun'ter 3 , to. 1. An opposite, or that which 
is opposite; a parry; counter-blow\ 2. The 
portion of a shoe that surrounds the heel of 
the wearer. [ < counter-.] 
coun'ter, adv. Contrary; reversely. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn? 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w'6n, 







149 


cosy 

course 


coun'ter-, prefix. Contrary; opposite. [< F. 
contre-, < L. contra-; see contra-.] [Besides 
the words defined, counter- is used as the first 
element of a large number of words, which may 
be readily defined by combining the meaning of 
the prefix with that of the second element.] 
coun"ter-act' d , 1 kaun"tar-akt'; 2 counter¬ 
act', vt. To act in opposition to; check; frus¬ 
trate; hinder.—coun"ter-ac'tIon, n. —coun"- 
ter-ac'tiv(e s , a. 

coun"ter-bal 'ance, 1 kaun"tar-bal'ans; 2 
coun"ter-bal'anQ. I. vt. [-anced 1 ; -anc-ing.] 
To oppose with an equal force; offset. II. 
n. Any power equally opposing another; a 
counterpoise. 

coun'ter-feit, ) 1 kaun'tar-fit; 2 coun'ter-fit. 
coun'ter-fit s , ( I d . vt. To make fraudulently 
or unlawfully, as money; imitate, with intent 
to deceive; feign; pretend. II. a. Resem¬ 
bling or made to resemble some genuine 
thing, with intent to defraud; imitated; spuri¬ 
ous. III. n. Something, as a coin, made 
fraudulently to resemble the genuine; also, 
any imitation, as a portrait or copy. [< L. p 
contra , + facio, make.]— coun'ter-feit"er, n. 
One who counterfeits money; any pretender. 
coun"ter-niand', 1 kaun"tar-mand'; 2 eoun"- 
ter-mand'. l d . vt. 1. To recall or revoke, as 
an order. 2. To contradict; oppose. II. n. 
An order contrary to or revoking one pre¬ 
viously issued. [ < L. F contra, against, + mando, 
order.] 

coun"ter-march'. I‘. vt. & vi. To march 
back. II. n. 1 . A return march; change of 
front. 2. Any reversal of conduct or method, 
coun 'ter-mine", 1 kaun'tar-main"; 2 eoun'- 
ter-min", vt. To mine counter to (an enemy); 
hence, to baffle or obstruct by secret means. 
—coun'ter-mine", n. 

coun 'ter-pane", 1 kaun'tar-pen"; 2 coun'ter- 
pan", n. A coverlet or quilt. [< L.o p culcila, 
quilt, + puncta, fem. of punctus, point.] 
coun'ter-part", 1 kaun'tor-part"; 2 counter¬ 
part", n. 1. A person or thing precisely like 
another; a facsimile. 2. Something corre¬ 
sponding reversely, as the impression to the 
seal, or the right hand to the left; a comple¬ 
ment; supplement; opposite, 
coun'ter-point", 1 kaun'tar-peint"; 2 counter¬ 
point", n. 1. Mus. The art of adding to a melody 
a part or parts that shall harmonize with it and 
at the same time be intrinsically melodious; also, 
the part or parts so arranged. 2. A point or 
position opposed to another. [ < F. conlrepoint, 
< L. contra (see contra-) + punctus, point.] 
coun"ter-poise', 1 kaun"tar-poiz'; 2 coun"- 
ter-poi§'. I. vt. [-poised'; -pois'ing.] 1. To 
bring to a poise by opposing with an equal 
weight; counterbalance. 2. To offset or frus¬ 
trate. II. n. 1. A counterbalancing weight, 
effort, influence, power, etc. 2. A state of 
equilibrium. [< L. OF contra, against, + pensum, 
weight.] 

coun'ter-sign", 1 kaun'tar-sain"; 2 coun'ter- 
sin". I. vt. To authenticate by an addi¬ 
tional signature. II. n. A secret word or 
phrase to be given,as to a sentry; a watch word. 
COun"ter-sink', 1 kaun"tar-sipk'; 2 counter¬ 
sink'. I. vt. 1 . To cut or shape (a depres¬ 
sion), as for the head of a screw. 2. To sink, 
as a bolt or screw, into a corresponding de¬ 
pression. II. n. 1 . A tool for countersinking. 
2. A depression for a screw=head, bolt, etc. 
coun"ter-vaiI', 1 kaun"tar-vel'; 2 counter¬ 


vail', vt. To oppose with equal power; coun¬ 
teract; offset. [< L.° F contra, against, 4- valeo, 
be strong.] 

count'ess, 1 kaunt'es; 2 count'es, n. The 
wife of a count, or, in Great Britain, of an 
earl. [ < F. comlesse, < L. comes; see count 2 , n.] 
count'ingshouse", n. An office for trans¬ 
acting the business of a mercantile or other 
establishment, count 'ing sroom" J. 
count'less, a. That can not be counted, 
coun'tri-fy, 1 kun'tri-fai; 2 cun'tri-fy, vt. 

[-fied; -fy"ing.] To make rural or rustic, 
country, ) 1 kun'tn; 2 cun'try. I. a. Of or 
cun'try p , ) pertaining to the country; rustic; 
simple; unpolished. II. n. [coun'tries 2 , pi .] 

1. A region or nation; district; tract of land; 
native land. 2. With the definite article, a ru¬ 
ral region. 3. A community; the public. [< F. 
conlree, < LL. contrata, < L. contra, against.] 
—coun'trysdance", n. A dance in which the 
partners are ranged in opposite lines.—coun'- 
try-man, n. [-men, pi.] 1. One living in the 
country; a rustic. 2. An inhabitant of a par¬ 
ticular country; one of the same country with 
another.—coun'trysseat", n. A dwelling or 
mansion in the country.—coun'try-side", n. 
A section of country, or its inhabitants.—coun'- 
try-wo"man, n. 

coun'ty, 1 kaun'ti; 2 coun'ty, n. [coun'ties z , 
pi.] A civil division of a state; also, its in¬ 
habitants. [ < LL. F comilatus, < L. comes; 
see count 2 , n.] 

coup, 1 ku; 2 cu, n. A sudden telling blow; a 
masterstroke; stratagem. [F.]—coup de grace, 
1 ku da gras; 2 eq de gras [F.], the finishing or 
mortal stroke; literally, a stroke of mercy.—• 
coup de main, 1 ku da man; 2 eu de man [F.], a 
sudden, vigorous stroke; surprize.—c. d’e"tat', 
1 ku de"ta'; 2 eu de"ta' [F.], a sudden stroke of 
policy or statesmanship, often accompanied by 
violence. 

cou"pii', 1 ku"pe'; 2 cu"pe', n. 1. A low four* 
wheeled two=seated close carriage, or a closed 
motor=car with seats for two to four persons. 

2. The forward compartment of a French 
diligence, or a half*compartment of a Con¬ 
tinental railway*carriage. [F., < couper, cut.] 

coup'Ie, ) 1 kup'l; 2 eiip'l. I. vt. & vi. [coup'- 
cup'Ie p , > led, cup'ld p ; coup'ling, cup'ling p .] 
To join; place together in a pair; join in wed¬ 
lock; connect; unite. II. n. Two of a kind; 
a pair. [ < L. F copulo, < copula; see copula.] 
—coup'Ier, n. 1. One who or that which 
couples. 2. A mechanical device by which ob¬ 
jects are connected. coup'lingt. 
coup'let, i 1 kup'let; 2 cup'let, n. Two similar 
cup'Iet p , ) things taken or considered to¬ 
gether; two lines of verse in immediate 
sequence, riming together. [F.] 
cou'pon, 1 ku'pen; 2 cu'pon, n. A detachable 
portion of a bond, ticket, or the like, certify¬ 
ing something, as interest, to be due. [F., < 
couper, cut.] 

cour'age, / 1 kur'ij; 2 cur'ag, n. Intrepidity, 
cur'age p , ) calmness, and firmness in face of 
danger or opposition; bravery. [F., < L. cor, 
heart.]—cou-ra'geous, a. Possessed of or char¬ 
acterized by courage; brave; intrepid, -ly, adv. 
cou'ri-er, 1 ku'ri-ar; 2 cu'ri-er, n. A messen¬ 
ger; also, a traveling attendant. [OF., < L. 
curro, run.] 

course, 1 kors; 2 cors. I. vt. & vi. [coursed 1 ; 
cours'ing.] To run or cause to run; run 
through or over; hunt (hares) with grey¬ 
hounds. II. n. 1. The act of moving on- 


1:8 = final; i = habiG aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = fe«d; tfhin; go; _ o = sing?; €hin, this, 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; tlp-n, this, 









court 

cranium 


150 


ward; career. 2. The way passed over, or 
the direction taken. 3. A series of connected 
motions, acts, or events; sequence. 4. Line 
of conduct. 5. The portion of a meal served 
at one time. 6. A row or layer. 7. pi. The 
menses. [F., fem. of cours, < L. cursus, course, 
< cwro, run.]— cours 'er, n. 1. A fleet and 
spirited horse. 2. One given to the chase, 
court, 1 lcort; 2 eort. I d . vt. 1. To make love 
to; woo. 2. To seek the favor of; seek as a 
favor; solicit: used also intransitively. II. a. 
Of or pertaining to a court. III. n. 1. A 
judicial tribunal, or the presiding judge or 
judges. 2. The residence, or the council and 
retinue, of a sovereign. 3. A courtyard or a 
blind alley. 4. Obsequious or flattering at¬ 
tention. [< l.ll+of cors ( cort -), short for cohors 
(.cohort -).]— court'ly, a. Pertaining to or befit¬ 
ting a court; elegant in manners.— court'li-ness, 
n .—court martial [courts martial, pi .],- a 
court convened to try offenses against military or 
naval law.— court'splas"ter, n. A thin, flne 
adhesive plaster.— court'ship, n. The act or 
period of courting or wooing.— court'yard", n. 
An enclosed yard adjoining a building, or sur¬ 
rounded by buildings, to which it gives access, 
cour'te-ous, / 1 kur'ti-us; 2 cdr'te-us, a. Show- 
cur'te-ous s , ) ing courtesy; polite; affable, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

cour'te-san, n. Same as courtezan. 
courte'sy, (1 kurt'si; 2 cfirt'sy, vi. [-sied; 
curte'sy 8 , ) -sy-ing.] To make the gesture of 
respect called a curtsy. 

courte'sy 1 , n. [-sies z , pi.] A gesture of civili¬ 
ty or respect; a curtsy. See curtsy. 
cour'te-sy 2 , 1 kur'ti-si; 2 cflr'te-sy, n. {-siesz, 
pi.] 1. Genuine and habitual politeness; 
courtliness. 2. A courteous favor or act. 3. 
Common consent. [ < F. cowtoisie.] cur'te-syt. 
cour'te-zan, 1 kur'ti-zon; 2 cdr'te-zan, n. A 
prostitute. [< It. F cortegiano, < corte, court.] 
court 'ier, 1 kort'yar; 2 cort'yer, n. 1. A mem¬ 
ber of the court circle. 2. One who seeks 
favor by flattery and complaisance. [OF.] 
cous'in, I 1 kuz'n; 2 ciig'n, n. The child of an 
cuz'in p , ) uncle or aunt, or a descendant of one 
so related. [F.]— cousin german, a first or full 
cousin. — cous'in-ly, a. & adv. 
cove 1 , 1 kov; 2 eov, n. 1. A small bay or bay* 
like recess. 2. A narrow valley among moun¬ 
tains. 3. A concavity. [< AS. cofa, chamber, 
cave.] [sy cova, thing.] 

cove 2 , n. [Slang.] A boy or man; fellow. [< Gip- 
cov'e-nant, )1 kuv'i-nsnt; 2 cov'e-nant. I. 
cuv'e-nant p , $ vt. & vi. To promise by cove¬ 
nant; bind oneself by covenant. II. n. An 
agreement entered into by two or more per¬ 
sons or parties; a compact. [< L.« F conve- 
ien(t-)s, < con, together, + venio, come.]— 
cov'e-nant-er, n. One who enters into a cove¬ 
nant. cov'e-nant-orf. 

Cov'en-try, 1 kev'en-tri; 2 e6v'6n-try, n. A 
manufacturing town (pop. 128,200) in the Mid¬ 
lands of England.— to send to C., to banish 
from society or social intercourse; ostracize, 
cov'er, ) 1 kuv'ar; 2 cov'er, v. I. t. 1. To 
cuv 'er p , ) overspread or overlay with some¬ 
thing; enwrap; put upon; sit or brood over, as 
eggs. 2. To hide, screen. 3. To suffice or 
compensate for. 4. To bring and keep within 
range, as of a gun or guns or troops. 5. To 
accomplish; pass over, as a space or distance. 
II. i. 1. To spread or extend over some¬ 
thing. 2. To put one’s hat on. [ < L.<> F cooperio. 


< co- intens. + operio, hide.]—cov'er-ing, n. 
1. Anything that covers. 2. The act of putting 
on a cover.—cov'er-let, n. The outer covering 
of a bed; a quilt, cov'er-Iidf. 

cov'er, n. 1. That which is spread or fitted over 
or encloses anything. 2. A veil or disguise; 
pretext. 3. A shelter or defense; protection. 
4. A thicket or underbrush, etc., sheltering 
game. 5. Table furniture for one person. 
Cov'er-dale, 1 kuv'ar-del; 2 cov'er-dal, Miles 
(1488-1568). An English Augustinian monk; 
first English translator of whole Bible, 
cov'ert, i 1 kuv'art; 2 cov'ert. I. o. Con- 
cuv'ert p , f cealed; secret; sheltered. II. n. 
Something that shelters, defends, or conceals; 
a shady place or thicket. [OF., < covrir, cover.] 
—cov'ert-ly, adv. 

cov'er-ture, )1 kuv'ar-dhur; 2 cov'er-chur, 
cuv'er-ture p , ) n. Law. Marriage; the legal 
state of a married woman. 
cov'et d , / 1 kuv'et; 2 cov'et, v. I. t. 1. To 
cuv'et p , )'have an inordinate or unlawful de¬ 
sire for. 2. To have an eager and worthy de¬ 
sire for; crave. II. i. To indulge extreme or 
unlawful desire. [< L. OF cupidita(t-)s; see cu¬ 
pidity.]— cov'et-ous, a. Inordinately eager to 
acquire and possess, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
cov'ey, ) 1 kuv'i; 2 cov'y, n. A flock, as of 
cuv'ey p , £ quails or partridges. [< F. couvee, 

< couver, brood.] 

cow, 1 kau; 2 cow, vt. To overawe; intimidate; 

daunt. [ < Ice. kuga, tyrannize over.] 
cow T , n. The female of milk-yielding do¬ 
mestic cattle ; also, that of some other 
animals. [< AS. cm.] — cow 'bird", n. An 
American blackbird, often found with cattle. 
cow'sblack"bird"J. — cow'boy", n. A boy, or, 
in the western United States, a mounted man, 
employed to tend cattle.— cow 'catclT'er, n. 
An iron frame on the front of a locomotive, to 
throw obstructions from the track; pilot.— cow'- 
herd", n. A herdsman.— cow'hide". I. vt. 
[cow'HiD'EDd; cow' hid"ing.] To whip with or as 
with a cowhide. II. n. 1. The skin of a cow, 
either before or after tanning. 2. A whip made 
of twisted leather.— cow'dick", n. A tuft of 
hair turned up over the forehead as if licked by a 
cow.— cow'pox", n. An acute contagious dis¬ 
ease of cows, the source of vaccine, 
cow'ard, 1 kau'erd; 2 eow'ard, n. One lacking 
in courage; a craven; poltroon.. [< F. couard, < 
OF. coue (< L. cauda), tail.]—cow'ard, a. — 
cow'ard-ice, n. Unworthy timidity; poltroon¬ 
ery.— cow'ard-ly. I. a. Like or befitting a 
coward; pusillanimous. II. adv. In a cowardly 
manner.— cow'ard-li-ness, n. 
cow'er, 1 kau'ar; 2 cow'er, vi. To crouch 
tremblingly; quail. [< Ice. kura, doze.] 

Cowes, 1 kauz; 2 eow§, n. An English seaside 
resort, Isle of Wight. 

cowl, 1 kaul; 2 cowl, n. 1. A monk’s hood; a 
hooded garment. 2. A monk. 3. A hood¬ 
shaped top, as for a chimney. [ < L.as cucullus, 
hood.l [fellow worker, 

co-work'er, 1 kd-wurk'ar; 2 co-wfirk'er, n. A 
Cow'pens, 1 kau'penz; 2 eow'pen§, n. Village, 
Spartanburg county, S. C.; British defeated, 
Jan. 17, 1781. 

Cow 'per, 1 kau'par or ku'par; 2 eow'per or cob'- 
per, William (1731-1800). An English poet; 

John Gilpin. 

cow'ry, 1 kau'rr, 2 cow'ry, n. [cow'riesz, pi.] An 
ornamental shell, a small variety of which is 
used as money in Africa and the East Indies. 
[< Hind, kawl, cowTy; cp. Beng. kari.] cow'- 
rief; gow'ryf; mou'eyscow"ryJ. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fAre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, r Ole; but, burn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh^t, ad; tne, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, dr, wdnj 









151 


court 

cranium 


cow'slip", 1 kau'slip"; 2 cow'slfp", n. An 
English wild flower of the 
primrose family; an allied 
or similar American w r ild 
flower. [< AS. cu, cow, + 
slyppe, cow*droppings.] 
cox'comb", 1 keks'kom"; 

2 coks'cdm", n. 1. A 
pretentious and conceited 
fop. 2. Same as cocks- 
comb. — cox-comb 'i-cal, a. Cowslip, 

cox-corn'i-calf.—cox-comb'I-cal-ly, adv. 
cox'swain, 1 kek'swen or kek'sn; 2 eok'swan or 
cok'sn, n. One who steers or has charge of a 
rowboat. 

coy, 1 kei; 2 coy, a. 1. Shrinking from notice 
or familiar advances; diffident; shy. 2. Co¬ 
quettish. [OF., < L. quietus, quiet.] — coy'ly, 
adv.— coy 'ness, n. 

CO-yo'te, 1 ko-yo'ti or kai'ot; 2 co-yS'te or cy'- 
ot, n. A burrowing dog*like mammal, the 
prairie*wo!f of the western United States. 
[Sp., < Mex. coyotl.] 

coz, 1 kuz; 2 coz, n. A cousin. 

coz'en, ) 1 kuz'n; 2 coz'n, vt. & vi. To cheat 
cuz'en p , i in a petty way. [ < F. cousiner, < 
cousin, cousin.]— coz'eu-age, n. Deceit; fraud. 
—coz'en-er, n. 

co'zy, 1 ko'zi; 2 co'zy, a. [co'zi-er; co'zi-est.] 
Snugly and easily comfortable; contented; 
sociable. [ < Gael, cosach, full of hollows, snug, 
< cos, crevice ]— co'zi-ly, co'si-ly, adv. 

C. P., abbr. Chief Patriarch, civil power. Clerk of 
the Peace, Code of Procedure, Common Pleas, 
Congregatio Passionis (L., Passionist Fathers), 
Court of Probate.—c. p., abbr. Candle*power, 
chemically pure, circular pitch.— cp., abbr. Com¬ 
pare.—C. P. A., abbr. Certified Public Accoun¬ 
tant.—C. P. C., abbr. Clerk of the Privy Coun¬ 
cil.—C. P. M., abbr. Common particular meter. 
—C. P. S., abbr. [L.] Cuslos Privali Sigilli 
(Keeper of the Privy Seal).—Cr, abbr. Chro¬ 
mium.— Cr., abbr. Credit, creditor, crown, 
craal, n. Same as kraal. 

crab 1 , 1 krab; 2 crab, n. 1. A 1 (Mooted crus¬ 
tacean having the abdomen or tail folded 
under the body. 2. [C-] A constellation, 
Cancer. 3. A form of windlass. [< AS. crabba.] 
crab 2 , n. 1. A kind of small, sour apple. 
crab'sap"plet. 2. A tree bearing this fruit. 

[ < Sw. krabb- in krabbaple, crab*apple.] 
crab'bed, 1 krab'ed; 2 crab'gd, a. 1. Sour* 
tempered; peevish. 2. Harsh; sour; abstruse. 

[ < crab 2 , n.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
crack 1 , 1 krak; 2 crak, v. I. t. 1. To make 
cracks in; burst; split; break open. 2. To 
cause to give forth a short, sharp sound; 
snap. 3. To derange mentally. 4. To tell 
with spirit. II. i. 1. To split or break. 2. To 
make a sharp, snapping sound. [ < AS. cracian 
(imitative).]—crack'er, n. A person or thing 
that cracks; a firecracker; a'thin, brittle biscuit. 
—cracks 'man, n. [-men, pi.} [Slang.] A burglar, 
crack, n. 1. A partial breakage; a fissure. 2. A 
sudden and sharp sound; a sounding blow.— 
crack-brained", a. Weak*minded; impaired 
in intellect; odd. 

crack'l(e p , 1 krak'l; 2 crak'l. I. vt. & vi. 
[crack'l(e)d p ; crack'ling.1 To crack slight¬ 
ly and repeatedly; cover with cracks. II. n. 
1. A succession of light, cracking sounds; 
crepitation 2. A small crack; a network 
of fine cracks, as on china. [Freq. of crack.1 
—crack'ling, n. 1. A crackling sound. 2. The 
crisp browned skin of roasted pork. 


crack 'nel, 1 krak'nel; 2 erak'nel, n. 1. A hard, 
brittle biscuit. 2. pi. Bits of crisply fried pork. 
Cra'cow, n. See Krakow. 
era 'die, 1 kre'dl; 2 cra'dl, vt. & vi. [cra'dled; 
cra'dling.1 1. To put into, rest, or rock in or 
as in a cradle; soothe; nurse; nurture. 2. To 
reap with a cradle, as wheat. 3. To wash, a3 
gold*bearing gravel, in a mining*cradle. 
era'die, n. 1. A rocking or swinging bed for 
an infant. 2. A place of birth; origin. 3. 
Agric. A scythe with fingers that catch the 
grain when cut. 4. A frame for sustaining a 
vessel. 5. A box on rockers for washing ore. 
[ < AS. cradel, < Ir. craidhal.] 

Crad'ock, 1 krad'ek; 2 crad'ok. Sir Christopher 
(1862-1914). British rear admiral defeated and 
drowned in battle off Coronel, Chile, Nov. 1. 
1914. 

craft, 1 kraft; 2 craft, n. 1. Cunning or skill; 
guile. 2. A trade, or those employed in it. 
3. Naut. A vessel; also, collectively, vessels. 
[< AS. erseft, skill, art, strength, courage.]— 
crafts'man, n. [-men, pi.] A member of a 
craft; a skilled mechanic, -ship, n. —craft'y, a. 
Skilful in deceiving; cunning.—craft'i-ly, adv. — 
craft'i-ness, n. 

crag, 1 krag; 2 crag, n. A rough, steep rock 
jutting out prominently. [< W. craig, rock.]— 
crag'ged, a. Having numerous crags, crag'- 
gyj.—crag'ged-ness, n. crag'gi-nessj. 
crake, 1 krek; 2 crak, n. A small, short*billed 
rail*bird, with harsh cry. < Ice. kraka, crow.] 
cram, 1 kram; 2 cram, v. [crammed, cramd 1 *; 
cram'ming.] I. t. 1. To press together; 
pack tightly; crowd. 2. To feed to satiety. 
3. To force into the mind. II. i. 1. To eat 
greedily. 2. To force knowledge into the 
mind by hurried study. [< AS. crammlan, 
stuff.] [riming game, 

cram'bo, 1 kram'bo; 2 cram'bo, n. A word* 
cramp 1 , 1 kramp; 2 cramp. I 1 , vt. To fasten 
with or as with a cramp. II. n. A device, as 
an iron with bent ends, for binding two 
pieces firmly together. [Of AS. origin.] 
cramp 2 . I 1 , vt. To affect with cramps. II. n. 
Med. 1. An involuntary, sudden, painful 
muscular contraction. 2. A form of local 
paralysis. [< F . crampe, < D .kramp.] 
cran'ber"ry, 1 kran'ber"i; 2 cran'ber"y, n. 
[-ries z , pi.] The bright*scarlet acid berry of 
a plant growing in marshy land, or the plant 
itself. [< AS. cran, for crane 1 , n„ + berry 1 .] 
crane, 1 kren; 2 cran, v. I. t. To stretch out or 
elongate, as a crane stretches its neck. II. i. 
To be elongated; to hesi¬ 
tate at anything. 
crane 1 , n. A large long* 
necked, longdegged, her- 
on*like bird. [ < AS. cran.] 
crane 2 , n. Mech. 1. A 
hoisting*machine with a 
swinging arm. 2. A sup¬ 
port for kettles in a fire- 
place. 3. A siphoh. 

[ < crane 1 , n. (its arm re¬ 
sembling a crane’s neck).] 
craniol., abbr. Craniology.—cranlom., abbr. Cra¬ 
niometry. 

cra'ni-um, 1 kre'm-um; 2 era'ni-um, n. [cra'- 
ni-a, pi.] The skull. [LL., < Gr. kranion, skull.] 
—cra'ni-al, a. Of or pertaining to the cranium. 
—cra"ni-ol'o-gy, n. The study of skulls.— 
cra"ni-o-log'i-cal, a. —cra"ni-om'e-try, n. 
Scientific skulbmeasurement.—cra"ni-o-met'- 
ric, -ri-cal, a. —cra"ni-o-met'ri-ca!-ly, adv. 




l:a = final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = o«t; ©II; Iu = fe«d; <5hin; go; rj = sin^; thin, this. 
2:wplf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this, 













crank 

crime 


153 


crank, 1 krarjk; 2 crank, a. 1. Naut. Delicate¬ 
ly or ill balanced; easily capsized. 2. Hence, 
shaky. 3. Spirited; lively. [Ult. < AS. crin- 
can, yield.] fjj 

crank, n. 1. A bent arm attached 

to an axis, or a bent portion of an fjjg jg&sU 
axle, for converting rotary into re- regfegra 
ciprocating motion, or vice versa. 

2. [Colloq., U. S ] An unbalanced 
person; a monomaniac. [ < crank, 

a.]—crank'y, a. 1. Full of whims; rr „ nl . 
mentally un balanced. 2. Crooked. 

3. Rickety; liable to upset.—crank'i-ly, adv. 
—crank'i-ness, n. 

Cran'mer, 1 kran'mar; 2 cran'mer, Thomas 
(1489-1556). English Protestant, archbishop of 
Canterbury; burned at the stake, 
cran'ny, 1 kran'i; 2 cran'y, n. [cran'nies 2 , 
pi.] A narrow opening; Assure. [< L. F crena, 
notch.] 

crape, 1 krep; 2 crap, n. A thin gauze*like 
material. [< F. crlpe.] crepe}, 
crash', 1 kra^h; 2 cr&sh, v. I. t. To dash in 
pieces noisily. II. i. To make a noise, as of 
sudden violent breaking. [< Sw. krasa (imi¬ 
tative) .] 

crash 1 , n. 1. A loud, crashing noise. 2. De¬ 
struction; bankruptcy. 

crash 2 , n. A coarse linen fabric, as for towel¬ 
ing. [ < L. crassus, coarse.] 
crass, 1 kras; 2 cr&s, a. 1. Coarse or thick in 
structure; dense. 2. Dull; obtuse. [ < L. crassus, 
thick.]— crass'ly, adv .— crass'ness, n. 
crast., abbr. [I..] Crastina (to»morrow). 
crate, 1 kret; 2 crat. I d . vt. To put in a crate. 
II. n. A large wickerwork hamper or frame¬ 
work of slats, for transporting various arti¬ 
cles. [ < L. cralis, wickerwork.] 
era'ter, 1 kre'tar; 2 cra'ter, n. The bowl* 
shaped depression forming the outlet of a 
volcano or of a hot spring. [< Gr. krallr, mix- 
ing*vessel.] 

cra-vat', 1 kra-vat'; 2 cra-vat', n. A folded 
cloth for the neck; neckcloth. [< F. cravate .] 
crave, 1 krev; 2 crav, v. [craved; crav'ing.] 

1. t. 1. To beg for humbly and earnestly. 

2. To long for. II. i. To desire or entreat 
humbly or seriously: with for. [< AS. crafian.] 

era'veil, 1 kre'vn; 2 cra'vn. I. a. Lacking in 
courage; cowardly. II. n. A base coward. 
[< L.of crepo, break.]— cra'ven-ly, adv. 
craw, 1 kre; 2 era, n. The first stomach or crop 
of a bird. [ < Dan. kro.] 

craw'fish", 1 kro'fi^h"; 2 cra'flsh", n. A small 
fresh*water lobster*like crustacean. [< OHG. OF 
chrebiz, crab.] 

crawl, 1 krel; 2 cral, vi. To move as a worm; 
move slowly or cautiously; creep. [< Ice. 
krafla, paw, crawl.]— crawl'lng-ly, adv. 

Cray 'fish", 1 kre'fi^h"; 2 cra'fish", n. A craw¬ 
fish. 

Cray'on, 1 kre'on; 2 cra'on, n. 1. A slender 
cylinder, as of charcoal or prepared chalk, for 
drawing on paper. 2. An oily pencil, used in 
lithography. 3. A carbon*point in an arc* 
light. 4. A drawing made with crayons. [F.] 
craze, 1 krez; 2 craz. I. vt. & vi. [crazed; 
craz'ing.] 1. To make or become insane. 
2. To make or become full of minute cracks 
or flaws, as pottery. II. n. 1. Mental dis¬ 
order; an insane freak of fashion; a caprice, 
prejudice, or crotchet. 2. A flaw in the glaze 
of pottery. [< Sw. krasa, crash.]— crazed, a. 
1. Insane. 2. Cracked, as glaze.— cra'zy, a. 


[cra'zi-er; cra'zi-est.] 1. Insane; originating 
in or characterized by insanity. 2. Dilapidated; 
rickety.— cra'zysbone", n. See funny*bone. — 
cra'zi-ly, adv.— cra'zi-ness, n. 
creak, 1 krlk; 2 crek. I 1 , vt. & vi. To make, or 
cause to make, a creak. II. n. A sharp, 
squeaking sound, as from friction. [Var. of 
crack, n .]—crcak'y, a. [creak'i-er; creak'i- 
est.] Apt to creak; creaking, 
cream, 1 krim; 2 crem. I. vt. & vi. To skim 
cream from, or supply cream to; be covered 
with cream, or with scum, etc. II. n. 1. A 
gathering of fatty globules on the surface of 
milk; hence, any substance similar in forma¬ 
tion or appearance. 2. The part of something 
regarded as the choicest or best. [ < F. ertme.] 
— cream 'er, n .— cream'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 1. 
A place for collecting, keeping, or selling cream. 
2. A butter*making establishment.— cream'y, 
a. [cream'i-er; cream'i-est.] Resembling or 
containing cream.— cream'i-ness, n. 
crease, 1 kris; 2 cres, vt. [creased 1 , creast 8 ; 
creas'ing.] To make a crease, fold, or 
wrinkle in.— creas'er, n. 
crease 1 , n. The mark of a wrinkle, fold, or the 
like. [Perhaps Celt.] 
crease 2 , n. Same as creese. 
cre'a-sote, n. Same as creosote. 
cre-ate', 1 krl-et'; 2 ere-at', vt. [cre-at'ed^ ; 
cre-at'ing.] 1. To bring into existence; 
make out of nothing; originate; produce; oc¬ 
casion. 2. To invest with a new rank, etc.; 
appoint. [< L. creo, make.]— cre-a'tlon, n. 

1. The act of creating. 2. That which Is created; 
the universe. 3. Investiture.—cre-a'tlon-al, a. 
-ly, adv. —cre-a'tiv(e 8 , a. Having the power to 
create; productive.—cre-a'tor, n. 1. One who 
creates; [C-] God as the maker of the universe. 

2. That which produces or causes.—cre-a 'tor- 
ship, n. 

crea'ture, 1 kri'chur; 2 cre'chtir, n. 1. That 
which has been created; a living being. 2. 
A dependent; tool. 

creche, 1 krasii; 2 er^ch, n. 1. A public day* 
nursery. 2. A foundling asylum. [F.] 

Cre"cy', 1 kre^sl'; 2 cre'ej 1 '. n. Small town, N. W. 
France; Edward III. of England defeated French, 
Aug. 26, 1346. Cres'syJ. 
cre'dence, 1 kri'dens; 2 cre'deng, n. Confi¬ 
dence based upon external evidence; belief. 
[< L. OF creden(t-)s, ppr. of credo, believe.] 
cre-den'tial, 1 krl-den'sliel; 2 ere-d6n'shal, n. 
That which certifies one’s authority or claim 
to confidence. 

cred'i-l)l(e p , 1 kred'i-bl; 2 crSd'i-bl, a. Capa¬ 
ble of being believed; worthy of credit, con¬ 
fidence, or acceptance. [ < L. credibilis, < 
credo, believe.]— cred"i-bil'i-ty, n. The state 
or quality of being credible; trustworthiness, 
cred 'i-ble-nessj.— cred'i-bly, adv. 
cred'it, 1 kred'it; 2 cr&d'it. I J . vt. To give 
credit to.or for; believe; accept as true. II. n. 
1. Belief in the truth of a statement or in the 
sincerity of a person; trust.. 2. Reputation 
for trustworthiness; character; repute. 3. 
Title to praise or esteem; honor. 4. In book¬ 
keeping, amount in one’s favor, or the entry 
or record of it. [< L. F creditum, orig. < credo, 
believe.]— creel "it-a-bil 'i-ty, n. cred'it-a- 
ble-nesst.— cred'it-a-bl(e p , a. Deserving or 
reflecting credit; praiseworthy; meritorious.— 
cred'it-a-bly, adv .— cred'i-tor, n. One to 
whom another is pecuniarily indebted, 
ere'do, 1 krl'do; 2 ere'do, n. A creed, espe- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, er; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice. » = e, I = e, go, not, or, won, 







153 


crank 

crime 


daily the Apostles’ Creed. [< L. credo, I 
believe.] 

cred'u-lous, 1 kred'yu-lus; 2 ered'yu-lus, a. 
Apt or disposed to believe on slight evidence. 
[< L. credulus, < credo, believe.] -ly, adv .— 
cre-du'li-ty, n. The state or quality of being 
credulous; a proneness to accept the Improbable 
or the marvelous, cred'u-lous-nessf. 
creed, 1 krid; 2 cred, n. A formal summary of 
religious belief; doctrine. [ < L. A s credo, believe.] 
creek, 1 krlk; 2 crek, n. A small inlet or stream. 

[ < AS. crecca, orig. bend or turn.] 
creel, 1 krll; 2 crel, n. A fishing*basket. [Sc.] 
creep, 1 krlp; 2 crep, vi. [crept, creep'ing.] 

I. To move as a serpent; crawl. 2. To move 
slowly, imperceptibly, secretly, or stealthily. 
3. To exhibit servility; cringe. [< AS. creo- 
pan.] — creep'er, n. One who or that which 
creeps; a creeping or climbing plp,nt.— creep 
ing-ly, adv. By creeping movements.— creep 'y, 
a. —creep'i-ly, adv. —creep'i-ness, n. 

creese, 1 krls; 2 cres, n. A Malayan dagger with 
a waved blade. [ < Malay krls, dagger.] 
cre-mate', 1 kri-met'; 2 cre-mat', vt. [-mat'- 
ED d ; -mat'ing.] To burn up; reduce to 
ashes. [< L. cremo (pp. crematus), burn.] — 
cre-ma'tion, n. The act or practise of burning, 
especially of burning the dead.— cre-ma'tor, n. 
— cre'ma-to-ry, n. [-riesz, pi.] A place for 
cremating dead bodies. cre"ma-to'ri-umf. 
Cre-mo'na, 1 kri-mo'na; 2 cre-mo'na, n. 1. A 
province (685 sq. m.; pop. 352,992), Lombardy, 
Italy. 2. Its capital (pop. 42,704), famous for 
its violins; hence, a violin made there, 
ere'ole, 1 krl'ol; 2 cre'dl, n. A native of Span¬ 
ish America, or of the West Indies, of Euro¬ 
pean parentage. [< Sp. F criollo, negro.]— 
ere'ole, a. 

cre'o-sote, 1 kri'o-sot; 2 cre'o-sot, n. An oily 
liquid compound distilled from wood and 
having a smoky odor and burning taste. [ < 
Gr. kreas, flesh, + soler, preserver, < sozo, 
preserve.] 

crepe, 1 krep; 2 crep, ». See crape, n. 
crep'i-tate, 1 krep'i-tet; 2 crep'i-tat, vi. 
[~tat"ed, -tat"ing.] To make a succession 
of quick snapping sounds; crackle; rattle. 
[< L. crepito, freq. of crepo, creak.]— crep'i- 
tant, a.— crep"i-ta'tion, n. 
crept, 1 krept; 2 crept, imp. of creep, v. 
cres., cresc., abbr. Crescendo, 
cres-cen'do, 1 kre-^hen'do; 2 cre-shen'do. I. 
a. Slowly increasing in loudness or power. 

II. n. Mus. A gradual increase in the force 
of sound. [L.i T cresco, grow.] 

cres'cent, 1 kres'ent; 2 eres'ent. I. a. 1. 
Increasing: said of the moon in its first 
quarter. 2. Crescent*shaped. II. n. 1. 
The visible part of the moon in its first or 
last quarter; the new or old moon. 2. Some¬ 
thing crescent=shaped, as the device 
on the Turkish standard; hence, the 
Turkish or Mohammedan power. 

[< L. crescen(l-)s, ppr. of cresco, 
increase.] 

cress, 1 kres; 2 cres, n. A plant of 
the mustard family, having a pun¬ 
gent taste. [ < AS. cserse, cressa .] 
cres'set, 1 kres'et; 2 cres'et, n. A Cresset, 
frame or vessel mounted to hold a torch or 
beacon; a burning - light. 

Cres'sl-da, 1 kres'i-da; 2 eres'i-da, n. Daughter 
of Calchas, unfaithful to Troilus; proverbial for 
infidelity. 

crest d , 1 krest; 2 crest, v. I. t. To serve as a’ 



crest for; crown. II. i. To take the form of a 
crest. 

crest, n. 1. A comb or tuft on the head of a 
fowl; projection on the 
top of a helmet; a plume; 
tuft; the ridge of a wave 
or of a mountain; the top 
of anything. 2. A heral¬ 
dic device; coat of arms. 

3. Loftiness; pride; 
courage. [< OF. creste, < 

L. crista, tuft.]—crest'ed, 
a. Bearing a crest.—crest'- 
fal"Ien, a. Having the 
crest or head lowered; dis¬ 
pirited; dejected. 

cre-ta'ceous, 1 kn-te'^hus; crest (a Dragon) 

2 cre-ta shus, a. Consist- upon a 16th»cen- 
ing of or rqlated to chalk; tury Helmet, 
chalky. [< L. creta, chalk.) 

Crete, 1 krlt; 2 eret, n. An island (3,326 sq. m.; 
pop. 310,000) in eastern Mediterranean sea. 

cre-tonne', 1 kn-ten'; 2 cre-ton', n. A.n un¬ 
glazed cotton fabric printed on one side in 
colored patterns. [F., < name of first maker.] 

cre-vasse', 1 kri-vas'; 2 ere-vas', n. 1. A deep 
fissure in a glacier. 2. [U. S.] A breach in a 
levee. [F.] 

crev'ice, )1 krev'is; 2 crev'ig 



n. A small 
F. crevasse, < 


crev'is s , $ fissure or crack. [< 
crever, break.] 

crew ||, 1 kru; 2 cru, imp. of crow, v. 
crew, n. 1. The company of seamen belonging 
to a vessel. 2. Any company of men working 
together; a crowd; gang. [Cp. accrue.] 
crew'el, 1 kru'el; 2 cru'el, n. A slackly twisted 
worsted yarn, used in fancy*work. 
crib, 1 krib; 2 crib. I. vt. & vi. [cribbed, 
cribd s ; crib'bing.] To enclose in a crib; 
confine closely; use a crib; steal; plagiarize; 
bite the crib, as a horse. II. n. 1. A rack, 
manger, or stall for cattle. 2. A child’s bed¬ 
stead, with side railings. 3. A box or bin for 
grain. 4. A small raft. 5. A frame of wood 
or timber, as to retain a bank of earth. 6. A 
petty theft, or the thing taken; plagiarism; 
also, a translation or other unauthorized aid 
in study. 7. A house, cottage, lodging, etc. 
[< AS. crib.] — crib'ber, n. — crib'bing, n. 1. 
The act of cribbing. 2. Same as crib, n., 5. 
crib'bage, 1 krib'ij; 2 crib'ag, n. A game of 
cards. 

Cricb'ton, 1 krai'tan; 2 crl'ton, James, called 
The Admirable C. (1560-1582). Scottish scholar 
and soldier. 

crick, 1 krik; 2 erik, n. A spasmodic affection 
of the muscles, as of the neck; a cramp. [Cp. 

CROOK.] 

crick'et 1 , 1 krik'et; 2 crik'et, n. A leaping in¬ 
sect with long antennae, the male of which 
makes a chirping sound. [ < D. F krieken, CEeak, 
chirp.] 

crick'et 2 , n. An outdoor game played with 
bats, a ball, and wickets. [Perh. < OF. criquet, 
stick.] 

crick'et 3 , n. A footstool. [Cp. AS. crice, crutch.] 
crick'et-er, 1 krik'et-ar; 2 crik'et-er, n. A 
cricket=player. 

cried, 1 kraid; 2 erid, imp. of cry, v. 
cri'er, 1 krai'ar; 2 crl'er, n. One who publicly 
cries sales, losses, etc. 

crim., abbr. Criminal. —crim. con., abbr. Crim¬ 
inal conversation. 

crime, 1 kraim; 2 crim, n. 1. Law. An act that 


1: a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; ill = feud; tfhin; go; rj = sirzgr; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






Crimea 
Crown Point 


154 


subjects the doer to legal punishment. 2. 
Any grave offense. [F., < L. crimen, crime.]— 
crim'i-nal. I. a. Relating to, implying, or 
guilty of crime. II. n. One who has committed 
an offense punishable by law.—crim"i-nal'i- 
ty, n .—crim'i-nal-ly, adv .—crim'i-nate, vt. 
[-nailed* 1 ; -nat"ing.] To accuse of or implicate 
in crime.—crtm'l-na-tlv(e s , a. —crim"i-na'- 
tion, n. The act of criminating.—crlm"i-noI'- 
o-gist, n. —An expert in criminology.—crim"i- 
nol'o-gy, n. The scientific study and investi¬ 
gation of crime and criminals. 

Cri-me'a, 1 kri-ml'a; 2 cri-me'a, n. A peninsula of 
the Ukraine on N. coast of Black Sea.—Cri-nie'- 
an, a. & n.— Crimean war (1854-1856), a war, 
mainly in the Crimea; Russia opposed Turkey, 
England, and France. 

crimp, 1 krimp; 2 crimp. I 1 , vt. 1. To bend or 
press into ridges or folds; corrugate; flute. 
2. To decoy and detain for impressment, as 
sailors. II. a. 1 . Brittle and crisp; friable. 
2. Inconsistent or contradictory. 3. Stiff, as 
if starched. III. n. 1. Anything crimped, as 
a lock of hair. 2. A crimper. 3. A decoy or 
extortioner.—crimp'er, n. —criin'pl(e p . I. vt. 
& vi. [crim'pl(e)d p ; crim'pling.] To wrinkle. 
II. n. A wrinkle.—crimp'y, a. [crimp'i-er; 
crimp'i-est.] Wavy; frizzled, 
criin'son, 1 krim'zn; 2 erim'gn. I. vt. & vi. 
To make or become crimson; redden; blush. 
II . a. Of the color called crimson; deep* 
dyed. III. n. A red color having a tinge of 
blue; deep*red. [Ult. < Ar. qirmazi, crimson.] 
cringe, 1 krinj; 2 cring. I. vt. [cringed; 
cring'ing.] To crouch in servility or cow¬ 
ardice; fawn. II. n. A servile crouching. [< 
AS. cringan, yield.] 

crln'gle, 1 krip'gl; 2 erin'gl, n. Naut. An eye or 
loop in a rope, sail, etc. [< Ice. kringla, circle.] 
crin'kl(e p , 1 krirj'kl; 2 crln'kl. I. vt. & vi. 
[crin'kl(e)d p ; crin'kling.] To form or 
move with folds or wrinkles. II. n. A wrin¬ 
kle; ripple; twist, crin'cklet.—crin'kly, a. 
crin'o-llne, 1 krin'o-lin; 2 erin'o-lin, n. A hoop* 
skirt. [F.] 

crip'pie, ) 1 krip'l; 2 crip'l. I. vt. [crip'pled, 
crip'I p , ) crip'ld p ; crip'pling.] To lame; 
impair or disable. II. n. A person or animal 
lacking the natural use of a limb or limbs. [< 
AS. crypel, < creOpan, creep.] 
crls, n. Same as creese, krisf. 
cri'sis, 1 krai'sis; 2 cri'sis, n. [cri'ses z , p7.] A 
turning*point, a critical moment. [L., < Gr. 
krisis, < krind, deoide.] 

crisp, 1 krisp; 2 crisp. I‘. vt. & vi. 1. To ripple; 
crinkle; curl. 2. To make or become crisp. 
II. a. 1 . Somewhat firm and brittle; crum¬ 
bling readily. 2. Terse or pithy; curt. 3. 
Fresh; bracing. 4. Crinkled; crisped. [< L.as 
crispo, curl.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
crit., abbr. Critical, criticized, 
cri-te'ri-on, 1 krai-tl'n-an; 2 cri-te'ri-on, n. 
[-ri-a, pi.] A standard; test. [< Gr. kriterion, 
< kKnd, judge.] 

crit'ic, 1 krit'ik; 2 crit'ic, n. 1. One who 
judges anything by some standard. 2. One 
who judges severely; a caviler. 3. The sci¬ 
ence or art of criticism. 4. A critique or re¬ 
view. [ < F. critique, < L. crilicus, < Gr. kriti- 
kos, < krind, judge.]—crit'I-cal, a. 1. Of or 
pertaining to a critic or criticism. 2. Disposed 
or competent to judge; judicious; fastidious. 3. 
Captious; faultfinding. 4. Analytical; thorough; 
exact. 5. Of the nature of or preliminary to a 
crisis; perilous. -ly, adv. -ness, n. —crlt'l- 


cism, n. I. The act or art of criticizing. 2. A 
discriminating judgment; severe or unfavorable 
judgment. 3. The principles or rules for judg¬ 
ing anything, especially w’orks of literature or 
art.— erlt'i-eize or -else, v. [-cized, -cised; 
-ciz"ing, -cis"ing.] I. t. 1. To examine criti¬ 
cally (a work of literature or art). 2. To judge 
severely; censure. II. i. To express critical 
judgment.— crit'i-clz"a-bl(e p or -cis"a-bl(e p , 
a. —crl-tique', n. 1. A criticism; critical re¬ 
view'. 2. The art of criticism. [F.] 
croak, 1 lcrok; 2 crok. I 4 , vi. 1. To make a 
harsh guttural sound, as a frog or raven. 2. 
To talk dolefully; forebode evil; grumble. 
II. n. A hoarse vocal sound, as of a frog or 
raven; also, a doleful or foreboding speech. 
[< AS. cracettan (imitative).]— croak'er, n. 
cro-chet', 1 kro-^he'; 2 cro-ehg'. I. vt. & vi. 
[cro-cheted', 1 kro-^hed', 2 cro-ched'; cro- 
chet'ing, 1 kro-^he'ir), 2 cro-cjhe'ing.] To 
form or knit, as crochet. II. n. A kind of 
fancy*w'ork produced by looping or entwining 
thread into a fabric with a hooked needle. 
[F.] 

crock 1 , 1 krek; 2 crok, n. An earthen pot or 
jar; a potsherd. [< AS. crocca, crock.] 
crocks I‘. vi. To impart crock or dye to other 
articles. II. n. 1. The coloring*matter that 
rubs off from a dyed stuff, as cloth. 2. Soot, 
crock 'er-y, 1 krok'ar-i; 2 crok'er-y, n. Earth¬ 
enware. 

Crock 'ett, 1 krek'et; 2 crOk'gt, David (1786- 
1836). An American frontiersman; defended the 
Alamo; executed by the Mexicans, 
croc'o-dile, 1 krek'o-dail; 2 croc'o-dil, n. A 
large lizarddike carnivorous amphibious rep¬ 
tile with long jaws, an armored skin, and 
webbed feet. [F., < GrA krokodeilos, lizard, 
crocodile.]— croc"o-dil'i-an, a. & n. croc"o- 
dil'e-anj. 

cro'cus, 1 kro'kus; 2 cro'cus, n. 1. A plant of 
the iris family, with long grass*like leaves 
and large flowers. 2. A red or yellow polish¬ 
ing powder. [L., < Gr. krokos, saffron.] 
Crce'sus, 1 krl'sus; 2 cre'sus, n. Wealthy king of 
Lydia (6th cent. B. C.); dethroned by Cyrus. 
Kroi'sosf [Gr.]. 

croft, 1 krbft; 2 croft, n. 1. A small field near a 
house. 2. [Scot.] A very small farm. [< AS. 
croft.] —croit'er, n. A tenant cultivating a 

croft. 

crom'lech, 1 krom'lek; 2 cr6m'16c, n. An ancient 
sepulchral monu ! lent of unhewn stones. Com¬ 
pare dolmen. [W„ < crom, bent, + llech, flat 
stone.] 

Crom'well, 1 krom'w r el;2 crdm'wgl, Oliver (1590— 
1658). Lord Protector of England (1653-1658). 
crone, 1 kron; 2 cron, n. A withered old wo¬ 
man. 

Cron'stadt, 1 kron'stat; 2 cron'stat, n. A forti¬ 
fied Russian seaport (pop. 68,270), Gulf of Fin¬ 
land. 

cro'ny, 1 kro'ni; 2 cro'ny, n. [cro'nies 2 , pi.] 
A familiar friend. [Var. of crone.] 
crook, 1 kruk; 2 crook. I', vt. & vi. To bend; 
make or grow' crooked. II. n. 1. A bend or 
curve; something bent or crooked. 2. An 
implement with a crooked or hooked end. 
3. [Colloq.] A professional criminal; a sharper. 
—crook 'ed, a. 1. Not straight; having angles 
or curves. 2. Not straightforward; dishonest, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

croon, 1 krun; 2 croon, vt. & vi. To sing or hum 
. in a low, monotonous manner. [Imitative ]— 
croon, n. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fSre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, er; full, rttle; but bum- 
2* art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; 1= e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn’ 









155 


Crimea 
Crown Point 


crop, 1 krop; 2 crop, v. [cropped 1 or cropt; 
crop'ping.] I. t. To cut or eat off closely; 
mow; reap* II. i. To appear above the sur¬ 
face; sprout: usually with up or out. 
crop, n. 1. Cultivated plants or grains collec¬ 
tively; also, the product of a particular kind, 
place, or season; harvest. 2. The act of 
cutting. 3. The first stomach of a bird; a 
craw. [ < AS. cropp; lit. bunch.] 
cro-quet', 1 kro-ke'; 2 cro-ke', n. A lawn* 
game played with balls and mallets. [ < F. cro¬ 
chet; see CROCHET.] 

cro-quette', 1 kro-ket'; 2 cro-ket', n. A ball or 
cake of previously cooked minced food, fried 
brown. [F., < croquer, crunch.] 
cro'sier, cros'let, n. See crozier, crosslet. 
cross 1 , 1 kres; 2 eros, v. I. t. 1. To mark, fold, 
lay, or move across; traverse; intersect. 2. 
To cancel, as by crossed lines: with off or 
out. 3. To obstruct; hinder; contradict; irri¬ 
tate. 4. To make the sign of the cross upon. 
5. To mix with a different variety or strain. 
II. i. 1. To cross each other; move across 
something. 2. To interbreed, 
cross, a. Ill-tempered; peevish. [Partly < 
across, partly < cross, n .] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
cross, n. 1. An ancient instrument of torture 
consisting of two crossed timbers, on which 
the condemned were fastened and exposed un¬ 
til they died. 2. [C-] Christianity, or the 
Atonement. 3. Something endured for 
Christ’s sake; trial; tribulation. 4. A mark or 
symbol resembling a cross. 5. A mixing of 
breeds; an animal of mixed breed; hence, 
anything intermediate between two other 
things. 6. An old English coin. [< L. crux 
(crucis), cross.]— cross'-bar", n. A transverse 
bar.— c.'barred, a. Secured by or marked with 
transverse bars.— cross'bill", n. A finch-like 
bird, the point of whose 
mandibles cross each 
other, cross'beak"]:. — 
c.'bones, n. pi. A rep¬ 
resentation of two bones 
crossing, surmounted 
by a skull, as a symbol 
of death.— cross'bow", 
n. A bow fixed trans¬ 
versely upon a stock.— 
c.'bred, a. Hybrid; 
mongrel.— c,'breed, n. 

A hybrid.—c. 'breeding, ».— c.'cut, n. 
across, or a short cut.—c. 'examine, vt 
To question anew and searchingly (a witness 
who has already testified for the opposing party); 
cross-question. — c.'examination, n. — c.'ex¬ 
aminer, n. — c.seyed, a. Having a squint; 
squinting.—c. 'grained, a. Having the grain 
gnarled and hard to cut; stubborn; perverse.— 
c.'purpose, n. A conflicting aim.— c.'question, 
vt. To question minutely, as in order to elicit 
facts from a reluctant witness.— cross'tree", n. 
Naut. One of the pieces of wood or iron set cross¬ 
wise at the head of a mast to extend the shrouds, 
cross 'ing, 1 kres'iq; 2 cros'ing, n. 1. The 
place where something, as a roadway, or 
waterway, may be crossed. 2. Intersection, 
as of threads or roads. 3. The act of crossing 
in any sense. 

cross''road", 1 kres'-rod"; 2 cros'-rod", n. A 
road that crosses another, or that crosses 
from one main road to another, cross'' 
way"J.—cross'roads", n. A place where roads 
cross: often marked by a rural settlement, 
cross'wise, 1 kres'waiz; 2 cros'wig, adv. 1. 



Ited Crossbill 


A cut 
Law. 


Across: sometimes with to. 2. In the form of 
a cross. 

crotch, 1 krodh; 2 croch, n. A point of division 
or divergence; fork. [Var. of crook.] 

crotch'et, 1 krech'et; 2 croch'et, n. 1. A 
whimsical notion; a conceit; an eccentricity. 
2. Mus. A quarter note. 3. A small hook. 
[< F. crochet, small hoqk, quaver.]—crotch'et- 
i-ness, n. —crotch'et-y, a. Whimsical; eccen¬ 
tric. 

crouch 1 , 1 kraudh; 2 crouch, vi. To stoop low, 
as a person in fear or an animal making 
ready to spring; cringe. [Var. of crook; cp. 
crutch, n .] 

croup 1 , 1 krup; 2 crup, to. A disease of the 
throat, with the formation of a false mem¬ 
brane; loosely, inflammation of the larynx. 
[Sc.]—croup'ous, a. Of, like, or affected by 
croup, croup 'yf. 

croup 2 , n. The rump; portion of a horse’s 
back behind the saddle. [ < F. croupe, crupper.] 

croupe]:. 

crou'pi-er, 1 kru'pi-ar; 2 eru'pi-er, n. One in 
charge of a gaming-table, collecting winnings 
and paying losses. [F.] 

crow, 1 kro; 2 cro, vi. [crowed, crowd 8 ; 
crow'ing.] 1. To utter the cry of a cock. 2. 
Hence, to exult; boast. 3. To utter sounds 
expressive of delight, as an infant. [ < AS. 
crawan .] 

crow, n. 1. An omnivorous bird, about 20 
inches long, with glossy black plumage. 2. 
The rook, or other crow-like bird. 3. A crow¬ 
bar. 4. The cry of a cock, or any like sound. 
[< AS. crawe, < crawan, crow.]—crow'bar", 
n. A straight iron or steel bar, flattened or 
squared at one end: used as a lever.—crow'- 
foot", n. [crow'foots" 2 , pi.] The buttercup: 
so called from the shape of the leaves; also, one 
of various implements.—crow’s'=foot", n. 1. 
One of the wrinkles diverging from the outer 
corner of the eye. 2. A three-pointed embroi¬ 
dery stitch. 

crowd d , 1 kraud; 2 crowd, v. I. t. 1. To fill to 
overflowing; pack; press together. 2. To 
shove along; push; urge. II. i. 1. To throng 
together; assemble in multitudes. 2. To 
push forward or together.—crowd 'er, n. 

crowd, n. 1. A numerous collection of per¬ 
sons or things gathered closely together; mul¬ 
titude; throng. 2. The populace; mob. [< 
AS. croda, ge*crod, < creodan, crowd.] 

crown, 1 kraun; 2 crown. I. vt. 1. To put a 
crown, wreath, or garland upon 
the head of; hence, to invest with 
royal, imperial, or other high dig¬ 
nity; honor; reward. 2. To form 
the topmost part of; cap; finish; 
complete. II. n. 1. A decorative 
circlet or covering for the head, 
especially as a mark of sovereign 
power. 2. A sovereign ruler: with Crown, 
the definite article. 3. Sovereignty. 4. A 
wreath or garland for the head. 5. A re¬ 
ward; prize. 6. The top or summit; crest; 
perfect state or type; acme. 7. The top of 
the head or of a hat. 8. The part of a tooth 
beyond the gum. 9. Eng. A coin worth 5 
shillings or about $1.25.[< L. p corona, crown.] 
—crown'less, a. Having no crown. 

crown'er, 1 kraun'ar; 2 crown'er, n. [Prov. Eng. 
& Scot.] A coroner. 

Crown Point. A village in Essex county, N. Y.; 
Ethan Allen captured British fort, 1775. 



1: a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; ail = out; ell; iO = feud; cfhin; go; I) = sing; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dg; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bdrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









crozier 

culminate 




156 


cro'zier, / 1 kroner; 2 crd'zher, n. A bishop’s 
cro'sier, ] official staff surmounted by a crook 
or a cross. [ < Ice. F krokr, hook.] 
cru'cial, 1 kru'ffial; 2 cru'shal, a. 1. Deter¬ 
mining absolutely the truth or falsity of a 
view or theory; decisive; searching. 2. Hav¬ 
ing the form of a cross. 3. Severe; excruciat¬ 
ing. [F., < L. crux ( cruc -), cross.] 
cru'ci-bl(e p , 1 kru'si-bl; 2 cru'ci-bl, n. 1. A 
vessel made of incombustible material, as 
clay, for melting metals or minerals. 2. A 
trying and purifying test or agency. [< d.o f+ll 
kroes, pot.] 

cru'ci-fix, 1 kru'si-fiks; 2 cru'gi-fiks, n. A 
. cross bearing an effigy of 
Christ crucified. [F.; see cru¬ 
cify.] 

cru"ci-fix'ion, 1 kru"si-fik'- 
£hen; 2 cru'Ti-fik'shon, n. 1. 

The act of crucifying. 2. The 
death upon the cross, espe¬ 
cially that of Christ on Cal¬ 
vary. 

cru'ci-form, 1 kru'si-ferm; 2 
cru'gi-form, a. Cross*shaped. 
cru'ci-fy, 1 kru'si-fai; 2 cru'- 
?i-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"ing.] 

1. To put to death by fasten¬ 
ing to a cross. 2. To subdue, 
as bodily desires; mortify. 

[ < L. p crux, cross, + figo, fix.] 
crude, 1 krud; 2 crud, a. 1. Not 
having reached its complete 
or mature form; not refined; 
raw; unripe; immature. 2. 

Lacking knowledge orskil! ;su- 
perficial; unfinished. [ < L. OF 
crudus, immature.]—crude'ly, 
adv.— cru'di-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The state 
of being crude, crude'nessf. 2. That which is 
crude. 

cru'el, 1 kru'el; 2 cru'Sl, a. Disposed to inflict 
suffering; indifferent to others’ suffering; piti¬ 
less; unreasonably severe; harsh; distressing. 
[F„ < L. crudelis, severe.] -ly, adv .—cru'el-ty, 
n. [-ties 2 , pi] A cruel disposition or act; in¬ 
humanity. 

cru'et, 1 kru'et; 2 cru'et, n. A small glass 
bottle for vinegar, oil, or the like; a caster. 
[Dim. of OF. cruye, pitcher, < D. kruik, cup.] 
cruise, 1 kruz; 2 crus. I. vt. & vi. [cruised; 
cruis'ing.] To sail over or through; sail 
about on the ocean or along a coast. II. n. 
A voyage at sea; a sailing to and fro. [< D. 
kruisen, < truis, cross, < L. crux (cruc-), cross.] 
— cruis'er, n. A person or ship that cruises; a 
vessel of war inferior to a battleship, 
crul'ler, 1 krul'ar; 2 crul'er, n. A ring*shaped 
cake of dough, fried brown in boiling lard. 
[< D. krullen, curl.] 

cruni, ) 1 krum; 2 crum. I. vt. [crummed, 
crumb, \ crumbed, crumd 8 ; crum'ming, 
crumb'ing.] To break into small pieces; 
crumble. II. n. 1. A small bit, as of crum¬ 
bled bread; a morsel. 2. The soft inner part 
of a loaf. [ < AS. cruma.] 

crum'bl(e p , 1 krum'bl; 2 crum'bl, vt. & vi. 
[crum'bl(e)d p ; crum'bling.] To cause to 
fall to pieces; disintegrate; decay. [Dim. of 
crum, v., < crum, n.]— crum'bly, a. Apt to 
crumble; friable. 

crum'pet, 1 krum'pet; 2 crum'pSt, n. A sort 
of muffin. 

crum 'pi(e p , 1 krum'pl; 2 crum'pl, vt. & vi. 


[crum'pl(e)d p ; crum'pling.] To press into 
wrinkles; become wrinkled; rumple. [Of AS. 
origin.] * 

crunch, 1 krundh; 2 crunch. I 1 , vt. & vi. To 
crush with the teeth; chew audibly; crush 
or grind noisily; press with crushing force 
through a brittle substance. II. n. The act 
of crunching. 

crup'per, 1 krup'ar; 2 crup'er, n. 1. The 
looped strap that goes under a horse’s tail. 
2. The rump of a horse. [< F. crouplire, < 

croupe; see croup 2 .] 

cru'ral, 1 kru'ral; 2 cru'ral, a. Of or pertaining to 
the leg or the thigh. [< L. cruralis, < crus, leg.] 
cru-sade', 1 kru-sed'; 2 cru-sad'. I d . vi. To 
go on or engage in a crusade. II. n. 1. Hist. 
A medieval warlike enterprise of the Chris¬ 
tians of Europe, for the conquest of the Holy 
Sepulcher. 2. Any vigorous concerted move¬ 
ment. [< L. LL crux, cross.]—cru-sad'er, n. 
cruse, 1 kruz or krus; 2 cru§ or crus, n. A small 
bottle, flask, or jug; cruet. [< Ice. brtts, pot.] 
cruiset. 

crush 1 , 1 kruffi; 2 crush, v. I. t. To press out 
of shape; mash; break into bits by pressure; 
break down; conquer. II. i. To become 
broken or misshapen by pressure. [< Sw. OF 
knjsla, squeeze.] — crush'er, n. 
crush, n. 1. A violent colliding; breaking, 
bruising, or deforming by violent pressure. 
2. A pressing or crowding together; a crowd, 
crust, 1 krust; 2 crust. I d . vt. & vi. To cover 
with or acquire a crust. II. n. A hard, thin 
coating; the outer part of bread; a bit of 
bread, especially if stale and hard. [< L. crusla, 
crust.] 

crus-ta'ce-an, 1 krus-te'ffii-an; 2 criis-ta'she- 
an. I. a. Of or pertaining to the Crustacea. 
II. n. One of the Crustacea, a division of ar¬ 
thropods having crustdike shells, including 
lobsters, crabs, barnacles, sow*bugs, etc. [ < 
L. crusta, crust.]—crus-ta'ceous, a. 1. Hav¬ 
ing a crustdike shell. 2. Crustacean. 

Crust'y, 1 krust'i; 2 erust'y, a. 1. Crustdike. 
2. Morosely curt in manner or speech; surly. 
—crust'i-ly, adv. —crust'i-ness, n. 
crutch, / 1 krudh; 2 cruch. I’, vt. To prop 
cruch p , ) up, as on crutches. II. n. 1. A staff 
with a crosspiece fitting under the armpit, 
used as a support in walking. 2. Any one of 
various similar mechanical devices. [Of AS. 
origin.] 

crux, 1 kruks; 2 cruks, n. 1. A cross. 2. A puzzle; 
conundrum. 3. The essential question; pivotal 
point. [L.] 

cry, 1 krai; 2 cry, v. [cried; cry'ing.] I. t. 
To utter loudly and publicly; shout out; pro¬ 
claim. II. i. 1. To speak, call, or appeal 
loudly; shout; yell; yelp; bay. 2. To shed 
tears; weep. [< L. F qulrito, freq. of queror, 
lament.] 

cry, n. [cries 2 , pi.] 1. A loud or passionate 
utterance, whether articulate or not; a call; 
shout; yell. 2. The act of weeping. 3. Ad¬ 
vertisement by outcry; proclamation. 4. Ru¬ 
mor; public opinion or demand. 5. A pack 
of hounds; a company of persons; a party.— 
cry'ing, pa. Calling for immediate action or 
redress; selhproclaiming; notorious, 
crypt, 1 kript; 2 crypt, n. A recess or vault, 
as under some churches. See illus. on next 
page. 

cryp'tic, 1 krip'tik; 2 cryp'tic, o. Secret; oc¬ 
cult; tending to concealment. 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; fall, rule; but, burn: 
2: art, ape, tat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern;'hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 








157 


crozier 

culminate 


cryp'to-, 1 krip'to-; 2 cryp'to-. A combining 
form. [< Gr. kryptos, hidden.]—cryp'to-gam, 
n. Bot. A 
plant thathas 
no true flow¬ 
ers, but prop- 
agates by 
spores. [ + 

Gr. gam os, 
marriage.]— 
cryp"to- 
gam'ic, a .— 
cryp - tog'a- 

mous, a. — Crypt, 

cryp'to-gram, n. A writing in cipher. [+ Gr. 
gramma, writing, < grapho, write.]— crypto¬ 
graph, n. 1. A cryptogram. 2. A system of 
cipher=writing; a cipher.— cryp"to-graph'ic, a. 
— cryp-tog'ra-phy, n. 1. The art of cipher* 
writing. 2. A system of cipher*writing. 
crystal, 1 kris'tal; 2 crystal. I. a. Composed 
of or like crystal; extremely clear; limpid. 
II. n. 1. The solid mathematical form as¬ 
sumed by many minerals. 2. Colorless trans¬ 
parent quartz. rockscrystalj. 3. Flintglass. 
4. A watch*glass. [ < Gr. L+F krystallos, < kryos, 
frost.]— crys'tal-lin(e s , 1 kris'tal-in or -ain; 2 
crys'tal-in or -In, a. Of, pertaining to, or like 
crystals or crystal; transparent; pure; pellucid. 
— crys"tal-log'ra-phy, n. The science of crys¬ 
tals. [ < Gr. krystallos, crystal, + -graphy.] 
crys'tal-Ilze or -lise, 1 kris'tal-aiz; 2 erys'tal- 
Iz, v. [-lized; -liz"ing.] I. t. To cause to 
form crystals or become crystalline; bring to 
definite and permanent form. II. i. To as¬ 
sume the form of crystals; take on a definite 
aspect. — crys'tal-llz"a-bl(e p or -lis"a-bl(e p , a. 
— crys"tal-li-za'tion or -sa'tion, n. The act 
of crystallizing. 

Cs., abbr. Csesar, Cesium, consul.—cs., abbr. Cases. 
—C. S., abbr. Civil Service, Clerk of Session, 
Clerk to the Signet, Commissary of Subsistence, 
Court of Sessions.—C. S. A., abbr. Confederate 
States Army, Confederate States of America.— 
C. S. N., abbr. Confederate States Navy.—Ct., 
abbr. Connecticut, Count, Court.—ct., abbr. 
[cts., pi.] Cent, centum.—C. T. A. U., abbr. 
Catholic Total Abstinence Union.—ctl., abbr. 
[ctls., pi.] Cental. — Cu, abbr. [L.] Cuprum 

(copper).—cu., cub., abbr. Cubic, 
cub, 1 kub; 2 cub, n. The young of the bear, 
•fox, wolf, and certain other carnivores; a 
whelp. [Perhaps < Ir. cuib, < cu, dog.] 

Cu'ba, 1 kiu'ba; 2 cu'ba, n. Largest island of 
West Indies; a republic (44,215 sq. m.; pop. 2,- 
898.900); capital, Habana.— Cu'ban, a. & n. 
cub'byshole", 1 kubVhol"; 2 cub'y^hol", n. A 
small, enclosed space. [< LG. kubje, shed.] 
cube, 1 kiub; 2 cub, n. 1. A solid bounded by 
six equal squares and having all its angles 
right angles. 2. The third power of a quan¬ 
tity; the product of three equal factors. [F., < 
L. cubus, < Gr. lcybos, cube.]— cube root, the 
number which, taken three times as a factor, 
produces a givennumber called its cube.— cu 'bic, 
a. 1. Formed like a cube. 2. Being, or equal 
to, a cube whose edge is a given unit; as, a cubic 
foot. 3. Alg. Of the third degree, cu 'bi-calf. 
—cu'bl-cal-ly, adv.— cu'bi-cal-ness, n. 
cu'bi-cle, 1 kiu'bi-kl; 2 cu'bi-cl, n. A bedroom; a 
partially enclosed section of a dormitory. [< L. 
cubiculum, < cubo, lie.] 

cub'ist, 1 kiub'ist; 2 cflb'ist, n. [Recent.] Art. 
One whose compositions are characterized by 
squared effects. [< cube.]— cub'ism, n. 
cu'bit, 1 kiu'bit; 2 cu'bit, n. An ancient mea¬ 


sure of length, originally represented by the 
length of the forearm: about 18 to 20 inches. 
[ < L. cubitum, elbow, < cubo, bend.] 
cuck'old, 1 kuk'ald; 2 cuk'old, n. The hus¬ 
band of an adulteress. [ <_L. OF cuculus, cuckoo.1 
cuck'oo, 1 kuk'u; 2 cqk'oo, n. A bird, many 
species of which 
deposit their eggs 
to be hatched in 
the nests of other 
birds. [< L. cu¬ 
culus, cuckoo (imi¬ 
tative of its note).] 
c u ' c u m - b e r 1 American Yellow*bdled 
kiu'kum-b or; 2 Cuckoo and Nest. 1 U 
cu'cum-ber, n. The oblong hard*rinded fruit 
of a creeping plant of the gourd family; also, 
the plant. 

cud, 1 kud; 2 cud, n. Food foroed up into the 
mouth from the first stomach of a ruminant 
and chewed over again. [< AS. cudu, cwidu, 
cud.] 

cud'die, 1 kud'l; 2 cud'l, v. [cud'dled; cud'- 
dling.] I. t. To protect and caress within a 
close embrace; hug. II. i. To lie close; hug 
one another. [Prob. corr. of ME. cuthen, cuddle.] 
cud'dy, 1 kud'i; 2 eud'y, n. [cud'dies 2 , pi.] Naut. 

A small cabin; a cook’s galley, 
cudg'el, 1 kuj'el; 2 ciidg'el. I. vt. To beat 
with a cudgel. II. n. A short thick stick 
used as a club. 

cue, 1 kiu; 2 cu, n. 1. A tail, or taildike appen¬ 
dage; a long braid of hair, queuet. 2. The 
closing words of an actor’s speech, serving as 
a signal for his successor; a catchword; hint; 
suggestion. 3. A straight tapering rod, used 
in billiards, pool, etc. [ < F. queue, tail.] 

cuff 1 , ) 1 kuf; 2 cuf, v. I. t. To strike, as with 
cuf p , ) the open hand; buffet. II. i. To scuffle 
or flght; box. [ < Sw. kuffa, cuff.] 
cuff 1 , n. A blow, especially with the unclosed 
hand. 

cuff 2 , n. A band about the wrist; the lower 
part of a sleeve. [ < LL>s cuffa, coffa, cap.] 
cui-rass', 1 kwl-ras'; 2 cwi-ras', n. A breast¬ 
plate. [< F. cuirasse.] —cui"ras-sier', n. A 
mounted soldier wearing a cuirass, 
cui-sine', 1 kwl-zln'; 2 cwi-§in', n. The kitch¬ 
en; cooking department; style or quality of 
cooking. [F.] 

cul"*de*sac', 1 ku"=da*sak'; 2 cu"*de*sac', n. 
[culs"=de=sac', pi.) A passage open only at 
one end; blind alley; trap. 

-cule, suffix. A diminutive; as animalcwfe. [ < F. 
-cule, < L. -cuius.] 

cu'li-na-ry, 1 kiu'li-ne-ri; 2 eu'li-na-ry, a. Of 
or pertaining to cooking or the kitchen. [< L. 
culina, kitchen.] 

cull, 1 kul; 2 cul. I. vt. [culled, culds; 
cull'ing.] To pick or sort out; collect apart. 
II. n. Something picked or sorted out; 
hence, something rejected. [ < OF. cuilltr, < L. 
colligo, collect.] — culi'er, n. 
cul'len-der, n. Same as colander. 

Cul-lo'den, 1 ku-lo'den; 2 cu-lo'den, n. Village 
and moor, Inverness=shire, Scotland; “The Young 
Pretender,” Chas. Edward Stuart, defeated by 
Duke of Cumberland, 1746. 
culm 1 , 1 kulm; 2 culm, n. Bot. The jointed, 
usually hollow, stem of a grass. [ < L. culmus, 
stulk | 

culm 2 , n. 1. [U. S.] Anthracite coaUrefuse. 2. 

An inferior coal. [ME. culme, sooL] 
cul'mi-nate, 1 kul'mi-net; 2 cul'mi-nat, vi. 




1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; 
2: wolf, d«; book, boot; fyll, 


au = out; oil; 111 = feud; <5hin; go; y = sinp; 
ryle, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, fcem; mk; 


€hin, this, 
thin, this. 





















culpable 

curvilinear 


158 


[-NAT"ED d ; -nat'Tng.] To attain the highest 
point or degree. [< LL. culminalus, pp., < L. 
culmen, top.]—cul'mi-nal, a.—cul"ml-na'- 
tion, n. 1. The highest point, condition, or de¬ 
gree. 2. The passage of a heavenly body over 
the meridian. 

cul'pa-bl(e p , 1 kul'pa-bl; 2 cul'pa-bl, a. De¬ 
serving of blame or censure. [OF., < L. culpa- 
bilis, < culpa, fault.]—cul"pa-bil'i-ty, cul'pa- 
ble-ness, n.—cul'pa-bly, adv. 

CUl'prit, 1 kul'pnt; cul'prit, n. A guilty per¬ 
son; criminal. [ < L. culpatus, pp., < culpa, fault.] 
cult, 1 kult; 2 cult, n. 1. A system of religious 
observances. 2. Extravagant devotion to a 
person or thing; also, the object of such devo¬ 
tion. [ < L. F cultus, < colo, worship.] 
CUl'ti-vate, 1 kul'ti-vet; 2 ciil'ti-vat, vt. [-vat"- 
ed c1 ; -vat"ing.] 1. To till (land); raise, as a 
plant or crop, by tillage. 2. To improve or 
develop by study or training. 3. To pay as¬ 
siduous attention to. [< LL. cullivatus, pp., < 
L. cultus; see culture, n .] —cul"ti-va'tion, n. 
The act of cultivating; improvement; develop¬ 
ment; culture.—cul'ti-va"tor, n. One who cul¬ 
tivates; a machine for cultivating, 
cul'ture, 1 kul'dhur; 2 cul'chur. I. vt. [cul'- 
tured; cul'tur-ing.] To educate or refine; 
cultivate. II. n. 1. Cultivation of plants or 
animals, especially with a view to improve¬ 
ment. 2. The training, improvement, and re¬ 
finement of mind, morals, or taste; enlighten¬ 
ment. 3. The development of micro-organ¬ 
isms, as in gelatin, beef tea, etc., or the organ¬ 
isms so developed. [F., < L. cultura, < cultus, 
pp. of colo, cultivate.]— cul'ture-me"dl-um, n. 
A substance, as gelatin, etc., in which bacteria 
may be developed.— cul'tur-al, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to culture. 

cul'tus, lJcul'tus; 2 cul'tus, n. A cult. [L.] 
cul'ver-in, 1 kul'vsr-in; 2 cul'ver-In, n. A 
long cannon used in the 16th century. [< L. 
colubra, serpent.] 

cul'vert, 1 kul'vart; 2 cul'vert, n. An arti¬ 
ficial covered channel for water, as under a 
road. 

Cumb., abbr. Cumberland, 
cum'ber, 1 kum'bsr; 2 cum'ber, vt. To hinder 
by or as by a burden; hamper; weigh down; 
oppress. [< L. LL+F in, in, + cumulus, heap.]— 
cum'ber-some, a. Moving or working heavily 
or with difficulty; unwieldy; troublesome; bur¬ 
densome. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
cum'brous, 1 kum'brus; 2 cum'brus, a. Cum¬ 
bersome. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
cum'in, 1 kum'in; 2 cum'in, n. An annual of 
the parsley family, with fennel-like leaves; 
also, its seeds. [Ult. < Heb. tammdn, cumin.] 
cuni'minf. 

cu'mu-late, 1 kiu'miu-let; 2 cu'mu-lat, vt. 
[-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To collect into a heap; 
accumulate. [< L. cumulo, < cumulus, heap.]— 
cu"mu-la'tton, n. The process of massing or 
heaping together; a heap.— cu'inu-la-tiv(e 8 , a. 
Gathering volume or strength by addition or 
repetition; steadily increasing, 
cu'inu-lus, 1 kiQ'miu-lus; 2 cu'mu-lus, n. [-li, 
1 -lai; 2 -II, pi.] 1. A mass; pile; heap; top of a 
heap; summit. 2. A cloud having the appearance 
of heaped rounded masses. [L., heap.]— cu'mu- 
lous, a. Heaped or piled, as clouds, 
cu'ne-i-forin, 1 kiu'ni-i-ferm; 2 cu'ne-i-form, 
a. Wedge-shaped, as the characters in an¬ 
cient Assyrian inscriptions. [< L. cuneus, 
wedge, + -form.] ct'ne-atej; cu'ne-at"edf; 
cu'ne-at"icj. 


cun'uer, 1 kun'ar; 2 cun'er, 
brownish-blue fish of 
the Atlantic coast of 
the United States, 
cun'ning, 1 kun'iq; 2 
eun'ing. I. a. 1. Crafty 


n. A small 


or shrewd; artfu 
ful. 2. [U. S. 
cently artful; 



Cunner. 

amusing. 3||. Inge- 


l; guile- 
Inno- 
bright; 

mous. 4f. Learned; knowing. II. n. 1. A 
crafty disposition; craft; guile; artifice. 2||. 
Knowledge combined with skill; dexterity. [ME. 
cunning, vb. n. of cunnen, know.] 
cup, 1 kup; 2 cup. I. vt. & vi. [cupped 1 , 
cupt 8 ; cup'ping.J 1. To bleed, as by scarifi¬ 
cation and drawing the blood to the surface 
under an exhausted cup. 2. To shape like or 
place in a cup. II. n. 1. A small drinking- 
vessel. 2. A cupful. 3. Any unusual afflic¬ 
tion or blessing; lot. 4. Intoxicating drink. 
[< AS. cuppe, < LL. cupa, cup, L. cupa, tub.] — 
cup'bear"er, n. One who serves the wine-cup, 
as to guests at a feast.— cup'ful", n. [-fuls, pi.] 
As much as a cup will hold, 
cup'board, 1 kub'ard; 2 ciib'ord, n. A closet 
or cabinet with shelves, as for tableware. 
Cu'pid, 1 kiu'pid; 2 cu'pid, n. Myth. The 
Roman god of love. [< L. Cupido, < cupido, 
passion.] 

cu-pid'i-ty, 1 kiu-pid'i-ti; 2 cu-pld'i-ty, n. An 
inordinate wish for possession, especially of 
wealth; avarice. [< L. F cuptdita(t-)s, < cupio, 
desire.] 

cu'po-la, 1 kiu'po-la; 2 cu'po-la, n. A dome; 
hemispherical roof; colloquially, any small 
structure above the roof of a building; a tur¬ 
ret on an armored ship. [It.] 
cur, 1 kur; 2 efir, n. 1. A mongrel, worthless 
dog. 2. A mean or malicious person. [< Ice. 
hurra, murmur, grumble.]— cur'rish, a. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 
cur., abbr. Currency, current. 
cur'a-bl(e p , 1 kiur'a-bl; 2 cur'a-bl, a. Sus¬ 
ceptible of being cured.— cur"a-bll'l-ty, n. 
cur'a-bl(e-ness p t.—cur'a-bly, adv. 
Cu'Ta-ca'o, 1 ku"ra-sa'o or -ra-so'; 2 cu'Ta-ca'o or 
-ra-co', n. An island (210 sq. m.; pop. 34,020) in 
the Dutch West Indies. Cu"ra-co'af. 
cu'ra-cy, 1 kiu'ra-si; 2 cu'ra-cy, n. [-cies z , 
pi.] The position, duties, or term of office of 
a curate. 

cu'rate, 1 kiu'rit; 2 cu'rat, n. 1. [Brit.] A rec¬ 
tor’s or a vicar’s assistant. 21|. A pastor. [ < L.ll 
cura, care.]— cu 'rate-ship, n. A curacy. 
cur'a-tiv(e, 1 kiur'a-tiv; 2 cur'a-tiv. I. a. 1. 
Possessing power or tendency to cure. 2. Re¬ 
lating to the cure of diseases. II. n. A rem¬ 
edy. -ly, adv. 

CU-ra'tor, 1 kiu-re'tar; 2 cu-ra'tor, n. A super¬ 
intendent; guardian. [L., < euro, care for, < 
cura, care.] 

curb, 1 kurb; 2 efirb. I. vt. To hold in subjec¬ 
tion; control, as with reins and curb. II. n. 
1. A chain or strap to brace a bit against a 
horse’s lower jaw; also, a bit so arranged; any¬ 
thing that restrains or controls. 2. A curb¬ 
stone. 3. The framework at the top of a well. 
[< L. OP curvo, bend, < curvus, crooked.]— 
curb'«blt", n.—c.-chain, n. 
curb'ing, 1 kurb'irj; 2 efirb'ing, n. Curb¬ 
stones collectively. 

curb'stone", 1 kurb'ston"; 2 cfirb'stSn", n. A 
stone, or a row of stones, on the outer edge of 
a sidewalk. 


1: artistic, fct; fat, fire; fust; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rOle; but, burn; 
q \ art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wk^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 








159 


culpable 

curvilinear 


curd, 1 kurd; 2 curd, n. The coagulated por¬ 
tion of milk of which cheese is made. [< Ir. 
cruth, curds.]— cur'dle, vt. & vi. [cur'dled; cur'- 
dling.] To change or turn to curd; coagulate. 

cure, 1 kiur; 2 cur, v. [cured; cur'ing.] I. t. 

1. To restore to a healthy or sound condition. 

2. To eradicate, as disease or evil; heal. 3. 
To preserve, as by salting, drying, or smok¬ 
ing. II. i. 1. To bring about recovery, as 
from disease. 2. To be preserved, as meat, by 
salting and smoking. [ < L. F euro, care for, < 
cura, care.] —cure'all", n. A panacea. 

cure, n. 1. A restoration to a sound of healthy 
condition. 2. That which restores health or 
abolishes an evil. 3. Spiritual care; a curacy; 
as, the cure of souls. [F., < L. cura, care.] 
cu-re', 1 kii-re'; 2 cii-re', n. A French parish 
priest of the Roman Catholic Church. [F., cu¬ 
rate.] 

cur'few, 1 kur'fiu; 2 cftr'fu, n. An ancient 
police regulation requiring fires and lights to 
be put out at the tolling of a bell; the bell 
itself, or the hour of ringing. [ < OF. courfeu, 
contr. of couvrefeu, < covrir, cover, + feu, fire.] 
cu'ri-o, 1 kiu'ri-o; 2 cu'ri-o, n. A curiosity; an 
odd or rare article of virtu. [Abbr. curiosity.] 
cu"ri-os'i-ty, 1 kiu"ri-es'i-ti; 2 cu"ri-os'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. Habitual anxiety for knowl¬ 
edge of something, as the private affairs of 
others. 2. Any object adapted to excite in¬ 
terest or inquiry. 3||. Curiousness;ingenuity. 
[< L. F curiosita(t-)s, < curiosus; see curious.] 
CU'ri-ous, 1 kiu'n-us; 2 cu'ri-us, a. 1. Eager 
for information; inquisitive; prying. 2. 
Adapted to attract attention or excite in¬ 
terest; novel; odd; strange; mysterious. 3. 
Involving ingenuity or skill. 4f. Fastidious; 
delicate. [OF., < L. curiosus, < cura, care.] 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. 

curl, 1 kurl; 2 cfirl, v. I. t. 1. To coil into 
ringlets, curves, or spirals. 2. To adorn with 
curls. II. i. To become curved; take spiral 
shape. 

curl, n. Anything coiled or spiral, as a ringlet. 
[ME. crul, < MD. krul (MHG. krol), curl.] — 
curl'y, a. Having curls, coils, or eddying rip¬ 
ples; w r avy. —curl'i-ness, n. 
cur'lew, 1 kur'liu; 2 efir'lu, n. A shore-bird 
with long bill and legs. [ < OF. corlieu, curlew.] 
curl'ing, 1 kurl'ir); 2 cfirl'ing, n. [Scot.] A 
game played on the ice with large circular 
stones, slid toward a mark 
called the tee. 

cur-mud'geon,l ker- 
muj'sn; 2 cur-mudg'on, 
n. A miserly or churlish 
person. 

cur'rant, 1 kur'ont; 2 eur'- 
ant, n. 1. A small, round, 
acid berry; also, the bush 
producing it. 2. A small 
seedless raisin. [< Gr. L+F Curlew. V 25 
Korinthos, Corinth.] 

cur'rent, 1 kur'ent; 2 eiir'ent. I. a. 1. Cir¬ 
culating freely; generally accepted. 2. In 
actual progress, or belonging to the immedi¬ 
ate present. II. n. 1. A continuous onward 
movement, as of a stream; a fluid thus flow¬ 
ing. 2. Any connected onward movement; 
course. [< L.° F currents, ppr. of curro, run.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n— cur'ren-cy, n. [-cies 2 , pi.] 
1. The current medium of exchange; coin or 
bank-notes. 2. The state of being current.^ 
cur-ric'u-Ium, 1 ku-rik'yu-lum; 2 cu-ric'yu- 


lum, n. A prescribed course of study, as in a 
college. [L., a race, < curro, run.] 

Cur'rie, 1 kur'i; 2 eur'i, Sir Arthur W. (1875- 
). Canadian lieutenant-general: Commander 
of Canadian Expeditionary Forces in World 
War, 1914-18. 

cur'rl-er, 1 kur'i-ar; 2 cur'i-er, n. One who 
curries leather.— cur'ri-er-y, n. The trade 
of a currier, or the place where it is carried on. 
cur'rish, cur'rish-ly. See cur. 
cur'ry, 1 kur'i; 2 ciir'y, vt. [cur'ried; cur'ry- 
ing.] 1. To clean with a currycomb; groom, 
as a horse. 2. To dress for use, as tanned 
hides. [< OF. courroyer, prepare.]— cur'ry- 
comb", n. A comb consisting of a series of up¬ 
right serrated ridges, for grooming horses, 
cur'ry, n. [cur'ries 2 , pi.] A pungent sauce 
used as a relish; also, a dish served with this 
sauce. [ < Tamil kari, curry.] 
curse, 1 kurs; 2 efirs, v. [cursed 1 or curst; 
curs'ing.] I. t. 1. To invoke evil upon; 
anathematize; excommunicate; execrate; 
swear at. 2. To cause great evils to. II. i. 
To utter imprecations; swear; blaspheme. 
[< AS. cursian, prob. < L. crux, cross.]— 
curs'ed, a. Under a curse, or deserving a curse; 
execrable; detestable.— curs'ed-ly, adv. 
curse, 1 kurs; 2 efirs, n. 1. An imprecation of 
evil; any profane oath. 2. Calamity invoked; 
also, a source of calamity or evil. [ < AS. curs, 
curse.] 

cur'siv(e s , 1 kur'siv; 2 eflr'siv. I. a. Run¬ 
ning; flowing: said of writing in which the 
letters are joined. II. n. A letter or char¬ 
acter used in cursive writing. [ < L. cursus, < 
curro, run.] 

cur'so-ry, 1 kur'so-ri; 2 efir'so-ry, a. Rapid 
and superficial; hasty. [< LL. cursorius, relating 
to running.] —cur'so-ri-ly, adv. -—rl-ness, n. 
curt, 1 kurt; 2 efirt, a. Concise and abrupt; 
short and sharp in manner; brusk. [ < L. curtus, 
shortened.]—curt'ly, adv. —curt'ness, n. 
curt., abbr. Current. 

cur-tail', 1 kar-tel'; 2 cur-tal', vt. To cut off, 
or cut short; abbreviate; lessen, reduce. [< 
OF. courtault, < court, short.]— cur-tail 'ment, n. 
cur'tain, 1 kur'tin; 2 cur'tin. I. vt. To supply 
with curtains; separate as by a curtain. II. 
n. 1. An adjustable draping or covering, 
hanging loosely. 2. Something that conceals 
or separates. 3. Fort. Part of a rampart 
that connects the flanks of two bastions or 
towers. [< OF. curtine, < LL. cortina, < L, 
cohors, an enclosure.] —curtain of fire (Mil.), 
shell-fire designed to prevent the advance of reen¬ 
forcements. See also barrage. 
curt'sy, 1 kurt'si; 2 efirt'sy, v. & n. Preferred 
form of courtesy 1 , curt'seyt. 
curv(e s , 1 kurv; 2 efirv. I. vt . & vi . [curv(e)d s ; 
curv'ing.] To assume or cause to assume 
the form of a curve; move in a curve; bend. 
II. a. Having a different direction at every 
point. III. n. 1. A line continuously bent 
so that no portion of it is straight, as the arc 
of a circle. 2. A bending, or something bent. 
[< L. curvo, < curvus, bent.]— cur'vate, a. 
Evenly bent; curved.— cur'va-ture, n. The 
act of bending, or the state of being curved; 
amount or rate of bending, 
cur'vet, 1 kur'vet; 2 cfir'vet. I d . vt. & vi. To 
prance or cause to prance. II. n. A light, 
low leap of a horse. [ < L. rr curvo, < curvus, bent.] 
cur"vi-lin'e-ar, 1 kur"vi-lin'i-ar; 2 efir"vi-lm'- 
e-ar, a. Formed by curved lines. [ < L. 



1:a = final; 1= habit; aisle; au = o«t; ©II; Ifl = fe«d; <5hin; go; D = sin^; thin, this. 
2;wQlf, dft; book, boot; fydl, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









cushion 

dabble 


160 


curvus, curved, + linea, thread, line.] cur"vl- 
Iln'e-alf. 

cushion, 1 ku^h'an; 2 cush'on. I. vt. To 
place on a cushion; provide with a cushion. 
II. n. A flexible casing filled with soft or 
elastic material, as feathers or air; any device 
to deaden jar. [ < l.ll+of culcila, pillow.] 

cusp, 1 kusp; 2 cusp, n. One of the points of 
the crescent moon, or something resembling 
it; a prominence or point, as on the crown of 
a tooth. [< L. cuspis, point.]— cusped, a. — 
cus 'pi-date, a. Having a cusp or cusps, cus'- 
pi-dalf; cus'pi-dat"edt. 

cus'pi-dor, 1 kus'pi-dor; 2 cus'pi-dor, n. A 
spittoon. [< L.pg conspuo, spit.] cus'pi-doref. 

cus'tard, 1 kus'tord; 2 cus'tard, n. A mixture 
of milk, eggs, sugar, etc., boiled or baked. 
[< F. croustade, pie, < L. crusla, crust.] —cus'¬ 
tard 5ap"ple, n. A tropical edible fruit. 

Cus'ter, 1 kus'tar; 2 cus'ter, George A. (1839- 
1876). A United States general; killed by In¬ 
dians. 

cus'to-dy, 1 kus'to-di; 2 ciis'to-dy, n. 1. A 
keeping; guardianship. 2. Restraint of lib¬ 
erty; imprisonment. [< L. custodia, guard, < 
custo(d-)s, guardian.]— cus-to'di-al, a. Per¬ 
taining to custody or to a custodian. —cus-to'- 
di-an, n. A guardian. 

cus'tom, 1 kus'tom; 2 cus'tom, n. 1. Habitual 
practise; common or recognized usage. 2. 
Business support; patronage. 3. A tariff or 
duty assessed by law. [< L.^+of consuetudo, 
custom.]— cus'tom-a-ry, a. Conforming to or 
established by custom.— cus'tom-a-ri-ly, adv. 
In the customary manner; ordinarily, cus'- 
tom-a-blyf.—cus'tom-a-ri-ness, n. eus'- 
tom-a-bl(e-ness p t. — cus'tom-er,n. Onewho 
gives his custom or trade; a purchaser.— eus'- 
tomdiouse", n. The place where entries of im¬ 
ports are made and duties collected; the depart¬ 
ment of customs. 

cut, 1 kut; 2 cut, v. [cut; cut'ting.] I. t. 1. 
To make an incision in; divide, trim, or 
shape, as with a knife; separate; sever; 
prune; clip; hew; wound. 2. To affect deeply; 
hurt; pain; grieve. 3. To reduce the length 
or extent of. 4. To refuse recognition to. 
II. i. 1. To make a cut. 2. To be adapted 
for dividing. [Celt.]—cut n. 1. [U. S.] 
A short cut. 2. A mechanism that cuts off 
flow, as of steam.—cut-out, n. Elec. A switch* 
like arrangement, as for cutting a light out from a 
circuit.—cut'purse", n. A pickpocket.—cut'- 
ter, n. 1. One who cuts, shapes, or fits any¬ 
thing by cutting. 2. That which cuts, as a tool 
or machine. 3. Naut. A small, swift vessel, as in 
the revenue marine service; a medium*sized man* 
of*war’s boat. 4. [U. S.] A small sleigh.—eut'- 
throafc", n. A bloodthirsty ruffian.—cut'- 
ttng. I. pa. 1. Adapted to cut; edged. 2. 
Disagreeably penetrating; sharp; chilling. 3. 
Tending to wound the feelings; sarcastic; bitter. 
II. n. 1. The act of severing. 2. Something ob¬ 
tained or made by cutting; a piece cut off or out; 
h young shoot cut off for rooting; an open exca¬ 
vation, as for a railroad*track.—cut'wa"ter, n. 

1. Naut. The forward part of the prow of a vessel. 

2. The edge on the up=stream side of a bridge* 
pier. —cut'worm", n. A larval moth that cuts 
off young plants. 

cut, pa. Formed or affected by cutting; 
wounded; severed; dressed or finished by a 
tool, as stone or glass. 

cut, n. 1. The opening, cleft, or wound made 
by an edged instrument; a gash; slit. 2. A 
cutting motion or stroke. 3. The part cut 



off. 4. That which cuts or hurts the feelings. 
5. A cutting. 6. A direct way, as across an. 
angle. 7. Fashion; form; style. 8. Print. 
An engraved block, or an impression from it. 
9. A reduction, as in rates. 10. A refusal to 
recognize an acquaintance. 

cu-ta'ne-ous, 1 kiu-te'm-us; 21 
cu-ta'ne-iis, a. Consisting of, 
pertaining to, or like skin. [< 

L. cutis, skin.] 

cu'ti-cl(e p , 1 kiu'ti-kl; 2 cu'ti-el, 
n. The outer layer of cells that 
protects the true skin; epi¬ 
dermis; any superficial covering. 

[ < L. culicula, dim. of cutis, skin.] 

—cu-tic'u-lar, a. 

cut'las, 1 kut'las; 2 cut'las, n. 

[-es z , pi.) A short, heavy, sword* 
like weapon. [< L. F cultellus, 
dim. of culler, knife.] cut'lassf. uutias. 

cut'Ier, 1 kut'lar; 2 cut'ler, n. One who makes 
or deals in cutlery.— cut'ler-y, n. 1. Cutting* 
instruments collectively. 2. The occupation of a 
cutler. 

cut'let, 1 kut'let; 2 cut'lgt, n. A thin piece of 
veal or mutton for broiling or frying. [< F. 
cdtelette, dim. of cdte, rib.] 

cut'tie, 1 kut'l; 2 cut'l, n. 1. A cuttlefish. 2. 
Cuttlebone. [< AS. cudele.\ —cut'tle-bone", n. 
The internal calcareous plate of a cuttlefish.— 
cut 'tie-fish", n. Amarine, 
rapacious, carnivorous mol- 
lusk, with lateral fins and 8 
or 10 sucker*bearing arms 
and an internal calcareous 
shell or bone: it has the 
power of ejecting an inky 
fluid to conceal itself. 

Cu"vier', 1 kii"vye'; 2 eu'- 
vye', Georges C. L. F. D., 

Baron (1769-1832). French 
naturalist: founder of science 
of comparative anatomy. 

Cuz'co, 1 kus'ko; 2 cus'eo, 

(156,270 sq. m.; pop. 439,000), S. Peru; also, its 
capital (pop. 13,000). 

C. V., abbr. Common Version (of the Bible).—C. 
W., abbr. Canada West.— c. w. o., abbr. Cash 
with order.— cwt., abbr. Hundredweight or 
hundredweights. 

cy, suffix. Denoting condition, quality, office, 
rank, etc.; as, aristocracy captaincy, magistracy. 

[ < L. -cia, - tia.] 

Cyb'e-le, 1 sib'i-H; 2 cyb'e-le, n. Class. Myth. A 
goddess, identified by the Greeks with Rhea. 

Cye., cyclo., abbr. Cyclopedia, cyclopedic. 

Cyc'la-dcs, 1 sik'le-dlz; 2 cyc'la-deg, n. pi. Group 
of Grecian islands (923 sq. m.; pop. 130,000) in 
Aegean sea. 

eye'la-men, 1 sik'la-men; 2 cyc'la-mgn, n. An 
Old World bulbous, flowering herb, sow 'bread"!. 

cy'ele, 1 sai'kl; 2 cy'cl, vi . [cy'cled; cy'cling.] 
1. To pass through cycles. 2. To ride a bicy¬ 
cle, tricycle, or the like. 

cy'ele, n. 1. A period of time, at the end of 
which certain aspects or motions of the heav¬ 
enly bodies repeat themselves; a round of 
years or of ages; a vast period; eon. 2. Biol. 
An entire turn or circle, as of a spiral leaf* 
structure. 3. A body of legends. 4. Math. 
A closed path in a diagram; loop. 5. A bi¬ 
cycle, tricycle, etc. [< Gr. LL kyklos, circle.]— 
cyc'Ilc, 1 sik'hk or sai'khk; 2 cyc'lie or cy'clic, 
a. Pertaining to or characterized by cycles; re¬ 
curring in cytles. cyc'li-calf.—cy'cling, n. 
The sport of riding the bicycle, tricycle, etc.; the 



Cuttlefish. */ji 

a, the cuttlebone. 

n. A department 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art. ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prfiy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 







161 


cushion 

dabble 


art of a cyclist.— cy'clist, n. 1. One who rides a 
bicycle or tricycle, or the like, cy'clerf. 2. 
One who maintains the cyclic recurrence of 
events. 

cy'clo-, 1 sai'klo- or sik'lo-; 2 gy'clo- or gye'lo-. A 
combining form. [< Gr. Jcyklos, circle.]— cy'- 
cloid. I. a. Like a circle; somewhat circular. 
II. n. Geom. The curve de¬ 
scribed by a point in the 
plane of a circle that rolls 
along a straight line.— 
cy-clol 'dal, a .— cy- 
clom'e-ter, n. An in- 



3 . 


Common Cycloid. 

c y circle; 6, d y line upon 

strument for recording the "; hich ° ircl * rol,s ; <*• point on 
rotations of awheel. circumferenoe; ft, a, d, cjoloid. 

cy'clone, 1 sai'klon; 2 gy'clon, n. A violent 
and destructive wind=storm; tornado. [< Gr. 
kyklon, ppr. of kykloo, whirl round.]—cy-clon'ic, 
a . Like a cyclone; situated where cyclones occur, 
cy-clon'i-calt.—cy-clon'i-cal-ly, adv. 
Cy"clo-pe'an, 1 sai"klo-pI'on; 2 cy ,/ clo-pe'an, 
a . Of or pertaining to the Cyclopes or their 
work; gigantic; colossal. 
cy"clo-pe'di-a, / 1 sai"klo-pI'di-3; 2 gy"clo- 
cy"cIo-pse'di-a, ) pe'di-a, n. 1. A work giving 
a summary of some branch of knowledge. 2. 
An encyclopedia. [Short for encyclopedia, 
-pasdia.] —cy"clo-pe'[or -pae']dic, a. 1. Of or 
pertaining to a cyclopedia. 2. Like a cyclopedia; 
embracing a wide range of knowledge. cy"clo- 
pe'[or -pae'ldi-ealt. 

Cy'clops, 1 sai'kleps; 2 cl'clops, n. [cy'clo-pes or 
cy'clops, pi.] Gr.Myth. (1) In Homeric legend, 
one of a race of one*eyed giants in Sicily. (2) 
In Hesiodic legend, a Titan who forged Zeus's 
thunderbolts. 

Cyd'nus, 1 sid'nus; 2 gyd'nus, n. A river in Asia 
Minor; its water is very cold. Kyd'uosf [Gr.]. 
cyg'net, 1 sig'net; 2 gyg'net, n. A young 
swan. [< L. F cycnus (< Gr. kyknos), swan.] 
cyl'in-der, 1 sil'm-dar; 2 gyl'in-der, n. A cir¬ 
cular body of uniform diameter, the extremi¬ 
ties of which are equal parallel circles. [< Gr. L+F 
kylindros, < kylindo, roll.]— 
cy-Iin'dric, a. Shaped like a 
cylinder or a section of a cylin¬ 
der. cy-lin'dri-calt. — cy- 
lin'dri-cal-ly, adv. —cyl 'in¬ 
droid, n. A solid body like a 
cylinder, but with elliptical 
section.— cyl'in-droid, a. 

Cym., abbr. Cymric, 
cy-mar't, n. See simar. 
cym'bal, 1 sim'bal; 2 cym'bal, 
n. One of a pair of platedike 
metallic musical instruments 
played by being clashed together. [< Gr. L+F 
kymbalon, < kymbos, hollow of a vessel.] 
cyme, 1 saim; 2 gym, n. Bot. A flat*topped 
flower*cIuster. [< Gr. kyma, sprout, wave.]— 
cy'mose, a. 

Cym'ry, 1 sim'ri or kim'n; 2 gym'ry or eym'ry. n. 



Turkish Cym¬ 
bals. 


A collective name for the Welsh and their Cor¬ 
nish and Breton kin. Cwm'ryf; Cym'rif.— 
Cym'ric, a. 

cyn'ic, 1 sin'ik; 2 gyn'ic. I. a. 1. [C-] Belong¬ 
ing to or like the Cynics, cyn'i-calj. 2. 
Astron. Pertaining to Sirius, the dog*star. 
3. Of or like a dog. II. n. 1. [C-] One of a 
sect of Greek philosophers who taught con¬ 
tempt for pleasure, intellectual or sensual. 2. 
A sneering, captious person; a misanthrope; 
pessimist. [< GrA kynikos, dog*like.]— cyn'I- 
cal-ly, adv .— cyn'i-cism, n. The state or 
quality of being cynical; contempt for the virtu¬ 
ous or generous sentiments of others. 


cy'no-sure, 1 sai'no-dhur; 2 gy'no-shur, n. An 
object of general interest or attention. [ < GrA 
Kynosoura , the Little Bear.] 

Cyn'thi-a, 1 sin'fhi-a; 2 gyn'thi-a, n. 1. Myth. An 
epithet of Artemis (Diana). 2. [Poet.] The moon, 
cy'press, 1 sai'pres; 2 gy'pres, n. An evergreen 
tree of southern Europe and western 
Asia, remarkable for the durability 
of its timber; also, a kindred plant, 
as the funeral cypress, with pendu- 
lous branches like a weeping willow. 5||| 

[ < Gr. kyparissos, cypress*tree.] Sa 

Cy'prus, 1 sai'prus; 2 cy'prus, n. A British Sjws 
island (3,584 sq. m.; pop. 274,000),®^,; 
Mediterranean sea; capital, Nicosia. 

Cy-re'ne, 1 sai-rl'nl; 2 cy-re'ne, n. 

A former Greek city in N. Africa, 
capital of colony of Cyrenaica. 

Cyr'il, 1 sir'll; 2 gyr'il, Saint (376—i 
444). Archbishop of Alexandria;! 
a father of the church. ~ 

Cy'rus, 1 sai'rus; 2 cy rus, n. “The c yP r ®® s .fi; na 
Great” (died 528 B. C.); founded 
Persian empire. 



its Fruit. 


cyst, 1 sist; 2 gyst, n. A membranous sac or 
vesicle in living organisms. [ < Gr. kystis, blad¬ 
der.]— cys'tic, a. 

Cyth"e-re'a, 1 sithT-ri'a; 2 gyth"e-re'a, n. A 
name of Aphrodite (Venus), from the island 
Cythera. 

cy'to-, 1 sai'to-; 2 gy'to- From Greek kylos, 
hollow place: a combining form.— cy-tol'o-gy, 
n. The scientific study of cell organisms.— cy"- 
to-log'ic, cy"to-log'i-cal, a.— cy"to-Iog'i-cal- 
iy, adv.— cy-tol'o-gist, n. 

czar, 1 zar; 2 zar, n. An emperor or absolute 
monarch; especially [C-], an emperor of 
Russia. [< Rus. tsare, < L. Caesar, Caesar.] 
—Czar'e-vitch, n. The eldest son of a Czar of 
Russia.— Cza-rev'na, n. The wife of a Czare¬ 
vitch.— Cza-ri'na, n. An empress of Russia. 

Czech, 1 Chek; 2 chee, n. A member of that 
branch of the Slavic people residing in Bohemia, 
Hungary, and the Czechoslovak Republic.— 
Czech'osSlo'vak Republic. A country formed 
of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia in S. Europe, 
formed Oct. 18,1918, with Prague as its capital, 



D, d, 1 dl; 2 de, n. [dees, D’s, or Ds, 1 diz; 2 
de§, pi.] The fourth letter in the English 
alphabet; as a Roman numeral, 500. 

D., abbr. David, Decimus, Decius, Democrat, 
Democratic, deputy, deserter, didymium, dowa¬ 
ger, Dublin, duchess, duke, Dutch.— d., abbr. 
Daughter, day, dead, degree, denarius!, L„ penny), 
deserted, died, dime, dollar, dose. 


dab, 1 dab; 2 dab, vt. & vi. [dabbed, dabds; 
dab'bing.] To strike softly or quickly; pat. — 

dab'ber, n. 

dab 1 , n. 1. A gentle blow; a pat. 2. A small 
lump of soft substance, as butter. 
dab 2 , n. A skilful person; adept, dab'sterj. 
dab'ble, ) 1 dab'l; 2 dab'l, v. [dab'bled, dab'- 
dab'l p , ) ld p ; dab'bling.] I. t. To dip 


1:3 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II; 10 = feud; tfhm; go; rj = smp; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; fRll, rRle, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 













dace 

darling 


162 


lightly and often; splash; sprinkle. II. i. To 
play, as with the hands, in a fluid; splash 
gently; engage slightly or superficially. [Freq. 
of dab, ».] — dab 'bier, n. 

dace, 1 des; 2 dag, n. A small fresh-water fish. 



European Dace. 1 /i 

dachs'hund, 1 daHs'hunt; 2 daHs'hunt, n. A 
small, short-legged, long-bodied dog. [G., bad¬ 
ger-hound.] 

da-coit', 1 do-koit'; 2 da-c6it', n. [Anglo-Ind.] A 
member of a robber-band in India or Burma.— 
da-coit'y, n. Robbery by gangs, da-colt'aget. 
dac'tyl, 1 dak'til; 2 dac'tyl, n. 1. Pros. A foot 
consisting of a long syllable followed by two 
short ones (— ^ ^). 2. A finger or toe; digit. 
[< Gr. daktylos, finger, dactyl.] —dac-tyl'ic. I. 
a. Of or pertaining to dactyls. II. n. A dactylic 
verse.— dac"ty-lol 'o-gy, n. The use of the 
finger-alphabet. 

dad, 1 dad; 2 dad, n. A father: used by children, 
rustics, etc. [< Ir. daid, father.] dad'da?; 
dad'diet; dad'dyj. 

da'do, 1 de'do; 2 da'do, n. A plain flat, often 
decorated, surface at the base of a wall, as of a 
room; one of the faces of a pedestal. [It.] 
Daed'a-lus, 1 ded'e-lus; 2 ded'a-lus, n. Gr. Myth. 
A legendary sculptor of Athens and Crete. 
Dai'da-lost [Gr.]. 
d'se'nion, etc. Same as demon, etc. 
daf'fo-dil, 1 daf'o-dil; 2 daf'o-dil, n. A plant 
with solitary yellow flowers. [< Gr. MB aspho- 
delos, asphodel.] daf'fa-dii"ly t; daf'fo-dil"Iy t; 
daf'fo-down-dil"lyt; daf'fy-down-dil"lyt. 
daft, 1 daft; 2 daft, a. Silly; imbecile; insane, 
dag'ger, 1 dag'or; 2 dag'er, n. 1. A short 
edged and pointed weapon, for stabbing, 
etc. 2. Print. A reference-mark (t). [< W. 

dagr, dagger.] 

Da'gon, 1 dg'gon; 2 da'gon, n. A Philistine 
national god, half man and half fish. 
Da"guerre', 1 da"gar'; 2 da"ger', Louis J. M. 
(1789-1851). A French artist; invented the da¬ 
guerreotype.— da-guer'rc-an, 1 da-gSr'i-an; 2 
da-ger'e-an, a. Pertaining to Louis Daguerre or 
to the daguerreotype, da-guer'ri-ant. 
da-guerre'o-type, 1 da-gar'o-taip; 2 da-g6r'o- 
typ. I 1 , vt. To take a daguerreotype of. 
II. n. A former photographic process, using 
silver-coated metallic plates; a picture so 
made. [< Daguerre, the inventor, + Gr. typos, 
type.] 

dah'lia, 1 del'ya or do'lyo; 2 dal'ya or da'lya, 
n. A flowering plant of the aster family. [< 
Dahl, Sw. botanist.] 

Da-ho'mey, 1 da-ho'mi; 2 da-ho'my, n. French 
W. African colony (65,000 sq. m.; pop. 865,600); 
formerly a negro kingdom. 

Da"il' Eire'ann, 1 deTl' er'an; 2 do"iT er'an. The 
assembly of the Sinn Fein in Dublin, Ireland, 
dai'ly, 1 de'h; 2 da'ly. I. a. Occurring, ap- 

E earing, or pertaining to every day; diurnal. 

I. n. [dai'lies 2 , pi.] A daily publication. 
III. adv. Day after day; on every day. 
dain'ty, 1 den'ti; 2 dan'ty. I. a. [-ti-er; -ti- 
est.] 1. Refined or particular in taste; fas¬ 
tidious. 2. Delicate and agreeable to the 


taste; delicious. 3. Delicate and elegant in 
appearance; refined in manner; graceful; 
decorous. II. n. [-ties 2 , pi.] Something 
choice, delicate, or delicious; a delicacy. [< OF. 
daintie, < L. dignitas, < dignus, worthy.] — 
dain'ti-ly, adv.— dain'ti-ness, n. 
dai'ry, 1 de'n; 2 da'ry, n. [dai'ries 2 , pi.] 1. A 
place where milk is kept and made into but¬ 
ter and cheese. 2. A place for the sale of 
milk-products; a dairy-farm; also, the busi¬ 
ness of dealing in such products. [ < Ice. 
deigja, orig. dough-kneader.] —dai'rysfarin", n. 
A farm for dairy-products.— dai'ry-maid", n. A 
maid who w r orks in a dairy.— dal'ry-inan, n. A 
man who keeps a dairy or sells dairy-produce.— 
dai'ry*wo"man, n. —dai'ry-ing, n. 
da'is, I de'is; 2 da'is, n. A raised platform, as 
at the upper end of a room. [F.] 
dai'sy, 1 de'zi; 2 da'gy, n. [dai'sies 2 , pi.] 1. 
A low European herb having a yellow disk 
with white or rose-colored rays. 2. A similar 
American plant, ox'eye dai'sy t; white'weed"t. 
[ < AS. dseges edge, day’s eye.] 

I)ak., abbr. Dakota (official). [dsel. J 

dale, 1 del; 2 dal, n. A small valley. [< AS. 
Dal'las, 1 dal'as; 2 dal'as, n. A commercial city 
in N. E. Texas; pop. 158,980. 
dai'ly, 1 dal'i; 2 dal'y, vi. [dal'lied; dal'ly- 
ing.J 1. To trifle; loiter; delay. 2. To toy, 
play, or wanton amorously. [ME. dalien, play, 
trifle.]—dal'ii-ance, n. The act of dallying; 
loitering; fondling: social chat. 

Dal-nia'tia, 1 dal-me'Sha; 2 dal-mS'sha, n. A 
region E. of Adriatic sea, formerly a province 
of Austria.— Dal-ma'tian, a. & n. 
dal-mat'Ic, 1 dal-mat'ik; 2 dal-m&t'ie, n. Eccl. 
A wide-sleeved tunic, as that worn by the deacon 
at high mass. [< L. LL Dalmatia, Dalmatia.] 
dam, 1 dam; 2 dSm, vt. [dammed, damd 8 ; dam'- 
ming ] To stop or obstruct by a dam; restrain. 
dam 1 , n. A barrier to check the flow of a 
stream. [Of AS. origin.] 

dain 2 , n. A female parent of one of the lower 
animals. [A form of dame.] 
dam'age, 1 dam'ij; 2 dam'ag. I. vt. & vi. [dam'- 
aged; dam'ag-ing.] To harm; injure; im¬ 
pair; become impaired. II. n. 1. Destruc¬ 
tion or impairment of value; injury; harm. 
2. pi. Law. Money recoverable for a wrong or 
an injury. [OF., < L. damnum, loss.] 
dam"as-cene', 1 dam'a-sln'; 2 dam"a-cen', vt. 

See DAMASKEEN. 

Da-mas'cus, 1 da-mas'kus; 2 da-mas'cus, n. An 
ancient city (pop. 250,000) in Syria; surrendered 
to British Oct., 1918. — Dam'as-oene 1 ,1 dam'a- 
sln; 2 d&m'a-c6n, a. & n. 

dam'ask, 1 dam'ask; 2 dam'ask. I. a. Of, 
pertaining to, or like damask. II. n. 1. A 
fine silk or linen fabric woven in elaborate 
patterns. 2. The fine steel made at Damas¬ 
cus. 3. Pink- or rose-color. [< Damascus, city 
in Syria.] 

dam"as-keen', 1 dam"as-kin'; 2 dam"as-ken', vt. 
To ornament by damaskeening. [Ult. < L. LL+B 
Damascus.) dam"as-cene'J.—dam"as-keen '- 
Ing, n. The art of ornamenting metal, as a 
sword-blade, etc., with wavy or variegated 
markings. dain"as-cen'ingt. 
dame, 1 dem; 2 dam, n. 1. A woman of high 
social position; a lady. 2. A married or ma¬ 
ture woman; matron. [F., < L. domina, mis¬ 
tress, lady, fern, of dominus, master.] 
Da"ml"ens', 1 da^mPan'; 2 da"mi"ah', Robert 
Francois (1715—1757). French fanatic; stabbed 
Louis XV. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fSre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; not, Sr; full, rGle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get., prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 











163 


dace 

darling 


damn, 1 dam; 2 dam, v. I. t. 1. To condemn 
to .future or everlasting punishment. 2. To 
curse profanely. 3. To condemn; ruin by ad¬ 
verse criticism. II. i. To swear. [< L. damno, 
condemn, < damnum , loss.]— dam'na-bl(e p , a. 
Meriting or causing damnation; detestable; out¬ 
rageous. -ness, ra.— dain'na-bly, dam¬ 
nation, ra. 1. Condemnation to future pun¬ 
ishment or perdition; the state of the damned. 
2||. Condemnation.— dam'na-to-ry, a. Tend¬ 
ing to convict or condemn; consigning to damna¬ 
tion.— damned, pa. Judicially reprobated and 
condemned; sentenced to eternal punishment.— 
dam'ning, pa. Condemning; inculpating. 
Dam'o-cles, 1 dam'o-kllz; 2 dam'o-eleg, n. A 
flattering courtier, seated by order of the tyrant 
Dionysius at a banquet, with a sword suspended 
over his head by a single hair. 

Da'mon and Pyth'i-as, 1 de'man, pith'i-as; 2 
da'mon, pyth'i-as. Two Syracusans, proverbial 
as friends. 

dam 'o-sel, etc. See damsel. 
damp, 1 damp; 2 damp. I 1 , vt. & vi. To make 
moist; dampen; discourage; check; also, to 
bank, as a fire. II. a. 1. Somewhat wet; 
moist. 2. Clammy; cold, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
damp, n. 1. A moderate degree of moisture; 
dampness; fog; mist. 2. Mining. Foul air; 
poisonous gas. 3. Depression of spirits, or 
that which produces it. [ME. *damp (in dampen, 
choke, = MHG. dimpfen, smoke).]— damp'en, 
vt. & vi. To make damp; moisten; put a damper 
on; check; chill or depress.— damp'en-er, n. — 
damp'er, n. One who or that which damps or 
checks; a device to check the draft, as of a stove, 
dain'sel, 1 dam'zel; 2 dam'§el, n. A young un¬ 
married woman; maiden. [< LL.o F domicella, < 
L. domina, dame.] dam'oi-sellet; dam'o-zelf. 
dam'son, 1 dam'zan; 2 dam'gon, n. A small 
purple plum; also, the tree producing it. 

Dan, 1 dan; 2 dan, n. A landmark city at N. ex¬ 
tremity of Palestine. Compare Beersheba. 
Dan., abbr. Daniel, Danish. 

Da-na'i-des, 1 da-ne'i-diz; 2 da-na'i-des, n. pi. 
Myth. The daughters of Danaus; for murdering 
their husbands, doomed in Hades continually 
to lift water in sieves. 

dance, 1 dans; 2 danc, v. [danced 1 ; danc'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To perform the steps or figures 
of (a dance). 2. To dandle. II. i. 1. To 
perform the figures of, or participate in, a 
dance. 2. To leap, quiver, flit, or skip lightly. 
[< OHG.of danson, drag along.]—danc'er, n. 
dance, n. 1. A series of rhythmic concerted 
movements and steps timed to music. 2. A 
dancing*party; ball. 3. A tune to dance by. 
d. & wtf., abbr. Daily and weekly till forbidden. 
dan'de-li"on, 1 dan'di-lai"an; 2 dan'de-li"on, 
n. A milky herb with a large yellow flowered 
head. [< F. dent de lion, lit. ‘lion’s tooth.’] 
dan'dl(e p , 1 dan'dl; 2 dan'dl, vt. [dan'dl(e)d p ; 
dan'dling.] To dance, as on the lap; treat 
like an infant; fondle; caress. [Of LG. origin.] 
dan'druff, ) 1 dan'druf; 2 dan'druf, n. A fine 
dan'druf p , ) scurf on the head. [Etym. un¬ 
certain.] dan'drifft. 

dan'dy, 1 dan'di; 2 dan'dy. I. a. Like a dan¬ 
dy. II. n. [dan'dies 2 , pi.] A man fastidi¬ 
ous in dress and affected in manner; a fop; 
exquisite. [Of LG. orig.]— dan'dy-ish, a — 
dan'dy-Ism, n. 

Dane'law", 1 den'le"; 2 dan'la", n. A code of 
laws established by the Danes in England; also, 
the territory ruled under it. 
dan'ger, 1 den'jar; 2 dan'ger, n. Exposure to 


chance of evil, injury, or loss; peril; risk. [F.] 
dan'ger-ous, 1 den'jar-us; 2 dan'ger-us, a. At¬ 
tended with danger; hazardous; perilous; un¬ 
safe. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

dan'gl(e p , 1 darj'gl; 2 dan'gl, vt. & vi. [dan'- 
gl(e)d p ; dan'gling.] To hang or swing 
loosely; be an attendant or suitor; with before, 
about, or after. [Dan.]— dan'gler, n. 

Dan'iel, 1 dan'yal; 2 dan'yel, n. One of the 
greater Hebrew' prophets; captive in Babylon, 
dank, 1 darjk; 2 dank, a. Damp and cold; 

moist; wet. [< Sw. dial, dank, marshy ground.] 
Dan'te Al"i-ghle'ri, 1 dan'te (E. dan'ti) filT-gye'- 
rl; 2 dan'te ( E. dan'te) al"i-gye'ri. An Italian 
poet(1265-1321); Divina Commedia. Du-ran'tef. 
Dan"ton', 1 dan'ton'; 2 dan'ton', Georges 
Jacques (1759—1794). French revolutionary 
leader; instituted Tribunal; guillotined. 
Dan'ube, 1 dan'ydb; 2 dan'yub (G. Do'nau, 1 
do'nau; 2 do'nou), ra. A European river; length, 
2,000 m. from Baden, Germany, to the Black Sea. 
Dan'zig, 1 dan'tsiH; 2 dan'tsiH, ra. 1. Adistrictof 
Poland, formerly of West Prussia; 3,069 sq. m.; 
pop. 351,380. 2. A free city, internationalized 
since Nov.. 1920; on the Gulf of Danzig; pop. 
195,000.— Gulf of D., arm of the Baltic sea., 
N. E. of Prussia. Dant'zicf; Dant'zigf. 
Daph'ne, 1 daf'nr, 2 daf'ne, ra. Gr.Myth. A nymph, 
changed into a laurel to escape pursuit by Apollo, 
dap'per, 1 dap'ar; 2 dap'er, a. Trim and 
pretty; neat; natty; also, little and active. 
[D., brave.] 

dap'pie, ) 1 dap'l; 2 dap'l. I. vt. [dap'pled, 
dap'l p , ) dap'ld p ; dap'pling.] To make 
spotted. II. a. Spotted; variegated, dap'- 
pledt. III. n. A spot or dot, as on the skin 
of a horse; an animal marked with spots. 

[ < Ice. depill, spot.] [lution. 

D. A. R., abbr. Daughters of the American Revo- 
Dar"da-nelles', 1 dar"da-nelz'; 2 dar"da-n61§', n. 
Fortified strait connecting Sea of Marmora with 
Aegean sea; length, 40 m.; bombarded by Allied 
British and French fleets, Nov., 1914, and Feb. 
19-26, 1915. 

dare, 1 dar; 2 dfir, v. [durst or dared; dar'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To be bold enough (to do or 
attempt); venture. 2. To challenge; defy. 
II. i. To have courage enough; venture. [ < 
AS. dear, 1st per. pres. ind. of durran, dare.]— 
dar'ing. I. pa. Possessing courage; bold; 
brave; venturesome; also, audacious; presum¬ 
ing. II. ra. Heroic courage; bravery, -ly, adv. 
Da"ri-en', 1 de"n-en'; 2 da"ri-en', Gulf of. A 
bight of the Caribbean sea.— Darien, Isthmus 
of, same as Panama, Isthmus of. 

Da-ri'us, 1 da-rai'us; 2 da-rl'us, n. 1. D. I., king 
of Persia (522-486 B. C.); defeated at Marathon. 
2. D. the Mede, successor of Belshazzar; last 
king of Media; conquered by Cyrus, 
dark, 1 dark; 2 dark. I. a. 1. Lacking light. 
2. Of a deep shade. 3. Obscure; mysterious. 
4. Gloomy; disheartening. 5. Unenlightened. 
6. Atrocious; dastardly. 7. Of brunette com¬ 
plexion. 8. Blind; unknowing. II. n. Lack 
of light; a place, position, or state where there 
is little or no light; a shadow. [< AS. deorc.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, ra.—dark'en, vt. & vi. 1. To 
make or grow dark or darker. 2. To deprive of 
vision, literally or figuratively. 3. To obscure. 
4. To fill w'ith gloom.— dark'ling. I. a. Dim; 
obscure or obscuring; blind; gloomy. II. adv. 
In the dark; blindly; uncertainly.— dark'some, 
a. [Poet.] Dark. 

dar'ling, 1 dar'hrt; 2 dar'ling. I. a. Tenderly 
beloved; very dear. II. n. One tenderly be¬ 
loved; a pet. [< AS. deorling, < dedre, dear.] 


1:a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; lu = feud; tfhin; go; D = sin^; Chin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, this. 










Darmstadt 

debt 


164 


Darm'stadt, 1 darm'Shtat; 2 diirm'shtat, n. A 
city (pop. 82,360) the capital of Hesse, and of 
Starkenburg province. 

darn, 1 darn; 2 diirn. I. vt. To repair a hole 
in by filling in yarn or thread with a needle. 
II. n. A place mended by darning. [Of 
W. origin.] 

dar'nel, 1 dar'nel; 2 dar'ngl, n. A grass; rye* 
grass; a noxious weed. [< F. dial, darnelle.] 
dart 1 , 1 dart; 2 dart, v. I. t. To emit swiftly 
or suddenly; shoot out, as a dart. II. t. To 
shoot darts; move swiftly; fly like a dart, 
dart, n. A pointed missile weapon, as a javelin; 
a sudden and rapid motion. [OF., of Teutonic 
orig.] 

Dar'wln, 1 dar'wln; 2 dar'wln, Charles Robert 
(1809-1882). An English naturalist; promul¬ 
gated theory of organic evolution by natural 
selection; Origin of Species. — Dar-wln'i-an, a. 
— Dar 'wln-lsm, n. The theory of Darwin. 
dash 1 , 1 da£h; 2 dish, v. 1. 1. 1. To throw sud¬ 
denly and violently; hurl; shatter; splash. 2. 
To sketch or write hastily: with off. 3. To 
check; discourage; abash. II. i. To rush or 
move Impetuously. [ < Dan.dasie, slap.]— dash'- 
er, n. 

dash, n. 1. A sudden advance or onset; short, 
spirited rush or race. 2. Impetuosity; spirit; 
vigor. 3. Ostentatious display. 4. A check 
or discomfiture. 5. A slight admixture. 6. A 
collision or concussion. 7. A horizontal line 

(-), as a mark of punctuation, etc. 

dash'ing, 1 dash'irj; 2 d&sh'ing, pa. Spirited; 
bold; impetuous; ostentatiously showy or gay. 
-ly, adv. 

das'tard, 1 das'tard; 2 d&s'tard. I. o. Base 
and cowardly, das'tard-Iyf. II. n. Abase 
coward; poltroon. [< Ice. deestr, exhausted.] 
dat., abbr. Dative. 

da'ta, 1 de'te; 2 da'ta, n. Plural of datum. 
date, 1 det; 2 dat, v. [dat , ed < 1; dating.] 1. 1. 
To mark with a date; assign a date to. II. i. 



To have or take a certain 
date as a beginning; bear 
date: -with from. 
date 1 , n. 1. That part of a 
writing which tells when, 
or when and where, it was 
done. 2. The time of some 
event; a point of time; du¬ 
ration; age. [F., < L. dalus, 
pp. of do, give.]—date'less, 
a. Without date; indeiinite. 
date 2 , n. 1. An oblong, 
sweet, fleshy fruit, enclos¬ 
ing a single hard seed. 

2. A lofty tree bearing 
this fruit. [OF., < L. daclylus, 
finger (from its shape).] 
da'tlv(e 8 , 1 de'tiv; 2 da'tlv, n. 

In inflected Indo*Kuropean 
languages, that case of a noun, 
pronoun, or adjective denot¬ 
ing the relation expressed in 
English by to or for with the 
objective. [ < L. dativus, of 
giving, < do, give.] dative 
casef.—da'tive, a. „„ 

da 'tu in, 1 de'tum; 2 da'tum, fruit;" b, growth of ripen- 
n. [da'ta, pi.] A known, in S fruit (dates); c, 
assumed, or conceded fact; Bln & ledRt «- 


Date. 

date-tree, hearing 


number, quantity, or point: used chiefly in 
the plural. [L., thing given.] 
dau., abbr. Daughter. 


daub, 1 deb; 2 dab, v. I. t. To smear or coat 
with something sticky; plaster; besmear; 
paint badly; disguise. II. i. 1. To paint 
rude or cheap pictures. 2. To flatter. [< 
OF. dauber, < L. de, thoroughly, + albus, white.] 
daub, n. A sticky application; a smear or spot; 

a poor, coarse painting.— daub'er, n. 
daugh'ter, 1 de'tar; 2 da'ter, n. A female 
child or descendant. [ < AS. dohtor, < V dhugh, 
milk.]— daugh'terdndaw", n. The wife of 
one’s son.— daugh'ter-ly, a. Like a daughter. 
daunt d , 1 dant; 2 dant, vt. To dishearten or 
intimidate; cow; tame; conquer. [ < L. OF domito, 
freq. of domo, tame.] —daunt'less, a. Fearless; 
intrepid, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

(lau'ptiin, ) 1 de'fin; 2 da'fin, n. The eldest 
dau'bn 1 ’, j son of a king of France. [F.J— 
dau 'phin-ess, n. The wife of a dauphin. 
Da'vld, 1 de'vid; 2 da'vid, n. The son of Jesse, 
and king of Israel; writer of the Psalms. 

Da'vis, 1 de'vis; 2 da'vis, Jefferson (1808-1889). 
An American statesman; President of the Con¬ 
federate States. 

Davis’s Strait. A strait between Greenland and 
Baffin* Land. 

dav'it, 1 dav'it; 2 d&v'it, n. A small crane on 
a ship’s side for hoisting boats or anchors. 
Da'vy, 1 dg'vi; 2 da'vy, Sir Humphry (1778- 
1829). An English chemist; invented a miners’ 
safetylamp.— da'vy, n. See safety»lamp. 
daw, 1 do; 2 da, n. A jackdaw, 
daw'die, 1 de'dl; 2 da'dl, vt. & vi. [daw'dled; 
daw'dling.] To waste (time) in slow trifling; 
act lazily; loiter; trifle.— daw'dler, n. 
dawn, 1 den; 2 dan. I. vi. To begin to grow 
light; begin to be manifest, expand, or give 
promise. II. n. 1. The first appearance of 
light in the morning; daybreak. 2. An 
awakening; beginning. [< AS. dagian, < daeg, 
day.] 

day, 1 de; 2 da, n. 1. The period from dawn to 
dark; hence, daylight or sunlight, day'- 
time"t. 2. The twenty*four hours during 
one revolution of the earth upon its axis; also, 
the hours appointed for labor, or the distance 
journeyed within such period. 3. A time or 
period; an age. 4. A contest or battle, or its 
result. [< AS. daeg (pi. dagas).]— day '*book", 
n. Bookkeeping. The book in which transactions 
are recorded in the order of their taking place.— 
day'break", n. Same as dawn, n., 1.— day* 
dream, n. A reverie.— day'light", n. 1. The 
light received from the sun; the light of day. 2. 
Same as day, n., 1.— day'spring", n. [Poet.] 
The early dawn.— day *s tar, n. The star of 
morning or dawn; an emblem of hope, 
days'manll, 1 dez'man; 2 das'man, n. [-men, pi.] 
An arbitrator or umpire; mediator. 

Day'ton, 1 de'tan; 2 da'ton, n. A city (pop. 
152,560) in S. W. Ohio; scene of disastrous flood, 
March 25, 1913. 

daze, 1 dez; 2 daz. I ,vt. [dazed; daz'ing.] To 
stupefy or bewilder, as by a glare of light or a 
shock. II. to. The state of being dazed, 
daz'zle, ) 1 daz'l; 2 daz'l, v. [daz'zled, daz'- 
daz'l p , ) ld p ; daz'zling.] I. t. 1. To blind 
momentarily by excess of light. 2. To be¬ 
wilder or charm, as with brilliant prospects. 
II. i. To be blindingly bright; be blinded by- 
light; excite admiration by display. [Freq. 

of DAZE.] 

D. B., abbr. Domesday Book.— d. b., abbr. Day 
book. —dbk., abbr. Drawback.— D. C., abbr. Da 
capo (L„ from the beginning), Deputy Consul, 
District Court, District of Columbia.— D. C. L., 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rQle; but burn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn) 








165 


Darmstadt 

debt 


abbr. Doctor of Civil Law.—D. D., abbr. Doc¬ 
tor of Divinity.—d. d., abbr. Days after date. 
—D. D. S., abbr. Doctor of Dental Surgery. 
de 1 , 1 da; 2 de, prep. Of; in phrases or proper 
names. [F.] 

de 2 , prep. From; of: used in Latin phrases. [L.] 
de-, prefix. From; down; out: used with privative, 
intensive, or completive force. In some words it 
is equivalent to dis-. [ < F. de-, de-, < L. de-, de, 
from ( < F. de) ; and see dis-.] 

Dea., abbr. Deacon. 

dea'eon, 1 di'kn; 2 de'en, n. A church officer 
or subordinate minister. [ < Gr. diakonos, servant.] 
—dea'con-ess, n. A woman assistant in church 
work.—dea'con-ry,dea'con-sliip,n. The office, 
duty, or service of a deacon or deaconess, 
dead, ) 1 ded; 2 ded. I. a. 1. Having ceased 
ded 8 , ) to live; lifeless; insensible; numb; mo¬ 
tionless; inanimate; inorganic. 2. Complete; 
utter; absolute; perfect. 3. Unproductive; 
inactive; useless. 4. Without break, bright¬ 
ness, resonance, elasticity, interest, or spirit. 
5. Deadly. II. ». 1. The most lifeless 

period; as, the dead of night. 2. Dead per¬ 
sons collectively: with the definite article. 

III. adv. 1. [Colloq.] To the last degree; 
wholly; absolutely; as, dead ripe. 2. Naut. 
Exactly; as, the wreck was dead ahead. [ < 
AS. dead, = Goth, dauths, dead.]— dead letter. 
1. A letter whose addressee can not be found or 
one unclaimed within a prescribed time. 2. A 
disregarded law.— d.detter office, a department 
of the general post*offlce for unclaimed letters.— 
dead'sreck"on-ing, n. The computation of a 
vessel’s place at sea by distance and direction 
sailed, without astronomical observations.— 
dead'en, vt. To diminish the force, speed, or 
intensity of; blunt; dull; retard.— dead'ly,a. 1. 
Liable or certain to cause death; fatal. 2. 
Aiming or tending to kill; mortal; implacable. 
3. Resembling death; deathly.— dead 'li-ly, adv. — 
dead'li-ness, n. —dead'ly, adv. —dead'ness, n. 

Dead Sea. A salt lake in Palestine, 41 by 8 m.; 

1,312 ft. below Mediterranean sea. 
deaf, i 1 def; 2 def, a. 1. Lacking or deficient 
def 8 , i in the sense of hearing. 2. Determined 
not to hear or be persuaded. [ < AS. deaf, orig. 
dull; cp. dumb.]— deaf=aud=dumb alphabet, 
a series of manual signs or gestures used as a 
substitute for speech by deaf*mutes. See ill us. 
on next page.—deaf'en, vt. To make deaf; 
confuse or stun, as with noise.—deafGmute", n. 
A congenitally deaf-and-dumb person; especially, 
one dumb because of deafness.—deaf'ness, n. 
deal, 1 dll; 2 del, v. [dealt, delt 8 ; deal'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To distribute; apportion. 2. To de¬ 
liver; inflict. II. i. 1. To have dealings; do 
business; trade. 2. To conduct oneself; be¬ 
have. [< AS. dxlan, < dxl, share.]—deal'er, n. 
One who deals in any sense; a trader.—deal 'Ing, 
n. The act of one who deals; any transaction. 
deal 1 , n. 1. A quantity, degree, or extent. 2. 
A distribution of cards; a single round. 3. 
[U.S.] A secret bargain. 
deal 2 , n. A board or plank, or the wood, as 
fir or pine, of which it is made. [ < D. deel.] 
dean, 1 din; 2 den, n. The chief officer of a 
cathedral; an executive officer of a college. 
[< LL. decanus, one set over ten, < L. decern, 
ten.]—dean 'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] The office, 
revenue, residence, or jurisdiction of a dean.— 
dean'ship, n. The office, rank, or title of a dean, 
dear, 1 dir; 2 der. I. a. Beloved; precious; 
highly esteemed; costly. II. n. One who is 
much beloved; a darling. III. adv. Dearly. 

IV. interj. An exclamation of regret, sur¬ 


prize, etc. [In a good sense, < AS. deore; in a 
bad sense, < AS. deor, wild, cruel; see deer.] — 
dear'ly, adv. —dear'ness, n. 
dearth, 1 durth; 2 derth, n. Scarcity; lack; 
famine. 

death, ) 1 defh; 2 d6th, n. 1. Cessation of phys- 
deth 8 , ) ical lifq. 2. Extinction of anything; 
decay; destruction. [< AS. death, = Goth, dau- 
thus .]—death'less, a. Not liable to die; undying; 
unending; perpetual, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— death'- 
ly, a. 1. Having the semblance or suggestion of 
death, death 'like*. 2. Deadly.—death'II- 

ness, n.— death 'ly, adv. 
deb., abbr. Debenture. 

de-bac'le, 1 di-bak'l; 2 de-bae'l, n. A disrup¬ 
tion or breaking up, as of an ice*jam, carrying 
debris; a stampede; rout; downfall. [F.] 
de-bar', 1 di-bar'; 2 de-bar', vt. To bar or shut 
out; prohibit; preclude; hinder: commonly 
with from. 

de-bark' 1 , 1 di-bark'; 2 de-biirk', v. I. t. To 
set upon the shore from a vessel; land. II. i. 
To go ashore. Compare disembark.— de"bark- 

a'tion, n. 

de-base', 1 di-bes'; 2 de-bas', vt. [de-based' 4 ; 
•de-bas'ing.] To lower in character, purity, 
or value; depreciate; degrade. [< de- + base, 
a.]—de-base'ment, n. —de-bas'er, n. 
de-bate', 1 di-bet'; 2 de-bat'. I. vt. & vi. [de- 
BAT r ED d ; de-bat'ing.] To discuss argumen¬ 
tatively; argue; consider; reflect. II. n. The 
discussing of any question; argumentation; 
dispute; controversy. [< L f de, down , + batuo, 
strike.]— de-bat'a-bl(e p , a .— de-bat'er, n. 
de-bauch', 1 di-bedh'; 2 de-bach'. I 1 , vt. & vi. 

I. To make or become corrupt in morals; 
lead astray; seduce. 2. To vitiate; pervert. 

II. n. 1. An act or occasion of debauchery; a 
carouse. 2. Excess; intemperance; lewdness. 

[ < F. debaucher, < de- (see de-) + OF. baucher, 
hew.]—deb"au-chee', 1 deb"o-3hi'; 2 deb"o- 
Che', n. One habitually profligate, drunken, or 
lewd; a libertine.—de-bauch'er, n. One who 
debauches; a seducer.—de-bauch'er-y, n. [-ies z , 
pi.] Licentiousness; drunkenness. 

de-ben 'ture, 1 di-ben'(fhur; 2 de-bfin'chur, n. An 
acknowledgment of debt, making specific provi¬ 
sion for repayment. [< L. debentur, there are 
owing.] 

de-bll'i-tate, 1 di-bil'i-tet; 2 de-bil'i-tat, vt. 
[-TAT"ED d ; -tat"ing.] To make feeble or lan¬ 
guid; weaken. [< L. debilis, weak.]—de-bil'i- 
tant, a. & n.— de-bil"i-ta'tion, n. —de-bil'i- 
ta-tiv(e 8 , a. —de-bil'l-ty, n. Abnormal weak¬ 
ness; languor; feebleness. 

deb'it, 1 deb'it; 2 deb'it. I d . vt. 1. To enter 
on the debtor side of an account. 2. To 
charge, as with debt. II. n. The debit side 
of an account; a debt or debts recorded; 
something owed. [< L. debitum, < debeo, owe; 
see debt.] 

deb"o-nair', 1 deb"o-nar'; 2 dSb"o-n4r', a. 
Gentle or courteous; affable; complaisant. [< 
F. debonnaire, < di-, of, + bon, good, + air, 
mien.] -ly, adv. 

de-bouch' 4 , 1 di-bu^h'; 2 de-bu^h', vi. To 
emerge or issue; pass out. [< F. de-, of, from, 4- 
bouche, mouth.]— de-bouch'men t, ».— de"- 
bou"chure', n. The opening out of a valley, 
stream, or the like. 

de"bris', ) 1 de"bri'; 2 de''brl', n. Accumulated 
deb"ris', ) fragments; ruins; rubbish. [F.] 
debt, / 1 det; 2 det, n. 1. That which one owes; 
det 8 , ) an obligation; the state of being indebt¬ 
ed. 2 §. A sin; trespass. [< F . delte, < L . debitus, 


1'8 = final* 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II; Ifl = feud; (Thin; go; rj = sin( 7 ; thin, this. 
S;wQlf, dft; book, boot; fyll, rule, cflre, but, bDrn; oil, boy; go, fcem; ink; thin, this. 











V 


ONE-HAND DEAF-AND-DUMB ALPHABET. 









167 


debut 

decipher 


pp. of debeo, owe.]—debt'or, n. One who is in 
debt. 

de"but', 1 de"bii'; 2 d§"bu', n. A first appear¬ 
ance, as in society or on the stage; first at¬ 
tempt. [F.]—de"bu-tante', 1 de"bii-tant'; 2 
de"bii-tant', n. A girl or woman who makes a 
debut. 

Dec., abbr. December.—dec., abbr. Deceased, 
declaration, decorative, decrease.—dec., decl., 
abbr. Declension, declination, 
dec'a-, 1 dek'a-; 2 dge'a-. From Gr. deka, ten: 
a combining form.—dec'a-gon, n. A figure with 
ten sides and ten angles.—de-cag'o-nal, a. -!y, 
adv. —dec'a-gram or -gramme, dec'a-H"ter 
or -tre, dec'a-me"ter or -tre, dec'a-stere, 
see metric system.— dec"a-he'dron, n. A 
solid bounded by ten plane faces.—dec"a-he'- 
dral, a. —dec'a-pod. I. a. Temfooted, or ten* 
armed; of or pertaining to the Decapoda, a divi¬ 
sion of crustaceans with five pairs of legs, includ¬ 
ing crabs, lobsters, etc. II. n. A ten»footed 
crustacean.—de-cap'o-dal, de-cap'o-dous, a. 
dec'ade, 1 dek'ed; 2 dee'ad, n. 1. A period of 
ten years. 2. A group or set of ten. [< Gr. 
deka{d-)s, < deka, ten.] dec'ad J. 
de-ca'dence, 1 di-ke'dens; 2 de-ca'deng, n. A 
process of deterioration; decline; decay. 
[< F. decadence, < L. de, down, + cado, fall.] 
de-ca'den-cy t.—de-ca'dent, a. Falling into 
ruin or decay. 

decag., abbr. Decagram. 

dec'a-gon, dec"a-he'dron, n. See deca-. 
decal., abbr. Decaliter. 

dec'a-log, ) 1 dek'a-leg; 2 dSc'a-ldg, n. The 
dec'a-Iogue, } ten commandments; the moral 
law. [< Gr. dekalogos, < deka, ten, + logos, 
word.] 

decam., abbr. Decameter. 

de-camp' 1 , 1 di-kamp'; 2 de-c&mp', vi. 1. To 
break camp; march away. 2. To leave 
suddenly or secretly; run away.—de-camp'- 
ment, rj. 

dec'a-nal, 1 dek'a-nal; 2 dSe'a-nSl, a. Of or 
pertaining to a dean or deanery. [ < LL. decanus; 
see dean.] 

de-cant' d , 1 di-kant'; 2 de-cant', vt. To pour 
off gently. [< F. decanter, < de-, from, + OF. 
cant, edge.]— de"can-ta'tion, «.— de-cant'er, 
n. An ornamental bottle for wine, water, etc. 
de-cap'i-tate, 1 di-kap'i-tet; 2 de-cap'i-tat, vt. 
[-TAT"ED d ; -tat"ing.] To behead. [< L. LL de, 
off, + caput, head.]— de-cap"i-ta'tlon, n. 
dec'a-pod, a. & n. See deca-. 
dec'a-stere, 1 dek'a-stir; 2 dee'a-ster, n. Ten cu¬ 
bic meters. See metric system, under metric. 
dec'a-sterj; dek'a-steret. 

De-ca'tur, 1 di-ke'tur; 2 de-ca'tur, Stephen, Jr. 
(1779-1820). American commodore; led expe¬ 
dition against Algiers (1815), resulting in freedom 
of United States from exactions by Mediterra¬ 
nean pirates. 

de-cay', 1 di-ke'; 2 de-ca', v. 1. 1. To affect by 
decay; impair; rot. II. i. To suffer decay; 
deteriorate; decline; become rotten. [ < L.o p 
decide, fail, < de, down, + cado, fall.] 
de-cay', n. A gradual decline; deterioration; 

decomposition; corruption; rottenness, 
de-cease', 1 di-sis'; 2 de-ges'. I. vi. [de¬ 
ceased' 1 ; de-ceas'ing.] To depart from 
this life; die. II. n. Departure from this 
life; death. [< L. decessus, < de- (see de-) + 
cedo, go.]—de-ceased', pa. Dead, 
de-ce'dent, 1 di-sl'dent; 2 de-ge'dgnt, n. A per¬ 
son deceased. 

de-ceit', 1 di-sit'; 2 de-get', n. The act of 
deceiving; deception; fraud; deceptiveness; 


trick. [ < L. op deceptus, pp. of decipio, deceive.]— 
de-celt 'ful, a. Characterized by deception; 
false; tricky; fraudulent, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
de-ceive', )1 di-siv'; 2 de-gev', vt. [de- 
de-ceiv' p , ) ceived', de-ceivd' 3 ; de-ceiv'ing.] 
To mislead by or as by falsehood; impose 
upon; delude. [< F. decevoir, < L. decipio; see 
deceit.] —de-celv'a-bl(e p , a. Capable of being 
deceived; liable to imposition. —de-ceiv'a-ble- 
ness, n. —de-ceiv'a-bly, adv. —de-ceiv'er, n. 
One who deceives. 

De-cem'ber, 1 di-sem'bar; 2 de-gem'ber, n. 
The twelfth month of the year, having 31 
days. [L.] 

de'cen-cy, 1 di'sen-si; 2 de'gen-gy, n. [-cies z , 
pi.] Propriety in conduct, speech, or dress; 
modesty; that which is decent, 
de-cen'ni-al, 1 di-sen'i-al; 2 de-gen'i-al, a. 
Continuing for ten years; occurring every ten 
years. [< L. decern, ten, + annus, year.] -ly, 
adv. — de-cen'na-ry, a. Consisting of or per¬ 
taining to ten; pertaining to ten years or to a 
tithing. 

de'cent, 1 di'sent; 2 de'ggnt, a. 1. Character¬ 
ized by propriety of conduct, speech, man¬ 
ners, or dress; proper; decorous; respectable. 
2. Free from indelicacy; modest; chaste. 3. 
Sufficient; passable; moderate. [< L . decen(,t-)s, 
ppr. of decet, it becomes.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
de-cen'tral-ize, 1 dl-sen'tral-aiz; 2 de-gen'tral-Iz, 
vt. To remove from a center; distribute.— de- 
cen"tral-l-za'tlon, n. 

de-cep'tion, 1 di-sep'^han; 2 de-ggp'shon, n. 
The act of deceiving; deceit; the state of be¬ 
ing deceived; anything that deceives; a delu¬ 
sion. 

de-cep'tlv(e s , 1 di-sep'tiv; 2 de-gep'tiv, a. 
Having power or tendency to deceive, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

dec'i-are, 1 des'i-ar; 2 deg'i-ar, dec'i-gram or 
-gramme, dec'i-li"ter or -tre, dec'i-me"ter 
or -tre, dec'l-stere, see metric system, under 
metric. 

decid., abbr. Deciduous. 

de-cide', 1 di-said'; 2 de-gid', v. [DE-ciD'ED d ; 
de-cid'ing.] I. t. To determine authorita¬ 
tively or conclusively; adj udge; arbitrate; re¬ 
solve. II. i. To give judgment; come to or 
give a decision. [ < L. decido, < de, off, + csedo, 
cut.]—de-cld'ed, pa. 1. Free from uncertainty; 
unquestionable; unmistakable. 2. Determined; 
resolute; emphatic.—de-cld 'ed-ly, adv. 
de-cid'u-ous, 1 di-sid'yu-us; 2 de-gid'yy-us, a. 
1. Falling off at maturity, as leaves, antlers, 
teeth, etc. 2. Shedding leaves annually, as a 
tree, etc. [< L. deciduus, < decido, fall off.] 
de-cll'lion, 1 di-sil'yan; 2 de-gil'yon, n. 1. U. S. 
& Fr. The eleventh power of a thousand. 2. 
Eng. The tenth power of a million. [< L. de¬ 
cern, ten, + -illion, as in million.] 
decim., abbr. Decimeter. 

dec'i-mal, 1 des'i-mal; 2 dgg'i-mal. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to or founded on the number 10; pro¬ 
ceeding by powers of 10 or of one*tenth. II. 
n. A decimal fraction or one of its digits. 
[L. LL+OF decimus, tenth, < decern, ten.]— deci¬ 
mal fraction, a fraction whose denominator 
(usually unexpressed) is 10 or a power of 10.— d. 
point, a dot or period used before a decimal 
fraction.— dec'l-mal-ly, adv. — dec'i-mate, vt. 
[-MAT"ED d ; -mat"ing.] 1. To kill one out of 
every ten of. 2. To destroy a large proportion of. 
— dec"i-ma'tlon, n. 

de-ci'pher, (1 di-sai'far; 2 de-gl'fer, vt. To 
de-ci'fer p , ) make out the words or meaning 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = OMt; eil; Iu = fe?zd; cfhin; go; i) = sinp; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, njle, cure, but, btirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 







decision 

define 


168 


of. [ < de- + cipher.]— de-cl'pher-a-ble, a. 
—de-ci'pher-er, n. 

de-ci'sion, 1 di-s^'en; 2 de-<;Izh'on, n. 1. The 
act of deciding; a fixed intention; decisive re¬ 
sult; settlement; judgment of a court. 3. 
The quality of being positive and firm; de¬ 
termination. 

de-ci'siv(e s , 1 di-sai'siv; 2 de-Qi'sfv, a. 1. Put¬ 
ting an end to uncertainty, debate, or ques¬ 
tion; conclusive. 2. Prompt; positive; de¬ 
cided. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

deck', 1 dek; 2 d6k, vt. 1. To array; dress ele¬ 
gantly; adorn; decorate. 2. To put a deck 
on. 

deck, n. 1. Naut. A platform covering or ex¬ 
tending horizontally across a vessel; the 
space between two such platforms. 2. A car* 
roof. 3. A pack of playing*cards. [< D. det, 
< dekken, cover.] 

deck, abbr. Declension, declination. 

de-claim', 1 di-klem'; 2 de-clam', v. I. t. To 
deliver oratorically in public; recite. II. i. 
1. To speak in rhetorical style; harangue. 2. 
To give a recitation. [< L. declamo, < de- 
intens. + clamo, cry out.]— de-claim 'er, n. — 
dec"la-ma'tion, n. 1. The act of declaiming; 
empty or bombastic oratory. 2. A speech or 
selection recited or to be recited from memory.— 
de-dam'a-to-ry, a. Using, characterized by, 
or pertaining to declamation. —de-clam'a-to- 
rl-ly, adv. 

de-clare', 1 di-klar'; 2 de-clar', v. [de-clared'; 
de-clar'ing.] I. t. 1. To make known; re¬ 
veal; explain. 2. To assert positively. 3. To 
announce formally to be or exist. II. i. To 
make a declaration; proclaim a choice or de¬ 
cision. [< L. decla.ro, < de-, thoroughly, + 
clarus, clear.]— dec"la-ra'tion, n. A formal, 
positive, or explicit statement; the act of declar¬ 
ing, or that which is declared.— de-clar'a-to-ry, 
a. Making a declaration; affirmative, de-clar'- 
a-tlv(e s |. 

de-clen'sion, 1 di-klen's'han; 2 de-clSn'shon, n. 
1. Gram. (1) The inflection of nouns, pro¬ 
nouns, and adjectives, as to indicate gender, 
number, and case. (2) A class of words thus 
inflected. 2. Decline; deterioration. 3. The 
act of declining. 4. A slope; incline. 

de-cline', 1 di-klain'; 2 de-elln', v. [de-clined'; 
de-clin'ing.] I. t. 1. To refuse to accept or 
comply with; reject. 2. To bend down; de¬ 
press. 3. To give the case»forms of, as a 
noun; inflect. II. i. 1. To refuse. 2. To 
bend, slope, move, tend, or hang downward; 
decay; diminish. 3. To turn aside or aw r ay; 
deviate. [< L. declino, < de, down, + clino, 
lean.]— dc-clin'a-bl(e p , a. Capable of being 
declined.— dec"li-na'tion, n. 1. The act of 
declining; inclination; descent; slope. 2. Deteri¬ 
oration; decay. 3. Refusal; non*acceptance. 4. 
Astron. The angular distance of a heavenly body 
from the celestial equator. 

de-eline', n. The act or result of declining; 
deterioration; decay. 

de-cliv'i-ty, 1 di-kiiv'i-ti; 2 de-cliv'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] A downward slope; descending 
surface of a hill or mountain. [ < L. de, down, 
+ clivus, hill.]— de-eliv'i-tous, a. Sloping 
downward, de-cli'vousf. 

decoct., abbr. [L.l Decoclum (decoction). 

do -coc'tion, 1 di-kek'f(han; 2 de-coc'shon, n. 
The act of boiling; a liquid preparation made 
by boiling a substance. [< L. de, down, + 
coqvo, cook.]— de-coct' d , vt. To make a decoc¬ 
tion of; cook. 


de"co-her'er, 1 di'ko-hir'ar; 2 de^eo-her'er, n. A 
mechanical device for restoring a coherer to its 
normal condition after the passing of an electric 
w ave. See coherer. [ < de- + cohere.] 
de"col"le-te', 1 de"kel"a-te'; 2 de"c61"e-te', pa. 
1. Cut low in the neck. 2. [de"col"le-tee', 
fern ] Having the neck and shoulders bare. 
[F.J 

de-col'or, ) 1 dl-kul'ar; 2 de-col'or, vt. To de- 
de-cul'or p , j prive of color; bleach.— de-col"- 
or-a'tion, n. 

de"com-pose', 1 di"kom-p6z'; 2 de"com-p6§', 
vt. & vi. [-posed'; -pos'ing.] To separate 
into constituent parts or elements; decay; 
putrefy.— de-com"po-si'tion, n. The act, 
process, or result of decomposing, by chemical 
action or by natural decay, 
dec'o-rate, 1 dek'o-ret; 2 dfie'o-rat, vt. [-rat"- 
ED d ; -rat"ing.] To adorn; ornament; confer 
a decoration upon. [ < L. decoro. adorn.] 
dec"o-ra'tion, 1 dek"o-re'i£han; 2 dec"o-ra'- 
shon, n. 1. The act, process, or art of deco¬ 
rating; ornamentation; an ornament. 2. A 
badge of honor.— dec'o-ra"t!v(e 8 , a. Of, per¬ 
taining to, or suitable for decoration; orna¬ 
mental. -ly, adv.— dec'o-ra"tor, n. 
de-co'rolls, 1 di-ko'rus or dek'o-rus; 2 de-co'- 
rus or d§c'o-rus, a. Proper; becoming; suit¬ 
able. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

de-co'ruin, 1 di-ko'rum; 2 de-eo'rum, n. 
Propriety, as in manner, conduct, etc. [L., < 
decorus, becoming, befitting, < decel, it befits.] 
de-coy', 1 di-koi'; 2 de-coy'. I. vt. To entice, 
as into danger or a snare; draw on, so as to 
entrap. II. n. One wdio or that which de¬ 
coys; a lure. 

de-crease', 1 di-krls'; 2 de-cres'. I. vt. & vi. 
[de-creased' 1 ; de-creas'ing.] To diminish 
gradually; reduce. II. n The act, process, 
or state of decreasing; the amount or degree 
of loss; diminution. [< L. de, from, + cresco, 
grow.] 

de-eree', 1 di-krl'; 2 de-cre'. I. vt. & vi. [de¬ 
creed'; de-cree'ing.] To order, adjudge, 
ordain, or appoint by law or by edict; issue 
a decree. II. n. A law; edict. [ < L. decretum.] 
dec're-men t, 1 dek'ri-ment or -msnt; 2 d8c're- 
ment, n. A decreasing; loss by decrease; 
waste. 

de-crep'it, 1 di-krep'it; 2 de-crSp'it, a. En¬ 
feebled, as by old age; broken down. [< L. de-, 
de-, + crepo, crack.] de-erep'idj. — de-erep'l- 
tude, n. Enfeeblement through infirmity or 
old age. 

de-cre'tal, 1 di-krl'tal; 2 de-cre'tal, n. An author¬ 
itative decree, letter, or rescript, as of the Pope. 
—de-cre'tal, a. 

de-cry', 1 di-krai'; 2 de-crv', vt. [de-cried'; 
de-cry'inc,.] To say disparaging things 
about; traduce. [< F. decrier, < de-, down, + 
crier, cry.]— de-eri 'al, n. The act of decrying. — 
de-erl'er, n. 

dcc'u-ple, 1 dek'yu-pl; 2 d&c'yu-pl. I. vt. 
[-pled; -pling.] To increase tenfold. II. o. 
Tenfold. III. n. A number ten times re¬ 
peated. [< L. decuplvs, < decern, ten.] 
ded'i-cate, 1 ded'i-ket; 2 ded'i-eat. I. vt. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] 1. To set apart for 
sacred uses; consecrate; devote. 2. To pref¬ 
ace wdth a dedication. II. a. Dedicated; 
devoted. [< L. de, down, + dico, declare.]— 
ded"i-ea'tlon, n. 1. The act of dedicating. 2. 
An inscription, as to a friend, prefixed to a book. 
— ded'i-ca"tor, n.— ded 'i-ca-to-ry, a. 
de-duce', 1 di-dius'; 2 de-du?', vt. [de-duced' 4 ; 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^it, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 






169 


decision 

define 


de-duc'ing.] 1. To derive as a conclusion; 
infer; conclude. 2. To trace, as derivation or 
origin. [< L. deduco, < de, down, + duco, lead.] 
— de-du'ci-bl(e p , a. Capable of being deduced, 
de-duct' d , 1 di-dukt'; 2 de-duet', vt. To sub¬ 
tract; take away. [< L. deduco (pp. deductus)-, 
see deduce.]— de-duct'i-bl(e p , a.— de-duc'- 
tion, n. 1. The act of deducing; an inference; 
conclusion. 2. The act of deducting; subtrac¬ 
tion; abatement.—de-duc'tiv(e 8 , a. Inferen¬ 
tial; deducible.— de-duc'tive-ly, adv. 
deed, 1 did; 2 ded. I d . vt. To convey by deed. 
II. n. 1. Anything done; an act; achieve¬ 
ment. 2. Fact; truth; reality. 3. Law. A 
written instrument of conveyance under seal. 
[ < AS. dved, < don, do.] 

deem, 1 dim; 2 dem, vt. & vi. To decide; judge; 
consider; regard; believe. [< AS. deman, < 
dom; see doom.] 

deep, 1 dip; 2 dep. I. a. 1. Extending far 
downward, backward, or inward. 2. Pro¬ 
found; abstruse. 3. Sagacious; penetrating; 
also, scheming; designing. 4. Extreme; 
heartfelt. 5. Low or sonorous in tone; dark 
in hue. 6. Muddy; heavy, as a road. II. n. 
That which has great depth; an abyss; the 
sea. III. adv. Deeply. [< AS. deop, deep.]— 
deep'en, vt. & vi. To make or become deep or 
deeper, in any sense.— deep'Iy, adv. 1. At or 
to a great depth. 2. To a great extent or de¬ 
gree; intensely; profoundly; thoroughly. 3. At 
a low pitch or tone. 4. Artfully; intricately.— 
deep'most, a .— deep'ness, n. Depth, 
deer, 1 dir; 2 der, n. [deer, pi.] A ruminant 
with antlers (in the male sex), as the moose, 
elk, and reindeer. [ < AS. dedr, wild animal.] 
def., abbr. Defined, definite, definition.— def., 
deft., abbr. Defendant. 

de-face', 1 di-fes'; 2 de-fag', vt. [de-faced' 1 ; 
de-fac'ing.] 1. To mar or disfigure the face or 
surface of. 2. To obliterate wholly or partially, 
as an inscription; efface. [< L.° F dis-, dis-, + 
facies, face.] —de-face'ment, n. 
de fac'to, 1 dl fak'to; 2 de fac'to. Actually or 
really existing, as a government: distinguished 
from de jure. [L.] 

def"al-ca'tioii, 1 dePal-ke'^hon; 2 dgf"al-ca'- 
shon, n. A fraudulent appropriation of 
money held in trust; embezzlement; also a 
deficit. [< L. LL de, off, + falx (Jalc-), sickle.]— 

de-fal'cate, vt. & vi.— de-fal'ca-tor, n. A 
defaulter. 

de-fame', 1 di-fem'; 2 de-fam', vt. & vi. [de¬ 
famed'; de-fam'ing.] To calumniate; slan¬ 
der; libel. [< L. F diffamo, < dis-, dis-, + fama; 
see fame, n .\— def"a-ma'tion, n. The act of 
defaming; aspersion; calumny.— de-fam'a-to- 
ry, a. Slanderous.— de-fam 'er, n. 
de-fault' d , 1 di-felt'; 2 de-falt', v. I. t. 1. To 
make default in; neglect. 2. Law. To de¬ 
clare in default. II. i. To make a default.— 
de-fault'er, n. One who defaults; a delinquent; 
embezzler. 

de-fault', n. 1. A failure in or neglect of an 
obligation or duty; failure to appear or plead 
in a suit. 2. Want or deficiency; absence; 
lack. [ < L. LL de, away, + fallo, deceive.] 
de-fea'sance, 1 di-fi'zans; 2 de-fe'§ang, n. A 
making null or void; an annulment. [< OF. 
defeisance, < defaire, undo, defeat.]— de-fea'- 
si-bl(e p , a. Capable of being rendered void, 
de-feat', 1 di-fit'; 2 de-fet'. I d . vt. 1. To over¬ 
come in any contest; baffle; vanquish; frus¬ 
trate. 2. Law. To make void; annul. II. n. 
The act or result of defeating; an overthrow; 


in law, an annulment. [< L. OF de-, de-, + facio, 
do.] 

def'e-cate, 1 def'i-ket; 2 def'e-cat, vt. & vi. 1. To 
clear of dregs or impurities; refine; purify. 2. 
To become free of dregs. 3. To discharge excre¬ 
ment.—def"e-ca'tion, n. 
de-fect', 1 di-fekt'; 2 de-fgct', n. Lack or ab¬ 
sence of something essential; imperfection; a 
blemish; failing; fault. [< L. defectus, < de, 
from, + facio, do.]—de-fec'tion, n. Abandon¬ 
ment of allegiance or duty; desertion.—de-fec'- 
tiv(e s , a. 1. Incomplete or imperfect; faulty. 
2. Lacking some regular grammatical forms. 
-Iy, adv. -ness, n. 

de-fence', -less, etc. Same as defense, etc. 
de-fend' d , 1 di-fend'; 2 de-fgnd', v. I. t. To 
shield from attack or violence; protect; main¬ 
tain; vindicate. II. i. Law. To make de¬ 
fense. [< L. defendo, < de, away, + fendo, 
strike.]— de-fen'dant. I. a. Making defense. 
II. n. One against whom a legal action is 
brought; a defender.— de-fend'er, n. One who 
defends or protects; a champion, 
de-fense', / 1 di-fens'; 2 de-fens', n. 1. The 
de-fence', ) act of defending; protection. 2. 
Anything that defends. 3. A plea in justifi¬ 
cation; excuse; apology.— de-fense'less, de¬ 
fenceless, a. Having no defense or means of 
defense; unprotected.— de-fen'si-bl(e p , a. Ca¬ 
pable of being defended, maintained, or justi¬ 
fied.— de-fen"si-bll'i-ty, de-fen'si-ble-ness, 
n. — de-fen'slv(e s . I. a. Intended or suitable 
for defense; done in defense; making defense. II. 
n. An attitude or condition of defense; means 
of defense; safeguard, -ly, adv. 
de-fer' 1 , 1 di-fur'; 2 de-fer', v. [de-ferred', 
de-ferd' 8 ; de-fer'ring.] I. t. To delay or 
put off to some other time; postpone. II. i. 
To delay; wait. [ < L. differo, bear apart.] 
de-fer' 2 , v. [de-ferred', de-ferd' 8 ; de-fer'¬ 
ring.] I||.f. To refer (something) respectful¬ 
ly: with to before the indirect object. II. i. To 
yield respectfully; submit; with to. [< L . defero, 
< de, down, + fero, bear.]— def'er-ence n. 
Respectful yielding; respect; regard.— def"er- 
en'tial, a. Marked by deference; respectful, 
-ly, adv. 

de-fi'ant, 1 di-fai'ant; 2 de-fl'ant, a. Showing 
or characterized by defiance.—de-fi'ance, n. 
The act of defying; a challenge; bold opposition, 
de-fl'cient, 1 di-fi^h'ent; 2 de-fish'6nt, a. 
Lacking an adequate or proper supply; in¬ 
sufficient; incomplete; imperfect; defective. [< 
L. deficiencies, ppr. of deficio, be wanting.] -ly, 
adv.— de-fi'clen-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] The state 
of being deficient, or that which is deficient; lack; 
insufficiency; defect, de-fi'ciencef. 
def'i-cit, 1 def'i-sit; 2 def'i-git, n. A deficiency, 
or falling short in amount; shortage. [L.] 
de-file' 1 , 1 di-fail'; 2 de-fll', vt. [de-filed'; de- 
fil'ing.] To render foul or dirty; pollute; de¬ 
bauch; violate. [< AS. afylan, < a-, A- 2 , + ful, 
foul.]—de-file'ment, n. The act of defiling, or 
state of being defiled; uncleanness; pollution.— 
de-fil'er, n. 

de-file' 2 , vi. To march by files; file off. [< 
F. defiler, < de- priv. + filer, spin.] 
de-file', n. 1. A long narrow pass; gorge. 2. 

Mil. A marching in file, 
de-fine', 1 di-fain'; 2 de-fin', v. [de-fined'; 
de-fin'ing.] I. t. 1. To state the meaning 
of; explain. 2. To determine precisely; bring 
out the limits or outlines of. II. i. To give a 
definition or decision. [< L. definio, < de, off, 
+ finis, end.]—de-fln'a-bl(e p , a. Capable of 
being defined.—de-fin'er, n. 


i:a = final; I = hablt^ aisle; au = out; ©11; 10 = feud; <9iin; go; o = sinff; thin, this, 
g; wQlf, do; bofik, boot; fijll, rule, cflre, but, bOrn; Oil, b6f; fo, #em; i©k; thin, this. 









definite 

delta 


170 


def'i-nlt(e 9 , 1 def'i-nit; 2 dfif'i-nit, a. Having 
precise limits; known with exactness; deter¬ 
mined; clear; precise, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
de-fin'i-tlv(e 9 . I. a. Sharply defining or lim¬ 
iting; determinate; explicit; positive. II. n. A 
word that defines or limits, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
def"i-ni'tion, 1 def"i-ni^h'an; 2 def"i-nIsh'on, 
n. 1. A description or explanation of a word 
or thing, by its attributes, properties, or rela¬ 
tions, that distinguishes it from all other 
things. 2. The act of defining. 3. The state 
of being definite; definitiveness. 4. The de¬ 
termining of the outline or limits of any¬ 
thing; the state of being clearly outlined or 
determined; the power of a lens to give a dis¬ 
tinct image. 

def'la-grate, 1 def'la-gret; 2 d6f'la-grat, vt. & vl. 
(-grat"ed: -grat"ing.] To burn with sudden, 
sharp combustion. [ < L. de- intens. -f flagro, 
burn ]— def"la-gra'tion, n .— def'la-gra"tor, n. 
de-flate', 1 di-flet'; 2 de-flat', vt. [-flat'ed; -flat'- 
ing.] To cause to collapse by the removal of 
contained air or gas. [< L. de, from, + /to, 
blow.]— de-fla'tion, n.— de-tla'tor, n. 
de-flect' d , 1 di-flekt'; 2 de-flect', v. I. t. To 
cause to swerve; bend from a course. II. i. 
To turn aside; swerve, f < L. de, away, 4- flecto, 
bend.]— de-flec'tion, n. A turning aside; devi¬ 
ation. de-flex'ion t.— de-flec'tiv(e 8 , a. 
de-flow'er, 1 di-flau'ar; 2 de-flow'er, vt. To de¬ 
spoil of purity or beauty; ravish; violate. 
[< L. LL de, from, + flos ( flor -), flower.] 

De-foe', 1 di-fo': 2 de-fo', Daniel (1661-1731). 
English political and miscellaneous w riter; Robin¬ 
son Crusoe. 

de-fo'li-ate, 1 di-fo'li-et; 2 de-f6'li-at, vt. [-at'ed; 
-at"ing.] To deprive or strip of leaves. [ < L. 
defoliatus, pp., < de, from, + folium, leaf.]— 
de-fo"li-a'tion, n. —de-fo'll-a"tor, n. 
de-for'est, 1 di-fer'est; 2 de-fdr'gst, vt. To clear 
of forest trees. —de-for"es-ta'tion, n. —de-for'- 
est-er, n. 

de-form', 1 di-ferm'; 2 de-form', vt. 1. To 
render misshapen; distort; disfigure. 2. To 
change the form of. [ < L. de, out of, + forma, 
shape.]— def"or-ma'tion, ».— de-fonned', pa. 
— de-form'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] A deformed 
state; an unnatural or misshapen part; disfigure¬ 
ment; unsightliness. 

de-fraud ' d , 1 di-fred'; 2 de-frad', vt. To take 
or withhold something from by fraud; cheat; 
swindle. [< L. de, fully, + frau(d-)s, fraud.]— 

de-fraud 'er, n. 

de-fray', 1 di-fre'; 2 de-fra', vt. To make pay¬ 
ment for; bear the expense of; pay. [< F. de, 
off, + frais, cost.]— de-fray'al, n. The act of 
defraying, de-fray 'mentf. — de-fray'er, n. 
deft, 1 deft; 2 dSft, a. Neat and skilful in ac¬ 
tion; handy; apt; clever. [< AS. dseft, in gedxfte, 
fit, gentle.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
de-funct', 1 di-furjkt'; 2 de-funet'. I. a. 
Dead; deceased; extinct. II. n. A dead per¬ 
son; the dead. [ < L. de, off, + fungor, discharge.] 
de-fy', 1 di-fai'; 2 de-fy', vt. [de-fied'; de-fy'- 
ing.] To challenge or dare; act in disregard 
of; resist openly or boldly. [< F. defier, < L. 
dis-, dis-, + fides, faith.] 
deg., abbr. Degree. 

de-gen'er-ate, 1 di-jen'ar-et; 2 de-ggn'er-at. I. 
vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To become worse or 
inferior; decline; deteriorate. II. a. Having 
become worse or inferior; deteriorated; de¬ 
graded. III. n. A deteriorated or degraded 
individual. [< L. degeneratus, < de, down; 
and see generate.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —de¬ 
gen 'er-a-cy, n. The state of being degenerate; 


the act or process of degenerating.—de-gen"- 
er-a 'tlon, n. The act, state, or process of degen¬ 
erating; decline; deterioration. 
deg"lu-ti'tion, 1 deg"lu-ti£h'an; 2 dgg"lu- 
tish'on, n. The act, process, or power of 
sw allowing. [ < L. de, dow n, + glutio, swallow.] 
de-grade', 1 di-gred'; 2 de-grad', v . [de-grad'- 
ED d ; de-grad'ing.] I. t. 1. To reduce in 
rank; remove from office, dignity, etc. 2. 
To debase or lower the character or quality 
of; make mean or contemptible. II. i. To 
decline in character, reputation, or standing; 
degenerate. [ < F. degrader, < L. LL de, down, + 
gradior, go.]—deg"ra-da'tion, n. The act of 
degrading, or the state of being degraded, in any 
sense.—de-grad 'ing-ly, adv. 
de-gree', 1 di-gri'; 2 de-gre', n. 1. One of a 
succession of steps, grades, or stages; rank; 
station. 2. Relative extent, amount, or in¬ 
tensity. 3. One of the three forms in which 
an adjective or adverb is compared; as, the 
positive, comparative, and superlative de¬ 
grees. 4. A title conferred by an institution 
of learning. 5. A subdivision or unit, as in 
a thermometric scale; the 360th part of a 
circle, as of longitude or latitude. [< L. F de, 
down, -f gradus, step.] 

de-tais'cence, 1 di-his'ens; 2 de-Ms'en<?, n. 1. 
A gape or gaping. 2. The opening or manner 
of opening, as of a capsule. [< L. de, off, + 
hisco, open.]— de-hlsce', vi .— de-his'ccnt, a. 
de'i-fy, 1 di'i-fai; 2 de'i-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] To regard or worship as a god; adore. 
[< L. deus, god, + -fy.]— de"i-fi-ca'tion, n. 
deign, 1 den; 2 den, vt. To stoop so far as 
to grant or allow; condescend; vouchsafe. 

[ < OF. deigner, < L. dignor, < dignus, worthy.] 
de'ism, 1 di'izm; 2 de'I§m, n. The belief in the 
existence of God, w'ith disbelief in revelation 
and Christianity. [< F . deisme, < L. dews, god.] 
—de'ist, n. A believer in deism.—de-ls'tic, a. 
Of or pertaining to deism or deists, de-is'ti- 
eal{. -tl-cal-ly, adv. 

de'i-ty, 1 di'i-ti; 2 de'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. A 
god, goddess, or divine person. 2. [D-] The 
Supreme Being; God. 3. Godhead; divinity. 

[ < F. deite, < L. deus, god.] 
de-ject' d , 1 di-jekt'; 2 de-j6ct', vt. To depress 
the spirits of ; discourage; dishearten. [< L. de- 
jectus, pp., < de, down, + jacio, hurl ]—de- 
ject'ed, pa. Depressed; disheartened, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. — de-jec'tlon, n. A dejected state; 
depression; melancholy. 

de ju're, 1 dl ju'rl; 2 de jp're, Law. By right of 
law; rightfully or legally: distinguished from de 
facto. [L.] 

dek'a-, dek'a-gram, etc. Same as deca-, etc. 

De Kalb, 1 di kalb; 2 de kalb, John (1721-1780). 
A German soldier; served under Washington in 
American Revolution. 

Del., abbr. Delaware (official), delegate. 
Del"a-go'a Bay, 1 del"a-go'a; 2 del"a-go'a. A 
bay on the southern boundary of Portuguese 
East Africa. 

de-laine', 1 di-len'; 2 de-lan', n. An untwilled 
wool, or cotton and w r ool, dress*material. [ < F. 
(.mousseline) de laine. < L. de, of, + lana, wool.] 
Del 'a-ware, 1 del'a-war; 2 dgl'a-war, n. A Middle 
Atlantic State (2,370 sq. m.; pop. 223,003); 
capital, Dover.—Delaware Bay, arm of Atlantic 
ocean, between Delaware and New Jersey.—D. 
river, a river between Delaware and New r Jersey, 
de-lay', 1 di-le'; 2 de-la', v. I. t. 1. To put off 
to a future time; postpone; defer. 2. To 
cause to move slowly; retard; detain; hinder. 


1: artistic, flrt; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; % = ub. not, j>r, w6n. 






171 


definite 

delta 


II. i. To act or proceed slowly; procrastinate. 
[< F. dilayer, < L. dilato; see dilate.) —de¬ 
lay 'er, n. 

de-lay % n. 1. A putting off; postponement; 
procrastination. 2. A temporary stoppage or 
stay; also, a loitering or lingering, 
de'le, 1 dl'll; 2 de'le, vt. Print. To take out; de¬ 
lete. [L., imperative of deleo, erase.) 
de-lec'ta-bl(e p , 1 di-lek'ta-bl; 2 de-lee'ta-bl, a. 
Giving pleasure; delightful; charming. [< 
L. delectabilis, < delecto; see delight, ?;.] -ness, 
«.— de-lec'ta-bly, adv .— de"lec-ta'tion, n. De¬ 
light. 

del'e-gate, 1 del'i-get; 2 dSl'e-gat. I. vt. 
[-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] 1. To send as a repre¬ 
sentative, with authority to act; depute. 2. 
To commit or entrust. II. a. Sent as a 
deputy. III. n. A representative; deputy. 
[< L. de, from, + lego, send.]— del"e-ga'tion, n. 
The act of delegating; a person or persons ap¬ 
pointed to act for another or others; delegates 
collectively. 

de-lete', 1 di-lit'; 2 de-let', vt. [de-let'ed 11 ; 
de-let'ing.] To blot out; erase; cancel; 
dele. [< L. deletus, pp. of deleo, erase.) —de-le'- 
tion, n. Erasure; matter erased or canceled. 
del"e-te 'ri-ous, 1 del"i-ti'n-us; 2 del"e-te'ri- 
us, a. Causing moral or physical injury; 
hurtful; pernicious. [< Gr. deleterios, < dSleo- 
mai, spoil.) -ness, n. 

delft, > 1 delft; 2 delft n. A colored glazed earthen- 
delf, S ware made first at Delft, in Holland, about 
1310; hence, any tableware, del ft'ware" J. 
Delft, n. A manufacturing town (pop. 38,430), W. 
Netherlands. 

Del'hi, 1 del'I; 2 del'!, n. A province (557 sq. m.; 
pop. 392,000) in India; also, a city (pop. 233,000), 
the capital of India since 1912. 
de-lib'er-ate, 1 di-lib'ar-et; 2 de-lib'er-at. I. 
vt. & vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To weigh in 
the mind; take counsel; consider reasons; 
ponder. 2. To hesitate; stop and think. II. 
a. 1. Acting with deliberation; slow and 
cautious. 2. Done after deliberation; not 
sudden or rash; leisurely; intentional. [< L. de- 
liberalus, pp., < de, from, + libero, liberate.) 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —de-lib"er-a'tion, n. 1. 
The act of deliberating. 2. Slowness and care in 
deciding or acting. 3. Forethought or intention. 
—de-lib'er-a-tiv(e 8 , a. 1. Pertaining to or of 
the nature of deliberation. 2. Characterized by 
or existing for deliberation, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
—de-lib'er-a"tor, n. 

del'i-cate, 1 del'i-kit; 2 dgl'i-cat, a. 1. Fine 
and light, as in texture or color. 2. Daintily 
pleasing; delightful. 3. Nicely constructed or 
adjusted. 4. Easily injured; tender; frail; 
fragile. 5. Requiring cautious treatment. 6. 
Refined and considerate; pure; chaste. 7. 
Fastidious; dainty. 8. Nice in discrimina¬ 
tion; sensitive. [< L. delicatus, pleasing, < de, 
from, + lacio, entice.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
del'i-ca-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] 1. The quality or 
state of being delicate; fineness; daintiness; 
sensitiveness; fragility. 2. A luxury; dainty. 

3. Subtlety; nicety; need of careful treatment. 

4. Refinement of feeling; fastidiousness; consid¬ 
eration for others. 

del"i-ca-tes'sen, 1 del"i-ka-tes'en; 2 del"i-ca- 
tSs'en, n. pi. Table delicacies. fG.] 
de-Ii'clous, 1 di-li^h'us; 2 de-lish'iis, a. Ex¬ 
tremely pleasant or grateful. [< L. deliciosus, 
pleasant, < delicio, charm.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
de-light ' d , 1 di-lait'; 2 de-lit', v. I. t. To 
please or gratify highly; charm. II. i. To 


feel a deep and tender interest; rejoice: fol¬ 
lowed by in or an infinitive. [ < OF. deliter, < 
L. delecto, < delicio, charm.)—de-light'ed, pa. 
Highly pleased; joyfully gratified, -ly, adv. 

de-light', n. Great pleasure, gratification, or 
joyful satisfaction, or that which affords it.— 
de-light 'ful, a. Affording delight; extremely 
gratifying; charming, de-light'somej. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

De-li'lah, 1 di-lai'la; 2 de-ll'la, n. A Philistine 
courtezan who betrayed Samson. Judges xvi, 
4-20. 

de-lim'it, 1 dl-lim'it; 2 de-lim'it, vt. To prescribe 
the limits of; bound. [< F. dilimiter, < L. 
de. irom, + limit.) —de-lim"i-ta'tion, n. 

de-lin'e-ate, 1 di-lin'i-et; 2 de-lin'e-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To draw in outline;: 
trace out. 2. To portray; depict; describe. 
[< L. delineatus, < de, off, + linea, line.) — de- 
lin"e-a'tion, n. 1. The act or art of delineat¬ 
ing. 2. A portraiture; sketch.— de-liu'e-a"- 
tor, n. 

de-iin'quent, 1 di-lirj'kwent; 2 de-lin'kwent. 

1. a. 1. Neglectful of or failing in duty or ob¬ 
ligation; faulty. 2. Due and unpaid, as 
taxes. II. n. One who fails to perform a duty 
or who commits a fault. [< L. delinquents, 
ppr., < de, from, + linquo, leave.)— de-lin'- 
quen-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] The state or fact of 
being delinquent; neglect; fault; offense; mis¬ 
demeanor. 

del"i-quesce', 1 del"i-kwes'; 2 del"i-kwes', vi. 
[-QUE8CED /t ; -qtjesc'ing.] To become liquid 
by absorption of moisture from the air; pass 
awa/ gradually. [ < L. de-, de-, + liqueo, be 
fluid.) — del"i-ques'cence, n. — del"i-ques'- 
cent, a. 

de-Iir'i-ous, 1 di-lir'i-us; 2 de-lir'i-us, a. Suffer¬ 
ing from delirium, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

de-lir'I-um, 1 di-lir'i-um; 2 de-lir'i-um, n. 1. 
Mental aberration, as in fever; wandering of 
the mind. 2. Intense excitement; frenzy; 
rapture. [L., < delirus, crazy, < de, from, + 
lira, furrow.)— de-lir'i-um tre'mens, a violent, 
form of delirium, as from excessive use of alco¬ 
holic liquors or narcotics. 

de-liv'er, 1 di-liv'er; 2 de-liv'er, vt. 1. To free 
from restraint; set free; rescue; release; save. 

2. To hand over; transfer; give; give up; com¬ 
municate. 3. To relieve of a child in parturi¬ 
tion: often with of. 4. To utter; speak for¬ 
mally or officially. [ < F. dilivrer, < L. de, from, 
+ libero, liberate.]— de-liv'er-ance, n. 1. 
The act of delivering; rescue; release. 2. An 
expression of opinion. —de-liv'er-er, n.- de¬ 
li v'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 1. The aqt of delivering; 
liberation; release; transference; surrender. 2. 
Parturition. 3. Mode of utterance, as in singing 
or public speaking. 

dell, ) 1 del; 2 d&l, n. A small secluded valley; 

del p , ) glen; dale. [< D. delle, dal, dale.] 

De'los, 1 dl'les; 2 de'los, n. One of the Cyclades; 
reputed birthplace of Apollo and Artemis.— 

De'li-an, a. 

Del'phi, 1 del'fai; 2 del'fl, n. An ancient town, 
Phocis, Greece; famous for its oracle of Apollo.—■ 
Del 'phi-an, a. & n. —Del 'phic, a. Relating to 
Apollo or his oracle at Delphi; also, ambiguous.— 
Delphic oracle, the most famous of ancient 
oracles, that of Apollo; the sayings of its priest¬ 
ess, Pythia, were often ambiguous. 

del'ta, 1 del'ta; 2 dgl'ta, n. 1. The fourth let¬ 
ter in the Greek alphabet (A, 6). 2. A tri¬ 

angular alluvial deposit at or in the mouth of 
a river; anything triangular.— del'toid. I. a. 
1. Shaped like a delta; triangular. 2. Of or per¬ 


il d = final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = out; oil; iu=-feud; ffhin; go; o = si ng; thin, this. 
2: wqlf, dj>; book, boot; fijll, rule, cure, but, bftm* oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











delude 

deoxidize 


172 


taining to the deltoid. II. n. A triangular 
muscle of the shoulder and upper arm. 
de-lude', 1 di-liud'; 2 de-lud', vt. [de-lcd , ed < ^ ; 
de-lud'ing.] To mislead the mind or judg¬ 
ment of; beguile; deceive. [< L. de, off, + ludo, 
play.] —dc-lud'er, n. 

del'uge, 1 del'yuj; 2 del'yug. I. vt. [del'- 
uged; del'ug-ing.] To overwhelm with 
water; inundate; submerge. II. n. A great 
flood; inundation, as in the time of Noah. 
[ < F. deluge, < L. diluvium, < diluo, dilute.] 
de-lu'sion, 1 di-liu' 3 en; 2 de-lu'zhon, n. 1. 
The act of deluding; state of being deluded; a 
false belief, especially when persistent, of 
what has no existence in fact. 2. The act of 
deluding; deception.— de-lu'siv(e 8 , a. Tending 
to delude; misleading; deceptive, de-lu'so-ryj. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

de luxe, 1 da luks; 2 de lqks. See luxe. 
delv(e 8 , 1 delv; 2 d61v, vt. & vt. [delv(e)d 8 ; 
delv'ing.] To dig, as with a spade; pene¬ 
trate; fathom; make laborious research. [< 
AS. delfan.) 

Deni., abbr. Democrat, Democratic, 
dein'a-gog, 11 dem'a-gog; 2 dSm'a-g6g, n. 
dem'a-gogue, j One who leads the populace by 
pandering to their prejudices and passions; 
an unprincipled politician. [ < Gr. demos, 
people, -f ago, lead.]— dem"a-gog'lc or -l-cal, 
a. —dem'a-gog-ism, n. dem'a-gogu-er-yt; 

dem'a-gogu-ismj; dem'a-gog-yj. 
de-main', } 1 di-men'; 2 de-man', n. A manor* 
de-mesne', j house and adjoining lands; landed 
estate; domain. [< OF. demaine, var. of aomaine; 
see DOMAIN.] 

de-mand ' d , 1 di-mand'; 2 de-mand', v. I. t. 
1. To claim as due; ask for peremptorily; in¬ 
sist upon. 2. To have pressing need for; re¬ 
quire. II. i. To inquire urgently, authori¬ 
tatively, or peremptorily. [ < L. F de, from, + 
mando, order.] — de-mand'a-bl(e p , a. — de¬ 
mand 'er, n. 

de-mand ', n. The act of demanding, or that 
which is demanded; requirement; claim; need. 
de"mar-ca 'tion, 1 dl"mar-ke'shan; 2 de"mar- 
ca'shon, n. The fixing of boundaries or lim¬ 
its; limitation; discrimination; the limit or 
line fixed. [ < de- + LL. marcatus, marked, < 
OHG. marca, bound.] de"mar-ka'tionJ. — de- 
mar'cate, vt. 

de-mean', 1 di-min'; 2 de-men', vt. To be¬ 
have; conduct: used reflexively. [< F. demener, 

< d6~, down, + L. minor, menace.] 
de-mean'or, 1 di-min'ar; 2 de-men'or, n. Be¬ 
havior; bearing; deportment; mien. de¬ 
mean 'ourt. 

de-inent'ed, 1 di-ment'ad; 2 de-mgnt'ed, pa. 
Deprived of reason; insane.— de-men'ti-a, 
n. Loss or impairment of the faculty of coherent 
thought; Insanity. [L., < de, from, + men(t-)s, 
mind.] 

de-mer'it, 1 di-mer'it; 2 de-mgr'it, n. 1. Ill 
desert; misconduct. 2. A mark for failure or 
misconduct. [ < L. F de- prlv. + mereo, deserve.] 
de-mesne', n. Same as demain. 

Dc-me'ter, 1 di-mi'tar; 2 de-me'ter, n. Myth. 
Goddess of the fruitful earth, agriculture, mar¬ 
riage, and fertility; by the Romans identified 
with Ceres. 

dem'i-, prefix. Half: often written with a 
hyphen, as if a full word in composition. [F., 

< demi, half.]— dem'i-god, n. The fabled off¬ 
spring of a god and a mortal: a godlike man; hero. 

dem'i-john, 1 dem'i-jen; 2 dSm'i-jon, n. A 


jugdike glass vessel enclosed in wickerwork. 
[ < Ar. F damajdna, < Damagan, a town in Persia.] 
dem'Dmonde", 1 dem'i’mend'; 2 dgm'DraOnd', 
n. A class of women of equivocal reputation. [F.j 
de-inise', 1 di-maiz'; 2 de-mlg', v. [de-mised'; 
de-mis'ing.] I. t. 1. To bestow by will; be¬ 
queath; give. 2. To convey for life or for a 
term of years; lease. II. i. To pass by w r ill 
or inheritance. 

de-mise', n. Death, as of a sovereign; a 
transfer or conveyance of rights or estate. [ < 
F. demetlre (pp. demis), resign.] 
de-moc'ra-cy, 1 di-mek'ra-si; 2 de-moc'ra-gy, 
n. [-cies z , pl.\ Government directly by the 
people collectively; a government so con¬ 
ducted; the mass of the people. [< Gr. demo- 
tratia, < demos, people, + kraled, rule.]— dem'- 
o-crat, n. One who favors a democracy; a 
member of a democratic party.— dem"o-crat'- 
1c, a. Of or pertaining to democracy or a democ¬ 
racy; characterized by the fact, spirit, or prin¬ 
ciples of popular government. dem"o-crat'l- 
calf. -i-cal-ly, adv. 

de-mol'ish', 1 di-mel'i^h; 2 de-mol'ish, vt. To 
destroy by tearing or throwing down; over¬ 
throw; ruin. [< L. F de, down, + molior, work, 
< moles, mass.]— de-mol 'lsh-er, n. — dem"o- 
li'tlon, n. The act or result of demolishing; de¬ 
struction. de-mol 'ish-mentt. 
de'inon, 1 di'man; 2 de'mon, n. 1. An evil 
spirit; devil; wicked or cruel person. 2. Gr. 
Myth. A guardian spirit; genius. [< Gr. L 
daimdn, god, ghost, evil spirit.] dse'mont; 
dai'monf.—de-mo'nl-ac. I. a. Of, like, or 
befitting a demon or evil spirit; devilish, de"- 
mo-nl'a-calt; de-mon'lct. II. n. One pos¬ 
sessed of a demon or evil spirit; also, a lunatic. 
—de"mo-nl'a-cal-ly, adv. —de'mon-ism, n. 
Belief in the existence of demons.— de'mon-ist, 
n. — de"mon-ol'o-gy, n. The study of demons 
or demonism.— de"inon-ol'o-glst, n. 
demon., demonstr., abbr. Demonstrative, 
de-moil'e-tize or -tise, 1 di-mun'i-taiz; 2 de- 
mon'i-tiz, vt. To divest of the character of 
standard money. — de-mon"e-ti-za'tion or 
-sa'tion, n. 

dem'on-strate, 1 dem'an-stret; 2 d§m'on- 
strat, vt. [-strat"ed j ; -strat"ing.] 1. To 
prove w'ith mathematical certainty. 2. To 
teach by exhibition of examples, as anatomy. 
3. To point out; make clear. [< L. de, fully, 
+ monstro, show.] — de-nion 'stra-l)l(e p , a. 
Capable of positive proof.— de-mon'stra-ble- 
ness, n. dc-mon"stra-bil'i-tyt. — de-mon'- 
stra-bly, adv. 

denT'on-stra'tion, 1 denT'an-stre'ffhan; 2 
d8m"on-stra'shon, n. 1. A pointing out; 
manifestation. 2. A process of reasoning 
that leads to an absolutely certain conclusion, 
as in mathematics. 3. The exhibition and 
description of examples, as in anatomy. 4. 
A public exhibition, as of approval, condem¬ 
nation, affection, or military force.— de-mon'- 
stra-tiv(e s . I. a. 1. Having the power of 
demonstration; convincing and conclusive. 2. 
Inclined to strong expression of feeling or opin¬ 
ions. II. n. A demonstrative pronoun, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. —demonstrative pronoun 
(.Gram.), a pronoun which defines or points out 
the object to which it refers; as, this, that, these, 
those.— dem'on-stra"tor, n. 1. One who dem¬ 
onstrates. 2. One who exhibits and explains dis¬ 
sections to a class in anatomy, dem'on- 
strat"erj. 

de-mor'al-ize or -Ise, 1 di-mer'el-aiz; 2 de- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 






173 


delude 

deoxidize 


mor'al-iz, vt. 1. To corrupt or deprave. 2. 
To disorganize and dishearten, as troops.— 
de-mor"al-i-za'tion or -sa'tion, n. 
De-mos'the-nes, ]. di-mes'thi-nlz; 2 de-mos'the- 
nes, n. An Athenian orator and patriot (384- 
322 B. C.). 

de-mul'cent, 1 di-mul'sent; 2 de-mul'gent. 
Med. I. a. Soothing. II. n. A soothing 
application. [<_ L. de, down, + mulceo, stroke.] 
de-mur', 1 di-mur'; 2 de-mOr'. I. vi. [-murred', 
-murd' 8 ; -mur'ring.] 1. To offer objections; 
take exception. 2. To delay; hesitate. II. n. 
A suspension of decision or action; hesitation; 
objection. [ < L. de, from, + mora, delay.] 
de-mure', 1 di-miur'; 2 de-mur', a. 1. Having 
a sedate or modest demeanor. 2. Affecting 
modesty; prim; coy. [< OF. de murs, of man¬ 
ners.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
de-mur'rer 1 , 1 di-mur'sr; 2 de-mhr'er, n. One 
who demurs. 

de-mur'rer 2 , n. Law. A pleading which de¬ 
nies that valid cause of action exists; an issue 
on a question of law. 

den, 1 den; 2 den, n. 1. A cavern occupied by 
animals; a lair. 2. A low haunt. 3. [Colloq.] 
A room for privacy; sanctum. [ < AS. denn.] 
Den., abbr. Denmark. 

de-na'rius, 1 di-ne'n-us; 2 de-na'ri-us, n. [-ri-i, 
pi.] Rom. Anttq. A silver coin, worth 17 cents; 
the penny of the New Testament; also, later, a 
small copper coin. [L.] 

de-na'ture, 1 dl-ne'dhur or -tiur; 2 de-na'chur or 
-tur, vt. [-tured; -tur-ing.] To change the 
nature or qualities of, as tea or alcohol by adulter¬ 
ation. de-na'tur-izej.—de-na"tur-a'tion, n. 
den'drl-form, 1 den'dn-ferm; 2 dgn'dri-form, a. 
Like a tree in structure; tree-shaped. [< Gr. 
dendron, tree, + -form.} den-drit'ict; den'- 
droidt. 

de-ni'al, 1 di-nai'al; 2 de-nl'al, n. The act of 
denying; contradiction; disavowal; non-com¬ 
pliance.— de-ni'er, n. One who makes denial. 
Den'is, 1 den'is; 2 den'is (Fr. 1 da-nl'; 2 de-ni'). 
Saint. First bishop of Paris; patron saint of 
France. 

den'i-zen, 1 den'i-zn; 2 den'i-zn, n. One who 
lives in (a place); a citizen; inhabitant. [< L. OF 
de, from, intus, within, < in, in.] 

Den'mark, 1 den'mark; 2 den'mark, n. A king¬ 
dom (15,582 sq. m.; pop. 2,940,970) in N. W. 
Europe. 

de-nom'i-nate, 1 di-nem'i-net; 2 de-nom'i- 
nat. I. vt. [-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To give a 
name to; call; name. II. a. Arith. Made up 
of units of a designated kind; concrete. [< L. 
denominate, pp., < de, from, + nomen, name.] 
—de-nom'i-na-tiv(e 8 , a. That gives or con¬ 
stitutes a name; appellative.— de-nom'i-na"- 
tor, n. 1. One who or that which names. 2. 
That term of a fraction which expresses the num¬ 
ber of equal parts into which the unit is divided. 
de-noin"i-na'tion, 1 di-nem"i-ne'^h9n; 2 de- 
nom"i-na'shon, n. 1. The act of naming. 2. 
A class designation; name; epithet; appella¬ 
tion. 3. A body of Christians having a dis¬ 
tinguishing name; sect. 4. Arith. A class of 
units of one kind and name.— de-nom"i-na'- 
tlon-al, a. -aJ-ism, n. -al-ist, n. 
de-note', 1 di-not'; 2 de-not', vt. [de-not'ed^; 
de-not'ing.] To point out; represent; sig¬ 
nify; serve as a sign of; indicate; designate; 
show. [< L. denoto, < de, down, + noto, mark, 
< nola, mark.]— de-not'a-bl(e p , a. de"no- 
ta'tlon, n. . _. „ , .... 

de-noue'ment, 1 de-nu'man; 2 de-nu man, n. 


The catastrophe of a play or novel; issue; 
outcome. [F., < de-, from, + nouer, tie.] de- 

nou'mentt. 

de-nounce', 1 di-nauns'; 2 de-noun g', vt. [de¬ 
nounced' 1 ; de-nounc'ing.] 1. To attack as 
deserving of punishment, censure, or odium; 
stigmatize; arraign. 2. To inform against; 
accuse. 3. To threaten; announce threat¬ 
eningly, as evil or vengeance; menace. [< 
L.° F de, down, nuntio, announce.]— de- 
nounce'ment, n.— de-nounc'er, n. 
de no'vo, 1 di no'vo; 2 de no'vo. From the be¬ 
ginning; anew. [L.] 

dense, 1 dens; 2 dens, a. [dens'er; dens'est.] 
1. Having its parts crowded closely together; 
compact in structure; thick; close. 2. Hard 
to penetrate; obtuse; stupid; dull. [< L. 
densus, thick.] -ly, adv. -ness, n .— den'si- 
ty, 7i. 1. Denseness; compactness. 2. The mass 
or quantity of matter of a substance per unit of 
its volume. [indent. 

dent d , 1 dent; 2 dSnt, vt. To make a dent in; 
dent, n. A small depression made by striking 
or pressing; indentation. [Var. of dint.] 

Dent., abbr. Dental, dentist, dentistry, 
den'tal, 1 den'tal; 2 dSn'tal. I. a. Of or per¬ 
taining to the teeth or dentistry. II. n. A 
sound, as that of d, t, or n, produced by plac¬ 
ing the tip of the tongue against or near the 
front teeth; also, a letter representing such 
sound. [< L. den(t-)s, tooth.]— den'tate, a. 
Having teeth or tooth-like processes, -ly, adv. — 
den-tic'u-late, a. Finely toothed, den-tic 'u- 
lart; den-tic'u-lat"edt.—den-t!c"u-la'tion, 
n.— den'ti-frlce, n. A preparation for cleaning 
the teeth.— den'tin, n. The hard, calcified 
substance forming the body of a tooth; ivory, 
den'tlnef. — den'tist, n. One who operates on 
the teeth.— den'tist-ry, n. Dental surgery.— 
den-ti'tion, n. 1. The process or period of 
cutting the teeth; teething. 2. Zool. The system 
• or arrangement of teeth peculiar to an animal, 
de-nude', 1 di-niud'; 2 de-nud', vt. [de-nud'- 
ED d ; de-nud'ing.] To strip the covering 
from; make naked. [< L. de, from, + nudus, 
bare.]— de-nu'date, a. Naked; stripped of 
foliage or other covering, de-nu'dat-edf. — 
den"u-da'tion, n. The act of denuding, or the 
state of being denuded. 

de-nun"ci-a'tion, 1 di-nun"si-e':fh9n; 2 de¬ 
nun" gi-a'shon, n. The act of denouncing;, 
arraignment; accusation; menace. [< L. denun¬ 
cio; see denounce.]— de-nun'ci-a-to-ry, a. 
Containing denunciation; threatening. de¬ 
nun 'cl-a-tiv(e 8 t.—de-nun'ci-a-tlve-ly, adv. 
Den'ver, 1 den'ver; 2 dgn'ver, n. A city (pop. 

256,490), the capital of Colorado, 
de-ny', 1 di-nai'; 2 de-ny', v. [de-nied'; de¬ 
nying.] I. t. 1. To declare to be untrue. 2. 
To refuse to give, acknowledge, or permit; 
withhold; disown; forbid. II. i. To answer 
in the negative; say “no”; declare anything 
to be untrue. [< L. F de-, de-, 4- nego, deny.] 
de'o-dar, 1 di'o-dcir; 2 de'o-dar, n. The East* 
Indian cedar ( Cedrus deodar a). 
de-o'dor-ize or -ise, 1 dl-o'dar-cuz; 2 de-o'dor- 
iz, vt. [-ized, -ised; -iz"ing, -is"ing.] To 
modify or destroy the odor of, as by disinfec¬ 
tants.— de-o"dor-i-za'tlon or -sa'tion, n. — 
de-o'dor-lz"er or -is"er, n. 
de-ox'i-dize, ) 1 dl-eks'i-daiz; 2 de-oks'i-dlz, vt. 
de-ox'i-dise, (To remove oxygen from; reduce 
from the state of an oxid. de-ox'i-date]:. — 
de-ox"i-dl-za'tion or -sa'tion, n. de-ox"l- 
da'tiont. 


1*» = final- l = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II; IQ = feud; tfhin; go; 0 = sin< 7 ; thin, this. 
g-wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cGre, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Dep. 

descry 


174 


Dep., Dept., abbr. Department, deponent, depu¬ 
ty.— dep., abbr. Deposed. 
de-part' d , 1 di-part'; 2 de-part', vi. 1. To go 
away; withdraw: followed by from. 2. To 
deviate, as from a standard; differ; vary: fol¬ 
lowed by from. 3. To leave this life; die; also 
transitively, to depart this life. [ < L. OF dispar- 
tio, part, < dis-, dis-, + pars, part.]— de-part '- 
ment, n. 1. A distinct part; a division, as of an 
organization. 2. A subdivision of territory, as for 
military purposes.— de"part-men'tal, a .— de- 
par'ture, n. 1. The act of departing; deviation; 
death. 2. Naut. The distance a vessel has gone 
east or west of a given meridian, 
de-pend ' d , 1 di-pend'; 2 de-pgnd', vi. I. To 
have full reliance; trust; rely: with on or upon. 

2. To be conditional or contingent (on or upon). 

3. To be obliged to rely, as for support; be 
dependent (on or upon). 4. To hang, with 
from. [< L. de, down, + pendeo, hang.]—de¬ 
pend 'a-bl(e p , a. -ness, n. —a-bly, adv. 

de-pen'dent, 1 di-pen'dent; 2 de-pgn'dent. I. 
a. 1. Depending upon something exterior; 
subordinate; contingent; needy. 2. Hanging 
down; pendent. II. n. 1. One who looks to 
another for support or favor; a retainer. 2. 
A consequence; corollary, de-pen'dantf. -ly, 
adv .— de-pen'dence, n. 1. The act or relation 
of depending, or the state of being dependent; 
hence, reliance; trust. 2. Subordination. 3. 
That on which one relies, de-pen'dancef. — 
de-pen 'den-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.) 1. That which 
is dependent. 2. A subject or tributary state. 3. 
Dependence, de-pen'dan-cyf. 
de-pict' d , 1 di-pikt'; 2 de-pict', vt. To portray 
or picture; describe or represent vividly. [< L. 
de. down, -f pingo, paint.] de-pic'turef. 
dep'i-Iate, 1 dep'i-let; 2 dfep'i-lSt, vt. [-lat"ed; 
-lat"ing.] To strip of hair. [ < L. depilatus, pp. of 
depilo, < de, from, + pilus, hair.]— dep"i-la'- 
tion, n.— dep'i-la"tor, n.— de-pil'a-to-ry, a. 
& n. ' 

de-plete', 1 di-pl!t'; 2 de-plet', vt. [-PLET'ED d ; 
-plet'ing.] To reduce, lessen, or exhaust, as 
the quantity of blood in the veins; empty. [ < L. 
de, from, + pleo, fill.]— de-ple'tion, n. The act 
of depleting, or the state of being depleted.— de- 
ple'tiv(e s , a. Inducing, or tending to induce, 
depletion, de-ple'to-ryf. 
de-plore', 1 di-plor'; 2 de-plor', vt. [de¬ 
plored'; de-plor'ing.] To feel or express 
deep regret or concern for; lament. [< L. de- 
intens. + ploro, wail.]— de-plor'a-bl(e p , a. 
Lamentable; pitiable.— de-plor"a-bil'i-ty, n .— 
de-plor'a-bly, adv. 

de-ploy', 1 di-plei'; 2 de-ploy', vt. & vi. Mil. 
To spread out in line of battle, as troops. 
[< F. deployer, < LL. displico, display.] —de¬ 
ploy 'inent, n. 

de-po'nent, 1 di-pd'nent; 2 de-po'n8nt. I. a. 
Laying down; passive in form, but active in 
meaning, as certain Latin verbs. II. n. I. 
Gram. A deponent verb. 2. Law. One who 
deposes; a person who gives written testi¬ 
mony. 

de-pop 'ii-late, 1 di-pop'yu-let; 2 de-p8p'yu- 
lat, vt. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To remove the 
inhabitants from; unpeople. [ < L. de, thorough¬ 
ly, 4- populor, lay waste.]—de-pop"u-la'tion, 
n. The act of depopulating, or the state of being 
depopulated.—de-pop'u-la"tor, n. 
de-port ' d , 1 di-port' ; 2 de-port', vt. 1. To carry 
away; transport; banish. 2. To behave or 
conduct (oneself). [< L. de, from, + porto, 
carry.]—de"por-ta'tion, n. Transportation. 


de-port'men t, 1 di-port'ment or -mant; 2 de- 
port'ment, n. Conduct or behavior; demean¬ 
or; bearing. 

de-pose', 1 di-poz'; 2 de-po§', v. [de-posed'; 
de-pos'ing.] I. t. 1. To deprive of official 
rank; remove; degrade. 2. To bear witness 
to; state on oath. II. i. To give testimony; 
make a deposition. [ < F. deposer, < de-, from, 
+ poser, place.]—de-pos'a-bl(e p , a. —de-pos'- 
al, n. 

de-pos'it, 1 di-poz'it; 2 de-po§'it. I d . vt. & vi. 
To place, as for safe*keeping;. lay down; 
cause to settle or adhere, as sediment; form or 
make a deposit. II. n. 1. That which is or 
has been deposited or precipitated; sediment; 
precipitate; money or personal property de¬ 
posited, as in a bank for safe*keeping, or as a 
security. 2. The act of depositing, or the state 
of being deposited. [ < L. de, down, + pono, put.] 
de-pos'l-ta-ry, 1 di-poz'i-te-n; 2 de-po^'i-ta- 
ry, n. [-ries z , pl.\ 1. A person entrusted 
with anything for safe*keeping; a trustee. 2. 
A depository. 

dep"o-si'tion, 1 dep"o-zi£h'en; 2 d8p"o-sfsh'- 
on, n. 1. The act of depositing: a deposit; ac¬ 
cumulation. 2. Law. The written testimony 
of a sworn witness. 3. The act of deposing, 
as from office. 

de-pos'i-tor, 1 di-pez'i-tar; 2 de-po§'i-tor, n. 

One who makes a deposit. [LL.] 
de-pos'i-to-ry, 1 di-pez'i-to-n; 2 de-p5§'i-to- 
ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] A place where anything 
is deposited. 

de'pot, 1 dl'po; 2 de'po, n. 1. A warehouse or 
storehouse. 2. [U. S.] A railroad station. [< F. 
depot, < L. depositum; see deposit, n.] 
de-prave', 1 di-prev'; 2 de-prav', vt. [de¬ 
praved'; de-prav'ing.] To render bad or 
worse, especially in morals; corrupt; vitiate. 
[< L. F de, thoroughly, -f- pravus, crooked, de¬ 
praved.]—dep"ra-va'tion, n. The act of de¬ 
praving, or the state of being depraved or dete¬ 
riorated.—de-prav'1-ty, n. The state of being 
depraved; wickedness. 

dep're-cate, 1 dep'ri-ket; 2 dgp're-cat, vt. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] 1. To beg or plead 
earnestly against. 2. To desire or pray for 
deliverance from, as threatened evil. [ < L. de, 
from, -f precor, pray.]— dep're-cat"lng-ly, 
adv. —dep"re-ca't!on, n. —dep're-ea-to-ry, a. 
Characterized by entreaty or protest against 
something: deprecating. dep're-ca-tiv(e a f. 
de-pre'ci-ate, 1 di-pri'sln-et; 2 de-pre'shi-at, v. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] I. (. 1. To lessen the 

worth of; lower the price or rate of. 2. To 
lower, or attempt to lower, the estimation of; 
underrate; disparage. II. i. To sink in esti¬ 
mation, price, or value; become of less worth. 
[< L. LL de, down, + pretium, price.]— de-pre"- 
ci-a'tlon, n. The act of depreciating, or the 
state of being depreciated.— de-pre'ci-a-tiv(e», 
a. Tending to depreciate, -ly, adv. — de-pre'- 
cl-a"tor, n. —de-pre'ci-a-to-ry, a. 
dep're-date, 1 dep'n-det; 2 d8p're-dat, vt. & 
vi. [-DAT"ED d ; -dat"ing.] To prey upon, as 
by pillage; lay waste; despoil; plunder. [< L.nn 
de, thoroughly, 4- prseda, prey.] — dcp"re-da'- 
tion, n. A plundering; robbery.— dep're-da"- 
tor, n. A robber.— dep're-da"to-ry, a. Plun¬ 
dering. 

de-press1 di-pres'; 2 de-prgs', vt. 1. To 
press or push down; lower. 2. To force or 
keep down the activity or the price of. 3. To 
reduce the energy of; dispirit; sadden. 4. To 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, policej obey, go; not, or; full, riile; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat., fare, last, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 







175 


Dep. 

descry 


bring low; humble; degrade. [< L. OP depressus, 
pp. of deprimo, < de, down, 4- premo, press.]— 
de-pressed', a. Sad; dejected.—de-pres'slon, 
n. 1. The act of depressing, or the state of being 
depressed; low spirits or vitality; dejection; 
melancholy. 2. That which is depressed: a low 
or hollow place.—de-pres'sivfe 5 *, a. Tending to 
or causing depression, -ly, adv. -ness, n. —de- 
pres'sor, n. One who or that which depresses; a 
depressing muscle or instrument, 
de-prive', 1 di-prcxiv'; 2 de-prlv', vt. [de¬ 
prived'; de-pbiv'ing] 1. To take something 
away from; dispossess; divest: with of before 
the object taken away. 2. To keep from ac¬ 
quiring, using, or enjoying something; debar; 
depose. [< L. OF de, thoroughly, 4- privo, de¬ 
prive.]—dep"rl-va'tion, n. The act of depriv¬ 
ing, or the state of being deprived, 
depth, 1 depth; 2 depth, n. 1. The state or de¬ 
gree of being deep; extent or distance down¬ 
ward, inward, or backward. 2. A deep 
place; the innermost part. 3. Profundity or 
extremity of thought or feeling; utmost ex¬ 
tent; immensity; extremity. 4. The quality 
of being dark in shade, or rich and deep in 
color or tone. [ME. depthe, < dep, < AS. dedp, 
deep.]—depth bomb, a bomb charged with a 
high explosive and dropped from a vessel's stern 
over a submerged submarine-boat to destroy it. 
de-pute', 1 di-piut'; 2 de-put', vt. [de-pct'- 
ED d ; de-put'ing.] To appoint as an agent, 
deputy, or delegation: send with authority. [< 
L. depuio, cut off, select, < de, from, 4- puto, 
prune.]—dep"u-ta'tion, n. 1. A person or 
persons acting for another or others; a delega¬ 
tion. 2. The act of deputing, or the state of be¬ 
ing deputed.—dep'u-tize, v. [-tized; -txz'- 
ing.] [U. S.] To depute.—dep'u-ty. n. [-ties*, 
pl.\ A person delegated or appointed to act for 
another or others; a representative; agent. 

De Quin'cey, 1 di kwin'si; 2 de kwin'cy, Thomas 
(1785-1859). An English writer, 
der., deriv., abbr. Derivation, derivative, derived, 
de-rail', 1 di-rel'; 2 de-ral', vt. To run off from 
the rails, as a car or train.— de-rail 'ment, n. 
de-range', 1 di-renj'; 2 de-rang 7 , vt. [de¬ 
ranged'; de-raxg'ixg.] To disturb the ar¬ 
rangement or order of; disarrange; disorder; 
craze. [< F. deranger, < de-, dis-; and see 
range, v.]— de-ranged', pa. Insane.— de- 

range'ment, n. 1. The act of deranging, or 
state of beinar deranged. 2. Insanity. 

Der'by, 1 duribi; 2 deriby (Eng. 1 dar'bi; 2 dari- 
by), n. 1. An annual horse-race at Epsom, Sur¬ 
rey, England: first instituted by 12th Earl of Der¬ 
by in 1780; also, elsewhere, a race of first impor¬ 
tance. 2. [d-] A stiff felt hat, with a curved 
brim and round crown; worn mostly by men. 
der'e-lict, 1 der'i-likt; 2 dSr'e-lict. I. a. 1. 
Neglectful of obligation; unfaithful; remiss. 
2. Deserted or abandoned. II. n. That 
which is deserted or abandoned, especially a 
deserted wreck at sea. [< L. derelicius, pp., < 
de, thoroughly, 4- relinquo, relinquish.] — der"- 
e-lic'tion, n. 1. Neglect or wilful omission; 
failure in duty. 2. Voluntary abandonment of a 
charge or property. 

de-ride', 1 di-raid'; 2 de-rld', vt. [de-rid ED d ; 
de-rid'ing.] To treat with scornful mirth; 
ridicule. [< L. de- intens. 4- rideo, laugh.]— de- 
rid'er, n.—de-rid 'ing-ly, adv.— de-ri'sion, n. 
1. The act of deriding; ridicule: mockery; scorn¬ 
ful laughter. 2. An object of ridicule.— de-ri'- 
sivfe 3 , a. Expressive of or characterized by deri¬ 
sion; mocking. de-ri'so-ryj. -ly ,adv. -ness,r». 
de-rive', 1 di-raiv'; 2 de-riv', vt. [de-rived'; 


de-riv'ing.] 1. To draw or receive, as from a 
source, principle, or root. 2. To deduce, as 
from a premise; draw, as a conclusion. 3. 
To trace the derivation of (a word). [< L. F 
derivo, < de, from, 4- rivus, stream.]—de-riv'a- 
bl(e p , a. Capable of being derived.—der"i-va'- 
tlon, n. The act of deriving, or the condition of 
being derived.—de-riv'a-tiv(e«. I. a. Coming 
or acquired by derivation; of or pertaining to 
derivation or evolution; derived. II. n. That 
which Is derived; any word or thing derived from 
another. -ly, adv. 

der'o-gate, 1 der'o-get; 2 d§r'o-gat, vi. [-gat"- 
ED d ; -gaining.] To take away or withdraw 
something; detract: used with from. [ < L. de, 
from, 4- rogo, propose a law.]—der"o-ga'tion, 
n. The act of derogating; detraction; disparage¬ 
ment.—de-rog'a-to-ry, a. Lessening in good 
repute; detracting from estimation; disparaging. 
de-rog'a-tiv(e s t. -ly, adv. 

der'rick, 1 der'ik; 2 dSr'ik, n. An apparatus, 
as a mast with a hinged boom, for hoisting 
and swinging into place heavy weights. [ < 
Derrick (a London hangman of the 17th cen¬ 
tury).] 

der'rin-ger, 1 der'in-jar; 2 deriin-ger, n. A pistol 
having a short barrel and a large bore. [ < Der¬ 
ringer, the inventor.] 

der'vis h, 1 dur'vi^h; 2 derivish, n. 1. A Moham¬ 
medan mendicant friar; a fakir. 2. A member of 
certain fanatical tribes of upper Egypt. [Turk.] 
der'visej. 

des-cant' d , 1 des-kant'; 2 dgs-eant', vi. To 
discourse at length; hold forth: with on or 
upon. [< LL. discanto, < L. dis-, apart, 4- 
canlo, sing.] 

des'cant, 1 des'kant; 2 des'cant, n. The act of 
descanting; a series of remarks; a varied mel¬ 
ody or song. 

Des"cartes', 1 de'kart'; 2 de'cart', Rene (1596— 
1650). A French mathematician and philoso¬ 
pher. 

de-scend ' d , 1 di-send'; 2 de-sSnd', v. I. t. To 
pass from the upper to the lower part of; go 
down. II. i. 1. To move from a higher to a 
lower point; go downward in any sense; fall. 
2. To pass down, as from generation to gener¬ 
ation; be sprung or derived: with from, for¬ 
merly of. [ < L. de, down, 4- scando, climb.]— 
de-scen'dant, n. One who is descended line- 
ally from another, de-scen'dentj. — de-scen'- 
dent, a. 1. Proceeding downward, descending. 
2. Issuing by descent, as from an ancestor, de- 
scen'dantj. — de-scend'i-bl(e p or -a-bl(e p , a. 
1. That may be descended. 2. That may pass by 
descent; inheritable.— de-scen'sion, n. De¬ 
scent; declension.— de-scent', n. 1. The act of 
descending; decline; deterioration; fall. 2. A 
descending way; declivity; slope. 3. Lineage; 
birth; extraction. 4. Descendants; issue. 5. A 
hostile visitation; invasion. 

de-scribe', 1 di-skraib'; 2 de-scrlb', v. [de¬ 
scribed'; de-scrib'ing.] I. t. To give the 
characteristics of; represent; delineate; out¬ 
line; draw; as, to describe a circle. II. i. 1. 
To give or make a description. 2. To serve 
as the object of description. [< L. de, fully, 
4- scribo, write.]— de-serib'a-bl(e p , a. — de- 
scrib'er, n.— de-scrip'tion, n. 1. The act 
of describing; a portrayal or explanation; a 
drawing or tracing. 2. A sort; kind.— de-scrip'- 
tiv(e s , a. Characterized by or containing de¬ 
scription; serving to describe. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

de-sery', 1 di-skrai'; 2 de-sery', vt. [de¬ 
scried'; de-scry'ing.] To discover wdth the 
eye; discern. [< OF. des-, dis-, 4- crier, cry.] 


1-3 = final; l = habit; aisle; au = <rat; ©II; lu = feud; tdiin; go; Q = sin«?; fhin, this, 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 


















Desdemona 

dethrone 


176 


Des"de-mo'na,l dez'di-mo'na; 2 d6s"de-ino'na, to. 

Heroine of Shakespeare’s Othello. 
des'e-crate, 1 des'i-kret; 2 dSs'e-erat, vt. 
[-CRAT"ED d ; -crat'Tng.] To divert from a 
sacred to a common use; profane. [< de- + L. 
sacro, make sacred.]— des'e-crat"er, n. des'e- 
cra"torf. — des"e-cra'tion, n. Profanation. 
de-sert' d , 1 di-zurt'; 2 de-§ert', v. I. t. To de¬ 
part from or leave unwarrantably; forsake; 
abandon. II. i. To forsake a post oj - service 
without leave. [< L. p desero, < de, from, + 
sero, join.]— de-sert'er, n. One who forsakes a 
service, duty, party, or friends; an absconding 
soldier or sailor.— de-ser'tion, to. The act of 
deserting. 

des'ert, 1 dez'art; 2 dSg'ert, a. Of or like a 
desert; barren; waste. 

des'ert 1 , to. Geog. A region without vegeta¬ 
tion, rainless, and uninhabitable. 
de-sert' 2 , 1 di-zurt'; 2 de-gert', to. 1. The state 
of deserving reward or punishment; merit or 
demerit. 2. That which is deserved: often 
in the plural. [< OF. desene, < deservir, de¬ 
serve.] 

de-serv(e' a , 1 di-zurv'; 2 de-§erv', vt. [de¬ 
served' 9 ; de-serv'ing.] I. t. To be en¬ 
titled to or worthy of, by either merit or de¬ 
merit. II. i. To be worthy or deserving. 
[< L. deservio, serve devotedly, < de- intens. + 
servio, serve.] — de-serv'ed-ly, adv. According 
to desert; justly.— de-serv'er, n.— de-serv'ing. 
I. pa. Worthy; meritorious. II. to. The act of 
deserving, -ly, adv. 
des"ha-bille', to. Same as dishabille. 
des'ic-cate, 1 des'i-ket; 2 des'i-eat, v. [-cat"- 
ED d ; -cat"ing.] I. t. To exhaust or remove 
the moisture from; dry thoroughly, as for 
preserving. II. i. To become dry. [< L. de, 
thoroughly, -f siccus, dry.]— des"ic-ca'tion, n. 
— des'ic-ca-tiv(e 9 . I. a. Drying, des'ic-ca-to- 
ry$. II. n. A drying application, des'ic- 
cantf. — des'lc-ca"tor, n. One who or that 
which desiccates. 

de-sid'er-ate, 1 di-sid'ar-et; 2 de-sid'er-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To feel desire or need for; 
be in want of; miss. [ < L. desideratus, pp. of de- 
sidero; see desire.] — de-sid'er-a-tlvfe 8 . I. a. 

Having, implying, or expressing desire. II. n. 

1. A desideratum. 2. Gram. A derivative verb 
expressing desire. de-sid"er-a'tionf. 

de-sid"er-a'tum, 1 di-sid"ar-e'tum; 2 de-sld'er- 
a'tQm, n. [-ta, pi.] Something not possessed, 
but needed or regarded as desirable. [L.] 
de-sign', 1 di-zain'; 2 de-§In', v. I. t. 1. To 
map out in the mind; plan; project; invent. 

2. To draw; delineate; sketch in outline. 3. 
To purpose; intend. 4. To plan or contrive 
for a purpose. II. i. To form designs or 
plans; contrive; act as a designer. [< L. p de, 
fully, + signum, mark.] —de-sign 'ed-Iy, adv. 
By design; purposely; intentionally.—de-sign'- 
er, n. 1. One who forms designs; a contriver; 
schemer. 2. One who invents and prepares dec¬ 
orative or artistic designs.—de-sign 'ing, pa. 
Artful; scheming, -ly, adv. 

de-sign', 1 di-zain'; 2 de-§In', n. 1. A pattern; 
preliminary sketch. 2. The art of designing; 
artistic invention. 3. A fixed purpose or in¬ 
tention; scheme; plot. 4. The adaptation of 
means to an end; plan; contrivance; also, the 
object or reason; final purpose, 
des'ig-nate, 1 des'ig-net; 2 dSs'ig-nat, vt. 
[-NAT w ED d ; -nat"ing.] 1. To indicate by 
some mark, sign, or name, etc. 2. To name; 
identify by name. 3. To select or appoint 


for a specific purpose.— des"lg-na'tion, n. The 
act of designating; a distinctive mark, name or 
title.— des'ig-na-tiv(e 9 , a. Serving to desig¬ 
nate. des'ig-na-to-ryf. — des'ig-na"tor, to. 
de-sire', 1 di-zair'; 2 de-§Ir'. 1. vt . [de-sired'; 
de-sir'ing.] 1. To wish or long for; covet; 
crave. 2. To express a wish for; ask; pray for; 
request. 3||. To regret; miss. II. n. 1. An 
earnest wishing for something; longing; crav¬ 
ing; yearning. 2. A request; wish; prayer. 
3. An object desired. 4. Appetite; passion. 
[< L. p de, from, + stdus ( sider -), star.]— de- 
slr'a-bl(e p , a . Worthy or likely to be desired; 
worth having.— de-sir"a-bll'i-ty, de-slr'a- 

ble-ness, n .— de-sir 'a-bly, adv . —de-sir'er, n. 
— de-sir'ous, a . Having desire; experiencing a 
wish or craving. -ly, adv. 
de-sist' d , 1 di-zist'; 2 de-§Ist', vi. To cease 
from action; forbear; stop: often followed by 
from. [ < L. de, down, + sislo, set, caus. of sto. 


1. A table or case spe- 



stand.] 

desk, 1 desk; 2 desk, n. 
daily adapted for 
writing or studying.' 

2. A stand for public 
reading or preach¬ 
ing; pulpit. [< F. 
disque, < L. discus-, 
disk.] 

Des Moines, 1 de moin, 

2 de moin, n. A city 

SlSS^eS! Desk u ' sed b y Washington, 
mission government. 1897.— Des Moines idea, 
municipal commission government, including 
initiative, referendum, and recall. 

Des"mou"lins', 1 de"mu' , lah'; 2 de’mu"liih', Be¬ 
noit Camille (1760—1794). French revolution¬ 
ist; adherent of Danton; guillotined, 
des'o-late, 1 des'o-let; 2 dgs'o-lat. I. vt. 
[*LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To lay waste; make 
desolate, sorrowful, gloomy, or forlorn. II. 
a. 1. Destitute of inhabitants, dwellings, etc.; 
laid waste; deserted; abandoned. 2. Without 
friends; forlorn; sorrowful; afflicted; lonely. 
[< L. de, entirely, + solus, alone.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n.— des'o-lat"er, n. des'o-la"torJ.— 
des"o-la'tton, n. 1. The state or condition of 
being desolate; loneliness; dreariness; sadness; 
affliction. 2. A desolate region; a waste. 3. 
The act of making desolate; devastation. 

De So'to, 1 desd'to; 2 desO'to, Hernandez (1496?- 
1542). Spanish explorer; discovered the Mis¬ 
sissippi river, 1541. 

de-spair', 1 di-spar'; 2 de-spar'. I. vi. To 
abandon all hope; be or become hopeless; oft¬ 
en with of. II. to. 1. Utter hopelessness and 
discouragement. 2. That which causes de¬ 
spair or which is despaired of. [ < L. despero, < 
de, from, + spes, hope.]— de-spair'ing, a. —de¬ 
spair 'ing-ly, adv. 

des-patch', etc. Same as dispatch, etc. 
des"per-a'do, 1 des"psr-e'do; 2 dgs"per-a'do, 
n. [-does 2 or -dos 2 , pi.] A man of desperate 
character and deeds; a ruffian. fSp.] 
des'per-ate, 1 des'per-it; 2 dgs'per-at, a. 1. 
Without care for danger; reckless, as from de¬ 
spair. 2. Resorted to in a last extremity; 
hazardous; frantic; furious. 3. Regarded as 
irremediable; despaired of. [< L. desperatus, 
pp. of despero, despair.] -ly, adv. -ness, to.— 
des"per-a 'tion, to. The state of being desperate; 
the recklessness of despair; blind fury. 
des'pi-ca-bl(e p , 1 des'pi-ks-bl; 2 dgs'pi-ca-bl, 
a. Capable of being, or deserving to be, de- 


: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but born- 
: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all, me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won| 






177 


Desdemona 

dethrone 


spised; contemptible; mean; vile. [< L. LL 
despicio; see despise.] — des"pi-ca-bll'i-ty, n. 
The quality of being despicable, des'pi-ca- 
ble-nesst.—des'pi-ca-bly, adv. 
de-spise', 1 di-spaiz'; 2 de-spl§', vt. [de¬ 
spised'; de-spis'ing.] To regard as contempt¬ 
ible; disdain; scorn. [ < L.of despicio, < de, 
down, + specio, look at.]— de-spis'a-bl(e p , a. 
de-spite', 1 di-spait'; 2 de-spit'. I. n. Ex¬ 
treme aversion; spite; malice; disdain with 
defiance. II. prep. In spite of; notwith¬ 
standing. [< OF. despit, < L. despectus, pp. of 
despicio, despise.]— de-spite'ful, a. Full of 
spitei.malicious; malignant, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
de-spoil', 1 di-speil'; 2 de-spoil', vt. 'To strip 
or deprive of something by or as by force; 
plunder: with of. [< L. de- intens. + spolium, 
spoil.]— de-spoil'er, ».— de-spoll'ment, n .— 
de-spo"li-a'tion, n. 

de-spond' d , 1 di-spend'; 2 de-spond', vi. To 
lose spirit, courage, or hope; be depressed or 
cast dowm. [ < L. de, from, + spondeo, promise.] 
— de-spond 'ing-ly, adv. 

de-spon'dent, 1 di-spen'dent; 2 de-spon'dent, 
a. Dejected in spirit; disheartened, -ly, 
adv. —de-spon'deu-cy, n. ■ de-spon'dencef. 
des'pot, 1 des'pet; 2 des'pot, n. An absolute 
monarch; autocrat; a hard master; tyrant. 
[OF., < Gr. despoles, master.]— des-pot'ic, a. 
Of or like a despot or despotism; tyrannical.— 
des-pot'i-cal, a. -cal-ly, adv. —des'pot-ism, 
n. 1 Absolute power; autocracy. 2. Any ty¬ 
rannical control. 

des'qua-inate, 1 des'kwa-met; 2 dcs'kwa-mat, vi. 
[-mat"ed; -mat"ing.] To peel or scale off. [ < L. 
desquamatus, pp. of desquamo, < de, from, + 
squama, scale.]—des"qua-ma't!on, n. 
Des"saix', 1 de'se'; 2 de"sa', Joseph Marie (1764- 
1834). A French general (Lodi, Wagram, etc.), 
des-sert', 1 de-zurt'; 2 de-§ert', n. A service of 
sweetmeats, etc., at the close of a repast. [F.] 
des"ti-na'tion, 1 des"ti-ne'£h9n; 2 des"ti-na'- 
shon, n. 1. A predetermined end; point to 
which a journey is directed; goal. 2. A 
destining; appointment, 
des'tin (e s , 1 des'tm; 2 des'tin, vt. [des'tined, 
des'tind 8 ; des'tin-ing.] To design for or 
appoint to a distinct purpose or end; fore¬ 
ordain. [ < L. de- intens. + sto, stand.] 
des'ti-ny, 1 des'ti-m; 2 dfis'ti-ny, n. [-niesz, 
pi ] 1. That to which any person or thing is 
destined; fortune; doom. 2. Inevitable neces¬ 
sity; divine decree; fate, 
des'ti-tute, 1 des'ti-tiut; 2 des'ti-tut, a. 1. 
Not having or possessing; entirely lacking: 
with of. 2. Being in want; extremely poor. 
[< L. de, down, + statuo, put.]—des"tl-tu'- 
tlon, n. 

de-stroy', 1 di-stroi'; 2 de-stroy', vt. To bring 
to ruin; overthrow; demolish; ruin; kill. [< 
L.of de, from, + struo, build.]— de-stroy'er, n. 
de-struc'tion, 1 di-struk'^han; 2 de-striic'- 
shon, n. 1. The act of destroying, or state of 
being destroyed; demolition; ruin. 2. That 
which destroys.— de-struc'tl-bl(e p , a. Liable 
to destruction.— de-struc'tlv(ea, a . Tending 
or fitted to destroy; causing destruction; per¬ 
nicious; ruinous, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
des'ue-tude, 1 des'wi-tiud; 2 dSs'we-tud, n. 
Disuse. [ < L. desuetudo, < de, from, + sueo, be 
used.] 

des'ul-to-ry, 1 des'ul-to-ri; 2 d&s'ul-to-ry, a. 
Passing abruptly and irregularly from one 
thing to another; starting suddenly; fitful; 
changeable; unmethodical. [< L. de, down, + 


salio, leap.]— des'ul-to-ri-ly, adv. — des'ul-to- 
rl-ness, n. 

de-tach' 1 , 1 di-tadh'; 2 de-tach', vt. To dis¬ 
connect from some other thing; sever; sepa¬ 
rate; part. [< F. detacher, < de-, from, + Bret. 
tach, nail.]— de-tach'a-bl(e p , a. — de-tach'- 
ment, n. 1. A detaching; separation. 2. Some¬ 
thing detached, as a body of troops for special 
service. 

de-tail', 1 di-tel'; 2 de-tal'. I . vt. 1. To report 
or narrate minutely. 2. To select for special 
service. II. n. 1. A separately considered 
particular or item; minor part; accessory. 2. 
A minute narrative. 3. Mil. A small de¬ 
tachment assigned to some subordinate ser¬ 
vice. [ < F. detainer, < de-, apart, + tailler, cut.] 

de-tain', 1 di-ten'; 2 de-tan', vt. To restrain 
from proceeding; stop; withhold; keep back. 
[< L. detineo, < de, from, + leneo, hold.]— de¬ 
tain'er, n. 

de-tect' d , 1 di-tekt'; 2 de-tect', vt. To dis¬ 
cover, as something hidden or recondite; find 
out; determine; expose; disclose. [ < L. de, from, 
+ lego, cover.]— de-tec'tion, n. The act of de¬ 
tecting; discovery.— de-tec'tiv(e 8 . I. a. Skilled 
in or fitted for detection; employed to detect; be¬ 
longing to detectives. II. n. One employed to 
ferret out crime and capture criminals. 

de-ten'tion, 1 di-ten'^han; 2 de-t6n'shon, n. 
The act of detaining, or the state of being 
detained; restraint; delay. [< L. F detineo; see 

DETAIN.] 

de-ter', 1 di-tur'; 2 de-ter', vt. [de-terred' 1 , 
de-terd' 9 ; de-ter'ring.] To prevent or re¬ 
strain, as by fear. [< L. de, from, + terreo, 
frighten.]— de-ter'ment, ».— de-ter'rence, n. 
—de-ter'rent, a. & n. 

de-ter'gent, 1 di-tur'jent; 2 de-ter'gent. I. a. 
Having cleansing qualities; purging. II. n. 
A cleansing medicine, as for wounds, etc. 

[ < L. de, from, + tergeo, wipe.] 

de-te'ri-o-rate, 1 di-ti'n-o-ret; 2 de-te'ri-o- 
rat, vt. & vi. [-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] To make 
or grow worse; impair; degenerate. [< L.ll 
deterior, worse, < de, down.]— de-te"ri-o-ra'- 
tion, n. 

de-ter'mi-nate, 1 di-tur'mi-mt; 2 de-ter'mi- 
nat, a. Definitely limited or fixed. -ly, adv. 

-ness, n. 

de-ter"nii-na'tion, 1 di-tur"mi-ne'^han; 2 de- 
ter"mi-na'shon, n. 1. The act of determining; 
a firm resolve. 2. The quality of being ear¬ 
nest and decided; firmness. 3. Authoritative 
opinion or conclusion.— de-ter'mi-na-tiv(e s , a. 
-ly, adv. 

de-ter'min (e 8 , 1 di-tur'nun; 2 de-ter'min, v. 
[-min(e)d 8 ; -min-ing.] I. t. 1. To reach a 
definite purpose concerning; resolve; decide. 
2. To fix; settle; decree. 3. To limit; termi¬ 
nate; end. II. i. 1. To come to a decision; 
resolve: with cn. 2. To come to an end. [ < 
L de, completely, + termino, terminate.]— 
de-ter'mi-na-bl(e p , a.— de-ter'ml-nant, a. — 
de-ter'mined, pa. Resolute; settled; deter¬ 
minate. 

de-test' d , 1 di-test'; 2 de-t8st', vt. To hold 
worthy of execration; dislike or hate with 
intensity; abhor. [< I,, detestor, denounce, < 
de- intens. + testis, witness.]— de-test'a-bl(e p ,, 
a. -ness, n. —de-test'a-biy, adv. —de"tes-ta'- 
tlon, n. Extreme dislike; hatred; abhorrence. 

de-throne', 1 di-thr5n'; 2 de-thron', vt. [de¬ 
throned'; de-thron'ing.] To remove from 
the throne; depose. [< L. de, from, + thronus, 
throne.]— de-throne'ment, n. 


I: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = cmt; oil; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; o = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOxn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









detonate 

diapason 


178 


det'o-nate, 1 det'o-net; 2 det'o-nat, vt. & vi. 
[-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To explode with a 
sudden loud report. [< L. de- intens. + tono, 
thunder.]— del"o-na'tlon, n. A report or ex¬ 
plosion.— det'o-na"tor, n. Any detonating 
contrivance, as a railroad-torpedo, 
de-tour % 1 di-tur' ; 2 de-tur', n. A roundabout 
way. [ < F. detour, < de-, bis-, + tourner, turn.] 
de-tract' d , 1 di-trakt'; 2 de-tr&et', v. 1. t. To 
take or draw away; withdraw so as to lessen 
value or estimation. II. i. To lessen, as 
reputation or credit; disparage: commonly 
with from. [ < L. F detraclo, freq. of delraho, < 
de, from, + traho, draw.]— de-trac'tion, n. The 
act of detracting; slander; defamation.— de¬ 
tractor or -er, n. A defamer; slanderer, 
det'ri-ment, 1 det'ri-ment or -mant; 2 dSt'ri- 
ment, n. 1. Something that impairs or in¬ 
jures, or causes damage or loss. 2. Injury or 
loss. [< L. delrimentum, damage, loss.]— det"- 
ri-men'tal, a. Injurious; hurtful, -ly, adv. 
de-tri'tus, 1 di-trai'tus; 2 de-trl'tus, n. Geol. 1. 
Loose fragments or particles of rock. 2. Any 
mass of disintegrated material. [L., pp. of detero, 
rub down, < de-, down, + tero, rub.] 

De-troit', 1 di-trelt'; 2 de-trbit', n. A city of 
S. E. Michigan; pop. 993,680. 
de trop, 1 da tro; 2 de tro. Too much; not wanted: 
said of a person whose company is inconvenient. 
[F.] 

deuce 1 , 1 dius; 2 dus, n. Two, a card, or side 
of a die, having two spots. [< F. deux, < L. 
duo, two.] 

deuce 2 , n. The devil. [ < L. op deus, god.] 
Deut., abbr. Deuteronomy, 
dev'as-tate, 1 dev'as-tet; 2 dSv'as-tat, vt. 
[-TAT /, ED d ; -tat"ing.] To lay waste, as by 
war, fire, flood, etc.; destroy; ravage. [< L. de, 
thoroughly, + vastus, waste.]— dev"as-ta'tion, 
n.—dev'as-ta"tor, n. 

de-vel'op 1 , 1 di-vel'ap; 2 de-vSl'op, v. 1. 1. To 
uncover or unfold; bring to light or to com¬ 
pletion by degrees; increase. II. t. 1. To 
advance by stages from a lower to a higher 
state. 2. To come to light gradually; dis¬ 
close itself. [< F. developper, unfold.]— de-vel'- 
op-nient, n. Gradual evolution or completion. 
— de-vel'op-er, n. 1. One who or that which 
develops. 2. Phot. A chemical bath for making 
a latent image visible on a film or plate, 
de-vest ' d , 1 di-vest'; 2 de-vSst', v. I. t. To 
deprive; alienate. II. t. To be lost or alien¬ 
ated, as a title or estate. [< L. de, from, + 
veslis, dress.] 

de'vi-ate, 1 di'vi-et; 2 de'vi-at, vi. [-AT"ED d ; 
-at"ing.] 1. To turn aside, as from a straight 
or appointed road; wander; diverge. 2. To 
differ. [< L.ll devius; see devious.]— de"vi- 
a'tion, n. The act of deviating, or its result; 
variation or deflection; error; sin. 
de-vice', 1 di-vais'; 2 de-vic', n. 1. A con¬ 
trivance for a special purpose; design; pat¬ 
tern; heraldic emblem or motto. 2. A specific 
plan; artifice; stratagem; plot. [< L. p divisus, 
pp. of divido, divide.] 

dev'il, 1 dev'l; 2 dSv'l, n. 1. An evil spirit; 
demon; Satan. 2. A wicked or malignant 
person; wretched fellow. 3. Mech. One of 
various machines. 4. A printers’ apprentice. 
5. A dish of highly seasoned food. [ < AS. dedfol, 
diobal, < Gr. diabolos, slanderer.] —dev'11-fish", 
n. One of various large marine animals of ugly 
appearance, as an octopus. —dev'il-Ish, a. Hav¬ 
ing the qualities of the devil; diabolical; mali¬ 
cious. -ly, adv. -ness, n. —dev'il-ment, n. 


Mischief; usually not malicious.— dev'il-try, n. 
[-tries*, pi.} Wanton and malicious mischief, or 
the spirit inciting to it. dev'il-ryf. 
de'vi-ous, 1 dl'vi-us; 2 de'vi-us, a. Winding 
or leading away from a straight or right 
course; rambling. [< L. devius, < de, from, + 
via, way.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
de-vise', 1 di-vaiz'; 2 de-vi§', v. [de-vised'; 
de-vis'ing.] I. t. 1. To form in the mind; 
invent; contrive; scheme. 2. Law. To trans¬ 
mit (real estate) by will. II. i. To form 
plans or schemes; contrive; construct. [< F. 
deviser, < L. divisus; see device.] — dev"i-sce', 
n. The person to whom a devise is made.— 
de-vis 'er, n. One who contrives.— de-vi'sor, n. 
One who gives by will. 

de-vise', n. Law. 1. A gift of lands by will. 
2. The act of bequeathing iands. 3. A will, or 
clause of a will, conveying real estate, 
de-void', 1 di-veid'; 2 de-void', a. Not possess¬ 
ing; destitute: with of. [ < OF. desvoidier, empty 
out.] 

de-voir', 1 di-vwcir'; 2 de-vwar', n. Service or 
duty; respectful attention. [F.. < L. debeo, owe.] 
de-voiv(e' s , 1 di-velv'; 2 de-v61v', v. [de- 
volv(e)d' 8 ; de-volv'ing.] I. t. To deliver 
over, as to a successor; transmit. II. i. To 
pass from a possessor to his successor or sub¬ 
stitute: with to, on, or upon. [< L. de, down, + 
volvo, roll.] 

de-vote', 1 di-vot'; 2 de-vot', vt. [de-vot'ed 0 * ; 
de-vot'ing.] 1. To give or surrender com¬ 
pletely; set apart; dedicate; consecrate. 2. 
To doom; curse; execrate. [< L. devotus, < de, 
from, + voveo, vow.]— de-vot'ed, pa. 1. Feeling 
or showing devotion; ardent; zealous; devout. 
2. Set apart as by a vow; consecrated; also, 
doomed, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — dev"o-tee', n. 
One zealously devoted, especially to religious 
observances; a votary; zealot, 
de-vo'tion, 1 di-vo'shan; 2 de-vo'shon, n. 1. 
The state of being devoted, as to religious 
faith or duty; zeal. 2. An act of worship; 
prayer: usually in the plural. 3. The act of 
devoting.— de-vo'tion-al, a. Of or pertaining 
to devotion; devout, -ly, adv. 
de-vour', 1 di-vaur'; 2 de-vour', vt. To eat up 
greedily; consume; destroy; w-aste. [< L. de, 
thoroughly, + voro, devour.]—de-vour'er, n. 
de-vout', 1 di-vaut'; 2 de-vout', a. 1. Earnest¬ 
ly religious; pious; reverent. 2. Warmly de¬ 
voted; heartfelt; sincere. [< OF. devot, F. devot, 
< L. devotus; see devote.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
dew, 1 diu; 2 du. I. vt. To wet with or as with 
dewq bedew. II. n. 1. Moisture condensed 
from the atmosphere in small drops upon the 
upper surface of plants. 2. Anything moist, 
gentle, or refreshing as dew. [< AS. de&w.) — 
dew'sclaw", n. A rudimentary toe or hoof In 
dogs or cattle.—dew flawed, a.—dew'drop", 
n. A drop of dew.—dew 'lap", n. The pendu¬ 
lous skin under the throat of cattle.—dew'y, 
a. Moist, as with dew; of, like, or yielding dew. 
Dew'ey, 1 diu'i; 2 dfl'y, George (1837-1917). A 
United States admiral; victor at Manila Bay. 
See Manila. 

dex'ter, 1 deks'ter; 2 dSks'ter, a. 1. Right- 
hand; right; in heraldry, on the wearer’s 
right, and hence the spectator’s left. 2. Fa¬ 
vorable; propitious. [L., right.]— dex-ter'1-ty, 
n. 1. Readiness and skill in using the hands; ex¬ 
pertness. 2. Mental quickness, adroitness, or 
skill.— dex'tral, a. Of, pertaining to, or situated 
on the right side; right-hand, -ly, adv.— dex'- 
ter-ous, dex'trous, a. Characterized by dex¬ 
terity; skilful or adroit; artful, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, wdo. 








179 


detonate 

diapason 


A wild dog of S. 


A game 


dex'trose, 1 deks'tros; 2 deks'tros, n. Cfiem. A 
sugar found largely in the vegetable kingdom 
and in honey, also in the blood, liver, urine, etc. 
D. F., abbr. Dean of the Faculty, Defender of the 
Faith.—dft., abbr. Defendant, draft.—dg., 
abbr. Decigram.—D. G., abbr. Dei gratia (L., 
by the grace of God), Deo gralias (L., thanks to 
God), Dragoon Guards.—D. H., abbr. Dead¬ 
head. 

dhole, 1 dol; 2 dol, n. [E.*Ind.] 

E. Asia that hunts in packs, 
dhow, 1 dau; 2 dow, n. [Ar.] A coasting=vessel of 
the Indian ocean, having one mast and a lateen 

sail. dowf. 

di- 1 , prefix. Two; twofold; double; twice; doubly. 

[< L. di-, < Gr. di-, < dis, doubly, < dyo, two.] 
di- 2 , prefix. Form of dis- before b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, 
v: used to indicate separation. 
di- s , prefix. Form of dia- before a vowel, 
dia-, prefix. Through; thoroughly. [< L. dia-, 
< Gr. dia-, < dia, through, across, etc., < dyo, two.] 
di"a-boI'ic, )1 dcii"a-belTk, -l-ksl; 2 di"a- 
di"a-boI'i-caI, ) bol'ie, -i-eal, a. Of, pertaining 
to, or like the devil; satanic; infernal. [< Gr. LL 
diabolikos, < diabolos; see devil.] — di"a-bol'i- 
cal-ly, adv .— di"a-bol'i-cal-ness, n. 
di-ab'o-lo, 1 di-ab'o-lo; 2 di-ab'o-lo, n. 
played by one or more persons, and 
consisting essentially of throwing up & 
and catching a spinning reeldike top 
by means of a cord attached 
to tw r o sticks. 

di-ac'o-nal, 1 di-ak'o-nal; 2 
di-ac'o-nal, a. Of, pertain¬ 
ing to, or befitting a deacon 
or the diaconate. [< LL. dia- 
conus, deacon.]— dl-ac'o-nate, n. 

The office of a deacon; deacons 
collectively. 

di"a-crit'ic, 1 dai // e-krit / ik; 2 

dl"a-cnt'ic. I. a. Marking a „. , 
difference; distinguishing, di"- 
a-crit'i-calj. II. n. A diacritical mark, 
point, or sign attached to a letter. [ < Gr. dia, 
between, + krino, distinguish.]— di"a-crit'i- 
cal-ly, adv. 

dl'a-dem, 1 dai'a-dem; 2 dl'a-dem, n. A sym¬ 
bol of royalty worn upon the head; crown; 
regal power; sovereignty. [< Gr. diadema, < 
dia, through, + deo, bind.] 
dl-aer'e-sis, di"se-ret'ic. Same as dieresis, etc. 
di"ag-nose', 1 dai"ag-nos'; 2 di"ag-nos', vt. 
[-NOSED' d ; -nos'ing.] Med. To make a diag¬ 
nosis of, as a disease.— di"ag-no 'sis, n. The 
determination of the distinctive nature of a dis¬ 
ease; discrimination between things or condi¬ 
tions of a similar nature. [ < Gr. dia, between, 
+ gignosko, know.]— di"ag-nos'tic, a. — di"- 
ag-nos'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

dl-ag'o-nal, 1 dai-ag'o-nal; 2 dl-ag'o-nal. I. a. 
Crossing obliquely; oblique; marked by ob¬ 
lique lines or the like. II. n. A straight line 
or plane passing from one angle, as of a square, 
to any other angle not adjacent. [ < L. diago- 
nalis, < Gr. dia, through, + gonia, angle.]— di- 
ag'o-nal-ly, adv. 

di'a-gram, 1 dai'a-gram; 2 di'a-gram, n. A 
mechanical plan or outline; a map, or the 
like. [< Gr. diagramma, < dia, across, + 
graplxo, write.]— di"a-gram-mat'ic, a.— di"a- 
gram-inat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

di'al, 1 dai'ol; 2 di'al. I. vt. [di'aled or di¬ 
alled, di'alds; D i'al-ing or di'al-ling.] To 
measure or survey with a dial; make dials. 
II. n. 1. A device for indicating time by 
means of the shadow of a gnomon or style 




thrown upon a graduated plate; as, a sun* 
dial. 3. Any graduated circular plate or 
face, as of a w r atch or clock, a 
mariners’ compass, etc. [< L.ll 
dies, day.] 

dial., abbr. Dialect, dialectal, dialec¬ 
tic, dialectical. 

di'a-lect, 1 doi'a-lekt; 2 di'a-lect, 
n. 1. A provincial mode of 
speaking a language. 3. Any 
given mode or use of language; 
idiom; style. [< Gr. dialektos, < 
dia, between, + lego, speak.]—di"- 
a-lec'tic. I. a. 1. Pertaining to or 
of the nature of a dialect. di"a-, 
lec'talf. 2. Pertaining to dialec¬ 
tics; logical; argumentative. di"a- Vertical 
lec'ti-calf. II. n. 1. Logic in Sun-dial, 
general: often used in the plural. 2. A specific 
mode of argument. 3. Argumentative ability 
—di"a-lec'ti-cal-ly, adv— di"a-lec-ti'clan, n. 
A logician. 

^ ^ 2 di'a-log, n. A for- 

di a-Iogue, ) mal conversation or discussion in 
which two or more speakers are represented 
as conversing. [< Gr. dialogos, < dia, between, 
+ lego, speak.]— di-al 'o-gist, n. One who writes 
or takes part in a dialog, 
diam., abbr. Diameter. 

di"a-mag 'net-ism, 1 daFa-mag'net-izm; 2 dl'a- 
mag'net-igm, n. The tendency of bodies having 
a low magnetic susceptibility to lie at right angles 
to the lines joining the poles of a magnet. Com¬ 
pare paramagnetism.— di"a-mag-net'ic, a. 
di-am'e-ter, 1 dai-am'i-tar; 2 di-am'e-ter, n. 
A line through the center, as of a circle or 
sphere, terminated at the boundary thereof; 
the length of such a line. [ < Gr. dia, through, + 
metron, measure.]— di"a-met'ri-cal, a. 1. Ol 
or pertaining to a diameter; coinciding with s 
diameter, di-am'e-tralt. 2. Of or pertaining 
to the ends of a 
diameter; directly 
adverse or oppo¬ 
site, and as far 
removed as pos¬ 
sible. di"a-met'- 
rlcf.—di"a-inet'- 
ri-cal-Iy, adv. 1. 

In the manner of a 
diameter. 2. Ir¬ 
reconcilably, 
di'a-mond, 1 dai'- 
e-mand; 2 di'a- 
mond, n. 1. A 
gem of great re¬ 
fractive power, 
consisting essen- 



Forms of Cut Diamonds. 


tially of crystallized carbon. 3. A figure 
bounded by four equal straight lines, and 
having two of the angles acute and two ob¬ 
tuse; a rhomb or lozenge. 3. Print. A size oi 
type next larger than brilliant: 4* or 45=point 

This line is set in Diamond, 

4. A lozenge*shaped spot on a playing=card, 
or a card so marked. 5. Baseball. The square 
space enclosed by the lines connecting the 
bases. [< Gr. F adamas, < a- priv. + damad, 
tame.] 

Di-an'a, 1 dai-an'a; 2 di-an'a, n. Rom. Myth. 
Italian divinity, identified by Romans with Arte¬ 
mis. [L.] 

di"a-pa'son, 1 dai"a-pe'san; 2 di"a-pa'son, n. 
1. Mus. A principal stop in a pipe*organ, 
characterized by fulness and richness of 


1:a = final; I = habit; aisle; an = out', oil: IQ = feud; cfhin; go; r) = sinp; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this, 





















diaper 

dilatory 


180 


,) 1 dai-af'a-nus: 2 dl-af'a-nus, 
J a. Showing light through its 


l<Gr. 


tone. 2. Comprehensive or fundamental har¬ 
mony: accord. [ < Gr. dia, through, + pas, all.] 
di'a-per, 1 dai'a-par; 2 di'a-per, n. 1. A fane 
figured silken or linen cloth. 2. An infants 
breech-cloth. [< OF. diapre, < L. iasp's, jas¬ 
per .1 

di-aph'a-nous, 

di-af'a-nous p , , - - . 

substance; transparent: translucent. 
dia through, + phaino, show.] 
di"a-pho-ret 'le, 1 dal*a-fo-ret'ik; 2 dl a-fo-rCt ic. 
I a. Producing perspiration. II. u. A medi- 
cine that increases perspiration 

di'a-phragm, ) 1 dai a-fram; 2di a-fram, n. 1. 
di'a-frain 9 , j Anat. An 
important muscle used in 
respiration, situated be¬ 
tween the thoracic and 
abdominal cavities, 
mid'ritrt. 2. Any divid¬ 
ing membrane or parti¬ 
tion. [ < Gr. dia. through, 

+ phragnymi, enclose.] = 
dl"a-phrag-mat'ic, a. 
di"ar-rhe'a, 1 dai’a-ri'a; 2 
dl'a-re'a, n. _ Morbidly 
frequent and fluid evacua¬ 
tion of the bowels. [< Gr. diarrhoia, < dia, 
through. + rheo, flow.] di"ar-rhcc'aj.— di"- 

ar-rhe'al, a. di"ar-rhe'ict; di"ar-rhet'ict. 
di'a-ry, 1 dai'a-ri;2 di'a-ry, n. [-ries z , pi] A 
record of daily events. [<CL. diarium, dies, 



Diaphragm. 

a, a, height of arch dur¬ 
ing expiration; 6, b. height 
of arch during inspiration. 


day.]—di'a-rist, n. 

di-as'to-le, 1 dai-as'to-11; 2 dl-as'to-le, n. The 
regular expansion of the heart and arteries in 
beating. Compare systole. [ < Gr. dia, apart. 
+ stello, send.] . „ J 

di-ath'e-sis, 1 dai-afh'i-sis; 2 dl-ath'e-sis, n. Med. 
A predisposition to certain forms of disease, as a 
gouty diathesis. [Gr., condition, Kdia, apart, 
+ tithemi, place.l—di"a-thet'ic, a. 
di"a-ton'ic, 1 dai"a-ten'ik; 2 di'a-ton'ie, a. 
Mus. Designating the regular tones'of a key 
(or scale). [<Gr. dia, through, -fa teino, stretch.] 
di'a-tribe, 1 dai'a-traib; 2 di'a-trlb, n. An 
abusive discourse; invective. [<Gr. diatribe, 
wearing away, <dia, through, + tribd, rub.] 
Diaz, 1 di'as; 2 dl'as. 1. Porflrio (1830-1915). 
Mexican general; president of Mexico, 1884-1911. 
2. Armando (1861- ), Italian general, com- 

mander*in«chief of the Italian army from 1917; 
defeated Teutons on the Isonzo and the Piave, 
in World War, 1914-18. 

dib'ble, ) 1 dib'l; 2 dib'l. I. vt. [dib'bled, 
dib'l, p j dib'ld p , dib'bling]. To dig, plant, 

or set with a dibble. II. n. A gardeners’ 
pointed tool for planting seeds, setting slips, 
etc. [ < dib, dip, r.] 

dice, 1 dais ; 2 die, vt. &vi. [ diced 4 ; dic'ing] . To 
make with a dicedike pattern; play with dice, 
dice, n. pi. [die, sin#.] 1. Cubes, usually of 
bone or ivory, marked on each side wflth 
black spots, from one to six. 2. A game 
played with dice. [Irreg. pi. of ME. dee; see 
die, n.]— dlce'sbox", n. A small box, from 
which dice are thrown.— die'er, n. A player of 
dice.— dic'ing, n. 

DIck'ens, 1 dik'ens; 2 dik'ens, Charles (1812— 
1870). English novelist and reformer, 
dick'er, 1 dik'ar; 2 dik'er. I. vt. & vi. [U. S.] 
To make a petty trade; barter; haggle. II. n. 
A petty trade; bargain; deal. [< L. decuria, 
division by tens, < decern, ten.] 

Diet., abbr. Dictator, dictionary. 

dic'tate, 1 dik'tet; 2 dic'tat. I. vt. & vi. [dic'- 


tat-ed j ; dic'tat-ing.] 1. To declare with 
authority; command; prescribe. 2. To com¬ 
municate orally (something to be written by 
an amanuensis). II. n. An authoritative 
suggestion or prompting; a rule, precept, or 
maxim; positive order. [< L. dictatus, pp. of 
dicto, freq. of dico, say.]— dlc-ta'tion, n. 1. 
The act of dictating; also, that which is dictated. 
2. Arbitrary control. 

dic-ta'tor, 1 dik-te'tar; 2 dic-ta'tor, n. 1. A 
person invested with absolute power. 2. One 
w’ho dictates.— dic"ta-to'ri-al, a. Given to 
dictating; overbearing; imperious; absolute, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n .— dlc-ta'tor-ship, n. 1. The 
office, or term of office, of a dictator. 2. Su¬ 
preme control. 

dic'tion, 1 dik'^han; 2 dlc'shon, n. The use, 
choice, and arrangement of wrnrds and modes 
of expression. [< I.. dictio(n-), < dico, say.] 
dic'tion-a-ry, 1 dik'^han-e-ri; 2 dfe'shon-a-ry, 
n. [-ries z , pi] A book containing the words 
of any language, or of any department of 
knowledge, arranged alphabetically, and de¬ 
fined; lexicon; word*book; vocabulary, 
dic'tum, 1 dik'tum; 2 dlc'tum, n, [dic'ta, pZ.J 
An authoritative or positive utterance. [L.] 

did, 1 did; 2 did, imp. of do, v. 

di-dac'tic, 1 dai-dak'tik; 2 di-dac'tic, a. Per¬ 
taining to or of the nature of teaching; pre¬ 
ceptive; expository [<Gr. didaktikos, apt to 
teach.] di-dac-ti-calf. — di-dac'tl-cal-ly, adv. 
— di-dac'tlcs, n. The science or art of instruc= 
tion or education. 

Di'do, 1 doi'do; 2 dl'do, n. Myth. Founder and 
queen of Carthage; enamored of ASneas. 
didst, 1 didst; 2 didst, 2d per. sing. imp. of do, v. 
die 1 , 1 dai; 2 dl, vi. [died; dy'ing.] 1. To 
suffer death; pass from life; decease; expire. 
2. To become insensible or indifferent; fol¬ 
lowed by to. [ME. dien, deyen, < Ice. deyja .] 
die 2 , vt. To cut or stamp with or as with a die. 

die, n. [dice, pi, in defs. 1 and 2; dies, pi, in 
defs. 3 and 4.] 1. A small, figured cube, used 
in games. 2. A cast, as in dice*playing; 
stake; hazard. 3. A hard metal device for 
stamping or cutting out some object, as a 
coin. 4. Arch. The cubical part of a pedes¬ 
tal. [<OF. de, F. d6, <L. datum, something giv¬ 
en.]—-dle'ssink"er, n. One who engraves dies. 

Di-eppe', 1 dl-ep'; 2 dl-£p', n. French seaport 
(pop. 23,000) on English Channel, 
di-er'e-sis, ) ldai-er'i-sis; 2 dl-?r'e-sls, n. [-ses, 
di-*er'e-sis, j pi] 1. Two dots (") placed over 
the second of two adjacent vowels that are to 
be pronounced separately: not used in the 
text of this dictionary. 2. The separation of 
syllables or vowels by these dots. 3. Divi¬ 
sion, as of a cell. [ < Gr. diairesis, division.] 
di'et d , 1 dai'et; 2 di'ft, v. I. t. To regulate or 
restrict the food and drink of. II. i. 1. To 
take food and drink according to a regimen; 
eat carefully or sparingly. 2. To take food; 
eat. 

di'et 1 , n. 1. A regulated course of eating and 
drinking; regimen. 2. The daily fare; victuals. 
[<Gr. diaita, manner of living, diet.]— di'et-a- 
ry. I. a. Of or pertaining to diet or eating. II. 
n. [-ries z . pi.] A system of diet.— di'e-tet'- 
ic, di"e-tet'i-cal, a. Relating to diet or die¬ 
tetics. — di"e-tet'i-cal-ly, adv. — di"e-tet'ics. 
The branch of hygiene that treats of diet and 
dieting.—di"e-tet'Ist, n. One who employs 
dietetics in treating disease. dl"e-ti'ciant. 
di'et 2 , n. A legislative body; convention; coun¬ 
cil. [diet 1 , influenced by L. dies, day.] 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, w’h^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 













181 


diaper 

dilatory 


diff., abbr. Difference, different, differs, 
dif'fer, 1 dif'ar; 2 differ, vi. 1. To be unlike in 
quality, degree, form, etc.: absolutely or with 
from. 2. To disagree; dissent: absolutely or 
with from or with. 3. To quarrel: absolutely 
or with with. [ < L. di$-, apart, + fero, carry.] 
dif'fer -ence, 1 dif'ar-ens; 2 dif'er-gng, n. 1. 
The state or quality of being other or unlike, 
or that in which two things are unlike; dis¬ 
tinction. 2. A disagreement in sentiment or 
opinion; controversy; quarrel. 3. A separate 
treatment; discrimination, 
dif'fer-ent, 1 dif'ar-ent; 2 dif'er-gnt, a. 1. 
Not the same; distinct; other. 2. Marked by 
a difference; unlike.— dif'fer-ent-ly, adv. 
dif"fer-en'tial, 1 dif"ar-en'^hal; 2 dlf"er-en'- 
shal. I. a. Relating to, making, or marked 
by a difference; distinctive; discriminative. 
II. n. Math. An infinitesimal difference be¬ 
tween two values of a quantity, -ly, adv. 
dif"fer-en'ti-ate, 1 dif"ar-en'^hi-et; 2 dif"er- 
gn'shi-at, v. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] I. t. To 
constitute, establish, or note a difference 
between. II. t. To acquire a distinct and 
separate character.— dif"fer-en-ti-a'tion, n. 
dif'fi-cult, 1 dif'i-kult; 2 dif'i-cult, a. 1. Hard 
to do or be done; arduous; perplexing. 2. 
Hard to persuade, overcome, or satisfy; in¬ 
tractable; exacting.— dif'fi-cult-ly, adv.— dif'- 
fl-cul-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The state or quality 
of being difficult; an obstacle; hindrance; objec¬ 
tion. 2. [U. S.] A quarrel. 3. Financial em¬ 
barrassment; a strait; trouble: generally in the 
plural. 

dif'fi-dent, 1 dif'i-dent; 2 dif'i-dent, a. Af¬ 
fected or possessed with self=distrust; timid; 
shy; modest. [< L. dis-, apart, asunder, -f 
fides , faith.]—dif'fi-dent-ly, adv.— dif 'ti-dence, 
». Self*distrust; shyness; modesty. dif'fi-dent- 
ness§. 

dlf-fract', 1 di-frakt'; 2 di-fraet', vt. To separate 
into parts; decompose, as rays of light. [< L. 
diffraclus, pp., < dis-, dis-, + frango, break.]— 
dif-frac'tion, n. Optics. A deviation of rays 
of light from a straight course when partially 
cut off by any obstacle or passing near the edges 
of an opening.—dif-frac 'tiv(e s , a. 
dif-fuse', ) 1 di-fiuz'; 2 di-fug', vt. & vi. [dif- 


) ■ 

dif-fuze' p , \ fused'; dif-fus'ing.] To pour or 
send out so as to spread in all directions; 
spread abroad; circulate; permeate. [< L. dis-, 
apart, + fundo, pour.]— dif-fus'i-ble, a. Spread¬ 
ing rapidly and energetically.— dif-fus"i-bil'i- 
ty, n. dif-fus'i-ble-nesst.—dif-fu'sion, n. 
The act or process of diffusing; or the state of 
being diffused; a scattering; dissemination; dis¬ 
persion; circulation.— dif-fu'siv(e a , a. Having 
the property of diffusing; tending to diffuse; 
spreading abroad. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
dif-fuse', 1 di-fius'; 2 di-fus', a. 1. Character¬ 
ized by redundance; prolix; verbose. 2. 
Widely spread out; extended. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
dig, 1 dig; 2 dig, v. [dug or digged, digd 8 ; 
dig'ging.] I. t. 1. To break up, turn up, 
form, make, or bring out by excavating, .as 
with a spade. 2. To insert; push or force in, 
as a tool into the ground. II. i. To break 
or turn up earth or other material, as with a 
spade: toil; plod. [ < AS. dlcian, < die, ditch.]— 
to digin {Mil.), to entrench (oneself); dig 
trenches.— dig'ger, n. T , „ 

di-gest' d , 1 di-jest ; 2 di-gSst, v. I. t. 1. To 
convert into chyme in the stomach, as food; 
assimilate physically or mentally. 2. To 


systematize; analyze and classify; form into 
a digest. 3. To tolerate patiently; submit to; 
endure. 4. Chem. To soften by heat and 
moisture. II. i. To be assimilated; undergo 
digestion. [ < L. digestus, pp. of digero, < di-, 
apart, + gero, carry.]—di-gest'er, n. —di- 
gest"i-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being digesti¬ 
ble. di-gest'i-ble-nesst.—di-gest'i-bl(e p , a. 
— di-ges'tiv(e a . I. a. Pertaining or conducing to 
digestion. II. n. A medicine to aid digestion, 
di'gest, 1 dai'jest; 2 dl'gSst, n. A systematic 
arrangement, as of writings; summary; com¬ 
pilation. 

di-ges'tion, 1 di-jes'dhan; 2 di-gSs'chon, n. 1. 
Physiol. The process of dissolving and chem¬ 
ically changing food in the stomach, so that 
it can be assimilated by the-blood and furnish 
nutriment to the body. 2. The power to di¬ 
gest; the digestive functions. 3. Mental 
reception and assimilation. 4. Chem. Ex¬ 
posure of a substance to heat and moisture, 
dig'it, 1 dij'it; 2 dfg'it, n. 1. A finger or toe. 2. 
Any one of the ten Arabic numerals. 3. An 
ancient measure of length: about two=thirds 
of an inch. [< L. digitus, finger.]—dig'i-tal, a. 

1. Of, pertaining to, or like the fingers or digits. 

2. Digitate.—dig'i-tate, a. Having parts, as 
leaflets, arranged like the fingers of a hand, 
-ly, adv. —dig"i-ta'tion, n. 

dig'ni-fy, 1 dig'm-fai; 2 dig'ni-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] 1. To impart or add dignity to; 
honor. 2. To invest with dignities; promote; 
elevate; exalt. [< l. ll +of dignus, worthy; and 
see -fy.] —dig'ni-fied, pa. Characterized by or 
invested with dignity; stately; honored, 
dig'ni-ta-ry, 1 dig'ni-te-ri; 2 dlg'ni-ta-ry, n. 
[-ries 2 , pi.] One who holds high official po¬ 
sition. 

dig'ni-ty, 1 dig'm-ti; 2 dig'ni-ty, to. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. Grave or stately bearing. 2. High 
rank, office, or position; distinction. 3. A 
dignitary. 4. The state or quality of being 
excellent, worthy, or honorable. [ < L. F dignitas, 
< dignus, worthy.] 

di'graph, ) 1 dai'graf; 2 dl'graf, n. A union of 
di'graf p , ) two characters representing a single 
sound, as oa in boat. [< Gr. di-, twofold, + 
grapho, write.] 

di-gress' 1 , 1 di-gres'; 2 di-grgs', vi. To turn 
aside; go out of the w T ay; deviate; wander. 
[< L. di-, apart, + gradior, step.]—di-gres'- 
sion, n. The act of digressing; that which di¬ 
gresses; a turning aside, as from a subject; devia¬ 
tion; divergence. — di-gres'sion-al, a. — di- 
gres 'sive, a. -ly, adv. 

dike, 1 daik; 2 dlk. I. vt. _ [diked 4 ; dik'ing.] 
To surround or furnish with a dike; drain by 
ditching. II. n. An embankment to protect 
low land from inundation. [< AS. die, ditch.]— 
dik'er, n. A dike*builder. 
di-lap 'i-date, 1 di-lap'i-det; 2 di-lap'i-dat, v. 
[-DAT"ED d ; -dat"ing.] I. t. To cause to fall 
into partial ruin; impair by neglect or misuse. 
II. i. To be impaired by misuse or neglect; 
decay. [< L. di-, apart, + lapido, < lapis 
{lapid-), stone.]—di-lap"i-da'tion, n. 
di-late', 1 di-let'; 2 di-lat', vt. & vi. [di-lat'- 
ED d ; di-latTng.] To enlarge in all directions; 
swell, spread, or puff out; distend; expand; 
enlarge; expatiate. [< L. di-, apart, + latus, 
carried.]—di-lat'a-bl(e p , a. Expansible.—di- 
la'tiou, n. The act of dilating; expansion.— 
dl-Ia'tor, 7i 

dil'a-to-ry, i dil'e-to-ri; 2 dfl'a-to-ry, a. Given 


1:8 = final; 
2; wQlf, do; 


i = habit; aisle; au = <mt; oil; iO = feud; <fhin; go; r| = sinff; thin, this, 
book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









dilemma 

disabuse 


182 


to, characterized by, or tending to cause de¬ 
lay; tardy; slow. [< LL . dilatorius, < L. (Hiatus; 
see dilate.] — dil'a-to-ri-ly, adv. — dil'a-to-ri- 
ness, n. 

di-lem'ina, 1 di-lem'a; 2 di-lem'a, n. A neces¬ 
sary choice between equally undesirable alter¬ 
natives; a perplexing predicament. [ < Gr. di¬ 
lemma, < di-, two, + lemma, anything taken.] 

dil"et-tan'te, 1 dil"e-tan'ti; 2 dil"e-tiin'te, n. 
[-TI, pi.] A dabbler in art matters; a super¬ 
ficial amateur: used also adjectivally. [< It. 
dilettante, < L. delecto; see delight, e.l dii"et- 
tant'J.—dii"et-tan'te-ism, n. dil"et-tant'- 
ismf. 

dil'i-gence 1 , 1 dil'i-jens;. 2 dll'i-g8ng, n. 1. 
Assiduous application; industry. 2. Proper 
heed or attention; care. 

dil'i-gence 2 , 1 dil'i-jens or dl"li" 3 ans'; 2 dil'i- 
geng or di"li"- 
zhang', n. A 
French four- 
wheeled public 
stage * c o a c h, 
drawn by 
from 4 to 7 
horses. [F.] 

dil'i-gent, 1 
dil'i-jent; 2 
dil'i-gent, a. 

Possessed of or showing diligence; painstak¬ 
ing; industrious. [F., < L. diligen(.l-)s, careful.] 
-ly, adv. 

dil'ly*dal"ly, 1 dil'i*dal"i; 2 dll'y-dftl"y, vi. 
[-lied; -ly-ing.] [Colloq.] To loiter or trifle. 

[< DALLY.] 

di-lute', 1 di-liut'; 2 di-lut', vt. & vi. [di-lut'- 
ed j ; di-lut'ing.] To make or become weaker 
or more fluid by admixture; weaken; thin. 
[< L. di-, apart, + luo, wash.] —dl-lu'tion, n. 
The act of diluting, or the state of being diluted; 
something diluted. 

di-lu'vi-al, 1 di-liu'vi-el; 2 di-lu'vi-al, a. Of, 
pertaining to, or produced by a flood, di- 

lu'vi-an}:. 

dim, 1 dim; 2 dim. I. vt. & vi. [dimmed, 
dimd 8 ; dim'ming.] To render or grow dim; 
tarnish; fade. II. a. [dim'mek; dim'mest.] 

I. Obscure from faintness of light or from 
lack of visual or mental perception; indis¬ 
tinct; shadowy; misty. 2. Not seeing or per¬ 
ceiving clearly; purblind; obtuse. 3. Lacking 
luster; tarnished. [< AS. dim, dark.]— dlm'ly, 
adv. —dim'ness, n. 

dim., abbr. Diminuendo, diminutive. 

dime', 1 daim; 2 dim, n. [U. S.] A silver coin 
worth ten cents. [< L. F decimus, tenth, < 
decern, ten.] 

di-men'sion, 1 di-men'^han; 2 di-m^n'shon, n. 
Any measurable extent or magnitude, as 
length, breadth, or thickness. [F., < L. dimen¬ 
sion-), < di-, apart, + metior, measure.]— 

di-men'sion-al, a. 

di-min'ish 1 , 1 di-min'i^h; 2 di-mln'ish, v. I. t. 
To make smaller or less; decrease; belittle; 
degrade. II. i. To grow smaller; lessen; 
dwindle. [< L. F de, from, + minus, less.]— 
dim"i-mi'tion, n. The act of diminishing, or 
the condition of being diminished; reduction. 

di-min'u-tiv(e 8 , 1 di-min'yu-tiv; 2 di-mln'yu- 
tlv. I. a. 1. Of relatively small size; small; 
little. 2. Diminishing, or tending to dimin¬ 
ish. 3. Gram. Expressing diminished size. 

II. n. 1. A word formed from another to 
express diminished size. 2. Anything very 


small. [< L.ll de, from, + minus, less.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. ✓ 

dim'i-ty, 1 dim'i-ti; 2 dim'i-ty, n. [-ties*, pi.] 
A variety of cotton cloth or dress-goods. 
[< Gr. di-, two, twofold, + mitos, thread.] 
dim'pl(e p , 1 dim'pl; 2 dim'pl. 1. vt. & vi. 
[dim''pl(e)d p ; dim'pling.] To mark with 
dimples; form dimples. II. n. A slight de¬ 
pression on the cheek or chin, or on any 
smooth surface. [< Norw. dipel, dim. of dape, 
pool.] 

din, 1 din; 2 din. I. vt. & vi. [dinned, dind 3 ; 
din'ning.] To assail w'ith confusing noise; 
urge w'ith clamorous repetition; make a din. 
II. n. A loud continuous noise or clamor; a 
rattling or clattering sound. [ < AS. dyn, dyne.] 
dine, 1 dain; 2 din, v. [dined; din'ing.] I. t. 
To give a dinner to. II. i. To take dinner. 
[< F. diner, contr. of dejeuner, breakfast.]— 
din'er, n. 1. One who dines. 2. A railroad 
dining-car. 

ding 1 , 1 dir); 2 ding, vt. & vi. [dinged or dung; 
ding'ing.] To strike; pound; scold; bluster. 
[ < ME. dingen; cp. Ice. dengja, hammer.] 
ding 2 , vt. & vi. To urge insistently; resound 
monotonously, as a bell; ring; toll. [Imitative.] 
ding, n. A blow' or stroke. 
dingGdong", 1 diq'-dei)"; 2 dlng'-dong", n. 1. 
The peal of a bell. 2. Any monotonous repe¬ 
tition. 

din'gey, 1 dirj'gi; 2 din'gy, n. A small boat; a 
surveyors’ sleeping-car. [< Beng. dingl, boat.] 
din'geef; din'gliyf; din'gyj. 
din'gl(e p , 1 dirj'gl; 2 dln'gl, n. A narrow val¬ 
ley; glen. [Var. of dimple.] 
din'go, 1 diq'go; 2 din'go, n. The native wild dog 
(Canis dingo) of Australia, 
din'gy, 1 din'ji; 2 din'gy, a. Of a dusky color, 
as if soiled; dull; tarnished. [< dung.]— din'- 
gi-Iy, adv. —din'gi-ness, n. 
din'ner, 1 din'ar; 2 din'er, n. The principal 
meal of the day; a banquet. [< F. diner; see 

DINE.] 

dint, 1 dint; 2 dint. I. vt. To make a dent oi 
dint in. II. n. 1. A small depression made 
by a blow'; a dent. 2. Active agency; efficacy; 
as, by dint of hard work. [ < AS. dynl, blow.] 
dlo., dioc., abbr. Diocesan, diocese, 
di'o-eese, 1 dai'o-sls; 2 dl'o-ges, n. Eccl. The 
territory or the churches under a bishop’s 
jurisdiction. [< Gr. dioikesis, < dia, through, 
+ oiked, dwell.]—di-oe'e-san. I. a. Of or per¬ 
taining to a diocese. II. n. A bishop. 
Di"o-ele'tian, 1 dai"o-kH'Shan; 2 dFo-ele'shan, 
Caius V. A. (235—313). A Roman emperor, 
284-305. 

Dl-og'e-nes, 1 dai-ej'i-nlz; 2 dl-6g'e-nes, n. A 
Greek cynic philosopher. 

DI"o-mc'dcs, 1 dai"o-mI'dIz; 2 dro-me'dS§, n. 
Gr. Myth. King of Argos; one of bravest Greeks 
before Troy. Di'o-medt; Di'o-medet. 
Di"o-ny'sos, 1 dai"o-noi'ses; 2 di"o-ny's6s, n. Gr. 
Myth. God of wine and drama: the Roman 
Bacchus. 

di-op'trie, 1 dai-ep'tnk; 2 dl-5p'trie, a. Aiding 
the vision by refraction, as a lens. [< Gr. 
dioptrikos, < dia, through, + opsomai, I shall 
see.]—di-op'tries, n. The branch of optics 
treating of light-refraction by transparent media. 
di"o-ra'ina, 1 dai"o-ra'ma; 2 di"o-ra'ma, n. A 
painting, or series of paintings, for spectacu¬ 
lar exhibition. 

dip, 1 dip; 2 dip, v. [dipped 1 or dipt; dip'- 
ping.] I. t. 1. To immerse in a fluid and 
withdraw again. 2. To lower for an instant 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, er; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2’ art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 







183 


dilemma 

disabuse 


and then raise, as a flag. 3. To lift up and 
out by scooping. 4. To put or sink slightly 
or partially (into a liquid). II. i. 1. To 
plunge partly or momentarily into any 
liquid. 2. To engage slightly or temporarily 
in any matter: with in or into. 3. To incline 
downward; decline. 4. Geol. To lie at an 
angle with the horizon, as strata. [ < AS. dyp- 
van, dippan, < dypan, deepen, < deop, deep.] 
dip, n. 1. The act of dipping; a plunge; bath; 
dipping up; depression. 2. A liquid into 
which something is to be dipped. 3. Inclina¬ 
tion, as of the magnetic needle. 4. A candle 
made by dipping. 

diph-the'ri-a, 1 dif-thI'n-9; 2 dif-the'ri-a, n. 
Pathol. An acute infectious disease charac¬ 
terized by a tendency to form a false mem¬ 
brane in the throat. [ < Gr. diphthera, leather, 
< depbo, soften.]— diph"the-rit'ic, a. diph- 
the'ri-alt; dlph-the'rict. 
diph'tlioilg, 1 dif'thep; 2 dif'thong, n. 
Orthoepy. The union of two vowels in one 
sound or syllable. [< Gr. diphthongos, < dl-, 
two, twofold, + phthengomai, cry out.]— diph- 
thon'gal, a. diph'fhoiig-icj; diph-thon'- 
goust. 

dtpl., abbr. Diplomat, diplomatist, 
di-plo'ma, 1 di-plo'ma; 2 di-plo'ma, n. An 
official honorary certificate, as of graduation. 
[L„ < Gr. diploma, lit. paper folded double.] 
di-plo'ma-ey, 1 di- 
plo'ma-si; 2 di-plo'- 
ma-cy, n. [-cies z , 
pi.] 1. The art, sci¬ 
ence, or practise of 
conducting negoti¬ 
ations between na¬ 
tions. 2. Tact, 
shrewdness, or skill 
in conducting any 
affair. 3. The body 
of diplomatic offi¬ 
cials of a govern¬ 
ment. [ < F. diplo¬ 
matic, < L. diploma, diploma.] — dip'lo-mat, n. 
One employed or skilled in diplomacy, dip'in¬ 
mate]:. — dip"lo-mat'ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to diplomacy. 2. Characterized by special tact 
in negotiation; dexterous; wary; adroit, dlp"- 
lo-mat'i-calt.— dlp"lo-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. — 
di-plo'ma-tist, n. 1. A diplomat. 2. One re¬ 
markable for tact and shrewd management, 
dip'per, 1 dip'ar; 2 dip'er, n. 1. One who or 
that which dips. 2. A 
small, thrushdike diving 
bird. 3. [D-] [U. S.] The 
group of seven bright stars 
in the constellation Ursa 
Major. 

dip"so-ma'ni-a, 1 dip"so- American Dipper, 
me'm-e; 2 dip"so-ma'ni-a, Vs 

n. Pathol. An uncontrollable craving for 
alcoholic drink. [ < Gr. dipsa, thirst, + mania, 
mania.]— dip"so-ma'ni-ac, n. 
dire, 1 dair; 2 dir, a. [dir'er; dir'est.] Ex¬ 
tremely calamitous; dreadful; terrible. [< L. 
dims, fearful.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
di-rect' d , 1 di-rekt'; 2 di-rgct', v. I. t. 1. To 
point straight toward a thing; aim. 2. To 
point out a way to (a person). 3. To regu¬ 
late the course or conduct of; control; govern. 
4. To place an address upon, as a letter. II. i. 
To act as a guide, conductor, or leader, 
di-rect', a. 1. Having or being the straightest 



Semirigid Dirigible “Roma. 



course; straight; shortest; nearest. 2. Free 
from intervening agencies or conditions; im¬ 
mediate. 3. Straightforward; plain. [< L. 
directus, pp. of dirigo, direct.]— di-rect', adv. 
By direct course; directly.— di-rec'tiv(e 8 , a. 
That directs or points out, rules, or governs.— 
di-rect'ly, adv. 1. In a direct line or manner. 
2. Without medium, agent, or go=between. 3. 
Immediately; as soon as possible. 4. Exactly; 
precisely.— di-rect'ness, n. The quality of 
being direct; straightness.— di-rec'tor, n. One 
who or that which directs, di-rect'erf:. — di- 
rec'tor-ate, n. 1. A body of directors. 2. The 
office or power of a director, di-rec'tor-shipt. 
—di-rec'tress, n. fem. 

di-rec'tion, 1 di-rek'sfhsn; 2 di-rgc'shon, n. 1. 
The position of one point in relation to 
another without reference to the intervening 
distance. 2. Tendency; aim. 3. Superin¬ 
tendence; administration. 4. Instruction; 
command; order. 5. The name and residence 
of a person; address. 

di-rec'to-ry, 1 di-rek'to-ri; 2 di-rge'to-ry, n. 
-ries z , pi.] 1. An alphabetical or classified 

1st, as of the names and addresses of the in- 
labitants or business=houses of a city. 2. A 
collection of rules. 3. A body of directors; 
directorate.— di"rec-to'ri-ai, a. 
dire'ful, 1 dair'ful; 2 dlr'ful, a. ‘Most dire; 

dreadful; terrible, 
.-ly, adv. -ness, w. 
dirge, 1 durj; 2 dirg, 
n. A funeral hymn 
or tune. [< L. diri¬ 
go, direct, in funer¬ 
al hymn beginning, 

‘ Dirige, Domine.') 
dir'i-gi-bl(e p , 1 dir'- 
l-ji-bl; 2 dir'i-gi-bl. 
I. a. That may be 
directed or con¬ 
trolled; as, a diri¬ 
gible balloon. II. n. 
A dirigible balloon, 
dirk, 1 durk; 2 dirk. I. vt. To stab with a dirk. 

II. n. A dagger or poniard. [< Ir. duirc, dirk.] 
dirt, 1 durt; 2 dirt. I. a. [Colloq., U. S.j 
Made of earth; as, a dirt road. II. n. 1. Any 
foul or filthy substance; refuse; trash. 2. 
[Colloq., U. S.] Loose earth; gardendoam. 
[ME. dr it, < Ice. drit, dirt, excrement of birds.]— 
dirt'y. I. vt. [dirt'ied; dirt'y-ing.] To soil; 
make filthy; sully; tarnish. II. a. [dirt'i-er; 
dirt'i-est.] Unclean; foul; filthy, physically or 
morally.— dirt'i-Iy, adv. — dirt'i-ness, n. 
dis-, prefix. Apart; asunder. In numerous words 
with this prefix dis- has simply a negative force, 
causing the word to express the contrary of what 
is implied by the second element, thus: 


dis"af-for'est 

dis"an-nul' 

dis"a-noint' 

dis"ar-ray' 

dis"en-shrine' 

dis'es-teem' 


dis-ser'vice 

dis"sym-met'ri- 

cal 

dis"sym-met'ri- 

cal-ly 

dis-sym'me-try 
distant.—dis.. 


dis-fur'nish 
dis-praise' 
dis-prais'ing-ly 
dis"re-gard'ful 
dis-rel'ish 
dis-root' 

dis., abbr. Discipline, distanced, 
disc., disct., abbr. Discount. 
dis-a'bl(e p , 1 dis-e'bl; 2 dls-a'bl, vt. To render 
physically, mentally, or legally incapable of 
proper or effective action; cripple; impair.— 
dis"a-bil'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] Lack of ability; 
inability.—dis-a'ble-ment, n. 
dis"a-buse', )1 dis"9-biuz'; 2 dis"a-bu§', vt. 
dis"a-buze' p , (To rid of a false notion or im¬ 
pression; undeceive. 


l:a = final; I = hablG aisle; au = owt; eil; iu = feud; dhin; go; rj = sm^; Ihin, this. 
2:wQlf, dcj; book, boot; fijll, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 













disadvantage 

discretion 


184 


dis"ad-van'tage, 1 dis"ad-van'tij; 2 dis"ad- 
van'tag. I. vt. To injure the interest of; 
prejudice; hinder. II. n. 1. That which 
hinders, prevents, or is prejudicial to success; 
drawback; injury. 2. A state of inferiority or 
unfavorable contrast: preceded by at; as, the 
army was at a disadvantage. —dls-ad"van-ta'- 
geous, a. Attended with disadvantage; detri¬ 
mental; inconvenient, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
dis"af-fect' d , 1 dis"a-fekt'; 2 dis"a-f8ct', vt. To 
destroy or weaken the affection of; alienate. 
—dis"af-fect'ed, pa. Alienated in feeling; es¬ 
tranged; unfriendly.—dls"af-fec'tlon, n. Dis¬ 
content; disloyalty; estrangement. 
dis"a-gree', 1 dis"a-grl'; 2 dls"a-gre', vi. 1. To 
differ; be at variance in opinion; fail to agree; 
contend; quarrel. 2. To be unfavorable in 
action or effect, as food; be injurious: fol¬ 
lowed by with. —dls"a-gree'a-bl(e p , a. Re¬ 
pugnant to taste, sentiment, opinion, or the 
senses; not agreeable; displeasing; unpleasant.— 
dis"a-gree'a-ble-ness, n. dls"a-gree"a-bil'i- 
tyj. — dis"a-gree'a-bly, adv. — dis"a-gree'- 
ment, n. Failure to agree; dissimilarity; vari¬ 
ance; unsuitableness; incongruity; altercation; 
quarrel. 

dis"al-low', 1 dis"a-lau'; 2 dfs"&-low', vt. & vi. 
To refuse .to allow or permit; disapprove.—dls"- 
al-lo w 'ance, n. Refusal to allow; disapprobation. 
dis"ap-pear', 1 dis"a-pir'; 2 dis"a-per', vi. To 
pass from sight or view; fade away; vanish. 
—dis"ap-pear 'ance, n. 
dis"ap-point' d , 1 dis"a-peint'; 2 dIs"3.-point', 
vt. 1. To defeat or fail to fulfil the expecta¬ 
tion, hope, or desire of (a person). 2. To 
prevent the attainment or accomplishment 
of (a hope or plan); frustrate.—dis"ap-point'- 
ment, n. The state, condition, or sense of being 
disappointed; that which disappoints; failure; 
frustration. 

dis-ap"pro-ba'tion, 1 dis-ap"ro-be'^han; 2 
dis-ap"ro-ba'shon, ». Disapproval; unfavor¬ 
able judgment. 

dis"ap-prove', 1 dis"a-pruv'; 2 dls"3,-prpv', v. 

I. t. 1. To regard with disfavor or censure; 
condemn: often with of. 2. To refuse assent 
to; reject as inadmissible. II. i. To feel or 
express disapproval.—dis"ap-prov'al, n. The 
act of disapproving; the withholding of approval; 
disapprobation.—dis"ap-prov'ing-ly, adv. 

dis-arm', 1 dis-arm'; 2 dfs-arm', v. I. t. To 
cause to surrender arms; deprive of weapons 
or of powder to harm or annoy; quell; allay. 

II. i. To lay aside arms; reduce a land or 
naval armament from a war to a peace foot¬ 
ing.—dis-arm'a-ment, n. 

dis"ar-range', 1 dis"a-renj'; 2 dis"a-rang', vt. 
To disturb the arrangement of; derange, 
-ment, n. 

dis-as'ter, 1 diz-as'tar; 2 dlg-as'ter, n. Crush¬ 
ing misfortune; a calamity. [ < F. desaslre, < L. 
dis-, ill, + astrum, < Gr. aslron, star.]— dis-as'- 
trous, a. 1. Occasioning or accompanied by dis¬ 
aster; calamitous. 2. Threatening disaster; ill» 
boding; gloomy; dismal, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
dis"a-vow', 1 dis"a-vau'; 2 dIs"a-vow', vt. To 
refuse to acknowledge; deny; disclaim; dis¬ 
own.— dis"a-vow'al, n. A disowning; denial. 
dis-band' d , 1 dis-band'; 2 dis-band', v. I. t. 
1. To discharge from further united (especial¬ 
ly military) service. 2. To dismiss (an indi¬ 
vidual) from an organization; discharge. II. 
i. To retire from service as an organization. 
— dis-band'ment, n. A disbanding. 


dis-bar', 1 dis-bar'; 2 dis-bar', vt. Law. To 
deprive of the right to appear in court as an 
attorney.—dis-bar'ment, n. 
dis"be-lief', 1 dis"bi-llf'; 2 dis"be-lef', n. A 
conviction that a statement is untrue; posi¬ 
tive unbelief. 

dis"be-liev(e' p , 1 dis"bi-liv'; 2 dis"be-lev', vt. & 
vi. To refuse to believe; withhold belief or 
credit; deem false.— dls"be-Iiev'er, n. 
dls-bur'den, 1 dis-bur'dn; 2 dis-bur'dn, vt. & 
vi. To disencumber of a burden; get rid of; 
unload, dls-bur'thcnj [Archaic].— dls-bur'- 
den-inent, n. 

dis-burse', 1 dis-burs'; 2 dis-bfirs', vt. [dis- 
bursed'*, dis-burst' 8 ; dis-burs'ing.] To pay 
out, as in meeting current expenses. [< OF. 
des-, apart, + bouhe, purse.]— dls-burs'a-ble, a. 
— dis-burse'ment, n. Expenditure, 
disc, n. Same as disk. 
disc., abbr. Discovered, discoverer, 
dis'cal, 1 dis'kal; 2 dis'cal, a. Of, pertaining to, 
or like a disk. 

dis-card' J , 1 dis-kard'; 2 dis-card', v. I. t. To 
turn off as useless or undesirable; reject; dis¬ 
miss. II. i. To throw out a card or cards in 
playing. 

dis-cern', 1 di-zurn'; 2 di-§ern', v. 1. 1. To see 
as distinct from other objects; perceive; dis¬ 
tinguish; recognize. II. i. To recognize a 
distinction or difference; discriminate. [< L. F 
discerno, < dis-, apart, + cerno, separate.]— dis¬ 
cern'l-bl(e p , a. Capable of being discerned; 
perceivable, -ness, n.— dls-cern'1-bly, qdv .— 
dis-cern 'ing, pa. Quick to discern; discriminat¬ 
ing; penetrating, -ly, adv .— dls-cern'ment, n. 

I. The act or process of discerning. 2. The men¬ 
tal power of discerning; keenness of judgment; 
insight. 

dis-charge', 1 dis-dharj'; 2 dis-charg 7 , v. [dis¬ 
charged'; dis-charg'ing.] I. t. 1. To de¬ 
liver the contents of, as a gun or a ship; fire; 
unload. 2. To remove, as a cargo by unload¬ 
ing, a charge by firing, or an employee by 
dismissal; send forth; emit; set free, as a 
prisoner. 3. To meet the requirements of; 
pay, as a debt; perform, as a duty, office, etc. 

II. i. To deliver a charge or charges; put off 
a load or burden; give or send forth contents; 
shoot; fire; pour. 

dis-charge', n. 1. The act or process of dis¬ 
charging; a firing or unloading; dismissal; re¬ 
lease. 2. That which discharges, as a certifi¬ 
cate of release. 3. That which is discharged, 
emitted, or throwm out or off, as from a 
wound.—dls-charg'er, n. 
dls-ci'pl(e p , 1 di-sai'pl; 2 di-ci'pl. I. vt. [dis- 
ci'pl(e)d p ; dis-ci'pling.] To convert. II. n. 
One who accepts and follows a teacher or a 
doctrine; a pupil or learner. [F., < L. disci- 
pulus, < disco, learn.]—dis-ci 'ple-sliip, n. 
dis'ei-plin(e s , 1 dis'i-plin; 2 dfs'i-plin. I. vt. 
[dis'ci-plin(e)d 8 ; dis'ci-plin-ing.] 1. To 
train to obedience, subjection, or effective¬ 
ness; drill; educate. 2. To punish or chastise. 
II. n. 1. Systematic training or subjection 
to authority, or its result; subjection. 2. 
Training resulting from misfortune, troubles, 
etc. 3. Punishment for the sake of training; 
correction; chastisement. 4. A system of 
rules, or method of practise, as of a church. 
[< L. F disciplina, < discipulus, disciple.] —dis"- 
cl-pli-na'rl-an. I. a. Of or pertaining to dis¬ 
cipline. II. n. One who disciplines; one strict 
in discipline; a martinet.—dis 'ci-pll-na-ry, a. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rQle; but, burn 1 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whijt, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn! 






185 


disadvantage 

discretion 


Of, relating to, or having the nature of disci¬ 
pline; employed in discipline, 
dis-claim', 1 dis-klem'; 2 dis-clam', vt. To 
disavow any claim to; disown; reject; deny. 
[< L.of dis- ( see dis-) clamo, cry out.]—dis¬ 
claimer, n. One who or that which disclaims, 
dis-close', ) 1 dis-kloz'; 2 dis-elog', vt. & vi. 
dis-cloze' p , ) [dis-closed'; dis-clos'ing.] To 
expose to view; lay bare; uncover; make 
known; divulge; open. [< L.of dis- (see dis-) + 
claudo, close.]—dis-clo'sure, n. 1. The act or 
process of disclosing. 2. Anything disclosed, 
dis-col'or, ) 1 dis-kul'er; 2 dis-col'or, vt. To 
dis-cul'or p , ) give an unnatural color to; stain. 

dis-col'ourt.—dis-col"or-a'tion, n. 
dis-com'fit d , ) 1 dis-kum'fit; 2 dis-eom'fit, vt. 
dis-cum'fit p , 5 To defeat utterly; frustrate; 
rout; vanquish. [< L.of dis-, apart, + con- 
intens. + facio, do.]—dis-com'fi-ture, n. The 
act of discomfiting, or the state of being dis¬ 
comfited; defeat. 

dis-com'fort, )1 dis-kum'fart; 2 dis-com'- 
dis-cum'fort p , ) fort. I d . vt. To make un¬ 
easy; trouble; pain; grieve. II. n. The 
state of being positively uncomfortable, or 
that which causes it; disturbance; disquie¬ 
tude. 

dis"com-mode'» 1 dis"ke-m5d'; 2 dis"co-mod', 
vt. [-MOD'ED d ; -mod'ing.] To cause incon¬ 
venience to; trouble; annoy. [< L. dis-, apart, 
+ commodus, fit, convenient.] 
dis"com-pose', 1 dis"kem-poz'; 2 dis"com-po§', 
vt. [-posed'; -pos'ing.] To disorder or dis¬ 
arrange; derange; agitate; disturb.—dis"com- 
po'sure, n. Agitation; disorder. 
dis"con-cert' d , 1 dis"ken-surt'; 2 discon¬ 
cert', vt. 1. To confuse, as by a surprize; dis¬ 
turb; discompose. 2. To disarrange, as a 
plan; frustrate; hinder. [< L. dis-, apart, + 
concerto, concert.] 

dis"con-nect' d , 1 dis"ke-nekt'; 2 dis"co-ngct', 
vt. To undo or dissolve the connection of; 
dissociate; separate.—dis"con-nect'ed, pa. -ly, 
adv. —dis"con-nec'tion, n. 
dis-con'so-late, 1 dis-ken'so-lit; 2 dis-con'so- 
lat, a. 1. Destitute of consolation; inconsola¬ 
ble. 2. Marked by gloominess; cheerless; 
saddening. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
dis"con-tent', 1 dis"ken-tent'; 2 dis"con¬ 
tent'. I d . vt. To render discontented; dis¬ 
satisfy. II. n. Lack of content; dissatisfac¬ 
tion; uneasiness. dis"con-tent'mentt. 
dis"con-tent'ed, o. Ill at ease; dissatisfied, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

dis"con-tin'ue, 1 dis"ken-tin'yu; 2 dis"con- 
tin'yu, v. [-tin'ued; -tin'u-ing.] I. t. To 
break off or cease from; bring to an end; 
cease; stop; intermit. II. i. 1. To come to 
an end; cease. 2. To separate or be dis¬ 
united.— dis"con-tin'u-ance, n. The act of 
discontinuing, or state of being discontinued; in¬ 
terruption or intermission.— dis"con-tin"u-a'- 
tlon, ».—dis-con"ti-nu'i-ty, «.—dis"con- 
tin'u-ous, a. Not continuous; characterized by 
interruptions or breaks, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
dis'cord, 1 dis'kerd; 2 dis'eord, n. 1. Variance 
or strife; contention. 2. A combination of 
dissonant sounds; lack of harmony. [F., < L. 
discordia, < dis-, apart, + cor ( cord-), heart.]— 
dis-cor'dance, n. A discordant state or qual, 
ity; discord, dis-cor'dan-cyf. — dls-cor'dant, 
a. Contradictory; harsh; dissonant, -ly, adv. 
dis-count' d , 1 dis-kaunt'; 2 dis-count', v. I. t. 
1. To deduct, as a portion of an amount 


owing; make an allowance of. 2. To buy for 
less than face value, the difference going to 
the purchaser. 3. To give less than full credit 
to (a story or statement); discredit; disregard. 
4. To act upon beforehand; anticipate. II. i. 
To purchase or accept notes, etc., at less 
than face value, retaining the difference, 
when paid, as interest. [< L.° p dis-, apart, -f- 
computo, compute.] —dis-count'a-bI(e p , a. — 
dis-count'er, n. 

dis'count, 1 dis'kaunt; 2 dis'count, n. 1. An 
amount counted off or deducted. 2. Finance. 
The interest allowed and deducted from the 
face amount for advancing money on negotia¬ 
ble paper. 3. The act of discounting. 4. 
The rate of discount. 

dis-coun'te-nance 1 , 1 dis-kaun'ti-nans; 2 dis- 
coun'te-nang, vt. 1. To look upon with dis¬ 
favor; disapprove or discourage. 2||. To 
abash. 

dis-cour'age, ) 1 dis-kur'ij; 2 dis-cur'ag, vt. 
dis-cur'age p , >[ _ aged; -ag-ing.] 1. To damp 
or quench the courage of; dispirit; dishearten; 
deter. 2. To destroy, or attempt to destroy, 
confidence in; oppose; obstruct.— dis-cour'age- 
ment, n. The act of discouraging, or the state of 
being discouraged; also, that which discourages, 
dis-course', 1 dis-kors'; 2 dis-cors'. I. vt. & vi. 
[dis-coursed' 1 , dis-courst's; dis-cours'ing]. 
To give expression to; utter; converse; make 
an address. II. n. Connected communication 
of thought; conversation; a formal discussion 
or address. [< L. LL+F dis-, apart, to and fro, 
_ + curro, run.]— dls-cours'er, n. 
dis-cour'te-sy, ) 1 dis-kur'ti-si; 2 dis-cffr'te-sy, 
dis-cur'te-sys, \n. [-sies*, pi] Rude beha¬ 
vior; impoliteness.— dis-cour'te-ous, a. Show¬ 
ing discourtesy; impolite; rude, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
dis-cov'er, } 1 dis-kuv'ar; 2 dis-cov'er, v. 1. 1. 
dis-cuv'er p , \ 1. To get first sight or knowledge 
of; find and bring to the knowledge of the 
world. 2. To disclose; reveal; expose. 3||.To 
uncover. II. i. To show oneself.— dis-cov'er- 
a-ble, a. —dis-cov'er-er, «.—dis-cov'er-y, n. 
[-ies z , pi.] 1. The act of discovering; disclosure. 
2. Something discovered. 

dis-cred 'it, 1 dis-kred'it; 2 dis-crfed'it. I d . vt. 

1. To disbelieve. 2. To injure the credit or 
reputation of; dishonor. 3. To destroy 
faith or belief in. II. n. 1. The act of dis¬ 
crediting, or the state of being discredited. 

2. Lack of credit; impaired reputation; dis¬ 
honor. — dis-cred'it-a-bl(e p , a. Hurtful to 
credit or reputation; disreputable.—dis-cred 
it-a-bly, adv. 

dis-creet', 1 dis-krit'; 2 dis-cret', a. Wise in 
avoiding errors; judicious; prudent; careful. 
[< L. discretus, pp. of discerno, discern.] —dis- 
creet'ly, adv. — dis-creet'ness, n. 
dis-crep'ant, 1 dis-krep'ent or dis'kn-pant; 2 
dis-erep'ant or dis'ere-pant, a. Inharmoni- 
ously different; opposite; contrary; discor¬ 
dant. [OF., < L. dis-, apart, + crepo, crackle.] 
—dis-crep'an-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] A disagree¬ 
ment or difference; variance, dis-crep'ancef. 
dis-crete', 1 dis-krit'; 2 dis-cret', a. 1. Dis¬ 
connected with others; distinct or separate. 
2. Made up of distinct parts or separate units; 
discontinuous. 3. Denoting opposition or con¬ 
trariety. [< L. discretus, pp. of discerno, dis¬ 
cern.] —dis-crete'ly, adv.— dis-crete 'ness, n. 
dis-cre'tion, 1 dis-kre^h'en; 2 dis-ergsh'on, n. 
1. Cautious and correct judgment; prudence; 
sagacity. 2. Liberty of action; freedom in the 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; <5hin; go; rj = sing; Chin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, ryle, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







discriminate 

dispense 


186 


exercise of judgment. [OF., < L . discretion-), < 
discrelus; see discrete.]— dis-cre'tion-a-ry, a. 
Exercisable at or left to discretion; uncontrolled 
legally except by discretion, dis-cre'tiou-alf. 
—dis-cre'tion-al-ly, adv. 
dis-crim'i-nate, 1 dis-krim'i-net; 2 dls-crlm'i- 
nat, v. [-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] I. t. To note 
the differences between; note or set apart as 
different. II. i. 1. To observe a difference; 
distinguish. 2. To make a distinction; 
treat unequally or unfairly. [< L. discrimino, 
divide, distinguish.]—dis-crlm'i-nat"ing, pa. 
1. Having power or serving to distinguish. 2. 
Establishing a distinction; differential.—dis¬ 
crim'i-nat"ing-ly, adv. 

dis-crim'i-nate, a. 1. Noting differences; dis¬ 
criminating. 2. Discriminated, -ly, adv. -ness,n. 
dis-crim"i-na'tion, 1 dis-krim"i-ne'sTien; 2 
dis-crIm"i-na'shon, to. The act or power 
of discriminating; distinction.— dis-crim'i-na- 
tiv(e s , a. Discriminating; distinctive or char¬ 
acteristic. dis-crim'i-na-to-ry f.—dis-crim'- 
I-na-tive-ly, adv. dis-crim'i-na-to-ri-lyt. 
dis-crown', 1 dis-kraun'; 2 dls-crown', vt. To 
deprive of a crown; dethrone. 
dis-cur'siv(e 8 , 1 dis-kur'siv; 2 dls-chr'siv, a. 
Passing from one subject to another; wander¬ 
ing; digressive. [< L. discuTsus, pp. of discurro, 
< dis- (see dis-) + curro, run.] -ly, adv. -ness,n. 
dls'cus, 1 dis'kus; 2 dls'ctis, to. Gr. & Rom. Anliq. 
A heavy disk of stone or metal thrown in athletic 
contests. [L. See disk.] 

dis-cuss' 1 , 1 dis-kus'; 2 dls-ciis', vt. To argue 
for and against; reason upon; debate. [ < L. 
discuss us, < dis-, apart, + quatio, shake.]—dis¬ 
cus 'sion, n. The act of discussing; argumenta¬ 
tive examination; debate. 

dis-dain', 1 dis-den'; 2 dls-dan'. I. vt. To re¬ 
gard with proud indifference; despise; recoil 
from with pride or scorn. II. to. A blended 
feeling of superiority and dislike; proud con¬ 
tempt. [< L. OF dis-, apart, + dignor, deem 
worthy.]—dis-dain'ful, a. Filled with or ex¬ 
pressing disdain; scornful. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
dis-ease', 1 diz-Iz'; 2 dlg-e§'. I. vt. [dis¬ 
eased'; dis-eas'ing.] To cause disease in; 
disorder; derange. II. to. Disturbed or ab¬ 
normal action in the living organism; a mor¬ 
bid condition resulting from such distur¬ 
bance. [< OF. desaise, < des-, apart; and see 
ease, n.) 

dis"ein-bark'‘, 1 dis"em-bark'; 2 disem¬ 
bark', vt. & vi. To put or go ashore from a 
ship; land; unload.—dis-em"bar-ka'tion or 
-ca'tion, n. 

dis"em-bar'rass t , 1 dis"em-bar'as; 2 dis"8m- 
bar'as, vt. To free from embarrassment. 

-nient, n. 

dis"em-bod'y, 1 dis"em-bod'i; 2 dis"em-bod'y, 
vt. 1. To free from the body. 2. To disband, 
as troops.—dis"eni-bod'i-nient, n. 
dis"ein-bogue\ 1 dis"em-b5g'; 2 dis"6m-bog', vt. 

& vi. To discharge at the mouth, as a stream. 
dis"eni-bow'el, 1 dis"em-bau'el; 2 d!s"Cm- 
bow'el, vt. To take or let out the bowels of. 
dis"en-chant' d , 1 dis"en-dliant'; 2 disen¬ 
chant', vt. To free from enchantment; disil¬ 
lusionize. -ment, n . 

dis"en-cuin'ber, 1 dis"en-kum'ber; 2 dls"en- 
ciim'ber, vt. To free from encumbrance or 

burden.—dis"en-cum'ber-ment, n. dis"en- 
cuin'brancef. 

dis"en-gage', 1 dis"en-gej'; 2 dls"en-gag', vt. 
& vi. To set or be free from engagement; 


become detached; withdraw. — dis"en-gage'- 
nient, n. 

dis"en-tan'gi(e p , 1 dis"en-tao'gl; 2 dls"en- 
tan'gl, vt. To relieve of entanglement or 
perplexity; unravel.— dis"en-tan'gie-ment, n. 
dis"es-tab'lish', 1 dis"es-tab'hsii; 2 dises¬ 
tablish, vt. To deprive of established char¬ 
acter; withdraw state patronage from; as, to 
disestablish a church.— dis"es-tab'lish-ment, n. 
dis-fa'vor, 1 dis-fe'var; 2 dls-fa'vor. I. vt. To 
withdraw or withhold favor from; discounte¬ 
nance. II. n. Lack of favor; disapproval; 
dislike, dis-fa'vourj. 

dls-fig'ure, 1 dis-fig'yur; 2 dls-flg'yur, vt. To 
impair or injure the beauty of; render 
unsightly; deform.— dis-fig'ure-ment, n. 1. 
That which disfigures. 2. The act of disfiguring, 
or the state of being disfigured. dis-fig"u-ra'- 
tionf. 

dis-fran'chise, 1 dis-fran'dhiz or -dhaiz; 2 dls- 
frSn'chig or -chls, vt. [-chised; -chis-ing.] 
To deprive of a citizen’s privileges, as of the 
ballot, -ment, n. 

dis-gorge', 1 dis-gerj'; 2 dls-gorg', vt. & vi. To 
eject; vomit; restore; make restitution, 
dis-grace', 1 dis-gres'; 2 dls-grag'. I 1 , vt. To 
bring reproach or shame upon; dismiss with 
ignominy. II. n. 1. Reproach; infamy; ig¬ 
nominy. 2. That which disgraces.— dis-grace '- 
ful, a. Characterized by or causing disgrace; 
shameful, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
dis-grun'tle, 1 dis-grun'tl; 2 dls-grun'tl, vt. 

[Colloq.] To disappoint and vex. 
dis-guise', )1 dis-gaiz'; 2 dls-gl§', I. vt. 
dis-guize' p , j [dis-guised'; dis-guis'ing.] To 
change the appearance of, as by a mask; hide; 
conceal; alter. II. n. The act of disguising, 
or the state of being disguised; something 
that disguises.— dis-guis'er, n. 
dis-gust', 1 dis-gust'; 2 dls-giist'. I d . vt. To 
affect with loathing or aversion. II. n. 
Strong aversion or repugnance, physical, 
mental, or moral.— dis-gust'ing, pa. Serving or 
fitted to provoke disgust; odious; revolting, dis- 
gust'fulf.—dis-gust'ing-ly, adv. 
dish', 1 di^h; 2 dish, v. I. t. 1. To place in a 
dish or dishes; serve as food. 2. To make 
concave, as a wheel. II. i. To be or become 
concave. 

dish, n. 1. A concave or hollow vessel for 
serving food at meals. 2. The kind or amount 
of food served in a dish. 2. Concavity. [< Gr. 
L+AS diskos, disk.]—dish 'ful, n. The quantity 
that a dish will hold. 

dis"lia-bille', 1 dis"a-b!l' or — bil' ; 2dls"a-bil' or 
-bll', n. Undress, or negligent attire. [<F. 
deshabille, undressed.) 

dls-h(e)art'en 8 , 1 dis-hart'n; 2 dls-hart'n, vt. 

To discourage. 

di-shev'el, 1 di-^hev'el; 2 di-shgv'Sl, vt. & vi. 

[-ELED Or -ELLED, -ELD 9 ; -EL-ING Or -EL-LING.j 
To disorder (the hair); disarrange (the dress). 
[< L. F dis- privative -f capillus, hair.] 
dis-hon'est, 1 dis-en'est; 2 dIs-on'6st, a. Lack¬ 
ing in honesty; untrustworthy; fraudulent; 
false, -ly, adv. —dls-hon'es-ty, n. Falsity; in¬ 
sincerity; violation of trust; fraud, 
dis-hon'or, 1 dis-en'ar; 2 dls-on'or. I. vt. 1. 
To deprive of honor; disgrace; insult. 2. To 
violate the chastity of; seduce. 3. Com. To 
decline or fail to pay, as a note. II. n. 1. 
Lack of honor or of honorable character; 
degradation; insult; reproach; stain. 2. Re¬ 
fusal or failure to pay a note, etc., when due. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 






187 


discriminate 

dispense 


dis-hon'ourj:.—dis-hon'or-a-bl(e p , a. Char¬ 
acterized by or bringing dishonor; discreditable; 
ignoble. — dis-hon'or-a-bl(e-ness p , n.—dis- 
hon'or-a-bly, adv. 

dis"iI-Iu'sion, 1 dis"i-liu' 3 an; 2 dis"i-lu'zhon, 
vt. To free from illusion or delusion; disen¬ 
chant. dis"il-Iu 'slon-izej. 
dis"in-cline', 1 dis"in-klain'; 2 dis"in-elln', vt. 
To make unwilling or averse; indispose.— 
dis-In"cii-na'tion, re. Distaste; aversion; un¬ 
willingness. 

dis"in-fect' d , 1 dis"in-fekt'; 2 dis"in-fect', vt. 
To purify from infection.—dis"in-fec'tant. I. 
a. Disinfecting. II. re. A substance used to 
disinfect.—dis"in-fec'tion, re. The act of dis¬ 
infecting. 

dis"in-gen'u-ous, 1 dis /, in-jen'yu-us; 2 dis"in- 
g8n'yu-us, a. Not sincere; deceitful. -Iy, 
adv. -ness, re. 

dts"in-her'!t d , 1 dis'fin-her'it; 2 dis'fin-her'it, 
vt. To deprive of an inheritance.—dis"in-her'- 
I-tance, re. 

dis-fn'te-grate d , 1 dis-in'ti-gret; 2 dis-in'te- 
grat, vt. & vi. To break into pieces or parti¬ 
cles; fall in pieces; crumble.—dis-in"te-gra'- 
tlon, re. 

dis"in-ter', 1 dis"m-tur'; 2 dis"in-ter', vt. To 
dig up, as from a grave; exhume.—dis"in-ter'- 
ment, re. 

dis-in'ter-est-ed, 1 dis-in'tar-est-ed; 2 dis-in'- 
ter-est-ed, a. Free from self-interest; unsel¬ 
fish; impartial. -Iy, adv. -ness, re. 
dis-join', 1 dis-jein'; 2 dis-join', vt. & vi. To 
sever or be severed; separate; sunder; part. 
dis-joint' d , 1 dis-jeint'; 2 dis-joint', vt. To 
divide at the joints, or put out of joint; dislo¬ 
cate; disconnect; disorder.—dis-joint'ed, pa. 
Dislocated; disconnected; incoherent. -Iy, adv. 
-ness, re. 

dis-junc'tion, 1 dis-juqk'ghan; 2 dls-june'shon, re. 
Sundering; separation. 

dis-junc'tiv(e 8 , 1 dis-jur)k'tiv; 2 dis-junc'tiv. 

I. a. Helping or serving to disjoin. II. re. 
That which disjoins, as one of certain con¬ 
junctions. -Iy, adv. 

disk, ) 1 disk; 2 disk, re. Any plate or surface 
disc, ) that is flat and circular, or approximate¬ 
ly so. [ < L. discus, < Gr. diskos, disk.] 
dis-likc', 1 dis-laik'; 2 dls-lik'. I*, vt. To re¬ 
gard with aversion. II. re. Distaste; repug¬ 
nance; aversion. 

dis'lo-cate, 1 dis'lo-ket; 2 dis'Io-cat, vt. [-catt¬ 
ed 11 ; -catling.] To put out of joint or out of 
order; displace. [< L. LL dis-, apart, + locus, 
place.]—dis"lo-ea'tion, re. 
dis-lodge', 1 dis-lej'; 2 dis-lodg', vt. To drive 
out; eject; displace.—dis-Iodg'ment, re. 
dis-loy'al, 1 dis-lei'al; 2 dis-loy'al, a. False to 
one’s allegiance or obligations; faithless, -iy, 
adv. —dis-loy'al-ty, re. The state of being dis¬ 
loyal; unfaithfulness; inconstancy, 
dis'mal, 1 diz'mal; 2 di§'mal, a. Cheerless; 
doleful; gloomy. [< disme, ‘in the dismal time,’ 
meaning ‘ in the tithing time.’] -Iy, adv. -ness, re. 
dis-man'tl (e p , 1 dis-man'tl; 2 dis-man'tl, vt. 
[-tl(e)d p ; -tling.] To strip of furniture, 
equipments, or defenses.—dis-man'tle-ment, re. 
dis-mast' d , vt. Naut. To remove the masts of. 
dis-may', 1 dis-me'; 2 dis-ma'. I. vt. To fill 
with consternation; daunt; appal; affright. 

II. re. A state of overwhelming embarrass¬ 
ment and fright; consternation; terror. [< 
dis- -(- F. -mayer, < OHG. magan, have power.] 

dis-mem'ber, 1 dis-mem'bar; 2 dis-mem'ber, 


vt. To separate limb from limb or part from 
part, -ment, re. 

dis-miss' 1 , 1 dis-mis'; 2 dis-mis', vt. To put 
out of office, service, or consideration; dis¬ 
charge; set aside; send away; reject. [< dis- + 
L. missus, pp. of mitto, send.] —dis-mis'sal, re. 
A dismissing; discharge, dis-mis'sionj. 
dis-mount' d , 1 dis-maunt'; 2 dis-mount', v. 
I. t. To remove from a horse, as a soldier, 
or from a mounting, as a cannon. II. i. To 
get off or alight, as from a horse; come down; 
descend. 

dis"o-bey', 1 dis"o-be'; 2 dis"o-ba', vt. & vi. To 
neglect or refuse to obey; to be disobedient. 
—dis"o-be'di-ence, re.—dis"o-be’di-ent, a. 
Neglecting or refusing to obey; refractory.— 
dis"o-be'di-ent-ly, adv. 
dis"o-biige', 1 dis"o-blaij'; 2 dis"o-blig', vt. To 
neglect or refuse to oblige.— dis"o-blig'ing, pa. 
Not disposed to oblige; unaccommodating.— 
dis"o-bllg'ing-ly, adv. 

dis-or'der, 1 dis-er'dar; 2 dis-or'der. I. vt. To 
throw out of order; disarrange; derange. II. 
re. 1. The state of being disarranged; dis- 
orderliness. 2. A disturbance of the peace. 
3. Derangement of the bodily or mental func¬ 
tions; disease.— dis-or'der-ly, a. & adv. 1. 
Being in disorder; not orderly. 2. Lawless; dis¬ 
reputable.— dis-or 'der-Ii-ness, re. 
dis-or'gan-ize, 1 dis-er'gan-aiz; 2 dis-or'gan-Iz, 
vt. To deprive of organization; break up.— 
dis-or"gan-i-za'tion, re. 
dis-own', 1 dis-5n'; 2 dis-on', vt. To refuse to 
acknowledge or to admit; deny; reject. 

Disp., abbr. Dispensatory. 

dis-par'age, 1 dis-par'ij; 2 dis-par'ag, vt. 
[-aged; -ag-ing.] To speak of slightingly; 
undervalue. [< OF. des- + parage, rank.]— 
dis-par 'age-ment, re. The act of disparaging; 
detraction.— dis-par'ag-ing-ly, adv. 
dis'pa-rate, 1 dis'pa-ret; 2 dis'pa-rat, a. That 
can not be compared; dissimilar; radically 
different. [< L. dis- (see dis-) + par, equal.] 
-iy, adv. -ness, re. 

dis-par'i-ty, 1 dis-par'i-ti; 2 dis-par'i-ty, re. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] The state of being dissimilar; in¬ 
equality; difference. 

dis-pas'sion-ate, 1 dis-pa^h'an-et; 2 dis-pash'- 
on-at, a. Free from passion; unprejudiced, 
.-iy, adv. -ness, re. 

dis-patch', ) 1 dis-paifh'; 2 dis-pach'. I 1 . vt. 1. 
des-patch', [-To send off to a destination; es- 
dis-pach' p , specially, to send swiftly. 2. To 
do promptly; execute; accomplish. 3. To 
kill summarily. II. re. 1. The act of dis¬ 
patching. 2. A message sent with haste, as 
by telegraph. 3. The prompt completion of 
work; expedition; speed. 4. A swift convey¬ 
ance, or system of conveyance. [< OF. des- 
pechier, < L. dis- priv. + pcdica, trap.]— dis¬ 
patch 'er, re. 

dis-pel', 1 dis-pel'; 2 dis-pgl', vt. [dis-pelled', 
dis-peld' 8 ; dis-pel'ling.] To scatter; dis¬ 
perse; dissipate. [< L. dis-, apart, asunder, + 
pello, drive.] 

dis-pense', 1 dis-pens'; 2 dis-pSns', v. [dis¬ 
pensed' 4 , dis-penst' 8 ; dis-pens'ing.] I. t. 

I. To deal out or divide in portions; distrib¬ 
ute. 2. To administer or execute, as laws. 
3. To relieve or excuse, as from obligation. 

II. i. To grant dispensation. [ < L. dispenso, 
freq. of dispendo, < dis-, apart, -j- pendo, weigh.] 
—to dispense with, to waive the observance of; 
relinquish; forego.—dis-pen'sa-bl(e p , a. Capa- 


1; a = final; l= habiG aisle; an = out; oil; iu = fered; tfhin; go; rj = sire^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 












disperse 

distinct 


188 


ble of being dispensed or dispensed with.— dis- 
pen'sa-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] A place where medi¬ 
cines are kept and compounded, especially where 
they are given freely to the poor.— dis"pen-sa'- 
tiou,n. 1. The act of dispensing. 2. Special ex¬ 
emption, as from a rule or vow. 3. A special divine 
revelation. —dis-pen'sa-to-ry. 1. a. Of or per¬ 
taining to dispensing or dispensation. II. n. 
[-riesz, pi.] A book in which medicinal substances 
are described; pharmacopoeia.— dis-pens'er, n. 
dis-perse', 1 dis-purs'; 2 dis-pers', vt. & vi. 
[pis-persed' 1 , dis-perst' 8 ; dis-pers'ing.] To 
scatter; dissipate; separate; disappear, as 
clouds. [< L. dis-, apart, + spar go, scatter.]— 
dis-per'sion, n. The act of dispersing, or the 
state of being dispersed.— dis-per'siv(e 8 , a. 
dis-pir'it d , 1 dis-pir'it; 2 dis-pir'it, vt. To ren¬ 
der cheerless or hopeless; depress; dishearten. 
— dis-pir'it-ed-ly, ade.— dis-pir'it-ing-ly, art®, 
dis-place'b 1 dis-ples'; 2 dis-plac', vt. 1. To 
remove from its place. 2. To take the place 
of, as by pushing out.— dis-place'ment, n. 
dis-play', 1 dis-ple'; 2 dis-pla'. I. vt. & vi. To 
make manifest or conspicuous; parade; open; 
unfold; expose; make a display. II. n. The 
act of spreading out, unfolding, or bringing to 
the view or to the mind; ostentatious show. 

[ < L.of dis-, apart, + plico, fold.] 
dis-please', 1 dis-pllz'; 2 dis-pleg', vt. & vi. To 
vex; annoy; offend; give offense. [ < L. OF dis- + 
placeo, please.]—dis-pleas'ing, pa. Offensive. 
-Iy, adv. —dis-plea'sure, 1 dis-ples'ur; 2 dis- 
plSzh'ur, n. 1. The state of being displeased; 
dissatisfaction; vexation; indignant disapproval. 
2. An annoyance; offense, 
dis-port', 1 dis-port'; 2 dis-port'. I d . vt. & vi. 
To divert; play; sport. II. n. Diversion; 
pastime; sport. [< L.of de, away, + porto, 
carry.] 

dis-pose', 1 dis-poz'; 2 dis-po§', v. [dis-posed'; 
dis-pos'ing.] I. t. 1. To set in order; ar¬ 
range; settle. 2. To direct the mind of; in¬ 
cline. 3. To order or appoint; regulate. 4. 
To make over or alienate, as property: now 
generally dispose of. II. i. To arrange or set¬ 
tle something. [ < F. disposer, < dis-, apart, + 
poser; see pose’, ».]— to dispose of, to part with; 
get rid of.— dis-pos'a-bl(e p , a. Subject to dis¬ 
posal; free to be used as occasion may require.— 
dis-po'sal, n. 1. The act of disposing; arrange¬ 
ment; order; distribution. 2. A getting rid of, as 
by gift or sale. 3. Power of control, outlay, or 
distribution.— dis-pos'er, n. One who disposes 
or orders. 

dis"po-si'tion, 1 dis"po-zi£h'en; 2 dis"po-§ish'- 
on, n. 1. The act of disposing, or the state or 
manner of disposal; final settlement. 2. 
Natural tendency; temper or temperament; 
characteristic spirit; bent; propensity. [F., 
< L. dis-, apart, separately, + pono, place.] 
dis"pos-sess' 1 , 1 dis"pe-zes'; 2 dis"po-§§s', vt. 

To eject; oust.— dIs"pos-ses'sion, n. 
dis-proof', n. Refutation; confutation. 
dis"pro-por'tion, 1 dis"pro-por'^li8n; 2 dis"- 
pro-por'shon. I. vt. To make of unsuitable 
proportions with reference to something else. 
II. n. Want of due relative proportion; lack 
of symmetry; also, inadequacy.— dis"pro- 
por'tion-ate, a. Out of proportion; dispropor- 
tioned. dis"pro-por'tion-alt. -iy, adv. 
dis-provc', 1 dis-pruv'; 2 dis-prov', vt. To 
prove to be false, erroneous, fraudulent, or 
illegal; confute; refute.— dis-prov'al, n. Dis¬ 
proof. • 

dis-pute', 1 dis-piut' ; 2 dis-put', v. [dis-put'- 


ED d ; dis-put'ing.] I. t. 1. To question; 
challenge; controvert. 2. To argue about; 
discuss. 3. To strive or contend for; contest. 
II. i. 1. To debate; wrangle; quarrel. 2. To 
compete, as for a prize. [< F. disputer, < L. 
dispulo, < dis-, apart, + pulo, reckon.]— dls- 
put'er, n. — dis'pu-ta-bl(e p , a. That may be 
disputed; controvertible; doubtful.— dis'pu- 
tant. I. a. Engaged in controversy; disputing. 
II. n. One who disputes. —dis"pu-ta'tIon, n. 
The act of disputing; controversy; discussion; 
argumentation.— dJs"pu-ta'tious, a. Char¬ 
acterized by or pertaining to dispute, dis-pu'- 
ta-tiv(e s f. -Iy, adv. 

dis-pute', n. A controversial discussion; a 
contest; altercation; wrangle; quarrel.’ 
dis-qual'i-fy, 1 dis-kwel'i-fai; 2 dis-kwal'i-fy, 
vt. To deprive of qualifications; incapacitate; 
disable; debar.— dis-qual"i-fi-ca'tion, n. 
dis-qui'et, 1 dis-kwai'et; 2 dls-kwi'et. I d . vt. 
To make uneasy or restless; harass; disturb. 
II. n. Restlessness; uneasiness, dis-qui'et- 
nessj; dls-qui'e-tudef.—dls-qui'et-ly, adv. 
dis"qui-si'tion, 1 dis"kwi-zi£h'an; 2 dls"kwi- 
sish'on, n. A systematic treatise or discourse; 
dissertation. [ < L. dis-, apart, about, + qusero, 
seek.] 

Dis-rael'i, 1 diz-rel'i; 2 di§-r51'i, Benjamin 
(1804-1881). English statesman and novelist. 
Earl of Beaconsfieldf. 

dis"re-gard', 1 dis"n-gard'; 2 dis"re-gard'. I d . 
vt. To slight; overlook. II. n. Want of re¬ 
gard ; neglect. 

dis"re-pute', 1 dis"n-piut'; 2 dfs"re-put', n. 
Lack or loss of reputation; ill repute.— dis- 
rep 'u-ta-bl (e p , a. Being in or causing ill repute; 
disgraceful.—dis-rep 'u-ta-bly, adv. 
dis"re-spect% 1 dis"ri-spekt'; 2 dT.s"re-spSct', n. 
Lack of respect; discourtesy.—dis"re-spect'ful, 
a. Wanting in respect; discourteous. -Iy, adv. 
dis-robe', 1 dis-rob'; 2 dls-rob', vt. & vi. To 
unclothe; undress; strip. 

dis-rupt' d , 1 dis-rupt'; 2 dts-rupt', vt. To 
burst asunder. [ < L. dis-, apart, asunder, + 
rumpo, burst.]—dis-rup'tlon, n. The act of 
bursting or tearing asunder; the state of being so 
torn.—dis-rup'tiv(e 8 , a. Producing, resulting 
from, or attending disruption; rending; bursting, 
diss., abbr. Dissertation. 

dis-sat'is-fy, 1 dis-sat'is-fai; 2 dis-s5.t'is-fy, vt. 
[-fied; -fy"ing.) To disappoint; displease.— 
dls-sat"is-fac'tion, n. A dissatisfied state or 

feeling; discontent. 

dis-sect' d , 1 di-sekt'; 2 dT-s?ct', vt. To cut 
apart and analyze critically; anatomize. [ < 
L. disseclus, pp., < dis-, apart, + seco, cut.] — 
dis-sec'tion, n. 1. The act of dissecting. 2. A 
dissected object; an anatomical preparation; a 
critical analysis.—dis-sec'tor, n. One who dis¬ 
sects; a treatise on dissection. 
dis-sem'bl(e p , 1 di-sem'bl; 2 dT-sSm'bl, v. 
[-bl(e)d p ;-bling.] I. t. To conceal, as by a 
false appearance; pretend; feign. II. i. To 
put on false appearances; dissimulate. [< L. p 
dissimulo, < dis-, apart, + similis, like.)— dis¬ 
cern 'bier, n. 

dis-sem'i-nate, 1 di-sem'i-net; 2 di-sSm'i-nat, 
vt. [-NAT"ED d ;- nat"ing.] To sow broadcast; 
scatter; diffuse; promulgate. [< L. dis-, apart, 
+ semino, sow, < semen, seed.]— dis-sem"i- 
na'tion, n. —dis-sem'i-na"tor, n. 
dis-sen'sion, 1 di-sen'^hen; 2 di-s?n'shon, n. 
Angry or violent difference of opinion; dis¬ 
cord; strife. 

dis-sent', 1 di-sent'; 2 di-sSnt'. I d . ri. To dis- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n, 







189 


disperse 

distinct 


agree; withhold assent. II. n. The act or 
state of dissenting; disagreement; refusal to 
conform to an established church. [< L. dis-, 
apart, + sentio, feel.]—dis-sent'er, n. One who 
dissents, as from an established church; a non* 
conformist: often capitalized.—dis-sen'tient. 

I. a. Dissenting. II. n, A dissenter.—dis- 
sen'tlous, a. Contentious, -ly, adv. 

dis"ser-ta'tion, 1 dis"sr-te'£hon; 2 dis"er-ta'- 
shon, n. An extended and argumentative 
treatise or discourse; disquisition. [< LAl dis- 
sero, discuss.] 

dis-sev'er, 1 di-sev'er; 2 dl-sev'er, vt. & vi. To 
sever; disjoin; separate; part.—dis-sev'er-ance, 
n. Separation, dis-sev'er-mentj. 
dis'si-dent, 1 dis'i-dent; 2 dis'i-dent. I. a. 
Dissenting; differing. II. to. A dissenter. 
[ < L. dtssideo, sit apart, < dis-, apart, + sedeo, 
sit.]—dis'si-dence, to. Disagreement; dissent, 
dis-sim'i-lar, 1 dis-sim'i-lar; 2 dis-sim'i-lar, a. 
Unlike; different, -ly, adv. —dls-sim"i-lar'i- 
ty, to. Unlikeness; difference.—dis"si-mil'i- 
tude, n. The state of being dissimilar, 
dis-sim 'u-late d , 1 dis-sim'yu-let; 2 dis-sim'- 
yq-lat, vt. & vi. To simulate the contrary of; 
conceal by feigning; dissemble. [< L. dis- 
simulalus, pp. of dissimulo; see dissemble.]— 
dis-sim"u-la'tion, to. False pretense.—dis- 
sim'u-la-tiv(e s , a.— dis-sim 'u-la-tor, n. 
dis'si-pate, 1 dis'i-pet; 2 dis'i-pat, v. [-pat"- 
ED d ; -pat"ing.] I. t. To disperse or scatter 
utterly; drive away; dispel; waste; squander. 

II. i. 1. To scatter; vanish; disappear. 2. 
To be wasteful or dissolute. [ < L. dis-, apart, + 
supo, throw.]—dis'si-pat"ed, pa. Pursuing 
pleasure to excess; dissolute.—dis"si-pa'tion, 
to. The act of dissipating; excessive indulgence, 
especially in vicious pleasures. 

dis-so'ci-ate, 1 di-so'^hi-et; 2 di-sd'shi-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at'Tng.] To disconnect; separate. 
—dis-so"cia-bil'i-ty, to.— dis-so'cia-bl(e p , a. 
—dis-so'cia-bly, adv .—dis-so'cial, a. Un¬ 
social; unfriendly.—dis-so'cial-ize, vt .—dis¬ 
sociation, to. 

dis'so-iu-bl(e p , 1 dis'o-liu-bl; 2 dis'o-lu-bl, 
a. 1 . Separable into parts. 2. Capable of 
being dissolved or decomposed, 
dis'so-lute, 1 dis'o-liut; 2 dis'o-lut, a. Aban¬ 
doned; profligate. -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
dis"so-Iu'tion, 1 dis"o-liu':ffian; 2 dis"o-lu'- 
shon, n. 1 . The act of dissolving; disintegra¬ 
tion. 2. Chem. Decomposition. 3. Lique¬ 
faction. 4. Separation; breaking up, as of a 
partnership. 5. Death. 

dis-so!v(e' 8 , 1 di-zelv'; 2 di-§olv', v. [dis- 
solv(e)d' 8 ; dis-solv'ing.] I. t. 1. To melt; 
liquefy. 2. To break up, as an assembly. 3. 
To annul or abrogate, as a magic spell or a 
legal injunction. 4. To make weak or lan¬ 
guid; relax. 5. To destroy. II. i. 1. To be¬ 
come fluid; melt; evaporate; decompose; 
fade; vanish. 2. To become languid; weaken. 
[< L. dissolvo, loosen (pp. dissolutus).] —dis- 
solv'a-bl(e p , a. —dis-sol'vent, a. & to. 
dis'so-nant, 1 dis'o-nant; 2 dis'o-nant, a. 
Harsh in sound; inharmonious; incongruous. 
[F., < L. dis-, apart, + sono, sound.] -ly, adv .— 
dis'so-nance, n. Discord; disagreement, dis'- 
so-nan-cyf. 

dls-suade', 1 di-swed'; 2 dl-swad', vt. & vi. 
[Dis-suAD'ED d ; dis-stjad'ing.] To persuade 
or advise against (an act): with from. [ < L. 
dis-, apart, + suadeo, persuade.]—dis-sua'sion, 
n. 1. The act of dissuading. 2. A dissuasive.— 
dls-sua'siv(e 8 . I. a. Tending or intended to 


dissuade; dissuading. II. to. A dissuading argu¬ 
ment, fact, or consideration, -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
dis-syl'ia-bl(e p , 1 dis-sil'a-bl; 2 dis-syl'a-bl, n. 
A word of two syllables. [< Gr. di-, two; and 
see syllable.]— dis"sy 1-lab'ic, a.— dis"syl- 
lab"i-ca'tion, n. — dis"syl-lab'i-fy, vt. dis- 
syl'la-blzei. [tinguished, district, 

dist., abbr. Distance, distant, distinguish, dis- 
dis'taf(f p , 1 dis'taf; 2 dis'taf, n. [dis'taffs or 
(rarely) dis'taves, pl.\ A rotating vertical 
staff that holds the bunch of flax or wool in 
hand=spinning. [ < AS. distsef.] 
dis-tain', 1 dis-ten'; 2 dis-tan', vt. To stain; 

_sully; defile. [ < L.of^ s . intensive + tingo, tinge.] 
dis'tanee, 1 dis'tsns; 2 dis'tang. I. vt. [dis'- 
tanced 1 ; dis'tanc-ing.] To leave hopelessly 
behind in a race; excel; outstrip. II. n. 1. 
Length of separation in space, or, by exten¬ 
sion, in time. 2. The state of being distant; 
separation; remoteness; a remote point. 3. 
Reserve; deference; coldness; haughtiness, 
dis'taut, 1 dis'tant; 2 dis'tant, a. 1. Separated 
in space or time; remote; indistinct; indirect. 
2. Reserved or unapproachable; formal. [F. f 
_ < L. di- (see di- 2 ), apart, + sto, stand.] -ly, adv. 
dis-taste', 1 dis-test'; 2 dis-tast', n. Aversion; 
disrelish; dislike.—dis-taste'ful, a. -ly, adv. 


-ness, n. 

dis-tem'per, 1 dis-tem'psr; 2 dis-tem'per, vt. 

1. To affect with disease or disorder. 2. To 
anger; ruffle. 

dis-tem'per 1 , n. 1. A malady, as of brutes. 

2. Ill humor; derangement. 3. Lack of due 
proportion. 

dis-tem'per 2 , n. 1. A pigment mixed with a 
vehicle soluble in water, as for scene=paint- 
ing. 2. A painting executed in such materials. 
dis-tend' d , 1 dis-tend'; 2 dis-tend', vt. & vi. To 
expand; swell; inflate; dilate. [< L. dis-, apart, 
+ tendo, stretch.]— dis-ten"si-bil'i-ty, n .— 
dis-ten 'si-bl (e p , a. Capable of being distended. 
—dis-ten'tion, n. The act of distending, or the 
state of being distended, dis-ten'sionj. 
dis'tich, 1 dis'tik;2dis'tie,re. Pros. A couplet. 

[ < GrA distichos, < di-, tw r o, + stichos, row.] 
dis—til ', (1 dis-til'; 2 dls-til', v. I. t. 1. To 
dis-till ', > extract or produce by vaporization 
and condensation of the vapor; purify by dis¬ 
tillation. 2. To give forth or send down in 
drops; shed; emit. II. i. 1. To extract 
volatile substances by vaporization and con¬ 
densation. Compare still, n. 2. To exude in 
drops. [ < L. distillo, < de, down, + stilla. dim. of 
stiria, frozen drop.]— dis-til'late, n . The product 
separated by distillation.— dis"til-la 'tion, n. 
The act or product of distilling.— 
dis-til'ler, n. One who distils; a 
condenser used in distilling.— dis¬ 
til'ler-y, n . [-ies z , pi .] An estab¬ 
lishment for distilling, especially for 
producing alcoholic liq¬ 
uors by distillation, 
dis-tinct', 1 dis-tiqkt'; 

2 dis-tmet', a. 1. Clear 
to the senses or mind; 
plain; unmistakable. 2. 

Standing apart, or 
viewed apart, from 
other things; disjoined; 
separate. [F., < L. dis- 
tinguo, distinguish.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n .— dis¬ 
tinction, n. 1. A distinguishing mark or 
quality; a characteristic difference. 2. The act 
of distinguishing; discrimination. 3. A mark of 



Pharmaceutical Dis- 
tilling*apparatus. 

c, condenper; r, receiver; 

8, still. 


1; a = final; I = habit; aisle; an = out; eil; iu = feud; clhin; go; r) = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









distingue 

doctor 


190 


honor; superiority; honorable position.— dis- 
tinc'tiv(e 8 , a. Characteristic; distinguishing. 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. 

dis"tin"gue', 1 dis"tah”'ge'; 2 dlg"’t&n"ge', a. [F.] 
Distinguished, as in carriage or manner. 

dis-tin'guish’, 1 dis-tig'gwi^h; 2 dis-trn'- 
gwish, v. I. t. 1. To mark or recognize as 
different or separate; discriminate; differen¬ 
tiate. 2. To make eminent or conspicuous. 
II. i. To discriminate: followed by between. 
[< L. distinguo, separate.]— dis-tin'guish-a- 
bl(e p , a. — dis-tin'guished, pa. Conspicuous; 
eminent.— dis-tin'guish-ing, pa. Constitut¬ 
ing difference or distinction; characteristic. 

dis-tort' d , 1 dis-tert'; 2 dls-tort', vt. To twist 
into an unnatural or irregular form; interpret 
falsely; pervert. [< L. dis-, apart, + torgueo, 
twist.]— dis-tor'tion, n. The act of distorting; 
a deformity; perversion. 

distr., distrib., abbr. Distributed, distributive. 

dis-tract ' d , 1 dis-trakt'; 2 dis-tr&ct', vt. 1. To 
divert or turn aside, as the mind from a sub¬ 
ject. 2. To turn or draw (the mind or at¬ 
tention) in various directions; bewilder; 
confuse; craze. [< L. LL dislraho, < dis-, apart, 
+ traho, draw.] —dis-tract'ed, pa. 1. Bewil¬ 
dered or harassed. 2. Mentally deranged; mad. 
-ly, adv. —dis-trac'tion, n. 1. A diversion of 
the mind; confusion; disorder: interruption. 2. 
Strong agitation; frenzy; madness.— dis-tract'- 
ing, dis-trac'tiv(e 8 , a. 

dis-train', 1 dis-tren'; 2 dis-tran', v. I. t. To 
seize (personal property) for debt. II. i. To 
make a levy on personal property for debt, 
t < L. OF distringo, < dis-, apart, + stringo, draw 
tight.]— dis-train'er, dis-train'or, n. One 
who distrains.— dis-traiut', n. Law. The act 
or process of distraining. 

dis-trait', 1 dis-tre'; 2 dis-tra', a. Absent* 
minded. [F.] 

dis-traught', 1 dis-tret'; 2 dfs-trat', a. In a 
state of distraction. [Var. of distracted.] 

dis-tress', 1 dis-tres'; 2 dis-tr£s'. I*, vt. 1. To 
inflict suffering upon; agitate painfully. 2. 
Law. To distrain. II. n. 1. Acute or ex¬ 
treme suffering; pain; trouble. 2. Law. (1) 
Distraint. (2) Goods taken by distraint. 
[< OF. destresser, < L. districtus, pp. of dis¬ 
tringo; see distrain.] —dis-tress'ful, a. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

dis-trib'ute, 1 dis-trib'yut; 2 dis-trib'yut, v. 
[-UT-ED d ;-UT-iNG.] I. t. 1. To divide among 
a number; apportion; share. 2. To classify or 
arrange. 3. Logic. To apply to all the mem¬ 
bers of a class taken separately: opposed to 
use collectively. II. i. To make a distribu¬ 
tion. [< L. dis-, apart, + tribuo, give.]—dis- 
trib'ut-a-bl(e p , a.—dis-trib'ut-er, dis-trib'- 
u-tor, n.—dis"tri-bu'tion, n . 1. The act of 
distributing; apportionment; arrangement; dis¬ 
position. 2. That which is distributed.—dis- 
trib'u-tiv(e 8 , I. a. 1. Serving or tending to 
distribute; pertaining to distribution. 2. De¬ 
noting individual action or consideration. II. n. 
Gram. A distributive pronoun, adjective, or 
numeral, as “each,” “every,” etc. -ly, adv. 

dis'trict, 1 dis'trikt; 2 dis'trict. I. vt. To 
divide into districts. II. n. A portion of 
territory specially set off or defined; a region; 
tract. [< L. districtus, pp. of distringo; see 

DISTRAIN.] 

Dis'trict of Co-Ium'bl-a. A federal district of 
the United States (60 sq. m.; pop. 437,570), 
on the Potomac river, site of federal capital, 
Washington. 


dis-trust', 1 dis-trust'; 2 dis-trust'. I d . vt. To 
withhold trust from; doubt; suspect. II. n. 
Doubt; suspicion; discredit.— dls-trust'ful, a. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

dis-turb', 1 dis-turb'; 2 dis-tflrb', vt. 1. To 
rouse from repose or rest; disquiet; agitate; 
trouble. 2. To disarrange or disorder. [ < 
L. or dislurbo, < dis-, apart, + turbo, tumult.]— 
dls-tur'bance, n. The act of disturbing; a pub¬ 
lic tumult; mental confusion.— dis-turb'er, n. 
dis"u-nite' d , 1 dis"yu-nait'; 2 dis"yu-nlt', v. 

1. t. To abolish union between; separate; 
disjoin; alienate; estrange. II. t. To come 
apart; become separated or parted, as friends. 
[< L.ll dis-, apart, + L. unus, one.]— dis-u'- 
nion, n. The state of being disunited; sever¬ 
ance; rupture.— dis-u'nion-lst, n. An advo¬ 
cate of disunion. 

dis-use', f 1 dis-yuz'; 2 dls-yu§', vt. To cease 
dis-uze' p , ) to use or practise; discontinue, 
dis-use', 1 dis-yus'; 2 dis-yus', n. The act of 
disusing, or the state of being disused, dis- 
u 'sagej. 

ditch', i 1 dicfh; 2 dich, y. I. t. 1. To dig a 
dieh p , ) ditch or ditches in or around; drain by 
ditching. 2. To run into a ditch. II. i. To 
make a ditch or ditches.— ditch'er, n. 
ditch, n. A narrow trench in the ground, as 
for drainage. [ < AS. die, dike.] 
dlth'y-ramb, 1 dith'i-ramb; 2 dith'y-ramb, n. A 
passionate hymn sung by revelers in honor of 
Bacchus. [< Gr. dithyrambos .)— dith"y-ram'- 
blc, a. 

dit'to, 1 dit'o; 2 dft'o. I. n. The same thing 
repeated; the aforesaid. II. adv. As before; 
likewise. [It., < L. dictum; see dictum.] 
dit'ty, 1 dit'i; 2 dlt'y, n. [dit'ties 2 , pi.] A 
short simple air; lay. [< OF. dittie, < L. dic- 
tatus; see dictate.] 

dl"u-ret'ic, 1 daFyu-ret'ik; 2 dP'yu-rfit'ic. I. a. 
Stimulating the secretion of urine. II. n. A 
diuretic medicine. 

di-ur'nal, 1 dai-ur'nal; 2 dl-ffr'nal, a. 1. Hap¬ 
pening every day; daily. 2. Done in or per¬ 
taining to the daytime. [< L. diurnalis, < 
diurnus, daily, < dies, day.]— di-ur 'nal-ly, adv. 
div., abbr. Divide, divided, dividend, divine, divi¬ 
sion, divisor. 

di'va-gate, 1 dai'va-get; 2 dl'va-gat, vi. [-GAT*ED d ; 
-gat*ing.] To wander or stray aimlessly. [< 
di- 2 -f L. vagor, wander.]— di"va-ga'tion, n. 
di-van', 1 di-van'; 2 di-van', n. 1. An Oriental 
governmental council; also, a councihcham- 
ber. 2. A cafe; a couch. [< Pers. dlrdn, council.) 
dive, 1 daiv; 2 div. I. vi. [dived or (Colloq.) 
dove; div'ing.] To plunge head foremost, as 
into water; plunge or rush in. II. n. 1. A 
plunge head foremost into or as into water. 

2. [Colloq.] A disreputable resort; den. [ < 
AS. dy/an,-cp. deep.]— div'or, n.— div'ing,bell", 
n. A hollow, water-tight vessel in which persons 
may be lowered into and work under water. 

di-verge', 1 di-vurj'; 2 di-verg', vi. [di¬ 
verged'; di-verg'ing.] To extend in differ¬ 
ent directions from the same point; deviate; 
differ. [< L. di-, apart, + vergo, incline.]—di¬ 
vergence, n. di-ver'gen-cyf.—di-ver'gent, 
a. Differing; deviating, di-verg'ingf. 
di 'vers, 1 dai'varz; 2 di'verg, a. 1. More than 
one, but not a great number; several. 2. Of 
different kinds; various. [F., < L. diversus. pp. 
of diverto; see divert.] 

di-verse', 1 di-vurs'; 2 di-vers', a. Differing 
essentially; distinct. [ < L. diversus; see divers.] 
-ly, adv.— di-ver'si-fy, vt. [-fied- -fy'ing ] To 


1:artistic; firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rGle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy t fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, dr, wdn, 







191 


distingue 

doctor 


make diverse; variegate.— di-ver"si-fi-ca'tion, 
n. Variation; variety. 

di-ver'sion, 1 di-vur'^hen; 2 di-ver'shon, n. 
The act of diverting, or that which diverts; 
recreation. 

di-ver'si-ty, 1 di-vur'si-ti ; 2 di-ver'si-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi .] The state of being diverse; dis¬ 
similitude. 

di-vert ' d , 1 di-vurt'; 2 di-vert', vt. 1. To turn 
aside; deflect. 2. To amuse; entertain. [< 
F. divertir, < I,, di-, apart, + verlo, turn.] 

Di'ves, 1 dai'vlz; 2 dl'veg, n. Bib. Name given 
to the rich man in the parable, Luke xvi, 19-31. 
[L., rich.] 

di-vest' d , 1 di-vest'; 2 di-vest', vt. To strip, as 
of clothes, ornaments, or office; dispossess; 
deprive. [ < L.of devestio, < de-, from, + vestis, 
clothing.] 

di-vide', 1 di-vaid'; 2 di-vld', v. [Di-viD'ED d ; 
di-vid'ing.] I. t. 1. To cut or separate into 
parts; sunder. To cause to separate; dis¬ 
unite ; break up; keep a j It 3. To distribute 
in shares; portion out; apportion. 4. To 
form the partition or boundary between. II. 
i. 1. To come or go apart; cleave; open; di¬ 
verge. 2. To differ in opinion; be at variance. 
[< L. divido, divide.]— di-vid'er, n. 1. One who 
or that which divides. 2. pi . Compasses, 
di-vide', n. A watershed, 
div'i-dend, 1 div'i-dend; 2 div'i-dend, n.- 1. 
Math. A quantity divided, or to be divided, 
into equal parts. 2. Com. A sum of money 
to be distributed, as profit on stock, 
di-vine', 1 di-vain'; 2 di-vln'. I. vt. & vi. [di¬ 
vined'; di-vin'ing.] 1. To find out or foretell 
by assumed supernatural aid; practise divina¬ 
tion; prognosticate. 2. To obtain knowledge 
of, as by divination; have a presentiment; 
surmise; guess; conjecture. II. a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to, proceeding from, or of the nature 
of God or of a god; offered to God; sacred. 2. 
Altogether excellent; godlike. 3. Pertaining 
to divinity or theology. III. n. One versed 
in divinity; a theologian; clergyman. [< L.* - 
divinus, < divus, belonging to a god.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n .— div"i-na'tion, n. 1. The act or art 
of divining. 2. An instinctive presentiment.— 
tli-vin'er, n.— dl-vin'ingsrod", n. A forked 
twig held by the tips and believed to bend 
downward when carried over hidden springs, etc. 
— di-vin'I-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi .] 1. The quality 
or character of being divine. 2. [D-] The Deity; 
God. 3. A false god. 4. Theology, 
di-vi'sion, 1 di-vis'an; 2 di-vizh'on, n. 1. The 
act of dividing. 2. A part; section. 3. Sepa¬ 
ration; disagreement. 4. That which sepa¬ 
rates or divides. [F., < L. divisio{n -), < divido, 
divide.] — di-vi'sion-al, a. Pertaining to divid¬ 
ing or to a division, di-vi 'sion-a-ry f.— di-vis"- 
i-bii'i-ty, n. di-vis'i-ble-nessf. — di-vis'I- 
bl(e p , a. 1. Capable of being divided. 2. Math. 
Admitting of division without a remainder.— 
di-vis'i-biy, adv.— di-vi 'siv(e 9 , a. Causing or 
expressing division.— di-vi'sor, n. Math. That 
by which a number or quantity is divided, 
di-vorce', 1 di-vors'; 2 di-vorg'. I. vt. [di¬ 
vorced'*; di-vorc'ing.] To free by legal proc¬ 
ess from the relationship of husband and 
wife; sunder; separate; put away. II. n. 
Legal dissolution of a marriage contract; 
severance; separation. [F., < L. divorlium, < 
diverlo, divert.]— dl-vor-cee', n. A divorced 
woman. 

di-vulge', 1 di-vulj'; 2 di-vulg', vt. [di¬ 


vulged'; di-vulg'ing.] To tell, as a secret; 
disclose. [< L. di-, apart, here and there, + 
vulgo, make public.] 

Dlx'ie, 1 diks'i; 2 diks'i, n. The southern United 
States: popular name. Dixie’s land f. 
Dix"mude', 1 dis" [or dl"]mud'; 2 dis"[or di"]mud\ 
n. A town in N. W. Belgium; battle-ground in 
the World War, 1914-18. 

diz'zy, 1 diz'i; 2 dfz'y. I. vt. [diz'zied; diz'- 
zy-ing.] To make giddy; confuse. II. a. 
[diz'zi-er; diz'zi-est.] 1. Having a feeling of 
whirling and confusion, with a tendency to 
fall; giddy. 2. Causing or caused by giddi¬ 
ness. [< AS. dysig, foolish.]— diz'zi-ly, adv. — 
diz'zi-ness, n. 

D. L., abbr. Deputy Lieutenant.— di., abbr. Deci¬ 
liter.— D. Lit., abbr. Doctor of Literature of 
L etters. D. Litt.f—D. L. O., abbr. Dead 
Letter Office.— dm., abbr. Decimeter. —dm. ! , 
abbr. Square decimeter. —dm. 3 , abbr. Cubic 
decimeter. 

Dnie'per, 1 nl'par; 2 ne'per, n. A river in S. W. 

Russia; 1,200 m. to the Black Sea. 

Dnies'ter, 1 nls'tar; 2 nes'ter, n. A river of Aus¬ 
tria and Russia; 700 m. to the Black Sea. 
do, 1 du; 2 do, v. [did; do'ing; done.] 1. 1. To 
bring to accomplishment; perform; execute; 
effect; transact; complete; finish. II. i. 1. 
To exert or employ oneself in any way; act; 
strive or work vigorously; make effort or ex¬ 
ertion. 2. To comport, demean, or conduct 
oneself; fare, as in health. 3. To answer the 
purpose; be enough; suffice. III. auxiliary. 
As an auxiliary do is used (1) in interrogative 
or negative clauses; (2) to express emphasis; 

(3) sometimes in the imperative; as, do speak; 

(4) merely as an inflection of the principal 
verb. IV. substitute. Do is often used ellipti- 
cally as a substitute for a verb indicating ac¬ 
tion, to avoid repetition. [ < AS. don. In part 
< AS. dugan, suit.] —do'er, n. 

do, 1 do; 2 do, n. Mus. The first of the sylla¬ 
bles used in solmization; the key-note (1) of 
any key, (2) of the so-called natural key. 
do., abbr. Ditto. 
doat d , vi. Same as dote. 

Do-bru'dja, 1 do-bru'ja; 2 do-brq'ja, n. A region 
of S. E. Roumania; pop. (1913) 500,000. 

Doc., abbr. [Docs., pi.] Document. 
doc'il(e s , 1 des'il or do'sail; 2 dog'il or do'gil, a. 
Amenable to training; easy to manage; 
tractable. [< L. docilis, < doceo, teach.] -iy» 
adv. —do-cil'i-ty, n. 

dock 11 , 1 dek; 2 dok, vt. 1. To make less; short¬ 
en; cutoff; abridge. 2. Law. To rescind. 
dock 2 *, vt. To lay up in or as in dock. 
dock 1 , n. Any one of various plants of the 
buckwheat family. [ < AS. docce, dock.] 
dock 2 , n. 1. An artificial basin for vessels; 
also, a wharf. 2. An enclosed space for pris¬ 
oners in a criminal court. [< MD. docke.] — 
dock 'age, n. A charge for docking. 
dock 3 , n. The stump of a tail. [ < Ice. dockr .] 
dock'et, 1 dek'et; 2 dok'St. I d . vt. To place 
on a docket; record; indorse; label. II. n. 1. 
A summary; abstract. 2. A calendar of the 
cases to be called at any time of. court; any 
calendar of business. 3. A tag or label. [< 
dock 1 , t>.] 

dock'yard", 1 dek'yard"; 2 dok'yard", n, 
[Eng.] A shipyard provided with docks, 
doc'tor, 1 dok'tar; 2 doe'tor, n. 1. A practi¬ 
tioner of medicine or surgery. 2. A person 
who has received a diploma of the highest de- 


l:d = final; l = habltq aisle; au = <mt; oil; lu = feud; tfhin; go; r) = sin£ 7 ; thin, this, 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; full, r||le, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink: thin. this. 









doctrine 

domestic 


192 


gree in a faculty, as of divinity, law, etc. 
[< L. doctor, teacher, < doceo, teach.]— doc'- 
tor-ate, n. 

doc'trin(e 8 , 1 dek'tnn; 2 ddc'trin, n. 1. That 
which is held to be true by any person, sect, 
or school, especially in religion; a tenet, or 
body of tenets. 2||. Instruction; teaching. 
[F., < L. doctrina, < doctor; see doctor, n.] — 
doc"tri-naire', n. One whose views are theoret¬ 
ical rather than practical.— doc'tri-nal, a. 1. 
Pertaining to or characterized by doctrine. 2. 
Having to do with teaching; instructive. 

doc'u-ment, 1 dek'yu-ment or -mant; 2 dSc'- 
yq-ment, n. A piece of written or printed 
matter conveying information or evidence. 
[F., < L. documentum, lesson, < doceo, teach.]— 
doc"u-men'ta-ry, a. Of, pertaining to, or 
based upon documents. doc"u-men'talt. 

do'dec-a-, 1 do'dek-a-; 2 do'dge-a-. A combining 
form. [< Gr. dodeka, twelve.]— do-dee'a-gon, 
n. A figure, especially a plane figure, with twelve 
sides and twelve angles. [+ Gr. gonia, angle.] — 
do"dec-a-he'drou, n. A solid bounded by twelve 
plane faces. [+ Gr. hedra, side.]— do"dec-a-he'- 
dral, a. 

dodge, 1 doj; 2 dodg, v. [dodged; dodg'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To avoid by a sudden turn. 2. To 
follow in an evasive or skulking way. II. i. 
1. To move quickly to one side. 2. To prac¬ 
tise shifts or evasions; skulk. [Cp. Ice. dadra, 
shake.]— dodg'er, n. 1. One who dodges; a 
tricky fellow. 2. [U. S.] A small handbill. 3. 
[U. S.] A cooked cake of Indian meal. 


dodge, n. An evasion; trick, 
do'do, 1 do'do; 2 do'do, n. [-does or -dos, pi .] A 
large extinct pigeon of Mauritius, with rudimen¬ 
tary wings. [ < Pg. doudo, foolish.] 
doe, 1 do; 2 do, n. The female of the deer, ante¬ 
lope, hare, rabbit, or kangaroo. [ < AS. da.] 
does, 1 duz; 2 dog, Sd per . sing. ind. pres , of do, v. 
doc'skin", 1 do'skin"; 2 do'skin", n. 1. The 
skin of a doe. 2. A fine w’oolen cloth. 
dof(f p , 1 def; 2 dof, v. I. t. To take off, as a 
hat or cloak; strip off, as fiber. II. i. To take 
off the hat in salutation. [Contr. of do off.] 
dog, 1 deg; 2 dog. I. vt. [dogged, dogd s ; dog'- 
ging.] To follow persistently; hound; hunt. 
II. n. 1. A carnivorous mammal, commonly 
domesticated, and remarkable for its intelli¬ 
gence and its attachment to man. 2. An im¬ 
plement or part of machinery; a catch, detent, 
or pawl. [< AS. docga .]— dog'ber"ry, n. The 
European dogwood, or its fruit.— dog=oart, n. A 
two*wheeled one»horse vehicle, with two seats 
set back to back, with an enclosed space for dogs 
beneath the seats.— dog-days, n. pi. The hot, 
sultry season in July and August, when the dog* 
star (Sirius) rises with the 
sun.— dog’ssear, n. The 
corner of a leaf in a book, 
turned down like a dog’s ear. 
dog * cart. — dog «star, ra. 

The star Sirius, the most 
brilliant star in the heavens. 

-dog-watch, n. Naut. 

One of two two*hour watches 
between 4 and 8 P. M.— 
dog'wood", n. A flowering 
tree of the United States and 
Canada, or its hard, compact] 
wood; also, one of various 
shrubs. 

dog'ged, 1 dog'ed; 2 dog'£d, 
a. Silently or sullenly per- 



Dogwood. 


sistent; stubborn; obdurate. -iy, adv. -ness, n. 


Dog'ger Bank. A shoal in the North Sea off which 
British fleet defeated the Germans, Jan. 24,1915. 
dog'ger-el, 1 deg'ar-el; 2 d6g'er-gl, n. Trivial, 
empty, ilbmade verse: used also adjectivally, 
dog'gish, 1 deg'i^h; 2 dog'ish, a. Like a dog; 
snappish. 

dog'ma, 1 dog'ma; 2 dSg'ma, «. [dog'mas 2 or 
dog'ma-ta, pi.] A doctrine, as of a creed, 
asserted and adopted on authority; a dictum. 
[L., < Gr. dogma(t-), opinion.]— dog-mat'ic, a. 
1. Marked by positive and authoritative asser¬ 
tion. 2. Like or pertaining to dogma, dog- 
mat 'i-ealf.—dog-mat'i-cal-ly, adv.— dog'- 

ma-tlsm, n. Positive or arrogant assertion, as 
of belief, without proof.— dog'nia-tist, n .— 
dog'ma-tize or-t!se,ri. [-tized; -tiz'ing.] To 
express oneself dogmatically.— dog'ma-tlz"- 
[or -tis"]er, n. 

doi'Iy, 1 dei'U; 2 doi'ly, n. [doi'lies 2 , pi.] A 
small table*napkin. doy'leyf. 
do'ing, 1 du'ir); 2 dq'ing, n. 1. pi. Proceedings; 

acts; course of conduct. 2j. A transaction, 
dolt, 1 doit; 2 ddit, n. A small copper coin of the 
Netherlands; a trifle. [< D. duit, coin.] 
dol., doll., abbr. [dols., dolls., pi.] Dollar, 
dol'drums, 1 dol'drumz; 2 dol'drumg, n pi. Re¬ 
gions of calm near the equator hence, a dull oi 
depressed condition of mind, 
dole, 1 dol; 2 dol, vt. [doled; dol'ing.] To 
dispense in small quantities; give or deal out. 
dole 1 , n. 1. That which is doled out; a gratu¬ 
ity. 2. [Poet.] Lot; portion. [< AS. dal.] 
dole 2 , n. [Poet.] Grief; mourning. [< OF. 
dol, < L. doleo, feel pain.]—dole'ful, a. Mel¬ 
ancholy; mournful, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
dol(l p , 1 del; 2 dol, n. A toy representing a 
person. [ < OD. dol, whipping*top; or < Doll, 
for Dorothy.] 

dol'lar, 1 del'ar; 2 dol'ar, n. The monetary 
unit of the United States and Canada, equal 
to 100 cents, or about 4s. 2d. English money; 
also, a similar coin of other countries, as Mex¬ 
ico. [< D. or G. dial, daalder, < G. thaler.] 
dol'man, 1 del'man; 2 ddl'man, n. 1. A long 
Turkish outer garment. 2. The cape«like uni¬ 
form jacket of a hussar. [ < F. doliman, < Turk. 
dolama, long robe.] 

dol'men, 1 del'men; 2 ddl'mgn, n. A sepulchral 
monument of large unhewn stones set on end 
and covered with others so as to form a small 
chamber. [Br., < dol, table, -f men, stone.] 
do'lor, 1 dO'lar; 2 do'lor, n. [Poet.] Sorrow’; an¬ 
guish. [OF., < L. dolor, pain.] do'lour t.— 
dol'o-rous, a. Sad; pathetic, -ly, adv. 
dol'phln, i 1 del'fin; 2 dol'iin, n. 1. A fishlike 
dol'lin p , \ mammal of the Mediterranean and 
temperate Atlantic. 2. A large fish of open 
seas, noted for the changes in its color when 
dying. [ < OF. dalphin, < L. delphinus, < Gr. 
delphis, dolphin.] 

dolt, 1 dolt; 2 dolt, n. A stupid person; block¬ 
head; dunce. [< AS. dol, dull.]— dolt'ish, a. 
Dom., abbr. Dominion.— dom., abbr. Domestic. 
— D. O. M., abbr. [L.] Deo Optimo Maximo 
(to God, the best, the greatest), 
do-main', 1 do-men'; 2 do-man', n. 1. A ter¬ 
ritory over which dominion is exercised; 
commonwealth; province. 2. A department, 
as of knowiedge; range. 3. A manor. 4. Ab¬ 
solute proprietorship; dominion; empire; rule. 
[ < L.f dominium, < dominus, lord.] 
dome, 1 dom; 2 dom, n. 1. The vaulted roof of 
a rotunda; a cupola. 2. [Poet.] A majestic 
building; house. [OF., < Gr. L domos, house.] 
do-mes'tic, 1 do-mes'tik; 2 do-mSs' tic. I. a. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g6; net, or; full, rule; but, bfhn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, win. 







REPRESENTATIVE TYPES OF DOGS. 

1. Beagle. 2. Scotch terrier. 3. King Charles spaniel. 4. English bulldog. 5. Dachshund. 6. Pointer. 
/. Boston terrier. 8. Irish terrier. 9. Dalmation. 10. Collie. 11. Smooth fox*terrier. 12. Pug. 13. English 
getter. 14. Great Dane. 15. Retriever. 16. Greyhound. 17. St. Bernard. 18. Bloodhound. 19. American 
foxhound. 20. Newfoundland. 21. Poodle. 22. Mastiff. Scale: Figs. 3, 5 and 12, V 20 . Figs. 14 to 22, Vs 2 . 






domicil 

dower 


194 


I. Belonging to or fond of the house or house¬ 
hold. 2. Domesticated; tame. 3. Of or per¬ 
taining to one’s own country; home*made. 

II. n. A family servant. [< L J domesticus, < 
domus, house.]— do-mes'ti-cal-ly, adv.— do¬ 
mes 'ti-cate, vt. [-cat*'ed <1 ; -cat"ing.] To train 
or reclaim for domestic use; make domestic; 
tame, do-mes'tl-cizet.—do-mes"ti-ca'tion, 
n.— do"mes-tic'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.) 1. The 
state of being domestic. 2. A domestic affair. 

dom'i-cll, \ 1 dem'i-sil; 2 dom'i-cfl. I. vt. 
dom'i-eile, ) [-ciled, -cild 8 ; -cil-ing.] To pro¬ 
vide with or settle in a home or abode, dom"- 
i-cil'i-atei. II. n. A home, house, or dwell¬ 
ing. [< L. domiciltum, < domus, house.]— 
dom"i-cil'i-a-ry, a. Pertaining to a private 
residence. 

dom'i-nate, 1 dem'i-net; 2 dom'i-nat, v. 
[-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] I. t. To exercise con¬ 
trol over; govern; rule. II. i. To prevail; 
predominate. [ < L. dominatus, pp. of dominor, 
rule.]— dom'i-nanoe, n. Control; ascendency, 
dorn'i-nan-cyf. — dom'i-nant. I. a. Ruling; 
governing; predominant. II. n. Mus. The fifth 
tone of a diatonic scale.— dom"I-na'tion, n. 
Control: dominion. — dom'i-na-tlv(e 8 , a .— 
dom'i-na"tor, n. 

do'mi-ne, 1 do'mi-m; 2 do'mi-ne, n. A parson. [L.] 
dom"i-neer', 1 dem"i-nir'; 2 dom"i-ner', v. 
1. 1. To dominate. II. i. To rule arrogantly 
or insolently. [ < L. p dominor; see dominate.] — 
dom"i-neer'ing, pa. Overbearing, -ly, adv. 
do-min'i-cal, 1 do-min'i-kal; 2 do-min'i-cal, a. 

Relating to Christ or to the Lord’s day. 
Do-niin'i-can lte-pub'lie, 1 do-min'i-kan; 2 
do-min'i-ean. The eastern part of Haiti (19,325 
sq. m.; pop. 1,000,000). San'to Do-min'gof. 
dom'i-nie, 1 dem'i-m; 2 dom'i-ni, n. A 
schoolmaster. l< L. domine, voc. of dominus, 
lord.] 

do-min'ion, 1 do-min'yan; 2 do-min'yon, n. 
1. Sovereign authority; rule; sway. 2. A 
country governed; realm. [F., < L.m. dominus, 
lord.) 

dom'i-no, 1 dem'i-no; 2 dom'i-no, n. [-noes, 
pi.] 1. A robe and hood, as worn at mas¬ 
querades; also, the wearer; a mask. 2. pi. A 
game played with flat pieces marked like dice, 
each piece being also called a’ domino. (LL., 
ecclesiastical garment, < L. dominus, lord.] 
Do-mi'tian, 1 do-miSh'an; 2 do-mish'an, Titus 
Flavius (51-96). Roman emperor; submitted to 
the Dacians. 

Dom"re-my', 1 derPra-mi'; 2 d6h"re-my', n. 
French village in the Vosges; birthplace of Joan 
of Arc. 

don, 1 den; 2 d6n, vt. [donned, dond 8 ; don'- 
ning.] To put on, as a garment. [Contr. of 

DO ON.] 

don, n. 1. Signor; sir. 2. A gentleman. [Sp.] 
do'nate, 1 do'net; 2 do'nat, vt. [Do'NAT"ED d ; 
do'nat"ing.] To bestow as a gift, especially 
a considerable gift; contribute. [< L. do- 
natus, pp. of dono, give, < donum, gift.]— do-na '- 
tion, n. The act of donating, or that which is 
donated; a gift; grant; offering.— don'a-tiv(e 8 , 
I. a. Belonging by deed of gift. II. n. A dona¬ 
tion; gift.— do-na'tor, n. 
done, 1 dun; 2 don, pa. Pp. of do. 
done, a. Given; made public; executed, as a 
proclamation. [Rep. OF. done, given.] 
don'jon, 1 dun'jan; 2 don'jon, n. The principal 
tower or keep of a medieval castle. [OF.] 

Don Ju'an, 1 don ju'an or don hwan; 2 don ju'an 
or d5n hwan. Hero of dramas by Moliere, Cor¬ 


nerman emperor, Wil- 10(1 cA < ^ 
iam II, since 1920. I i n 

pe, 1 d5p, 2 dop, n. I. IIIII» 1 P 



1 


A 


neille, and Goldoni, and of an opera by Mozart; 
hero of Byron's poem Don Juan. 
don'key, 1 derj'ki; 2 dbn'ky, n. An ass. 
do'nor, 1 do'ner; 2 do'nor, n. A giver; dona¬ 
tor. [OF,] 

Don Quix'ote, 1 don kwiks'ot or (Sp.) don kl-ho'- 
te; 2 dOn kwiks'ot or (Sp.) don ki-ho'te. The 
hero of Cervantes’s romance, a travesty on 
chivalry. See Quixotic. Don Quijotet. 
doom, 1 dum; 2 doom. I. vt. 1. To consign to 
death or ruin. 2. To decree as a penalty. 
II. n. 1. The act of dooming; state of being 
doomed; sad or evil destiny. 2. Judicial de¬ 
cision; condemnation; sentence. [ < AS. dom, 
< don, do, put.]— dooms'day", n. The day 
of the Las Judgment or of any final judgment, 
door, 1 dor; 2 dor, n. An entrance, as to a 
house, or the hinged or sliding cover that 
closes it; passageway; access. [< AS. dor, duru.) 
—door'keep"er, n. 

The keeper of a door; a 
janitor.— door'way", n. 

An enlranceway. 

Doom, 1 dorn; 2 dorn, n. 

A village in E. Nether¬ 
lands, residence of the ex* 

German 
liam 
dope. 

Any thick liquid or semi- 
fluid. 2. An absorbent 
material for holding a 
thick liquid, as used in 
explosives. 3. [Slang.] A 
stupefying drug. [< D. 
doop, < doopen, dip.] 

Dor., abbr .* Doric. 

Do"re', 1 d5"re'; 2 do"re', 

Paul Gustave (1833- 
1883). A French painter. 

Dor'ic, 1 dor'ik; 2 dor'ie. 

1. a. 1. Relating to or 
characteristic of the 
district of Doris, in an¬ 
cient Greece, or its in¬ 
habitants. Do'ri-anJ. 

2. Constructed in ac¬ 
cordance with the type 
of Doric architecture, Doric Architecture, 
marked by Strength a, Btjlobate: b, base; d, 
and apparent simplic- oapital: arohitrave : A frieze; 
ity II. n. The Doric 

dialect. triglypli; m, uietope; n, ccrona; 

dor'mant, lder'ment;2 9> ,nutule - 

dor'mant, a. Being in a state of, or resem¬ 
bling, sleep; torpid; inactive; unused. [F., < 
L. dormien(t-)s, ppr. of dormio, sleep.] —dor'- 
inan-cy, n. Torpidity; lethargy, 
dor'mer, 1 der'mar; 2 dor'mer, n. A vertical 
window rising from a sloping roof. [ < L. op 
dormitorium, dormitory.] dor'merswin"dowf. 
dor'mi-to-ry, 1 dbr'mi-to- 
n; 2 dor'mi-to-ry, n. 

[-kies 2 , pi.] A students’ 
lodging=house at a school 
or college; also, a large 
room in which many per¬ 
sons sleep. [ < L. dorml- 
■ torium, < dormio, sleep.] 
dor'mouse", 1 der'maus"; 

2 dor'mous", n. [dor'- 
mice", pi.] 1. A small 
Old W orld squirreldike 
rodent 
mouse. 




Dormouse. »/« 

2. [U. S.] The common whiteTooted 
[< Ice. dorma, sleep, -+- mouse.] 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rOle; but burn* 
art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; nie, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n r 














































195 


domicil 

dower 



Fisherman’s Dory. 


of 

n. 


dor'sal, 1 dor'sal; 2 dor'sal, a. 1. Of, pertain¬ 
ing to, on, or near the back. 2. Pertaining 
to the under surface, as of a leaf. [F., < L. 
dorsum, back.] 

do'ry 1 , 1 do'n; 2 d5'ry, n. [do'ries 2 , pi] A 
flat=bottomed rowboat, much used by fisher¬ 
men. [golden.] 

do ry-, n. One of various fishes. [ < F. doree, 
dose, 1 dos; 2 dos. 1 .vt. 

& vi. [dosed 4 ; dos'- 
ing.] To give doses 
to; deal out in doses; 
take doses repeatedly. 

II. n. The quantity 
of medicine to be taken 
at one time. [< Gr. ddsls, < didomi, give.] 
dost, 1 dust; 2 dost, 2d per. sing. pres. ind. of do, v. 
dot, 1 dot; 2 dot. I. vt. & vi. [dot'ted^ ; dot'- 
ting.] To mark with or as with a dot or dots; 
make dots. II 1 . n. A minute mark; a speck, 
spot, or point. [< AS. dott.] 
dot 2 , n. A woman’s marriage*portion; dowry, 
do'tlge, 1 do'tij; 2 do'tag, n. Feebleness 
mind, due to old age; senility.—do'tard. 

One who is in his dotage, 
dote, 1 dot; 2 dot, vi. [dot'ed^ ; dot'ing.] 1. 
To lavish extravagant fondness: with on or 
upon. 2. To be in one’s dotage. doat|.— 
dot'er, n. Ido, 

doth, 1 duth; 2 doth, 3d per. sing. pres. ind. of 
dot'tle, 1 det'l; 2 dot'l, n. The half*consumed 
tobacco left in a pipe after smoking, dot'telt. 
Dou"ai', 1 du"e'; 2 do"a', n. An ancient town 
(pop. 36,000), N. France; till 1793, chief center 
of Roman Catholic learning in France; destroyed 
by the Germans, Oct., 1914; here the Douaf 
Version of the Bible was produced. Dou"ay't. 
doub'Ie, )1 dub'l; 2 diib'l, v. [doub'led; 
dub'l p , ) doubling.] 1. 1. 1. To make twice 
as great. 2. To fold together: usually with up, 
over, etc. 3. To repeat. 4. To be twice as 
many or twice as much as. 5. To pass, 
march, or sail round. II. i. 1. To become 
twice as great or many. 2. To turn and go 
back on the same track. 
doub'Ie, a. 1. Having two of a sort together; 
being in pairs; coupled. 2. Twice as large, 
much, strong, heavy, or many. 3. Twofold: 
hence, ambiguous or deceitful. 4. Bot. Hav¬ 
ing the petals increased in number: said of 
flowers. [F., < I,, duplus, < duo, two, + -plus, 
-ful.]— doub'lesdeal"ing. I. a. Treacherous; 
deceitful. II. n. Treachery; duplicity. —d.sen¬ 
try, n. A mode of bookkeeping in which every 
transaction appears as both debtor and creditor. 
— d.=quick, n. A military march at the rate of 
165 to 180 steps a minute: now usually termed 
d.stime. 

doub'Ie, n. 1. Something that is twice as 
much. 2. A fold or plait. 3. A person or 
thing that closely resembles another; hence, 
an apparition or wraith. 4. A backward turn, 
as of a hunted fox; a trick.—doub'Ie, doub'ly, 
adv. In twofold degree; deceitfully. 
doub'Iet, ) 1 dub'let; 2 dub'let, n. 1. One of a 
dub'let p , ) pair of like things; loosely, a pair or 
couple. 2. A close=fitting outer body*gar- 
ment (15th to 17th centuries). See illus. in 
next cplumn. 3. A counterfeit gem. 
doub-Ioon', ( 1 club-lun'; 2 dub-loon', n. A 
dub-loon' p , J former Spanish gold coin worth 
about $8. 

doubt d , ) 1 daut; 2 dout, v. I. t. To hesitate 
\ to accept; hold as uncertain; distrust. 


douts, 



Doublet. 


II. i. To be in doubt. [< L. F dubito, be 
uncertain.]—doubt'er, n. One who doubts, 
doubt, n. 1. Lack of certain 
knowledge; uncertainty; in¬ 
decision. 2. A question re¬ 
quiring settlement; an ob¬ 
jection; perplexity; prob-, 
lem.-dou bt'ful, a. 1.1 
Subject to, entertaining, or , 
admitting of doubt; uncer¬ 
tain; undecided; contingent. 

2. Indistinct; vague; ambig¬ 
uous. 3. Questionable; 
dubious. -ly, adv. -ness, 
doubt'less, adv. With¬ 
out doubt; unquestionably. 

-iyt. 

dou"ceur', 1 du"sur'; 2 du"cur', 
n. A small present; bribe; 
tip. [F.] r, 

douche, 1 duiSh; 2 dugh, n. 

A jet of water or vapor, 
or the instrument for administering it. [F.] 
dough, 1 clo; 2 do, n. A soft mass of moistened 
flour or meal, mixed for cooking into bread, 
cake, etc.; also, any soft pasty mass. [ < 
AS. dah.] —dough'nut", n. A small cake of 
dough fried in lard.—dough'y, a. Like or con¬ 
taining dough. 

dough'ty, 1 dau'ti; 2 dou'ty, a. Brave; val- 
iant; redoubtable; also, boastful. [< AS. dyhlig .) 
—dough'ti-ly, adv. —dough'ti-ness, n. 
Doug'las, 1 dug'las; 2 dug'las, n. The name o * 
several Scottish earls and 
chiefs, especially Archibald 
(1369—1424), celebrated In 
ballads; captured byHotspur 
at Homildon Hill, 
douse, 1 daus; 2 dous, vt. 

[doused 4 ; dous'ing.] To 
plunge into a liquid; duck; 
drench. [Prob. < Sw. dunsa, 
plump down.] dowsef. 
dove, ) 1 duv; 2 dov, n. A 
duv p , j pigeon. [< AS. 
diife.] —d o v e,' s c o t", d.s 
cote, n. A house for,tame pigeons, d.shousef. 
Do'ver, 1 do'var; 2 do'ver, n. A fortified seaport 
in Kent, England; pop. 41,794; bombarded by the 
Germans, 1917-18.— Strait of Dover, between 
England and France; 18 to 25 m. wide 
dove'tail", 1 duv'tel"; 2 dov'tal". I. 
join by interlocking. II. 
n. A manner of joining 
boards, timbers, etc., by 
interlocking wedge-shap¬ 
ed tenons and spaces; 
the joint so made, 
dow'a-ger, 1 dau'a-jar; 2 
dow'a-ger, n. [Eng.] A 
widow holding property 
or title derived from her 
late husband. [< OF. 
douer, endow.] 

dow'dy, 1 dau'di; 2 dow'- 
dy. I. a. [dow'di-er; 
dow'di-est.] Ilbdressed, 
bad taste; shabby, dow'dy-ishj. 
elatternly woman, 
dovv'el, 1 dau'el; 2 dow'el, n. A pin or peg 
fitted into two adjacent pieces to fasten them 
together. [ < F. douille, socket.] 
dow'er, 1 dau'ar; 2 dow'er. I. vt. To provide 
with a dower; endow. II. n. A widow’s 
life*portion (usually a third) of her husband’s 



Dove. 



Dovetailed Joint. 

a , open; 6, closed. 

ilhfitting, and in 
' ‘ ‘ ‘ II. n. A 


1:8 = final; l = habltq aisle; ail = out; ell; iu = feud; (fhin; go; o = sin*?; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dq; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











down 

dredging 


196 


lands and tenements; the sum of one’s natu¬ 
ral gifts; endowment. [< L. ll +f dos, dowry.]— 
dow'er-less, a 

down, 1 daun; 2 down, a. 1. Going in a down¬ 
ward direction. 2. Downcast; dejected. 
down 1 , n. Fine soft plumage, hair, or fibers. 
[Akin to Ice. dunn.] 

down 2 , n. A downward movement; reverse. 
down 3 , n. [Eng.] 1. A hill having a broad, 
treeless, grass*grown top; also, the open space 
on its top. 2. pi. Turf*covered, undulating 
tracts of upland. [ < AS. dun.] 
down, adv. 1. From a higher to or toward a 
lower level, place, position, etc. (literally or 
figuratively); downward. 2. From an upright 
to a prone or prostrate position. 3. At the 
lowest point; in or into subjection; under con¬ 
trol. 4. Below the horizon; as, the sun went 
down. 5. To a smaller bulk; as, to boil down. 
[< adown, < AS. ddun, of*dune, < of, from, 
+ dun, hill.]— down'cast", a. Directed down¬ 
ward or toward the ground; dejected; depressed. 
— down'fall", n. A falling or flowing down¬ 
ward; a fall; disgrace.— down'»fall"en, a. Fall¬ 
en; ruined.— down 'hear t"ed, a. Dejected; 
discouraged; low«spirited. -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
down'shill". I. a. Descending; sloping. II. 
adv. With a downward direction.— down'- 
rlght". I. a. 1. Straight to the point; unequiv¬ 
ocal; plain; outspoken; utter. 2. Directed down¬ 
ward. II. adv. 1. Directly downward. 2. With¬ 
out doubt or qualification. 3. In the extreme; 
utterly, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— dow n'trod"den, 
a. Trodden under foot; oppressed, down'- 
trod"J.—dow n'ward. I. a. Descending or 
tending from a higher to a lower level, or from 
that which is more remote. II. adv. 1. From a 
higher to a lower position. 2. From that which 
is more remote, as in place or time. 3. Toward 
the extremities, down'wardsf. 
down, 1 daun; 2 down, prep. In a descending 
direction along, upon, or within, literally or 
figuratively; adow r n. 

down'y, 1 daun'i; 2 down'y, a. Of, pertaining 
to, like or covered with down; soft; restful; 
soothing. 

dow'ry, 1 dau'n; 2 dow'ry, n. [dow'ries 2 , pi.] 
The property a wife brings to her husband in 
marriage; an endowment or gift. [< dower, n.] 
dox-ol'o-gy, 1 deks-el'o-ji; 2 doks-51'o-gy, n. 
[-gies z , pi.) An exultant hymn of praise. 
[< Gr. doxa, praise, + legd, speak.] 
doz., abbr. Dozen, dozens. 

doze, 1 doz; 2 doz. I. vi. [dozed; doz'ing.] 
To sleep unsoundly or lightly; drowse. II. n. 
A light, unsound sleep; a drowse. [< Ice. dUsa; 
cp. dizzy.] — doz'er, n.— do'zy, a. Drowsy; 
soporific. 

doz'en, 1 duz'n; 2 doz'n, n. Twelve things of a 
kind, collectively. [< OF. dozatne, < douze, 
twelve.] 

D. P. O., abbr. Distributing Post*offlce.—I)pt., 
abbr. Department, deponent.— Dr., abbr. Debt¬ 
or, doctor.— dr., abbr. Dram, drawer. 
drab 1 , 1 drab; 2 drab, n. A yellowdsh*gray 
color: used also adjectivally. [< F. drop, cloth.] 
drab 2 , n. A slattern; lewd woman. [< Ir. drabog .] 
drab'ble, (1 drab'l; 2 drab'l, vt. [drab'bled, 
drab'l, ) drab'i.d p ; drab'bling.] To draggle, 
drachm, 1 dram; 2 dram, n. Same as dram. 
drach'ma, 1 drak'me; 2 drac'ma, n. 1. A 
Greek coin, anciently of the value of 9 to 17 
cents, now equal to the franc (19§ cents). 2. 
An ancient Greek unit of weight, now a gram. 

[ < Gr. drachme, handful.] 


Dra'co, 1 dre'ko; 2 dra'eo, n. Archon at Athens 
about 621 B. C.; reputed author of first Athenian 
written code of laws, which were very severe.— 
Dra-co'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Draco or his 
laws; hence, inflexible, severe. Dra-con'icf. 
draft, ( 1 druft; 2 draft. I d . vt. 1. To out- 
draught, ) line in writing; sketch; delineate. 
2. To select and draw off, as for military 
service; conscript. II. n. 1. A current of air. 
2. The act of drinking; a drink. 3. Naut. The 
depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. 
4. The act of drawing, or the fact of being 
drawn; also, that which is drawn or to be 
drawm, or its weight of resistance; a haul; 
pull; drag. 5. A plan; outline; sketch. 6. 
Com. A money*order; bill of exchange. 7. 
A military or naval conscription; levy. 8. 
An exhausting demand. [< AS. dragon, draw.] 
— draft 'y, draught 'y, a. Having or exposed 
to drafts. 

drafts'man, ) 1 drafts'man; 2 drafts'man, 
draughts'man, ) n. [-men, pi.) One who 

draws or prepares plans, designs, deeds, con¬ 
veyances, etc. 

drag, 1 drag; 2 drag, v. [dragged, dragd 8 ; 
drag'ging.] I. t. 1. To pull along by main 
force; haul. 2. To draw r a grapnel along the 
bottom of, as in search of a dead body; search 
carefully or intently. II. i. 1. To be drawn 
along the ground; move slowly or heavily. 2. 
To ply a drag; dredge. [ME. drag gen; caus. of 
AS. dragan, draw.] 

drag, n. 1. The act of dragging or that which 
drags or is 
dragged, as a 
grapple, a 
dredge, a 
drag*net,a 
brake, or 
heavy harrow, 
a skid or shoe Drag and Four, 

for causing a carriage*wheel to drag, as in 
going down a hill; any clog or impediment. 
2. A long, high, four*wheeled carriage or 
coach.— drag'snet", n. A net to be drawn along 
the bottom of the water. 

drag'gle, ) 1 drag'l; 2 drag'l, vt. & vi. [drag'- 
drag'I p , ) gled, drag'ld p ; drag'gling.] To 
drag or trail on the ground so as to wet or 
soil; drabble; befoul. 

drag'o-man, 1 drag'o-men; 2 drifg'o-man, n. 
[-mans 2 , improperly -men, pZ.] An inter¬ 
preter or agent for travelers in the East. [F., 

< Ar. larjuman, translator.] 

drag'on, 1 drag'an; 2 drSg'on, n. 1. A fabu¬ 
lous, serpentdike, winged monster. 2. [D-] 
A northern constellation {Draco). [F., < L. 
draco(n-), < Gr. drakon, serpent.]—drag'oils 
fly". n. An insect with slender body, four large 
wings, and enormous eyes. darn'ingsnee"dlet; 
dev'il’s darn 'Ingsnee"dleJ. 
drag"o-nade\ 1 drag"o-nCd'; 2 drag^o-nad', n. 
1. The quartering of dragoons on French Protes¬ 
tant families by Louis XIV. (1681) as a means of 
persecution. 2. Any military persecution. [F., 

< dragon, dragoon.] drag"on-nade'f. 
dra-goon', 1 dra-gun'; 2 dra-goon'. I. vt.. To 

harass by dragoons; coerce; browbeat. II. n. 
In the British army, a cavalryman. [ < F. 
dragon, dragon, dragoon.] 

drain, 1 dren; 2 dran, y. I. t. 1. To draw off 
by degrees, as a fluid; draw water or any 
fluid from. 2. To make exhausting demands 
upon. II. i. To flow off or leak away gradu- 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 









197 


down 

dredging 


ally; become exhausted. l< AS. drehnigean, 
drSnian.] 

drain, to. 1. The act of draining; continuous 
strain, leak, or outflow. 2. A pipe or trench 
for draining. 

drain'age, 1 dren'ij; 2 dran'ag, to. 1. The act 
or means of draining; a system of drains. 2. 
That which is drained off; also, the area 
drained. 

drake, 1 drek; 2 drak, to. A male duck. [< 
AS. ened, duck, + suf. -rake, chief.] 

Drake, Sir Francis (1540-1596). An English 
navigator and naval commander; expeditions 
against Spain, etc. 

dram, 1 dram; 2 dram, to. 1. In apothecaries’ 
weight, (JO grains: in avoirdupois, 27.34 
grains. See weight. 2. A drachma. 3. A 
drink of spirits. [ < L.o F drachma; see drachma.] 

drachm}. 

dram., abbr. Dramatic, dramatist, 
dra/ma, 1 drd'ma; 2 dra'ma, to. 1. A composi¬ 
tion to be acted upon the stage; a play; hence, 
any series of dramatic events. 2. Stage rep¬ 
resentations collectively; the theater. [ < 
Gr. drama(t -), < drab, perform.]—dra-mat'lc, 
a. Of or like the drama; theatrical, dra-mat'l- 
cal}.—dra-mat'i-cal-ly, adv .—dram 'a-tist, to. 
A dramatic author.—dram"a-ti-za'[or -sa']- 
tlon, to.— drain'a-tize or -tlse, vt. [-tized; 
-tiz"ing.] To set forth in dramatic form; relate 
or represent dramatically. 

Dram. Pers., abbr. [L.] Dramatis personas (the 
persons of the drama). 

drank, 1 drarjk; 2 drank, imp. of drink, v. 
drape, 1 drep; 2 drap, vt. & vi. [draped 1 ; 
drap'ing.] To cover, as with hanging cloth; 
arrange, as drapery. [< F. draper, < drap, 
cloth.]—drap'er, to. A dealer in cloths.—drap'- 
er-y, to . [-ies z , pi.] 1 . Loosely hanging attire; 
also, curtains, tapestry, etc. , 2. The business of 
a draper. 3. Cloth in general, 
dras'tic, 1 dras'tik; 2 dras'tic. I. a. Acting 
vigorously; effective. II. to. A strong purga¬ 
tive. [ < Gr. drastikos, < drab, act.] 
draught, etc. See draft, etc. 
draughts, 1 drafts; 2 drafts, to. pi. The game 
of checkers. [ < AS. dragan, draw.]—draughts'- 
man, to . [-men, pi.] 1 . A piece used in the 
game of checkers. 2. Same as draftsman. 
Dra've, 1 dra'va; 2 dra've, to. A river of Austria 
and Hungary; 450 m. to the Danube. Drau} [G.]. 
draw, 1 dre; 2 dra, v. [drew; drawn; draw'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To cause to move by any 
method in which the thing moved follows the 
mover; pull; haul; lead; attract. 2. To take 
or pull out; extract; call forth; elicit; evoke. 

3. To call for and receive, as pay; obtain. 

4. To write out; draft: commonly with up. 

5. To delineate; sketch; portray. G. To re¬ 
quire the depth of (so much water) in order 
to float, as a vessel. II. i.- !• To exert a 
pulling force or an attractive influence; be at¬ 
tractive. 2. To have a free draft, as a stove or 
chimney. 3. To move as if drawn; come^or 
go; as, to draw away; to draw nigh. 4. To 
obtain means or money, or receive supplies, on 
application. 5. To delineate, as with a pen¬ 
cil; practise drawing. 6. To unsheathe a 
sword. [ME. drawen, < AS. dragan.]— draw'- 
back", to. 1. Anything that hinders; a dis¬ 
advantage. 2. An allowance; a rebate.—draw'- 
bridge", to. A bridge of which the whole or a 
part may be raised, let down, or drawn aside.— 
draw-ee', to. The one upon whom hn order for 



the payment of money is drawn.—draw'er, to. 
1. One who draws; formerly, a waiter. 2. Com. 
One who draws a bill of exchange, money=order, 
or the like. 3. A sliding receptacle, as in a bu¬ 
reau, table, etc.—draw'ers, w. pi. A trouser* 
like undergarment.—draw'ing, to . 1 . The act 
of one who or that which draws. 2. A picture, 
sketch, delineation, or design; also, the art of 
representing objects by lines; delineation, 
draw, to . 1 . An act of drawing. 2. An inde¬ 
cisive contest; a tie game. 3. The movable 
section of a drawbridge. 

draw'ingsroom", n. A room for the reception 
of company; also, the company assembled. 
[Abbr. of withdrawtngsroom.] 
drawl, 1 drel; 2 dral. I. vt. & vi. To speak or 
pronounce slowly and lazily. II. to. Spirit¬ 
less utterance. [Freq. of draw.] 
dray, 1 dre; 2 dra, to. A strong, heavy vehicle, 
usually low at 
the rear. [< AS. 
dr as g e, thing 
drawn.] — dray'- 
age, to. 1. The 
act of conveying 

in a dray. 2. The „ , , . _ 

chargefordraying. Two»wheeled Dray. 

dread, ) 1 dred; 2 dred. I d . vt. To anticipate 
dred s , ) with horror or shrinking. II. a. 1. 
Causing great fear; terrible. 2. Exciting awe 
or reverential fear. III. to. 1. Unconquer¬ 
able fright; shrinking horror; terrifying antic¬ 
ipation. 2. Fear joined to deep respect; awe. 
31|. That which causes awe or fear. [AS. dr sedan.] 
—dread'ful, a. Inspiring dread or awe; ter¬ 
rible; awful.—dread'ful-ly, adv .—dread 'ful¬ 
ness, to.— dread'less, a. 

dread'nought", 1 dred'net"; 2 dred'not", to. One 
of a type of modern battleships of high speed, 
large tonnage, and heavy armament, 
dream, 1 drim; 2 drem. I. vt. & vi. [dreamed 

Or DREAMT, DREAMD 3 , DREMT 8 ; DREAM'lNG.] 

To imagine in or as in a dream; have a dream 
or dreams; fancy; hope; imagine; also, to in¬ 
dulge in reverie. II. to. A train of thoughts 
or images passing through the mind in sleep; 
also, a visionary idea, anticipation, or fancy. 
[AS. *dream.] —dream'er, to. One who dreams; 
a visionary.—dream'ful, a. —dream'i-ly, adv. 
In a dreamy manner.—dream'land", to. The 
realm of dreams; fairyland.—dream'less, a .— 
dream 'y, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or given to 
dreams. 2. Appropriate to dreams, 
drear, 1 drlr; 2 drer, a. [Poet.] Dreary, 
drear'y, 1 drlr'i; 2 drer'y, a. [drear'i-er; 
drear'i-est.] Causing sadness or gloom; 
forlorn, lonely; dismal; wearisome; monoto¬ 
nous; dull. [< AS. dreorig, sad.]—drear'i-ly, 
adv. —drear'1-ness, to. 

dredge 1 ,1 drej; 2 dredg. I. vt. & vi. [dredged; 
dredg'ing.] To clean out by means of a 
dredge; remove by a dredge; use a dredge; 
seek laboriously or blindly. II. to. An ap¬ 
pliance for bringing up mud, silt, etc., from 
under water. [ < OF. drege, oyster*net.] 


dredge 2 . I. vt. In cookery, to sprinkle or 
sift something, as flour, upon. II. to. A box 
with perforated lid, for dredging meat. [ < 
F. dragee, < Gr. tragemata, sweetmeats.] 
dredgeGbox"}; dredg'ingsbox"}. 
dredg'er 1 , 1 drej'ar; 2 dredg'er, to. One who 
dredges; a boat or machine for dredging. 
dredg'er 2 , to. In cookery, a dredge, 
dredg'ing, 1 drej'ir); 2 dredg'ing, to. The act 


l:a= final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = 0 Mt; oil; iu = feTOd; dhin; go; rising?; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, d«; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 








dregs 

duchess 


198 


of using a dredge; that which is taken up with 
a dredge. 

dregs, 1 dregz; 2 dreg§, to. pi. The sediment of 
liquids; lees; grounds; refuse.— dreg'gy, a. 
Containing dregs; full of dregs; foul.— dreg'gi- 
ness, ».—dreg'gish, a. 

drencu', 1 drench; 2 drench, vt. 1. To wet 
thoroughly; soak. 2. Veter. To administer 
a drench to.— drench'er, to. 1. A person or 
thing that drenches. 2. [Colloq.] A heavy shower, 
drench, to. 1. Veter. A liquid medicine, ad¬ 
ministered by compulsion, as to a horse. 2. 
A large draft or quantity of fluid; flood. [ < 
AS. (Irene , < drincan, drink, r.] 

Dres'deu, 1 drez'den; 2 dreg'den, n. Capital 
city (pop. 529,330) of the republic of Saxony: 
pottery center. 

dress, 1 dres; 2 dres, v. [dressed 1 or drest; 
dress'ing.] I. t. 1. To attire suitably; 
clothe; array; adorn. 2. To put in order; ar¬ 
range; adjust; cleanse and bind up, as a 
wound; prepare. II. i. 1. To put on or wear 
clothing, especially elaborate attire. 2. To 
form in line; range. [< L. OF directus, direct, a.] 
— dress'er 1 , n. One who or that which dresses. 
— dress'er 2 , n. A kitchen table with shelves; 
a cupboard; sideboard.— dress'ing, to. The act 
of dressing, or that with which anything, as a 
wound, is dressed. 

dress, n. 1. Covering for the body; clothes 
collectively; especially, elegant or fashionable 
attire. 2. A gown or frock of a woman or 
child.—dress'mak"er, n. One who makes 
dresses for women or. children.—dress'mak"- 
ing, n. —dress'y, a. [Colloq.] Fond of dress; 
showy; elegant.—dress'i-ness, n. 
drew, 1 dru; 2 dru, imp. of draw, v. 
drib'hie, / 1 drib'l; 2 drlb'l. I. vt. & vi. [drib'- 
drib'lp, $ bled, drib'ld p ; drib'bling.] To 
drip; give out by piecemeal. II. n. Liquid 
falling in drops or in a scanty stream. [For 
dripple, freq. of drip.] —drib'let, n. A scanty 
portion, drib'bletf. 

dried, 1 draid; 2 drid, imp. & pp. of dry, v. 
dri'er, 1 drai'er; 2 dri'er, n. One who or that 
which dries, dry'erj. 
dri'er, dri'est, compar. & superl. of dry, a. 
drift 1 , 1 drift; 2 drift, vt. & vi. To carry or be 
carried along, as on a current; accumulate in 
masses by the force of the wind, as snow, 
drift, n. 1. That w'hich is driven onward or 
piled up by a current. 2. A course of motion; 
tendency, as of an argument. 3. A driving; 
an urgent force; controlling influence. 4. A 
drove. 5. A boring tool. 6. Mining. A hori¬ 
zontal passage. [< AS. drifan; see drive.] — 
drift'wood, n. Wood floated or drifted by water, 
especially that cast ashore by the sea. 
drll(l p , 1 dril; 2 dril, vt. & vi. 1. To pierce or 
bore, as with a drill. 2. To train or engage in 
military exercises. 3. To plant in rows or 
drills. [< D. drillen, bore, brandish, drill sol¬ 
diers.]—drill'er, n. 

drill, to. 1. A boring*tool for metal. 2. A 
machine f6r planting seeds in rows; also, a 
row so planted. 3. Thorough military train¬ 
ing. 

drill'ing, to. A firm twilled fabric of linen or 
cotton. [ < L. G trilix, of three threads.] 
dri'ly, adv. Same as dryly. 
drink, 1 drirjk; 2 drink, vt. & vi. [imp. drank 
(formerly drunk); pp. drunk (formerly 
drunk'en) ; drink'ing.] 1. To take (a 
liquid) into the stomach through the mouth. 


2. To absorb; receive eagerly.—drink'a-bl(e p . 

I. a. Capable of or suitable for use as a drink. 

II. to. A Beverage.—drink'er, to. 

drink, n. 1. Any liquid that is or may be 
swallowed; a beverage. 2. As much as is or 
may be taken at one time; a draft. [< AS. 
drinc, < drincan, drink.] 

drip, 1 drip; 2 drip. I', vt. & vi. To fall, or let 
fall, in drops. II. to. A falling, or letting fall, 
in drops. [< AS. dryppan, drypian, cause to 
drop.]—drip'ping, to. That which falls in 
drops; the fat from roasting meat, 
drive, 1 draiv; 2 drlv, v. [drove; driv'en, 
driv'n p ; driv'ing.] I. t. 1. To push, urge, 
or press forward forcibly; impel, urge, and 
guide, as a horse; prosecute urgently, as a 
business. 2. To convey in a carriage. II. i. 

1. To be impelled onward by force. 2. To 
press forward furiously; aim a blow; direct 
one’s action. 3. To ride in a carriage or direct 
the animal or animals by which it is drawn. 
[< AS. drifan.] —driv'er. to. One who or that 
which drives; a coachman; locomotive*engineer; 
driving«wheel.—driv'ingsw heel", to. a wheel 
giving motion to other wheels, or to a machine. 

drive, to. 1. The act of driving. 2. A road for 
driving, drive'way"J. 3. A journey or ex¬ 
cursion in a carriage. 4. LTrgent pressure, as 
of business. 5. A drove or drift, as of cattle. 6. 
An advance of troops in mass against an enemy, 
driv'el, 1 driv'l; 2 drlv'l. I. vi. [driv'eled or 
driv'elled; driv'el-ing or driv'el-ling.] 
To let spittle flow from the mouth; be weak 
or silly. II. to. 1. An involuntary flow of 
saliva from the mouth. 2. Senseless talk; 
twaddle.—driv'el-er, to. driv'el-Iert. 
driv'en, 1 driv'n; 2 drlv'n, pp. of drive, v. 
driz'zle, } 1 driz'l; 2 driz'l. I. vt. & vi. [driz'- 
driz'l p , ) zled, driz'ld p ; driz'zling.] Tc* 
shed or fall in fine drops. II. to. A light 
rain.—driz'ziy, a. 

droll, 1 drol; 2 drol. I. vi. To jest; play the 
buffoon. II. a. Odd; comical; ludicrous; 
funny; queer. Ill||. to. 1. A jester; a funny 
fellow. 2. A farce; a comical tale. [< OF. 
drolle, < D. drol, pleasant fellow, droll.]—droll'- 
er-y, to. [-ies z , pi.] Waggishness; facetiousness; 
humor; oddity.—drol'ly, adv. 
droni'e-da-ry, 1 drum'i-de-ri; 2 drom'e-da-ry, 
TO. [-RI es z , 
pi.] A fleet, 
elegant, one* 
humped rid- 
ing*camel. [ < 

F. dromadaire, 

< Gr. dromas, 
a running.] 
dro'mon, 1 dro'- 
men; 2 dr6'-,< 
m 6 n , to . A 
swift *sailing 
medieval ship 
of war, pro¬ 
pelled by both 
oars and sails, dro'mondf. 
drone 1 , 1 drdn; 2 dron. I. vt. & vi. [droned; 
dron'ing.] To hum. II. to. 1. A dull, 
monotonous, humming sound, as of a bee. 

2. One of the three long tubes of the bagpipe. 
drone 2 . I. vt. To idle. II. to. A male bee,. 

that gathers no honey; hence an idler, 
droop, 1 drup;2 droop. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To allow 
to hang listlessly; lean or bend downward; 
sink as from weakness. 2. To lose vigor and. 



Dromedary. 1 /m 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, dr; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh£>t, ail; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, dr, w T dn, 







199 


dregs 

duchess 


spirit; despond; decline. II. n. A sinking or 
hanging down. [< Ice. drupa, < drjupa, drip.] 
drop, 1 drop; 2 drop. I. vt. & vi. [dropped 1 or 
dropt; drop'ping.] 1. To fall or let fall in 
drops. 2. To fall or let fall in any way, liter¬ 
ally or figuratively; give up; dismiss; de¬ 
scend; subside; sink. II. n. 1. A globule of 
liquid; a very small quantity of anything; a 
pendant. 2. A fall; descent. [< AS. dropa, 
< dredpan, drop, drip.]—drop'per, n. 
drop'sy, 1 drep'si; 2 drop'sy, n. An abnormal 
accumulation of liquid in some part of the 
body. [Abbr. of hydropsy, < Gr.L+p hydropi- 
asis, dropsy.]—drop'si-cal, a. Resembling, re¬ 
lating to, or affected with dropsy, -ly, adv. — 
drop'sied, a. Afflicted with dropsy; swollen, 
drosh'ky, / 1 dresh'ki; 2 drosh'ky, n. [-kies 2 , 
dros'ky, > pi.) 1. Alight open four=wheeled 
Russian carriage. 2. A public cab in some 
European cities. [< G. droschke, < Rus. 
drogi, carriage.] 

dross, 1 dros; 2 dros, n. Refuse or impurity in 
melted metal; slag; cinders; refuse; waste. 
[ < AS. dros, < dredsan; see dreary.] 
drought, /I draut, drauth; 2 drout, drouth, n. 
drouth, 5 Long*continued dry weather; want 
of rain; dearth; thirst. [< AS. drugath, < 
dryge, dry; see dry.] —drought'y, drouth'y, 
a. Marked by or suffering from drought or 
thirst; thirsty.—drought'i-ness, drouth'i- 
ness, n. 

drove, 1 dr5v; 2 drov, n. A number of animals 
driven or herded for driving. [< AS. draf, < 
drlfan, drive.] — drov'er, n. One who drives 
animals m droves to market, 
drown, 1 draun; 2 drown, v. I. t. 1. To kill by 
immersion, as in water. 2. To overflow; del¬ 
uge; overwhelm. II. i. To die by suffocation 
in liquid. [ < AS. druncnian, be drowned, sink.] 
drowse, 1 drauz; 2 drowg. I. vt. & vi. [drowsed; 
drows'ing.] To make, be, or become 
sleepy; doze; be listless. II. n. The state of 
being half*asleep; a doze. [< AS. drusian, < 
dreosan, fall.]— drow'sy, a. [drow'si-er; drow'- 
si-est.] Heavy with sleepiness; dull.— drow'- 
si-ly, adv .— drow'si-ness, n. 
drub, 1 drub; 2 drub. I. vt. & vi. [drubbed, 
drubd 3 ; drub'bing.] Tobeat, as with a stick; 
cudgel; thrash. II. n. A blow; thump. [< AS. 
drepan, beat.]— drub'bing, n. A thrashing, 
drudge, 1 druj; 2 drudg. I. vi. [drudged; 
drudg'ing ] To toil without spirit or interest; 
work hard and slavishly. II. n. One who 
toils at menial tasks.— drudg'er-y, n. [-ies 2 , 
pi.] Dull, wearisome, or menial work, 
drug, 1 drug; 2 drug. I. vt. & vi. [drugged, 
drugd 3 ; drug'ging.] To mix drugs with, or 
administer drugs to, especially soporific 
drugs; stupefy; also, to take drugs. II. n. 1. 
Any substance used medicinally. 2. An un¬ 
salable commodity. [ < OF. drogue, drug, < 
D. droog, dry.]— drug'gist, n. A dealer in drugs; 
an apothecary; pharmacist, 
drug'get, 1 drug'et; 2 drug'St, n. A coarse 
woolen fabric for rugs and the like, 
dru'id, 1 dru'id; 2 dru'id, n. A priest of an¬ 
cient Gaul and Britain: used also adjectivally. 
[< L. druida, < Old Ir. drui, magician.]— dru¬ 
id'i-cal, a. Of or pertaining to the druids, dru¬ 
id 'ic t •—dru 'id-ess, n. fem. 
drum, 1 drum; 2 drum. I. vt. & vi. [drummed, 
drumd 9 ; drum'ming.] 1. To play (a tune) 
on a drum; beat a drum. 2. Mil. To expel 
with beat of drum: with out. 3. To arouse as 


by beat of drum; solicit, as trade: usually 
with up. II. n. 1. A musical instrument, 
consisting of a hollow cylinder, the ends of 
which are covered with skin, to be beaten 
with drumsticks. 2. One of various cylindri¬ 
cal organs or constructions, as the tympanum 
or middle=ear.— druin'sfire", n. Continuous 
firing.— drum'mer, n. 1. One who drums. 2. 
2. [U. S.] A traveling salesman.— drum 'stick", 
n. A stick for beating a drum. [imp. 

drunk, 1 druijk; 2 drunk, pp. of drink, v. : former 
drunk, a. Inebriated; intoxicated.— drunk '- 
ard, n. One who habitually drinks to intoxica¬ 
tion; a sot.— drunk'en, a. Given to, resulting 
from, or characterized by drunkenness; drunk; 
tipsy, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
drupe, 1 drup; 2 drup, n. Bot. A soft fleshy 
fruit enclosing a hard*shelled stone or seed, 
as in the cherry. [ < L. drupa, < Gr. drypepes, 
very ripe.] 

dry, I drai; 2 dry. I.vt.&vi. [dried; dry'ing.] 
1. To make dry; evaporate; wither. 2. To 
cease or cause to cease to flow: usually with 
up. II. a. [dri'er; dri'est.] 1. Lacking 
moisture; not wet or damp; not fresh; not 
green. 2. Thirsty. 3. Lacking interest; life¬ 
less; dull. 4. Slyly jocose or satirical. [< AS. 
dryge.] —dryGgoods", n. pi. 1. [U. S.] Textile 
fabrics, as distinguished from groceries, hard¬ 
ware, etc. 2. [Eng.] Groceries, paints, etc., as 
distinguished from wares and textile fabrics.— 
dry'ly, adv. dri'lyf.—dry'ness, n. 
dry'ad, 1 drai'ad; 2 dry'ad, n. Gr. Myth. A 
wood*nymph. [< Gr. L dryas, < drys, tree.]— 
dry-ad'ic, a. 

Dry'den, 1 drai'den; 2 drl'den, John (1631-1700). 

English poet and dramatist, 
dry'er, dry 'est, n. Same as drier, driest, [dry, v. 
dry'ing, 1 drai'ip; 2 dry'ing, ppr. & verbal n. of 
d. s., abbr. Days’ sight, days [after] -Sight.— D. 
Sc., abbr. Doctor of Science.— D. S. C., abbr. 
Distinguished Service Cross.— D. S. O., abbr. Dis¬ 
tinguished Service Order.—d. s. d., abbr. [L.] 
Decessit sine prole (died without issue).— d. t., 
abbr. Delirium tremens.— Du.,Dut., abbr. Dutch, 
du'al, 1 diu'al; 2 du'al, a. Denoting or relating 
to two; composed of two, as of two natures; 
twofold; binary. [< L. dualis, < duo, two.]— 
du'al-ism, n. Any religious or philosophical 
system which asserts a duality or twofoldness of 
nature, being, etc.— du'al-ist, n. — du"al-is'- 
tic, a. — du-al'i-ty, n. The state or character of 
being two or of being composed of two. 
dub, 1 dub; 2 dub, vt. [dubbed, dubd 3 ; dub'- 
bing.] To confer knighthood upon; name or 
style; entitle. [Dubl., abbr. Dublin. 

dub.,_ abbr. [L.] Dubitante (doubting).— Dub., 
du'bi-ous, 1 diu'bi-us; 2 du'bi-us, a. 1. Un¬ 
settled in judgment or opinion; doubting - , 
doubtful; problematic. 2. Questionable; 
equivocal; ambiguous. [< L. LL dubius, < duo, 
two.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— du'bi-ta-bl(e p , a. 
Doubtful; debatable.— du'bi-tate, vi. To doubt. 
Dub'lin, 1 dub'lin; 2 dub'lin, n. Seaport capital 
(pop.406,000) of Ireland.on Dublin Bay, an inlet 
of Irish sea, E. coast of Ireland; uprising against 
British government, April 24-May 1, 1916. 

Du-bug ue', 1 du-biuk; 2 dq-buk', n. A city 
(pop. 39,140) of Iowa. 

du'cal, 1 diu'kal; 2 du'cal, a. Of or pertaining 
to a duke or a duchy. [ < L. dux (due-) , leader.] 
duc'at, 1 duk'at; 2 due'at, n. One of several 
European coins, ranging in value from about 
83 cents to $2.25. [F., < L.m, y, UXl leader.] 
duch'ess, 1 duhh'es; 2 duch'£s, n. The wife or 


1:» = final; l = hablt^ aisle; an = out; ©II; IQ = feud; <fhin; go; O = sinp; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cOre, but. bttrn; 611, b6y; go, fem; ink; thin, this. 







duchy 

dye 


200 


widow of a duke; female sovereign of a 
duchy. 

duch'y, 1 dudh'i; 2 duch'y, n. [duch'ies*, pi .] 
The territory or dominion of a duke; a duke¬ 
dom. 

ducks 1 duk; 2 duk, vt. &vi. 1 . To plunge sud¬ 
denly under water; dive. 2. To bow quickly; 
bob; dodge; cringe. 

duck', n. A web-footed, short*legged water* 
fowl. [< AS. duce.]— duck 'ling, n. A young 
duck. 

duck 2 , n. A sudden downward movement, as of 
the head; quick plunge under water. 
duck 3 , n. 1 . A strong linen or cotton fabric. 
2. pi. [Colloq.] Trousers made from such 
cloth. [ < D. doek; cp. G. inch, cloth.] 
duck'bill", 1 duk'bir; 2 duk'bir, n. An aquatic 
burrowing and egg-laying mammal of Australia 
with a duck*like bill. 

duct, 1 dukt; 2 duct, n. A tube or passage by 
which a fluid is conveyed. [ < L. ductus, a 
leading.] . . „ , . „ 

duc'til(e 8 ,1 duk'til; 2 duc'til, a. 1. Capable of 
being drawn out, as into wire. 2. Easily led; 
tractable; pliant. [< L. ductilis, < ductus, pp. 
of duco, lead.]—duc-tll'l-ty, n. The state or 
degree of being ductile, duc'tile-nessf. 

dud, 1 dud; 2 dud, n. [Colloq.] 1. An old or shabby 
garment. 2. A shell that fails to explode. 

dude, 1 diud; 2 dud, n. A fop.—dud'ish, a. 
du-deen', 1 diu-din'; 2 du-den', n. [Ir.] A short* 
stemmed clay tobacco*pipe. du-dheen'f. 
dudg'eon, 1 duj'an; 2 dudg'on, n. Sullen dis¬ 
pleasure; resentment. [Prob. <W.dygen, malice.] 

due, 1 diu; 2 du. I. a. 1. Owing and demand- 
able; owed, as moral duty, or as a conse¬ 
quence; proper; appropriate; fairly to be 
ascribed. 2. Appointed or expected to ar¬ 
rive, as a ship or a train. II. n. That which 
is owed or rightfully required; a debt or ob¬ 
ligation. III. adv. Directly; exactly; as, 
due east. [F., < L. debitus, pp. of debeo, owe.] 

du'el, 1 diu'el; 2 du'61, n. 1. A prearranged 
combat between two persons. 2. Any en¬ 
counter between two contending parties. [F.] 
—du'el-ing, n. The act of fighting a duel or 
duels, du'el-llngf.—du'el-ist, n. du'el-llstt. 
du-en'na, 1 diu-en'a; 2 du-gn'a, n. An el¬ 
derly woman who watches over a young 
woman. [Sp.] 

du-et', 1 diu-et'; 2 du-gt', n. A composition 
for two voices or instruments; a four*handed 
piece for the pianoforte. [ < It. duetto, < duo, two.] 
duff, 1 duf; 2 diif, n. Naut. A pudding of flour 
boiled in a bag; as, plum duff. 
dug, 1 dug; 2 diig, imp. & pp. of dig. 
dug, n. A teat or udder. 

du'gong, 1 dQ'geo; 2 du'gGng, n. [Malay.] An 
aquatic herbivorous mammal of the East Indies 
and Australia; the sea*cow. du'yongf. 
dug'out", 1 dug'out"; 2 dug'out", n. 1. A 
canoe formed of a hollowed log. 2. [U. S.] A 
rude dwelling excavated in a hillside. 3. An 
underground shelter, as against bombs and 
shells. 

duke, 1 diuk; 2 duk, n. 1. A nobleman of the 
highest rank. 2. A reigning prince inferior 
to a king. [< due, < L. dux (.due-), leader.]— 
duke'dom, n. 1. A duchy. 2. The dignity or 
title of a duke. 

dul'cet, 1 dul'set; 2 dul'g&t, a. Sweet to the 
taste or to the ear; pleasing. [ < L. dulcis, sweet.] 
dul'cl-mer, 1 dul'si-mar; 2 dul'gi-mer, n. 1. 
A stringed instrument played with two pad¬ 



ded hammers. 2. An ancient wind-instru- 
ment. [< L. OF dulce, sweet, + melos, song.] 
dul-cin'e-a, 1 dul-sin'i-a; 2 dul-gln'e-a, n. A 
sweetheart: from Dulcinea del Toboso, in “Don 
Quixote.” [Sp.] 

dul(l p , 1 dul; 2 dial. I. vt. & vi. To make or 
become less sharp, acute, bright, or intense; 
blunt; moderate; depress; cloud; tarnish. 
II. a. Not sharp, keen, bright, or acute; 
blunt; sluggish; wearisome; sad; dismal; ob¬ 
scure; dim. [< AS. dot (for *dwol), < V of 
dwell.] — dull'ard, n. A dull or stupid person; 
a dolt.— dull'ish, a. — dul'ly, adv. — dul'ness, 
n. duH'nessf. 

dulse, 1 duls; 2 duls, n. A reddish*brown seaweed 
eaten in Scotland and elsewhere as a vegetable. 

[ < Gael, duileasg.] 

Du-Iuth', 1 du-luth'; 2 du-luth', n. A city (pop. 
98,920) and port of Minnesota, W. end of Lake 
Superior. 

du'ly, 1 diu'li; 2 du'ly, adv. In accordance with 
what is due; fitly; becomingly; regularly. 
Du"mas', 1 diFma'; 2 dii’ma', Alexandre. 
Either of two French novelists and dramatists, 
Dumas pere (1802-1870), the father, and Du¬ 
mas fils (1824-1895), the son. 
dum(b 8 , 1 dum; 2 dtim, o. 1. Having no 
power of speech; mute; silent. 2. Not clearly 
manifest: latent. [< AS. dumb.] — dumb'* 
bell", n. A gymnast] 
implement consisting of a 
handle with a ball at each , 
end.—d.-waiter, n. AI 
movable framework fori 
carrying things from one' 
room or floor to another. _ .... 

— dumb'ly, adv.— Dumb-bells. 

dumb'ness, n.— dum'my. I. a. Sham; coun¬ 
terfeit. II. n. [dum'miesz, pi.] A silent person 
or actor; something made with a superficial re¬ 
semblance to something else; a steam-motor car. 
Dum'ba, 1 dum'ba; 2 dum'ba, Constantin Theo¬ 
dor (1856- ), Austrian diplomat; ambassador 

to the U. S.; recalled 1915. 
dum"found', ) 1 dumbfound'; 2 dtinTfound', vt. 
dumb"found', ) To strike dumb; confuse; con¬ 
found. dumb"found'erf; dum"found'erf. 
(lump, 1 dump; 2 dump. I 1 , vt. & vi. To un¬ 
load or remove in mass. II. n. [U. S.] A 
dumping*ground; also, that which is dumped. 
—dump'er, n. 

(lump'ling, 1 dump'liq; 2 dGmp'ling, n. A 
pudding, often with fruit or meat. [ < dump, n.] 
dumps, n. pi. A gloomy state of mind; melan¬ 
choly. [Prob. Scand.]— dump'lsh, a. 
dump'y, 1 dump'i; 2 diimp'y, a. [dump'i-er; 

dump'i-est.] Short and thick; stocky. 

(lun, 1 dun; 2 dun, vt. & vi. [dunned, dund 8 ; 
dun'ning.] To press for payment; make a 
din; clamor. 

dun, a. Of a dull, dark*brown color; swarthy, 
(lun, n. 1. One who duns. 2. The act of 
dunning; a demand for payment. 

Dun'bar, 1 dun'bar; 2 dun'biir, n. A maritime 
town of southeastern Scotland; Cromwell de¬ 
feated Leslie, 1650. [person, 

dunce, 1 duns; 2 dung, n. A stupid or ignorant 
Dun-dee', 1 dun-di'; 2 dun-de', ». 1. Viscount 
(1650-1689), John Graham of Claverhouse; a 
British soldier of Scottish birth, foe of the Cov¬ 
enanters. 2. A seaport (pop. 168,217) in E. 
Scotland. 

dun'der-head", 1 dun'dar-hed"; 2 dun'der-Md', 
n. A blockhead; dunce. [= thundershead.] 
dun'der*pate"f. [down, 

dune, 1 diun; 2 dun, n. A hill of loose sand; a 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fAre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, 6r; full, rllle; but, bGrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fist, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 










201 


duchy 

dye 


dung, 1 dug; 2 dung, n. Animal feces. [< 
AS. dung.] 

dun'geon, 1 dun'jan; 2 diin'gon, n. A dark 
underground cell; any prison. [< F. donjon, 
dungeon.] 

dung'hill", 1 dug'hil"; 2 dung'hH". I. a. From 
or of the dunghill; ignoble. II. n. A heap of 
manure. 

Dun'kirk, 1 dun'kurk; 2 dun'klrk, n. Ancient 
fortified seaport (pop. 38,000) in N. France. 
Dun"kerque't [F.]. 

Duns Sco'tus, 1 dunz sko'tus; 2 dung seo'tus, 
John (1265-1308). A Franciscan monk; scho¬ 
lastic philosopher. 

Dun'stan, 1 dun'stan; 2 dun'stan, Saint (924- 
988). An English monk and statesman; arch¬ 
bishop of Canterbury. 

du'o, 1 diu'o; 2 du'o, n. Mus. A duet. [It.] 
du"o-dec'i-mal, 1 diu"o-des'i-mal; 2 du"o- 
d§c'i-mal, a. Denoting a system of reckon¬ 
ing by twelves. [< L. duodecim, twelve.]—du"- 
o-dec'i-mal, n. 

du"o-dec'i-mo, 1 diu"o-des'i-mo; 2 du"o-deg'- 
i-mo, n. 1. A book*page of about 4\ by 7] 
inches; a book having such pages: often 
written 12mo: used also adjectivally. 2. 
Mus. An interval of a twelfth. 
du"o-de'num, 1 diu'o-dl'num; 2 du"o-de'num, n. 
That part of the small intestine adjoining the 
stomach. [< L. duodeni, twelve each, < duo¬ 
decim, twelve.]— du"o-de'nal, a. 
dupe, 1 diup; 2 dup. I. vt. [duped 1 ; dup'ing.] 
To make a dupe of; impose upon. II. n. One 
misled through credulity. [F.] 
du'plex, 1 diu'pleks; 2 du'plSks, a. Having 
two parts; double; twofold; also, working in 
two ways or in opposite directions. [L., < 
duo, two, + plico, fold.] du'plet. 
du'pli -cate, 1 diu'pli-ket; 2 du'pli-cat. I. vt. 
& vi. [-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To make a du¬ 
plicate of; reproduce exactly; make a thing 
or do an act exactly like a preceding one. II. 
a. 1. Made or done exactly like an original. 
2. Growing in pairs; double. III. n. Origi¬ 
nally one of two, now one of any number of 
objects exactly alike; an exact copy; a re¬ 
production. [< L. duo, two, + plico, fold.]— 
du"pli-ca'tlon, n. The act of duplicating, or 
the state of being duplicated.— du'pli-ca-ture, 
n. A doubling or folding, 
du-plic'i-ty, 1 diu-plis'i-ti; 2 du-pllg'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi .] Tricky deceitfulness; double* 
dealing. [ < F. duplicite, < L. duplex, duplex.] 
Du Quesne', 1 dii ken'; 2 dii ken'. Fort. A French 
fort (1754) on site of Pittsburg, Pa.; taken by 
English, 1758, and renamed in honor of Pitt. 
du'ra-bl(e p , 1 diu'ra-bl; 2 du'ra-bl, a. Able to 
continue long in the same state; lasting. [F., < 
L. durabilis, lasting, < durus, hard.]— du"ra- 
bil'i-ty, n. du'ra-ble-nessf.—du'ra-bly, adv. 
dur'ance, 1 diur'ans; 2 dur'ang, n. Personal 
restraint; imprisonment. [OF., < L. duro, en¬ 
dure.] 

du-ra'tlon, 1 diu-re'^han; 2 du-ra'shon, n. The 
period of time during which anything lasts; 
time in general. [ < L. LL duro, endure.] 

Dii'rer, 1 dvi'rar; 2 dii'rer, Albert (1471-1528). A 
German painter, engraver, and writer, 
du'ress, 1 diu'res; 2 du'rgs, n. Constraint by 
force or fear; compulsion; imprisonment. [< 
L. OF durus, hard.] du-resse'f. 

Dur'liam, 1 dur'am; 2 dur'am, n. 1. A N. county 
of England; pop. 1,478,500. 2. Its capital (pop. 
17,330), a cathedral and university town. 


dur'lng, 1 diur'ig; 2 dur'ing, prep. In or with¬ 
in the time of. [Orig. ppr. of dure, last.] 
durst, 1 durst; 2 durst, imp. of dare, v. 
dusk, 1 dusk; 2 dhsk. I. a. [Archaic or Poet.] 

I. Somewhat dark; obscure; dim. 2. Swarthy. 

II . n. 1. A state between darkness and light;, 
twilight. 2. Swarthiness; shadowiness. [Cp. 
Sw. dusk, raw weather.]—dusk'y, a. [dusk'i- 
er; dusk'i-est.] Somewhat dark; dim; obscure; 
swarthy.—dusk'l-ly, adv.— dusk'i-ness; n. 
Moderate darkness. 

Dtis'sel-dorf, 1 diis'el-derf; 2 diis'el-dorf, n. A 
government (2,113 sq. m.; pop. 2,600,000) of 
Rhine province, Prussia; also, its capital 
(pop. 407,340); occupied by Belgian troops, 
Nov., 1918- . 

dust, 1 dust; 2 dust. I d . vt. 1. To brush or 
wipe dust away from. 2. To sprinkle as with 
dust. 3. To reduce to dust. II. n. 1. Any 
substance, as earth reduced to powder. 2. 
A dead body; remains; the grave. 3. [Eng.] 
Ashes and household sweepings. [< AS. dust 
(for dtist ).]—dust'er, n. 1. One who or that 
which dusts. 2. A cloth or brush for removing 
dust. 3. A garment or covering to protect from 
dust.—dust'y, a. [dust'i-er; dust'i-est.] 1. 
Covered with or as with dust. 2. Of the color of 
dust.—dust'i-ly, adv.— dust'i-ness, n. 

Dutch, 1 dudh; 2 duch, n. 1. The people of 
Holland, or their language. 2. Loosely, the 
German race or language. [< G. deutsch, 
German.]—Dutch'man, n. [Dutch'men, pi.] 
A Hollander. 

du'ty, 1 diu'ti; 2 du'ty, n. [du'ties 2 , pi.] 1. 
That which orie is under obligation to pay or 
do; moral obligation. 2. An impost, as upon 
imports. 3||. A formal expression of respect. 
[< due.] — du'te-ous, a. Rendering due respect 
and obedience; dutiful, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
du'ti-a-bl(e p , a. Law. Subject to impost.— 
du'ti-ful, a. Performing the duties of one’s po¬ 
sition; submissive; respectful, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
D. V., abbr. [L.] Deo volente (God being willing). 
— d. v. p., abbr. [L.] Decessit vita patris (died 
during his [or her] father’s life). 
dwarf, 1 dworf; 2 dwarf. I 1 , vt. 1. To keep 
below the natural development; stunt. 2. 
To cause to look small by comparison. II. a. 
Smaller than others of its kind; diminutive. 

III. n. A person, animal, or plant that is un¬ 
naturally small. [< AS. dweorh.] —dwarf'ish, 
a. Like a dwarf; diminutive; stunted. 

dwel(l p , 1 dwel; 2 dw81, vi. [dwelt or dwelled, 
dweld 8 ; dwell'ing.] 1. To have a fixed 
abode; reside. 2. To linger, as on a subject; 
pause; expatiate: with on or upon. [< AS. 
dwellan, caus. of dwelan, be dull, err.]—dwell'er, 
n. A resident; inhabitant.—dwell'ing, n. A 
residence; domicil; family abode. 

Dwi'na, 1 dwi'na; 2 dwi'na, n. A river in N. 

Russia; 700 m. to White Sea. Dvi'naJ. 
dwin'dl(e p , 1 dwin'dl; 2 dwin'dl, vi. [dwin'- 
dl(e)d p ; dwin'dling.] To waste, diminish, 
or become less. [ < AS. duHnan, pine away.] 
dwt., abbr. A pennyweight.—dwtf., abbr. Daily 
[and] weekly till forbidden, 
dye, 1 dai; 2 dy, v. [dyed; dye'ing.] I. t. To 
color by soaking in liquid coloring=matter; 
stain; tinge. II. i. 1. To absorb liquid color. 
2. To follow the dyers’ trade. [< AS. deagian, 
< deag, dye, color.] 

dye, n. 1. A fluid or coloring*matter used for 
dyeing. 2. A color produced by or as by dye¬ 
ing; hue.—dye'shouse", n. A building where 
dyeing is done.—dye'ing, n. The act, process, 


1*3 = final; i = habit: aisle; au = o«t; oil; fu = feud; tfhin; go; o = Bing; Chin, this. 
2: wolf. dQI book, boot; full, rule, cflre, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; i®k; thin, this. 









dying 

echo 


202 


or trade of fixing colors in cloth or the like.— 
dy'er, n. One who dyes. 

dy'ing, 1 dai'ir); 2 dy'ing, pa. 1. Departing 
from the present life; near to death; expiring; 
failing; closing. 2. Destined to death; mor¬ 
tal; perishable. 3. Of or pertaining to death; 
also, given, uttered, or manifested just before 
death. 

dyke, n. Same as dike. 
dyn., dynam., abbr. Dynamics, 
dy-nam'ic, )1 dai-nam'ik, -i-kol; 2 dy- 
dy-nam'i-cal, y nam'ie, -i-cal, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to motion as the result of force, or to 
mechanical force of any kind. 2. Producing 
or involving activity or action; efficient; 
causal. [< Gr. dynamilos, powerful, < dynamal, 
be able.]— dy-nam'i-cal-ly, adv .— dy-nain'ics, 
n. The branch of science that treats of the laws 
of force. 

dy'na-niite, 1 dai'na-mait; 2 dy'na-mlt, n. An 
explosive, composed of an absorbent satu¬ 
rated with nitroglycerin. [ < Gr. dynamls, 
power.] 

dy'na-mo, 1 dai'ns-mo; 2 dy'na-mo, n. Elec. 
A machine for converting mechanical power 


into electrical energy in the form of current. 
[Short for dynamo*electric machine.]— dy'na- 
mo se-lec'tric, a. Pertaining to the relation 
between electricity and mechanical force, dy'- 
na-mose-lec'tri-calf.—dy"na-niom'e-ter, n. 
An instrument for measuring force exerted or 
power expended, as by a machine, 
dy'nas-ty, 1 dcii'nas-ti; 2 dy'nas-ty, n. [-ties z , 
pi.] A succession of sovereigns in one line of 
family descent governing the same country. [ < 
Gr. dynasteia, < dynamal, be able.]— dy 'nast, 
n. A monarch; ruler.— dy-nas'tic, -ti-cal, a. 
dys'en-ter-y, 1 dis'en-ter-i; 2 dys' 8 n-ter-y, n. 
Inflammation of the large intestine; bloody 
flux; diarrhea. [ < Gr. L+F dys-, bad, + enteron, 
intestine.]— dys"en-ter'lc, a. Pertaining to or 
suffering from dysentery. dys"en-ter'i-calt. 
dys-pep'si-a, 1 dis-pep'si-a; 2 dys-pep'si-a, n. 
Difficult or painful digestion, generally chron¬ 
ic. [< Gr. L dyspepsia, < dys-, bad, + pepto, 
cook.] —dys-pep'tlc. I. a. I. Relating to, of 
the nature of, or suffering from dyspepsia; hence, 
morbid; querulous. 2. Tending to produce dys¬ 
pepsia; indigestible, dys-pep'ti-calf. II. n. 
A dyspeptic person.—dys-pep'ti-cal-ly, adv. 


E 


E, e, 1 I; 2 e, n. [ees, E’s, or Es, 1 iz; 2 e§, pi.] 
The fifth letter in the English alphabet. 

e-, prefix. Out of; out; from: a shortened form of 
ex- used before consonants. [ < L. e-, < ex-, < 
ex, out, from.] 

E., abbr. Earl, East, Eastern, Edinburgh, En¬ 
glish, erbium.— E., Edw., abbr. Edward.— ea., 
abbr. Each. 

each, 1 Idh; 2 ech. I. a. Being one of two or 
more individuals that together form an ag¬ 
gregate; every. II. pron. Every one of any 
number or aggregation considered individual¬ 
ly; each one. [< AS. & for aw, ever, -f gellc, 
LIKE.] 

ea'ger, 1I'ger; 2 e'ger, a. Impatiently anxious 
for something; intent; keen; vehement. [< 
F. aigre, < L. acer ( acr -), sharp.] -ly, adv. 


-ness, n. 

ea'ger, > 1 I'gar; 2 e'ger, ra. A sudden flood of the 
ea'gre, ) tide in an estuary. See bore 3 , n. 
ea'gl(e p , 1 I'gl; 2 c'gl, n. 1. A very l arg e diur¬ 
nal bird of prey. 2. A gold 
coin of the United States, 
value® 10, weight 258 grains. 

3. A Roman military stand¬ 
ard, bearing the image of 
an eagle. [ < L. F agvila, eagle.] 

—ea 'glet, n. A young eagle. 

E. & O. E., abbr. Errors and 
omissions excepted, 
ear, 1 Ir; 2 er, vi. To form/ 
ears, as wheat. 

ear 1 , n. 1. The organ of hear¬ 
ing. 2. The sense of hearing; 
nice musical perception. 3. 

Attentive consideration; heed. 4. Anything 
like the external ear, as a projecting piece, 
handle, etc. [< AS. eare, = Goth, auso, ear.]— 
ear'=drum", n. The tympanum or the tympanic 
membrane.— ear'less, a. Destitute or deprived 
of ears.— ear'mark", n. An owner’s mark on 
the ear of an animal; any mark of identification. 



Head and Talon 
of an Eagle. 


—ear'ring", n. A ring or hook, usually with pen¬ 
dant, worn at the ear. ear'»drop"f. — ear'- 
wig", n. An insect with horny 
wing«covers and a caudal forceps: 
popularly believed to enter the 
human ear. 

ear 2 , n. The fruit*bearing part of 
a cereal plant; the head, as of 
wheat. [ < AS. ear.] 
earl, / 1 url; 2 erl, n. A member 
erl p , 5 of the British nobility next 
above a viscount. [ < AS. eorl, 
man, nobleman.]— earl'dom, n. 

The dignity, prerogative, or terri¬ 
tory of an earl. 



ear'ly, 
er' 


■'iy, >i 
iy p » S e. 


Earwig. V 2 
[ear'li-er; 


ur'li; 2 er'ly. I. a. 
ear'li-est.] 1. Occurring among the 
first in a series. 2. Being or occurring sooner 
than is usual or necessary. 3. About to be or 
happen; soon to occur. II. adv. At or near 
the beginning of a period of time. [ < AS. xrllce, 
adv.]—ear'H-ness, n. 

earn, ) 1 urn; 2 era, vt. To gain as a just 
ern p , ^ recompense by labor or exertion; merit. 
[< AS. earnian.] —earn'lng, n. That which is 
earned; compensation; wages: commonly in the 
plural. 

ear'nest, j 1 ur'nest; 2 er'ngst, a. 1 . Intent 
er'nest p , s’ and direct in purpose; zealous; fer¬ 
vent. of persons. 2. Marked by deep feeling 
or conviction; heartfelt; hearty: of words or 
acts. 3. Requiring careful consideration; 
serious; important: of things, -ly ,adv. -ness, n. 
ear'nest 1 , n. Seriousness; reality as opposed 
to pretense or trifling. [< AS. eorness, zeal.] 
— In earnest, with full and serious intent; real 
and intended. 

ear'nest 2 , n. 1. Money paid in advance to 
bind a bargain. 2. An assurance of some¬ 
thing to come. [< W. ernes, pledge.] 
earth, ) 1 urth; 2 erth, n. 1. The globe on 
erth p , which we dwell. 2. Ground; soil; an 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn. 







203 


dying 

echo 


earthy metallic oxid, as ocher. 3. Those who 
inhabit the globe; the world. 4 . The hole of a 
burrowing animal. [< AS. eorthe .]— earth'en, 
a. Made of earth or of burnt clay.— earth 'en- 
ware", n. Pottery.— earth'i-ness, n. The 
Quality of being earthy or like earth.— earth 'li- 
ness, n. The quality of being earthly; grossness; 
worldliness.— earth'ling, n. A worldling or a 
mortal.— earth'ly, a. Pertaining to the earth 
or to the present world; material; secular; 
worldly; carnal.— earth'quake", n. A vibra¬ 
tion of a portion of the earth’s crust.— earth '- 
work", n. A fortification or an engineering 
work of or in earth.— earth'worm", n. A bur¬ 
rowing terrestrial worm. —earth'y, a. 1. Of or 
pertaining to earth or soil; made of earth. 3 . 
Like earth. 3. Unrefined; coarse, 
ease, 1 Iz; 2 e§. I. vt. [eased; eas'ing.] To 
give ease or relief; relieve; lighten. II. n. 1. 
Freedom from agitation or perplexity; tran¬ 
quillity; comfort, 2. Freedom from apparent 
effort; facility. 3. Freedom from affectation 
or constraint. [< OF. aiser, < aise, ease.]— 
ease'ful, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ea'sel, 1 l'zl; 2 e'gl, n. A folding frame for sup¬ 
porting a picture. [< D. ezel, ass, easel.] 
eas'i-Iy, 1 iz'i-h; 2 eg'i-ly, adv. In an easy 
manner. 

eas 'i-ness, 1 Iz'i-nes; 2 e§'i-nes, n. The state 
of being at ease, or of being easy to do or ac¬ 
complish. 

east, 1 1st; 2 est. I. a. 1. Placed or being at 
the east; eastern. 2. Coming from the east. 
II. n. 1. That point of the compass at which 
the sun rises at the equinox. 2. Any region 
to the eastward; [E-] the Orient. III. adv. 
In an easterly direction. [< AS. east, adv., in 
the east.] —east'er-ly, a. 1. Situated, moving, 
or directed toward the east; eastward. 2. Com¬ 
ing from the east. —east'er-ly, east'ern-ly, 
adv. Toward the east. —east'ern, a. 1. [E-] 
Of, pertaining to, or being in the East; Oriental. 
2. Moving to or from the east; easterly. —East'- 
ern Church, see Greek Church. —east'ward. 

I. a. Running or tending in an easterly direction. 

II. adv. Toward the east, -ly, adv. 

East Af'ri-ca Pro-tec'tor-ate. A territory 
(250,000 sq. m.; pop. 2,807,000), forming, with 
the Protectorates of Zanzibar and Uganda, Brit¬ 
ish East Africa. 

East An'gli-a, 1 aq'gh-a; 2 an'gli-a. A kingdom of 
Anglo»Saxon England; now Norfolk and Suffolk. 
East'er, 1 ist'ar; 2 est'er, n. A Christian festi¬ 
val commemorating- the resurrection of 
Christ; also, the day on which it is celebrated. 

[ < AS. easier, < Eastre, goddess of spring.] 

East In'dies, 1 in'diz; 2 In'di§. The tw o great S 
Asian peninsulas and adjacent islands, 
eas'y, 1 iz'i; 2 e§'y, a. [eas'i-er; eas'i-est.] 

1. Not involving great exertion or difficulty. 

2. Free from discomfort or anxiety; comforta¬ 
ble. 3. Possessed of a sufficient competence. 
4. Free from embarrassment or affectation; 
natural. 5. Yielding; indulgent. 6. Gentle. 

eat, 1 It; 2 et, v. [ate or eat; eat'en (some¬ 
times eat, eat'ing).] I. t. 1. To chew and 
swallow, as food; take in as nourishment. 2 . 
To consume or corrode. II. i. 1. To take 
sustenance; feed. 2. To gnaw or penetrate 
something, as by corrosive agency. [ < AS. 
elan.] — eat'a-bl(e p . I. a. Fit to be eaten; 
edible. II. n. Something edible.— eat'er, n. 
eaves, 1 Ivz; 2 ev§, n. pi. The projecting edge 
of a roof. [ < AS. efese, clipped edge of thatch.] 
— eaves 'drop" 1 , vt. & vi. To overhear, or try to 


overhear; listen clandestinely.— eaves'drop"- 
per, n. —eaves'drop"ping, n. 
ebb, \ 1 eb; 2 eb. I. vi. To recede, as the tide; 
eb p , (decline; fail. II. n. 1. The reflux of 
tide=water to the ocean. ebb'stide"J. 2 . 
Decrease; decline. [< AS. ebba.] 

Eb"e-ne'zer, 1 eb"i-nl'z9r; 2 eb"e-ne'zer, n. Any 
memorial of divine deliverance. 1 Sam. vii, 12. 
eb 'on, 1 eb'an; 2 eb'on. I. a. 1. Of ebony. 
2. Very black. II. n. Ebony.— eb'on-ite, n. 
Black vulcanite, or hard rubber.— eb'on-ize or 
-ise, vt. To polish, as wood, in imitation of ebony, 
eb'o-ny, 1 eb'o-m; 2 6b'o-ny, n. [-nies z , pi.] A 
hard, heavy wood, usually black, used for 
cabinetwork, etc. [< Gr.n +P ebenos, prob. < 
Egypt, habni.] 

Ebor., abbr. [L.] Eboracum (York). 

E'bro, 11 'bro or ( Sp .) e'bro; 2 e'bro or ( Sp .) e'bro, 
n. A river in N. E. Spain; 340 m. to Mediter¬ 
ranean 

eb"ul-Ii'tion, 1 eb"u-lisih'on; 2 eb"u-lish'on, n. 
The bubbling of a liquid; boiling; violent 
agitation. [< LVc e , out, + bullio, boil.]— 
e-bul'lient, a. In a boiling condition; boiling; 
hence, enthusiastic, -ly, adv. — e-bul'lienee, n. 
e-bul'lien-cyf. 

E. C., abbr. Eastern Central (London postal dis¬ 
trict), Established Church, 
ec-, prefix. From; out of: used before many 
words beginning with a consonant. [L., < Gr. 
ek-, < ek, form of ex, out, before a consonant.] 
e"car"te', 1 e"kar"te'; 2 e’ear"te', n. [F.] A game 


of cards for two persons. 

Ec'ce Ho'ino, 1 ek'si ho'mo; 2 ec'ce ho'mo. An 
artistic representation of Christ crowned with 
thorns. [L., Behold the Man: the words used by 
Pilate, John xix, 5.] 



ec-cen'tric, 1 ek-sen'trik; 2 Sc-qen'tric 
1. Peculiar; erratic. 2. 

Notin the center; not 
having the same center; 
not a perfect circle, as 
an elliptical orbit. II. 
n. 1. Mech. A disk 
mounted out of center 
on a driving=shaft, and Eccentric, 

surrounded by a collar The disk, d, is eccentrically 
or strap connected with n , le ke - y ’ *> t0 the 

a • • ,i uc 8 t ana rotary movement of the 

a rod, giving tilG GIlGCt shaft imparts a reciprocating 
of a crank motion. movement to the connections of 

One who or that which the collar ’ c - 
is eccentric. [ < Gr. ek, out of, + kentron, cen¬ 
ter.] ec-cen'tri-calf.—ec-cen'tri-cal-ly, adv. 
—ec"cen-tric'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The 
state or quality of being eccentric; oddity. 2 . 
An eccentric, odd, or capricious act. 3. Mech. 
The distance between the centers of two eccen¬ 
tric circles or objects. ex"cen-tric'i-tyf. 

Eccl., Eccles., abbr. Ecclesiastes. —eccl., eccles., 
abbr. Ecclesiastic, ecclesiology. 

Ec-cle"si-as'tes, 1 e-kll"zi-as'tiz; 2 e-cle"§i-as'te§, 
n. A book in the Bible: ascribed to Solomon. 


ec-ele"si-as'tic, 1 e-kll"zi-as'tik; 2 e-cle"§i-as'- 
tie. I. a. Ecclesiastical. II. n. One offi¬ 
cially set apart for the service of the church. 
[< Gr. ekklesia, assembly.]— ec-cle"si-as'ti- 
cal, a. Of or pertaining to the church, -ly, adv. 
Ecclus., abbr. Ecclesiasticus. 
ech'o, 1 ek'o; 2 ee'o. I. vt. & vi. To give back 
or be given back as an echo; reproduce; imi¬ 
tate; respond. II. ». [ech'oes 2 , pi.] 1. A 
sound given back by an opposing surface and 
returned to its source. 2. Reproduction of 
another’s views or thoughts; a close imita¬ 
tion; prompt response. [L., < Gr. echo, echo.] 


l:a = final; 1 = hablt^ aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; IJ = Bing; Chin, this. 
2; wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 















eclair 

Egbert 


204 


e"clair', 1 e"klfir'; 2 e"€lar', n. [F.) A small cake 
with sweet filling and icing. 
e"clat', 1 e"kld'; 2 e"<da', n. Showiness of 
achievement; brilliancy; celebrity. [F.] 
eclec., abbr. Eclectic. 

ec-lec'tic, 1 ek-lek'tik; 2 Sc-l&c'tic. I. a. 
Selecting or made by selection; having broad 
views; liberal. ec-iec'ti-cal|. II. n. One 
who practises selection from all systems or 
sources, as in philosophy or medicine. [< Gr. 
ek, out, + lego, select.]— ec-lec'ti-cal-ly, adv.— 
ee-lec'ti-cism, n. An eclectic method or sys¬ 
tem. 

e-clipse', )1 i-klips'; 2 e-clips'. I. vt. [e- 
e-clips' p , ) clipsed'S e-clipst' 8 ; e-clips'ing.] 
To darken or 
hide by inter- ES* 
vention; cast 
into the [*J 
shade; sur- gig 
pass;obscure. 

II. n. The Eclipses of the Sun and Moon. 

obscuration «, the Bun; ml, the moon passing between 

o henvenlu the 8Un an<1 the earth (•)• and oausin ? an 
l A U U eclipse of th ® former, total in the depth of the 
body by the shadow, and partial in the shaded region; m2, 
i II t ervention the moon in position to be totally eclipsed by 

of another; ,he ® arth- 

any hiding, obscuring, or overshadowing. 

[ < Gr. L ekleipsU , < ek, out, 4- leipd, leave.] 
€-cIip'tic, 1 l-klip'tik; 2 e-clip'tic. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to eclipses or to the ecliptic. II. n. 
Astron. (1) That plane, passing through the 
center of the sun, which contains the orbit of 
the earth. (2) The apparent path of the sun 
around the celestial sphere. 
ec'log 8 , ( 1 ek'leg; 2 Sc'log, n. A short pas- 
ec'logue, J toral poem. [< Gr. ekloge, selec¬ 
tion.] 

econ., abbr. Economics, economist, economy, 
e-con 'o-iny, 1 l-ken'o-mi; 2 e-con'o-my, n. 
[-mies z , pi.] 1. Disposition to save; frugality. 
2. Cheapness of operation or production. 3. 
Practical, systematic management of the 
affairs of a household, of society, or of the 
state; as, domestic economy; political econ¬ 
omy. [< Gr.n oikonomia, < oikos, house, + 
nemo, manage.]— ec"o-nom'ic, a. 1. Relating 
to economics, to money matters, or to the means 
and methods of living well. 2. Economical.— 
ec"o-nom'i-cal, a. 1. Careful*and provident; 
frugal; prudent. 2. Economic, -ly, adv. — ec"- 
o-nom'ics, n. The science that treats of the 
production and distribution of wealth; political 
economy.— e-con'o-mlst, n. 1. One who is 
proficient in economics. 2. One who is careful 
and thrifty in management.— e-con 'o-mize or 
-niise, v. [-mized; -miz"ing.] I. 1. To use 
economically or thriftily. II. i. To be frugal or 
economical. 

ec'sta-sy, 1 ek'ste-si; 2 ec'sta-sy, n. [-sies z , 
pi.] Rapturous excitement, exaltation, or 
delusion; rapture. [< Gr. ekstasis, trance.]— 
ec-stat'Ic, a. Pertaining to or of the nature 
of ecstasy; transporting; enraptured, ec-stat'i- 
calf.—ec-stat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

E. C. U., abbr. English Church Union.—Ecua., 
abbr. Ecuador. 

Ec'ua-dor, 1 ek'wa-der; 2 Se'wa-dor, n. A repub¬ 
lic (116,000 sq. m.; pop. 1,324,000) in South 
America; capital, Quito. 

ec"u-men 'i-cal, 1 ek"yu-men'i-ksl; 2 8 e"yu- 
men'i-cal, a. Of or pertaining to the habit¬ 
able world, or to the Christian church 
throughout the world; universal. [< Gr. oikou- 


menikos, < oikoumene, whole world, < oiked, 
inhaoii 1 ec"u-meu'ict; u?c"u-ineu'Ict; oec"- 
u-meu'i-calt. 

ec'ze-ma, 1 ek'zi-ma; 2 ec'ze-ma, n. An in¬ 
flammatory disease of the skin attended by 
itching. [ < Gr. ekzema, < ek, out -I- zed, boil.] 
—ec-zem'a-tous, a. 

-ed, suffix. Termination (1) of the past tense, and 
(2) of the past participle of regular verbs and 
analogous adjectives. [(1) < AS. -ede, -ode, -ade, 
being -de, a reduced form of dyde, pret. of don, 
do, preceded by a verbal formative. (2) < AS. 
-ed, -od, -ad, an adj. and pp. suffix.] 

Ed., abbr. [Eds., pi.] Editor.— ed., edit., abbr. 
Edited, edition. 

Ed'da, 1 ed'a; 2 6d'a, n. Either of two collections 
of Icelandic literature. (1) The Elder Edda 
(1055-1132); (2) The Younger Edda (1179-1241). 
ed'dy, 1 ed'i; 2 ed'y. I. vt. & vi. [ed'diep; 
ed'dy-ing.] To move, or cause to move, in 
or as in an eddy. II. n. [ed'dies 2 , pi.] A 
circling current, as of water; a turning aside; 
diversion. [ < Ice. idha, < idh-, back.] 
e'del-welss, 1 e'del-vais; 2 e'd£l-vls, n. [G.] A 
small perennial Alpine herb of the aster family. 
E'den, 1 i'dn; 2 e'dn, n. The garden that was 
the first home of Adam and Eve; any delight¬ 
ful region or abode; paradise. [< Heb. LL 'eden, 
pleasure.] 

e-den 'tate, 1 I-den'tet; 2 e-dgn'tat. I. o. 
Toothless. II. n. A toothless animal, as a 
sloth. [< L. e, out, + den(,t-)s, tooth.] 
edge, 1 ej; 2 edg. I. vt. & vi. [edged; edg'ing.] 

1. To sharpen; incite. 2. To draw or move 
sidewise; sidle. II. n. 1. The thin, sharp 
cutting part of a blade; sharpness; acuteness. 

2. A border; margin. [< AS. ecg.] — edg'ing, n. 

1. Anything serving as or attached to an edge. 

2. The dressing or ornamenting of edges.— 
edge 'wise. I. a. Having the edge directed 
forward. II. adv. With the edge forward; in 
the direction of the edge, edge'ways f. 

Edge'hill, 1 ej'hil; 2 Mg'hil, n. A ridge in S. 
Warwickshire, England; first battle of the En¬ 
glish Civil War, 1642. 

cd'i-bl(e p , 1 ed'i-bl; 2 Sd'i-bl. I. a. That may 
be eaten; fit to eat. II. n. Something suit¬ 
able for food. [< L. LL edo, eat.]— ed"i-bil'i-ty, 
n.— ed'i-ble-ness, n. 

e'dict, 1 I'dikt; 2 e'dlct, n. A proclamation of 
command or prohibition; an ordinance; a 
decree. [OF., < L. e, out, -f dico, say.] 
ed'i-fiee, / 1 ed'i-fis; 2 6 d'i-ffg, n. An impor¬ 
t'd'i-fis M , s tant structure; a building. [< L. F 

aedes, building, + facto, make.] 
ed'i-fy, 1 ed'i-fai; 2 ed'i-fy, vt. & vi. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] To build up, as in morals or relig¬ 
ion; improve. [< L. p sediflco; see edifice.]— 
ed"l-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of edifying, or the 
state of being edified; instruction or enlighten¬ 
ment.— ed 'i-fi"er, n.— ed 'i-fy"ing, pa. -ly, adv. 
Edlti., abbr. Edinburgh. 

Ed'in-burgh, 1 ed'in-bur-o; 2 M'in-bur-o, n. A 
university city (pop. 420,281), capital of Scot¬ 
land.— Edinburgh University, one of the cen¬ 
ters of British learning; chartered, 1582. — Ed'- 
in-burgh-shire, n. A county in E. Lowlands, 
Scotland. 

Ed'i-son, 1 ed'i-san; 2 ed'i-son, Thomas Alva 
(1847- ). An American investigator and in¬ 
ventor in the field of electricity: invented the 
incandescent light, klnetoscope, phonograph, etc. 
ed'it <J , 1 ed'it; 2 Sd'it, vt. To prepare for pub¬ 
lication; compile; emend; arrange. [< L. 
editus, pp. of edo, give out.]— e-dl'tlon, n. A 
special issue of a literary work; also, the number 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule: but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh^t, ad; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 













205 


€clair 

Egbert 


of copies issued at one time.— ed'I-tor, n. One 
who edits; one having charge of a publication. 
— ed"i-to'ri-al. I. a. Of or pertaining to or 
emanating from an editor. II. n. An editorial 
article.— ed'i-tor-sliip, n. The office and duties 
of an editor. 

Ed'niund, 1 ed'mund; 2 6d'mund, n. 1. Saint 
(841-870), king of East Anglia; martyred by 
Danes. 2. E. II., “Ironside” (981-1016), king 
of England. 

E'dom, 1 I'dam; 2 e'dom, n. 1. Later name of 
Esau (Gen. xxv, 30). 2. Idumaea, a region S. of 
Moab (Num. xx, 14-21).— E'dom-lte, n. A de¬ 
scendant of Esau, or an inhabitant of Edom.— 

E'dom-!t"ish, a. 

E. D. S., abbr. English Dialect Society, 
ed'u-cate, 1 ej'u-[or ed'yu-]ket; 2 ej'u-[or ed'- 
yu-]cat, vt. [-CAT"ED d ; -catling.] To teach 
and discipline, so as to develop the natural 
powers; train; instruct. [< L. educalus, pp., < 
e, out, + duco, lead.]— ed"u-ca'tion, n. The 
systematic development and cultivation of the 
natural powers, by inculcation, example, etc.; 
instruction and training,— ed"u-ca'tion-al, a. 
Of or pertaining to education. -Iy, adv. — ed'u- 
ca-tiv(e 8 , a.— ed'u-ca"tor, n. A teacher, 
e-duce', 1 l-dius'; 2 e-duc', vt. [e-duced' 4 ; e- 
duc'ing.] To call forth; draw out; deduce; 
evoke. [< L. e, out, + duco, lead.l— e-duc'- 
tiv(e s , a.— e-duc'tion, n. 

Ed'ward, 1 ed'wsrd; 2 ed'ward, n. 1. One of 
various sovereigns of England, notably: (1) E. 
“the Confessor” (1004-1066); (2) E. III. (1330- 
1377); defeated Scots and French. (3) E. VII. 
(1841-1910), “The Peace Maker”; formed Triple 
Entente. 2. E. the Black Prince (1330-1376), 
son of E. III.; victor at Poitiers. 

Ed'win, 1 ed'win; 2 ed'win, n. (583-633.) King 
of Northumbria; accepted Christianity. 

E. E., abbr. Early English, Electrical Engineer, 
Ells English, errors excepted.— E. E. & M. P., 
abbr. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni¬ 
potentiary. 

eel, 1 U; 2 el, n. A fish without ventral fins and 
of elongated snake=like form. [ < AS. set.] 
e’en, adv. Same as even: a contraction, 
e’er, 1 ar; 2 er, adv. Same as ever: a contraction. 
E. E. T. S., abbr. Early English Text Society, 
ef-face', 1 e-fes'; 2 6 -fas', vt. [ef-faced'*; ef¬ 
facing.] To obliterate, as written char¬ 
acters; wipe out; cancel. [< F. effacer, < ef-, 
out, 4 - face, face.]— ef-face'ment, n. 
ef-fect', 1 e-fekt'; 2 6 -fect'. I d . vt. To bring 
about; bring to an issue or to full success; 
cause; produce; achieve; accomplish. II. n. 
1. A result or product; a consequence. 2. 
Practical efficiency. 3. The substance of a 
statement; gist. 4. Active operation; execu¬ 
tion. 5. Fact or reality: following in. 6 . pi. 
Movable goods. [ < L. effectus, pp. of efflcio, < 
ex, out, + facto, do.]— ef-fec'tiv(e 8 . I. a. 
Producing, or adapted to produce, an effect; 
efficient. II. n. One fit for duty or service, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n.— ef-fec'tu-al, a. Producing 
or capable of producing an effect; efficacious, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n.— ef-fec'tu-ate, vt. [-at"- 
ed; -at"ing.] To make effectual: effect, 
ef-fein'i-nate, 1 e-fem'i-net; 2 e-f 6 m'i-nat. I. 
vt. & vi. [-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To make or 
become womanish or unmanly; weaken. II. 
a. Womanish; unmanly. [< L. ex, out, 4- 
femina, woman.] -ly, adv. -ness, n .— ef-fem '- 
i-na-cy, n. The quality of being effeminate; 
womanishness. [spect; sir or Mr. [Turk.] 

cf-fen'dl, 1 e-fen'dr, 2 6 -f 6 n'di, n. A title of re¬ 
ef"fer-vesce', 1 ef"ar-ves'; 2 6 f"er-v 6 s', vi. 


-vesced' 1 ; -vesc'ing.] 1. To give off bub¬ 
bles of gas; come away in bubbles, as gas; 
imbble. 2. To give way to irrepressible feel¬ 
ing. [< L. ex, out, 4- fervesco, < ferveo, boil.] 
—ef"fer-ves'cence, n. The bubbling of a liquid 
from escaping gas; irrepressible excitement or 
emotion. ef"fer-ves'ceu-cyj. — ef"fer-ves'- 
cent, a. Effervescing. 

ef-fete', 1 e-flt'; 2 e-fet', a. Worn out; ex¬ 
hausted; barren. [< L. ex, out, 4- fetus, pro¬ 
ducing.] 

ef"fi-ca'cious, 1 ef"i-ke'^hus; 2 ef"i-ca'shus, a. 
Having efficacy. [ < L. efficax, < efflcio, effect.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. — ef'fl-ca-cy, n. Power to 
produce an effect; effective energy, 
ef-fi'cient, 1 e-fi^h'ent; 2 6-fish'6nt, o. 1. Act¬ 
ing, or having power to act, effectually; com¬ 
petent. 2. Productive of effects; causative. 
[< L. efflcien(t-)s, ppr. of efflcio; see effect.] — 
ef-fi'cien-cy, n. The character of being effi¬ 
cient; effectiveness.— ef-fi'cient-ly, adv. 
ef'fi-gy, 1 ef'i-ji; 2 ef'i-gy, n. [-gies z , pi.] A 
picture or a stuffed figure representing some 
person. [ < L. effigies, < ex, out, 4- flngo, form.] 
ef"flo-resce', 1 ef"lo-res'; 2 ef"lo-res', vi. 
[-resced'; -resc'ing.] 1. To blossom. 2. To 
become powdery. [< L. ex- intens. 4- floreo, 
blossom.]— ef"flo-res'cence, n. ef"flo-res'- 
cen-cyf.—eP'flo-res'cent, a. 
ef'flu-ence, 1 ef'lu-ens; 2 6f'lu-6nc, n. A 
flowing out; emanation. [< L. ex, out, 4- fluo, 
flow.] ef'flu-en-cyf.—ef'flu-ent, a. & n. 
ef-flu'vi-um, 1 e-flu'vi-um; 2 6-fly'vi-um, n. 
[-vi-a, pi.] An invisible emanation, as from de¬ 
caying matter. [L.]— ef-flu'vi-al, a. ef-flu'- 
vi-ousf. 

ef'flux, 1 ef'luks; 2 6 f'luks, n. An outflow; 
effluence; emanation. [< L. effluxus, pp. of 
effluo, < ex, out, 4 - fluo, from.] 
ef'fort, 1 ef'art; 2 effort, n. 1. A voluntary 
exertion of power; strenuous endeavor; at¬ 
tempt. 2. An achievement. [F., < efforcer, < 
L. ex, out, 4- fortis, strong.] 
ef-front'er-y, ) 1 e-frunt'ar-i; 2 6 -front'er-y, 
ef-frunt'er-y p , ) n. Insolent assurance; audac¬ 
ity; impudence. [ < L. F ex, out, 4- fron(t-)s, 
forehead.] 

ef-ful'gence, 1 e-ful'jens; 2 6 -ful'g 6 n?, n. A 
shining forth brilliantly; beaming brightness; 
splendor. [< L. ex, forth, 4- fulgeo, shine.]— 
ef-ful'gent, a.—ef-ful'gent-ly, adv. 
ef-fuse', ) 1 e-fiuz'; 2 6 -fu§', v. [ef-ftised'; 
ef-fuze' p , ) ef-fus'ing.] I. t. To pour forth; 
shed. II. i. To emanate. [< L. ex, out, 4- 
fundo, pour.]—ef-fuse', a. Widely or loosely 
spreading. 

ef-fu'sion, 1 e-fiu' 38 n; 2 6-fu'zhon, n. 1. The 
act or process of pouring forth, or that which 
is poured forth. 2. An outpouring, as of 
fancy or sentiment: applied ironically to 
literary compositions. 3. Sentimental dem¬ 
onstration. 4. The pouring out of the blood 
or other fluid, as into the cellular tissue. [ < L. 
effusio(n-), < effusus; see effuse, r.] 
ef-fu'siv(e s , 1 e-fiu'siv; 2 6-fu'siv, a. 1. Over¬ 
flowing with sentiment; demonstrative; gush¬ 
ing. 2. Pouring forth; shedding abroad: with of. 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. [French. 

E. FI., abbr. Ells Flemish.—E. Fr., abbr. Ells 
eft, 1 eft; 2 6ft, n. I. A newt. 2. A small lizard. 
[< AS .efete.) effj. 

Eg., Egy., abbr. Egypt, Egyptian, Egyptology.— 
e. g., ex. gr., abbr. [L.] Exempli gratia (for the 
sake of example; for instance). 

Eg'bert, 1 eg'bart; 2 6 g'bert, n. King of Wessex 


1*3 = final; inhabit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; ri = sin#; fhin, this, 
?: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this, 










egg 

element 


206 


(802-839); conquered most of England and 
Wales; called first “King of the English.” 
egg, )1 eg; 2 eg, vt. To instigate or incite; 


y* iiliTrffT 



c/i, chala/.oc; am, shell-membrane; 
a, shell; a.e/i, air-chamber. 


eg s , jurge: commonly- 
followed by on. [ < 

Ice. eggja; see edge, ».] 
egg, n. A body contain¬ 
ing the germ and food 3 
yolk, as of birds, rep¬ 
tiles, or fishes, enclosed 
in a membranous or 

SfUy COV A a 1 :n I; 1 ^ < Longitudinal Section 
Ice. egg, = AS. «?.] f H 

e'gis, 1 i'jis; 2 e'gis, n. of ^ , en . ® h ‘ ee ' .. 

* r i a y, germinal vesicle; yellow 

[Classic lorm iEGIS.J. A food-yolk; wy t white yolk (the 
shield Or defensive concentric white lines in the yel- 
armor, as the mantle ?° lk are ° f , the “ me Bub - 

i • 6tance); um. yolk-membrane; a. 
of Minerva, bearing albumen or white of the egg; ch , 
the Gorgon’s head; 
any protecting in¬ 
fluence or power. [ < Gr. L aigls.] 
eg'lan-tine, 1 eg'lan-tain; 2 Sg'lan-tin, n. A 
plant of either of two species of the genus Rosa, 
known as the sweetbrier, or the dogrose. [F.j 
1 eg'o or i'go; 2 eg'o or e'go, n. Self, con¬ 
sidered as the seat of consciousness. [L.] — 
eg'o-ism, n. Ethics. The theory that places 
the supreme end of human conduct in self: op¬ 
posed to altruism. — eg'o-ist, n. — eg"o-is'tic, 
a. eg"o-is'ti-calt.—eg"o-is'ti-cal-ly, adv. — 
eg'o-tism, n. The habit of thinking and talk¬ 
ing much of oneself; self=conceit.— eg'o-tist, n. 
One characterized by egotism.— eg"o-tis'tic, a. 
Characterized by or proceeding from egotism. 
eg"o-tis'ti-caIf. 

e-gre'gious, 1 1 -grT'jus; 2 e-gre'gus, a. Sur¬ 
passing; excessive: usually in a bad sense. 
[< L. e, out, + grex ( greg -), flock.] -ly, adv. 


eg'o. 


-ness, n. 

e'gress, 1 I'gres; 2 e'gr8s, n. A going out; 
place of exit. [< L. e, out, + gradior, go.] 
e-gres'sionf. 

e'gret, 1 i'gret or eg'ret; 2 e'grSt or Sg'rSt, n. 
A white heron, or a 
plume or tuft of its 
feathers. [< F. aigrette, 

< OHG. heigir, heron.] 
ei'grettet. 

E'gypt, 1 I'jipt; 2 e'gypt, 
n. A country (400,000 
sq. m., 12,013 cultivated; 
pop. 12,750,000) of N. 

E. Africa; declared Brit¬ 
ish protectorate Dec. 17, 

1914. 

E-gyp'tian, l l-jip'^lian; 

2 e-g^p'shan. I .a. Of 
or pertaining to Egypt. Great White Egret. 
II. n. 1. A native or /* 2 

naturalized inhabitant of Egypt. 2. The 
language of Egypt. 

eh, 1 e or e; 2 e ore, interj. What: an interrog¬ 
ative ejaculation. 

Eh"ren-breit 'stein, 1 e'Ten-brait'Obtain; 2 e"r6n- 
brit'shtin, n. German fortress, E. bank of 
Rhine, opposite Coblenz: razed under terms of 
Treaty of Versailles, 1919. 

ei'der, 1 ai'dar; 2 I'der, n. A large sea*duck 
of northern regions. [< Ice. sedhr.] ei'der* 
duek"f.—ei'der *down", n. The down of the 
eider, valuable for stuffing pillows, coverlets, etc. 

E. I.. E. Ind.. abbr. East India, East Indies. 

eight, 1 et; 2 et. I. a. Consisting of one more 
than seven. II. n. The sum of seven and 



one; eight units or single objects. [< AS. 
eahta, = Goth, ahtau.]— eighth. I. a. 1. Next 
in order after the seventh. 2. Being one of eight 
equal parts. II. n. One of eight equal parts.— 
eighth 'ly, adv. 

eight"een', 1 et"m'; 2 et'en'. I. a. Consisting 
of eight more than ten. II. n. The sum of 
ten and eight. [ < AS. eahta, eight, + teon, ten.] 
—eighteenth'. I. a. Eighth in order after 
the tenth. II. n. One of eighteen equal parts.— 
eighteenth'ly, adv. 

eight'y, 1 et'i; 2 et'y. I. a. Consisting of ten 
more than seventy. II. n. Eight times ten. 
—eight'i-eth. I. a. 1. Tenth in order after the 
seventieth. 2. Being one of eighty equal parts. 
II. n. One of eighty equal parts, -ly, adv. 
ei'tlier, 1 i'thar or ai'thar; 2 e'ther or I'ther. 
I. a. 1. One or the other of two, indetermi¬ 
nately or indifferently. 2. Each of two; one 
and the other; as, on either side. II. pron. 
One of two; one or the other. III. conj. In 
one of two or more cases, indeterminately or 
indifferently. [ < AS. xgther.] 
e-jac'u-late, 1 1 -jak'yu-let; 2 e-jac'yu-lat, vt. & 
vi. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To utter or ex¬ 
claim suddenly. [< L. e, out, + jaculor, throw.] 
—e-jac"u-la'tion, n. The uttering of brief 
sudden exclamations; an exclamation.—e-jac'- 
u-la-to-ry, a. 

e-ject' d , 1 i-jekt'; 2 e-jSct', vt. To throw or 
drive out by sudden force; expel; dispossess. 
[< L. e, out, -f jacio, throw.]— e-jcc'tion, n. 
1. The act of ejecting; expulsion. 2. Matter 
ejected.— e-jec'tiv(e s , a. -ly, adv .— e-ject'- 
ment, n. A casting out; eviction.— e-jec'tor, n. 
ejusd., abbr. [L.] Ejusdem (of the same), 
eke, 1 Ik; 2 ek, vt. [eked 1 ; ek'ing.] To in¬ 
crease till barely sufficient; piece out: fol¬ 
lowed by out. [AS. ecan, yean, caus. of *eacan, 
increase.] 

eke||, adv. & conj. Likewise; also. [< AS. eac.] 
e-lab'o-rate, 1 l-lab'o-ret; 2 e-lab'o-rat. I. vt. 
[-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] To develop and com¬ 
plete by thorough and careful work. II. a. 
Developed with thoroughness or exactness. 
[< L. e, out, + laboro, labor.] -ly, adv. -ness, 
n. —e-lab"o-ra'tion, n. The act of elaborating; 
that which is elaborated.—e-lab'o-ra-tiv(e 9 , a. 
E-laine', 1 i-len'; 2 e-lan', n. “The lily maid of 
Astolat” (Tennyson’s Lancelot and Elaine). 
e"lan', 1 e"lan'; 2 e'’lah', n. A brilliant or impetu¬ 
ous rush; ardor; dash. [F.] 
e-laps(e' p , 1 i-laps'; 2 e-lips', vi. [e-lapsed' 1 , 
e-lapst' s ; e-laps'ing.] To glide or slip by; 
pass away: said of time. [< L. elapsus, < e, 
from. + labor, glide.] 

e-las'tie, 1 l-las'txk; 2 e-lis'tie. I. a. 1. Spon¬ 
taneously returning to a former size, shape, 
or attitude after being moved from it; 
springy; accommodating. 2. Capable of 
quick recovery, as from misfortune or depres¬ 
sion; buoyant. II. n. A strip, cord, or 
band of elastic material. [< Gr. elaund ( ela -), 
drive.] — e-las 'ti-cai-ly, adv. — el"as-tic'i-ty, 
n. The property or quality of being elastic. 
e-Iate', 1 i-let'; 2 e-lat'. I. vt. [E-LAT'ED d ; e- 
lat'ing.] To raise the spirits of; excite; puff 
up. II. a. Exalted or triumphant; exultant. 
[< L. ex, out, + latus, borne.]—e-Iat'ed-ly, 
adv.— e-lat'ed-ness, n.—e-la'tion, n. A jubi¬ 
lant state of mind; exaltation. 

El'ba, 1 el'ba; 2 el'ba. n. Island off Tuscan coast, 
Italy; place of Napoleon’s first exile, 1814-1815. 
Elbe, I elb or el'ba; 2 61b or 61'be, n. A river of 
Germany, 550 m. to North Sea. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn. 









egg 

element 


20 ? 



Red*berried Elder. 

a, the flower, enlarged. 


el'bow, 1 el'bo; 2 el'bo. I. vt. & vi. To push 
with the elbows; jostle; hustle. II. n. The 
joint at the bend of the arm, or any outward 
bend resembling it. [ < AS. elboga.] 

El Ca-ney', 1 el ka-ne'; 2 el ea-ne'. Suburb of 
Santiago, Cuba; taken by U. S. troops, July 1, 
1898. 

eld, 1 eld; 2 eld, n. [Archaic & Poet.] Old 
times; antiquity; old age. [< AS. seldu, yldu, 
age.] 

eld'er, 1 eld'ar; 2 eld'er, a., compar. of old. 
Having lived longer; senior; older. [ < AS. 
eldra, elder.]— eld'er-ly, a. Somewhat old.— 
eld'est, a., superl. of old. First-born; oldest, 
eld 'er 1 , n. A prince or head of a tribe or family; 
a church officer or minister; an older or aged 
person.— eld'er-sliip, n. 1. The office or dig¬ 
nity of an elder. 2. A presbytery. 
el'der 2 , 1 el'dar; 2 81'der, n. A shrub, with 
white flowers and 
purple-black or red 
berries. [ < AS. 
ellen.] — el'der- 
ber"ry, n. [-ries z , 
pi.] The fruit of the 
common elder. 

El Do-ra'do, ) 1 el 
El"do-ra'do, jd o - 
ra'do; 2 81 do-ra'-- 
do, n. Any region 
rich in gold or op¬ 
portunity; a gold¬ 
en opportunity. 

[Sp., the golden.] 

El 'e-a-nor, 1 el'i-a- 
ner; 2 el'e-a-nor, n. 

1. E. of Aquitaine 
(1122-1204), divorced from Louis VII. of France; 

•married Henry II. of England. 2. E. of Castile 
(1244-1290), wife of Edward I. of England. See 
Charing Cross. 

elec., elect., abbr. Electrical, electricity, 
e-lect', 1 i-lekt'; 2 e-lect'. I d . vt. To choose 
for an office by vote; select; choose; appoint 
to salvation. II. a. 1. Elected to office, but 
not yet in charge. 2. Theol. Chosen of God 
for salvation; of saintly or divine character. 
III. n. 1. A person, or body of persons, cho¬ 
sen of God for salvation or for special service. 

2. One who is favored or preferred. [ < L. 
electus, pp. of eligo, < e, out, + lego, choose.] 

e-lec'tion, 1 i-lek'£han; 2 e-lee'shon, n. 1. 
The selecting of a person or persons for office, 
as by ballot. 2. [U. S.] A popular vote on 
any question. 3. A choice. 4. Theol. (1) 
The sovereign choice of God. (2) Those 
elected to salvation, collectively.— e-Iec"tion- 
eer', vi. To endeavor to win an election; can¬ 
vass for votes. 

e-lec'tiv(es, 1 l-lek'tiv; 2 e-lec'tiv, a. 1. Of or 
pertaining to a choice by vote; obtained or 
bestowed by election. 2. Exerting the priv¬ 
ilege of choice. 3. Subject to choice; optional, 
-ly, adv. 

e-lec'tor, 1 l-lek'tar; 2 e-lec'tor, n. 1. One 
who elects; a person qualified to vote at an 
election. 2. Formerly, one of the great 
princes of Germany.— e-lec'tor-al, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to, composed of, or holding rank as electors, 
-e-lec'to-rate, n. Those who elect; the mass 
of voters. 

e-lec-tric'i-ty, 1 i-lek-tris'i-ti; 2 e-lec-tns'i-ty, 
n. A material agency which, when in mo¬ 
tion (dynamic electricity), exhibits magnet¬ 


ic, chemical, and thermal effects, and, when in 
motion or at rest (static electricity) , is ac¬ 
companied by an interplay of forces between 
associated localities in which it is present. 
[< L. electrum, < Gr. elektron, amber.] —e-Iec'- 
tric, a. 1. Relating to, derived from, produced, 
or operated by electricity. 2. Containing, pro¬ 
ducing, or carrying electricity. 3. Spirited; mag¬ 
netic; thrilling. e-Iec'tri-calf.—e-lec'tri-cal- 
ly, adv. — e-Iec-tri'cian, n. 1. One versed in the 
science of electricity. 2. An inventor, maker, or 
repairer of electrical apparatus.— e-lec'tri- 
cute, vt. To put to death by electricity, e-lec'- 
tro-cutef.—e-lec"tri-[or -tro-]cu'tion, n. 

e-lec 'tri-fy, 1 i-lek'tri-fai; 2 e-lec'tri-fy, v. 
[-pied; -fy"ing.] I. t. 1. To act upon or 
charge with electricity, e-lec 'trizet. 2. 
To arouse; startle; thrill. II. i To become 
electric. —e-lec"tri-fi-ca'tion, n. The process 
of electrifying, or the state of being electrified. 

e-lec'tro-, 1 l-lek'tro-; 2 e-lec'tro-. From Gr. elek¬ 
tron, amber: a combining form meaning electric. — 
e-lec'tro-cute, etc. See electricute. — e-lec '- 
trode, n. Either of the two poles of an electric 
battery or dynamo.— e-Iec"tro-dy-nam'ics, n. 
The branch of physics treating of electric cur¬ 
rents, induction, etc.— e-lec-trol'y-sis, n. De¬ 
composition of a chemical compound by an elec¬ 
tric current.— e-lec"tro-lyt'ic, a. Relating to 
electrolysis. e-lec"tro-lyt'i-calf. — e-lec"tro- 
mag'net, n. A core of soft iron or the like, 
which temporarily becomes a magnet during the 
passage of an electric current through a coil of 
wire surrounding it.— e-lec"tro-mag-net'lc, a. 
— e-lec"tro-mag'net-ism, n. Magnetism de¬ 
veloped by electricity.— e-lec-trom'e-ter, n. 
An instrument for measuring an electric current. 
— e-lec'tro-mo"tiv(e s , a. Relating to electric¬ 
ity in motion, as electromotive force. — e-lec '- 
tron, n. The smallest known component of 
matter; always possessing a negative electric 
charge.— e-lec'tro-plate, vt. To coat with 
metal, as silver or gold, by electric means.— 
e-lec'tro-plate, n. An electroplated article.— 
e-lec 'tro-scope, n. An instrument for detecting 
the presence of electricity.— e-lec"tro-scop'ic, 
a. — e-lec 'tro-type, n. A metallic copy of any 
surface, as a coin, made by electric deposition, 
especially one of a page of type or the like for 
printing.— e-lec'tro-type, vt. 

eI"e-e-mos 'y-na-ry, 1 el"i-i-mes'i-ne-ri; 2 el"e- 
e-mos'y-na-ry. I. a. Of, pertaining to, or 
dependent on charity or alms; charitable. 
II. n. [-ries z , pi.] A recipient of charity. 

[ < Gr. eleemosyne, alms.] 

el'e-gant, 1 el'i-gant; 2 el'e-gant, a. Marked 
by refinement, grace, or symmetry; possessing 
or exhibiting refined taste. [OF., < L. elegan(t-)s, 
'< eligo; see elect.] -ly, adv. —el'e-gance, n. 
1. The state or quality of being elegant or re¬ 
fined. 2. Anything elegant, el'e-gan-cyf. 

[-CIES 2 , pi .] 

el'e-gy, 1 el'i-ji; 2 el'e-gy, n. [-gies z , pi.] A 
funeral song; a meditative poem with sorrow¬ 
ful theme. [< Gr. elegeia, < elegos, mourning 
song.] —el-e'gi-ac, a. Pertaining to elegies; of 
the nature of an elegy; sad; plaintive. el"e- 
gi'a-calf.—el'e-gist, n. A writer of elegies, 
e-le'gi-astf. 

elem., abbr. Elementary. 

el'e-ment, 1 el'i-ment or -mant; 2 el'e-ment, n. 
1. A component or essential part; a constitu¬ 
ent; ingredient. 2. pi. Rudiments. 3. pi. 
The bread and wine of the Lord’s Supper. 
4. Anciently, one of the substances—earth, 
air, fire, and water—supposed to make up alL 


1:8 = final; l = hablG aisle; au = out; eil; iu = feud; tfhin; go; I) = sin^; thin, this, 
2:w^lf, djj; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this, 








•elephant 

embody 


208 



things: still in popular use; as, the fury of the 
elements. 5. The natural sphere or environ¬ 
ment. 6. Chem. A form of matter which 
can not be decomposed by any means known 
to science. [< 1». elemenlum, first principle.]— 
el"e-men'tal, a. Relating to an element; pro¬ 
duced by the great forces of nature; rudimen¬ 
tary. -ly, adv .— el"e-men 'ta-ry , a. Pertain¬ 
ing to an element or elements, in any sense. 


el'i-fant; 
ar ge 


•el'e-phant,) 1 
■el'e-fant p , (L 

mammal of Africa 
and Asia, having 
a flexible probos¬ 
cis and the upper 
incisors developed 
as tusks. [< Gr. 
elephas, < Heb. 
eleph, ox.]— el"e- 
phan'tine, a. Of 
or pertaining to an 
elephant; enor¬ 
mous; unwieldy. 
El"eu-sin'i-a, 1 el*- 


el 


fant, 


n. 


Asiatic Elephant. Vioo 


yu-sin'i-a; 2 fePyu-sin'i-a, n. pi. The Athenian 
festival and mysteries in honor of Demeter 
and Persephone, at Eleusis, near Athens. [Gr.] 
Eleusinian mysteriesf.—El"eu-sin'I-an, a. 
el'e-vate, 1 el':-vet; 2 61'e-vat, vt. [-vat /, ed <1 ; 
-vat"ing.] 1 . To raise from a lower to a 
higher place, rank, or character; promote; 
exalt. 2. To raise the spirits of; cheer; in¬ 
spire. [< L. e, out, + levo, lighten.]— el"e-va'- 
tion, n. 1. The act of elevating; exaltation. 2. 
An elevated place. 3. The front view of a 
building or the like.— eI'e-va"tor, n. 1. One 
who or that which elevates; a hoisting mechanism 
for grain, or a warehouse where grain is elevated 
and distributed; also, a movable platform or cage 
in a building, for carrying freight or passengers 
up or down. 2. Aeronaut. In flying«machines, a 
plane by the tilting or dipping of which the as¬ 
cent or descent of a machine is regulated. 
«-lev'en, 1 l-lev'n; 2 e-16v'n. I. a. Consisting 


of one more than ten. II. n. 1. The sum of 
ten and one. 2. A team or side of eleven 
players in cricket or football. [ < AS. endleofan.] 
—e-lev'enth. I. a. 1. Next in order after the 
tenth. 2. Being one of eleven equal parts. II. n. 
One of eleven equal parts. 

elf, 1 elf; 2 61f, n. [elves, pi.] A dwarfish, 
mischievous sprite; a dwarf. [< AS. self ]— 
elf'in. I. a. Relating or belonging to elves. 
II. n. 1. An elf. 2. A sportive child.— elf'lsta, 
a. Relating to elves; mischievous, -ly, adv. 


a D6SS 71. 

El'gin 1 ,’ 1 el'gin: 2 61'gin. Earl of (1777-1841). 
Thomas Bruce, a British diplomat; collected 
the “Elgin Marbles,” a collection of Greek 
sculptures, now in the British Museum. 

El'gin 2 , 1 erjin; 2 61'gin, n. A manufacturing city 
(pop. 26,000) in Illinois. 

E'li-a, 1 I'li-a; 2 e'li-a, n. Pen«name of Charles 
Lamb in London Magazine. 
e-lic'it d , 1 l-lis'it; 2 e-llc'it, vt. To draw out 
or forth, as by some attraction or inducement. 
[ < L. elicitus, < e, out, lacio, allure.] 
•e-lide', 1 i-laid'; 2 e-lid', vt. [e-lid'ed < j ; e-lid'- 
ing.] To omit. [< L. e, out, + Ixdo, strike.] 
el'l-gi-bl(e p , 1 el'i-ji-bl; 2 61'i-gi-bl, a. Capable 
of being chosen or elected; worthy of accep¬ 
tance. [OF., < L. eltgo; see elect.]— el"i-gl- 
bll'l-ty, n. el'i-gi-ble-nesst. — el'l-gi-bly, 
adv. 

E-ll'jah, 1 l-lai'ja; 2 e-ll'ja, n. A Hebrew prophet 
in time of Ahab, 900 B. C. E-ll'asf. 


e-lim'i-nate, 1 l-lim'i-net; 2 e-lim'i-nat, vt. 
[-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] 1. To remove, espe¬ 
cially as injurious or superfluous; eject; sep¬ 
arate and expel. 2. To remove (an unknown 
quantity) from a system of algebraic equa¬ 
tions. [< L. e, out, + limen, threshold.]— 
e-lim"l-na'tlon, n. 

El'I-ot, 1 el'i-at; 2 el'i-ot, n. 1. Charles William 
(1834- ), an American educator; president of 

Harvard University, 1869-1909. 2. George, 

pemname of Mary Evans Cross (1819-1880), an 
English novelist. 3. John (1604-1690), Amer¬ 
ican “Apostle to the Indians.” 

E-li'sha, 1 l-lai'gha; 2 e-ll'sha, n. A Hebrew 
prophet; successor of Elijah. [eliding, 

c-ii'sion, 1 l-lij'an; 2 e-lizh'on, n. The act of 
e"lite', 1 e*llt'; 2 6"li't', n. The choicest part, as of 
a society, army, etc.; the pick; flower. [F.] 
e-Iix'ir, 1 l-liks'ar; 2 e-llks'ir, n. A sweetened 
alcoholic medicinal preparation; a cordial. 
[OF., < Ar. el, the; ilsir, philosopher’s stone.] 
EIlz., abbr. Elizabeth, Elizabethan. 

E-liz'a-beth, 1 i-liz'a-beth; 2 e-llz'a-b6th, n. 1. 
(1533-1603.) Queen of England (1558-1603). 
E-lls'a-bethJ. 2. E. of Kou mania (1843-1916). 
Consort of Charles I; queen from 1877; author: 
pen name Carmen Sylva. 3. A manufacturing 
city (pop. 73,000) in N. E. New Jersey.—E-Hz'- 
a-beth-an, a. 

elk, 1 elk; 2 61k, n. A large deer of northern 
forests, with palmated antlers. [ < Ice. elgr.] 

ell, 1 el; 2 61, n. A measure of length now rare¬ 
ly used: in England, 45 inches. [< AS. eln.] 

el-lips(e p , 1 e-lips'; 2 6-llps', n. A plane curve 
such that the sum of the 
distances from any point 
of the curve to two fixed 
points, called foci, is al¬ 
ways the same; an oval. 

[ < L. ellipsis.] 

el-lip'sis, 1 e-lip'sis; 2 6- 

llp'sis, n. [-ses z , pi.] The Ellipse, 

omission of a word or /, g , fooi; pf + Pg , 
words necessary to com- constant, 

plete a sentence. [L„ < Gr. elleipsis, < en, In, 
+ leipd, leave.] 

el-lip'tic, )1 e-lip'tik, -ti-kal; 2 6-lIp'tic, 
el-lip'ti-cal, ) -ti-eal, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, 
or shaped like an ellipse; oblong with rounded 
ends. 2. Gram. Characterized by ellipsis; 
shortened. -cal-Iy, adv. —el"llp-tlc'i-ty, n. 

elm, 1 elm; 2 61m, n. A shade*tree with a 
broad, spreading, or overarching top. See 

Ti7*ATr r AQ film 1 

el"o-cu'tion, i el"o-kiu'^hen; 2 61"o-cu'shon, 
n. 1. The art of correct intonation, inflection, 
and gesture in public speaking or reading. 2. 
Manner of utterance. [< L. e, out, + locutus, 
pp. of loquor, speak.]— el"o-eu'tion-a-ry, a .— 
el"o-cu'tlon-lst, n. One who Is skilled in or 
teaches elocution. 

E. Ion., E. long., abbr. East longitude, 
e-lon'gate, 1 l-lorj'get; 2 e-lon'gat, vt. & vi. 
[-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] To make or grow 
longer.— e-lon"ga'tion, n. The act of elon¬ 
gating, or the state of being elongated; an ex¬ 
tension. 

e-lope', 1 i-l5p'; 2 e-lop', vi. [e-loped' 1 ; e-lop'- 
ing.] To run away from home with a lover or 
paramour. [ < D. ont-, away, + loopen, run.]— 
e-lope'ment, n. — e-lop'er, n. 
el'o-quent, 1 el'o-kwent; 2 61'o-kw6nt, a. 
Possessed of or manifesting eloquence; per¬ 
suasive; convincing; expressive of emotion. 
[< L. e, out, + loquor, speak.] -ly, adv.—e I'o- 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fSre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; net, ©r; full, rQle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 










209 


elephant 

embody 


quence, n. 1. Lofty, impassioned, and con¬ 
vincing utterance. 2. The quality of being elo¬ 
quent, moving, or persuasive. 

El Pa'so del Nor'te, 1 el pa'so del nor'te; 2 61 
pa'so d61 nor'te. A canon of the Rio Grande. W. 
Texas; also, a Mexican district S. of the river. 

El'sasssLoth'ring-en, n. [G.] Same as Alasce» 
Lorraine. 

else, 1 els; 2 els, adv. In addition to, or in the 
place of, something named; other; besides; 
instead; otherwise. [< AS. elles.) — else'where", 
adv. Somewhere or anywhere else. 

El"si-nore', 1 el"si-nor'; 2 ei"si-nor', n. A fortified 
seaport (pop. 14,000), Zealand Island, Denmark; 
scene of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Hel"sin-gor'J 
[Dan.]. 

e-iu'ci-date, 1 1 -liu'si-det; 2 e-lu'gi-dat, vt. 
[-DAT"ED d ; -dat"ing.] To throw light upon; 
clear up. [< L. e, out, + lucidus, lucid.]— 
e-lu"ci-da'tion, n. The act of elucidating; an 
illustration. — e-lu'ci-da-tiv(e 3 , a. — e-lu'cl- 
da"tor, n. 

e-Iude', 1 i-liud'; 2 e-lud', vt. [e-lud'ed^; e- 
lud'ing.] To evade, as search or pursuit; baffle. 
[< L. e, out, + ludo, play.]— e-Iu'slon, n. The 
act of eluding or escaping.— e-lu'siv(e 8 , a. Tend¬ 
ing to slip away or escape, e-lu'so-ryf. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

elve, 1 elv; 2 elv, n. An old form of elf.— 
elves, n. Plural of elf.— elv'ish, a. 

E'ly, 1 I'll; 2 e'ly, n. A city (pop. 8,000) on the 
Isle of Ely; ancient cathedral and monastery.— 
Isle of E., a former island among fens now 
drained, Cambridgeshire, England; held by 
Hereward against William the Conqueror. 

E-lys'l-an, 1 l-liz'i-an; 2 e-ly§'i-an, a. Belong¬ 
ing to Elysium; hence, supremely blessed or 
happy. 

E-Iys'i-um, 1 l-liz'i-um; 2 e-lyg'i-um, n. Gr. 
Myth. The abode of the blessed dead; para¬ 
dise. [L., < Gr. elysios, < eleusomai, I shall go.] 

el'y-tron, ) 1 el'i-tren; 2 61'y-tron, n. [-tra, 

el'y-trum, ) pi.] The thickened fore wing of 
certain insects. [< Gr. elytron , case, < elyo, 
wrap up.] 

Elz., abbr. Elzevir. 

El'ze-vir, 1 el'zi-vor; 2 el'ze-vir, n. One of several 
beautifully bound copies of the classics issued at 
Amsterdam and Leyden (1592-1681). — El"ze- 
vi'ran, a. 

em, 1 em; 2 em, n. The square of the body of a 
type: a unit of measurement in typography. 

Em., abbr. Emanuel, Emma, Emily, eminent. 

em- 1 , em- 2 , prefixes. Forms of en- 1 , en- 2 , before 
labials. 

e-ma 'ci-ate, 1 i-me'^hi-et; 2 e-ma'ghi-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To reduce greatly in flesh. 
[< L. e, out, +macer, lean.]— e-ma"ci-a'tion,n. 

em'a-nate, 1 em's-net; 2 em'a-nat, vi. [-nat"- 
ED d ; -nat"ing.] To flow forth or proceed, as 
from a source. [< L. e, from, + mano, flow.]— 
em"a-na'tion, n. The act of emanating, or 
that which emanates; an effluence or outflowing, 
as of the Divine Essence.— em'a-na-tlv(e 3 , a. 
-ly, adv. 

e-man'ci-pate, 1 l-man'si-pet; 2 e-man'gi-pat, 
vt. [-PAT"ED d ; -pat"ing.] To set free, as from 
slavery. [< L. e, out, -I- mancipo, give up.]— 
e-man"ci-pa'tion, n. Liberation from bond¬ 
age, dependence, or oppression.— e-man'ci- 
pa"tor, n. 

e-mas 'cu-Iate, 1 i-mas'kiu-let; 2 e-mas'cu- 
lat. I. vt. [-lat"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To deprive 
of masculine strength; castrate; weaken; im¬ 
pair. II. a. Emasculated. [< LL. e, out, + 
masculus, male.]— e-mas"cu-Ia'tion, n. 


em-balin ', 1 em-bdm'; 2 6m-bam', vt. To pre¬ 
serve from decay, as a dead body, by anti¬ 
septic preparations. [ < L. F in, in, + balsamum, 
balm.]— em-balm'er, n. 
em-bank' 1 , 1 em-baijk'; 2 Sm-bank', vt. To 
confine or protect by a bank, dike, or the like. 
—em-bank'ment, n. A protecting or support¬ 
ing bank; the process of strengthening by a bank. 
em"bar-ca'tion, n. Same as embarkation. 
em-bar'go, 1 em-bar'go; 2 em-bar'go. I. vt. 
To forbid to depart from a port, as vessels or 
goods. II. n. An authoritative stoppage of 
commerce; an impediment; a check. [Sp.] 
em-bark' 1 , 1 em-bark'; 2 §m-bark', vt. & vi. 1. 
To put or go on board a vessel or boat. 2. 
To venture or invest. [< F. embarquer, < L. 
in, in, 4- LL. barca, boat, barge.]— em"bar-ka'- 
tion, n. 

em-bar'rass*, 1 em-bar'as; 2 em-bar'as, vt. 1. 
To confuse; fluster; abash. 2. To involve in 
difficulties, especially in business; hamper; 
encumber. [< F. embarrasser .]—em-bar'rass- 
ment, n. 1. Discomposure; entanglement; diffi¬ 
culty. 2, An impediment; hindrance; encum¬ 
brance. 

em-bas'sa-dor, etc. Same as ambassador, etc. 
em'bas-sy, 1 em'ba-si; 2 em'ba-sy, n. [-sies z , 
pi.] 1. An ambassador and his suite. 2. An 
ambassador’s office, mission, or official resi¬ 
dence. [ < F. ambassade.] 
em-bat'tled, 1 em-bat'ld; 2 Sm-bat'ld, pa. 1. 
Drawn up in battle=array; ready for battle. 
2. Made the scene of a muster or battle. 3. 
Having battlements.— em-bat'tle, vt. 
em-bed % 1 em-bed'; 2 6m-b6d', vt. [em-bed'- 
DED d ; em-bed'ding.] To lay as in a bed. 
im-bed'f. 

eni-bel 'lish 4 , 1 em-bel'i^h; 2 Sm-bSl'ish, vt. 1. 
To beautify by adding ornamental features; 
ornament; decorate. 2. To heighten the in¬ 
terest of by imaginative additions. [< L. F in, 
in, -f bellus, beautiful.]— em-bel'lish-ment, n. 
The act of adorning; an ornament; ornamenta¬ 
tion. 

em'ber, 1 em'ber; 2 Sm'ber, n. A live coal or 
an unextinguished brand. [ < AS. semyrian, em¬ 
bers.] 

em-bez'zle,) 1 em-bez'l; 2 em-b6z'l, vt. 
em-bez'l p , )[-zl(e)d p ; -zling.] To appro¬ 
priate fraudulently to one’s own use. [ < 
L.°f imbecillis, weak.]—em-bez'zle-ment, n .— 
em-bez'zler, n. 

em-blt'ter, 1 em-bit'ar; 2 em-bit'er, vt. To 
render bitter, unhappy, or resentful, im- 

blt'terf. 

em-bla'zon, 1 em-ble'zn; 2 em-bla'zn, vt. 1. 
To adorn with armorial ensigns; display, as a 
bearing. 2. To extol; celebrate. —em-bla'zon- 
ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] 

em'blem, 1 em'blem; 2 Sm'blSm, n. 1. A fig¬ 
urative representation; symbol. 2. A dis¬ 
tinctive badge; ensign. 3. An allegorical pic¬ 
ture or the like. [< Gr. emblema, insertion, < 
en, in, + ballo, throw.] —em"blem-at'ic, a. 
Of, pertaining to, or serving as an emblem; sym¬ 
bolic. em"blem-at'i-calt.—em"blem-at'i- 
cal-ly, adv. 

em-bod'y, 1 em-bed'i; 2 Sm-bod'y, v. [em¬ 
bodied; em-bod'y-ing.] I. t. 1. To invest 
with or as with a body; express concretely. 
2. To collect into one whole; incorporate. II. 
i. To unite or coalesce, as in a mass.— 
em-bod'i-ment, n. The act or process of em¬ 
bodying, the state of being embodied, or that 
which embodies; a concrete expression. 


l:» = final; I = hablG aisle; au = out; eil; iu = feud; <flhin; go; i) = sin^; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dg; book, boot; full, ryle, cQre, but, bttrn; oil, boy*, go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









embolden 

encomium 


210 


em-bold'en, 1 em-bold'n; 2 em-bold'n, vt. To 
make bold. 

em'bo-Ilsm, 1 em'bo-lizm; 2 6m'bo-lI§m, n. The 
stopping up of a vein or artery, as by a blood* 
clot. [< LL. GR embolismus, < Gr. en, in, + 
ballo, throw.) 

em"bon"polnt', 1 dn"ben' , pwan'; 2 ah*b6h''pw&h', 
n. Moderate corpulence; plumpness; stoutness. 
[F.l 

em-bo'som, 1 em-bu'zam; 2 6m-bQ'§om, vt. 
To place in the bosom or midst of some thing 
or place; envelop; shelter; cherish. 
em-boss n , 1 em-bes'; 2 6m-bos', vt. To cover 
or ornament with raised work; cause to 
stand out. [< OF. embosser, < em-, in, + 
bosse, boss.] 

em-bow'er, 1 em-bau'ar; 2 6m-bow'er, vt. & vi. 
To cover, shelter with, or take rest in a bower 
or foliage. 

em-braee', 1 em-bres'; 2 6m-bra<;', v. [em¬ 
braced' 1 ; em-brac'ing] I. t. 1. To take or 
infold in the arms; clasp; hug. 2. To accept 
willingly. 3. To surround; comprehend; in¬ 
clude. II. i. To join in an embrace. [< 
L. GF in, in, + brachium, arm.]— em-brace'- 
ment, n.— em-brac'er, n. 
em-brace % n. The act of embracing; a clasp¬ 
ing in the arms; a hug. 

em-bra'sure, 1 em-bre'jur; 2 6m-bra'zhur, n. 

An opening in a wall, as for a cannon. [F.] 
em"bro-ca 'tion, 1 em"bro-ke'i£h9n; 2 6m"- 
bro-ca'shon, n. A liniment, or its applica¬ 
tion. [< GrA L en, in, + brtcho, wet.]—em'- 
bro-cate, vt. 

em-broi'der, 1 em-brei'der; 2 6m-broi'der, v. 
1. 1. To ornament with designs in needlework; 
execute in needlewmrk. II. i. To make em¬ 
broidery. [ < OF. em-, in, + broder, broider.]— 
em-broi'der-er, n. —cm-broi'der-y, n. [-ies z , 
•pi.] Ornamental needlework, or the art of pro¬ 
ducing such work; decoration or ornamentation, 
em-broil', 1 em-breil'; 2 6m-broil', vt. & vi. To 
involve, or become involved, in dissension or 
strife. [< F. en-, in, + brouiller, confuse.]— em¬ 
broil 'ment, ra. The act or result of embroiling; 
strife. 

em'bry-o, 1 em'bn-o; 2 6m'bry-o. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to an embryo; rudimentary. II. n. 
The germ or rudimentary form of anything, 
as of an animal or plant. [< Gr. F en, in, + 
bryo, swell.]— em"bry-ol'o-gy, n. —em"bry-o- 
log'l-cal, a. —ein"bry-ol'o-gist, n. 
embryol., abbr. Embryology, 
e-meer', 1 e-mir'; 2 e-mer', n. An emir, 
e-mend ' d , 1 i-mend'; 2 e-m6nd', vt. To make 
corrections or changes in, as a result of criti¬ 
cism. [< L. emendo; see amend.] e-men'datet. 
—em"en-da'tion, n. A correction or altera¬ 
tion.— em'en-da"tor, n. —e-mend 'a-to-ry, a. 
em'er-ald, 1 em'ar-eld; 2 6m'er-ald, n. A 
bright*green variety of beryl; a rich and vivid 
green hue: used also adjectivally. [ < Gr. L+F 
smaragdos, a precious stone.] 
e-merge', 1 i-murj'; 2 e-merg', vi. [e-merged'; 
e-merg'ing.] To rise, as from a fluid; come 
forth; come into view. [< L. e, out, + mergo, 
dip.]— e-mer'gence, n. 1. The process or re¬ 
sult of emerging. 2. That which emerges; an 
outgrowth.— e-mer'slon, n. The act or process 
of emerging. 

e-mer'gen-cy, 1 l-mur'jen-si; 2 e-mer'g6n-gy, 
n. [-cies z , pi.] A sudden condition calling 
for immediate action. 

e-mer'i-tus, 1 l-mer'i-tus, 2 e-m6r'i-tffs, a. Re¬ 
tired from service for any reason, but retained in 


an honorary position; as, pastor emeritus. [L.] 
Em'er-son, 1 em'ar-san; 2 6m'er-son, Ralph Wal¬ 
do (1803-1882). An American essayist, poet. 


and lecturer. 

em'er-y, 1 em'ar-i; 2 em'er-y, n. A very hard 
black mineral substance: when powdered, 
used for polishing, etc. [ < Gr.° F smyris, emery.] 
e-inet'ic, 1 i-met'ik; 2 e-m6t'ic. I. a. Tend¬ 
ing to produce vomiting. II. n. A medicine 
used to produce vomiting. [< Gr. emetikos, < 
emed, vomit.] 

em 'i-grate, 1 em'i-gret; 2 6m'i-grat, vi. [-grat"- 
ED d ; -gracing.] To go from one country to 
settle in another. [< L. e, away, + migro, 
move.]— em'1-grant. I. a. Emigrating. II. n. 
One who emigrates.— em"l-gra'tion, n. 1. 
The act of emigrating. 2. Emigrants collectively, 
em'i-nence, 1 em'i-nens; 2 6m'i-n6nc, n. 1. 
A lofty place; a hid. 2. An exalted rank, con¬ 
dition, or degree. [< L. F eminentia, < e, forth, 
+ mineo, project.] em'I-nen-cyt.—emi¬ 
nent, a. High in station, merit, or esteem: dis¬ 
tinguished; paramount, -ly, adv. 
e-mir', 1 e-mir'; 2 e-mir', n. A Mohammedan 
prince or high Turkish official. [ < Ar. amir, ruler.) 
em'is-sa-ry, 1 em'i-se-n; 2 6m'i-sa-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi.] A person sent out, especially as 
a secret agent: used also adjectivally. [ < 
L. emissarius, < emissus, pp. of emitto; see emit.] 
e-init', 1 i-mit'; 2 e-mit', vt. [e-mit'ted^ ; 

e-mit'ting.] 1. To send or give out; dis¬ 
charge. 2. To issue authoritatively. [ < L. emit¬ 
to, < e, out, + mitlo, send.]—e-inis'slon, n. 
The act of emitting or that which is emitted.— 
e-mls'siv(e 8 , a.— e-mlt'ter, n. 

Em-man'u-el, n. See Immanuel. 

em'met, 1 em'et; 2 6m'6t, n. An ant. [ < AS. 

XTUCtfs 1 

Em'met, Robert (1778-1803). A Protestant Irish 
revolutionist and patriot; hanged. 


e-mol'li-ent, 1 i-mel'i-ent; 2 e-mol'i-6nt. I. a. 
Softening or relaxing; soothing. II. n. Med. 
A softening or soothing external application. 
[ < L. e, out, + mollis, soft.] 
e-mol'u-ment, 1 i-mel'yu-ment or -ment; 2 
e-mol'yti-ment, n. The remuneration con¬ 
nected with an office or service; gain; profit, 
t < L. e, out, + molior, labor.] 
e-mo'tion, 1 l-mo'i^han; 2 e-mo'shon, n. A 
stirring, perturbation, or excitement of mind; 



feeling; sensibility; sentiment. [< L. e, out, + 
moveo, move.)— e-mo'tion-al, a.’ 1. Pertaining 
to or expressive of emotion. 2. Having capacity 
foremotion. -lsm,«. -1st, n. — e-nio'tlv(e s , a. 
Marked by or tending to excite emotion, 
emp., abbr. Emperor, empire, empress. 


em-pale',) 1 
I m-pale % )p 


em-pel'; 2 em-pal', vt. [em¬ 
paled'; em-pal'ing.] 1 . To put to 


death by fixing upon a pale or sharp 
2. To fence in. [ < L. LL+F in, on, + 
stake.)— em-[or im-]pale'ment, n. 
Em-ped 'o-cles, 1 em-ped'o-kllz; 2 6m- 
p6d'o-el6§,n.(455?- 
395 B. C.) Greek 
poet, physicist, and 
philosopher, 
em'per-or, 1 em'- 
par-ar; 2 6m'per- 
or, n. 1. The 
sovereign of an 
empire. 2. One 
of various butter¬ 
flies and moths, 
em'pha-sis, 
ein'fa-sis p . 


stake. 

palus. 


Emperor*moth. Vs 
1 em'f9-sis; 2 6m'fa-sfs, n. [-ses, 
pi.] A stress laid upon some word 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, dr, w6n. 








211 


embolden 

encomium 


or words in speaking or reading. [L., < Gr. em¬ 
phasis, < en, in, + phaino, show.]— em'pha- 
size, vt. [-sized; -siz"ing.] To articulate with 
special force or stress; make especially distinct, 
positive, or impressive, em'pha-siset. 
em-phat'ic, ) 1 em-fat'ik; 2 em-fat'ie, a. 
em-fat'2c p , (Speaking or spoken with em¬ 
phasis or stress; striking; forcible; positive; 
earnest, em-phat'i-calt.—em-phat'i-cal-ly, 
adv. 

em'pire, 1 em'pair; 2 em'pir, n. A state, or 
union of states, governed by an emperor; any 
powerful nation; wide and supreme domin¬ 
ion. [F., < L. imperium, dominion, empire.] 
em-pir'tc, 1 em-pir'ik; 2 em-pir'ie. I. a. 
Experimental rather than scientific. II. n. 
One whose methods are empirical; a quack. 
[< Gr. en, in, + peira, trial.] ein-pir'i-cal}. — 
em-pir'i-cal-ly, adv .— em-pir'i-cism, n. 1. 
Empirical character, method, or practise; 
quackery. 2. Philos. The doctrine that all 
knowledge is derived from experience through 
the senses. 

em-ploy', 1 em-plei'; 2 em-ploy'. I. vt. To 
have in service; furnish work for; make use 
of; use; apply. II. n. The state of being 
employed; service. [< L. F in, in, + plico , fold.] 
—em"p!oy-ee', n. One who is employed by 
another. em"pIoy-e't.—em-ploy'er, n. One 
who employs.—em-ploy 'ment, n. The act of 
employing, or the state of being employed; ser¬ 
vice; work. 

em-po'ri-um, 1 em-po'ri-um; 2 em-po'ri-um, 
n. [-ri-ums z or-Ri-A, pi.] 1. The chief mart of 
a wide territory. 2. A bazaar. [L., < Gr. em- 
porion, < en, in, + poros, way.] 
em-pow'er, 1 em-pau'er; 2 em-pow'er, vt. To 
authorize. 

em'press, 1 em'pres; 2 fim'prSs, n. A woman 
who rules an empire; the wife or widow of an 
emperor. 

emp'ty, 1 emp'ti; 2 emp'ty. I.vt.&vi. [emp'- 
tied; emp'ty-ing.] To remove the contents 
from (something); remove (something) from 
that which contains it; discharge; become 
empty. II. a. [emp'ti-er; emp'ti-est.] 
Having nothing within; without contents or 
substance; vacant; hollow; unmeaning. [< 
AS. semtig, < semta, semetta, leisure.]—emp'ti- 
Iy, adv.— emp'ti-ness, n. 
em"py-re'an, 1 em"pi-n'sn; 2 em"py-re'an, n. 
The highest heaven; upper sky.—em-pyr'e-al, 
a. & n. 

e'mu, 1 i'miu; 2 e'mu, n. A large Australian, 
ostrich*like bird, e'meuf. 
eni'u-late, 1 em'yu-let; 2 
em'yu-lat, vt. [-lat"ed' ! ; 

-lat"ing.] To strive to 
equal or surpass; vie with. 

[< L. semulalus, pp. of 
semulor, < semulus, striving 
to equal.]—em"u-la'tion, 
n. Effort or ambition to 
equal or excel another in 
any act or quality.—em'u- 
la-tiv(e 8 , a. Inclined to Emu. Vso 
emulation.—em'u-la"tor, n.— em'u-Ious, a. 
Eager or striving to equal or excel another; 
competitive. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
e-mul'sion, 1 l-mul'dhan; 2 e-mul'shon, n. 1. 
A liquid mixture in which a fatty substance is 
suspended in minute globules. 2. Any milky 
liquid. [OF., < L. e, out, + mulgeo, milk.]— 
e-mul'si-fy, vt. To make into an emulsion.— 
e-mul'siv(e 3 , a. 1. Capable of emulsifying. 2. 


Of the nature of an emulsion; softening. 3. Pro¬ 
ducing oil on being pressed. 
en- 1 , prefix. In; into. [F., < L. in-, < in, in, 
into.] 

en- 3 , prefix. In. [F., < Gr. en-, < en, in.] 

-en, suffix. Used (1) to form verbs; (2) to form 
past participles in strong verbs;. (3) to form 
plural of verbs; (4) to form feminine of nouns; 
(5) to form plural of nouns; (6) to form adjec¬ 
tives denoting material; (7) as a form of -an. 
[(1) (a) ME., also -e, < AS. -an, -ian; ( b ) < 
AS. -nian. (2) < AS. -en. (3) ME., also -e, 
< AS. -en, -on, -an. (4) < AS. -en. (5) < 
AS. -an. (6) < AS. -en. (7) = -an.] 
en-a'bl(e p , 1 en-e'bl; 2 en-a'bl, vt. [en-a'- 
bl(e)d p ; en-a'bling.] To make able; em¬ 
power. 

en-act ' d , 1 en-akt'; 2 en-act', vt. 1. Tq make 
into a law. 2. To carry out in action; per¬ 
form. 3. To represent as or in a play.— 
en-ac'tor, n. —en-act'ment, n. 1. A law en¬ 
acted ; a statute. 2. The act of establishing a law. 
en-am'el, 1 en-am'el; 2 en-am'el. I. vt. [-eled 
or -elled, -eld p ; -el-ing or -el-ling.] To 
cover with enamel; paint or decorate in en¬ 
amel. II. n. A hard and glossy coating, as 
that of the teeth or of porcelain. [ < en- 1 + OF. 
esmail, < LL. smaltum, enamel.]— en-am'el-er, 
n. en-am'ef-lerf.—en-am'el-ist, n. en-am'- 
el-listt. 

en-am'or, ) 1 en-am'or; 2 en-am'or, vt. To 
en-am'our, jinspire w'ith ardent love: used 
chiefly in the pp. and followed by of or with. 
[< F. enamourer, < L. in, in, + amor, love, < 
amo, love.] 

en-cage', 1 en-kej'; 2 en-cag', vt. To shut up 
in a cage. 

en-camp' 1 , 1 en-kamp'; 2 en-camp', vt. & vi. 
To settle and lodge in a camp; form a camp, 
—en-camp'ment, n. The act of pitching a 
camp; also, a camp, or the body of persons occu¬ 
pying a camp. 

en-caus't!e, 1 en-kes'tik; 2 en-eas'tie, a. 
Painted and having the hues fixed by heat, 
as tiles. [ < Gr. en, in, + kaid, burn.] 
En-cel'a-dus, 1 en-sel'a-dus; 2 en-cel'a-dus, n. 
Gr. Myth. A hundred=armed giant; buried un¬ 
der Mt. Etna. 

en-chain', 1 en-<fhen'; 2 en-chan', vt. To bind 
with or as with a chain; confine. 
en-chant' d , 1 en-dhant'; 2 en-chant', vt. To 
practise magical arts upon; bewitch; fasci¬ 
nate; delight. [< L. p incanto, < in, in, + canto; 
see chant, o.]— en-chant'er, n. One who en¬ 
chants; a magician.— en-chant'ing-!y, adv. — 
en-chant'ment, n. 1. The act of enchanting, 
or the state of being enchanted. 2. Illusive 
charm. —en-chant'ress, n. 1. A sorceress. 2. A 
bewitching woman. 

en-cir'cl(e p , 1 en-sur'kl; 2 en-Qir'cl, vt. 
[-cl(e)d p ; -cling.] To surround; environ; 
make a circuit about. 

en-close', 1 en-kl5z'; 2 en-elo§', vt. [en¬ 
closed'; en-clos'ing.] 1. To insert in some¬ 
thing, as in an envelop. 2. To fence in; 
appropriate (land) by fencing. 3. To sur¬ 
round. [< L.of in, in, + claudo, shut.] In¬ 
close'!. — en-clo'sure, n. The act of enclosing; 
that which encloses or is enclosed. in-c!o'suret. 
en-co'mi-um, 1 en-ko'mi-um; 2 en-eo'mi-um, 
n. [-ums z or -a, pi.] A formal expression of 
praise; a eulogy. [L., < Gr. enkomion, < en, in, 
+ komos, revel.]— en-co'mi-ast, n. A eulogist. 
—en-co"mi-as'tic, a. 



1:a = final; l = habilq aisle; au = out; oil; iu = fewd; cfhin; go; r| = sing; fhin, this, 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this, 





encompass 

England 


212 


en-com'pass 1 , ) 1 en-kum'pss; 2 fin-com'pas, 
en-cuni 'pas p , ) vt. To form a boundary about; 

encircle; surround; shut in. 
en"core', 1 ah''kor'; 2 an''cor'. l.vt.&vi. [en¬ 
cored'; en-cor'ing.] To call for a repeti¬ 
tion of (a performance) or by (a performer); 
demand a repetition. II. n. The call for a 
repetition, as of some part of a performance; 
also, the repetition itself. III. adv. Again; 
once more. [F.] 

en-eoun'ter, 1 en-kaun'tar; 2 fin-coun'ter. I. 
vt. & vi. To come upon; meet as an adversa¬ 
ry; meet face to face or in conflict. II. n. 

I. A coming together, especially when casual 
or unexpected. 2. A hostile meeting; con¬ 
test; conflict; battle. [< L. OF in, in, to, + 
contra, against.] 

en-cour'age, / 1 en-kur'ij; 2 fin-ciir'ag, vt. 
en-cur'age p , ) [-aged; -ag-ing.] 1. To inspire 
with courage, hope, or resolution. 2. To 
promote; countenance. [< F. encourager, < 
en, in, + courage, courage.]— en-cour'age- 
ment, n. The act of encouraging, or that which 
encourages.— en-cour'ag-ing, pa. Giving, or 
tending to give, courage or confidence, 
en-eroach'*, 1 en-kr5<fh'; 2 fin-crbeh', vi. To 
trench on another’s limits or rights. [ < OF. 
encrocher, < en, in, + croc, hook.]— en-croach'- 
er, n. — en-croach'ment, n. 1. Entrance upon 
the rights or domain of another; especially, 
gradual intrusion. 2. That which is gained or 
seized by encroaching, 
en-crust', etc. Same as incrtjst, etc. 
en-cum'ber, 1 en-kum'bar; 2 en-eiim'ber, vt. 
To obstruct or hinder in action; charge; bur¬ 
den. [< OF. encombrer, < en, in, + combrer, 
cumber.]— en-cum'lirance, n. That which en¬ 
cumbers; a lien or liability; burdensome addi¬ 
tion. 

ency., encyc., abbr. Encyclopedia, encyclopedic, 
en-cyc'li-cal, 1 en-sik'li-kal; 2 fin-cye'li-cal. I. a. 
Intended for general circulation; circular: said of 
letters, en-cyc'licf. II. n. R. C. Ch. A cir¬ 
cular letter from the Pope to all the bishops. 
en-cy"clo-pe'di-a, )1 en-sai"klo-pi'di-a; 2 
en-cy"clo-pse'di-a, ) en-cy"elo-pe'di-a, n. A 
work containing information on all subjects, 
or exhaustive of one subject. [ < Gr. F enkyklios, 
in a circle, + paideia, education.]— en-cy"elo- 
pe'dic or -pse'dic, a. Pertaining to, of the char¬ 
acter of, or proper to an encyclopedia; compre¬ 
hending a wide range of topics.— en-cy"clo-pe'- 
[or -pa;']di-cal, a.— en-cy"cIo-pe'[or -pue']- 
dist, n. 

en-cyst', 1 en-sist'; 2 fin-cyst', vt. & vl. To envelop 
or become enclosed in a cyst.— en-cyst'ed, pa. 
Enclosed in a cyst.— en-cyst'ment, n. 
end d , 1 end; 2 find, v. I. t. To put an end to; 
come to the end of; finish; terminate; kill. 

II. i. 1. To come to an end; conclude. 2. To 
issue or result. [< AS. endian, < ende, end.]— 
end 'ing, n. The act of bringing or coming to an 
end; also, an end; extremity; conclusion. 

end, n. 1. The terminal point or part of an 
object. 2. The conclusion of a period of time, 
or any work or operation. 3. A purpose, con¬ 
sequence, or result. 4. The close of life. [ < 
AS. ende.] — end'less, a. 1. Enduring everlast¬ 
ingly; eternal. 2. Having no end in space; 
boundless; infinite. 3. Continually recurring; 
incessant. 4. Forming a closed loop or circle; 
cont inuous, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — end'most", 
a. Placed or being at the extreme end; most re¬ 
mote; farthest.— end'wise, adv. With the end 
foremost or uppermost; on end. end'wayst. 


en-dan'ger, 1 en-den'jar; 2 en-dan'ger, vt. 1. 

To put in danger. 2. To cause danger of. 
en-dear', 1 en-dlr'; 2 fin-der', vt. To make dear 
or beloved.— en-dear'ing, pa. 1. Making dear 
or beloved. 2. Manifesting affection; caressing. 
—en-dcar'ing-ly, adv. — en-dear'ment, n. 
The act of endearing; an expression of love; a 
caress. 

cn-deav'or, ) 1 en-dev'ar; 2 fin-dfiv'or. I. vt. 
en-dev'or s , ) & vi. To make an effort to do 
or effect; undertake; exert oneself to accom¬ 
plish an object. II. n. An attempt or effort 
to do or attain something; earnest exertion for 
an end. [ < en- 1 + F. devoir, duty.] en-deav'- 
ourj.—en-deav'or-cr, n. 
cii-dem 'ic, 1 en-dcm'ik; 2 fin-dfim'ic, a. Pecu¬ 
liar to or prevailing in or among some (speci¬ 
fied) country or people. [ < Gr. endemlos, na¬ 
tive.] 

en'do-carp, 1 en'do-kdrp; 2 fin'do-carp, n. The 
inner layer of a pericarp. 

en'do-gen, 1 en'do-jen; 2 fin'do-gfin, to A. 
plant that increases by 
growth from within. 

[< Gr. endon, within, + 

-genes, < gignomai, be 
born.] — en-dog 'e-nous, 
a. Of, pertaining to, or 
like an endogen; growing 
from within. 

en-dorse't, en-dors'a- 
bl(e p . See indorse, etc. 
en-dow', 1 en-dau'; 2 en¬ 
dow 7 ', vt. 1. To bestow 
a permanent fund or in¬ 
come upon. 2. Tofurnish 
or equip, as with talents 
or natural gifts. [< 

OF. endouer, < en, in, 4- 
douer, endow.]— en-dow '- 
ment, n. 1. Money or 
property given for the per¬ 
manent use of an institu¬ 
tion, person, or object. 2. 

Any natural gift, as talent 
or beauty. 3. The act of 
endowing. Leaf and Divided 

en-due' 1 , 1 en-diu'; 2 en- Stem of an Endo- 
du', vt. [en-dced'; en- gen, showing char- 
du'ing.] To invest, as acteristic structure, 
with some quality or grace, usually spiritual. 
[Var. of endow.] 

en-due' 2 , vt. [en-dued'; en-du'ing.] 1. To 
put on; assume. 2. To clothe; invest. [ < L. 
induo, put on, clothe.] 

en-dure', 1 en-diur'; 2 fin-dur', v. [en-dured'; 
en-dur'ing.] I. t. 1. To suffer or bear, as 
pain, sorrow, or destructive force, without 
injury or giving way; withstand. 2. To suf¬ 
fer patiently; tolerate. II.. t. 1. To have 
duration; continue. 2. To be firm in trial. 
[< L. F in,in, + durus, hard.]— en-dur'a-bl(e p , 
a. That may be endured; bearable.— en-dur'- 
ance, n. 1. The power to endure; fortitude; 
durability. 2. Continuation in time; duration.— 
en-dur'ing, pa. Having or showing endurance; 
lasting; long*suffering or long*continuing.— en- 
dur 'ing-ly, adv. 

En-dym'i-on, 1 en-dim'i-on; 2 6n-dym'i-6n, ». 
Gr. Myth. A beautiful young man granted per¬ 
petual youth with eternal sleep. 

E. N. E., abbr. Eastmortheast. 
en'e-ma, 1 en'i-ma; 2 fin'e-ma, n. [-mas z or 
en"e-ma'ta, p/.] Med. An injection. [ < 
Gr. en, in, + hiemi, send.] 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 















213 


encompass 

England 


en'e-my, 1 en'i-mi; 2 en'e-my, n. [-mies z , 
pi.] 1. One who cherishes resentment or ma¬ 
licious purpose toward another; an adversary; 
foe. 2. One of a hostile army or nation; a 
hostile nation or military force collectively. 
T < L. OF inimicus, < in, not, + amicus, friend.] 
en'er-gy, 1 en'or-ji; 2 Sn'er-gy, n. [-gies z , pi. j 
Power to move or change, or to accomplish 
any result; vigor; force. [< Gr. energeia, < ener- 
' gos, at work, < en, in, + ergon, work.]— en"er- 
get'ic, a. Having or displaying energy; force¬ 
ful; strenuous. en"er-get'i-calt. — en"er-get'i- 
cal-Iy, adv .— en'er-gize, vt. & vi. 
en'er-vate, 1 en'ar-vet or l-nur'vet; 2 en'er- 
vat or e-ner'vat, vt. [-vat"ed; -vat"ing.] To 
deprive of nerve, energy, or vigor; weaken; de¬ 
feat. 

e-ner'vate, 1 l-nur'vet; 2 e-ner'vat, o. Ren¬ 
dered feeble or effeminate; weakened. [ < L. 
e, out, + nervus, nerve.] —en"er-va'tion, n. 
The act of enervating, or the state of being en¬ 
ervated; debility. —en'er-va"tor, n. 
en-fee'bl(e p , 1 en-fi'bl; 2 6n-fe'bl, vt. [-bl(e)d p ; 

-bling.] To render feeble. —en-fee'ble-ment, n. 
en"fi-Iade', 1 en"fi-led'; 2 en"fi-lad', vt. [-lad'- 
ED d ; -lad'ing.] To rake lengthwise with 
shot or missiles. [F., < en/iler, thread.] 
en-fold', etc. Same as infold, etc. 
en-force' 1 , 1 en-fors'; 2 Sn-forg', vt. [-forced'; 
-forc'ing.] 1. To put into execution by force; 
compel obedience to; execute, as laws. 2. To 
exact or obtain authoritatively or by force. 
3. To urge forcibly or cogently. [ < LL. OF in, 
in, -I- fortia, force.]— en-force'a-bl(e p , a.— en¬ 
force 'meat, n. The act of enforcing, or the 
state of being enforced; compulsory execution; 
compulsion. 

en-fran'chise, 1 en-fran'dhiz or -dhaiz; 2 Sn- 
fran'chig or -chi§, vt. [-chised; -chis-ing.] 

1. To endow with a franchise, as the right 
to vote. 2. To set free, as from bondage. 

-ment, n. 

Eng., abbr. England, English. —eng., abbr. Engi¬ 
neer, engraver, engraving, 
en-gage', 1 en-gej'; 2 en-gag', v. [en-gaged'; 
en-gag'ing.] I. t. 1. To bind or obtain by 
promise. 2. To affect favorably; attract; win 
over. 3. To occupy or engross. 4. To join in 
conflict with. II. i. 1. To bind oneself by prom¬ 
ise. 2. To busy oneself. 3. To begin or main¬ 
tain a conflict. [< LL. F invadio, <L. in, in, + LL. 
vadium, pledge.]— en-gaged', pa. 1. Affianced. 

2. Occupied or busy.— en-gage'ment, n. 1. 
The act of engaging. 2. The condition of being 
engaged; a betrothal. 3. Something that en¬ 
gages or binds; an obligation. 4. Mil. A battle, 
—en-gag'ing, pa. Attracting interest; win¬ 
ning. -ly, adv. 

en-gen'der, 1 en-jen'dar; 2 en-ggn'der, v. I. t. 
To bring into existence; produce. II. i. To 
come into being. [ < L. F in, in, + genero, beget.] 
en'gin(c 8 , 1 en'jm; 2 Sn'gin, n. A machine by 
which power, as of steam, is applied to. the 
doing of work; any powerful mechanism, 
agency, or instrumentality. [< L. F ingenium, 
< in, in, + gigno, produce.] See illus. in next 
column.— en'glne*driv"er, n. [Eng.] A loco- 
motive*en r nneer.— en'gine-ry, n. 1. The man¬ 
agement of engines or artillery. 2. Engines 
collectively. 3. An artful scheme. 4. Any 
powerful agency. , . 

en"gl-neer', 1 en ji-nTr ; 2 8n gi-ner . I. vt. 
1. To execute or manage by contrivance. 2. 
To plan and superintend the construction of. 


II. n. 1. One versed in or practising any 
branch of engineering. 2. One who runs or 
manages an engine. 3. A manager; inventor; 



Common Type of Horizontal Engine. 

6, bed; c y cylinder; cc y cylinder-cock; ch y cylinder-head; eg, 
cross^head guide; cl , cylinder-lubricator; cr, connecting-rod; dc y 
disk«crank; e y eccentric; er y eccentric-rod; eccentric strap; /, 
foundation; fw y fly-wheel; g y governor; p y pulley; 8, crank-shaft; 
8c y steam-chest; sv y steam-\ r alve; vs t valve-stem. 

plotter.— en"gi-neer'!ng, n. 1. The art of 
making, building, or using engines and machines, 
or of designing and constructing public works or 
the like. 2. Painstaking management; maneu¬ 
vering. 

En'gland, 1 ip'gland; 2 In'gland, n. The southern 
and largest division (50,890 sq. m.; pop. 35,678,- 
530) of the island of Great Britain. 

Sovereigns of England.* 


Began to reign. 
Anglo*Saxon Line. a.d. 


Egbert 800 

Ethelwulf (son) t 836 

Ethelbald (son) 857 

Ethelbert 

(brother) 860 

Ethelred I. 

(brother) 866 

Alfred the Great 

(brother) 871 

Edward the Elder 
(son) 901 

Athelstan (son) 925 

Edmund I. 

(brother) 940 

Edred (brother) 946 

Edwy (nephew) 955 

Edgar (brother) 957 


Edward the Martyr 
(son) 975 

Ethelred II., the 
Unready (half* 
brother) 978 

Edmund II., Iron¬ 
side (son) 1016 
Danish Line. 

Canute (son of 
Sweyn, a Vi¬ 
king) 1017 

Harold I., Hare- 
foot (son) 1036 

Hardicanute (half* 
brother) 1039 

Saxon Line (Re¬ 
stored) . 

Edward the Con¬ 
fessor (son of 
Ethelred II.) 1041 
Harold II. (son of 
Earl Godwin) 1066 


Began to reign. 

A.D. 

Norman Line. 

William I. 1066 

William II. (son) 1087 
Henry I. (brother) 1100 
Stephen (nephew) 1135 
Plantagenet Line. 
Henry II. (grand¬ 
son of Henry I.) 1154 
Richard I. (son) 1189 
John (brother) 1199 
Henry III. (son) 1216 
Edward I. (son) 1272 
Edward II. (son) 1307 
Edward III. (son) 1327 
Richard II 
(grandson) 1377 
House of Lancas¬ 
ter. 

Henry IV. (son of 
John of Gaunt) 1399 
Henry V. (son) 1413 
Henry VI. (son) 1422 
House of York. 

Edward IV. (son of 
Richard, Duke 


of York) 1461 

Edward V. (son) 1483 
Richard III. (un¬ 
cle) 1483 

House of Tudor. 

Henry VII. 1485 

Henry VIII. (son) 1509 
Edward VI. (son) 1547 
Mary I. (half'sis¬ 
ter) 1553 

Elizabeth (half* 
sister) 1558 


* The British Sovereign has, from very early times, 
been advised in the conduct of the government by a 
Committee of his Privy Council, known as the 
Cabinet. 

tRelationship is to previous sovereign, unless 
otherwise stated. 


1 * 3 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; eil; iu = feud; tfhin; go; rj = sin^; fliin, this, 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











English 

entomology 


214 


Sovereigns of Great Britain. 


Began to reign. 
Stuart Line. a.d. 

James I. of En¬ 
gland or VI. of 
Scotland (U- 
nion of the two 
crowns; legisla¬ 
tive union took 
place May 1, 
1707) 1603 

Charles I. (son) 1625 
Commonwealth 
(during which 
Oliver Crom¬ 
well ruled as 
Lord Protector 
1653-1658, be¬ 
ing succeeded 
by Richard 
Cromwell, his 
son, 1658-1659; 


Began to reign, 
a year of anar-A.D. 
chy follows) 1649 
Stuart Line (Re¬ 
stored) . 

Charles II. (son of 
Charles I.) 1660 

J ames II. (brother) 1685 
House of Orange. 
WilliamlH. (neph¬ 
ew) and Mary 
II. (daughter of 
James II.) 1688 

Stuart Line. 

Anne (daughter 
of James II.) 1702 
House of Hanover. 
George I. (great* 
grandson of 
James I.) 1714 

George II. (son) 1727 


Sovereigns of the United Kingdom. 


George III. 

(grandson) 1760 

George IV. (son) 1820 
William IV. 

(brother) 1830 

Victoria (niece of 


William IV.) 1837 
Saxe=Coburg Line. 

Edward VII. (son) 1901 
House of Windsor. 
George V. (son) 1910 


En'glish, 1 ip'gli^h; 2 in'glish. I. a. Of, per¬ 
taining to, or derived from England, its 
people, or its language. II. ra. 1. pi. The 
people of the English race collectively. 2. 
The language of the English peoples. 3. An 
English rendering or equivalent. [ < AS. 
Englisc, < Engle, the Angles.]—English Chan¬ 
nel, a strait between England and France, con¬ 
necting the North Sea with the Atlantic ocean.— 
En'glish-man, n. [-men, pi.] 1. A native or 
citizen of England. 2. Naut. An English ship. 
En'glish-ert. 

en-gorge', 1 en-gerj'; 2 Cn-gorg', vt. & vi. To fill 
to excess; swallow greedily; devour, 
en-grain', 1 en-gren'; 2 en-gran', vt. Same as 
ingrain. 

en-grave', 1 en-grev'; 2 Sn-grav', vt. [en¬ 
graved'; en-grav'ing.] 1. To cut or carve 
upon some surface; fashion or copy by carv¬ 
ing; hence, to impress deeply. 2. To carve 
figures or inscriptions upon. [ < F. engraver, 

< era, in, + graver, grave.]—en-grav'er, ra. A 
person who engraves.—en-grav'ing, ra. 1. The 
act or art of cutting designs on a plate. 2. An 
engraved design, plate, or print. 

en-gross'*, 1 en-gros'; 2 en-gros', vt. 1. To 
write in a bold, round hand; make a formal 
transcript of. 2. To occupy completely; ab¬ 
sorb. [ < OF. engrossir, < L. in, in, + EL. 
grossus, large.]— en-gross'er, ra. -ment, ra. 
en-gulf' 1 , 1 en-gulf'; 2 8n-gulf', vt. To swallow 
up in or as in a gulf, in-gulf 
en-hance', 1 en-hnns'; 2 en-hanc', vt. & vi. 
[en-hanced'‘; en-iianc'ing.] To make or 
become higher or greater in degree, measure, 
or importance. [ < OF. era, in, + haucer, 
raise.]— en-hance'ment, n. Increase; advance, 
e-nig'ma, 1 l-nig'ma; 2 e-mg'ma, n. An ob¬ 
scure or ambiguous saying; a riddle; any¬ 
thing that puzzles or baffles. [ < L. senigma, 

< Gr. ainigma, < ainos, tale.]— e"nig-mat'Ic, 
e"nig-mat'i-cal, a. Of or like an enigma; am¬ 
biguous; puzzling.— e"nig-niat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

en-join', 1 en-join'; 2 en-join', vt. To lay a 
command or injunction upon; charge; com¬ 
mand. [ < L. F injungo, < in, in, + jungo, join.] 


en-joy', 1 en-jei'; 2 gn-joy', vt. & vi. 1. To ex¬ 
perience joy or pleasure in; receive pleasure. 
2. To have the use or benefit of. [ < OF. 
enjoier, < era, in, + joie, joy.]— en-joy'a-bl(ep, 
a. Giving, or capable of giving, enjoyment, 
-bly, adv.— en-joy 'er, ra.— en-joy'ment, ra. 1. 
The act or state of enjoying; pleasure. 2. Some¬ 
thing that gives joy or satisfaction. 
en-kin'dl(e p , 1 en-kin'dl; 2 £n-kin'dl, vt. To 
set on fire; kindle. 

en-lace', 1 en-les'; 2 en-lac', vt. To surround with 
or as with lace or laces; entwine; entangle, 
en-large', 1 en-larj'; 2 en-liirg', v. [en-larged'; 
en-larg'ing.] I. t. 1. To make larger; in¬ 
crease; expand. 2. To set at liberty. II. i. 
1. To become large; grow larger. 2. To ex¬ 
patiate.— en-large'ment, n. 1. The act of 
making or growing larger; also, the state of being 
enlarged; an addition or extension. 2. A setting 
at liberty. 3. Fulness of statement. 
en-Iigkt'en, 1 en-lait'n; 2 fn-lit'n, vt. To be¬ 
stow mental or spiritual light upon; impart 
knowledge to. — en-lfght 'en-er, n. — en- 
llght'en-ment, ra. Moral and intellectual ad¬ 
vancement. 

en-Iist' d , 1 en-list'; 2 Sn-llst', v. I. t. To en¬ 
gage and place upon the lists for service, as 
in the army; gain the interest and assistance 
of; enroll. II. i. 1. To enter voluntarily the 
military or naval service. 2. To engage heart¬ 
ily in something. —en-list'ment, ra. 1. The 
act of enlisting. 2. The document binding one 
enlisted. 

en-Ii'ven, 1 en-lai'vn; 2 8n-ll'vn, vt. To make 
lively or cheerful; give life to; quicken; stim¬ 
ulate.— en-li'ven-er, n. 
en-mesh', 1 en-me^h'; 2 6n-m6sh', vt. To ensnare 
or entangle as in a net. 

en'mi-ty, 1 en'mi-ti; 2 Sn'mi-ty, n. [-ties*, pi.] 
1. The spirit of an enemy; hostility. 2. The 
state of being an enemy; a hostile condition. 

[ < L.of inimicitia, < tnimicus, enemy.] 
en-no'ble, 1 e-no'bl; 2 S-n5'bl, vt. [-bled; 
-being.] To make noble or honorable; confer 
a title of nobility upon.— en-no'ble-ment, ra. 
en"nui\ 1 an"nwl'; 2 an"nwi', n. A feeling of 
listless weariness resulting from satiety. [F.] 
E'noeli, 1 I'nek; 2 e'nbe, ra. 1. Son of Cain (Gen. 

iv, 17). 2. Father of Methuselah (Gen. v, 18). 
e-nor'mous, 1 l-ner'mus; 2 e-nor'mus, a. 1. 
Excessive or extraordinary in size, amount, or 
degree. 2. Wicked above measure; atrocious. 

[ < L. enormia, < e, out of, + norma , rule.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, ra — e-nor 'mt-ty, ra. [-ties 2 , pi.] 

I. The state of being outrageous or extremely 
wicked. 2. A flagrant offense. 

e-nough', / 1 i-nuf'; 2 e-nuf'. I. a. Adequate 
e-mif' p , ) for any demand or need; sufficient. 

II. ra. An ample supply; a sufficiency. III. adv. 
Sufficiently. IV. inter j. It is enough; stop. 

[ < AS. gendh, gendg, < geneah, it suffices.] 

en-quire', etc. Same as inquire, etc. 
en-rage', 1 en-rej'; 2 en-rag', vt. [en-raged'; 
f.n-rag'ing.] To throw into a rage; exas¬ 
perate. 

en-rap'ture, 1 en-rap'dhur or -tiur; 2 en-rap'- 
chur or -tur, vt. [-tured; -tur-ing.] To 
bring into a state of rapture; delight extrav¬ 
agantly. 

en-rieh'*, 1 en-ri(fh'; 2 8n-rich', vt. To make 
rich; render fertile, as soil; improve; adorn.— 
en-ricli'ment, ra. The act of making rich or 
richer; that which enriches; a decoration; orna¬ 
ment. 


1; artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rfile; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n, 















215 


English 

entomology 


en-rol (l' p , 1 en-rol'; 2 gn-rol', vt. 1. To enter 
in a roll or register; enlist; place on record. 
2. To roll up; wrap.— en-rol'ment, n. 1. 
The act of enrolling. 2. A record, en-roll'- 
inentf. 

en route, Ian rut; 2 an rut. On the road or way. [F.] 

Ens., abbr. Ensign. 

en-san'guin(e 8 , 1 en-sar)'gwin; 2 Sn-san'gwin, vt. 
[-guined; -guin-ing.] To dye or steep with 
blood; color blood=red. 

en-sconce', 1 en-skens'; 2 en-scong', vt. [en¬ 
sconced'*'; en-sconc'ing.] To fix securely or 
comfortably in some place; settle snugly. 


en"sem'ble, lah"sah'bl;2ah"san'bl,ra. The parts 
of a thing viewed as a whole; general effect. [F.] 
en-shrine', 1 en-^hrain'; 2 en-shrin', vt. To 
place in or as in a shrine; cherish devoutly; 
be a shrine for. —en-shrine'ment, n. 
en-shroud' d , 1 en-^hraud'; 2 en-shroud', vt. 
To cover with a shroud; hence, to enwrap or 
conceal. 

en'si-form, 1 en'si-ferm; 2 gn'si-form, a. 
Sword=shaped, as certain leaves. [ < L. ensis, 
sword, + -FORM.] 

en'sign, 1 en'sain; 2 en'sln, n. 1. A distin¬ 
guishing flag or banner; standard. 2. A 
military or naval officer. 3. A badge or 
symbol, as of office. [ < L. LL+F insigna, < in, 

in. + signum, mark.]—en'sign-cy, n. en'- 
sign-shipf. 

en'si-Iage, 1 en'si-lij; 2 en'si-lag, n. The proc¬ 
ess of preserving succulent fodder in air-tight 
pits or silos; fodder thus preserved. [F.j 
en-slave', 1 en-slev'; 2 en-slav', vt. To make a 
slave of, literally or figuratively; bring into 
bondage.— en-slave 'ment, n. Bondage, 
en-snare', 1 en-snar'; 2 en-snar', vt. [en¬ 
snared'; en-snar'ing.] To catch in a snare; 
entrap; inveigle; seduce, 
en-sue', 1 en-siu'; 2 en-su', vt. & vi. [en-sued'; 
en-sc'ing.] To follow as a consequence; re¬ 
sult. [ < L. F insequor, < in, on, + sequor, 
follow.] 

en-sure', v. Same as insure. 
ent., entom., abbr. Entomology, 
en-tab'la-ture, 1 en-tab'la-dfiur or -tiur; 2 en- 
tab'la-chur or -tur, n. 

Arch . The uppermost 
member of a columnar 
structure that rests hori¬ 
zontally upon the col¬ 
umns and extends upward 
to the roof. [ < L. OF in, 
on, + tabula, board.] 
en-tail', 1 en-tel'; 2 en-tal'. 

I. vt. To leave or fix, by 

or as by entail, upon a 
successor; bring upon 
another as a consequence 
or legacy; limit by entail. . ^ 

II. n. 1. Anything trans- * omc Entablature. 

mitted as an inalienable inheritance. 2. An 
estate limited to a particular class of heirs, 
as eldest sons. 3. The act of entailing, or 
the state of being entailed. [ < L. LL+F in, 
in, + talea, cutting.]—en-tail'ment, n. The 
act of entailing, the state of being entailed, or 
that which is entailed. 

en-tan'gl(e p , 1 en-taq'gl; 2Sn-tan'gl, vt. 1. To 
catch in or as in a snare; hamper; perplex. 2. 
To twist into a tangle or snarl. —en-tan'- 

gle-nient, n. 

en"tente', 1 an"tant'; 2 ah"taht', n. An under¬ 



1 .... 

__l_ S FI n i B B. 



1 


I 




, i| 

tar 


standing. [F.]—Triple Entente, the protective 
understanding of Great Britain with France 
and Russia, 1907-17. 

en'ter, 1 en'ter; 2 gn'ter, v. I. t. 1. To pass 
from without to the interior of; pass inward 
through, as a gate; penetrate; be initiated 
into; join. 2. To set or insert in; enroll; re¬ 
cord; file. II. i. To effect an entrance; 
come or go inward. [ < F. entrer, < L. intro, 

< in, in.] [L. inter; see inter.] 

en'ter prefix. Same as inter-. [< F . enlre, < 
en-ter'ic, 1 en-ter'ik; 2 en-ter'ic, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to the intestine; as, enteric fever. [< Gr. 
enteron, intestine, < entos, within.] 

en'ter-prise, 1 en'tar-praiz; 2 en'ter-prl§, n. 
1. Any projected task or work; an undertak¬ 
ing. 2. Boldness, energy, and invention in 
practical affairs. [ < F. entreprise, < entre - 
prendre, undertake.] en'ter-prize s f. — en'ter- 
pris"ing, pa. Energetic and progressive. 
en"ter-tain', 1 en"tar-ten'; 2 en"ter-tan', v. I. 
t. 1. To receive and care for, as a guest. 2. 
To afford amusement to; divert. 3. To take 
into consideration; hold in mind, as an opin¬ 
ion. II. i. To receive and care for guests. 
[< L.f inter, among, + teneo, hold.]— enter¬ 
tain'er, n. — en"ter-tain'ing, pa. Of a charac¬ 
ter to entertain; amusing; diverting. -ly, adv. — 
en"ter-tain'ment, n. 1. Hospitable accommo¬ 
dation; hospitality. 2. A diverting performance; 
amusement. 3. The act of entertaining in the 
mind. 

en-thrall', 1 en-threl'; 2 £n-thral', vt. To 
bring under any overmastering influence; 
enslave. en-thral'J. — en-thral'ment, n. 

en-thrall'mentf. 

en-throne', 1 en-£hr5n'; 2 en-thron', vt. [en¬ 
throned'; en-thron'ing.] To put upon a 
throne; invest with sovereign power. -ment,n. 
en-tliu'si-asm, 1 en-fhiu'zi-azm; 2 en-thu'§i- 
asm, n. 1. Earnest and fervent feeling; ar¬ 
dent zeal for a person or cause. 2||. Irration¬ 
al religious ecstasy. [ < Gr. enthousiasmos, 

< en, in, + theos, god.]— en-thu'si-ast, n. One 
prone to or moved by enthusiasm; an ardent ad¬ 
herent; zealot.— en-thu"si-as'tic, a. Given to 
enthusiasm; ardent; zealous. en-thu"si-as'ti- 
cal f.—en-thu"si-as 'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

en-tice', 1 en-tais'; 2 en-tig', vt. [en-ticed'*; 
en-tic'ing.] To draw, or attempt to draw 
(especially into evil), through the desires, 
hopes, etc.; allure. [< OF. enticer, entice.]— 
en-tice'ment, n.— en-tic'er, n. —en-tic'ing, 

pa. , -ly, adv. 

en-tire', 1 en-tair'; 2 en-tir'. I. a. Complete 
in all its parts; undivided; unbroken; unquali¬ 
fied; whole. II. n. The whole; the entirety. 
[< F. entier, < L. integer, whole.]— en-tire'Iy, 

adv. — en-tire 'ness, n. The state of being entire. 
— en-tire'ty, n. 1. Entireness. 2. That which is 
entire; a whole. 

en-ti'tle, 1 en-tai'tl; 2 en-tl'tl, vt. [-tled; 
-tling.] 1. To give a title to. 2. To author¬ 
ize to receive or require. [ < L. F in, in, + 
titulus, title.] 

en'ti-ty, 1 en'ti-ti; 2 &n'ti-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
Anything that exists or may be supposed to 
exist; being. [< LL. entitas, < en{t-)s, ppr. 
of sum, am.] 

en-tomb', 1 en-tum'; 2 gn-tom', vt. To place 
in a tomb; bury.— en-tomb'ment, n. 
en"to-mol'o-gy, 1 en"to-mel'o-ji; 2 gn"to- 
mol'o-gy, n. The branch of zoology that 
treats of insects, or a treatise upon it. [ < Gr. 
enlomon, an insect, + -logy.]— en"to-mo-log'- 


1: a = final; l = hablt; aisle; ail = out; oil; lu = feud; cfhin; go; g = sm.9; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 




























entourage 

equable 


216 


i-cal, a. en"to-mo-Iog'ict.—en"to-mol'o- 
gist, n. A student of entomology. 
en"tou"rage', 1 an"tu"ra3 / ; 2 afi'tu'rSzh', n. As¬ 
sociates, companions, or followers collectively; 
environment. [F.] 

en'trails, 1 en'trelz; 2 en'tralg, n. pi. The in¬ 
ternal parts, especially the intestines, of an 
animal. [ < L. F interanea, neut. pi. of inter a- 
neus, interior.) 

en-trance', ) 1 en-trans'; 2 gn-trang', vt. [en- 
en-transe' p ) tranced' 1 , en-transt ,p ; en- 
tranc'ing.] 1. To put into a state of ecstasy; 
transport. 2. To throw into a trance— en¬ 
trancing, pa. -ly, adv. 
en'trance, 1 en'trens; 2 gn'trang, n. 1. The 
act of entering, in any sense. 2. A passage 
into a house or other enclosed space. 3. The 
right or power of entering. [OF., < entrer, 
enter.) 

en-trap' 1 , 1 en-trap'; 2 en-trap', vt . To take or 
catch in a trap, or by trick or artifice; ensnare. 
en-treat' d , 1 en-trit'; 2 gn-tret', vt . To solicit 
with importunity; supplicate. [< OF. en - 
trailer , < en , in, + traiter , treat.) — en-treat'- 
lng-ly, adv . — en-treat'y, n. [-ies*, pi .] An 
earnest request; supplication. 
en"tree', 1 an"tre'; 2 an"tre', n. 1. The act or priv¬ 
ilege of entering; entrance; admission. 2. A 
subordinate dish between courses. [F.) 
en-trench'*, 1 en-trench'; 2 gn-trench', v. I. i. 
1. To protect, as by a trench. 2. To make a 
trench or trenches in or on. II. i. To en¬ 
croach; trespass. in-trencb':j:.--en-trcnch'- 
ment, n. 1. A bre stwork dt earth, properly 
one with a ditch. 2. Any defense or protection. 
3. The act of entrenching, or the state of being 
entrenched, in-trench 'mentf. 
en-trust' d , 1 en-trust'; 2 gn-trust', vt. 1. To 
give in trust. 2. To place in charge, in¬ 
trust':}:. 

en'try, 1 en'tn; 2 gn'try, n. [en'triesz, pi.] 1. 
The act of coming or going in; entrance. 2. 
A place of entrance; a small hallway. 3. The 
act of entering anything in a register, list, 
etc.; the official report of the arrival of a ship 
in port. [ < F. entree, < L. intro, < in, in.] 
en-twine', 1 en-twain'; 2 gn-twln', vt. & vi. To 
twine round; twine or twist together. 
en-twist' d , 1 en-twist'; 2 gn-twlst', vt. To 
twist; intertwist. 

e-nu'mer-ate, 1 l-niu'mor-et; 2 e-nu'mer-at, 
vt. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To name one by one; 
count or ascertain the number of. [ < L. e, 
out, 4- numero, number.)— e-nu"mer-a'tion, n. 
I. Detailed mention of things in succession; a 
catalog. 2. The act of ascertaining a number 
by counting.— e-nu'nier-a"tiv(e s , a. — e-nu'- 
mer-a"tor, n. 

e-nun'ci-ate, 1 l-nun'si-et; 2 e-nun'ci-at, vt. & 
vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To articulate; 
utter; speak. 2. To state with formal exact¬ 
ness. [ < L. e, out, -f- nuntius, messenger.]— 
e-nun"cI-a'tion, n. 1. The utterance or mode 
of utterance of vocal sounds. 2. Definite state¬ 
ment. — e-nun'ci-a-tiv(e 3 , a. — e-nun'ci-a"- 
tor, n. 

en-vel'glct* vt. Same as inveigle. 
en-vel'op*, } 1 en-vcl'op; 2 gn-vgl'op, vt. 1. 
en-vel'ope 1 , ) To surround as a wrapper; lie or 
be round or about. 2. To enclose in, or as in, 
a wrapper. [ < F. envelopper, < en, in, -f- 
*velopper, = wrap.) — en-vel 'op-ment, n. 
en-vel'op, ) 1 en-vel'ep or en'vi-lop; 2 en-vgl'- 
en-vel'ope, J op or en've-lop, n. 1. A wrapper 


of paper with gummed edges, for enclosing a 
letter or the like. 2. Any enclosing covering, 
en-ven'om, 1 en-ven'am; 2 gn-vgn'om, vt. To 
impregnate with venom; poison; render vin¬ 
dictive. 

Env. Ext., abbr. Envoy Extraordinary, 
en'vi-ous, 1 en'vi-us; 2 gn'vi-iis, a. Cherishing 
envy; characterized by envy. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. — en'vi-a-bl(e p , a. Adapted to excite 
envy.— en'vi-a-bly, adv. 

en-vi'ron, 1 en-vai'ron; 2 gn-vf'ron, vt. To be 
or extend round; completely enclose; sur¬ 
round. [ < F. environner, < environ, around.] 
—cn-vi'ron-ment, n. 1. Whatever encom¬ 
passes; one’s surroundings or external circum¬ 
stances collectively. 2. The act of environing, or 
the state of being environed.— en-vi'ron-men- 
tal, a. — en-vl'rons, n. pi. The surrounding 
region; outskirts; suburbs. 


en'voy 1 , 1 en'vei; 2 gn'vby, n. A diplomatic 
agent below an ambassador; a messenger. 
[< F. envoye, prop. pp. of envoyer, send.) 
en-voy'*|j, 1 en-voi'; 2 fen-voy', n. A postscript to 
or the closing lines of a poem: generally printed 
Venvoi. [OF.] 

en'vy, 1 en'vr, 2 gn'vy, v. [en'vied; en'vy- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To feel a grudge toward 
(another) on account of coveting what he 
possesses. 2. To view f with admiration and 
desire to possess without ill will. II. i. To 
feel or show envy. 

en'vy, n. [en'vies 2 , pZ.] 1. Selfish and un¬ 
friendly grudging in view of what another 
enjoys; in a mild sense, the longing for a good 
possessed by another, without ill will toward 
the possessor. 2. An object of envy. [ < F. 
envie, < L. invidia, < in, upon, + video, see.) 
en'zym, ) 1 en'zim; 2 fen'zym, n. Chem. Anun- 
en'zyme, ( organized or chemical compound of 
vegetable or animal origin that causes chemical 
transformation, as fermentation, etc. [< Gr. 
enzymos, fermented, < en, in, + zyme, leaven.) 
E-o'li-an, ) 1 i-o'h-an; 2 e-o'li-an. I. a. 1. 
^E-o'li-an, ^ Pertaining to iEolus, the god of 
the winds. 2. [e-] Hence, pertaining to the 
wands; produced, moved, or borne by the 
wind; aerial. 3. Eolic. II. n. A member of 
the Eolic division of the Greek race.—Eolian 
harp, E. lyre, a 


stringed instru¬ 
ment that gives 
forth musical 
sounds when 
exposed to a cur¬ 
rent of air. 

Mr- 


4 ^ . 


E-ol'ic, )1 I-el'ik; 
yE-ol'ic, (2 e-ol'ic. 
I. a. Pertaining 



Eolian Harp. 

a, pegs; 6 6, 6 6, bridges; c, chords; 
d t d f d , roses. 

to Eolis, in ancient Greece, its people, or 
their language. II. n. The dialect of the 
Greek language spoken by the Eolians. 
e. o. m., abbr. End of month. 


e'on, ) 1 I'en; 2 e'on, n. An incalculable peri- 
ac'on, ) od of time; an age; eternity. [< L. 

xon, < Gr. aion, age.) 

Ep., Epis., abbr. Epistle. 

E-pam"i-non 'das, 1 l-parn'i-nen'das; 2 e-pam*I- 

non'das, n. Theban statesman, 3d century B. C.; 
twice defeated the Spartans. 


ep'au-let, 1 ep'o-let; 2 8p'a-let, n. A fringed 
shoulder*ornament of commissioned officers: 
now' rarely worn. [ < F. epaulette, dim. of 
epaule, shoulder.) ep'au-lettef. 
e-pergne', 1 1 -pOrn' or (F.) e"pern'; 2 e-pern' or 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not. or-; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, w'hat, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; 5 = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 













217 


entourage 

equable 


(F .) e"p6rn', ra. An ornamental centerpiece for a 
dinner»table. [Prob. < F. epargne, economy.] 
Eph., Ephes., abbr. Ephesians, 
e-phem'er-al, ) 1 l-fem'ar-al; 2 e-fem'er-al, a. 
e-fem'er-al p , ( Living one day only, as cer¬ 
tain insects (the Ephemeridse or May*flies); 
hence, transitory. -ly, adv. 

Eph'e-sus, 1 ef'i-sus; 2 Sf'e-sus, ra. Ancient city, 
W. Asia Minor; temple of Diana.— E-phe'sian, 
a . & ra. 

eph'od, 1 ef'ed; 2 ef'od, ra. A Jewish priestly 
vestment. [< Heb. ephod, < aphad, clothe.] 
E'phra-im, 1 I'fn-im; 2 e'fra-im, ra. Joseph’s 
second son, or the tribe descended from him. 
ep'I-, prefix. Upon, beside, over, etc., becoming 
ep- before vowels, and eph- before the aspirate: 
the first element in many compounds from the 
Greek. [ < Gr. epi-, ep-, eph-, < epi, upon.] 
ep'ic, 1 ep'ik; 2 ep'ic. I. a. Of, pertaining to, 
or like an epic; grand; noble; heroic. II. n. 
A poem celebrating in stately verse the 
achievements of heroes or demigods; a heroic 
poem. [ < Gr. L epikos, < epos, word.]— 
ep'I-cal, a. 

Ep"ic-te'tus, 1 ep"ik-tl'tus; 2 gp'ic-te'tus, n. A 
Greek stoic philosopher (50?-125?). 
ep'i-cure, 1 ep'i-kiur; 2 ep'i-cur, ra. One given 
to dainty indulgence in the pleasures of the 
table. [< Gr. L+F Epikouros .]— Ep"i-cu-re'- 
an. I. a. 1. Pertaining to the Greek philosopher 
Epicurus or to his doctrine that pleasure is the 
chief good. 2. [e-] Of, pertaining to, or like an 
epicure. II. ra. 1. A follower of Epicurus. 2. 
[e-] A pleasure*seeker; an epicure.— Ep"l-cu- 
re'an-tsm, ra. 

Ep"i-cu'rus, 1 epT-kiu'rus; 2 ep"i-eu'rus, ra. A 
Greek philosopher (341-270 B. C.). 
ep"i-dem'ic, 1 ep"i-dem'ik; 2 2p"i-dem'ie. I. 
a. Med. Affecting many in a community 
at once. ep"i-dem'i-cal:|:. II. ra. Wide* 
spread disease in a certain region; also, wide* 
spread excitement, influence, etc. f < Gr. 
epi, upon, + demos, people.]— ep"i-dem'i-cal- 
ly, adv. 

ep"i-der'mis, 1 ep"i-dur'mis; 2 ep"i-der'mis, 
ra. The cuticle, or outer skin. [ < Gr. epi, 
upon, + derma, skin.]—ep"i-der'mal, a. ep"- 
i-der'inicj. 

ep"i-gIot'tis, 1 ep"i-glet'is; 2 Sp"i-glot'is, ra. 
[-ti-des z , pi.] The leaf*shaped lid that covers 
the larynx during the act of swallowing. [ < 
Gr. epi, upon, 4- glottis; see glottis.] 
ep'i-gram, 1 ep'i-gram; 2 ep'i-gram, n. 1. A 
pithy or antithetical saying. 2. A short, 
pithy poem. [ < Gr. epi, on, + grapho, 
write.]— ep"i-gram-mat'ic, ep"I-gram-mat'- 
i-cal, a. Pertaining to or marked by epigram; 
witty; pointed; antithetical.— ep"i-gram-mat'- 
i-cal-ly, adv. — ep"i-gram'ma-tist, ra. 
ep'i-graph, ) 1 ep'i-graf; 2 6p'i-graf, n. 1. A 
ep'i-graf p , ( carved inscription, as on a tomb. 2. 
The superscription prefixed to a book or chapter. 

[ < Gr. epi, upon, -f grapho, write.] 
ep'i-Iep-sy, 1 ep'i-lep-si; 2 ep'i-lep-sy, n. A 
chronic nervous disease characterized by 
recurrent paroxysms. [ < Gr. epi, upon, + 
lambano, seize.]— ep"i-lep'tic. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to or affected with epilepsy. II. n. One 
affected with epilepsy. 

ep'i-log, ) 1 ep'i-leg; 2 ep'i-16g, n. The con- 
ep'i-Iogue, > elusion of a discourse, a poem, or 
the like; a concluding speech. [< Gr. epi, 
upon, H- lego, say.] 

Ep"i-me'theus, 1 epT-mrthius; 2 ep"i-me'thus, n. 
Brother of Prometheus; husband of Pandora. 


Epiph., abbr. Epiphany. 

e-ptph'a-ny, 1 l-pii'a-m; 2 e-pif'a-ny, n. 1. 
[E-] A festival in commemoration of the visit 
of the Magi to Bethlehem, celebrated on Jan. 
6. 2. A bodily manifestation, as of a deity. [ < 
Gr. epiphaneia, < epi, upon, + phaino, show.] 
ep'i-phyte, 1 ep'i-fait; 2 ep'i-fyt, n. 1. Bot. A 
plant growing non*parasitically upon another. 
2. A fungus parasitic upon an animal. [< Gr. 
epi, upon, + plryton, plant.l 
E-pi'rus, 1 i-pai'rus; 2 e-pl'rus, n. An ancient 
country, N. W. of Greece. Proclaimed autonomy, 
Feb. 25, 1914. 

Epis., Episc., abbr. Episcopal, 
e-pis 'co-pal, 1 i-pis'ko-pel; 2 e-pis'co-pal, a. 
Of or pertaining to bishops; having a gov¬ 
ernment vested in bishops. [ < Gr. episkopos, 
bishop.] —e-pis'co-pa-cy, n. 1. Government of 
a church by bishops. 2. A bishop’s state or 
office. 3. The body of bishops collectively.— 
E-pis"co-pa'lian. I. a. 1. Pertaining to the 
Protestant Episcopal Church, its forms, etc. 
2. [e-] Pertaining to church government by 
bishops. II. n. 1. A member of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church. 2. [e-] An advocate of epis¬ 
copacy.—e-pis"co-pa'lian-ism, n. —e-pis'co- 
pal-Iy, adv. —e-pis'co-pate, ra. The office, 
dignity, or term of office of a bishop; a bishopric; 
also, the body of bishops collectively, 
ep'i-sode, 1 ep'i-sod; 2 ep'i-sod, ra. An in¬ 
cidental story in a literary work; any incident 
or action out of the regular course of events. 

[ < Gr. epi, besides, + eis, into, + hodos, way.]— 
ep"i-sod'ic, a.— ep"i-sod'i-cal-Iy, adv. 
e-pis'tie, 1 i-pis'l; 2 e-pis'l, ra. A letter. [< 
Gr. epislole, < epi, to, + stello, send.]—e-pis'to- 
la-r y, a. Belonging or suitable to correspondence 
by letter. 

ep'i-taph, / 1 ep'i-taf; 2 8p'i-taf, ra. An in- 
ep'i-taf p , ) scription, as on a tomb, in memory 
of the dead. [ < Gr. epi, upon, + taphos, 
tomb.] 

ep"i-the'li-um, 1 epT-fhl'h-um; 2 ep^i-thedi-um, 
ra. A cellular tissue covering all free surfaces of 
the animal body; the cuticle. [< Gr. epi, upon, 
+ thele, nipple.]—ep"i-the'li-al, a. 
ep'i-thet, 1 ep'i-fhet; 2 ep'i-thSt, ra. A phrase 
or word used adjectivally to describe some 
quality: not having necessarily an opprobri¬ 
ous implication. [ < Gr. epi, on, + tithemi, 
put.]—ep"i-thet'ic or -i-cal, a. 
e-pit'o-me, 1 l-pit'o-mi; 2 e-pit'o-me, ra. A 
concise summary; abridgment; compendium. 
[L„ < Gr. epi, upon, + temno, cut.]—e-pit'o- 
mist, ra.—e-pit'o-mize or -mise, vt. & vi. 
[-mized; -miz"ing.] To reduce to an epitome; 
make an epitome. 

ep"i-zo-ot'ic, 1 ep"i-z5-et'ik; 2 ep"i-zo-ot'ie, ra. 
An epidemic disease of animals, as horses. 

ep"i-zo'o-tyJ. 

e plu'ri-bus u'num, 1 I plu'ri-bus yu'num; 2 
e plu'ri-bus yu'num. From many, one: the 
motto of the United States. [L.] 
ep'oeh, 1 ep'ak; 2 ep'oc, ra. 1. An important 
point in history; the beginning of an era. 2. 
A definite and memorable period of history; 
era. [ < Gr. epoche, check, < epi, upon, + 
echo, have.]—ep'och-al, a. Creating or marking 
an epoch. 

eq., abbr. Equal, equivalent. 
e'qua-bl(e p , 1 i'kwa-bl or ek'wa-bl; 2 e'kwa- 
bl or ek'wa-bl, a. Of uniform condition or 
movement; regular; even; steady. [< L. 
seguabilis, < seguo, make equal.]—e"qua-bil'- 
i-ty, ra. Evenness, as of temper or action, 
e'qua-ble-nessj.—e'qua-bly, adv. 


]: a = final; I = habits aisle; au = out; ©il; iu = fetzd; cfhin; go; ij = sin^; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; fqll, rule, cure, but, btirn; oil, boy. go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










equal 

escapement 


218 


e'qual, 1 I'kwal; 2 e'kwal. I. vt. [e'qualed 
or e'qualled, e'quald 8 ; e'qual-ing or e'- 
qual-ling. 1 To be or become equal to; make 
equal; equalize. II. a. 1. Of the same degree 
with another, or with each other, as in mag¬ 
nitude or value; neither greater nor less. 2. 
Equable. 3. Adequate for the purpose; com¬ 
mensurate. 4. Equitable; just. III. n. A 
person or thing equal to another; a person of 
the same rank or condition. [ < L. aequalis, 
< aequus, even.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — e-qual'- 
1-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.) The state of being equal; 
exact agreement; uniformity.— e"qual-i-za'- 
tion or -sa'tiou, n. The act of equalizing; an 
equal state.— e'qual-ize or -ise, vt. [-ized, 
-ised; -iz"ing, -is"ing.] To make equal to an¬ 
other or to one another. 

e"qua-nim'i-ty, 1 i"kwa-nim'i-ti; 2 e"kwa- 
mm'i-ty, n. Evenness of mind or temper; 
composure; calmness. [< L. aequus, equal, 
+ animus, mind.] 

e-qua'tion, 1 l-kwe'^han; 2 e-kwa'shon, n. A 
proposition expressing (usually by the sym¬ 
bol = ) the equality of two quantities. [ < L. 
aequalio(n-), < aequo, make equal, < aequus, 
equal.] —e-quate', vt. [E-QUAT'ED d ; e-quat'- 
ing.] To make equal; represent as equivalent; 
put into the form of an equation. 

e-qua'tor, 1 l-kwe'tar; 2 e-kwa'tor, n. 1. A 
great circle of the earth, the sun, a planet, 
etc., midway between the poles (that of the 
earth being the terrestrial equator). 2. The 
great circle in which the plane of the earth’s 
equator cuts the celestial sphere (the celestial 
equator). [< LL. aequator, < L. aequo, make 
equal.]— e"qua-to'ri-al. I. a. Relating to, 
near, or determined by an equator. II. n. A 
telescope turning on two axes at right angles 
to each other, the principal one being parallel to 
the axis of the earth, equatorial telescopet. 

eq'uer-ry, 1 ek'war-i; 2 Sk'wer-y, n. [-ries 2 , 
pi.] [Eng.] An officer of the royal household 
in the offices of the master of the horse, who 
occasionally attends upon the sovereign. [ < 
F. tcurie, stable.] 

e-ques'tri-an, 1 l-kwes'tn-an; 2 e-kwes'tri-an. 
I. a. 1. Pertaining to horses or horseman¬ 
ship; skilled in horsemanship. 2. Represent¬ 
ing as on horseback. II. n. One skilled in 
horsemanship. [< L. equester (equestr -), < 
equus, horse.]— e-ques'tri-an-ism, n. Horse¬ 
manship.— e-ques"tri-enne / , n. A woman 
skilled in horsemanship. 

e'qui-, 1 I'kwi-; 2 e'kwi-. A combining form. 
[< L. aequus, equal.]— e"qui-an'gu-Iar, a. 
Having equal angles. —e"qui-dis'tant, a. Situ¬ 
ated at equal distances from a point or from each 
other.— e"qui-lat'er-al, a. Having all the sides 
equal, -ly, adv. — e"qui-li'bra-tor, n. A de¬ 
vice for establishing equilibrium, as in a balloon. 

e"qui-lib 'ri-um, 1 I"kwi-lib'n-um; 2 e"kwi- 
lfb'ri-um, n. Even poise or balance, as of a 
body acted upon by counteracting forces, or 
of the mind between conflicting motives. 
[< L. aequus, equal, + libra, balance.]— e"qul- 
li'brate, v. [-brat-ed<>; -brat-ing.] To bring 
into or be in equilibrium; counterpoise.— e"qui- 
li-bra'tlon, n. 

e'quine, 1 I'kwain; 2 e'kwln. I. a. Of, per¬ 
taining to, or like a horse. II. n. A horse, or 
a related animal. [ < L. equinus, < equus, 
horse.] 

e'qui-nox, 1 I'kwi-neks; 2 e'kwi-noks, n. 
Astron. One of two opposite points at which 


the sun crosses the celestial equator, when 
the days and nights are equal; also, the time 
of this crossing (about Mar. 21 and Sep. 22). 
[< L. F aequus, equal, + nox (nocl -), night.]— 
e"qul-noc'tial. I. a. Occurring at or pertain¬ 
ing to the equinox or to equality of day and 
night. II. n. 1. A severe storm occurring usu¬ 
ally at or near the equinox. 2. The equator. 

e-quip', 1 i-kwip'; 2 e-kwip', vt. [e-quipped' 1 , 
e-quipt' 8 ; e-quip'ping.] 1. To furnish or fit 
out for any purpose. 2. To dress or attire; 
array. [ < Ice. OF skipa, set in order.]— e- 
quip'ment, n. 1. The act of equipping, or the 
state of being equipped. 2. A complete outfit. 

eq'ui-page, 1 ek'wi-pij; 2 &k'wi-pag, n. 1. A 
complete outfit. 2. A carriage, with its 
horses, attendants, etc.; retinue. [OF., < 
equiper, equip.] 

e'qui-poise, 1 I'kwi-peiz; 2 e'kwi-poi§, n. 1. 
Equality or equal distribution, as of weight 
and power; equilibrium. 2. A counterpoise. 

eq'ui-ty, 1 ek'wi-ti; 2 6k'wi-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
Fairness or impartiality; equal justice. [ < 
L. F tequila(t-)s, < aequus, equal.]— eq'ui-ta- 
bl (e p , a. Characterized by equity or fairness; 
impartial; just; fair, -ness, n .— eq'ui-ta-bly, 
adv. 

equiv., abbr. Equivalent. 

e-quiv'a-lent, 1 l-kwiv'a-lent; 2 e-kwfv'a-Rnt. 
I. a. Equal in value, area, volume, force, 
meaning, or the like. II. n. That which is 
equivalent; something equal in value, power, 
or effect. [ < L. aequus, equal, + valeo, be 
strong.]— e-qulv'a-leuce, n. The state of being 
equivalent or of having equal values, e-quiv'a- 
len-cyt.—e-quiv'a-Ient-ly, adv. 

e-quiv'o-cal, 1 l-kwiv'o-kal; 2 e-kwiv'o-eal, a . 
Having a doubtful meaning; susceptible of 
different interpretations; questionable; sus¬ 
picious. [< L. aequus, equal, + vox ( voc -), 
voice.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — e-qulv'o-cate, vi. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat'Tng.) To use ambiguous lan¬ 
guage with intent to deceive.— e-qu!v"o-ca'- 
tlon, n. 1. The act of equivocating. 2. Logic. 
A fallacy arising from the employment of a word 
of doubtful meaning.— e-quiv'o-ca"tor, n. — 
eq'ui-voke, n. An equivocal word or phrase; 
an equivocation; a play upon words. 

-er, suffix. Used (1) to form nouns of agency; 
as, maker, knocker, etc.; (2) to form the com¬ 
parative degree; as, larger, longer; (3) to 
form frequentative and diminutive verbs; as, 
flutter (from float); (4) to denote a person, 
often an agent, without derivation from a 
verb; as, pensioner. [(1) < AS. -ere; (2) < 
AS. -er, -or; (3) < AS. - erian; (4) < OF. -er, -ier, 
< L. arius.] 

e'ra, 1 I'ra; 2 e'ra, n. 1. A period dating from a 
fixed epoch; as, the Christian era. 2. A 
notable period. 3. An epoch. [ < LL. aera, 
pi. of aes (ter-), brass.] 

e-rad'i-cate, 1 l-rad'i-ket; 2 e-rSd'i-cat, vt. 
[-cat"ed c1 ; -cat"ing.] To root out; extirpate. 
[< L. e, out, + radix (radio-), root.]— e-rad 't- 
ea-bl(e p , a. —e-rad"i-ca'tion, n. —e-rad'1-ca- 
tiv(e 8 , a. 

c-rase', 1 i-res'; 2 e-ras', vt. [e-rased' 1 ; e- 
ras'ing.] To obliterate, as by scraping or 
rubbing out; efface. [ < L. e, out, + rado, 
scratch.]— e-ras'a-bl(e p or-l-bI(e p , a .— e-ras'- 
er, n. One who or that which erases; a sharp 
tool or a rubber for removing pencil* or ink* 
marks. —e-ra'sure, n. 1. The act of erasing, or 
the state of being erased. 2. Anything erased. 

E-ras'mus, 1 l-raz'mus; 2 e-ra^'mus, Desiderius 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 







219 


equal 

escapement 


(1466—1536). A Dutch scholar and theologian; 
taught at Cambridge, England: Colloquies. 
Er'a-to, 1 er'a-to; 2 fir'a-to, n. Class. Myth. The 
muse of lyric and erotic poetry, 
ere, 1 ar; 2 er, prep. & conj. Sooner than; 
before; rather than. (AS. aer, before.]— ere'- 
long, adv. Ere long; before long, 
e-rect', 1 i-rekt'; 2 e-rSct'. I d . vt. To rear or 
set up; set upright; build; establish; exalt. 
II. a. Upright; vertical. [< L. erectus, pp. 
of erigo, set up.] -iy, adv. -ness, n. 
e-rec'tion, 1 l-rek'sRan; 2 e-rec'shon, n. The 
act of erecting, or the state of being erected; 
a building or structure.— e-rec'tiv(e 8 , a. — 
e-rec'tor, n. 

€r'e-mite, 1 er'i-mait; 2 er'e-mit, n. A hermit. 

[< Gr. eremites, < eremos, lonely.] 
erg, 1 urg; 2 erg, n. The unit of work and energy 
in the centimeter=gramssecond system. See 
unit. [ < Gr. ergon, work.] [ [L.] 

er'go, 1 ur'go; 2 er'go, adv. Hence; therefore. 
Er'ic-son, 1 er'ik-san; 2 er'ic-son, Leif. A Norse 
adventurer; traditional discoverer of North 
America about 1000 A. D. 

Er'ics-son, 1 er'ik-san; 2 er'ic-son, John (1803- 
1889). A Swedish engineer; invented the screw 
propeller, improved the locomotive, and built 
the “Monitor.” See monitor. 



Erie, 11'n; 2 e'ri.w. One of the Great Lakes; length, 
240 m.; width,58 m.—Erie canal,a canal, 326 m. 
long, from Buffalo to Albany, N. Y. 

<er'min(e 8 , 1 ur'min; 2 er'min, n. 1. A weasel* 
like carnivore, the stoat, especially 
in its winter dress, which is 
white, with a black taibtip. 

2. Its fur, used in Europe for 
the facings of official robes, as 
of judges; hence, the judi¬ 
cial office or its ideal 
purity. [OF., < OHG. 
harmin, ermine*fur.] Ermine, 

erne, 1 urn; 2 era, n. An eagle, ernf. 
'e-ro'sion, 1 i-r6'39n; 2 e-ro'zhon, n. The wear¬ 
ing away of rocks, as by water. [ < L. e, off, 
+ rodo, gnaw.]— e-rode', vt. & vi. To gnaw or 
wear away.— e-ro'siv(e 8 , a. 
e-rot'ic, 1 l-rot'ik; 2 e-rot'ic, a. Amorous; ama¬ 
tory. [<Gr.erotikos, <ero(t)s, love.] e-rot'i-calf. 
er(r p , 1 ur; 2 er, vi . [erred, erd 8 ; er'ring.] 
1. To wander from the truth; mistake. 2. To 
• go astray morally; sin. 3. To miss one’s aim. 
[< L. F erro, wander.] —er'ran-cy, n. 1. The 
condition of erring; containing errors; liability 
to err. 2. Frequent change; liability to change, 
er'rand, 1 er'and; 2 er'and, n. A going to carry 
a message or do a commission; also, that which 
one goes to do. [ < AS. eerende, < V ar, te o.] 
er'rant, 1 er'ant; 2 er'ant, a. Roving or wan¬ 
dering; erratic. [OF., ppr. of errer, wander.] 
er-rat'ic, 1 e-rat'ik; 2 g-rat'ic, a. 1. Not con¬ 
forming to rules or standards; irregular; ec¬ 
centric. 2. Wandering; straying. __ [< L. F 
erraticus, < erro, wander.] er-rat'i-calj:. — 
er-rat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

er-ra'tum, 1 e-re'tum; 2 S-ra'tiim, ». [-ta, pi.] 
An error, as in writing or printing. TL.] 
er-ro'ne-ous, 1 e-ro'm-us; 2 e-ro'ne-iis, a. 
Marked by error; mistaken. [ < L. erroneus, 
straying, < erro, wander.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
er'ror, 1 er'ar; 2 Sr'or, n. A mistake; fault; 

transgression. [OF., < L. error, wandering.] 
erst, 1 first; 2 erst, adv. [Archaic or Poet.] 1. 
Formerly; long ago; once. 2. In the begin¬ 
ning. [ < AS. xrest, superl. of xr, before.] 


e"ruc-ta'tion, 1 Uruk-te'^han; 2 e"ruc-ta'- 
shon, n. The act of belching; also, that which 
is thrown off in belching. [ < L. eructo, < e, 
out, + ructo, belch.]— e-ruct', e-ruc'tate, vt. 
er'u-dite, 1 er'u-dait; 2 er'u-dlt, a. Very 
learned; scholarly. [< L. eruditus, pp. of 
erudio, instruct, < e, from, rudis, rude.] -Iy, 
adv. -ness, n— er"u-dt'tion, n. 1. Complete 
and various scholarship. 2. The act of instructing. 
e-rupt' d , 1 i-rupt'; 2 e-rupt', v. I. t. To cause 
to burst forth. II. i. To break out suddenly 
and with violence, as a volcano. [ < L. e, 
out, -f rumpo, burst.]— e-rup'tion, n. 1. A 
breaking forth with violence; bursting out; out¬ 
break. 2. That which bursts forth, as lava from 
a volcano. 3. A breaking out, as in a rash. 
e-rup'tiv(e 8 , 1 i-rup'tiv; 2 e-rup'tiv, a. Of or 
tending to eruption. [ness, etc., as bakery, 

-ery, suffix. Denoting a business, place of busi- 
er"y-sip'e-Ias, 1 er"i-sip'i-las; 2 er"y-sip'e-las, 
n. Pathol. An inflammatory disease of the 
skin, accompanied by fever. [ < Gr. ery- 
thros, red, + pella, skin.]— er"y-si-pel'a-tous, 
a. er"y-sip 'e-lousj. 

Erz'ber-ger, 1 erts'ber-gar; 2 erts'ber-ger, Mat¬ 
thias (1875-1921). German statesman; Vice 
Chancellor, 1919; signer of Armistice terms 
granted to the Germans by the Allies, Nov. 11, 
1918; assassinated. 

es-, prefix. Form of ex- in many words of Ro¬ 
mance origin; as escape, escheat, eschange 
(now exchange). 

-es, suffix. Used (1) to form many plurals, as 
boxes, churches; (2) to form the 3d person 
singular of the present indicative of verbs end¬ 
ing in a vowel, as goes, sees. [(1) (a) ME. -es, 
-is, < AS. -as; (&) < L. -es, a pi. termination in the 
3d declension. (2) ME. -es. -s, < AS. -eth, -ath.] 
E. S., abbr. Ells Scotch. 

E'sau, 11'se; 2 e'sa, n. Eldest son of Isaac; sold his 
birthright to his brother Jacob. Gen. xxv, 29-34. 
es"ca"drille', 1 es"ka"drll'; 2 es"ea"dril', n. [F.] A 
squadron of military aeroplanes. 
es"ca-Iade', 1 es"ka-led'; 2 gs"ca-lad'. I. vt. 
[-LAD'ED d ; -lad'ing.] Mil. To mount and 
enter by means of a ladder; scale, as a wall. 
II. n. Mil. An attempt to pass ramparts, 
etc., by scaling. [F., < L. scala, ladder.] 
es'ca-la"tor, 1 es'k9-le"t9r; 2 es'ca-la"tor, n. A 
moving stairway, built on the endless*chain prin¬ 
ciple, used in stores, railroad=stations, etc. [< 
F. escalade, < It. scalata, < L. scala, ladder.] 
es-cal'lop, 1 es-kel'ap; 2 Ss-cal'op, v. & n. 

Same as scallop. 
es'ca-pade, 1 es'ka-ped; 2 es'- 
ca-pad, n. 1 . A mischievous 
prank. 2. An escape. 3. A 
plunging or kicking, as of a 
horse. [F.] 

es-cape', 1 es-kep'; 2 8s-eap', v. 

[ES-CAPED' 1 ; ES-CAP'lNG. j I. t. 

To flee from so as to get clear 
of; get away from. II. i. To 
succeed in getting away from 
something; also, to elude no¬ 
tice. [ < LL. of ex capa, < L. 
ex, out of, + LL. capa, cape.] Anchor Escape- 
es-cape', n. 1 . A successful mentofaWatch. 

flight, as from custody, pur- a, anchor; lever or 

suit, or annoyance. 2. Free- , fo f k; , ip ; i ; n ) mlse n ,a '' 
dom from some evil. 3. Issue, I ro^r operati^ the 
as of a fluid; leakage. balance.wheel; 8, ea- 

es-cape'inent, 1 es-kep'ment ca P e ' wh <*>i. 

or -msnt; 2 es-cap'ment, n. 1. A mechanical 



l:a = final,* i = hablt£ clsle; an = out; ©11; 10 = feud; cfhin; go; g = siny; fhin, this. 
2: wolf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, fcem; ink; thin, this. 











escarpment 

Eucalyptus 


220 


device, used in timepieces for securing a uni¬ 
form movement. 2. The act of escaping, 
es-carp'nient, 1 es-karp'ment or -msnt; 2 es- 
carp'ment, n. 1. Fori. A precipitous artificial 
slope about a fortification or position. 2. Any 
steep slope. [F.] [ < L. - esco.] 

-esce, suffix. Used to form inceptive verbs, 
-escence, -escent, suffixes of nouns and ad¬ 
jectives corresponding to verbs in -esce. 
es-chew', 1 es-dhu'; 2 es-chu', vt. To shun, as 
something unworthy or injurious. [ < OF. 
eschuer, shun.] 

Es-co'ri-al, 1 es-ko'ri-al; 2 Ss-eo'ri-al, n. A pal¬ 
ace and mausoleum of the Spanish kings, built by 
Philip II., 27 m. N. W. of Madrid. Es-cu'ri-alJ. 
es-cort' d , 1 es-kort'; 2 es-eort', vt. To accom¬ 
pany for the purpose of guarding; conduct; 
convoy. 

es'cort, 1 es'kert; 2 es'cort, n. A guard ac¬ 
companying a person or property in transit; 
safeguard; protection. [< F. escorte.) 
es"cri-toire', 1 es"kri-twar'; 2 8s"cri-twar', n. 
A secretary; writing-desk. [OF., < L. scribo, 
write.] 

es'cu-lent, 1 es'kiu-lent; 2 Ss'cu-lSnt, a. Suit¬ 
able for food; edible. [< L. esculentus, < 
edo, eat.] 

es-cutch'eon, 1 es-kudh'en; 2 Ss-cuch'on, n. 
A heraldic shield; any shield-shaped surface 
or device. [ < L. OF scutum, shield.] 

Esd., abbr. Esdras. 

Es"dra-e'lon, 1 es"dra-rian; 2 8s"dra-e'lon, n. 
Bib. (Apocrypha). A great plain in Palestine; 
scene of many battles. Es-dre'lont. 

E. S. E., abbr. East-southeast. 

Es'ki-mo, 1 es'ki-mo; 2 6s'ki-md, n. [-mos, pi.) 
One of the American natives of northern North 
America. [N.*Am. Ind., ‘eaters of raw flesh.’] 
Es'qui-inauf. [-maux, pi.] 
e-soph'a-gus, ) 1 l-sef'a-gus; 2 e-sof'a-gus, n. 
oe-soph'a-gus, ) The tube through which food 
passes from the mouth to the stomach; the 
gullet. [ < Gr. oiso, will bear, + phagein, 
eat.]— e"so-phag'e-al, a. e-soph'a-galf. 
es"o-ter'ic, 1 es"o-ter'ik; 2 Ss"o-tSr'ic, a. Con¬ 
fined to a select circle; confidential. [< Gr. 
esoterikos, inner.]— es"o-ter'1-cal-ly, adv. 
esp., espec., abbr. Especially, 
es-pal'ier, 1 es-pal'yar; 2 es-pal'yer, n. 1. A 
trellis on which to train small fruits. 2. A tree 
trained on such a framework. [F., < L. spat¬ 
ula, blade.] 

es-pe'cial, 1 es-pe^h'al; 2 8s-p8sh'al, a. 1. Ex¬ 
ceptional; noteworthy. 2. Particular or indi¬ 
vidual; special. [OF., < L. specialis, spe¬ 
cial.] — es-pe'eial-ly, adv. Preeminently; par¬ 
ticularly; specifically. 

Es"pe-ran'to, 1 es’pe-ran'to; 2 gs'pe-ran'to, n. A 
universal language, invented in 1887 by Dr. L. 
Zamenhof. 

es-pi'al, 1 es-pai'al; 2 Ss-pl'al, n. The action 
of a spy; a watching in secret; concealed ob¬ 
servation. 

es'pi-o-nage, 1 es'pi-o-mj; 2 8s'pi-o-nag, n. 
The practise of spying; excessive or offensive 
surveillance. [ < F. espionnage, < espier, espy.] 
es"pla-nade', 1 es"pla-ned'; 2 8s"pla-nad'. n. 
A level open space, as along a waterside, 
for promenading. [OF., <esplaner, level.] 
es-pouse', 1 es-pauz'; 2 8s-pou§', vt. [es¬ 
poused'; es-pous'ing.] 1. To marry; prom¬ 
ise, engage, or bestow in marriage. 2. To as¬ 
sume the advocacy of, as a cause or claim. 
[< L. LL+F sponsus, pp. of spondeo, promise.]— 


es-pou'sal. I. a. Of or pertaining to a be¬ 
trothal or a marriage. II. n. 1. The act of es¬ 
pousing; marriage. 2. The adoption of a cause. 
es"prit', 1 es"pri'; 2 6s"pri'. [F.] Spirit; wit.— 
esprit de corps, common devotion of members 
to an organization. 

es-py', 1 es-pm'; 2 es-py', v. [es-pied'; es-py'- 
ing.] I.f. 1. To get sight of; catch a glimpse 
of; discover. 2. To observe closely; explore; 
spy. II. i. To keep close watch. [< OF. 
espier, < OHG. spehon, spy.] 

Esq., Esqr., abbr. [Esqs., Esqrs., pi.] Esquire, 
-esque, suffix. Like in manner or style. [F.] 
Es'qui-mau, 1 es'ki-mo; 2 8s'ki-mo, n. Same 
as Eskimo. 

es-quire', 1 es-kwair'; 2 Ss-kwir', n. 1. A 
title of dignity, office, or courtesy. 2. [Eng.] 
A landed proprietor; squire. 3||. A knight’s 
attendant. [ < LL. F scutarius, shield-bearer, 
-ess, suffix. Used to form feminine nouns; as, ad¬ 
venturess. [ < F. -esse or AS. -isse, < Gr. L -issa.] 
es-say', 1 e-se'; 2 8-sa', vt. To try; attempt, 
es'say, 1 es'e; 2 8s'a, n. 1. A composition on 
some special subject. 2. An endeavor; at¬ 
tempt; effort. [ < L. LL+OF exigo, < ex, out, 
+ ago, drive.] — es'say-ist, n. 1 . A writer of es¬ 
says. 2. One who makes an attempt. 

Es'sen, 1 es'en; 2 §s'8n, n. A manufacturing city 
(pop. 439,000) in S. W. Prussia: Krupp factories; 
bombed by Allied aeroplanes, 1918. 
es'sence, 1 es'ens; 2 8s'8ng, n. 1. The intrinsic 
nature of anything; that which makes a thing 
what it is. 2. Being or existence in the ab¬ 
stract; also, a being, especially a spiritual be¬ 
ing. 3. A solution, as of an essential oil in 
alcohol. 4. Perfume; scent. [F., < L. essen¬ 
tia, < esse, be.]—es-sen'tial, 1 e-sen'ghal; 2 6- 
sfin'shal. I. a. 1. Pertaining to the essence of 
anything. 2. Absolutely requisite. 3. Having 
real existence. II. n. That which is essential or 
characteristic; a necessary element, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n .—essential oil, a volatile oil giving a 
plant Its odor. 

Es"se-qui'bo, 1 es'i-krbo; 2 6s"e-ki'bo, n. A river 
in British Guiana, to the Atlantic ocean. 
Es'sex, 1 es'eks; 2 6s'6ks. 1. An Anglo-Saxon king¬ 
dom in S. England. 2. Earl of (1567-1601), 
Robert Devereux, an English courtier; favorite 
of Elizabeth: beheaded for treason. 

-est, suffix. Used to form (1) the superlative of 
adjectives, and (2) the second person singular of 
present and past indicative. [(1) < AS. -est, -ast, 
-ost, -st. (Compar. -es, > -er, -ds, > -or, + em¬ 
phatic t). (2) < AS. -est, -ast, -st, < pron. t-, thou.] 
est., estab., abbr. Established. 
es-tab'Iish’, 1 es-tab'hs'h; 2 8s-t£b'lish, vt. To 
settle or fix firmly; prove; verify; substanti¬ 
ate; ratify; sanction. [< L. OF stabilio, < 
stabilis, stable.]— es-tab'llsh-nient, n. 1. The 
act of establishing, or the state of being estab¬ 
lished. 2. Some thing established, as a body of 
employees, a military organization, or a state 
church. 

Es"talng\ 1 des"tan'; 2 des"t£n', Charles Hector, 
Count d’ (1729—1794). French admiral; com¬ 
manded fleet sent to aid American colonists. 
es"ta"ml"net\ 1 es"ta''mrne'; 2 es"ta"mi"ne'', n. 
[F.] A wine-shop. 

es-tate', 1 es-tet'; 2 es-tat', n. 1. One’s entire 
property; a tract of land; property left after 
death. 2. Condition or state; social standing; 
rank; dignity; means. 3. A class or order of 
persons in a state. [ < L. OF status, state.] 
es-teem', 1 es-tim'; 2 Ss-tem'. I. vt. 1. To 
prize. 2. To hold in estimation (favorable or 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rOle; but, b©rn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ftli; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, won’ 









escarpment 

Eucalyptus 


221 


unfavorable); value; estimate. 11. n. 1. 
Favorable opinion, as that based on moral 
worth. 2. Character that commands respect. 
[ < L. F sestimo, value.] 

Estli., abbr. Esther. 

Es'ther, 1 es'tar; 2 es'ter, n. The heroine of the 
Book of Esther in the Old Testament, 
es-thet'ic, M es-thet'ik; 2 es-thgt'ie, a. 1. 
ses-thet'ic, ) Pertaining to beauty, taste, or 
the fine arts; artistic. 2. Appreciating or 
loving the beautiful. [ < Gr. aisthetikos, per¬ 
ceptive.]— es'thete, aes'thete, n. A votary of 
art; a possessor of or a pretender to fine taste and 
artistic culture.—es-thet'lcs, aes-thet'ics, n. 
The science of beauty aDd taste; knowledge of 
the fine arts and art criticism 
es'ti-ma-bl(e p , 1 es'ti-ma-bl; 2 es'ti-ma-bl, a. 

1. Deserving of esteem. 2. That may be 
estimated or calculated.— es'tl-ma-bly, adv. 

es'ti-mate, 1 es'ti-met; 2 §s'ti-mat. I. vt. 
[-MAT"ED d ; -mat'Tng.] 1. To form a general 
opinion about; compute. 2. To assign a value 
to; rate. II. n. A valuation based on opin¬ 
ion or incomplete data, f < L. sestimatus, pp. 
of sestimo , value.]—es"ti-ma'tion, n. 1. The 
act of estimating, or the conclusion arrived at; an 
estimate. 2. Esteem; regard, 
es-trange', 1 es-trenj'; 2 es-trang', vt. [es¬ 
tranged'; es-trang'ing.] 1. To make in¬ 
different or distant; alienate. 2. To make a 
stranger. [ < OF. estranger, < estrange, 
strange.]—es-trange'ment, n. 
es-tray', 1 es-tre'; 2 es-tra', n. Law. A stray or 
unclaimed domestic animal. [ < F. estraie .] 
es'tu-a-ry, 1 es'dhu-e-ri; 2 6s'chy-a-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi.] A wide lower part of a tidal 
river. [ < L. sestuarium, < sestus, tide.] 

-et. A diminutive suffix; fern. -ette. [< F. -et, 
-ette.\ 

E. T., abbr. Electric telegraph, English transla¬ 
tion. 

e"ta"gere\ 1 e"ta" 3 er'; 2 e"ta"zher', n. An orna¬ 
mental stand with shelves; a what*not. [< F. 
etage, stage.] 

et al., abbr. [L.] Et alibi (and elsewhere), et alii, 
alise or alia (and others).—etc., &c., abbr. [L.j 
Et cetera. 

et cet'e-ra, 1 et set'ar-a; 2 et cSt'er-a. And other 
things, or the rest; and so forth: abbreviated 
etc. and &c. [L.] 

etch 1 , / 1 edh; 2 ech, v. I. t. To engrave by 
ech p , ) means of a corrosive fluid; also, by in¬ 
cising lines with a pointed instrument. II. i. 
To practise the art of etching. [ < G. D atzen, 
corrode, etch.]—etch'ing, n. I. A process of 
engraving in which lines are scratched with a 
needle on a plate covered with wax or other coat¬ 
ing, and the parts thus exposed are subjected to 
the biting of an acid. 2. An impression from an 
etched plate. 

e-ter'nal, 1 l-tur'nal; 2 e-ter'nal, a. Having 
neither beginning nor end of existence; in¬ 
finite in duration; everlasting; timeless; im¬ 
mutable; also, of or pertaining to eternity. 
[< L.of seternus, < sevum, age.]— e-ter'nal-ly, 
adv. Without beginning or end; throughout eter¬ 
nity; forever. 

e-ter'ni-ty, 1 l-tur'm-ti; 2 _ e-ter'ni-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. Infinite duration or existence. 

2. Endless time. 3. Immortality. 4. That 
which is eternal or immortal. 

Eth'el-bert, 1 6fh'el-burt; 2 eth'gl-bert, n. A 
king of Kent (552-616); converted by Augustine 
(597). 

e'ther, 1 i'thar; 2 e'ther, n. 1. A colorless 


volatile liquid made by the action of sulfuric 
acid on alcohol: used as an anesthetic. 2. A 
supposed medium filling all space, through 
which the vibrations of light, heat, and elec¬ 
tricity are propagated. 3. The upper air. 
[< Gr.L aither, < aitho, burn.]— e'ther-ize or 
-ise, vt. To subject to the influence of ether.— 
e"tlier-i-za'[ or -sa'Jtion, n. 
e-the're-al, 1 l-thi'n-al; 2 e-the're-al, a. Hav¬ 
ing the nature of ether or air; light; airy; 
subtile; aerial, -ly, adv.— e-the're-al-ize 
or -ise, v. 1. 1 . 1. To make ethereal; spiritualize. 
2. To change into ether. II. i. To become 
ethereal. 

eth'i-cal, 1 eth'i-kal; 2 fith'i-cal, a. Pertain¬ 
ing or relating to ethics or morals. [ < Gr. LLi 
ethikos, < ethos, character.!— eth'i-cal-ly, adv. 
eth 'ics, 1 eth'iks; 2 gth'ics, n. 1. The science 
of human duty; moral science. 2. The basic 
principles of right action. 

E"thi-o'pi-a, 1 rthi-o'pi-a; 2 e"thi-o'pi-a, n. 
Ancient name of the region south of Egypt. 
iE"thi-o'pi-af. 

E"thi-o'pi-an, 1 I"£hi-6'pi-an; 2 e"thi-6'pi-an. 

I. a. 1. Pertaining to or derived from Ethi¬ 
opia. 2. African; negro. II. n. 1. A negro. 2. 
A native of ancient Ethiopia. [< Gr. L Aithi- 
opia, Ethiopia.] i®"thi-o'pi-anf; E"thi-op'lcf. 
— E'thi-op||. I. a. Ethiopian; also, negro; black. 

II. n. AnEthiopian. AS'tht-opf. — E"thi-op'- 
Ic, n. The language of ancient Ethiopia. M"~ 
thi-op 'let. 

eth'nic, 1 efh'mk; 2 gth'nie, a. I. Of or pertain¬ 
ing to races or peoples. 2. Gentile; heathen; 
pagan. [< Gr. L+F ethnikos , < ethnos , nation.] 
eth 'ni-calf.—eth 'ni-cal-ly, adv. 
ethnog., abbr. Ethnographical, ethnography, 
ethnol., abbr. Ethnological, ethnology, 
eth-nol'o-gy, 1 efh-nel'o-ji; 2 eth-nol'o-gy, n. 
The science of the natural races and families of 
men. [< Gr. ethnos , race, -)— logy.] — eth"no- 
log'ic, eth"no-log'i-cal, a. —eth"no-log'i- 
cal-ly, adv. —eth-nol'o-gist, n . 
et'i-quette", 1 et'i-ket"; 2 et'i-kgt", n. The 
usages of polite society or professional inter¬ 
course. [ < F. etiquette ; see ticket.] 

Et'na, 1 et'ne; 2 et'na, n. A volcano (9,652 ft.) 

in Sicily. Ait'naf. — Et-ne'an, a. 

E'ton, 1 I'tan; 2 e'ton, n. A collegiate town op¬ 
posite Windsor, on the Thames, England. 
E-tru'ri-a, 1 l-tru'n-a; 2 e-try'ri-a, n. An ancient 
country, N. W. of Rome; conquered by Romans, 
283 B. C.—E-tru'ri-an, a. & n. 

E-trus'can, 1 l-trus'kon; 2 e-trus'ean, a. Per¬ 
taining to Etruria, its art, language, etc. 
et seq., sq., or sqq., abbr. [L.] Et sequentes, el 
sequentia (and the following). 
etym., etymol., abbr. Etymological, etymologi¬ 
cally, etymology. 

et"y-mol'o-gy, 1 et"i-mel'o-ji; 2 et"y-mol'o- 
gy, n. j-GiEs 2 , pi.] 1. That branch of philol¬ 
ogy which treats of the derivation of words; 
also, an account of the derivation of a par¬ 
ticular word. 2. The branch of grammar that 
treats of the parts of speech and their in¬ 
flections. [ < Gr. etymon, the true (sense); 
and see -ology.] — et"y-mo-log'i-cal, a. Re¬ 
lating to or founded upon etymology. et"y- 
mo-log 'ic t . — et"y-mo-log 'i-cal-ly, adv. —et"- 
y-mol 'o-glst, n. A student of or one versed in 
etymology. [ews, good, well.] 

eu-, prefix. Good; agreeable; well. [< Gr. eu-, < 
Eu"ca-lyp'tus, 1 yu"ko-lip'tus; 2 yu w €a-lyp'tQs, n. 
1. A genus of large evergreen trees: chiefly Aus¬ 
tralian. 2. [e-] A tree of this genus. [ < eu- + 
Gr. kalyplo, cover.] 


1: a = final; i = habltg aisle; au = <mt; ell; iu = feud; tfhin; go; rj = sin^; thin, this. 
2; wQlf, dft; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem: ink; thin, this. 








eucharist 

exalt 


222 


eu'cha-rist, 1 yu'ka-rist; 2 yu'ca-nst, re. The 
Lord’s Supper. [< Gr. LL eucharistia, < eu, 
well, + chalro, rejoice.] —eu"cha-ris'tic, a. 1. 
Pertaining to the eucharist. 2. Expressive of 
thanks. eu"cha-ris'ti-calt. 
eu'chre, 1 yu'kar; 2 yu'eer. I. vt. [eu'chred; 
eu'chring.] In the game of euchre, to check 
(an opponent); hence, to outwit or defeat. 
II. re. 1. A game of cards. 2. The act of 
euchring. [Cp./G. jucks, joke.] 

Eu'clid, 1 yu'klid; 2 yq'clid, re. 1. E. of Alex¬ 
andria, a mathematician (350-300 B. C.); 
“father of geometry.” 2. E. of Megara, a 
Greek philosopher (5th century B. C.). 
Eu-gene', 1 yu-jin'; 2 yii-gen', Prince (1663- 
1736), Francois of Savoy. An Austrian general; 
victor with Marlborough at Blenheim, Ouden- 
arde, and Malplaquet. 

eu-gen'ics, 1 yu-jen'iks; 2 yq-gen'ies, re. The 
science or art of improving offspring, especially 
of the human race. 

Eu"ge"nie', 1 u" 3 e' , ’nr; 2 u"zhe"ne', re. Eugenie 
Marie de Montijo de Guzman (1826-1920), em¬ 
press of France, 1853-70; wife of Napoleon III. 
Eu'Ier, 1 ei'lar; 2 oi'ler, Leonhard (1707-1783). 

Swiss mathematician; physicist.— Eu-leTi-an, a. 
eu'lo-gy, 1 yu'lo-ji; 2 yu'lo-gy. re. [-gies z , pi.] 
A spoken or written laudation of a person’s 
life or character. [ < G. LL eulogia, praise, < 
eu, well, -f lego, speak.] eu-lo'gi-umf. — eu'- 
lo-gist, n. The author of a eulogy; one who 
speaks in high or extravagant praise.— eu"lo- 
gls'tic, a. Relating to or of the nature of eulogy; 
expressing high praise. eu"lo-gis'ti-calt. — eu'- 
lo-gize or -gise, vt. [-gized; -giz"ing.] To 
speak or write a eulogy upon. 

Eu-men'1-des, 1 yu-men'i-dlz; 2 yu-m6n'i-de§, 
n. pi. Class. Myth. The Furies: a euphemism. 
[Gr., kind ones.] 

eu'nuch, 1 yu'nuk; 2 yu'nue, n. An emascu¬ 
lated man; an Oriental palace official. [< 
Gr. L eune, bed, + echo, have, keep.] 
eu'phe-mism, ) 1 yu'fi-mizm; 2 yu'fe-migm, 
eu'fe-mism p , ) n. A mild or agreeable ex¬ 
pression for something disagreeable. [ < Gr. 
euphemismos, < eu, well, +• pheml, speak.]— 
eu"phe-mis'tic, a. 

eu'pho-ny, / 1 yu'fo-m; 2 yu'fo-ny, n. [-nies z , 
eu'fo-ny p , )pl.) 1. Agreeableness of sound. 

2. Welbsounding combination or arrange¬ 
ment of words. [ < Gr. LL eu, well, -f- phone, 
voice.]— eu-phon 'ic, a. Pertaining to euphony; 
euphonious, eu-phon'i-calj. — eu-phon'i-cal- 
ly, adv. — eu-pho'ni-ous, a. Characterized by 
euphony; well*sounding, as a word, -ly, adv. 
Eu-phra'tes, I yu-fre'tiz; 2 yu-fra't6§, n. A 
historic river of Asiatic Turkey (1,800 m.), from 
Armenia to the Persian Gulf. 

Eur., abbr. Europe, European, 
eu-re'ka, 1 yu-rl'ka; 2 yq-re'ka, interj. I have 
found (it). [Gr.] 

Eu-rip'i-des, 1 yu-rip'i-diz; 2 yu-rlp'i-de§, n. A 
Greek tragic poet (480-406 B. C.). 

Eu-ro'pa, 1 yu-ro'pa; 2 yq-ro'pa, n. Gr. Myth. 
Sister of Cadmus; carried off to Delphi by Zeus 
in the guise of a bull. 

Eu'rope, 1 yQ'rap; 2 yy'rop, n. A continent 
(3,844,000 sq. m.; pop. 400,000,000), occupying 
the N. W. portion of the E. hemisphere. 
Eu"ro-pe'an, 1 yu"ro-p!'an; 2 yu"ro-pe'an. I. 
a. Relating to or derived from Europe or its 
inhabitants. II. re. A native of Europe; a 
descendant of Europeans. 

Eu-ryd'i-ce, 1 yu-rid'i-sl; 2 yu-ryd'i-ce, re. Myth. 
A nymph, wife of Orpheus; permitted after her 


death to follow him back from Hades provided 
that he should not look behind him, and snatched 
away when he violated the condition. 

Eu-se'bi-us, 1 yu-sl'bi-us; 2 yu-se'bi-us, n. (264?- 
349?) Bishop of Csesarea; called the father of 
church history. 

Eu-ter'pe, 1 yu-tur'pi; 2 yu-ter'pe, n. Class. 
Myth. Muse of lyric song; patron of flute* 
players; reputed inventor of wind-instruments. 
—Eu-ter'pe-an, a. 

eu"tha-na'si-a, 1 yu"fha-ne' 3 i-s: 2 yu"tha-na'- 
zhi-a, re. Painless, peaceful, death, or a means for 
producing it. [ < Gr. eu, well, + lhanalos, death.) 

Eux'iue, 1 yuks'in; 2 yuks'in, n. The Black Sea: 
the ancient name. 

e-vac'u-ate, 1 l-vak'yu-et; 2 e-v&c'yu-at, v. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] I. t. 1. To abandon 
possession of by withdrawing from, as a fort¬ 
ress. 2. To eject or discharge, as from the 
bowels. 3. To make empty. II. i. To pass 
or flow out. [< L. e, out, -f- vacuus, empty.] 
—e-vac"u-a'tion, n. 1. The act of evac¬ 
uating, or that which is evacuated. 2. The act 
of making void or null, as a contract. 

e-vade', 1 i-ved'; 2 e-vad', v. (e-vad'ed 1 ^ ; e- 
vad'ingJ I. t. To avoid by artifice; elude; 
baffle. II. i. To practise artifice to elude or 
escape. [ < L. evado, < e, from, + vado, go.] 

ev"a-nes'cent, 1 ev"a-nes'ent; 2 6v"a-n6s'6nt, 
a. Passing away, or liable to pass away, 
gradually or imperceptibly. [ < L. evanesco, 
vanish.]—ev"a-nes'cence, n.—ev"a-nes'cent- 
ly, adv. 

Evang., abbr. Evangelical, evangelist. 

e-van'gel, 1 l-van'jel; 2 e-van'ggl, n. Good 
news; a gospel. [< Gr. euangelion, < eu, 
well, + angelos, messenger.]— ev"an-gel'l-cal. 
I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the gospel or the four 
Gospels. 2. Holding or conformed to the fun¬ 
damental doctrines of the gospel. 3. Spiritually 
minded; evangelistic. II. n. One who holds 
evangelical doctrines. ev"au-gel'ict. — ev"an- 
gel'i-cal-ism, n. ev"an-gel 'i-can-ism t ; ev"- 
an-gcl 'i-cismt.—ev"an-gel 'i-cal-ly, adv. —e- 
van'gel-ism, re. Zeal in spreading the gospel.— 
e-van'gcl-ist, re. 1. A traveling revivalist. 2. 
One of the four writers of the Gospels.— e-van"- 
gel-is'tlc, a. — e-van'gel-ize or -ise, vt. [-ized; 
-iz'ing.] To instruct in the gospel; convert.— 
e-van"gel-i-za'[or -sa'](ion, re. 

E-van'ge-line, 1 l-van'ji-lln, -lain, or -lin; 2 e-van'- 
ge-lin, -lin, or -lln, re. Heroine of Longfellow’s 
poem of that name. 

e-vap'o-rate, 1 l-vap'o-ret; 2 e-v&p'o-rat, v. 
[-rat"ED d ; -rat"ing.] I. t. 1. To convert 
into vapor, as by heat. 2. To remove mois¬ 
ture from by drying or heating. II. i. To 
become vapor; pass off like vapor. [ < L. LL 
e, out, + vapor, vapor.]— e-vap"o-ra'tion, n. 
1. The act of changing or being changed into 
vapor. 2. The act of drying or concentrating.— 
e-vap'o-ra-tiv(e s , a. —e-vap'o-ra"tor, re. An 
apparatus for drying substances, as fruits, by 
evaporation. 

e-va'sion, 1 i-ve'39n; 2 e-va'zhon, n. The act, 
means, or result of evading; equivocation; 
subterfuge. [< L. LL evado, evade.]— e-va'- 
siv(e s , a. Tending or seeking to evade; marked 
by evasion; elusive. -Iy. adv. -ness, re. 

eve, 1 Iv; 2 ev, re. 1. The evening before a 
church festival or other event. 2. The time 
immediately preceding some event. 3. [Poet.] 
Evening. [ < AS. sefen .] 

Eve, 1 Iv; 2 ev, re. The first woman; wife of Adam. 
Gen. iii, 20. E'vaJ. 

e'ven, 1 i'vn; 2 e'vn, v. I. t. To make even or 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, gd; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whg,t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 






223 


eucharist 

exalt 


level; balance. II. i. To be or become even 
in any way. [ < AS. efnan, < efen; see even, 
c.]— e'ven ssong", n. Eccl. Evening prayer; 
vespers. 

e'ven, a. 1. Free from inequalities or irregu¬ 
larities; level; uniform; equal. 2. Divisible by 
2 without remainder: said of numbers. [ < 
AS. efen, efn, even, equal.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

e'ven, n. [Archaic or Poet.] Evening, or the eve 
before an event. [< AS. sefen .]— e'ven-tide", 
n. The time of evening. 

e'ven, aclv. 1. To a like degree; at the very 
time; fully; quite. 2. As much as; so far as. 
3. Evenly. [ < AS. efne, < efen; even, a .] 

eve'ning, 1 iv'mrj; 2 ev'ning, n. The closing 
part of the day. [ < AS. Befnung, < sefen, 
evening.] 

e-vent', 1 i-vent'; 2 e-vSnt', n. 1. Anything 
that happens or comes to pass. 2. The result 
or outcome of any action. 3. A contingent 
occurrence or state of things. 4. One incident 
in a series, as of games. [ < L. e, out, + 
venio, come.]— e-vent'ful, a. Attended or char¬ 
acterized by important or noteworthy events; 
momentous, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

e-ven'tu-al, 1 l-ven'dhu-al; 2 e-ven'chu-al, a. 
1. Pertaining to or being a result; con¬ 
sequential; ultimate. 2. Dependent upon 
a final contingency.— e-ven"tu-al'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi .] The character of happening con¬ 
tingently or as a result.— e-ven'tu-al-ly, adv. 
Ultimately; finally.— e-ven'tu-ate, vi. [-at"- 
ED d ; -at'Tng.] 1. To have a particular result; 
turn out. 2. To be the event or issue; happen. 

ev'er, 1 ev'ar; 2 ev'er, adv. 1. At any time; in 
any case; in any degree; at all. 2. Under all 
circumstances; always; perpetually. [< AS. 
sefre.] — ev'er-green". I. a. Retaining verdure 
throughout the year; always fresh. II. n. An 
evergreen tree or plant. —ev"er-Iast'ing. I. 
a. 1. Lasting forever; eternal. 2. Intermina¬ 
ble; incessant; also, exceedingly durable. II. n. 
1. Past or future endless duration; eternity. 2. 
A plant whose flowers retain their form and col¬ 
ors when dried. -ly, adv. — ev'er-more", adv. 
During all time; always. 

Ev'er-est, 1 ev'ar-est; 2 ev'er-est, Mount. A 
peak of the Himalayas, East Nepal, India, 29,002 
ft.; the highest measured mountain in the world. 

Ev'er-ett, 1 ev'ar-et; 2 ev'er-et, Edward (1794— 
1865). An American scholar, statesman, and 
orator. 

ev'er-glade", 1 ev'ar-gled"; 2 ev'er-glad", n. 
A tract of low swampy land covered with tall 
grass. 

e-ver'sion, 1 i-vur'^han; 2 e-ver'shon, n. A turn¬ 
ing backward or inside out; also, overturning; 
overthrow. [ < L. eversio, < e, out, + verto, 

turn.]— e-vert', vt.— e-ver'si-bl(e p , G . e-ver'- 
tllej.—e-ver'siv(e s , a. 

eve'ry, 1 ev'n; 2 ev'ry. I. a. 1. Each, as of an 
aggregate of individuals; all taken one by 
one. 2. All possible. II. pron. Every one; 
each. (< AS. sefre (see ever) + selc; see 
each.]— eve'ry-bod"y, n. Every person; people 
in general.— eve'ry =day", a. Suitable for every 
day; ordinary; usual.— eve'ry-thing, n. Each 
one in a collection or number of things; whatever 
exists; something supremely important.— eve '- 
ry-where", adv. At or in every place. 

e-vict' d , 1 i-vikt'; 2 e-vict', vt. 1. To dispossess 
by legal process; oust; expel forcibly. 2. To 
take away, as property. [ < L. evictus, pp., 
< e, out, + vinco, conquer.]— e-vic'tion, n. 
The act of evicting; forcible ejectment. 


ev'i-dence, 1 ev'i-dens; 2 ev'i-dem?. I. vt. 
[-denced 1 ; -denc-ing.] To make evident; 
show clearly; prove. II. n. A fact, or body 
of facts, on which a judgment is based; proof. 
[< L. evidentia, clearness.]—ev'i-dent, a. Plain 
or manifest, as to the mind or the senses; ob¬ 
vious. -ly, adv.—ev"i-den'tial, a. ev"i-den'- 
tia-ryf.—ev"i-den'tial-ly, adv. 
e'vil, 1 i'vl; 2 e'vl. I. a. 1. Morally bad; 
wrong; wicked; sinful. 2. Injurious; un¬ 
wholesome; noxious. 3. Calamitous; sorrow¬ 
ful. 4. Of ill repute. II. n. 1. Wicked con¬ 
duct or disposition; moral depravity. 2. 
Injury; affliction; calamity. III. adv. In an 
evil manner, e'vil-lyj. [< AS. yfel.]— 
king’s evil, scrofula: once supposed to be cur¬ 
able by a monarch’s touch, 
e-vince', 1 i-vins'; 2 e-vinc', vt. [e-vinced' 1 ; 
e-vinc'ing.] To show plainly or certainly; 
make evident. [< L. e, out, -f- vinco, con¬ 
quer.] 

e-vis'cer-ate, 1 l-vis'ar-at; 2 e-vis'er-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To disembowel. [ < L. e, 
out, + viscera, entrails.]—e-vis"cer-a'tion, n. 
e-voke', 1 i-vok'; 2 e-vok', vt. [e-voked'*; 
e-vok'ing.] To call forth or out. [ < L. e, 
out, + voco, call.]—ev"o-ca'tion, n. 
ev"o-Iu'tion, I ev"o-liu'shon; 2 ev"o-lu'shon, 
n. The act of evolving; development; 
growth. [< L. evolutiofn-), < evolutus, pp. 
of evolvo; see evolve.] —ev"o-lu'tion-a-ry, a. — 
ev"o-lu'tion-ist, n. 

e-volve', 1 i-velv'; 2 e-volv', vt. & vi. [Re¬ 
volved'; e-volv'ing.] To unfold or expand; 
develop; open. [< L. evolvo, unroll, < e, 
out, + volvo, roll.]—e-volv'a-bl(e p , a .—e-voi'- 
vent, a. & ».—e-volve'ment, n. 
ewe, 1 yu; 2 yu, n. A female sheep. [< AS. 
eowu.] 

ew'er, 1 yu'ar; 2 yu'er, n. A wide*mouthed 
water*pitcher. [ < L. OF aquarius, of water.] 
ex-, prefix. Out; out of; off; beyond: used also 
with privative and intensive force. Prefixed to 
a word denoting office, it indicates one who for¬ 
merly occupied the position; as, ^President. 
[< L. ex-, < ex, from; or < Gr. ex, from.] 
ex., abbr. Example, executive, export.—ex., exd., 
abbr. Examined.—Ex., Exod., abbr. Exodus, 
ex-ac'er-bate, 1 egz-as'ar-bet; 2 egz-ac'er-bat, vt. 
To make more sharp or bitter; aggravate; exas¬ 
perate. [ < L. ex intens. + acerbus, bitter.]—ex- 
ac"er-ba'tion, n. 

ex-act', 1 egz-akt'; 2 ggz-act'. I d . vt. To com¬ 
pel the yielding or payment of; extort; re¬ 
quire peremptorily. II. a. Perfectly con¬ 
formed to a standard; precise; accurate; 
methodical. [ < L. exigo, drive out, deter¬ 
mine, < ex, out, + ago, drive.]— ex-act'er, n. 
ex-ac'torj. — ex-act'ing, pa. Making unrea¬ 
sonable or inconsiderate demands; taxing; ardu¬ 
ous.— ex-ac'tion, n. The act of exacting or 
something exacted; a compulsory levy.— ex¬ 
actly, adv.— ex-act'ness, n. ex-act'i-tudej. 
ex-ag'ger-ate, 1 egz-aj'er-et; 2 egz-ag'er-at, v. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] I. t. To represent ex¬ 
travagantly; overstate. II. i. To use exag¬ 
geration. [ < L. exaggero, heap up, < ex, 
out, + agger, heap.]— ex-ag"ger-a'tion, n. The 
act of exaggerating; overstatement; hyperbole. 
—ex-ag'ger-a-tiv(e s , a. -ly, adv. -ness, n .— 
ex-ag'ger-a-tor, n. 

ex-alt ' d , 1 egz-elt'; 2 §gz-alt', v. I. t. 1. To 
raise or elevate; increase; heighten. 2. To 
magnify; dignify; glorify. 3. To elate. II. i. 
To produce exaltation; promote. [ < L. p ex. 


l:a = final; i = hablt; aisle; au = <mt; ell; iu = fet/d; cOiin; go; i) = sing; thin, this. 
2; wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









examine 

exhaust 


224 


out, + alius, high.]— ex"al-ta'tion, n. The act 
of exalting, or the state of being exalted; pro¬ 
motion; elation. 

ex-am'in(e 8 , 1 egz-am'in; 2 Sgz-Sm'in, vt. 
[-in(e)d s ; -in-ing.] To inspect or scrutinize 
with care; investigate critically; test, as by 
questions or exercises. [ < F. examiner, < 
L. examino, < exigo; see exact, a.] —ex-am'i- 
na-bl(e p , a. —ex-am"i-na'tion, n. The act or 
process of examining or being examined. —ex¬ 
am 'in-er, n. 

ex-ain'pl(e p , 1 egz-am'pl; 2 Sgz-am'pl, n. 1. 
A thing or person suitable to be used as a 
copy. 2. An instance of something to be 
avoided. 3. A sample; illustration. 4. A 
problem to be solved. 5. A precedent; paral¬ 
lel. [ < L. OF exemplum, < ex, out, + emptus, 
pp. of emo, buy.] 

ex-as'per-ate, 1 egz-as'per-et; 2 Sgz-as'per-at, 
vt. [-AT w ED d ;- at"ing.] 1. To irritate exceed¬ 
ingly; enrage. 2. To aggravate; intensify; 
inflame. [ < L. ex, out, -f asper, rough.]— 
ex-as"per-a'tion, n. The act of exasperating; 
extreme anger. 

Exc., abbr. Excellency. —exc., abbr. Except. 
Ex-cal'i-bur, 1 eks-kal'i-bur; 2 fiks-cfil'i-bur, n. 

The legendary sword of King Arthur, 
ex'ca-vate, 1 eks'ka-vet; 2 eks'ea-vat, vt. 
[-VAT"ED d ; -vat"ing.] To dig or cut into; 
make by digging out; remove or uncover by 
digging. [ < L. ex, out, + cavus, hollow.]— 
ex"ca-va'Hon, n. A digging out; a cavity or 
hollow so formed.— ex'ca-va"tor, n. 
ex-ceed' d , ) 1 ek-sld'; 2 ek-eed', v. 1. 1. To go 
ex-cede' s , j beyond, as in quantity, measure, or 
value; surpass. II. i. 1. To go beyond 
bounds or too far. 2. To preponderate. [ < 
L.f excedo, < ex, forth, + cedo, go.]— ex-ceed'- 
ing, pa. Greater than usual; surpassing.— ex¬ 
ceed 'ing-ly, adv. Extremely; remarkably, 
ex-cel', 1 ek-sel'; 2 Sk-?SI', v. [ex-celled', 
ex-celd' s ; ex-cel'ling] I. t. To go be¬ 
yond or above, properly in something good 
or admirable; surpass. II. i. To surpass 
another or others. [< L. F excello, < ex, out, 
+ celsus, raised.]— -ex'cel-lence, n. 1. Posses¬ 
sion of eminently good qualities. 2. A superior 
trait.— ex'cel-lcn-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] 1. An 
honorary title of various high officials. 2. Ex¬ 
cellence.— ex'cel-lent, a. Having good qualities 
in a high degree, -ly, adv. 
ex-cel 'si-or, 1 ek-sel'si-er; 2 Sk-?Sl'si-or. I. a. 
Still higher; ever upward. II. n. A packing* 
material composed of long, fine wood*shav- 
ings. [L.] 

ex-cept ' d , 1 ek-sept'; 2 Sk-c$pt', v. I. t. To 
leave out; omit. II. i. To object; take ex¬ 
ception: with to. [< L. ex, out, + capio, 
take.] 

ex-cept', prep. With the exception of. 
ex-cept', conj. If not that; unless, 
ex-cept 'lug, prep. &conj. Except, 
ex-cep 'tion, 1 ek-sep'sihan; 2 8k-<;ep'shon, n. 
1. That which is excluded, as from a list. 2. 
The act of excepting; exclusion.— ex-cep'- 
tlon-a-bl(e p , a. Open to exception or objec¬ 
tion.— ex-cep'tlon-a-bly, adv. In a manner 
open to exception. — ex-cep'tion-al, a. Un¬ 
usual or uncommon; superior.— ex-cep'tion-al- 
ly, adv. In an unusual or superior manner, 
ex-cerpt', 1 ek-surpt'; 2 8k-?erpt', n. An ex¬ 
tract, as from a book. [< L. ex, out, + 
carpo, pluck.] 

ex-cess', 1 ek-ses'; 2 Sk-ces', n. 1. That which 


passes the ordinary, reasonable, or required 
limit. 2. Inordinate gratification of appetite. 
3. The amount by which one thing is greater 
than another; overplus. [< L. F excessus, < 
excedo; see exceed.]— ex-ces'siv(e s , a. Being 
in, tending to, or marked by excess; immoderate; 
extreme, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Exch., abbr. Exchange, exchequer, 
ex-change', 1 eks-dhenj'; 2 eks-chang', v. [ex¬ 
changed'; ex-chang'ing.] I. t. To part 
with in return for an equivalent; barter; 
interchange. II. i. To be given or received 
in exchange; make an exchange. [< LL. ez- 
cambio, < ex, out, + cambio, exchange.] 
ex-change', n. 1. The act of exchanging; 
barter; trade. 2. Transition. 3. That which 
is interchanged. 4. Com. A place where 
merchants effect exchanges. 5. A central 
telephone*office. —ex-ehange"a-bil 'i-ty, n. 
—ex-oliange'a-bl(e p , a. 1. That may be ex¬ 
changed. 2. Connected with exchange, 
ex-cheq'uer, 1 eks-chek'sr; 2 £ks-chek'er, n. 
1. The treasury of a state; finances; pecuniary 
resources. 2. [E-]. [Eng.] A court or de¬ 
partment treating matters connected with the 
public revenue. [ < OF. eschequier, chess¬ 
board.] 

ex-cisc' 1 , 1 ek-saiz'; 2 $k-cl§', vt. [ex-cised'; 
ex-cis'ing.] To cut out or off. [ < L. ex, 
out, + cxdo, cut.]— ex-ci'sion, n. The act of 
excising; removal of a part; extirpation. 
ex-cise' 2 , vt. To levy a tax upon.— ex-cis'- 
a-bl(e p , a. Taxable. 

ex-cise', n. A charge levied upon commodities, 
especially upon liquors. [ < F. accise, corr. of 
assis, taxes.]—ex-eise'inan, n. [-men, pi.] A 
revenue officer. 

ex-cite', 1 ek-sait'; 2 £k-clt', vt. [Ex-crr'ED d ; 
ex-cit'ing.] To produce agitation in; stimu¬ 
late; bring about, as by stimulating. [ < L. F 
ex, out, + cieo, call.]— ex-eit"a-bil'I-ty, n. — 
ex-cit'a-bl(e p , a. Easily excited, -ness, n. — 
ex-ci'tant. I. a. Adapted to excite or stimu¬ 
late. ex-cit'a-tiv(e s J. II. n. That which tends 
to excite or stimulate. — ex-cit'ed-ly, adv .— 
ex-eite'ment, n. 1. The act of exciting, or 
that which excites. 2. The state of being ex¬ 
cited. ex"ci-ta'tiont. — ex-cit'er, n .— ex-cit'¬ 
ing, pa. Of a nature to excite; stirring; rous¬ 
ing. -ly, adv. 

exel., exclaim, abbr. Exclamation, exclamatory, 
ex-claim', 1 eks-klem'; 2 Sks-clam', vt. & vi. 
To cry out abruptly or with passion. [ < L. 
ex, out, + clamo, cry.]—ex"cla-nia'tion, n. 1. 
Clamorous or passionate outcry. 2. An abrupt 
or emphatic expression; an interjection. 3. An 
exclamation*mark (!).—ex-clam'a-to-ry, a. 1. 
Of the nature of exclamation. 2. Given to the 
use of exclamation, ex-clam 'a-tiv(est. 
cx-clude', 1 eks-klud'; 2 fks-elud', vt. . [ex- 
clud'ed 11 ; ex-clud'ikg.] To shut out pur¬ 
posely; debar; reject; eject. [ < L. ex, out, + 
claudo, shut.]—ex-clu'sion, n. The act of ex¬ 
cluding, or the state of being excluded; that which 
is excluded.—ex-clu'siv(e s , a. Of a nature or 
tendency to exclude, as from participation or 
from social relations, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ex-cog'1-tate, 1 eks-kej'i-tet; 2 eks-edg'i-tat, vt. & 
vi. To think out carefully; invent; devise. [< 
L. pp. excogitatus, < ex, out; and see cogitate.] 
—ex-cog"i-ta'tion, n. 

ex"com-niu 'ni-cate, 1 eks"ke-miu'm-ket; 2 
8ks"€o-mu'ni-eat. I. vt. [-CAT"ED d ; -cat"- 
INQ.] 1. To cut off from church*membership 
and communion. 2. To expel in disgrace. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art. ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n, 







225 


examine 

exhaust 


II. a. Excommunicated. III. n. An ex¬ 
communicated person. [< I,. LL ex, out, + 
communico, share, communicate.]— ex"com- 
mu'ni-ca"tor, n.— ex"com-mu"ni-ca'tion, n. 
The act of excommunicating, or the state of hav¬ 
ing been excommunicated, 
ex-co 'ri-ate, 1 eks-ko'ri-et; 2 eks-co'ri-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To strip off the skin or 
covering of; abrade; gall. [< L. LI - ex, off, + 
corium, skin.]— ex-co"ri-a'tion, n. 
ex. cp., abbr. Extra (L., without) coupon, 
ex'ere-men t, 1 eks'kn-ment; 2 eks'ere-ment, 
n. Refuse matter discharged from an animal 
body; feces, f < L. excrementum, < ex, out, 
4- cerno, separate.]— ex"cre-men'tal, a. 
ex-cres'cence, 1 eks-kres'ens; 2 eks-cres'Sng, 
n. An unnatural or disfiguring outgrowth. 
[< L. excrescentia, < ex, out, + cresco, grow.]— 
ex-cres'cent, a. Of the nature of or pertaining 
to an escrescence; superfluous, 
ex-crete', 1 eks-krlt'-; 2 eks-cret', vt. [ex- 
cret'ep 11 ; ex-cret'in.g.] To throw off 
(waste matter) by normal discharge. [ < L. 
ex, out, + cerno, separate.]—ex-cre'tion, n. 
The act of excreting; matter excreted.—ex-cre'- 
tiv(es, a. ex'ere-to-ryf. 

ex-cru'ci-ate, 1 eks-kru'^lu-et; 2 eks-cru'shi- 
at, vt. [-at"ed iJ ; -at"ing.] To inflict extreme 
pain or agony upon; torture. [< L. ex, out, 
4- crux ( cruc -), cross.]— ex-cru'ci-at"ing, pa. 
-ly, adv .— ex-cru"ci-a'tiou, n. Torture, 
ex-cul'pate, 1 eks-kul'pet; 2 eks-cul'pat, vt. 
[-PAT"ED d ; -pat"ing.] To exonerate; excuse, 
f < ex- + L. culpo, blame, < culpa, fault.]— 
ex"cui-pa'tion, n. —ex-cul'pa-to-ry, a. 
ex-cur'sion, 1 eks-kur'sRon; 2 eks-chr'shon, n. 

1. A short journey, usually for pleasure. 2. 
A body of excursionists collectively. 3. A 
digression. [ < L. ex, out, 4- curro, run.]— 
ex-cur'sion-ist, n. One who makes an excur¬ 
sion.—ex-cur'siv(e, a. 1. Given to making 
excursions; wandering. 2. Desultory; erratic; 
digressive, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

ex-cuse', )1 eks-kiuz'; 2 eks-cus', vt. [ex- 
ex-cuze' p , ) cused'; ex-cus'ing.] 1. To de¬ 
clare free from blame; exculpate; vindicate. 

2. To pardon and overlook. 3. To offer or 
serve as excuse for; justify. 4. To release 
from a service. 5. To remit, as a demand or 
claim. [ < L. F excuso, < ex, from, + causa, 
charge.] — ex-cus'a-ble, a. Admitting of ex¬ 
cuse or pardon; justifiable.—ex-cus'a-bly, adv. 
—ex-cus'er, n. 

ex-cuse', 1 eks-kius'; 2 Sks-cus', n. 1. A plea 
in extenuation of an offense, neglect, or fail¬ 
ure. 2. The act of excusing. 3. A reason for 
excusing. 

Exec., Exr., abbr. Executor, 
ex'e-crate, 1 eks'i-kret; 2 eks'e-erat, vt. 
[-crat"ED d ; -crat"ing.] To curse, or call 
down evil upon. [ < L. ex, out, -f- sacer, 
sacred.]—ex'e-cra-bl(e p , a. Worthy of exe¬ 
cration; abominable; accursed.—ex'e-cra-biy, 
adv .—ex"e-cra'tIon, n. 1. The act of execrat¬ 
ing; imprecation; malediction. 2. An accursed 
thing.—ex'e-cra"tor, n. 

ex'e-cute, 1 eks'i-kiut; 2 eks'e-cut, v. [-cttt"- 
ED d ; -cut"ing.] I. t. 1. To carry through; 
effect; accomplish. 2. To put to death in 
accordance with legal sentence. II. i. To 
perform or accomplish something. [ < L. ex, 
out, 4- sequor, follow.]—ex 'e-cu t"er, n. One 
who executes.—ex-ec'u-tor, n. 1. Law. A 
person nominated by the will of another to 


execute a will. 2. Same as executek. —ex-ec'- 
u-to-ry, a. Pertaining to execution; executive; 
administrative.—ex-ec'u-trix, n. [-es or -tra¬ 
ces, pi.] A woman who serves as an executor. 
ex"e-cu'tion, 1 eks'h-kiu'shan; 2 eks"e-eu'« 
shon, n. 1. The act of executing. 2. A 
judicial writ. 3. The signing, as of a deed. 
4. The infliction of capital punishment. 5. 
Style of performance; technical skill, as in 
music or art. 6. Effective work.—ex"e-cu'- 
tion-er, n. One who executes a death sentence. 
ex-ec'u-tiv(e s , 1 egz-ek'yu-tiv; 2 egz-ec'yu- 
tiv. I. a. Having the function of executing; 
administrative. II. n. An official personage 
or body charged with the administration of a 
government. 

Execx., abbr. Executrix. Exrx.f; Exx.f. 
ex"e-ge'sis, 1 eks"i-ji'sis; 2 eks"e-ge'sis, n. 
[-ses z , pi.] Explanation or interpretation, as 
of the Bible. [ < Gr. exegesis, < exegeomai, 
explain.]— ex'e-gete, n. One skilled in the 
interpretation of the Bible.— ex"e-get'fc, a. 
Pertaining to exegesis; expository; explanatory. 
ex"e-get'i-calt.—ex"e-get'ics, n. The science 
of the interpretation of the Bible, 
ex-em'plar, 1 egz-em'plar; 2 egz-em'plar, n. 
A model to be copied; pattern; example; 
specimen. [ < L. exemplar, < exemplum; see 
example, n.]— ex'em-pla-ry, a. Serving as a 
model or a warning.— ex'em-pla-ri-Iy, adv. 
ex-em'pli-fy, 1 egz-em'ph-fai; 2 8gz-em'pli-fy, 
vt. [-fied; -fy"ing.] To show or explain by 
example; illustrate. [< L. LL exemplum, 
example, 4- facio, make.]— ex-em"pli-fi-ca'- 
tion, n. 1. The act of exemplifying. 2. An 
example. 

ex-empt', 1 egz-empt'; 2 ggz-empt'. I d . vt. 
To free or excuse from some burdensome 
obligation. II. a. Free, clear, or excused, 
as from some restriction or burden. III. n. 
A person who is exempted, as from military 
service. [ < L. ex, out, 4- emo, buy, take.]— 
ex-enip'tion, n. Freedom or immunity, as 
from some liability, requirement, or evil, 
ex 'er-cise, ) 1 eks'ar-saiz; 2 eks'er-Ql§, v. 
ex'er-cize p , ) [-cised; -cis"ing.] I. t. 1. To 
employ actively; exert; train by practise. 2. 
To make anxious in mind. II. i. To use ex¬ 
ertion; take exercise. 

ex'er-cise, n. 1. A putting into use, action, 
or practise. 2. Activity for health, develop¬ 
ment, or training. 3||. An act of worship; a 
religious service. [ < L. exerceo, exercise, < 
ex, out, 4- arceo, keep off.] 
ex-ert' d , 1 egz-urt'; 2 egz-ert', vt. To put forth, 
or put in action, as force or faculty. [ < L. 
ex, out, 4- sero, join.]—ex-er'tion, n. The act of 
putting some power or faculty into vigorous 
action; a strong effort. 

ex-fo'li-ate, 1 eks-fo'li-et; 2 eks-fo'li-at, vt. & vi. 
To remove scales from; peel or scale off. [< L. 
ex, out, + folium, leaf.]—ex-fo"li-a'tion, n .— 
ex-fo'li-a-tivle 5 *, a. 

ex-hale', 1 eks-hel'; 2 eks-hal', vt. & vi. [ex¬ 
haled'; ex-hal'ing.] To breathe forth; send 
out, as a vapor or perfume; emit; evaporate. 
[< L. F ex, out, 4- halo, breathe.]—ex"ha-la'- 
tlon, n. A breathing out; anything exhaled; an 
emitted vapor or fume. 

ex-haust' d , 1 egz-est'; 2 ggz-ast', vt. 1. To 
draw off entirely, as a liquid. 2. To empty, 
as a receptacle, by draining off the contents. 

3. To reduce; weaken; impoverish. 4. To 
examine or discuss with absolute complete- 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = owt; oil; lu = fe«d: <<liin; go; o = sinp; fhin, this 
g: wplf, do; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, bllrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this 









exhibit 

expose 


226 


ness.—ex-haust"i-bil'i-ty, n. —ex-haust'- 
i-bl(e p , a. —ex-haus'tion, n. The act or proc¬ 
ess of exhausting, or the state of being ex¬ 
hausted; deprivation of strength or energy.— 
ex-haust'ing, pa. Producing or tending to pro¬ 
duce exhaustion; wearying; weakening.—ex- 
haus'tiv(e s , a. Having the effect or tendency 
to exhaust, as by thorough and complete discus¬ 
sion. -ly, adv. -ness, n. —ex-haust'less, a. 
Inexhaustible. 

ex-hib'it, 1 egz-ib'it; 2 egz-ib'it. I d . vt. & vi. 
To set forth for inspection; present to view; 
display. II. n. 1. Any object or objects ex¬ 
hibited. 2. Law. A document or object 
marked for use as evidence. [ < L. ex, out, 
+ habeo, have.]— ex"hi-bi'tion, n. 1. The act 
of exhibiting; display. 2. Anything exhibited; 
a show. — ex-hib'i-tor, n. One who exhibits, 
ex-hib'it-erf.—ex-hib'i-to-ry, a. 
ex-hiFa-rate, 1 egz-il'a-ret; 2 egz-il'a-rat, vt. 
[-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] To induce a pleasant 
feeling in; enliven; cheer; stimulate. [ < L. 
exhilaratus, pp. of exhilaro, gladden.)— ex-hiF- 
a-rant. I. a. Causing exhilaration. II. n. 
Something that exhilarates. — ex-hil"a-ra'- 
tion, n. 

ex-hort' d , 1 egz-ert'; 2 egz-ort', v. I. t. To 
incite to welbdoing by earnest appeal or argu¬ 
ment; admonish. II. i. To deliver or prac¬ 
tise exhortation. [ < L. p ex, out, + hortor, 
urge.]— ex"hor-ta'tion, n. The act of exhort¬ 
ing; earnest advice; admonition.— ex-hort'a- 
tiv(e s , a. ex-hort'a-to-ryf.—ex-hort'er, n. 
ex-hume', 1 eks-hium'; 2 Sks-hum', vt. [ex¬ 
humed'; ex-hum'ing.] To dig out of the 
earth (what has been buried); disinter. [ < 
L. LL ex, from, + humus, ground.]— ex"hu-ma'- 
tion, n. 

ex'i-gen-cy, 1 eks'i-jen-si; 2 8ks'i-g8n-gy, n. 
[-cies z , pi.] The state of being urgent or 
exigent; a pressing necessity. [ < L. F ex, out, 
+ ago, drive.] ex'i-gencef.—ex'i-gent, a. 
Demanding immediate aid or action; urgent; 
exacting. 

ex-ig'u-ous, 1 egz-ig'yu-us; 2 ggz-ig'yu-tis, a. 
Small; slender; diminutive. [< L. exiguus; see 
EXACT.] 

ex'ile, 1 eks'ail; 2 eks'il. I. vt. [ex'iled; ex'- 
il"ing.] To expel from and forbid to return 
to one’s native land or home. II. n. 1. 
Banishment from one’s home or native land; 
expatriation. 2. One driven or wandering 
away from country or home. [ < L. ex, from, 
+ solum, soil.] 

ex-ist' d , 1 egz-ist'; 2 8gz-ist', vi. To be, or con¬ 
tinue to be; live. [ < L. ex, out, + sisto, set, 
< sto, stand.]—ex-is'tence, n. 1. Actual posses¬ 
sion or continuance of being; life. 2. Anything 
that exists; an entity.—ex-is'tent. I. a. Hav¬ 
ing being or existence. II. n. That which exists, 
cx'lt, 1 eks'it; 2 8ks'it, n. A way or passage 
out; egress; departure. [< L. ex, out, 
eo, go.] 

ex'it. He goes out: a stage direction. [L.] 
ex'o-dus, 1 eks'o-dus; 2 Sks'o-dus, n. 1. A 
going forth, or departure, as of a multitude, 
from a place or country. 2. [E-] The second 
book of the Old Testament. [ < Gr. LL ex, 
out, + hodos, way.] 

ex of-fi'cl-o, 1 eks o-fiSh'i-o; 2 eks 6-fish'i-o. By 
virtue of or because of office or position. [L.] 
ex'o-gen, 1 eks'o-jen; 2 8ks'o-g8n, n. Bot. A 
plant which increases in size by successive 
concentric additions or rings. [ < Gr. exo, 


without, + -geneo, < gignomal, be born.]— ex- 
og'e-nous, a. 1. Pertaining to or like an exogen. 
2. Originating 
or growing 
from without. 

ex-on'er-ate, 

1 egz-en'ar- 
et; 2 egz-on'- 
er - a t, vt. 

[ - a t " e d d ; 

-at"ing.] 1. 

To vindicate 
from accusa¬ 
tion or blame. 

2. To free 
from a re¬ 
sponsibility 
or the like. 

[ < L. ex, from, 

+ onus ( oner -), 
burden.]— ex-on"er-a'tlon, n.—ex-on 'er-a- 
tiv(e s , a. 

ex-or'bi-tance, 1 egz-er'bi-tans; 2 Sgz-or'bi- 
tang, n. Excessiveness in degree or amount; 
extravagance. [ < L. ex, out, + orbita . 
track.] ex-or'bi-tan-cyf.—ex-or'bl-tant, a. 
Going beyond usual and proper limits; excessive; 
extravagant, -ly, adv. 



Exogen. 

1. Vertical section of an exogenous Btenv 
2. Cross.srction. (Letters apply to both fig" 
ures.) p, pith;. m, medullary sheath; h, heart* 
wood or duramen, representing the rings of 
growth of three successive years (1, 2, 3); s, 
sapwood or alburnum; c, cambium layer; 6, 
bark. 


ex 'or 

r. 


■cise. 


, )1 eks'er-saiz; 2 8ks'or-gT§, v. 
ex'or-cize p , s [-cised; -cis"ing.] I. t. To cast 
out (an evil spirit). II. i. To use or practise 
exorcisms. [ < Gr. ex, out, + horkiso, ad¬ 
minister an oath.]— ex'or-cls"er, n.—ex'or- 
cism, n. The act of exorcising evil spirits.— 
ex 'or- cist, n. 

ex-or'di-uin, 1 egz-er'di-um; 2 egz-or'di-um, n. 
[-ums z or -a, pi .] The introductory part, as 
of a discourse; a prelude. [L., < ex, out, + 
ordior, begin.]— ex-or'di-al, a. 
ex"o-ter(ie, 1 eks"o-ter'ik; 2 8ks"o-t8r'ic, a. 
Belonging to the outside world: opposed to 
esoteric. [ < Gr. exdterikos, < exo, without, 
outside.] ex"o-ter'1-calf, 
ex-ot'ic, 1 eks-et'ik; 2 8ks-ot'ic. I. a. Belong¬ 
ing, as a flower, to another part of the world; 
foreign. II. n. Something not native, as a 
plant. [ < Gr. L exotikos, < exo, without, 
outside.] 

exp., abbr. Export, exportation, exported, ex¬ 
press. 


ex-pand' d , 1 eks-pand'; 2 Sks-pilnd', vt. & vi. 
To increase in bulk, but not in mass; enlarge; 
swell; spread out. f < L. expando, < ex, out, 
+ pando, spread.]— ex-panse', n. That which 
lies spread out; a vast continuous area or stretch. 
—ex-pan"sl-bIFl-ty, n. —ex-pan'si-bl(e p , a. — 
ex-pan 'sion, n. The act of expanding; increase; 
enlargement.— ex-pan'siv(e s , a. Capable of 
enlarging or being expanded; causing or charac¬ 
terized by expansion; broad. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ex-pa'ti-ate, 1 eks-pe'sln-et; 2 8ks-pa'shi-at, 
vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To enlarge in state¬ 
ment; discuss fully or prolixly. [ < L. ex, 
out, + spatior, walk, < spaiium, space.]— ex- 
pa"tl-a'tion, n. 

ex-pa'tri-ate, 1 eks-pe'tri-et; 2 Sks-pa'tri-at, 
vt. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To drive from one’s 
own country; exile; banish. [ < L.ex, from, 
+ patria, fatherland.]— cx-pa"tri-a'tion, n 
ex-pect' d , 1 eks-pekt'; 2 8ks-pgct', vt. 1. To 
look forward to as probable; anticipate; look 
for. 2. To count upon as right and due; rely 
upon; require. [ < L. ex, out, + specto, freq. 
of specio, see.]— ex-pec'tan-cy, n. The act or 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule* but burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn! 
















227 


exhibit 

expose 


state of expecting; expectation, ex-pec'lancet. 
—ex-pec'tan t. I. a. Waiting or looking for¬ 
ward in expectation. II. n. One who is antici¬ 
pating confidently, -ly, adv. —ex"pec-ta'tion, 
n. 1. The act of looking confidently for some¬ 
thing; expectancy. 2. A prospect of good to 
come, as of wealth: often plural. 3. Something 
expected. 

ex-pec 'to-rate, 1 eks-pek'to-ret; 2 eks-pee'to- 
rat, vt . & vi . [-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] To 
cough up and spit forth; spit. [< L. ex, 
out, + pectus (pector-), breast.]—ex-pec'to- 
rant. I. a. Relating to expectoration. II. n. 
A medicine to promote expectoration.—ex-pec"- 
to-ra'tion, n. The act of expectorating; also, 
matter expectorated. 

ex-pe'di-ent, 1 eks-pi'di-ent; 2 eks-pe'di-ent. 
I. a. Serving to promote a desired end; 
suitable under the circumstances; contribut¬ 
ing to personal advantage; advisable. II. n. 
That which furthers or promotes an end; a 
device; resource. [OF., < L. expedient-)s , ppr. 
otexpedio, < ex, out, + pe(d-)s, foot.] -ly, adv. — 
ex-pe'di-en-ey, n. 1. The quality of being ex¬ 
pedient. 2. Ethics. The principle of utility or 
selfdnterest. ex-pe'di-encet. 

ex'pe-dite, 1 eks'pi-dait; 2 eks'pe-dit, vt. 
[-niT"ED d ; -dit"ing.] To hasten the progress 
of; quicken; dispatch. [< L. expeditus, pp. 
of expedio, < ex, out, + pe(d-)s, foot.]— ex"pe- 
di'tion, n. 1. A journey, as of many persons; 
also, the body of persons journeying. 2. The 
quality of being expeditious; speed; dispatch.— 
ex"pe-di'tion-a-ry, a. — ex"pe-di'tious, a. Ac¬ 
complished with energy and dispatch; quick; 
speedy. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

ex-pel', 1 eks-pel'; 2 eks-pel', vt. [ex-pelled', 
ex-peld' 8 ; ex-pel'ling.] To drive out by 
force or authority. [ < L. ex, out, -f- pello, 
thrust.] 

ex-pend' d , 1 eks-pend'; 2 eks-pend', vt. & vi. 
To pay out; disburse. [< L. ex, out, + 
pendo, weigh.]— ex-pen'di-ture, n. The act of 
expending; outlay; disbursement. 

ex-pense', 1 eks-pens'; 2 eks-pens', n. 1. The 
laying out or expending, as of money. 2. 
Money expended; outlay.— ex-pen'siv(e s , a. 
Causing or involving much expense; costly, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

ex-pe'ri-ence, 1 eks-pl'n-ens; 2 eks-pe'ri-Snq. 
I. vt. [-enced* ; -enc'Tng.] To undergo per¬ 
sonally; feel. II. n. 1. Knowledge derived 
from one’s own action, practise, perception, 
enjoyment, or suffering; experimental knowl¬ 
edge. 2. Something undergone, enjoyed, etc. 

[ < L.of experior, try, < ex, out, + peritus, ex¬ 
perienced.] —ex-pe'ri-enced, pa. Taught by 
experience; practised; skilled. —ex-pe"ri-en'- 
tial, a. -ly , adv. 

ex-per'i-ment, 1 eks-per'i-ment or -mant; 2 
&ks-p8r'i-ment. I d . vi. To make experi¬ 
ments; make a test or trial. II. n. An act or 
operation designed as a test; a trial; essay; 
attempt. [ < L. experimentum, < experior; 
see experience.]— ex-per"i-men'tal, a. Per¬ 
taining to or known by experiment, -ly, adv. 

ex-pert', 1 eks-purt'; 2 eks-pert', a. Skilful as 
the result of practise; dexterous; marked by 
skill; proceeding from an expert. [F., < L. 
expertus, pp. of experior; see experience.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

ex'pert, 1 eks'purt; 2 eks'pert, n. One who has 
special skill or knowledge; a specialist. 

ex'pi-ate, 1 eks'pi-et; 2 gks'pi-at, vt. [-AT"ED d ; 
-at"ing.] To atone for, as by suffering or 


restitution. [ < L. ex, out, + pio, appease.]— 
ex'pi-a-bl(e p , a. —ex"pi-a'tion, n. The act or 
means of expiating; atonement.—ex'pi-a"tor, n. 
—ex'pi-a-to-ry, a. Having the character of or 
offered in expiation. 

ex-pire', 1 eks-pair'; 2 eks-plr', v. [ex-pired'; 
ex-pir'ing.] I. t. To breathe out; emit 
from the lungs. II. i. 1. To breathe out the 
breath or the life; die; perish. 2. To ter¬ 
minate. [ < L. F ex, out, + spiro, breathe.]— 
ex-pir'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to the expiration 
of breath.—ex"pi-ra'tion, n. 1. The natural 
termination of anything, as of a lease or a period 
of time, ex'pi-ryf. 2. A breathing out; death, 
ex-plain', 1 eks-plen'; 2 Sks-plan', vt. & vi. To 
make plain or clear; interpret; elucidate. [ < 
L,.°f ex, out, + planus, fiat.]—ex-plain 'a- bl(e p , 
a. —ex"p!a-na'tion, n. 1. The act or means of 
explaining; elucidation. 2. Meaning; signifi¬ 
cance; sense.—ex-plan'a-to-ry, a. Serving or 
tending to explain.—ex-plan'a-to-ri-ly, adv. 
ex'ple-tivfe* 3 , 1 eks'pli-tiv; 2 eks'ple-tiv. I. a. 
Added for emphasis; redundant. II. n. An 
interjection, often profane; something, as a 
word, serving merely to fill out. [ < L. L1L ex, 
out, + pleo, fill.] 

ex'pli-cate, 1 eks'pli-ket; 2 eks'pli-eat, vt. & vi. To 
clear from obscurity; unfold; explain. [< L. 
pp. explicatus; see explicit.] — ex'pli-ca-bl(e p , 
a. —ex"pIi-ca'tion, n. —ex'pli-ca-tiv(e s , a. 
ex-plic'it, 1 eks-plis'it; 2 eks-plie'it, a. Plainly 
expressed, or that plainly expresses. [ < L. 
ex, out, + plico, fold.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ex-plode', 1 eks-plod'; 2 Sks-plod', vt. & vi. 
[ex-plod'ed* 1 ; ex-plod'ing.] 1. To burst by 
force from within; drive out violently; flash 
up noisily, as gunpowder. 2. To disprove 
utterly, as a theory. [ < L. explodo, drive off 
by clapping.]— ex-plod 'er, n. 
ex-ploit', 1 eks-pleit'; 2 eks-ploit'. I d . vt. 1. 
To put to use; utilize selfishly, as workingmen. 
2. To recount at length. II. n. A deed or 
act; especially one marked by heroism, dar¬ 
ing, skill, or brilliancy. [F.]— ex"ploi-ta'- 
tlon, n. 

ex-plore', 1 eks-plor'; 2 eks-plor', vt. & vi. [ex¬ 
plored'; ex-plor'ing.] To search through 
or travel in or over, as new lands; scrutinize; 
make explorations. [ < L. ex, out, + ploro, 
cry out.]— ex"plo-ra'tlon, n. The act of ex¬ 
ploring.— ex-plor'a-tiv(e 8 , a. — ex-plor'er, n. 
cx-plo'sion, 1 eks-plo' 3 an; 2 eks-plo'zhon, n. 
The act of exploding; a sudden and violent 
outbreak. —ex-pIo'slv(e s . I. a. Pertaining 
to explosion; liable to explode. II. n. An explo¬ 
sive substance, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ex-po'nent, 1 eks-po'nent; 2 eks-po'nent, n. 
1. One who or that which explains or ex¬ 
pounds. 2. Alg. A symbol indicating a power. 
[< L. expono, indicate.] 

ex-port ' d , 1 eks-port'; 2 eks-p5rt', vt. To carry 
or send out or away as from one country to 
another. [ < L. ex, out, + porto, carry.]— 
ex"por-ta'tion, n. 1. The act or practise of ex¬ 
porting. 2. An export commodity.—ex-port'- 
er, n. 

ex'port, 1 eks'pbrt; 2 eks'port, n. The act of 
exporting, or that which is exported; mer¬ 
chandise sent from one country to another: 
also used adjectivally.— ex-port'a-bl(e p , a. 
ex-pose', 1 eks-poz'; 2 eks-p5g', vt. [ex-posed'; 
ex-pos'ing.] 1. To lay open to any influence 
or action; display; disclose; reveal. 2. To 
place in a perilous situation; abandon to prob- 


l-a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; cfhin; go; o = einp; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; igk; thin, this. 












expose 

Ezra 


228 


able destruction. [ < OF. exposer, < L. ex» 
forth, + pono, place.]—ex-po'gal, ra. 
ex"po-se', 1 eks"po-ze'; 2 eks"po-§e', ra. An un¬ 
desirable or embarrassing disclosure or expo¬ 
sure. [F.] 

ex"po-si'tion, 1 eks"po-zis£h'an; 2 8ks"po- 
glsh'on, ra. 1. A public exhibition. 2. An 
explanation; commentary. [F.]—ex-pos'i- 

tor, ra. One who expounds.—ex-pos'i-to-ry, a. 
ex-pos 'i-tiv(e 8 t. 

ex-pos'tu-late, 1 eks-pes'chu-let; 2 &ks-pos'- 
chu-lat, vi. [-lat"ed (I ; -lat"ing.] To reason 
earnestly with a person, against some action. 
[< L. ex, from, + postulo, demand.)—ex-pos"- 
tu-la'tion, ra.—ex-pos'tu-la-tiv(e s , a. -ly, 
adv. —ex-pos'tu-la"tor, n. 
ex-po'sure, 1 eks-po' 3 ur; 2 £ks-po'zhur, ra. 1. 
The act of exposing; an exposed state or situ¬ 
ation. 2. Outlook or aspect, 
ex-pound' d , 1 eks-paund'; 2 Sks-pound', vt. 
To explain; interpret. [< L.of ^expono; see 
exponent.)— ex-pound'er, ra. 
ex-press', 1 eks-p’res'; 2 Sks-prSs'. I*, vt. 1. 
To set forth to the observation, or under¬ 
standing; manifest; declare. 2. To press out. 
3. To send by express. II. a. 1. Set forth 
distinctly; explicit; plain; direct. 2. Done or 
carried by express; hence, with speed or in 
haste. 3. Exactly resembling. III. n. 1. A 
system of rapid transportation or transmis¬ 
sion. 2. A message; dispatch; also, a messen¬ 
ger bearing dispatches; a courier. [ < L. ex, 
out, + premo, press.]—ex-press'age, ra. 1. 
Amount charged for carrying by express. 2. 
Things carried by express.—ex-press'i-bl(e p , a. 
—ex-press'ly, adv. —ex-press'man, ra. [-men, 
pi ] An employee of an express company; ex¬ 
press agent. 

ex-pres'sion, 1 eks-presh'an; 2 &ks-prgsh'on, 
ra. 1. The act or mode of uttering or repre¬ 
senting. 2. That which is uttered. 3. Out¬ 
ward aspect; look; looks. 4. A pressing out. 
—ex-pressTv(e 8 , a. Conveying expression; full 
of meaning, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ex-pul 'sion, 1 eks-pul'^han; 2 Sks-piil'shon, n. 
Forcible ejection. [< L. expulsio(n-), < 
expello; see expel.)— ex-pul 'si v(e 8 , a. Tending 
to expel. 

ex-punge', 1 eks-punj'; 2 Sks-piing', vt. [ex¬ 
punged'; ex-pung'ing.] To blot out; oblit¬ 
erate; efface; destroy. [< L. ex, out, + 
pungo, prick.) 

ex'pur-gate, 1 eks'pur-get; 2 Sks'pGr-gat, vt. 
[-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] To clear, as a book, of 
whatever is objectionable. [< L. ex, out, + 
purgo; see purge.)— ex"pur-ga'tion, n.—ex'- 
pur-ga"tor, n. 

ex'qui-sit(e 8 , 1 eks'kwi-zit; 2 8ks'kwi-slt. I. 
a. 1. Fine and delicate; dainty; refined; deli¬ 
cately beautiful. 2. Delicately sensitive; 
fastidious. 3. Intense or poignant. II. ra. A 
dainty person; a fop; dandy; dude. [ < L. ex, 
out, + qusero. seek.) -ly, adv. -ness, ra. 
ext., abbr. External, extra, extract, 
ex'tunt, 1 eks'tant or eks-tant'; 2 Sks'tant or 
Sks-tant', a. Still existing and known; living. 
[ < L. ex, out, + sto, stand.) 
ex-teni 'po-re, 1 eks-tem'po-ri; 2 Sks-tSm'po- 
re.^ I. a. Done on the spur of the moment; 
extemporaneous; unstudied; offhand. II. 
adv. Without special preparation. [ < L. 
ex, from; tempore, abl. s. of tempus (tempor -), 
time.)—ex-teni"po-ra'ne-ous, a. 1. Done or 
made with little or no preparation; offhand. 2. 


Given to speaking without notes, -ly, adv. 
-ness, ra. —ex-tem'po-ra-ry, a. 1. Extempora¬ 
neous. 2. Made for the occasion.—ex-tem'po- 
ra-rl-ly, adv. —ex-tem'po-rize, vt. & vi. [-rized; 
-riz"ing.) To make or compose without prepara¬ 
tion. ex-teni 'po-risef.—ex-teni'po-rlz"er or 
-ris"er, n. 

ex-tend' d , 1 eks-tend'; 2 Sks-tSnd', v. I. t. 1. 
To make larger; lengthen; w'iden; enlarge; 
prolong. 2. To reach or stretch out; hold out 
for acceptance. II. i. To reach in dimen¬ 
sions, time, etc.; stretch. [< L. ex, out, + 
tendo, stretch.) — ex-ten"sl-bil'i-ty, n. — ex- 
ten'sl-bl(e p , a. That may be extended, ex- 
ten'sll(e»t.—ex-ten'sion, ra. 1. The act or 
process of extending; extent. 2. An annex; ad¬ 
dition. 3. That property of matter by virtue of 
w'hich it occupies space or has length, breadth, 
and thickness.—ex-ten'siv(e 8 , a. Extended 
widely in space, time, or scope, -ly, adv. -ness, ra. 
ex-tent', 1 eks-tent'; 2 Sks-tent', ra. Amount 
or degree of extension; size; compass; reach, 
ex-ten'u-ate, 1 eks-ten'yu-et; 2 Sks-t£n'yu-at, 
vt. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To minimize the 
gravity of (a fault, etc.); mitigate; palliate. 
2. To make thin or thinner. [< L. ex, out, 
+ tenuis, thin.)—ex-ten"u-a'tion, ra. Pallia¬ 
tion.—ex-ten'u-a"tor, ra. 
ex-te'ri-or, 1 eks-ti'ri-ar; 2 Sks-te'ri-or. I. a. 
1. External; outlying. 2. Manifest to the 
senses. 3. Acting from without. II. ra. That 
which is outside; the external features or 
qualities. [ < L. exterior, compar. of exterus, 
exter, outside.)—ex-te'rl-or-ly, adv. 
ex-ter'mi-nate, 1 eks-tur'mi-net; 2 Sks-ter'- 
mi-nat, vt. [-nat"ED d ; -nat'Tng.] To de¬ 
stroy entirely; annihilate. [< L. ex, out, 
+ terminus, boundary.)—ex-ter"ml-na'tton, 
ra. Annihilation; extirpation.—ex-ter'mi-na- 
tlv(e 8 , a. —ex-ter'ml-na"tor, ra. 
ex-ter'nal, 1 eks-tur'nal; 2 £ks-t§r'nal. I. o. 
Outside; superficial. II. ra. An exterior or 
outer part; an outward symbol, as of religion. 

[ < L. externus, < ex, out.) -ly, adv.— ex"ter- 
nal'I-ty, ra. 

ex-tinct', 1 eks-tipkt'; 2 Sks-tlnct', a. Ex¬ 
tinguished; inactive; quenched; worn out; 
non-existent. [ < L. extinctus, pp. of extinguo; 
see extinguish.]— ex-tlnc'tlon, ra. 1. The act 
of extinguishing, or the state of being extin¬ 
guished. ex-tin 'guish-inentt. 2. A complete 
destruction; annihilation.—ex-t!nc'tiv(e 8 , a. 
ex-tin 'guish’, 1 eks-tirj'gwi^h; 2 £ks-tln'- 
gwish, vt. To render extinct; destroy; put 
out; quench. [< L. extinguo, < ex, out, + 
stinguo, quench.]—ex-tin 'guish-a-bl(e p , a.— 
ex-tin 'guish-er, ra. 

ex'tir-pate, 1 eks'tar-pet; 2 gks'tir-pat, vt. 
[-PAT >, ED d ; -pat'Tng.] To root out or up; 
eradicate. [ < L. ex, out, + stirps, stem, 
stock, root.]—ex"tir-pa'tion, ra. The act of 
extirpating; total removal of a growth.—ex'tir- 
pa"tor, ra. 

ex-tol', 1 eks-tol'; 2 Sks-tol', vt. [ex-tolled', 
ex-told' 8 ; ex-tol'ling.] To praise in the 
highest terms; magnify. [< L. OF extolo, < 
ex, out, + tolo, raise.]—ex-tol'ler, ra. 
ex-tort' d , 1 eks-tert'; 2 gks-tort', v. I. t. To 
obtain by violence, oppression, threats, etc.; 
wring; wrest; also, to exact illegally. II. i. 
To practise extortion. [< L. ex, out, + 
torqueo, twist.]—ex-tor'tion, ra. 1. The act or 
practise of extorting. 2. That which has been 
extorted.—ex-tor'tion-a-ry, a.—ex-tor'tion- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not. or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh^t, ail; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, dr, wdn. 









229 


expose 

Ezra 


ate, a. Characterized by extortion; oppressive. 
—ex-tor'tion-er, n. ex-tort'ert. 

ex'tra, 1 eks'tra; 2 Sks'tra. I. a. Being over 
and above what is required; additional. II. 
n. Something more than is usual or re¬ 
quired. 

ex'tra-, prefix. Outside; beyond; besides, as extra- 
judicial, extraterritorial. [L., < extra, without, 
prop. abl. fem. of exter, outward, < ex. out.] 
ex-tract' d , 1 eks-trakt'; 2 fiks-tract', vt. 1. To 
draw or pull out; obtain, as an extract. 2. 
To select for citation. [ < L. ex, out, + 
traho, draw.]— ex-tract'a-bl(e p or -l-bl(e p , a. — 
ex-trac'tion, n. 1. The act of extracting. 2. 
That which is extracted. 3. Lineage.— ex-trac'- 
tiv(e*L I. a. 1. That extracts or tends to ex¬ 
tract. 2. Capable of extraction. II. n. Some¬ 
thing capable of being extracted.— ex-trac'- 
tor, n. 

ex'tract, 1 eks'tralct; 2 eks'tract, n. 1. Some¬ 
thing extracted or drawn out, as by distilla¬ 
tion. 2. A selection, as from a book. 
ex"tra-di'tion, 1 eks"tra-di£h'an; 2 Sks"tra- 
dish'on, n. The surrender of an accused 
person to the justice of another government. 
[F., < L. ex, out, traditto(n~): see tradition.] 
—ex'tra-dite, vt. 

ex-tra 'ne-ous, 1 eks-tre'm-us; 2 eks-tra'ne-us, 
a. Not intrinsic or essential; foreign. [ < L. 
extraneus, foreign.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ex-traor'di-na-ry, 1 eks-trer'di-ne-n; 2 Sks- 
tror'di-na-ry. I. a. Being beyond or out of 
the common order; remarkable; special. II. 
n. [-ries z , pi.] Something extraordinary. 
[< L. extraordinarius, < extra, without, + 
ordo, order.]— ex-traor'di-na-ri-Iy, adv. 
ex-trav'a-gant, 1 eks-trav'a-gant; 2 eks-trav'¬ 
a-gant, a. 1. Exceeding ordinary limits; im¬ 
moderate; fantastic; unrestrained. 2. Need¬ 
lessly free or lavish in expenditure. [F., < L. 
extra, without, + vagus, wandering.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. — ex-trav'a-gance, n. An extravagant 
act; lavishness; prodigality; irregularity; wild¬ 
ness. ex-trav'a-gan-cyf. — ex-trav"a-gan'za, 
n. An extravagant or fantastic composition, es¬ 
pecially in literature or the drama, 
ex-treme', 1 eks-trim'; 2 eks-trem'. I. a. 1. 
Being of the highest degree. 2. Farthest; 
outermost; final. 3. Very strict or severe; 
exacting. II. n. 1. The highest or utmost 
degree of anything. 2. The utmost or far¬ 
thest point or limit; extremity. 3. Math. 
The first or last term of a proportion or series. 
[< L. extremus, farthest, extreme.]— ex-treme'- 
iy, adv. —ex-trem'ist, n. —ex-trem'l-ty, 1 eks- 
trem'i-tr, 2 eks-trem'i-ty, n. [-ties^, pi.] 1. The 
utmost or farthest point; termination, end, or 
edge. 2. The greatest degree. 3. Extreme dis¬ 
tress or need. 4. pi. Extreme measures. 5. A 
hand, foot, etc. 

ex'tri-cate, 1 eks'tri-ket; 2 gks'tri-cat, vt. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat'Tng.] To liberate from en¬ 
tanglement. [ < L. ex , out, + tricse , hin¬ 
drances.]— ex'tri-ca-bl(e p , a . — ex'tri-ca-bly, 
adv. —ex"tri-ca'tion, n. 


ex-trin'sic, 1 eks-trin'sik; 2 Sks-trin'sic, a. 
Being outside of the nature of an object or 
case; foreign. [< L. exter, outside, + secus, 
beside.]— ex-trin 'si-cal-ly, adv. 
ex-trude', 1 eks-trud'; 2 eks-trud', vt. [-trud'ed; 
-trud'ing.] To force, thrust, or push out. [< 
L. ex, out, + trudo, thrust.]— ex-tru'siou, n. 
ex-u'ber-ant, 1 eks-yu'bar-ant; 2 Sks-yu'ber- 
ant, a. Marked by plentifulness; producing 
copiously. [ < L. ex, out, + ubero, bear 
fruit.]— ex-u'ber-ance, n. ex-u'ber-an-cyj. — 
ex-u'ber-ant-ly, adv. 

ex-ude', 1 eks-yud'; 2 8ks-yud', vt. & vi. [ex- 
UD'ED d ; ex-ud'ing.] To discharge; ooze or 
trickle forth, as through pores. [ < L. ex, 
out, + sudo, sweat.]— ex"u-da'tion, n. 
ex-lllt' d , 1 egz-ult'; 2 egz-ult', vi. To rejoice in 
or as in triumph; take a lively delight. [< 
L. exullo, leap for joy.]— ex-ul'tance, n. Exul¬ 
tation. ex-ul'tan-cyf. — ex-ul'tant, a. 1. Re¬ 
joicing triumphantly. 2. Denoting great joy. -ly, 
adv. — ex"ul-ta'tion, n. The act or state of ex¬ 
ulting; triumphant joy.— ex-ult'ing-ly, adv. 
Eyck, 1 aik; 2 Ik, n. Either of two brothers, Flem¬ 
ish painters: (1) Hubert van (1366-1426); (2) 
Jan van (1385?-1440). 

eye, ) 1 ai; 2 y. I. vt. [eyed; ey'ing or eye'- 
ey p , ) ing.] To look at fixedly; scrutinize. II. 
n. 1. The organ of vision. 2. Ocular per¬ 
ception; sight. 3. Anything that resembles 
the human organ of sight, or its socket, in 
shape, place, or office; as, the eye of a needle. 
[< AS. edge, pi. eaaan.] — eye'ball", n. The 
globe or ball of the eye.— eye'brow", n. The 
arch over the eye; also, its covering, especially 
the hairs.— eye-glass, n. 1. pi. A pair of 
lenses resembling spectacles without bows. 2. 
Any lens used to assist vision; the glass nearest 
the eye in a telescope or microscope.— eye'- 
lash", n. One of the stiff curved hairs grow¬ 
ing from the edge of the eyelids.— eye'less, a. 
Lacking eyes; deprived of sight.— eye'let, n. 
A small hole or opening; a metal ring for pro¬ 
tecting a hole in canvas, paper, etc.— eye'lid", 
n. One of the curtains of loose integument that 
cover the eyeballs in front.— eye'piece", n. 
The lens nearest the eye in a telescope or micro¬ 
scope; eye*glass.— eye-servant, n. One who 
does his duty only when watched.— eye-service, 
n. — eye'shot", n. Reach of the eye; view; 
sight.— eye'sight", n. 1. The power or sense of 
sight. 2. Extent of vision; view.— eye'sore", n. 
1. A diseased place on or near the eye. 2. Any¬ 
thing that offends the eye, as from lack of beauty 
or of fitness.— eye'stone", n. A small smooth 
object used sometimes to remove foreign sub¬ 
stances from the eye.— eye-tooth, n. -One of the 
upper canine teeth.— eye-witness, n. One who 
sees a thing with his own eyes or attests what he 
has seen. 

ey'ry, n. Same as aerie, ey'rief. 

Ez., Ezr., abbr. Ezra.—Ezek., abbr. Ezekiel. 
E-ze'ki-el, 1 l-zi'ki-el; 2 e-ze'ki-el, n. One of the 
four greater Hebrew prophets (590 B. C.). 

Ez'ra, 1 ez'ra; 2 ez'ra, n. A Jewish high priest and 
statesman of the 5th century B. C.; led return¬ 
ing captives to Jerusalem. 


l:a = final; I = hablt^ aisle; au = out; eil; Iu = fead; tfhin; go; tj = sin^; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dg; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bfirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







F 

familiar 


230 


F 


F, f, 1 ef ; 2 8f, n. [efs, F’s, or Fa, 1 efs ; 2 efs, pi .] 
A letter: the sixth in the English alphabet. 

F., abbr. Fabius, Felix, fellow, Fortuna, France, 
French, Friday.—F., Fall., Falir., abbr. Fah¬ 
renheit.— f., abbr. Farthing, fathom, feminine, 
florin, folio, foot, forte, franc, 
fa, 1 fa; 2 fa, n. Mus. The fourth tone (1) of 
any key; (2) of the so=called natural key. [It.] 
f. a. a., abbr. Free of all average. 

Fa'bi-us, 1 fe'bi-us; 2 fa'bi-us, Quintus F. 
Maximus Verrucosus ( -203 B. C.). A Ro¬ 
man general and statesman; overcame Hannibal 
by avoiding direct engagements and using dila¬ 
tory tactics.—Fa'bi-an, a. Of or like the policy 
of Fabius; shrewdly dilatory, 
fa'bie, 1 fe'bl; 2 fa'bl. I. vt. & vi. [fa'bled; 
fa'bling.] To narrate fictitiously or falsely; 
compose or tell fables or myths; fabricate; lie. 
n. n. 1. A brief tale embodying a moral, 
with persons, animals, or inanimate things as 
speakers and actors. 2. A legend or myth; 
an invention; fabrication. [F.,< L . fabula, 

< for, speak.] 

fab'ric, 1 fab'rilc; 2 fab'ric, n. 1. A woven, 
felted, or knitted material, as cloth, felt, etc. 

2. A system or structure; also, workmanship; 
texture. [ < L. F fabrica, < faber, workman.] 
— fab'ri-cant, n. A maker; manufacturer.— 
fab'ri-cate, vt. [-cAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To form, 
make, or manufacture; build; concoct; forge.— 
fab"ri-ca'tion, n. The art of fabricating, or 
that which is fabricated; (1) a structure; fabric; 
(2) an invention; a falsehood.— fab'ri-ca"tor, w. 

fab'u-lous, 1 fab'yu-lus; 2 fab'yu-lus, a. Be¬ 
longing to fable; fictitious; mythical; incred¬ 
ible; false, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — fab'u-list, 
n. A composer of fables; one who falsifies or 
fabricates. 

fa"gade', 1 fa"sad'; 2 fa"gad', n. The front or 
chief face of a building. [F., < L. facies, 
face.] 

face, 1 fes; 2 fag. I. vt. & vi. [faced 1 ; fac'- 
ing.] 1. To have the face toward; confront; 
oppose. 2. To put a covering or layer upon; 
smooth the surface of. II. n. 1. The an¬ 
terior portion of the head; the visage; coun¬ 
tenance. 2. The surface of anything- front. 

3. The aspect or appearance; look; show. 4. 
Personal presence; immediate cognizance; 
sight. 5. Effrontery; assurance. 6. A gro¬ 
tesque expression of countenance. 7. That 
which is directly stated in a document. [F., 

< L. facies, face.]— fac'ing, n. A covering in 
front, the act of making it, or the materials of 
which it is made. 

fac'et, 1 fas'et; 2 fag'St, n. A small face or sur¬ 
face, as on a diamond. [ < F. facette, dim. of 
face, face.] 

fa -ce'tious, 1 fa-si'^hus; 2 fa-ge'shus, a. In¬ 
dulging in or marked by wit or humor; jocu¬ 
lar; jocose; witty; funny; humorous. [< L. 
facelia, humor.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fa'cial, 1 fe'^hal; 2 fa'shal, a. Of, near, or 
affecting the face. [ < L A 11 facies, face.] 
fac'il(e s , 1 fas'il; 2 fag'il. a. 1. Easy; pliant; 
yielding. 2. Dexterous; skilful. 3. Accessi¬ 
ble; affable. [F., < L. facilis, easy, < facio, 
do.] 


fa-cll'i-ty, 1 fa-sil'i-ti; 2 fa-gfl'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. Ease or readiness in doing; dexterity. 
2. Readiness of compliance; pliancy. 3. 
Affability. 4. Any aid or convenience. [ < 
L. F facilitates, < facilis, facile.]— fa-eii'i- 
tate, vt. [-tat"ed<»; -tat'Tng.] To make easier 
or more convenient. 

fac-sim'i-le, 1 fak-sim'i-ll; 2 fac-sim'i-le, n. 
An exact copy or reproduction. [ < L. factum 
simile, something made like.] 
fact, 1 fakt; 2 fact, n. Anything that is done 
or happens, as an act or deed; anything actu¬ 
ally existent; any statement strictly true; 
truth; reality. [ < L. factum, < factus, pp. of 
facio, do.] 

fac'tion, 1 fak'slian; 2 fac'shon, n. 1. A party 
within a party; an irregular association of 
partizans; a cabal. 2. Violent opposition, as 
to a government; turbulence; dissension. [F., 

< L. factiotn-), < factus, pp. of facio, do, make.} 
—fac'tion-al, a. 

fac'tious, 1 fak'iffius; 2 fac'shus, a. Given to, 
characterized by, or promoting faction; tur¬ 
bulent; partizan. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fac-ti'tious, 1 fak-ti^h'us; 2 f&c-tish'us, a. 
Artificial; conventional. [< L. factitius, < 
factus; see fact.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fac'tor, 1 fak'tar; 2 fac'tor, n. 1. A commis¬ 
sion merchant; agent. 2. One of two or more 
quantities that, when multiplied together, 
produce a given quantity. [L., < facio, make.] 
fac'lo-ry, 1 fak'to-n; 2 fSc'to-ry, n. [-hies 2 , 
pi.] 1. A manufactory. 2. A business estab¬ 
lishment in charge of factors or agents in a 
foreign country. 

fac-to'tuni, 1 fak-to'tum; 2 f&c-to'tum, n. A 
man of all work. [ < L. fac totum, do all.] 
fac'ul-ty, 1 fak'ul-ti; 2 f&c'ul-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. Any special power of mind or body. 
2. The members of a profession, or the in¬ 
structors in an educational institution, col¬ 
lectively. 3. Power or privilege conferred. 
[< E. F faculta(,t-)s, < facul, for facilis; see 
facile.] [hobby, 

fad, 1 fad; 2 fad, n. A passing fancy or fashion; 
fade, 1 fed; 2 fad, vt. & vi. [fad'ed 1 *; fad'ing.] 
To make or become pale, dull, dim, or indis¬ 
tinct; disappear gradually. [< OF. fader, 

< fade, pale, weak.]— fade'less, a. Unfading, 
fa;'cos, fa»'cal, etc. See feces, etc. [fa'er-yf. 
fa'er-lc, 1 fe'ar-i; 2 fa'er-e, n. [Archaic.] Fairy, 
fag, 1 fag; 2 fag. I. vt. & vi. [fagged, fagd 8 ; 

fag'ging.] 1. To work hard; fatigue; tire 
out. 2. To use or act as a fag. II. n. 1. One 
who does menial service for another. 2. A 
piece of drudgery. 3. [Sobers’ Slang.] A 
cigaret. [For flag 3 , r.]— fag'send", n. The 
frayed end, as of a rope; a remnant, 
fag'of, 1 fag'at; 2 filg'ot, n. A bundle of sticks, 
twigs, or branches, as used for fuel. [F.] 
Fah'ren-heit, 1 fa'ren-hait; 2 fa'ren-hit, Gabriel 
Daniel (1686-1736). A German physicist; in¬ 
vented the mercurial thermometer.—Fah'ren- 
heit, a. Designating that thermometer-scale in 
which the freezing-point of water is 32° and the 
boiling*point 212°. 

fa-ience', 1 fa-yans'; 2 fa-yang', n. A variety of 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police: obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, apt, fat, fare, last, what., all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; t = e; go, not, or, won. 





231 


F 

familiar 


majolica, usually highly decorated. [F., < Faenza, 
city in Italy.] 

fail, 1 fel; 2 fal, v. I. t. To forsake or be want¬ 
ing to; disappoint. II. i. 1. To prove in¬ 
adequate or defective. 2. To waste away; 
decline; dwindle. 3. To become insolvent. 
[< F . faillir, < L. fallo, deceive, err.]— fail, n. 
Failure: in the phrase without fail. — fail'ing, 
n. A minor fault; foible; infirmity; failure, 
fail 'ure, 1 fel'yur; 2 fal'yur, n. 1. The act of 
failing, or the state of having failed; cessa¬ 
tion; bankruptcy. 2. Neglect or non-per¬ 
formance. 3. That which fails; anything un¬ 
successful. 

fain, 1 fen; 2 fan. I. o. 1. Reluctantly willing; 
content. 2. Glad; rejoiced. II || .adv. Gladly. 
[< AS. fcegen.) 

faint, 1 fent; 2 fant. I d . vi. 1. To swoon. 2. 
To fail in courage, hope, and vigor; despond. 
3. To fade; vanish. II. o. 1. Lacking in pur¬ 
pose, courage, or energy; despondent; timid. 
2. Ready to faint; weak. 3. Slight; indistinct; 
feeble; dim. III. n. A swoon; syncope. 
[OF., pp. of faindre, feindre; see feign.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

fair, 1 far; 2 far, a. 1. Free from cloud, spot, 
or blemish; sunshiny; clear. 2. Impartial; 
equitable; just. 3. Having light color or com¬ 
plexion. 4. Pleasing; comely; beautiful; 
flattering; plausible. 5. Moderately satisfac¬ 
tory; passably good or large. 0. In games 
and sports, according to rule. 7. In the direc¬ 
tion of a ship’s course; as, a fair wind. [< 
AS. fseger.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fair 1 , n. [Poet.] A fair one; sweetheart, 
fairs, n. An exhibit of wares or products; 

stated market. [< L,. OF feriae, holidays.] 
fair, adv. 1. Fairly; honestly. 2. In clear 
view. 3. Favorably; politely; plausibly. 
Falr'banks, 1 far'bapks; 2 far'banks, Charles 
Warren (1852-1918). Vice-President of the 
United States, 1905-09. 

Fair'fax, 1 far'faks; 2 far'faks, Thomas, Lord 
(1612—1667). An English parliamentary general, 
fair'y, 1 far'i; 2 far'y, n. [-ies z , pi.] An imag¬ 
inary being, ordinarily of small and graceful 
human form, capable of working good or ill 
to mankind. [ < OF. faerie, enchantment.] 
faith, 1 feth; 2 fath, n. A firm belief or trust 
in any person, thing, statement, etc.; a relig¬ 
ious creed; fidelity. [< L. OF fides, faith.]— 
faith'ful, a. Trustworthy; accurate or exact; 
truthful; strong or firm in faith, -ly, adv. -ness, 
».— faith'less, a. Unfaithful; disloyal; untrust¬ 
worthy; unbelieving, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fake, 1 fek; 2 fak I 1 , vt. [Slang.] 1. To cover up 
defects in deceptively. 2. To make up arti¬ 
ficially; fabricate. 3. To steal. II. n. 1. A 
swindle or trick; person conducting it; fictitious 
news.— fak 'er, n. 1. A cheat; swindler. 2. A 

Qtrppt npfilpr 

fa-kir', 1 fa-klr 7 or fe'kar; 2 fa-kir' or fa'kir, n. 
An Oriental ascetic. [< Ar. fakir, poor man.] 

fa-keer'f. 

fal'chion, 1 fel'hhan; 2 fal'chon, n. A broad- 
bladed sword. [ < L F falx, a sickle.] 
fal'con, 1 fe'kn; 2 fa'cn, n. A diurnal bird of 
prey; hawk. See illus. in next column. [< 
LL. f falco, < L. falx, sickle.]— fal 'con-er, n. 
One who breeds, trains, or hunts with falcons for 
sport.— fal'co-nin(e 8 , a. Falcon-like.— fal'con- 
ry, n. The training or using of falcons for sport. 
Falk'land Is'Iands, 1 fek'land; 2 f&e'land. A 
group of British islands in the S. Atlantic off 


which a British squadron defeated and sank a 
German squadron, Dec. 8, 1914. See Sturdee. 
fall, 1 fel; 2 fal, v. [fell; fall'en; fall'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To let fall; drop. 2. [Colloq.] To 
fell, throw, or strike down. II. i. 1. To de¬ 
down suddenly; 

overthrown or slain; die. 3. 

To sink or descend; be dim- 
inished; decline; decrease; MSmF&feb 
droop. 4. To sin; err; apos- ” 

tatize. 5. To pass, come, or '■ 8S Sjgp 
be transferred by chance, lot, Great-footed Fal- 
inheritance, etc.; be assigned con, or Duck- 
or classified; happen; come hawk. V 20 
to pass; begin. [ < AS. feallan.] —fal'len, a. 
Having come down by falling; overthrown; dis¬ 
graced; ruined; dead.— fall'ing=sick"ness, n. 
Epilepsy. 

fall, n. 1. The act of falling. 2. A waterfall. 

3. Autumn. 4. The rope of a tackle, 
fal'la-ey, 1 fal'a-si; 2 fal'a-gy, n. [-cies z , pi.] 
Anything that deceives the mind or eye; de¬ 
lusive reasoning; delusion; error. [< L. p 
fallacia, < fallo, deceive.]— fal-la'cious, a. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. [trinket; gewgaw, 

fal'lall", 1 fal'lal"; 2 fal'lal", n. An ornament or 
fal'li-bl(e p , 1 fal'i-bl; 2 fal'i-bl, a. Liable to 
error; capable of erring; misleading.— fal"li- 
bil'i-ty, n. fal'Ii-ble-nesst.—fal'li-bly, adv. 
fal'low, 1 fal'o; 2 fal'o. I. vt. & vi. To make, 
keep, or become fallow. II. a. 1. Left un¬ 
seeded after being plowed; uncultivated; 
neglected. 2. Pale-yellow or pale-red. III. n. 
Land left unseeded after plowing; also, cleared 
woodland. [ < AS. fealu, fealo, yellowish.] 
fal'low deer. A European deer, about 3 feet 
high, common in British parks. 

Fal'mouth, 1 fal'inaCh; 2 fal'muth, n. A fortified 
seaport (pop. 13,000), Cornwall, England, 
false, 1 fels; 2 fals. 1. a. 1. Contrary to truth 
or fact. 2. Deceptive; counterfeit; artificial; 
not real. 3. Incorrect; irregular. 4. Lying; 
dishonest; faithless; treacherous. 5. Mech. 
Temporary, imitative, or substitutionary; 
supposititious. 6. Mus. Out of tune. II. 
adv. Falsely. [< L. falsus, pp. of fallo, de¬ 
ceive.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —false'hood, n. 
Falseness; untruthfulness; an intentional untruth; 
a lie; counterfeit.— fal"si-fi-ca'tion, n. The 
act or process of falsifying. —fal'si-fy, vt. & vi. 
[-fied; -fy"ing.] To make or prove to be false; 
misrepresent; disprove; counterfeit; tamper with 
or pervert; lie. —fal'si-fi"er, n. —fal'si-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] The quality of being false; a false 
statement, thing, or appearance, 
fal-set'to, 1 fel-set'o; 2 fal-set'o. n. The artificial 
tones of the voice, higher than the natural voice. 
Fal'staff, 1 fel'staf ; 2 fal'staf, Sir John. A jovial, 
witty soldier in Shakespeare’s Henry IV., etc. 
fal'ter, 1 fel'tar; 2 fal'ter, vt. & vi. To speak 
brokenly; act with weakness; waver; totter. 
[< fault.]— fal'ter-ing-ly, adv. 

F. A. M., abbr. Free and Accepted Masons. — 
fam., abbr. Familiar, family, 
fame, 1 fern; 2 fam. I. vt. [famed; fam'ing.] 
To repute; make famous. II. n. 1. Public 
or general reputation; renown. 2||. Report; 
rumor. [F., < L. fama, < for, speak.] 
fa-mil'iar, 1 fa-mil'yar; 2 fa-mil'yar. I. o. 
1. Having intimate knowledge; well ac¬ 
quainted; thoroughly versed: followed by 


1.3— final* 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; (fhin; go; D = sinp; thin, this. 
2; wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bfirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








family 

fatuous 


232 


with. 2. Intimate; informal; forward; free. 

3. Well known; common; unpretentious; un¬ 
affected. II. n. 1. A familiar friend. 2. A 
spirit supposed to attend and obey a sorcerer, 
familiar spiritJ. 3. A servant of the In¬ 
quisition. [ < L. familiaris, of the family.] 
-ly, adv.— fa-mil"i-ar'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The 
state or condition of being familiar; intimacy.— 
fa-mil'iar-ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To make 
familiar; accustom. 

faill 'i-ly, 1 fam'i-h; 2 f&m'i-ly. I. a. Of, be¬ 
longing to, or suitable for a family. II. n. 
[-lies 2 , pl.\ 1. A group of persons, consisting 
of parents and their children; also, the chil¬ 
dren as distinguished from the parents. 2. A 
group of persons forming a household, in¬ 
cluding servants, etc.; a household. 3. A 
succession of persons connected by blood, 
name, etc.; a house; line; clan; tribe; race. 

4. Distinguished or ancient lineage; descent. 

5. Biol. A group higher than a genus. 6. 
Any class or group of like or related things. 

[ < L. familia, < famulus, servant.] 

fam'in(e 8 , 1 fam'in; 2 fam'in, n. A vide* 
spread scarcity of food; dearth. [F., < L. 
fames, hunger.] 

fam'ish 1 , vt. & vi. To perish or cause te perish 
from hunger or thirst; starve. [< L. OF ad, 
to, + fames, hunger.] 

fa'mous, 1 fe'mus; 2 fa'mus, a. Having fame; 

celebrated; renowned. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fan, 1 fan; 2 fan, vt. [fanned, fand 8 ; fan'- 
ning.] To affect by or as by the use of a fan; 
excite, as fire or passion; winnow, as grain. 
fan 1 , n. A light, flat implementor other device 
to produce air. [ < AS. farm, < L. ranraus.] 
fan 2 , n. [Slang.] A fanatic; baseball enthusiast, 
fa-nat'ic, 1 fs-nat'ik; 2 fa-nat'ie, ». One who 
is actuated by intemperate zeal; a religious 
zealot. [ < L. fanaticus, of a temple, < fa- 
num, temple.]—fa-nat'i-cal, a. fa-nat'Icf.— 
fa-nat 'i-cal-ly, adv. —fa-nat'l-cism, n. The 
spirit or conduct of a fanatic; unreasonable zeal, 
fan'ei-er, 1 fan'si-ar; 2 fan'ei-er, n. 1. A 
breeder and seller of birds and animals; one 
having a taste for special objects; an ama¬ 
teur. 2. A dreamer. 

fan'ei-ful, 1 fan'si-ful; 2 f&n'ei-ful, o. 1. Pro¬ 
ceeding from or produced by fancy; ideal; 
odd. 2. Existing only in the fancy; unreal; 
visionary. 3. Whimsical, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fan'ey, 1 fan'si; 2 f&n'cy. I. vt. & vi. [fan'- 
cied; fan'cy-ing.] To suppose without sub¬ 
stantial grounds; take a liking to; conceive in 
the fancy; have a notion of; form a fancy. II. 
a. Adapted to, proceeding from, or charac¬ 
terized by fancy, in any sense of the noun. 
III. n. [fan'cies 2 , pi] 1. The power or act 
of forming or combining mental images with 
little regard to rational processes; imagina¬ 
tion in its lower forms; fantasy. 2. A vision¬ 
ary or whimsical notion; vagary. 3. A liking 
or fondness; also, the object liked: followed 
by for. 4. A pet pursuit; a hobby; fad. 
[ < Gr. p phantasia, < phaino, show.] 
fan-dan'go, 1 fan-dag'go; 2 f&n-dan'go, n. A 
Spanish dance. [Sp., < African.] 
fane, 1 fen; 2 fan, n. A sanctuary; temple. [< 
L. fanum, temple.] 

Fan'eull Hall, 1 fan'l or fun'l; 2 fan'l or fun'l. 

Market*house and historic hall, Boston, Mass, 
fan 'fare, 1 fan'far; 2 fan'far, n. [F.] A flourish, as 
of trumpets; a noisy parade. fan"fa-rade't.— 


fan"fa-ron-ade', n. A ranting speech or style, 
fang, 1 fag ; 2 f&ng, n. A long, pointed tooth or 
tusk, as of a boar or a serpent; the root of a 
tooth; a claw; talon. [ < AS. fang, catching, 
seizing.]— fanged, a. Having fangs, 
fan'dan", 1 fan'«tan"; 2 fan'-tan*, n. [Chin.] A 
gambling game. 

fan'tasm, / 1 fan'tazm; 2 fan'tagm, n. 1. 
phan'tasm, ) An imaginary appearance; a fan- 
tom. 2. A mental image; fancy. [< Gr. 
phantasma, < phaino, show.]— fan-tas'nial, a. 
— fan-tas"ma-go'rl-a, n. A changing, inco¬ 
herent series of apparitions or fantasms. 
fan-tas'tic, 1 fan-tas'tik; 2 fan-tas'tic, a. 1. 
Of an odd appearance; grotesque; capricious. 
2. Of the nature of fantasy; fanciful; illusory. 

[ < Gr. phantastikos, < phantazo, show.] fan- 
tas'tl-oalt.—fan-tas 'ti-cal-ly, adv. 
fan 'ta-sy, ) 1 fan'ta-si; 2 f&n'ta-sy, n . [-sies 2 , 

phan'ta-sy, S pi] 1. A fantastic notion. 2. A 
fantastic design, as in embroidery. [ < F. 
fantaisie; see fancy.] 

fan'tom, ) 1 fan'tam; 2 f&n'tom, n. Some- 
phan'tom. \ thing existing in appearance only; 
an apparition; illusion. [<Gr. L+F phantas¬ 
ma. See fantasm.] 

far, 1 far; 2 far. I. a. [far'ther or fur'ther; 
far'thest or furthest.] 1. Being a long 
way off; remote, literally or figuratively. 2. 
Extending widely or at length; reaching a 
long way. II. adv. 1. At a remote or distant 
point. 2. To a great distance or degree; by 
very much. 3. From afar. [ < AS. feor, far.] 
far., abbr. Farriery, farthing, 
far'ad, 1 far'ad; 2 far'ad, n. The unit of electrical 
capacity. [< the physicist Faraday.]— fa-rad '- 
1c, a. Pertaining to or caused by induced elec¬ 
tric currents.—far 'a-dlsm, n. The electricity 
of an induced current.— far'a-dize, vt. To stim¬ 
ulate (a nerve, muscle, etc.) by faradic currents. 
Far'a-day, 1 far'a-de; 2 f&r'a-da, Michael (1791— 
1867). An English chemist and physicist; dis¬ 
covered magneto*electricity, etc. 
farce, 1 fars; 2 fare, n. 1. A short comedy with 
exaggerated effects and incidents. 2. A 
ridiculous proceeding; an absurd failure. 3. 
Stuffing, as for meat; forcemeat. [F.]— far'- 
el-cal, a. Burlesque; absurd. -ly,adr. -ness, n. 
fare, 1 far; 2 f&r. I. vi. [fared; far'ing.] 1. 
To be in any state; get on; happen; turn out. 

2. To be provided as regards food and drink. 

3. [Archaic or Poet.] To go on; travel. II. n. 
1. Passage*money. 2. A passenger carried 
for hire. 3. Food and drink; diet; eatables. 

[ < AS. faru, a going, journey, < faran, go.] 

fare'wel(l' p , 1 far'wel'; 2 far'wSl'. I. a. Part¬ 
ing; closing; valedictory. II. n. A parting 
salutation; adieu; parting. III. interj. May 
you fare well; may you prosper: used only at 
parting. [< imper. of fare, v., + well, adv.] 
fa-ri'na, 1 fa-ri'na; 2 fa-ri'na, n. A meal or 
flour obtained from cereals, potatoes, or 
Indian corn. [L., < far (farr -), coarse meal.] 
—far"I-na'ceous, a. 1. Consisting of meal or 
flour. 2. Containing or yielding starch. 3. Mealy. 
Far'ley, John Murphy (1842-1918). American 
prelate; cardinal 1911-18. 

farm, 1 farm; 2 farm, v. I. t. 1. To cultivate 
as a farm. 2. To take or let out at a fixed 
rental or percentage, as lands, taxes, etc. II. 
i. To carry on farming; be a farmer.— 
farm'er, n. One who farms; an agriculturist.— 
farm'ing, n. The act of one who farms; the 
management of or labor on a farm; agriculture. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, ©r; full, rOle; but, burn; 
S: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i= e; go, not, or, wdn. 











233 


family 

fatuous 


farm, to. A landed property devoted to agri¬ 
culture. [ < AS. feorm, supplies, estate.] 
far'o, 1 far'o or fe'ro; 2 far'o or la'ro, n. A game 
of cards. 

Fa'roe Is'lands, lfe'ru or -ro; 2 fa'ru or -ro. Danish 
islands (540 sq. m.; pop. 19,617), lying between 
the Shetland Islands and Iceland, 
far-ra'go, 1 fa-re'go; 2 fa-ra'go, n. A confused 
mixture; medley. [L.] 

Far'ra-gut, 1 far'a-gut; 2 far'a-gut, David Glas¬ 
gow (1801-1870). A United States admiral in 
the Civil War; took New Orleans; defeated Con¬ 
federate fleet at Mobile, Aug. 5, 1864. 
far'ri-er, 1 far'i-ar; 2 far'i-er, ». One who 
shoes horses; also, a veterinary surgeon. [< 
L. OF ferrarius, < ferrum, iron.]—far'ri-er-y, n. 
The business or shop of a farrier, 
far'row, 1 far'o; 2 far'o. I. vt. & vi. To give 
birth to: said of swine. II. to. A little pig, 
or a litter of pigs. [ < AS. fearh, pig.] 
far'row, a. Not producing young during a 
given year, as a cow. [Cp. D. vaars, heifer.] 
far'ther, far'thest, a. & adv., compar. & 
superl. of far. 

far'thing, 1 far'thiq; 2 far'thing, n. One* 
fourth of a penny,-or about one=half of a 
cent. [< AS. feorthing, dim. of feortha, fourth.] 
F. A. S., abbr. Fellow of the Antiquarian Society, 
fas'ci-nate, 1 fas'i-net; 2 fas'i-nat, vt. & vi. 
[-NAT"ED d ; -nat" i no.] To bewitch; enchant; 
attract irresistibly; captivate. [< L . fascina- 
tus, pp. of fascino, charm.]—fas"ci-na'tion, 
n. The act of fascinating, or the state of being 
fascinated; enchantment; charm. 

Fas-cls'ti, 1 fa-^hls'tl; 2 fa-chis'ti. n. pi. [It.] 
Members of a society formed to oppose Bolshe¬ 
vism in Italy. 

fash, 1 faifli; 2 fash, v. & n. [Scot.] Worry, 
fash'ion, 1 fa^h'an; 2 fash'on. I. vt. To 
frame; mold; make; conform; accommodate; 
fit. II. n. 1. The prevailing mode, especially 
in dress; the usage of polite society. 2. Man¬ 
ner of doing a thing; method; way. 3. The 
make or shape of a thing; external appearance; 
form. 4. People of fashion, collectively. [ < 
L. F factio(n-), < facto, make.]— fash'ion-a- 
bl(e p , a. 1. Conforming to the fashion. 2. Es¬ 
tablished or approved by custom or polite 
usage.— fash'ion-a-bly, adv.— fash'Ion-er, n. 
fast' 1 , 1 fast; 2 fast, vi. To abstain from food 
beyond the usual time. [ < AS. fsestan .]— 
fast'lng, n. Abstinence from food. 
fast 1 , a. 1. Firmly fixed or held; firm; secure; 
lasting. 2. Faithful; stedfast. 3. Deep; 
profound, as sleep. [ < AS .faest, firm, strong.] 
fast 2 , a. 1. Swift; speedy; rapidly accom¬ 
plished. 2. Ahead of the standard: said of 
timepieces. 3. Given to dissipation; disso¬ 
lute. [ < fast 2 , adv.] 

fast, n. 1. Abstinence from food, especially 
as a religious duty. 2. A period prescribed 
for religious fasting. [ < AS. feesten, < fsest- 
an, fast.]—fast'sday", n. A day set apart for 
religious fasting. 

fast 1 , adv. 1. Firmly; securely; lastingly. 2. 
Profoundly; soundly. 3. Near. [ < AS. feeste, 
< feest, fixed.] ... 

fast 2 , adv. In rapid succession, or with quick 
motion; swiftly. [< fast 1 , adv.] 
fast'en, 1 fas'n; 2 fas'n, r. I. t. 1. To make 
fast; secure; affix; attach. 2. To settle; con¬ 
firm; bind. II. i. To take fast hold; cleave; 
cling: followed by on or upon. [ < AS. fsest- 
nian, < fsest, fixed.]—fast'en-er, n.—fast'en- I 


lng, n. 1. The act of making fast. 2. That which 
fastens, as a bolt. 

fas-tid'i-ous, 1 fas-tid'i-us; 2 fas-tid'i-iis, a. 
Hard to please; overnice; squeamish. [< L. 
fastidtosus, < fasttdium, disgust.] -Iy, adv. 
-ness, to. 

fast'ness, 1 fast'nes; 2 fast'nes, n. 1. A for¬ 
tress; stronghold. 2. The state of being fast, 
in any sense; security; speed; dissipation, 
fat, 1 fat; 2 fat. I. vt. & vi. [fat'ted c1 ; fat'- 
ting.] To fatten. II. a. [fat'ter; fat'- 
test.] 1. Having or containing much fat or 
flesh; corpulent; obese. 2. Prosperous; 
thriving; flourishing; profitable; lucrative. 
III. to. 1. A white greasy, easily melted com¬ 
pound, found in animal or vegetable tissues. 
2. The richest or most desirable part of any¬ 
thing. [AS. feet.] -ly, adv -ness, to. 
fa'tal, 1 fe'tai; 2 fa'tal, a. 1. Bringing or con¬ 
nected with death or ruin; destructive; dead¬ 
ly; portentous; ominous. 2. Fraught with or 
determining fate or destiny; fateful. [OF., < 
L. fatalis, < fatum; see fate.] -ly, adv .— fa'- 
tal-ism, n. The doctrine that every event is 
predetermined and inevitable.— fa'tal-ist, n. 
A believer in fatalism.— fa"tal-is'tic, a.— fa"- 
tal-ls'ti-cal-ly, adv. —fa-tal'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. A state of being fated; destiny; decree of 
fate. 2. A disastrous or fatal event; death. 3. 
Tendency to danger or disaster, 
fate, 1 fet; 2 fat, n. 1. Predetermined and in¬ 
evitable necessity. 2. Destiny; fortune; lot; 
specif., evil destiny; doom; destruction; 
death. 3. pi. [F-] Gr. & Rom. Myth. The 
three goddesses supposed to control all des¬ 
tinies; the Destinies. [< L. fatum, neut. 
sing, of fatus, pp. of for, speak.]—fat'ed, pa. 
Destined; doomed.— fate'ful, a. 1. Fraught 
with fate. 2. Fatal, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fath., abbr. Fathom. 

fa'ther, 1 fa'ther; 2 fa'ther. I. vt. 1. To have 
or assume the relation of father to. 2. To 
charge the begetting of or responsibility for: 
with on or upon. II. n . 1. The male parent 
of a child. 2. Any male ancestor; forefather; 
patriarch; an aged and revered man or hon¬ 
ored official; priest; clergyman. 3. [F-] The 
Deity; God; the first person in the Trinity. 
4. An author; founder. [ < AS. feeder .]— fa'- 
ther-hood, n. The state or relation of a father. 
— fa'ther =in daw", n. The father of one’s 
spouse.— fa'ther-land", to. The land of one’s 
birth.— fa'ther-Iess, a. Not having a living 
father.— fa'tlier-li-ness, n . — fa'ther-ly, a. 1. 
Of or pertaining to a father. 2. Manifesting the 
affection of a father; paternal, 
fath'om, 1 fath'em; 2 fath'om. I. vt. To find 
the depth or get to the bottom of; sound; in¬ 
terpret. II. n . [fath'oms or fath'om, pi.] A 
measure of length, 6 feet. [ < AS. fsethm, an 
embrace.] — fath'om-a-bl (e p , a. — fath'om- 
less, a. Unfathomable. 

fa-tigue', 1 fe-tig'; 2 fa-tig'. I. vt. [fa¬ 
tigued'; fa-tigu'ing.] To weary; tire out. 
II. n. 1. Exhaustion of strength by toil; wear¬ 
iness. 2. Wearing toil. [F., < L. fatigo, tire.] 
fat'Iing, 1 fat'lip; 2 fat'ling. I. a. Fat; plump. 

II. to. A young animal fattened for slaughter, 
fat'ten, 1 fat'n; 2 fat'n, vt. & vi. To make or 
become fat, plump, or productive; grow rich, 
fat'ty, 1 fat'i; 2 fat'y, a. Fat; unctuous, 
fat'u-ous, 1 fat'yu-us; 2 fat'yu-iis, a. Stub¬ 
bornly blind or foolish; idiotic; baseless; illu¬ 
sory; inane. [< L. fatuus, silly.] -Iy, adv. 


l:a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; III = feud; (Thin; go; r) = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; i®k; thin, this. 








faucet 

fend 


-ness, n. —fa-tu'I-ty, 1 fa-tiu'i-ti; 2 fa-tu'i-ty, n. 
Obstinate or conceited folly; imbecility; idiocy, 
fau'cet, 1 fe'set; 2 fa'get, n. A spout fitted 
with a valve, for drawing liquids through a 
pipe. [ < OF. fausset, < fausser, pierce.] 
fault, 1 felt; 2 fait, n. 1. An offense, especially 
a slight offense; a neglect of duty or propriety. 

2. A defect; blemish. 3. A losing of the trail 
or scent: said of hunting-dogs. [ < OF. faute, 

< L. fallo, deceive.]— fault'ful, a. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n.— fault'less, a. Without fault, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. — fault'y, a. Having faults or 
blemishes; erroneous; wrong.— fault 'I-ly, adv. — 
fault'1 -ness, n. 

faun, 1 fen; 2 fan, n. Rom. Myth. A deity of 
the woods and herds, half-human, with 
pointed ears and goats’ feet, 
fau'na, 1 fe'na; 2 fa'na, n. [fau'n* or fau'- 
nas, pi.] The animals living within a given 
area or a stated period. —fau'nal, a. 

Faust, 1 faust; 2 foust, n. A German physician, 
astrologer, and reputed magician of the 16th 
century; hero of works by Marlowe, Goethe, and 
Gounod (opera). 

fa'vor, 1 fe'var; 2 fa'vor. I. vt. 1. To treat 
with favor; befriend; facilitate; promote. 2. 
[Colloq.] To look like. II. n. 1. An act or 
course of generosity; kind and favorable 
feeling. 2. The state or condition of favoring. 

3. Favoritism. 4. Kind permission. 5. Con¬ 
venience; facility. 6. Something given as a 
token; a letter. 7||. Aspect; looks; beauty; 
charm. [ < L. favor, < faveo, favor.] fa'- 
vourf. — fa'vor-a-bl(e p , a. 1. Convenient; ad¬ 
vantageous. 2. Friendly; propitious.— fa'vor- 
a-bly, adv. 

fa'vor-it(e 8 , 1 fe'vor-it; 2 fa'vor-it. I. a. Re¬ 
garded with special favor; preferred. II. n. 
A person or thing particularly liked or fa¬ 
vored. [F.]— fa'vor-it-isin, n. A disposition 
to favor unfairly or unreasonably. 

Fawkes, 1 feks; 2 fftks, Guy (1570-1606). An En¬ 
glish conspirator, chief in Gunpowder Plot, 1605. 
fawn, 1 fen; 2 fan, vi. To show cringing fond¬ 
ness, as a dog. [ < Ice. fagna, = AS. fxgnian, 

< fxgen, fain.]— fawn'er, n. — fawn'ing, pa. 
& n. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

fawn, n. 1. A young deer. 2. The color of a 
fawn; light yellowish-brown. faun'scoI"orJ. 

[ < OF. fan, < L. fetus, offspring.] 
fay, n. A fairy. [ < OF. fae, F. fee.] 

Fay-al ', 1 fai-al'; 2 fl-al', n. A mountainous island 
of the Azores; 64 sq. m.; pop. 26,000. 

Fa"yolle', 1 fa"yol'; 2 fa'ydl', Marie Emile 
(1852- ). French marshal; commander-in- 

chief, Nov., 1917. 

Fay-oum', 1 fai-Qm'; 2 fT-ym', n. A province 
(669 sq. m.; pop. 507,600) in Upper Egypt. Fay- 
um't; Fay-yum't. [scare; disturb, 

faze, 1 f6z; 2 f&z, vt. [Local, U. S.] To worry; vex; 
F. B. A., abbr. Fellow of the British Academy.— 
F. C., abbr. Free Church (of Scotland).— F. 
C. P., abbr. Fellow of the College of Preceptors. 
— fcp., fcap., abbr. Foolscap.— F. D., abbr. 
[L.] Fidei Defensor or Defensalrix (Defender of 
the Faith).— F. E., abbr. Flemish ells.— Fe, 
abbr. [L.] Ferrum (iron), 
fe'al-ty, 1 fl'al-ti; 2 fe'al-ty, n. Fidelity, as of 
a vassal to his lord; loyalty. [< L. OF fide- 
lita(t-)s, FIDELITY.] 

fear, 1 fir; 2 fer. I. vt. & vi. To be apprehen¬ 
sive or afraid of; be fearful or afraid; vener¬ 
ate; revere. II. n. 1. An emotion excited by 
threatening or apprehended evil; alarm; 
dread; terror. 2. A cause of fear. 3. Rever- 


234 


ence; awe. [ < AS. fxr, sudden danger, fear.] 
—fear'ful, a. 1. Experiencing fear; afraid; ap¬ 
prehensive; timid; timorous. 2. Inspiring fear; 
terrible, -ly, adv. -ness, n .— fear'less, a. Be¬ 
ing without fear, -ly, adv. -ness, n .— fear'- 
some, a. 1. Causing fear; alarming. 2. Timid; 
frightened, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fea'sl-bl(e p , 1 fl'zi-bl; 2 fe'gi-bl, a. That may 
be done; practicable. [< F. faisable, < 
faire, < L. facto, do.]— fea"sl-bll'I-ty, n. Prac¬ 
ticability.— fea'sl-ble-ness, n. — fea'sl-bly, adv. 
feast d , 1 fist; 2 fest, v. I. t. To give a feast to; 

delight. II. i. To make a feast; enjoy oneself, 
feast, n. 1. A sumptuous repast. 2. Anything 
affording great enjoyment. 3. A festival. [ < 
L.of festa, pi. oifestum, holiday.] 
feat, 1 fit; 2 fet, n. A notable act or perform¬ 
ance, as one displaying skill, endurance, or 
daring. [ < F. fait, < L. factum; see fact.] 
feath'er, ) 1 feth'or; 2 f&th'er. I. vt. & vi. 1. 
feth'er 8 , )To cover or be covered with or as 
with feathers. 2. To turn the blade of (an 
oar) nearly horizontal in recovering. II. n. 

1. One of the appendages growing out from 
the skin of a bird, collectively forming the 
plumage. 2. Kind; class or species. 3. In, 
rowing, the act of feathering. [ < AS. fether\ 
—feath'ered, a. Provided with feathers or 
feather-like appendages.—feath'er-y, a. Cov¬ 
ered with or resembling feathers; light, soft, or 
fluffy. 

fea'ture, 1 fi'dhur; 2 fe'chur, n. 1. Any part of 
the human face; in the plural, the w'hole face. 

2. A salient point. [ < OF. faiture.] 

Feb., abbr. February. 

feb'rl-fuge, 1 feb'n-fiuj; 2 fSb'ri-fflg, n. A medi¬ 
cine efficacious against fever. [ < L. febris, fever, 
-I- fuQO, put to flight.] 

feb'ril(e 8 , 1 feb'nl; 2 fSb'ril, o. Pertaining to 
fever; caused by or indicating fever. [< L. 
febris, fever.] 

Feb'ru-a-ry, 1 feb'ru-e-n; 2 f£b'ru-a-ry, n. 
The second month of the year, having twen¬ 
ty-eight or, in leap-years, twenty-nine days. 
[< L. Februarius.) 

fee., abbr. [L.] Fecit (did it, or made it), 
fe'ees, 1 fl'slz; 2 fe'ces, n. pi. Animal excrement; 

refuse. [< L. faeces, dregs.]—fe'eal, a. 
feek'less, 1 fek'les; 2 ffek'les, a. [Scot ] Spiritless; 
weak; good for nothing. 

f e-cun'di-ty, 1 fi-kun'di-ti; 2 fe-cun'di-ty, n. 
Productiveness; fruitfulness. [< L. F fecun- 
ditas, < fecundus, fruitful.]—fec'und, a. Fruit¬ 
ful; fertile; prolific.—fec'un-date, vt. To make 
fruitful; impregnate; fertilize. — fec"un-da'- 
tion, n. 

fed, 1 fed; 2 fed, imp. & pp. of feed, v. 
fed'er-al, 1 fed'ar-el; 2 f8d'er-al, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to a union of states under one general 
government. 2. Pertaining to a treaty, 
league, or covenant. [ < F. federal, < L. 
feedus (feeder-), compact.] —fed'er-ate. I. vt. & 
vi. To unite in a federation., II. a. Leagued; 
confederate; federal.— fed"er-a'tion, n. The 
act of uniting under a federal government; a 
federated body; league. —fed'er-a-tiv(e s , a. 
Pertaining to federation; federal, -ly, adv. 

fee, 1 fi; 2 fe, vt. [feed; fee'ing.] 1. To pay a 
fee to; tip, as a w’aiter. 2. To hire; bribe. 

fee 1 , n. 1. A payment, as for professional ser¬ 
vice. 2. A charge for a special privilege. [ME. 
fee, < OF. fee, fee 2 .] 

fee 2 , n. 1. Law. An estate of inheritance. 2. 
Feudal Law. A fief. 3. Ownership; property. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ad; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 







235 


faucet 

fend 


[ < OF. fee, < LL. feudum; see feud 2 , n.]—fee 
simple, an estate inherited free from condition. 
fee'bl(e p , 1 fi'bl; 2 fe'bl, a. Lacking strength 
or vigor; weak. [ < OF. feble, F. faible, < L. 
flebilis, tearful.] -ness, n. —fee'bly, adv. 
feed, 1 fid; 2 fed, v. [fed; feed'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To give food to; nourish. 2. To supply, as 
material to a machine. 3. To furnish as food. 
II. i. To take food; eat; subsist; prey. [< 
AS. Sedan, < foda, food.]—ieed'er, n. 
feed, n. 1. Anything that is used as food; a 
single meal, as for an animal. 2. Mach. A 
feeding motion or mechanism; also, material 
fed to a machine. 

feel, 1 fll; 2 fel, v. [felt; feel'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To perceive, as by the touch; examine by 
touching. 2. To be mentally affected or 
stirred by. 3. To be conscious of; have a 
sense of. II. i. 1. To have (a specified) sen¬ 
sation, emotion, etc.; as, to feel cold. 2. To 
give a sensation to the touch. 3. To be full of 
feeling. [< AS. felan.] —feel'er, n. 1. One 
who or that which feels. 2. An antenna; tenta¬ 
cle. 3. An indirect approach; a trial venture.— 
feel'ing. I. pa. Possessed of warm sensibili¬ 
ties; sympathetic; fervent; impassioned. II. n. 
Touch; sensation; sentiment; emotion; sensibil¬ 
ity. -ly, adv. In a feeling or-pathetic manner, 
feel, n. The sense of touch; sensation; percep¬ 
tion by touch. 

feet, 1 fit; 2 fet, n. Plural of foot. 
feign, ^1 fen; 2 fen, v. I. t. 1. To make a 
fein p , ) false show of; simulate; pretend. 2. 
To invent or imagine. II. i. To use false ap¬ 
pearance or representations; dissimulate. [ < 
F .feindre, < L. flngo, shape.]—feint. I d . vi. To 
make a feint. II. n. A deceptive appearance or 
movement; pretended attack.—feign'er, n. 
feld 'spar", 1 feld'spar"; 2 feld'spar", n. A min¬ 
eral consisting chiefly of auminlum silcate. [ < 
G .feld, field, + spath, spar.] feld'spatlij. 
fe-lic'i-tate, 1 fi-lis'i-tet; 2 fe-lig'i-tat, vt. 
[-TAT"ED d ; -tat"ing.] To wish joy or happi¬ 
ness to.— fe-lic"i-ta'tion, n. 
fe-lic'i-ty, 1 fi-lis'i-ti; 2 fe-llg'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. A state of well-founded happiness; a 
source of content. 2. Happy faculty; a 
clever or apt expression; appropriateness. [ < 
L J felicita(t-)s, < felix (fete-), happy.]—fe-Iic'i- 
tous, a. 1. Marked by or producing felicity. 
2. Happy in operation or effect; appropriate, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

fe'line, 1 fi'lain; 2 fe'lln, a. Of or pertaining to 
cats or catlike animals; catlike; sly. [< LL. 
felinus, < L. fells, cat.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fell, 1 fel; 2 fel, vt. 1. To cause to fall; cut 
down. 2. To finish with a fell: said of seams. 

[ < AS. fellan, caus. of feallan, fall.] —fell'er, n. 
fell, imp. of FALL, V. 

fell, a. Characterized by fierceness or cruelty; 

inhuman; barbarous; hideous. [ < AS. fel.] 
fell 1 , n. 1. A seam finished with a flat and 
smooth strip. 2. The end of the web in weav¬ 
ing. [ < fell, «.] 

fell 2 , n. 1. Hair; a growth of hair. 2||. A hide 
or pelt. [ < AS. fell, hide.] 

Feii, Thomas (1850- ). American educator; 

author; publicist; President of St. John’s College, 
Annapolis, 1886- 

fel'Iah, 1 fel'a; 2 fSl'a, n. [fel'lahs 2 or fel"- 
lah-een', pi.] A peasant; laborer, as in 
Egypt. [Ar.] 

fel'loe, 1 fel'o; 2 fSl'o, n. Same as felly. 


fel'low, 1 fel'o; 2 fSl'o. I. a. Joined or asso¬ 
ciated; associate. II. n. 1. A person or in¬ 
dividual. 2. A companion; also, a counter¬ 
part; equal. 3. An inferior or worthless per¬ 
son. 4. The holder of a fellowship. 5. A 
member of a society. [ < Ice. felagi, < felag, 
companionship.]— fel'low sfeel"ing, n. Sympa¬ 
thy. —fel'low-sliip. I. vt. & vi. [-shiped* or 
-shipped*; -shipping or -ship"ping.] To accept, 
or unite with others, in fellowship. II. n. 1. The 
state of being a comrade or companion; friendly 
intercourse; communion; participation. 2. A 
band; company. 3. A privileged position, as of 
a graduate in a college. 

fel'ly, )1 fel'i, fel'o; 2 fel'y, fel'o, n. [fel'- 
fel'loe, ) lies 2 , fel'loes 2 , pi.] A segment of 
the rim of a wooden wheel. [ME. fely, felow, 
< AS. J'elg.] 

fel'on, 1 fel'an; 2 fel'on, a. 1. Obtained by fel¬ 
ony. 2. Wicked; criminal; treacherous. [F.] 
fel 'on 1 , n. One who has committed a felony. 
fel'on 2 , n. Inflammation of the cellular tissue 
and periosteum, as on a finger. [ < felon, a., 
being a ‘malignant’ sore.] 

fel'o-ny, 1 fel'o-m; 2 fel'o-ny, n. [-nies 2 , pi.] 
A grave crime: originally, one punishable 
with forfeiture of lands and goods. —fe-lo'- 
ni-ous, a. Showing criminal purpose, -ly, adv. 
fel'spar", 1 fel'spar"; 2 fel'spar", n. Same as 

FELDSPAR. 

felt, 1 felt; 2 felt. I d . vt. & vi. To compact or 
be compacted into felt; overlay with felt. 
II. n. A fabric made by compacting wool, 
fur, or hair, or a mixture thereof. [ < AS. 
fell.] — felt'ing, n. 1. The process by which, or 
the materials of which, felt is made. 2. Felt in 
quantity. 

felt, imp. & pp. of FEEL, V. 
fern. ,abbr. Feminine. 

fe'male, 1 fl'mel; 2 fe'mal. I. a. 1. Of or per¬ 
taining to the sex that brings forth young or 
produces ova. 2. Characteristic of a woman; 
feminine. II. n. A person or animal of the 
female sex. [ < L. F femella, young Woman.] 
fem'i-nin(e s , 1 fem'i-nin; 2 fem'i-nin, a. 1. 
Belonging to or characteristic of womankind; 
womanly; effeminate. 2. Gram. Applicable 
to females only. [ < L , F femininus, < femina, 
woman.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— fem"i-nln'I-ty, n. 
fem'o-ral, 1 fem'o-ral; 2 fem'o-ral, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to the thigh. 

fen, 1 fen; 2 fen, n. A marsh; bog. [< AS. 

fenn.] —fen'ny, a. Marshy; boggy, fen'nishf. 
fence, ) 1 fens; 2 feng, v. [fenced 1 ; fenc'ing.] 
fense p , j I. t. To enclose with or as with a 
fence; secure or protect. II. i. 1 . To prac¬ 
tise with a foil or sw r ord; strive skilfully, as in 
debate. 2. To provide a fence or defense.— 
fene'er, n. —fenc'i-ble, a. Capable of defend¬ 
ing or of being defended.—fenc'ing, n. 1. The 
art of attacking and defending, as with a foil or 
sword. 2. Material for fences; fences collectively, 
fence, n. 1 . An enclosing structure of rails, 
pickets, wires, or the like; a defense;, shield; 
bulwark. 2. The use of weapons, as in fenc¬ 
ing; repartee. [Abbr. of defense.] 
fend d , 1 fend; 2 fend, v. I. t. To keep off or 
away; ward off; defend; guard. II. i. To 
fence; parry. [Abbr. of defend.] — fend'er, 
n. One who or that which fends or wards oft; 
any protecting device, as to keep a vessel from 
harmful contact with a pier or to prevent acci¬ 
dents to pedestrians from street-cars; a guard 
before an open fire. 


I: » = final; i = habit; aisle; au = owt; eil; Iu = fead; cihin; go; 0 = sing?; Oiin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










Fenelon 

fiend 


236 


Fe"ne-lon', 1 fe"na-len'; 2 fe'ne-lon', Francois 
de Salignac de la Motheor Delamotte (1651- 
1715). A French ecclesiastic and writer. 

Fe'ni-an, 1 fi'm-an; 2 fe'ni-au, n. A member of an 
Irish society formed in New York in 1857 to seek 
independence for Ireland. 

fen'nel, 1 fen'el; 2 fen'el, n. A tall aromatic 
European herb, with yellow flowers. 

fe'ral, 1 fl'ral; 2 fe'ral, a. Undomesticated; wild. 
[ < L. fera, wild beast.] fe'rinej. 

Fer'di-nand, 1 fur'di-nand; 2 fer'di-nand, V., 
“the Catholic” (1423-1494). King of Castile 
and Aragon; patron of Columbus. 

fer-ment /(1 , 1 fur-ment'; 2 fer-mgnt', v. I. t. 
1. To produce fermentation in. 2. To stir 
with passion; agitate. II. i. To undergo 
fermentation; be in agitation.— fer-ment'a- 
bl(e p or -i-bl(e p , a. 

ferTnent, 1 fur'ment; 2 fer'mgnt, n. 1. A 
substance productive of fermentation. 2. 
Excitement or agitation. [ < L. fermentum, 
yeast, < ferveo, boil.]— fer"men-ta'tion, n. 
1. A chemical decomposition of an organic com¬ 
pound, induced by living organisms or by chem¬ 
ical agents. 2. Commotion, agitation, or excite¬ 
ment. 3. A gentle ebullition.— fer-ment'a- 
tiv(e s , a. Causing, or capable of causing, fer¬ 
mentation; fermenting. 

fern, 1 furn; 2 fern, n. A flowerless (cryptog- 



1. Rootstock and frond of Poli/podium . 2. Fronds of Avpleni- 

U7H Trichomanes ; 2a, pinna of the &ame, bearing spore*cases. 3. 
Fertile frond of Osmunda cinnamomea. 4. Part of the frond of 
Adiantum pedatum. 

amous) plant with feathery leaves. [ < AS. 
/ earn.] —fern'er-y, n. A place in which ferns 
are grown.— fern'y, a. Abounding in or re¬ 
sembling ferns. 

Fer'nald, James Champlin (1838-191S). Amer¬ 
ican lexicographer; grammarian; author, 
fe-ro 'cious, 1 fi-ro'^hus; 2 fe-ro'shiis, a. Of a 
fierce and savage nature; rapacious. [< L. 
ferox (Jeroci -), < ferus, wild.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
—fo-roc'l-ty, n. [-ties*, pi.] The state or 
quality of being ferocious; fierce cruelty. 

-ferous, suffix. Producing; containing; yielding; 

as, carboni/crows. [ < L. fero, bear.] 

Fer-ra'ra, 1 fer-ra'ra; 2 fer-ra'ra, n. A province 
(1,019 sq. m.; pop. 326,447) in N. Italy; also, 
its capital, an ancient city (pop. 102,550); Ariosto’s 
residence.— Fer"ra-rese', a. & n. 
fer'ret, 1 fer'et; 2 fer'8t. I l! . vt. 1. To find by 
k p en and persevering search: with out. 2. 
To hunt with ferrets. II. n. 1. A weaseldike 


carnivore, about 14 inches long, usually 
white with red eyes, and used to hunt rab¬ 
bits, rats, etc. 2. A glass=makers’ iron rod 
for trying the melted material. [ < LL. P 
furetus, < L. fur, thief.]— fer'ret-er, n. 
fer'ri-age, 1 fer'i-ij; 2 fer'i-ag, n. The act of 
ferrying; conveyance by ferry; toll charged 
for ferrying. 

fer'ric, 1 fer'ik; 2 fer'ie. a. Of or pertaining to iron, 
fer-ru'gi-nous, 1 fe-ru'ji-nus; 2 fS-ru'gi-nus, o. 
1. Of or like iron, fer'roust. 2. Rust*col- 
ored. [ < L. ferruginus, < ferrum , iron.] 
fer'rule, 1 fer'il; 2 fer'il, n. A metal ring or cap, 
as on the end of a cane. [ <L. LL+F viriola, ring ] 
fer'ry, 1 fer'i; 2 fer'y. [fer'ried; fer'rv- 
ing.] I. t. To convey over water on a boat; 
cross in a boat or float. II. i. To cross water, 
as in a boat. [ < AS. ferian, carry, go.] 
fer'ry, n. [fer'ries 2 , pi.] 1. A system of 
transportation across a narrow body of water; 
also, the place of crossing. 2. A boat for such 
transportation, fer'r y«boa t"J. — fer'ry- 
man, n. One who has charge of a ferry. 
fer'til(e s , 1 fur'td; 2 fer'til, a. Producing, or 
capable of producing, abundantly; fruitful; 
plentiful. [F., < L. fertilis, < fero, bear.] — 
fer'tile-Iy, adv. —fer-tll'l-ty, n. fer'tile-nesst. 
fer'til-ize or -isc, 1 fur'til-aiz; 2 fer'til-Iz, vt. 
[-ized; -xz"ing.] To render fertile or fruitful; 
enrich.—fer"til-i-za'tion, n. The act or 
process of fertilizing.—fer'til-iz"er, n. One 
who or that which fertilizes; a fertilizing material, 
fer'ule, 1 fer'ul; 2 fer'ul, n. A flat stick for 
punishing children. [< L. ferula, < ferio, 
strike.] 

fer'vent, 1 fur'vent; 2 fer'vent, a. 1. Ardent 
in feeling; fervid. 2. Burning, or very hot. 
[< L. ferven{t-)s, ppr. of ferteo, boil.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n .— fer'ven-cy, n. Fervor; zeal, 
fer'vid, 1 fur'vid; 2 fer'vid, a. 1. Burning with 
zeal or eagerness; vehement. 2. Hot; glow¬ 
ing; fiery. [ < L. fervidus, < ferveo, boil.] 
-ly, adv.— fer-vld'i-ty, fer'vid-ness, n. 
fer'vor, 1 fur'var; 2 fer'vor, n. 1. Ardor or 
intensity of feeling; zeal. 2. Heat; warmth, 
fer'vourt. 

fes'tal, 1 fes'tal; 2 fSs'tal, a. Pertaining to a 
festival, feast, or holiday; festive. [< L. 
festum, feast.] -ly, adv. 

fes'ter, 1 fes'tar; 2 fes'ter. I. vt. & vi. 1. To 
generate morbid matter; ulcerate; rankle. 2. 
To be in a state of decomposition or corrup¬ 
tion. II. n. The act of festering; an ulcer¬ 
ous sore. [ < L. OP fistula, ulcer ] 
fes'ti-val, 1 fes'ti-val; 2 fes'ti-val. I. a. Fes¬ 
tive. II. n. A period of feasting or celebra¬ 
tion. 

fes'tiv(e s , 1 fes'tiv; 2 f£s'tiv, o. Pertaining or 
suited to a feast; gay. [< L. festivus, < 
festum; see feast, n.\ -iy, adv. — fes-tiv'i-ty, n. 
[-ties z , pi.] A festive celebration; merrymaking, 
fes-toon', 1 fes-tun'; 2 f£s-toon'. 1. vt. To 
decorate with or fashion into festoons. II. 
n. A decorative band hanging in a curve be¬ 
tween two points. [ < LL. p /esfo(n-), garland ] 
Fes"tu"bert\ 1 fes''tu"bfir': 2 f6s"tu''ber', n. A 
village, N. E. France, where Canadians defeated 
Germans, 1915. 

fetch*, ) 1 fedh; 2 f£ch, vt. 1. To go after and 
fech p , ) bring; bring; convey. 2. To bring as a 
price. 3. To attain by exertion; accomplish, 
fetch, n. 1. An act of fetching. 2. A strat¬ 
agem. [Of AS. origin.] 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police, obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: iirt, ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice, i = e, 1 = e, go, not, or. won. 








237 


Fenelon 

fiend 


fete, 1 fet; 2 fet, re. A festival; holiday. [F.] 
fe'tich, fe'tich-ism, etc. Same as fetish, etc. 
fet'id, 1 fet'id; 2 f§t'id, a. Emitting an offen¬ 
sive odor. [ < L. fetidus, foctidus, < feteo, 
smell ill.] -ly, adv. 

fe'tish, 1 fl'ti^h or fet'i^h; 2 fe'tish or fet'ish, re. 
An object worshiped among savages as the 
incarnation of a spirit. [ < L. PQ+F factitius, 

FACTITIOUS.] 

fet'lock, 1 fet'lek; 2 fSt'lok, re. The tuft of hair 
above a horse’s hoof; also, the projection and 
the joint at this place. [ < fet- (cp. foot) + 
lock 2 , re.] 

fet'ter, 1 fet'ar; 2 f&t'er. I. vt. To fasten 
fetters upon; shackle. II. re. A shackle for 
the feet; anything that confines. [ < AS. 
fetor, shackle.] 

fet'tie, 1 fet'l; 2 fSt'l, re. Good trim; thriving con¬ 
dition; as, in fine fettle. 

fe'tus, ) 1 fi'tus; 2 fe'tiis, re. The young in the 
fce'tus, ) womb or egg; unborn offspring. [L.] 
fetid 1 , 1 fiud; 2 fud, re. Vindictive strife or 
hostility between families or clans, commonly 
hereditary. [ < AS. fsehth, < fah, hostile.] 
feud 2 , re. Land held of a superior on condition 
of rendering service. [ < LL. feudum, < OF. 
fieu; see fief.]— feu'dal, a. Relating to a feud 
or to the relation of lord and vassal.—feu'dal- 
ism, re. The medieval European system of land 
tenure on condition of military service, feudal 
systemt.—feu"dal-is'tic, a.— feu'dal-ly, adv. 
feud., abbr. Feudal. 

fe'ver, 1 fl'var; 2 fe'ver. I. vt. To affect \jith 
fever. II. re. 1. A disorder marked by high 
temperature, quickened pulse, etc. 2. Ex¬ 
treme excitement. [ < AS. fefer, < L. febris, 
< ferveo, boil.]—fe'ver-lsh, a. Affected with 
fever; hot; impatient, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
few, 1 fiu; 2 fu, a. Small or limited in number; 

not many. [ < AS. fea(w-).] -ness, re. 
fez, 1 1 fez; 2 fSz, re. A brimless Turkish felt cap, 
usually red, with a black tassel. [F., < 
Turk./es, < Fez (city in Morocco).] 

Fez 2 , 1 fez: 2 fez. re. An ancient fortified city (pop. 

104,500); northern capital of Morocco. 
Fez-zan', 1 fe-zdn'; 2 fe-zan', re. A sultanate 
(120,000 sq. m.; pop. 27,000) of N. Africa, 
ff., abbr. Folios, following, fortissimo.—ffor., 
abbr. [It.] Fortissimo.—F. F. V., abbr. First 
Families of Virginia.—f. g. a., abbr. Free of 

prpRprfll nvprsffP 

fi"an"ce', 1 fi"an"se'; 2 fi"an"ge', re. [fi"an"- 
cee', fern.] An affianced or betrothed person. 
[F.] 

fi-as'co, 1 fi-as'ko; 2 fi-as'co, re. A complete or 
humiliating failure. [It. flask.] 
fi'at, 1 fai'at; 2 fi'at, re. A positive and authori¬ 
tative command. [L., let it be done.] 
fib, 1 fib; 2 fib. I. vi. [fibbed, fibd 8 ; fib'- 
bing.] To tell a fib. II. re. A petty false¬ 
hood. [Corr. of fable.]— fib'ber, re. 
fi'ber, ) 1 fai'bar; 2 fT'ber, re. 1. A fine filament, 
fi'bre, \ 2. Any substance composed of or sepa¬ 
rable into threads or filaments. 3. The essen¬ 
tial element of anything; strength; nerve. 
[< F. fibre, < L. fibra, fiber.]—ft'brin, re. A 
white filamentous substance obtained from co¬ 
agulated blood; the fibrous portion of flesh; a 
similar substance separated from cereal grains.— 
fi'broid, a. Of the nature of fiber; fibrous; as, a 
fibroid tumor.—fi'brous, a. Composed of or 
having the character of fibers. [ < L. fibra, fiber.] 
Flch'te, 1 fiH'te; 2 flH'te, Johann Gottlieb 
(1762-1814). A German philosopher.—Fich'- 
te-an, a. & re. 


fick'l(e p , 1 fik'l; 2 fik'l, a. Inconstant in feel¬ 
ing or purpose; changeful; capricious. [< 
AS. ficol, crafty.]— fick'le-ness, re. 
fict., abbr. Fiction. 

fic'til(e 8 , 1 fik'til; 2 fic'til, a. Made of earth or 
clay; pertaining to pottery; plastic. [< L. 
fictilis, < fictus, pp. of fingo, form.] 
fic'tion, 1 fik'^han; 2 fic'shon, re. A feigning or 
representing of that which is not true; a fab¬ 
rication; fictitious narrative; novel. [< L. 
fictio(n-), < fictus, pp. of fingo, form.] —fic-ti'- 
tious, a. Imaginary; counterfeit; false, -ly, 
adv. -ness, re. 

fid'die, ) 1 fid'l; 2 fid'l. I. vt. & vi. [fid'dled, 
fid 'l p , 5 fid'ld p ; fid'dling.] To play on a 
fiddle; trifle or toy with. II. re. A violin. 
[< AS. fithelere, fiddler.]— fid'dler, re. 1. One 
who plays a fiddle. 2. A small burrowing crab 
that flourishes its odd large claw as if fiddling, 
fid'dler scrub"!:. 

fi-del'i-ty, 1 fi-del'i-ti; 2 fi-d&l'i-ty, re. 1. 
Faithfulness to duty or obligation; loyalty. 


2. Truthfulness; accuracy. [ < L. fidelita{t-)s, 

< fldes, faith.] 

fidg'et, 1 fij'et; 2 fidg'et. I. vt. & vi. To make 
fidgety; worry; move restlessly. II. re. Ner¬ 
vous restlessness. [ < Ice. fika, climb up 
nimbly.]—fidg'et-y, a. Nervous; uneasy; rest¬ 
less. 

fi-du'cl-a-ry, 1 fi-diu'ghi-e-ri; 2 fi-du'shi-a-ry, a. 
Pertaining to a position of trust or confidence; 
confidential. [ < L. fiduciarius, < flducia, faith, 

< fido, trust.] 

fie, 1 fai; 2 fi, interj. An expression of impa¬ 
tience or disapproval. [ < Ice. fy, fei.) 
fief, 1 flf; 2 fef, re. A landed estate held under 
feudal tenure. [ < OF. fief, fieu.] 
field, 1 fild; 2 fSld, vt. & vi. In baseball, cricket, 
etc., to catch, return, or stop (the ball) from 
or in the field.—field'er, re. 
field, re. 1. A large piece of land enclosed as for 
tillage or pasture. 2. A region; open ex¬ 
panse; the open country. 3. A sphere of ac¬ 
tion; battle=ground; battle. [< AS. feld .]— 
field'sday", re. A day devoted to evolutions of 
troops or to athletic exercises, as in a college; a 
day of excitement; gala»day.—f.sglass, re. A 
small portable telescope or binocular.—f.=gun, 
re. A cannon mounted on wheels for rapid move¬ 
ment in the field.—f.onarshal, re. Mil. A gen¬ 
eral officer of the highest rank in the armies of 
several European nations.—f.^offlcer, re. Mil. 
An officer intermediate between a company and a 
general officer; a major, lieutenant*colonel, or 
colonel.—f.spiece, re. Same as field*gun.— f.s 
sports, re. pi. Outdoor sports, as hunting, shoot¬ 
ing, and racing. 

Field, Cyrus West (1819-1892). A New Ycrk 
merchant, who laid the first transatlantic cable, 
1858, and a second in 1866. 
field'fare", 1 flld'far"; 2 feld'far", re. 
pean thrush. [ < AS. 
feld, field, + faran, go.] 

Field 'ing, 1 flld'io; 2 
fcld'ing, Henry (1707- 
1754). An English nov¬ 
elist and dramatist; Tom 
Jones. 

fiend, 1 find; 2 fend, re. 

1. An evil spirit; a devil; 
demon. 2. A devotee 
of something; as, an 
opium fiend. [ < AS. feond, < feon, hate.]! 
—fiend'ish, a. -ly , adv. -ness, re. 


A Euro- 



Fieldfare 


1: a = final; 
2: wolf, d q; 


I = habit; aisle; an = oret; oil; Iu = fered; tfhin; go; _ rj = sire?; thin, ttiis. 
book, bo&t; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







fierce 

fire 


238 


fierce, ) 1 firs; 2 ferg, a. 1. Having a violent 
fierse p , ) and cruel nature or temper; savage; 
ferocious. 2. Violent in action; furious. 3. 
Vehement; passionate. [< F.^er, proud, < L. 
ferns, wild.]— fierce'ly, adv .— fierce'ness, n. 
fier'y, 1 fair'i; 2 flr'y, a. [fier'i-er; fier'i- 
est.] Of, pertaining to, or like fire; glowing; 
burning; hot; vehement; passionate; spirited. 
— fier'i-!y, ado.— fier'i-ness, n. . 
fife, 1 faif; 2 flf. I. vt. & vi. [fifed 1 ; fif'ing.] 
To play, as an air, on a fife; play the fife. II. 
n. Mus. A small shrill-toned flute-like mar¬ 
tial wind 5 instrument. [ < F. fifre, < OHG. 
pflfa, pipe.]— fif'er, n. One who plays the fife, 
fif-teen', 1 fif-tin'; 2 flf-ten'. I. a. Consisting 
of five more than ten. II. n. The sum of ten 
and five, or the symbols (15 or XV) repre¬ 
senting this number. [ < AS. flf, five, + 
tyn, ten, ten.]— Hf-teenth'. I. a. 1. Fifth in 
order after the tenth. 2. Being one of fifteen 
equal parts of a thing. II. n. One of fifteen 
equal parts of anything. 

fifth, 1 fifth; 2 fifth. I. a. 1. Next in order 
after the fourth. 2. Being one of five equal 
parts of a thing. II. n. One of five equal 
parts of anything.—fifth'ly, adv. 
fif'ty, 1 fif'ti; 2 flf'ty. I. a. Consisting of ten 
more than forty or five times ten. II. n. 
[fif'ties 2 , pi.] 1. The sum of ten and forty; 
five times ten. 2. The symbols representing 
this number. [ < AS. flftig, < flf, five, + 
-tig, decade.]—fif'tl-eth. I. a. 1. Tenth in order 
after the fortieth. 2. Being one of fifty equal 
parts of a thing. II. n. One of fifty equal parts, 
fig, 1 fig; 2 fig, n. 1. The small pear-shaped 
fruit of a tree of the genus Ficus, cultivated 
in warm climates. 2. The tree that bears the 
fruit. fig'-tree"]:. 3. A petty matter; trifle, 
fig., abbr. Figurative, figuratively, figure, 
fight, 1 fait; 2 fit, v. [fought; fight'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To contend with; contest. 2. To carry 
on or through (a contest of any kind). 3. To 
manage or direct in battle; cause to fight. 
II. i. To contend or strive; give battle, 
fight, n. 1. Strife or struggle between adver¬ 
saries; battle; conflict; combat. 2. Power or 
disposition to fight; pugnacity. [ < AS. feoht, 
< feohlan, fight.]—fight'er, n. One who fights; 
a combatant; warrior. — fight'ing. I. a. 1. 
Qualified, equipped, trained, or ready to fight; 
active in war or battle. 2. Of, pertaining to, 
suitable for, engaged in, or used for conflict. 
II. n. Strife; battle; conflict, 
fig'ment, 1 fig'mant; 2 flg'ment, n. Something 
imagined or feigned; a fiction. [ < L .^fingo, 
form.] 

fig'lire, 1 fig'yur; 2 flg'yqr, v. [fig'ured; 
fig'ur-ing.] I. t. 1. To form an image of; 
design; depict. 2. To mark with figures or 
designs. 3. To imagine. 4. To mark with or 
denote by figures or numerals; compute; cal¬ 
culate. 5. To symbolize; prefigure. II. i. 1. 
To make a figure; take a part; be prominent 
or conspicuous. 2. To make a computation; 
cipher.— fig"ur-a'tion, n. — fig'ur-a-tiv(e s , a. 
1. Not literal; metaphorical; symbolic. 2. Or¬ 
nate; florid. 3. Of or pertaining to the represen¬ 
tation of form or figure, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fig'lire, n. 1. Visible form; shape; outline; 
contour. 2. A diagram, drawing, representa¬ 
tion, or likeness. 3. A type, as of something 
to come. 4. An active or conspicuous person. 
5. Appearance, especially distinguished ap¬ 


pearance; distinction. 6. A numeral; hence, 
amount. 1. One of the regular movements of 
a dance. 8. Metaphorical, pictorial, or poetic 
language. [F., < L . figura, < fingo, form.]— 
fig'ure-head", n. 1. A carved or ornamental 
figure on the prow of a vessel. 2. A person sup¬ 
posedly in authority, but really without influence. 
Fi'Ji Islands, 1 fl'jl; 2 fi'JI. A British archipelago 
(7,435 sq. m.; pop. 163,000) in the S. Pacific; 
capital, Suva.— FI'ji-an, a. & n. Fee'jeef. 
fil 'a-gree, a. & n. Same as filigree. 
fil'a-nient, 1 fil'a-ment or -mant; 2 fll'a-ment, 
n. A fine thread or fiber, or something re¬ 
sembling it. [< L. filum, thread.]— fil"a- 
inen'tous, a. Like, consisting of, or bearing 
filaments; threadlike. fil"a-men'ta-ry J. 
fil'bert, 1 fil'bart; 2 fll'bert, n. The edible 
nut of the hazel. 

filch 1 , 1 filch; 2 filch, vt. To steal slyly and in 
small amounts; pilfer.—filch'er, n. 
file 1 , 1 fail; 2 fil. I. vt. [filed; fil'ing.] To 
cut, reduce, smooth, or sharpen with a file, 
n. n. A hard steel abrading or smoothing 
instrument. [ < AS. fedl.] 
file^ I. vt. & vi. 1. To put on file, as papers, 
for reference, etc. 2. To march in file, as sol¬ 
diers. II. n. 1. Any device, as a pointed wire, 
to keep papers in order for reference. 2. A 
collection of papers or documents arranged 
systematically for reference. 3. Mil. A row of 
men standing or marching one behind an¬ 
other. 4. A roll; list. [F., < L. filum, thread.] 
fil 'fill, 1 fil'ysl; 2 fll'yal, a. Of, pertaining to, 
or befitting a son or daughter; due to par¬ 
ents. [< filius, sow, filia, daughter.] -ly, adv. 
fil 'i-bus"ter, 1 fil'i-bus"tar; 2 fll , i-bus"ter. I. vi. 1. 
To act the part of a filibuster. 2. [U. S.] To 
delay legislation by dilatory tactics. II. n. A 
freebooter or unlicensed military adventurer. 
[< Sp. F+ o filibuslero.] 

fil'i-gree, 1 fil'i-grl; 2 fll'i-gre. I. a. Made of 
or adorned with filigree; fanciful. II. n. Del¬ 
icate ornamental w r ork; anything fanciful and 
delicate, but unserviceable. [ < L. 8P+P filum, 
thread, + granum, grain.] 
fil'ing, 1 fail'ir); 2 fil'ing, n. 1. The act or proc¬ 
ess of using a file. 2. A particle removed by 
a file. 

Fil"l-pl'no, 1 firi-pi'no; 2 flFi-pi'no, n. [-na, 
fern.] A native of the Philippine Islands, 
fill, ) 1 fil; 2 111, vt. & vi. 1. To make or be- 
fil p , ( come full. 2. To occupy ; pervade. 3. To 
satisfy; glut. [< AS. fyllan, < ful, full.] 
— fill 'or, n. 

fill, n. That which fills or is sufficient to fill; 
a full supply. [ < AS. fyllu, fulness.] 

fil'let, 1 fil'et; 2 fll'St, n. 1. A narrow band or 
ribbon, as for binding the hair. 2. A strip of 
lean meat. 3. A thin band, strip, engraved 
line, or molding. [OF., < L. filum, thread.] 
fil'lip, 1 fil'ip; 2 fll'ip. I 1 , vt. To strike or im¬ 
pel by or as by a fillip. II. n. A snap or 
blow with the end of a finger; hence, incite¬ 
ment, as to an ambition. [Var. of flip.] 
fil 'ly, 1 fil'i; 2 fll'y, n. [fil'lies z , pi.] 1. A 
young mare. 2. A bold or lively young 
woman. [ < Ice. fylja, < foli, foal.] 

film, 1 film; 2 film, n. A thin coating, layer, or 
membrane. [ < AS. fylmen; cp. fell 2 , n.]— 
film, vt. & vi. —film'y, a. Like a film; gauzy; 
unsubstantial.— film 'i-ness, n. 

fil'ter, 1 fil'ter; 2 fll'ter. I. vt. & vi. 1. To pass 
through a filter. 2. To separate (solid mat- 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Or; full, rtlle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go. not. or, wdn, 








239 


fierce 

fire 


ter) from liquid by a filter. II. n. Any de¬ 
vice or porous substance used as a strainer 
for clearing or purifying liquids. [ < LL. F 
filtrum, felt, < LG. flit, felt.]—fil'trate. I. vt. 
[FiL'TRAT"ED d ; fil'trat"ing.] To Alter. II. n. 
The liquid separated by filtration.—fil-tra '- 
tion, n. The act or process of Altering, 
filth, 1 filth; 2 filth, n. Anything that soils, 
defiles, or makes foul or impure; defilement; 
nastiness; dirt. [ < AS. fylth, < ful; see 
foul, a.]— filth'y, a. [filth'i-er; filth'i-est.] 
Of the nature of or containing Alth; foul; ob¬ 
scene.—filth'i-ly, adv. —filth'i-ness, n. 
fin, 1 fin; 2 fin, n. A membranous extension 
from the body of a fish or other aquatic ani¬ 
mal, serving to propel, balance, or steer it in 
the water. [ < AS. fin.] —fin'less, a. With¬ 
out Ans. 

Fin., abbr. Finland.—Fin., Finn., abbr. Fin¬ 
nish.—fin.,a&&r. [L.] Ad flnem (at the end), 
fi'nal, 1 fai'nel; 2 fi'nal, a. 1. Pertaining to or 
coming at or as the end; ultimate; last; con¬ 
clusive; decisive. 2. Relating to or consisting 
in the end or purpose aimed at; as, a final 
cause. [ < L. finis, end, < findo, separate.]— 
fi-nal'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.} 1. The state or 
quality of being Anal. 2. A Anal, conclusive, or 
decisive act, determination, offer, etc.—fi'nal- 
ly, adv. 

fi-na'Ie, 1 fi-na'le; 2 fi-na'le, n. The last act, 
part, scene, or movement; end. [It.] 
fi-nance', 1 fi-nans'; 2 fi-nang', n. 1. The 
science of monetary affairs. 2. Monetary 
affairs; pecuniary resources; funds; revenue; 
income: usually in the plural. [F.]—fi-nan'- 
cial, a. Of or pertaining to Anance; monetary. 
—fi-nan 'cial-Iy, adv. —fin"an-cierI. vt.&vi. 
To manage the Anances of; conduct financial 
operations. II. n. One skilled in or occupied 
with Anancial affairs, 
finch, 1 findh; 2 finch, n 
bird, as a sparrow, 
goldfinch, or canary. 

[ < AS. fine.} 

find, 1 faind; 2 find, v. 

[found; find'ing.] 

1. 1. 1. To discover 

or meet with acci¬ 
dentally; chance up¬ 
on; fall in with. 2. . . ,. 

To discover or ascer- ionen. /* 

tain by search or study; learn by experience; 
perceive; ascertain. 3. Law. To decide 
after judicial investigation. 4. To furnish; 
provide; supply; also, to support; provide 
for. II. i. Law. To render a judicial 
decision. [< AS. findan.] — find'er, n. — 
find 'ing, n. 1. The act of finding, or that which 
is found; discovery; a verdict. 2. Support; 
expense; in the plural, small tools and supplies. 
fine 1 , 1 fain; 2 fin, vt. [fined; fin'ing.] To 
punish by fine; mulct. 

fine 2 . I. t. To refine. II. i. 1. To become 
purified, thin, or slender: with down. 2. To 
melt or fade gradually. [< fine, a.]— fin'- 
er, n. A reAner. 

fine, a. [fin'er; fin'est.] 1. Excellent in 
quality; admirable; beautiful; elegant. 2 . 
Suggesting lightness; light or delicate; sub¬ 
tile; thin; keen. 3. Showy; pretentious; os¬ 
tentatious. 4. Delicate of perception; refined; 
sensitive; nice. 5. Refined, as sirup; pure. 
6. Distinguished or noteworthy. 7. Enjoy¬ 
able; pleasant. [ < F. fin, < L. finio, finish.] 


A small seed*eating 



-iy, adv. -ness, n. — fin'er-y, n. [-ies 2 , pi. J 
Showy decoration. 

fine, n. A pecuniary penalty; the money so 
required. [ < F. fin, final payment.] 
fine'draw", 1 fain'dre"; 2 fln'dra", vt. 1. To sew 
or close up, as a rent, so that the joining is im¬ 
perceptible. 2. To draw out, as wire, to an 
extreme degree of fineness, 
fi-nesse', 1 fi-nes'; 2 fi-nes'. I. vi. [fi-nessed'*; 
fi-ness'ing.] To make use of artifice. II. n. 

1. Subtle contrivance; artifice; stratagem. 2. 
Dexterity ; artfulness; skill. [F., < fin, fine.] 

fin'ger, 1 fiq'ger; 2 fin'ger. I. vt. & vi. To 
touch with or as with the fingers; toy or tam¬ 
per with; purloin. II. n. One of the digits 
of the hand, excluding or including the 
thumb; any small projecting piece or part. 

[ < AS. finger.] 

fin'i-cal, 1 fin'i-kel; 2 fin'i-cal, a. Overnice or 
fastidious in dress, manners, and the like. 

fin'ick-yj; fin'i-kint.—fin"i-cal'i-ty, n .— 
fin'i-cal-ly, adv. 

fi'nis, 1 faf'ms; 2 fl'nis, n. The end. [L.] 
fin'ish 1 , 1 fin'i^h; 2 fin'ish, v. I. t. To com¬ 
plete or bring to an end; perfect finally or in 
detail. II. i. To reach or come to an end; 
cease. [ < L. OF finio, < finis; see fine, a.]— 
fin'ish-er, n. 

fin'ish, n. The conclusion or completion of 
anything; perfection in detail; polish. 
Fin"is-tere', 1 fin"is-ter'; 2 fln"is-ter', n. A cape, 
the most westerly point of France. 

Fin"is-terre', 1 fin"is-ter'; 2 fln"is-ter'. A cape, 
the most westerly point of Spain, Coruna prov¬ 
ince. 

fi'nite, 1 fai'nait; 2 fi'nit. I. a. 1. Having 
bounds or limits: opposed to infinite; limited; 
bounded. 2. Gram. Limited by number and 
person: opposed to infinitive. II. n. Finite 
things collectively, or that which is finite. 
[< L. finilus; see fine, a.] -ly, adv. — fi'nite- 
ness, n. The state or quality of being finite. 

Fin'land, 1 fin'land; 2 fin'land, n. A country 
(125,689 sq. m.; pop. 3,332,000), N. W. Russia. 
—Gulf of F., an arm of the Baltic Sea, S. of 
Finland. 

fin'ny, 1 fin'i; 2 fin'y, a. Having fins; fishlike. 
Fin. Sec., abbr. Financial Secretary, 
fiord, 1 fyerd; 2 fyord, n. A long and narrow 
arm of the sea, with high rocky banks. [ < 
Norw. fjord.] 

fir, 1 fur; 2 fir, n. An evergreen tree of the pine 
family. [< Ice. fura, fir.] fir'stree"]:. 
fir., abbr. Firkin. 

fire, 1 fair; 2 fir, v. [fired; fir'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To set on fire; affect by fire; kindle; bake. 

2. To explode, as powder; discharge, as a 
firearm; impel; hurl. 3. To inflame; excite. 
II. i. 1. To take fire; be kindled, inflamed, 
or excited. 2. To discharge firearms; hurl 
missiles. [< AS. fyrian, < fyr, fire ] 

fire, n. 1. The evolution of heat and light by 
combustion; also, the combustion thus mani¬ 
fested, especially the flame, or the fuel as 
burning. 2. The discharge of firearms. 3. A 
spark or sparks; a light, luster, or flash. 4. 
Intensity of feeling or action; ardor; passion; 
vivacity. 5. Any raging evil; affliction; trial. 
[< AS. fyr.]— fire 'arm", n. Any weapon from 
which a missile, as a bullet, is hurled by an ex¬ 
plosive, as gunpowder.— fire'brand", n. 1. A 
burning or glowing piece of wood or other sub¬ 
stance. 2. An incendiary; a mischief=maker.— 
f.sbrick, n. A brick made of fire*clay.— f.*clay. 


1*9 = final- 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Iu = feud; <fhin; go; O = sinp; Chin, this. 
2: wolf, dfi; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








firkin 

flank 


24r 


n. Clay containing nothing fusible.—f.scoin- 
pany, re. A company of men employed to ex¬ 
tinguish fires.—f. ^cracker, re. A firework con¬ 
sisting of a small paper cylinder charged with 
gunpowder.—f.=damp, re. An explosive gas 
(chiefly carbureted hydrogen) generated in coal* 
mines.—f.*dog, re. An andiron.—f.-eater, re. 
A juggler who pretends to eat Are; a hot-headed 
person eager for fight or quarrel.—f.-engine, re. 
An engine for pumping water through hose to 
extinguish fires.—f.-escape, re. A ladder or 
ether device furnishing a means of escape from 
a burning building.—fire'lly", re. An insect 
that emits light from some part of the body.— 
Are'man, re. [fire'men, pi] 1. One who 
aids in extinguishing fires. 2. A fire-tender, as 
on a locomotive; a stoker.—fire'place", n. A 
recess or structure in or on which a fire is built; 
especially that part of a chimney that opens into 
a room.—f.-proof, a. Made proof against fire; 
incombustible; also, of a nature to protect from 
fire.—fire'side", re. The hearth or space about 
the fireplace; hence, the place of family cheer 
and home comfort: used also adjectivally.—f.- 
trench, re. A first-line trench or a trench on the 
firing line.—f.-wood, re. Wood used, or fit to use, 
as fuel.—fire'work", n. 1. A case or c^es con¬ 
taining combustibles and explosives, producing 
colored light, scintillations, etc. 2. pi. A pyro¬ 
technic display.—liquid f., see under liquid. 

fir'kin, 1 fur'lcm; 2 fir'kin, re. 1. A wooden 
vessel for lard, etc. 2. [Eng.] A measure, 
onc-fourth of a barrel. [< D. vier, four, + 
dim. suf. -kin.] 

firm, 1 furm; 2 firm. I. a. 1. Solidly com¬ 
pacted; unyielding; solid. 2. Fixedly set¬ 
tled; difficult to move; stable. 3. Strong, 
stedfast, or determined in character; vigor¬ 
ous; resolute; enduring. II. n. A partner¬ 
ship; business house. [< L. F firmus, firm.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

fir'ma-meilt, 1 fur'mo-ment or -mant; 2 flr'- 
ma-ment, n. The expanse of heaven; sky. 
[F., < L. firmamentum, support.]—fir"ma- 
inen'tal, a. 

fir 'man, 1 fur'man; 2 flr'man, re. A special 
decree or edict of an Oriental sovereign; a 
grant or license. [ < Per. farman, mandate.] 

first, 1 furst; 2 first. I. a. 1. Before all others 
in order, in time, or in place; earliest; nearest. 
2. Highest or foremost; leading; chief; best. 
II. n. That which comes or is first, in any 
sense. III. adv. In advance of others; at an 
earlier time; in preference; sooner. [< AS. 
Jyrst, superl. of fore.]— first'-born". I. a. 
First brought forth; hence, first, best, or highest; 
preeminent. II. n. The child first born; a first 
product or result.—f.-class, a. Belonging to 
the first class; of the highest rank or best quality. 
— f. -rate, a. Of the first class, quality, or charac¬ 
ter: used also as noun and adverb.—first'ling. 
I. a. First-born. II. re. The first-born, as of 
a flock.—first'ly, adv. Same as first, adv. 

firth, 1 furth; 2 firth, n. [Scot.] An arm of the sea. 
[ME. firth, < Ice. fjordhr, firth.] fritlif. 

fis'cal, 1 fis'kal; 2 fis'cal. I. a. Of or pertain¬ 
ing to the treasury or finances of a govern¬ 
ment; financial. II. n. A financial secretary 
or minister. [F., < L. fiscus, state treasury.] 
—fisc, n. The treasury, as of a state. 

fish 1 , 1 fisfh; 2 fish, v. I. t. 1. To catch, or try 
to catch, fish in (any body of water). 2. To 
catch (fish or any object) in or under water; 
search for and bring to light: often with up or 
out. 3. To strengthen, mend, or join by strips 


fastened lengthwise. II. i. To catch, or try 
to catch, fish; be employed in catching fish. 
,[< AS. fiscian, < fisc, fish.]— fish'a-bl(e p , a. 
Suitable for fishing. — fisli'er, n. One wno 
fishes; a fisherman. — fisli'er-man, n. [-men, 
pi] One who catches fish; a fisher; an angler. 
—fish'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi] 1. The operation 
or business of catching fish; fishing industry. 2. 
A place for fishing. — fish'ing, n. The act or 
operation of catching fish. 


A hook for catching 



s ,) 1 fis'il; 2 fis'il, a. Capable of being split 
s ,j or separated into layers, tending to split. 


fish, n. [fish or fish'es, pi.] 1. A vertebrate 
animal with permanent gills, adapted to live 
under water, commonly covered with scales 
and provided with fins. 2. Loosely, any 
animal habitually living in the water. [ < 
AS. fisc.]— fish'-hook", n. 
fish on a line.— 
f.-joint, n. A 
device for fas¬ 
tening two rails 
together by iron 
plates (f. - 
plates) bolted 
across the meet- 
i n g ends. — 
fish' nion"ger, 
n. A dealer in 
fish. — fi s li ' - 
wife", re. [fish'- 
WIVES* 7)1 ] A 
womanwhosells Primitive Fish-hooks of the 
fish; an abusive Northwest Coast of America, 
virago. fish'wo"nianJ.—fish'y, a. 1. Sug¬ 

gestive of, pertaining to, or like fish. 2. Abound¬ 
ing in fish.—fish 'i-ness, re. 

Flsmes, 1 fim: 2 fim, re. A town in N. F. France; 

taken from Germans by U. S. troops, Aug. 4,1918. 
fis'sile, ‘ 
fis'sil 3 , 

[< L. fissilis, < fissus, pp. of findo, cleave.] — 
fis-sil'i-ty, re.—fis'sion, re. The act of splitting 
or breaking apart. 

fis'sure, 1 fi^h'ur; 2 fish'qr. I. vt. & vi. [fis'- 
sured; fis'sur-ing.] To crack; split. II. re. 
A narrow opening, cleft, crevice, or furrow. 
[< L. fissura, < findo, split.] 
fist, 1 fist; 2 fist, re. The hand when closed 
tightly, as for striking; the clenched hand. 
[< AS. fysl, fist.]—fist'ic, a. —flst'i-cuff", re. 
1. A cult with the fist. 2. pi. A pugilistic bout, 
fls'tu-la, 1 fis'diu-la; 2 fls'chq-la, re. 1. A long 
narrow canal caused by disease. 2f* A reed 
or pipe. [L.]—fis'tu-lar, a. fis'tu-loust. 
fit, 1 fit; 2 fit, v. [fit'ted^; fit'ting.] 1. 1. 1. To 
render suitable; adapt. 2. To supply with 
requisites; qualify; prepare; equip: commonly 
with out or up. 3. To be of the proper size 
and shape for. 4. To be becoming or suitable 
for; befit. II. i. 1. To be made of the proper 
size, shape, etc.; be rightly adjusted, suitable, 
proper, or becoming. 2. To receive suitable 
equipment. [ME. fitten, < Ice. fitja, knit to¬ 
gether.]—fit'ter, re. 

fit, a. [fit'ter; fit'test. 1 1. Adapted to an 
end, aim, or design; adequate; competent; 
qualified; ready. 2. Conformed to a stand¬ 
ard; suitable; appropriate.—fit 'ly, adv. In a 
fit manner; properly.—fit'ness, re. 
fit', re. An attack attended by convulsions; 
spasm; sudden mood; caprice. [< AS. fitt, 
struggle.]—fit Tul, a. Occurring in fits; marked 
by fits; spasmodic, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
fiC, re. 1. An adjustment or agreement in size, 
form, or the like; suitability; adaptation. 2. 
A making ready. 


1* artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit. police; obey, go; not. or: full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art. ape, fat, fare, fast, whait, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice: i = e: i = e: go, not. fir, won. 










241 


firkin 

flank 


fit'ting, 1 fit'irj; 2 fit'ing. I. pa. Fit or suit¬ 
able for any purpose; proper; appropriate. 
II. n. 1. The act of adjusting or connecting 
properly. 2. pi. Fixtures and apparatus.— 
fit'ting-ly, adv. —fit'ting-ness, n. 

Fi-u'me, 1 fi-u'me; 2 fi-u'me, to. A seaport (pop. 
50.000) and naval station on the Adriatic; seized 
for Italy by D’Annunzio, 1919; abandoned by 
him, 1920. 

five, 1 faiv; 2 fiv. I. a. Consisting of one more 
than four. II. to . 1 . The sum of four and 
one. 2. A symbol denoting this number, as 5 
or V. [ < AS. fif, = Goth, fimf .]—five 'fold". 

I. a. Made up of five; five times as much or as 
great. II. adv. In a fivefold manner or degree.— 
fives, n. pi. A game similar to court-tennis. 

fix', 1 fiks; 2 fiks, v. I. t. 1. To fasten, attach, 
or secure firmly; make firm; establish. 2. To 
make firm; set; solidify. 3. To direct stead¬ 
ily and intently, as the gaze. 4. To decide 
definitely; settle; determine. 5. To arrange; 
put in order; adjust. II. i. 1. To settle 
down and remain in one spot. 2. To become 
firm or solid; crystallize; congeal; solidify. 
[< L. LL /Z 0 O, fasten.]—fix'a-bl(e p , a. —fix'ate, vl. 
[-at-ed; -at-ing.] To render fixed; fix the posi¬ 
tion of.—fix-a'tion, n. The act of fixing, or 
the state of being fixed; stability.—fix'a-tiv(e 8 , 
a. & to.— fixed* pa. 1. Established; attached or 
fastened; settled; stable; lasting. 2. Astron. 
Keeping nearly the same relative position; as, 
fixed stars.—fix'ed-ly, adv. —fix'ed-ness, to.— 
fix'i-ty, n. The state of being fixed; permanent 
character or condition; fixedness; stability.— 
fix'ture, n. 1. Anything fixed firmly in its 
place; as, gas ’fixtures. 2. One who or that which 
is regarded as permanently fixed. [dilemma, 
fix, to. [Colloq.] A position of embarrassment; 
fizz, 1 fiz; 2 flz. I. vi. To make a hissing noise. 

II. n. 1. A hissing noise. 2. An effervescing 
beverage. 3. [Colloq.] Champagne, fizj. 

fjord, n. Same as fiord. 

FI., abbr. Flanders, Flavius, Flemish.—fl., abbr. 

Florin, flourished, fluid.—Fla., abbr. Florida, 
flab'by, 1 flab'i; 2 flab'y, a. 1. Lacking mus¬ 
cle; flaccid. 2. Lacking in moral or intellec¬ 
tual vigor; languid; feeble. [< flap, d.]— 
flab'bi-ly, adv. —flab'bi-ness, n. 
flac'cid, 1 flak'sid; 2 flae'cid, a. Lacking firm¬ 
ness or elasticity; flabby. [ < L. flaccidus, < 
fiaccus, flabby.] -ly, adv.— flac-cid'i-ty, flac'- 
cid-ness, n. 

flag 1 , 1 flag; 2 flag, vt. [flagged, flagd 8 ; 

flag'ging.] To signal by a flag. 
flag 2 , vt. To pave with flagstones. 
flag 3 , vi. 1. To grow spiritless or languid; be¬ 
come tired; droop. 2. To grow dull; drag. 
flag 1 , n. A piece of cloth commonly bearing a 
device and attached to a staff or halyard: 
used as a standard, symbol, or signal. [Cp. 
D. vlag, Dan. flag, Sw. fiagg.]— black flag, the 
emblem of piracy and of no quarter.—Flag Day. 
[U. S.] June 14.—flag'man", n. One who car¬ 
ries a flag, as for signaling trains on a railway.— 
f.-officer, n. 1. Formerly, the captain of a flag* 
ship. 2. An admiral, vice-admiral, or rear-admi¬ 
ral.— f. of truce, a white flag displayed to de¬ 
note that a conference or truce is desired.—f.= 
ship, w. The ship carrying a flag-officer and dis¬ 
playing his flag.—flag'staff", n. A pole on which 
a flag is hung or displayed. [slab of stone.] 

flag 2 ,1 flag; 2 fl5g, to. A flagstone. [ < Ice. flaga, 
flag 3 , to. A plant having sword-shaped leaves 
and growing in moist places. [Prob. = flag 1 
(as fluttering in the wind).] 


flag'el-late, 1 flaj 'e-let; 2 flag'e-lat, vt. [-lat"- 
ED d ; -lat"ing.] To beat with a rod; whip; 
scourge, f < L. flagellatus, pp. of flagella, < 
flagellum, scourge.]— flag"fel-la'tion, n. — flag'- 
el-lant. I.a. Using a scourge, or fitted to be used 
for a scourging. II. n. A self-scourging fanatic, 
flage'o-let, 1 flaj'o-let; 2 flag'o-let, n. A musi¬ 
cal instrument resembling the flute, but blown, 
from the end. [F., < L. flatus ;see flute, to.] 
flag'ging, 1 flag'll); 2 flag'ing, n. A pavement of 
flagstones; flagstones collectively, 
fla-gi'tious, 1 fla-ji^h'us; 2 fla-gish'us, a. Fla¬ 
grantly wicked; atrocious; heinous. [< L. 
flagiliosus, < flagitium, disgraceful act.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. * 

flag'on, 1 flag'en; 2 flag'on, to. A vessel with a 
handle and narrow mouth for liquors. [OF.] 
fla'grant, 1 fle'grent; 2 fla'grant, a. 1. Openly 
scandalous; notorious; heinous. 2||. Burning; 
blazing. [F. < L. flagran(t-)s, ppr. of flagro, 
burn.]— fla'gran-cy, n. Notoriousness; heinous¬ 
ness.— fla'grant-ly, adv. 

flag'stone", 1 flag'ston"; 2 flag'ston", to. A 
broad, flat stone suitable for foot-pavements, 
flail, 1 flel; 2 flal, a. An implement consisting 
of a wooden bar (the swingle) hinged or tied 
to a handle, for seperating grain by beating. 

[ < L. flagellum, scourge.] 
flake, 1 flek; 2 flak. I. vt. & vi. [flaked 1 ; 
flak'ing.] To peel off in flakes; fleck. II. to. 
A small flat fragment; scale; fleck. [Scand.] 
—flak'y, a. Resembling or consisting of flakes; 
separable into flakes.—flak'i-ness, ra. 
flam'beau, 1 flam'bo; 2 flam'bo, to. [flam'- 
beaux, pi.] A flaring torch. [F.] 
flam-boy'ant, 1 flam-bei'ant; 2 flam-boy'ant, a. 

1. Characterized by extravagance; showy; bom¬ 
bastic. 2. Bursting into flame; blazing. [F.] 

flame, 1 flem; 2 flam. I. vi. [flamed; flam'- 
ing.] 1. To give out a flame; blaze or burn. 

2. To shine like a flame; flash. 3. To burst 
forth, as in a violence of passion. II. to . 1 . 


A stream of vapor or gas, made luminous by 
heat; a blaze; glow; brilliancy. 2. Excite¬ 
ment, as from rage, strife or passionate de¬ 
sire; an ardent affection; passionate love. 

3. [Colloq.] A sweetheart. [< OF., < L. 
flamma, flame.] 

fla-min'go, 1 fle-mirj'- 
go; 2 fla-mm'go, to. 

[-gos z or -goes, pi.] 

A long-necked, small¬ 
bodied bird, of a red 
color, having very long 
legs, webbed feet, and 
a bent bill. 

Flan'ders, 1 flan'darz; 2 
flan'derg, n. Two Bel¬ 
gian provinces: (1) East 
F. (1,158 sq. m.; pop. 

1,125,000), capital, . . . 

Ghent; occupied by Ger- American Flamingo. 

man troops, 1914. (2) ' 40 

West F. (1,249 sq. m.; pop. 880,000), capital, 
Bruges. Gallantly defended by Belgians and 
British against German violation of its neutrality 
in World War, 1914-18. 



flange, 1 flanj; 2 flang, to. A projecting rim or 
edge, as on a car-wheel. [Var. of flank.] 
flank 1 , 1 flarjk; 2 flank, v. I. t. 1. To stand or 
be on either side or on both sides of; border 
2. Mil. To turn, guard, or threaten the flank 
of. II. i. 1. To guard or attack the flank. 
2. To border; touch: with on. 


l*a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = o«t; ell; lu = ferod; rfhin; go; 0 = sin?; thin, ttiis. 
2; wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bflrn; 611, boy; go, Jem; ink; thin, fhis.. 
















flank 

flippant 


242 


flank, a. Pertaining to the flank or side, 
flank, n. 1. The hinder part of an animal’s 
side, between the ribs and the hip. 2. The 
side, or the lateral portion, of anything, es¬ 
pecially of a military force. [ < F. flanc .] 
flan'nel, 1 flan'l; 2 flan'l, n. A loosely woven 
woolen stuff with soft, nap*like surface. [ < 
F. flanelle.] 

flap, 1 flap; 2 flap. I. vt. & vi. [flapped 1 , 
flapt s ; flap'ping.] 1. To strike, or strike at, 
with or as with a wing. 2. To move to and 
fro rapidly, as wings; swing, as in the wind; 
droop like the flap of a hat. II. n. 1. A 
broad, limber, and loosely hanging part or 
attachment. 2. The act of flapping; a light 
blow. [Prob. imitative.]— flap'per, n. 
flare, 1 flar; 2 flar. I. vt. & vi. [flared; flar'- 
ing.] 1. To burn unsteadily; emit a sudden 
dazzling, unsteady light. 2. To display os¬ 
tentatiously; be offensively showy in dress. 

3. To open or spread outward like the sides of 
a funnel. II. n. 1. A large, bright, but un¬ 
steady light; figuratively, ostentation. 2. A 
widening or spreading outward, as of the sides 
of a funnel; also, a part that flares. [< 
Norw. flara, blaze.]—flar 'ing, pa. -ly, adv. 

flash 1 ,1 flasfli; 2 flash, v. 1. 1. To cause to act, 
operate, or appear suddenly, as a bright light. 
II. i. To act, operate, or appear with sud¬ 
denness or brilliancy. [Scand.] 
flash, a. Relating to or connected with thieves 
or thieves’ talk; cheap and tawdry; loud, 
flash, n. 1. A sudden and transient blaze; 
gleam; a sudden outburst, as of wit, anger, 
etc. 2. A moment; instant.—flash'slight", 
n. 1. A light, as in a lighthouse, shown only at 
regular intervals. 2. A brief and brilliant light 
for taking photographs.—flash 'y, a. Preten¬ 
tious without merit; showy; tawdry.—flash'i- 
ly, adv. —flash'i-ness, n. 

flask, 1 flask; 2 flask, n. A small bottle or sim¬ 
ilar vessel. [ < AS. flasce.] 
flat, 1 flat; 2 flat, v. [flat'ted 11 ; flat'ting.1 
I. t. 1. Mus. To lower (a tone), as by a half 
step. 2. To lower or depress in general. 3. 
To make flat. II. i. 1. Mus. To sing or play 
below the pitch. 2. To become flat or stupid, 
flat, a. 1. Having a surface that is a horizontal 
plane; level; smooth. 2. Lying prostrate; 
overthrown; ruined. 3. Without qualifica¬ 
tion; positive; absolute. 4. Lacking interest; 
monotonous; dull; insipid. 5. Mus. Below 
pitch. [ < Ice. flatr.) -ly, adv. -ness, n .— 
flat'fish", n. A flsh having a compressed body 
with unsymmetrical sides and with both eyes 
on one side, as the flounder, halibut, sole, etc.— 
flatdron, n. An iron with a smooth, polished 
under surface for smoothing cloth.—flat'ten, vt. 
& vi. To make or become flat.— flat'wlse", adv. 
With the flat side downward or next to another 
object. flat'ways"t. 

flat', n. 1. A plane surface; a level. 2. Low 
land over which the tide flows; shoal. 3. 
Anything that is flat; the flat side of a thing. 

4. Mus. A tone a half step lower than a tone 
from which it is named, represented by the 
character b. 

flat 2 , n. 1. A set of rooms on one floor, for the 
occupancy of a single family; apartment. 2. 
A house containing such flats. [ < AS. flet.] 
flat, adv. In a level state or position; so as to 
be flat; flatly. 

flat'ter, 1 flat'ar; 2 flat'er, v. I. t. 1. To 


praise unduly, obsequiously, or insincerely; 
fawn on; cajole. 2. To encourage with delu¬ 
sive or visionary hopes; persuade. II. i. To 
make use of fulsome compliments or undue 
praise. [ME. flateren; cp. MD. flalteren, Ice. 
jladhra, flatter, G. flattern , flutter.]—flat'ter-er, 
n. One who flatters.—flat'ter-ing, pa. -ly ,adv. 
—flat'ter-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] The act or practise 
of the flatterer; undue or insincere compliment; 
adulation. 

flat'u-lence, 1 flat'yu-lens; 2 flat'yu-lenc, n. The 
accumulation of gas in the stomach and bowels; 
hence, windiness; vanity. [ < L. flatus, a blow¬ 
ing, < flo , blow.] flat'u-len-cyj.—flat'u-lent, 
a. -ly, adv. 

flaunt, 1 flant or flent; 2 flant or flant. I d . 
vt. & vi. 1. To display ostentatiously; parade. 
2f. To wave or flutter in the wind. II. n. 1. 
The act of flaunting. 2. A boast; vaunt.— 
flaunt'ing, pa. Making a parade or ostenta¬ 
tious display; jaunty and gay. 

flaut'ist, 1 flet'ist; 2 flat'ist, n. One who plays 
the flute. 

fla'vor, 1 fle'var; 2 fla'vor. I. vt. To impart 
flavor or any distinguishing quality to. II. n. 
1. The quality of a thing as affecting the sense 
of taste or the senses of taste and smell; char¬ 
acteristic taste of a thing, especially if pleas¬ 
ant: often used figuratively. 2. Flavoring. 
[< OF. flaveur, < L. flavus, yellow.] fla'vourf. 
—fla'vor-ing, n. A substance, as an essence or 
extract, for giying a flavor to anything. 

flaw, 1 flo; 2 fla, vt. 1. To make flaws in; mar; 
crack. 2. To make invalid or inoperative. 

flaw 1 , n. An inherent defect, as in construction 
or constitution; weak spot; crack; fissure. 
[ME. flawe, < Sw. flaga, crack.]—flaw'less, a. 
Having no flaw.—flaw'less-ly, adv.— flaw 'y, a. 
Having flaws; defective. 

flaw 2 , n. A sudden puff of wind; a transient 
but violent windstorm. [< Norw. flaga.] 

flax, 1 flaks; 2 flaks, n. 1. The soft fiber ob¬ 
tained from the bark of the flax* 
plant. 2. An annual plant with 
stems about two feet high, having 
a mucilaginous seed, called flax¬ 
seed or linseed, and an inner bark 
which yields the flax of com¬ 
merce. [ < AS. fleax; perhaps 
< V of ply.]— flax'en, a. Of, per¬ 
taining to, or made of flax; like flax; 
of a light golden color. 

flay, 1 fie; 2 fla, vt. To strip off the 
skin from; skin. [< AS. fleati.] 

FI. E., abbr. Flemish ells. 

flea, 1 fli; 2 fie, n. An insect, par¬ 
asitic upon a mammal or a bird, 
having a compressed body, limbs 
adapted for leaping, and a head 
armed with piercing mandibles and a suctorial 
proboscis. [ < AS. flea, prob. < y of fleon; 
see flee, v .] —flea'bite", n. 1. The bite of a 
flea. 2. Any trifling wound or discomfort.— 
flea'bit"ten, a. 1. Bitten by a flea. 2. White, 
flecked with bay or sorrel spots; said of the color 
of a horse. 

fleam, 1 film; 2 flem, n. Surg. A lancet. 

fleck, 1 flek; 2 flek. I 1 , vt. To spot or stripe; 
dapple. II. n. A dot or streak; dapple. [ < 
Ice. flekkr.]— fleck 'less, a. Spotless; stainless. 

flec'tion, 1 flek'^han; 2 fl&c'shon, n. 1. The 
act of bending or turning. 2. A curved or 
bent part. [< L. flexio{n-), < flecto, bend.) 
ficx'ionf. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g8< not, or; full, rule; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit, Ice; 1 = 0 ; I = e; go, not, or, wdo. 








243 


flank 

flippant 


fled, 1 fled; 2 fled, imp. & pp. of flee, v . 
fledge, 1 flej; 2 fledg, v. [fledged; fledg'ing.] 

I§. t. To furnish with feathers or with any 
soft covering. II. i. To acquire feathers 
enough for flight. [Ult. < AS. fleogan, fly.]— 
fledg'ling. I. a. Just fledged; hence, little 
known, as a young poet. II. n. A young bird 
just fledged, fledge'lingf. 

flee, 1 ill; 2 fie, v. [fled; flee'ing.] I. t. To 
run away from; shun; avoid. II. i. To seek 
safety in flight; run away. [ < AS. fleon .] 

fleece, 1 fils; 2 fleQ. I. vt . [fleeced 4 ; fleec'- 
ing.] 1. To cut or shear off the fleece from; 
hence, to swindle. 2. To cover as with a 
fleece. II. n. The woolly covering of a sheep; 
also, the entire coat of wool sheared from a 
sheep. [< AS. fleds, flys .]—fleec'y, a. Per¬ 
taining to, like, or covered with a fleece, 
fleer, 1 flir; 2 fler. I. vt . & vi . To jeer at; de¬ 
ride; mock; sneer. II. n. Derision or scorn; 
a leer. [ < Norw. flira, titter, giggle.]— 
fleer'ing, pa. -ly, adv. 

fleet d , 1 flit; 2 flet, vi. To fly or pass swiftly. 
[ < AS. fledtan, < V of flow, r.]—fleet'ing, pa. 
Passing quickly; transitory. 


fleet, a. Moving, or capable of moving, swift¬ 
ly; rapid; nimble; swift. [Cp. Ice. fljotr .] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

fleet, n. A number of vessels in company or 
under one command, especially ships of war. 
[ < AS. fledt, ship, < fledtan, float.l 
Flem., abbr. Flemish.—Uern'isli. I. a. Of or 
pertaining to Flanders. II. n. The people of 
Flanders or their language, 
flesh, 1 flesffi; 2 flesh. I 4 , vt. 1. To glut with or 
as with flesh; satiate; also, to accustom, inure, 
or tempt with a taste of flesh, as a hawk or 
dog. 2. Hence, to make eager with a fore¬ 
taste of anything; embolden with success; 
flush. II. n. 1. The softer tissues of an ani¬ 
mal body; animal food or meat. 2. The 
material pajrt of man; the body as opposed to 
the soul; the carnal or sinful nature. 3. 
Mankind in general; the human race. 4. The 
soft, pulpy parts of fruits and vegetables. 
[< AS. flzesc.]— flesh 'er, n. 1. One who strips 
the flesh from hides. 2. [Scot.] A butcher.— 
flesh'less, a.—flesh'ly, a. Pertaining to the 
body; corporeal; carnal; worldly; human.— 
flesh'li-ness, n. Carnality.—flesh'ly, adv. 

Carnally.—flesh'=pot", n. 1. A pot to cook 
flesh in. 2. pi. [Archaic.] Any form of indul¬ 
gence.—flesh'y, a. [flesh'i-er; flesh'i-est.] 
1. Having much flesh; plump; corpulent; succu¬ 
lent, as a plant. 2. Pertaining to flesh or to the 
carnal nature; composed of flesh.—flesh'i-ness, 
n. Plumpness; corpulence. A „ , , , 

fleur"*de=lis', 1 flur"*d8*li'; 2 flflr"»de*li', 
[fleurs"*de=lis\ pi.] Aheraldic r 
device, the bearing of the former I 
royal family of France. [F., 
floweroflily.] fleur"=dedys't; 
flow"er *de dis' j. 

flew, 1 flu; 2 flu, imp. of fly, v. 
flews, 1 fluz; 2 flu§, n. pi. The 

large chop or hanging upper lip Flpiiraf1ft , is 
of certain dogs, as the blood- Fleur»de*lis. 

hound.— flewed, a. Having large flews. 

flex, 1 fleks; 2 flSks. I 4 , vt. To bend; subject 
to flexure. II. n. A bend; flexure. [< L. 
flexus, pp. of flecto, bend.]—flex'i-bl(e p , a. 1. 
Capable of being bent, turned,, or twisted with¬ 
out breaking; pliable; pliant; plastic. 2. Tract¬ 
able; yielding; compliant, flex'll(e 8 t.—flex"i- 



bil'i-ty, n. flex'i-ble-nessf.—flex'i-bly, adv. 
flex'ion, flex'ion-al. Same as flection, etc. 
flex'ure, 1 flek'iffiur; 2 flek'shur, n. A bend¬ 
ing; also, a bent part; turn; curve; fold, 
flick, 1 flik; 2 flik. I 4 , vt. To give a flip to. II. 

n. A quick, light stroke, as with a whip, 
flick 'er, 1 flik'or; 2 flik'er, vi. To be unsteady 
or wavering, as a flame. [ < AS. flicerian.] 
flick'er 1 , n. A waving or fluctuating light; a 
flickering or fluttering motion, 
flick'er 2 , n. A woodpecker, especially the 
golden=winged woodpecker of eastern North 
America. [Imitation of the bird’s note.] 
fli'er, / 1 flai'sr ; 2 fli'er, n. That which flies; a 
fly'er, [ flying bird; a fugitive; a rapidly mov¬ 
ing piece in a machine. 

flight 1 , 1 flait; 2 flit, n. 1. The act, process, or 
power of flying; swift movement of any kind; 
also, the distance traveled, as by a projectile. 
2. A group, flock, or swarm of flying crea¬ 
tures. 3. A soaring and sustained effort or 
utterance. 4. An ascent or continuous series of 
(stairs or steps). [ < AS. flyht, < fleogan, fly.] 
flight 2 , n. The act of fleeing or escaping; a 
running away. [ < AS. *flyht, < fleon, flee.] 
flight 'y, 1 flait'i; 2 flit'y, a. Capricious; giddy; 

_ delirious.— flight 'i-ly,acto.—flight 'i-ness,u. 
flim'sy, I flim'zi; 2 flim'gy, a. [flim'si-er; 
flim'si-est.] Lacking substantial texture or 
structure; thin and weak; ineffective. [ < W. 
llymsi, slow.]— flim'si-ly, adv. — flim'si-ness, n. 
flinch 4 , 1 flindh; 2 flinch, vi. To shrink back, 
as from pain or danger; waver; wince. [Prob. 
< F. flechir, < L. flexus; see flex.] 
flin'der, 1 flin'der; 2 flin'der, n. A small frag¬ 
ment; splinter; shred. [< Norw. flindra, 
splinter.] 

fling, 1 flip; 2 fling, v. [flung; fling'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To cast with force or suddenness; 
throw; hurl; sling. 2. To throw to the 
ground; hence, to worst; overpower. 3. To 
send forth; give out; emit freely. II. i. 1. 
To throw a missile; cast aspersions; flout: 
often with at. 2. To kick out, as a horse; 
start and rush with impatience or passion; 
dash; flounce; rush. 

fling, n. 1. The act of casting out, down, or 
away; a sling. 2. A sneering insinuation; 
aspersion. 3. A kick, flounce, leap, or the 
like. 4. Free range for action or indulgence; 
dash; swagger. 5. A lively Scotch dance. [ < 
Ice. flengja, whip, ride furiously.l 
flint, 1 flint; 2 flint, n. A hard, dulbcolored 
variety of quartz; a piece of such stone, 
shaped for some purpose, as for striking fire. 
[< AS. flint.] — flint'dock", n. A gun*lock 
In which a flint was used to ignite the powder in 
the pan.— flint'lock", n. A fire-arm with a flint* 
lock. 

fllnt'y, a. [flint'i-er; flint 4 i-est.] Made of, con¬ 
taining, or resembling flint; hard; cruel; obdurate. 

—flint'i-ness, n. 

flip, 1 flip; 2 flip, vt. [flipped 4 , flipt 8 ; flip'- 
ping.] 1. To snap or flick; toss or throw 
lightly and quickly. 2. To strike or remove 
with a slight, quick motion. [A form of flap.] 
flip 1 , n. A quick movement of the hand or 
finger; sudden toss; snap; fillip; flick. 
flip 2 , n. A drink made of some liquor, as 
sherry, mixed with an egg and spiced and 
sugared. 

flip'pant, 1 flip'ant; 2 flip'ant, a. Light, pert, 
and trifling; shallow and impertinent. [ < 


1* a = final; l = hablt^ aisle; au = out; ©II; 10 = feud; (ffiin; go; D = smg?; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, £em; ink; thin. this. 












flipper 

flute 


244 


Ice. fleipa, prattle.]— flip'pan-cy, n. fllp'- 
pant-nessf.—Hip'pant-ly, adv. 
flip'per, 1 flip'sr; 2 fllp'er, n. A limb uaed to 
swim with, as in seals, turtles, etc. 
flirt d , 1 flurt; 2 flirt, v. I. t. 1. To fling, jerk, 
or wave lightly and quickly. 2. To jeer at; 
flout. II. i. 1. To make love for mere amuse¬ 
ment; coquet. 2. To flout; flounce. 3. To 
act giddily or flippantly. 4. To jeer; scoff. 
[< AS. fleard, foolish thing.]— fllr-ta'tion, n. 
Insincere love*making. flirt'ingj. 
flirt, n. 1. A person, especially a woman, who 
flirts; a coquette; trifler. 2. The act of flirt¬ 
ing, in any sense; a toss; fling; jeer, 
flit, 1 flit; 2 flit, vi. [flit'ted 11 ; flit'ting.] To 
fly or move rapidly and lightly; dart;_ skim; 
scud. [ME. flitten, <Sw.flytta, flit.] -ting, n. 
flitch, 1 flicfh; 2 filch, n. A side (of a hog) 
salted and cured. [ < AS. flicce.] 
fliv'ver, n. [Colloq.] A motor*car of cheap grade. 
float 1 , 1 flot; 2 flot, v. I. t. 1. To hold up and 
cause to move on or near the surface of a 
liquid or fluid. 2. To put in circulation; 
find a market for; secure support for. II. i. 
To be supported or carried along by a liquid 
or gas; move lightly and without effort. [ < 
AS. flotian, < fleotan, float.]—float'er, n. 
float, n. An object that floats on a liquid or 
buoys up something. [ < AS. flota, ship.] 
float'age, n. Same as flotage. 
floc'cu-lent, 1 flek'yu-lent; 2 floc'yu-lfent, a. 
Resembling wool; woolly.— fioc'cu-lence, n. 
floe 'cu-len-cyj. 

flock 1 , 1 flek; 2 flok. I 1 , vi. To assemble; con¬ 
gregate. II. n. 1. A company or collection 
of animals, as sheep, goats, or birds. 2. A 
congregation, church, or parish. [ < AS. 
flow., orig. of birds, < \f of fledgan, fly.] 
flock 2 , n. 1. Finely ground wool, felt, or vege¬ 
table fiber; woobdust. 2. A tuft of wool, or 
the like. 3. Short refuse wool. [Cp. L. 
floccus, lock of wool.] 

Flod'den, 1 fled'n; 2 flod'n, n. A hill in Northum¬ 
berland, England, where the Scots were de¬ 
feated. 1513. 

floe, 1 flo; 2 flo, n. A tabular mass of floating 
polar ice. [ < Dan. flage.] 
flog, 1 flog; 2 flog, vt. [flogged, flogd 8 ; 
flog'ging.] To chastise with a whip, rod, 
etc.; whip. [Cp. AS. flocan, strike.]— flog'¬ 
ging, n. 

flood 1 , 1 flud; 2 flod, v. I. t . To pour an 
abundance of water upon; inundate; deluge; 
also, to supply abundantly or to excess. II. i. 
To rise to or be at the flood; overflow, 
flood, n. 1. An unusually abundant flow of 
water; freshet; inundation; deluge. 2. The 
coming in of the tide; the tide at its height; 
high tide. 3. A copious flow or stream, as of 
sunlight, lava, etc.; abundant or excessive 
supply. [< AS. flod, < flowan, flow'.] — 
flood 'sgate", n. A gate for regulating the flow 
of water, as in a raceway; any free vent for an 
outpouring, as of contention or vice, 
floor, 1 flor; 2 flor. I. vt. 1. To cover or pro¬ 
vide wfith a floor. 2. To throw down to or as 
to the floor; overthrow; vanquish. 3. To 
place near or on the floor. II. n. 1. The 
bottom surface in a room or building; also, 
the space between any two such surfaces; a 
story. 2. In any parliamentary body, the 
part of the hall appropriated to members; 
hence, the right to speak at a given time and 


to the exclusion of others. [ < AS. flor .]— 
floor'age, n. The area of a floor; floor*space.— 
floor'lng, n. 1. Material for the making of a 
floor. 2. Floors collectively; a floor.—floor'# 
walk"er, n. [U. S.] In a retail store, one who 
oversees the employees on a floor, directs cus¬ 
tomers, etc. 

flop, 1 flop; 2 flop, v. & n. Same as flap. 

Ho'ra, 1 flo'ra; 2 flo'ra, n. 1. The aggregate of 
plants indigenous to a country or district. 
2. [F-] Rom. Myth. The goddess of flowers. 
[L„ < flos (flor-), flower.]—flo'ral, a. Of, like, 
or pertaining to flow r ers. 

Flor'ence, 1 flor'ens; 2 fldr'gnc, n. A historic city 
(pop. 242,150) of N. central Italy, 
flo-res'cence, 1 flo-res'ens; 2 flo-rSs'gnc, n. 
Bot. 1. The state of being in blossom. 2. 
Inflorescence. [ < L. floresco, inceptive of 
floreo, bloom.]—flo-res'cent, a. Expanding 
into flowers. 

Uo'ri-cul-ture, 1 flo'ri-kul-dhur or -tiur; 2 flo'ri- 
cul-chur or -tur, n. The cultivation of flowers 
or ornamental plants.—flo"ri-cul'tur-al, a. — 

flo"ri-cul'tur-ist, n. 

flor'id, 1 fler'id; 2 flor'id, a. 1. Having a bright 
color; of a lively reddish hue. 2. Excessively 
ornate. 3. Blooming; flowery. [< L. flori- 
dus, < flos, flower.]—flo-rid'i-ty, n. flor'id- 
nessf.—flor'id-ly, adv. 

Flor'l-da, 1 fler'i-da; 2 fldr'i-da, n. Southernmost 
Atlantic State (58,666 sq. m.; pop. 968,470) of 
the United States; capital, Tallahassee, 
flor'in, 1 fler'in; 2 flor'in, n. A European silver 
coin; also, a gold coin of Tuscany. IF.] 
flo'rist, 1 flo'rist; 2 flo'rist, n. A grower of or 
dealer in flow r ers. [ < L. flos (flor-), flower] 
floss 1 , 1 flos; 2 flos, n. 1. Floss*silk. 2. The 
silk of some plants, as Indian corn. [ < L. IT 
fluxus, fluid, loose, slack.]— floss'#sllk", n. A 
soft, downy embroidery*silk.— floss 'y, a. Of, 
pertaining to, or like floss; light; dowmy. 
floss 2 , n. A slag that floats on molten metal. 
[Prob. < G. floss, raft.] 

flo'tage, 1 flo'tij; 2 flo'tag, n. 1. Things that 
float, collectively. 2. The capacity of any¬ 
thing to buoy up or to float. [ < F. flottage, 
< flotter, float.]—flo-ta'tion, n. 1. The act 
or state of floating. 2. The science of bodies that 
float. 

flo-til'la, 1 flo-til'a; 2 flo-tfl'a, n. A fleet of 
small vessels; a small fleet. [Sp., < flota, 

FLEET.] 

flot'sam, 1 flot'sam; 2 flSt'sam, n. Law. Goods 
cast or swept from a vessel into the sea 
and found floating. [< F. flotter, float; see 
flotage.] 

flounce 1 , 1 flauns; 2 floun?. I. vt. [flounced 1 ; 
flounc'ing.] To furnish with flounces. II. 
n. A gathered or plaited strip on a skirt. 
[< F. froncer, wrinkle.] 

flounce 2 . I. vi. [flounced 1 ; flounc'ing.] 
To fling oneself about petulantly. II. n. The 
act of flouncing; a fling. [< Old Sw\ flunsa, 
plunge.]. 

floun'der, 1 flaun'der; 2 floun'der, vi. To 
stumble or struggle, as through weakness or 
uncertain footing. [< D. flodderen, flap, 
splash through mire.] 

floun 'der 1 , n. A flatfish. [ < Sw. flundra.] 
floun 'der 2 , n. A stumbling motion, 
flour, 1 flour; 2 flour, ®. I. t. 1. To grind into 
flour; pulverize. 2. To sprinkle flour upon. 
II. i. To break up into minute globules, as 
mercury. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go: not, or; full, rflle; but, burn; 
,2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, ail; me, get, prgy, fern; nit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 









245 


flipper 

flute 


flour, re. 1. The grouud and bolted substance 
of wheat, or of other specified cereal; as, rye 
flour. 2. Any finely powdered substance. 
[Earlier spelling of flower.] 
flour'ish 1 , > 1 tlur'ish; 2 tlur'ish, v. I. t. 1. 
flur'ish p , j To swing about or brandish. 2. 
To embellish with flourishes. II. i. 1. To be 
thriving or prosperous. 2. To swing or wave 
about. 3. To use flourishes. [< L. fioresco, 
< floreo; see flower, r.]—flour'ish-ing, pa. 
Thriving; prosperous, -ly, adv. 
flour 'ish, n. 1. An ornamental mark or de¬ 
sign, as in writing. 2. The act of brandishing 
or waving. 3. Alus. A passage for display, 
flout, 1 flciut; 2 flout. I d . vt. & vi. To scoff at; 
jeer. II. re. A gibe; scoff. [Cp. MD. fluyten, 
jeer.]—flout'er, re.—flout'ing-ly, adv. . 
flow, 1 flo; 2 fid, v. I. t. To inundate with 
water; overflow; flood. II. i. 1. To move 
along smoothly, as a stream; glide. 2. To 
proceed from a source; issue; result. 3. To 
rise, as the tide: opposed to ebb. 4. To wave, 
as in a breeze; float. 5. To abound. [< AS. 
flowan.]— flow'ing, pa. & re. 
flow, re. 1. The act of flowing, or that which 
flows; a continuous stream or current. 2. 
The incoming of the tide. 3. A copious out¬ 
pouring; abundant supply, 
flow'er, 1 flau'ar; 2 flow'er, v. I. t. To dec¬ 
orate with flowers or flower*work. II. i. To 
put forth flowers; bloom; blossom, 
flow'er, re. 1. The blossom of a plant; bloom. 
See illus. on next page. 2. A flowering plant. 
3. The brightest, finest, choicest part, period, 
or specimen of anything. 4. Any flower* 
like ornament; in rhetoric, a figure of speech. 
5. pi. A very light powder obtained by 
sublimation; flour. [< OF. flor, < L. flos 
(./lor-), flower.]—How'er-bed", re. A plot of 
ground in which flowers are planted.—flow'er-y, 
a. Abounding with flowers; flowered; florid; 
figurative: poetic.—flow'er-i-ness, re. 
flown, 1 flon; 2 flon, pp. of fly, v. 
fluc'tu-ate, 1 fluk'chu-et; 2 fliic'chu-at, vt. & 
vi. [-Ax"ED d ; -ax"ing.] 1. To move, or cause 
to move, like waves; undulate. 2. To pass 
backward and forward irregularly; waver; 
oscillate. [ < L. fluctuatus, pp. of fluctuo, < 
fluctus, wave.]—fluc"tu-a'tion, re. Frequent 
irregular change; varying movement or action, 
flue, 1 flu; 2 flu, re. A channel or passage for 
smoke, air, or gases of combustion; a chim¬ 
ney. [Cp. OF. flue, a flowing.] 
flu'ent, 1 flu'ent; 2 flu'ent, a. 1. Ready in 
speaking or writing; voluble; copious. 2. 
Marked by fluency; flowing; smooth. 3. 
Flowing freely; mobile. [< L. fluen(t-)s< 
ppr. of fluo, flow.]—flu'en-cy, re. The quality of 
being fluent; readiness and ease of speech or 
expression, flu'ent-nessf.—flu'ent-ly, adv. 
fluff, 1 fluf; 2 fluf, re. 1. Nap or down. 2, 
Anything downy or fluffy. [Cp. flue, re.]— 
fluff'y, a. Downy; feathery.—fluff'i-ness, re. 
flu'id, 1 flu'id; 2 flu'id. I. a. Capable of flow¬ 
ing; liquid or gaseous. II. re. A liquid or gas. 
[< L. fluldus, < fluo, flow.]—flu-id'i-ty, re. 
The state or quality of being fluid, flu'id-nessf. 
fluke 1 , 1 fluk; 2 fluk, re. 1. The part of an an¬ 
chor that holds to the ground. 2. One of the 
lobes of the tail of a whale. 3. A barb on a 
harpoon. [Perhaps < G. flunk, fluke, wing.J 
fluke 2 , re. A leaMike worm, parasitic upon sheep. 
[ < AS. floe, plaice.] 


fluke 3 , re. [Slang.] 1. A lucky stroke or accident. 

2. A failure; disappointment, 
flume, 1 Hum; 2 Hum, re. 1. A conduit, as for 
a milbwheel. 2. A narrow passage through 
which a torrent passes. [< L. OF flumen,. 
river.] 

flum'iner-y, re. [-ies z , pi.] 1. Anything in¬ 
sipid; empty compliment or show; humbug. 
2. A dish of fight, pasty food; refuse of wheat 
starch. 

flung, 1 flurj; 2 flung, imp. & pp. of fling, v. 
flunk'y, )1 flurjk'i; 2 fliink'y, re. [flunk'- 
flunk'ey, ) ies z , pi.] 1 . An obsequious fellow; 
servile imitator; toady. 2. [Colloq.] A 
servant in livery. [Allied to flank, r.l— 
flunk'y-ism, re. 

flu'or, 1 llu'er; 2 flu'or, re. A cleavable, vitre¬ 
ous compound of calcium and fluorin. [LL.,, 
< L. fluo, flow.] flu'or-itef; flu'or-sparf. 
flu"o-res 'cence, 1 flu"o-res'ens; 2 flu"o-res'- 
enc, re. The power by which some sub¬ 
stances, when illuminated, give off fight of a 
color differing from their own; also, the fight 
so given off.—flu"o-res'cent, a. Showing or 
produced by fluorescence, 
flu'o-rin, ) 1 flu'o-rin or -rin; 2 flu'o-rin or 
flu 'o-rine, ) -rin, re. Chem. A pale*greenish gas¬ 
eous element. 

flu'or-o-scope, 1 flu'er-o-skop; 2 flu'or-o-scop, 
re. A device for observing, by means of some 
fluorescent substance, the shadows of objects 
enclosed in media opaque to ordinary fight, 
but transparent to Roentgen rays. [ < 

FLUOR + -SCOPE.] 

flur'ry, 1 flur'i; 2 fliir'y. I. vt. [flur'ried; 
flur'ry-ing.] To bewilder or confuse; agi¬ 
tate; fluster. II. re. [flur'ries 2 , pi.] A 
sudden commotion; nervous agitation; flut¬ 
ter; hurry; a fight gust of wind. [< Sw. 
flurig, disordered.] 

flush 11 , 1 llu^h; 2 lliish, vt. & vi. To redden, as 
with blood; blush; glow. [< Sw. dial, flossa, 
burn.] 

flush 21 , vt. & vi. To deluge or be filled with 
water; wash out. [Perhaps of OD. origin.] 
Hush 31 , vt. & vi. To drive or be startled from 
cover; start up, as birds. [< ME. flusshen.] 
flush 41 , vt. To encourage and excite; elate: 
chiefly in the past participle. [Corr. of 
flesh, ».] [up. 

flush 51 , vt. To make flush or even: often with 
flush 1 , a. Level; even. [< flush 2 , a.] 
flush 2 , a. Full; copious; well supplied with 
money. [ < flush 6 , re.] 

flush 3 , a. Full of fife; vigorous. [ < flush 1 , v.) 
flush 1 , re. 1. A heightened color; warm glow; 
blush. 2. Sudden elation Or excitement. 3. 
A blossoming out; bloom. 
flush 2 , re. The act of flushing a bird; a bird or 
birds startled from cover 
flush 3 , re. A hand of cards all of one suit. [ < 
L. OF fluxus, a flow.] 

flush 4 , re. A sudden gush or rush of water. 
flush 5 , re. Abundance. [ < flush 3 , re.] 

Flush'lag, 1 flu^h'iq; 2 flush'ing, re. A fortified 
seaport (pop. 22,000) of the Netherlands, on the 
English Channel. 

flus'ter, 1 flus'ter; 2 flus'ter. l.vt. To throw 
into a confused state; confuse; flurry; intoxi¬ 
cate. II. re. Confusion of mind; flurry; intoxi¬ 
cation. [ < Ice. flaustra, be flustered.] 
flute, 1 flQt; 2 flut, v. [FLUT'ED d ; flut'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To play, sing, or utter with flutedike- 


l-a = final- l = habit; aisle; ail = out; oil; fu = fered; thin; go; ij = siregi; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









FLOWERS. 


1. Lilac. 2. Carnation. 3. Narcissus. 4. Daisy. 5. Harebell. 6. Morning-glory 7 Mountains 
laurel. 8. Honeysuckle. 9. Violet. 10. Calla-lily. 11. Sweet pea. 12. Forget-me-not 13 Arti¬ 
choke. 14. Pansy. 15. Easter lily. 16. Tulip. 17. Poppy. 18. Tiger-lily. 19. Crocus 20 Orchid 
21. Touch-me-not. 22. Magnolia. 23. Water-lily. 24. Cultivated rose. 25. Wild rose '26 Iris’ 
27. Hyacinth. 








247 


flute 

Fokker 


tones. 2. To corrugate; crimp. II. i. To 
play on a flute; make a flute-like sound.— 
flut'ed, pa. 1. Exhibiting parallel grooves or 
flutes. 2. Having the tone of a flute.—flut'ing, 
n. 1. A flute or groove; flutes or grooves col¬ 
lectively; fluted work. 2. A crimp, as in a 
woman's ruffle. 3. The act of making a flute, as 
by carving a column. 

flute, n. 1. A tubular wind-instrument of 
small diameter with holes along the sides. 2. 
A groove, usually of semicircular section, as 
in a column; also a corrugation; crimping. 
(F.] — flut'ist, n. A flute-player, 
flut'ter, 1 flut'ar; 2 flut'er, v I. t. To shake; 
agitate; vibrate; fluster. II. i. To make the 
wings vibrate rapidly; move with quick, beat¬ 
ing motions of the wings; move fitfully; be ag¬ 
itated. [ < AS .flotorian (freq.) ; cp. float, i>.] 
flut'ter, n. 1. The act of fluttering. 2. Agita¬ 
tion; confused or tumultuous emotion, 
flu'vi-al, 1 flu'vi-al; 2 flu'vi-al, a. Of, pertain¬ 
ing to, or formed by a river. [ < L. fluvialis, 
< fluvius, river.] flu"vl-at'ict; flu'vi-a-til(e 8 t. 
flux, 1 fluks; 2 fliiks. I d . vt. To melt or make 
fluid; purge; treat with a flux, as in welding. 
II. n. 1. A continuous flowing; the act or 
process of melting. 2. Med. A morbid dis¬ 
charge of fluid matter. 3. A substance that pro¬ 
motes the fusing of minerals or metals. [F..< 
L. fluxus, < fluo , flow.]— bloody flux, dysentery, 
flux'ion, 1 fluk'^hon; 2 fliik'shon, n. 1. The 
act of flowing or melting; that which flows or 
melts. 2. Math. The rate of flow or variation 
of a changing quantity.— flux'ion-al, a. 
flux'lon-a-ryj. 

fly, 1 flai; 2 fly, v. [flew; flown; fly'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To cause to take flight. 2. To flee 
from; shun. II. i. 1. To move in the air as 
by wings or by some mechanical device. 2. 
To move quicldy; hasten; dart; flee. 3. To 
stream or float in air or water; wave. 4. To 
be violently impelled; explode; burst. [< 
AS. fleogan.] —fly'ing. I. pa. 1. Intended or 
adapted for rapid motion; as, flying artillery: so 
applied to various animals that, by extended fins 
or membranes, make long sailing leaps through 
the air without true flight; as, the flying -squirrel, 

etc. 2. Floating in the air. 3. Unusually ex¬ 
tended; extra; as, a flying jib. II. n. The act of 
flight; flight, as of a bird.—fly'ing-fish", n. A 
fish with large pectoral 
flns that buoy it up as it 
moves through the air. 

fly, n . [flies 2 , pi .) 1. 

One of various small 
two-winged insects. 2. 

[flys 2 , pi.) A light Flying-fish. V 24 
carriage. [ < AS. fledge, < fleogan, fly.]— 
fly'blow". I. vt. & vi. [fly'blown"; fly'- 
blow"ing.] To taint with flyblows. II. n. The 
egg or young larva of a fly.—fly'-speck". I‘. 
vt. To mark with fly-specks. II. n. The dot 
made by the excrement of a fly ; any slight speck. 
fly 2 , n. 1. One of various rapidly moving objects 
or devices; as, the fly of a printing-press. 2. 
A flap. 3. The act of flying. [ < fly, r.]— 
fly'-leaf", n. A blank leaf at the beginning or 
end of a book.—fly-wheel, n. A heavy wheel 
whose weight resists sudden changes of speed, 
thus securing uniform motion, 
fly'er, n. Same as flier. 

F. M., abbr. Field Marshal, Foreign Mission.— 

fin. , abbr. Fathom.—fo., fol., abbr . Folio, 
foal, 1 fol; 2 fol. I. vt. & vi. To give birth to a 


foal. II. n. The young of an equine animal; 
a colt or a filly. [ < AS. fola.) 
foam, 1 fom; 2 fom. I. vt. & vi. To gather, 
produce, or emit foam; make or become full 
of foam; froth. II. n. A collection of minute 
bubbles forming a frothy mass. [ < AS. fdm.) 
— foam'y, a. Covered with foam; foam-like, 
fob, 1 fob; 2 fob, vt. [fobbed, fobd 8 ; fob'- 
bing.] To cheat; trick. [ < D. foppen.) 
fob, n. A watch-pocket in the waistband of 
trousers, or a chain or ribbon hanging from it. 
[Cp. G. dial, fuppe, pocket.] 
f. o. b., abbr. Free on board. 

Foch, 1 feSh; 2 foch, Ferdinand (1851- ). 

French fleld-marshal; generalissimo (1918) of 
armies of the Allies on western front in the 
WorldWar (1914-18); visitedUnited States, 1921. 
fo'cus, 1 fo'kus; 2 fo'cus. I. vt. [fo'cused* or 

FO'CUSSED 1 , FO'CUST 8 ; FO'CUS-ING Or FO'CUS- 
sing.] To adjust or bring to a focus; con¬ 
centrate. fo'cal-izej. II. n. [fo'cus-es 2 or 
fo'ci, 1 -sai; 2 - 5 I, pi.) 1. A point of meeting 
of reflected or refracted rays of light; any 
point of concentration. 2. Geom. One of two 
points, as in an ellipse, the sum or difference 
of whose distances to any point of the curve 
is a constant. [L., hearth.]— fo'cal, a. Of, 
pertaining to, situated at, or constituting a focus, 
fod'der, 1 fed'ar; 2 fod'er. I. vt. To supply 
with fodder. II. n. Coarse feed, for horses, 
cattle, etc., as the stalks and leaves of Indian 
corn. [ < AS. foddor, < foda, food.] 
foe, 1 fo; 2 fo, n. 1. One actively hostile. 2. 
A hostile force; an enemy; adversary. [< 
AS. fa, fah, < V of feon, hate.]— foe'man, n. 
[foe'men, pi.] An active or open enemy, 
foehn, 1 fun; 2 fun, n. A warm and dry southerly 
wind of Alpine valleys, 
foe'tal, fce'tid, a. Same as fetal, fetid. 
fog, 1 fog; 2 fog. I. vt. & vi. [fogged, fogd°; 
fog'ging.] To surround with or as with fog; 
cloud; become foggy. II. n. 1. Condensed 
watery vapor suspended in the atmosphere 
at or near the earth’s surface. 2. Bewilder¬ 
ment; obscurity. [< Dan. fog, spray, storm.] 
— fog'gy, a. Full of or covered with fog; obscure; 
confused.— fog'gi-ly, adv .— fog'gi-ness, n. 
fo'gy, 1 fo'gi; 2 fo'gy, n. [fo'gies 2 , pi.) A per¬ 
son of old-fashioned notions. [Cp. G. vogt, 
Sw.fogde, steward.] fo'geyf ; fo'gief. -Ism, n. 
foi'bl(e p , 1 fei'bl; 2 foi'bl, ». A personal weak¬ 
ness; slight fault of char¬ 
acter. [F.] 

foil, 1 foil; 2 foil, vt. To 
render ineffectual; frus¬ 
trate; balk. [<F. 
fouler.] 

foil 1 , n. 1. Metal in very 
thin sheets, as the 
amalgam on the back of 
a mirror. 2. Anything 
that adorns or sets off 
something else by con¬ 
trast. 3. A leaf-like 
division in architectural FoIiated t * c °^ n a window 
ornamentation. [Or of Grace Church Chantry, New 
< L. folium, leaf.] York. 
foil 2 , n. A sword-like implement, with a but¬ 
ton on its end, used in fencing. [ < foil, ».] 
foist d , 1 feist; 2 foist, vt. To thrust in slyly; 

palm off. [< OD. vysten, fizzle; cp. fizz.] 
Fok'ker, 1 fek'ar; 2 fbk'er, n. [Ger.] A high- 
powered monoplane of great speed. 




1:3 = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II; IQ = feud; cfliin; go; 0 = sing; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; igk; thin, this. 









fol. 

forehead 


248 


fol.. foil., abbr. Following. 

fold ld , 1 fold; 2 fold, v. 1. t. 1. To lay or bend 
over upon itself; lap. 2. To embrace; envel¬ 
op. II. i. To shut in folds. [< AS. fealdan.] 
fold 2d , 1 fold; 2 fold, vt. To shut up in a fold, as 
sheep. [plait; ply. 2. An embrace, 

fold*, n. 1. One part doubled over another; a 
fold 2 , n. 1. A pen, as for sheep. 2. A flock of 
sheep; figuratively, a church. [ < AS. fold .] 
-fold, suffix. Signifying “times,” "repetitions”; as, 
two fold. [ < AS. -feald, akin to fealdan, fold.l 
fold'or, 1 fold'ar; 2 fold'er, n. One who or 
that which folds. 

fo"li-a'ceous, 1 foTi-e'ghus; 2 foTi-a'shus, a. Of 
the nature or form of a leaf. [ < L. folium, leaf.] 
fo'li-age, 1 fS'h-ij; 2 fo'li-ag, n. Any growth of 
leaves; a cluster of leaves; leaves collectively. 
[ < F. feuillage, < feuille, < L. folium, leaf.] 
fo'li-ate, 1 f5'h-et; 2 fo'li-at. I. vt. [-at"ed^ ; 
-at"ing.] To beat into a leaf; coat with a 
thin layer of amalgam, as a mirror. II. a. 
Having leaves; leafy; leaf-shaped; decorated 
wdth leaf-shaped ornaments; beaten into a 
leaf.— fo"ll-a'tion, n. 1. Bot. The leafing out 
of plants. 2. The act of foliating. 3. Arch. Dec¬ 
oration with foliated tracery. 4. The state of 
being foliaceous or foliated, 
fo'li-o, 1 fo'li-o; 2 fo'li-o, n. 1. A sheet of 
paper folded once. 2. A book or the like 
composed of sheets folded but once; hence, a 
book of the largest size. 3. Law. A specific 
number of words (72 to 100), used as a unit 
in calculating the length of a document. [L., 
abl. of folium , leaf.] 

folk, 1 fok; 2 fok, n. 1. People collectively. 
2. pi. [Colloq., U. S.] Those of one’s family; 
relatives. 3. A nation or race. [ < AS. folc. ] 
— folk More", n. The traditions, beliefs, and 
customs of the common people.— f.-song, n. A 
song or ballad of the common people. 
fol'li-cl(e p , 1 fel'i-kl; 2 fol'i-el, n. A minute 
cavity, sac, or tube; a dry seed*vessel; a 
cocoon. [ < L. folliculus, dim. of follis, bag.] 
— fol-lic'u-lar, a. 

fol'low, 1 fel'o; 2 ffil'o, v. I. t. 1. To go or 
come after; accompany as a subordinate; 
succeed; attend; pursue. 2. To engage in, as 
a trade; obey or conform to, as a precept or 
example. 3. To note, watch, or observe, as a 
moving object or the thought of a discourse. 
4. To result from. 5. To strive to obtain. 
II. i. 1. To go or move behind and toward 
something; pursue. 2. To be a natural con¬ 
sequence. [< AS. fylgan, folgian .]— fol'- 
low-er, n. One who or that which follows; an 
adherent, imitator, or attendant.—fol'low-lng. 

I. pa. Next in order; succeeding or ensuing. 

II. ra. A body of adherents or attendants, 
fol'ly, 1 fel'i; 2 fol'y, n. [fol'lies 2 , pi.] The 

state of being foolish; foolish conduct, or its 
result. [ < F. folie, < fol, fool.] 
fo-ment' d , 1 fo-ment'; 2 fo-m8nt', vt. 1. To 
apply warm or medicated lotions to. 2. To 
stir up to heat or violence; instigate. [ < L. F 
Jomento, < fomentum, warm lotion.]—fo"men- 
ta'tlon, n. The act of fomenting; any lotion or 
medicinal substance used in fomenting, 
fond, 1 fend; 2 fond, a. 1. Loving; affection¬ 
ate; sometimes, foolishly affectionate. 2. 
Foolishly prized; trivial; silly. [ME. fond, 
fonned, pp. of fonnen, act as a fool.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

fon'dl(e p , 1 fen'dl; 2 fon'dl, v. [fon'dl(e)d p ; 
fon'dling.] 1. 1. To handle lovingly; caress. 


II. i. To display fondness, as by caressing. 
[< fond, a.) 

font 1 , 1 fent; 2 font, n. 1. A receptacle for the 
water used in baptizing. 2. A fountain. [ < 
L.A9+LL/ 0 n(f-)s, fountain.] 
font 2 , n. Print. A full assortment of type of a 
particular kind. [ < L. F fundo, pour.] 
Fon"taine', 1 f6n"ten'; 2 fon"tan', n. See La 
Fontaine. 

Fon"taine"bleau', 1 fen*tSn"'bl5'; 2 fon'tan'bld', 
n. A town (pop. 14,000) in central France.— 
Forest of Fontainebleau, Palace of F., a 

park and residence of former French kings, now 
devoted to art-treasures. 

Fon'te-noy, 1 fen'ti-nei or (F.) fent"'nwa'; 2 fdn'- 
te-n6y or (F.) font"nwa', n. A village in Hai- 
naut, Belgium; French defeated English and al¬ 
lies, 1745. 

Foo"chow', 1 fu"<fliau': 2 foo'chow', n. The cap¬ 
ital (pop. 624,000) of Fukien province, China. 
Fu"chau'J. _ 

food, 1 fud; 2 food, n. 1. That which is eaten 
or drunk or absorbed for nourishment; nour¬ 
ishment; nutriment; aliment. 2. Nourish¬ 
ment taken in solid as opposed to liquid 
form; as, food and drink. [ < AS. foda .] 
fool, 1 ful; 2 fool. I. vt. & vi. To make a fool 
of; impose upon; deceive; play the fool. II. 
n. 1. A person lacking in understanding, 
judgment, or common sense; a simpleton. 2. 
An idiot; imbecile. 3. A court-jester. [ < 
LL. F follus, foolish, < L. follis, windbag.]— 
fool'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] Foolish conduct; any¬ 
thing foolish.—fool'har"dy, a. Bold without 
judgment; reckless; rash.—fool'har"d!-ly, adv. 
—fool'har"dl-ness, n.—fool'lsh, a. Of or like 
a fool; weak*minded; marked by folly, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n.— fools'cap", n. A size of writing- 
paper about 13 by 8 inches, as folded. 
foot d , 1 fut; 2 foot, v. I. t. 1. To tread; set the 
foot on; travel. 2. To add, as a column of 
figures. II. i. To go afoot; walk. —to foot 
it, to walk, run, or dance. 

foot, n. [feet, pi.] 1. The part below the 
ankle in man, or the corresponding part in 
other animals. 2. Anything corresponding in 
form, use, or position to an animal’s foot; the 
lowest part of a thing; the last of a series. 
3. A measure of length: twelve inches. 4. 
Unmounted troops, collectively; infantry. 5. 
Pros. A division of a verse [ < AS. fdt, pi. 
fit .]—foot 'ball", n. A large inflated ball to be 
kicked in play; also, the game in which it is used. 
— foot'fall", n. The sound of a footstep.— 
f. shill, n. A low’ hill, as at the base of a moun¬ 
tain.— foot'hold", n. A place where the foot 
may rest; secure footing; established position.— 
foot'Ing, n. t. A place to stand or w r alk on; 
hence, secure position. 2. The adding or the 
sum of a column of figures. 3. A footstep; 
tread.— foot'lights", n. pi. Lights in a row 
near the front of the stage, as in a theater.— 
foot'man, n. [-men, pi.] 1. A man servant 
w’ho attends a carriage, etc. 2||. A foot-soldier. 
— f.mote, n. A note at the foot of a page or 
column.— foot'pad", n. A highwayman or rob¬ 
ber on foot.— foot'path", n. A path for persons 
on foot.— foot'print", n. An impression of a 
foot, foot'mark"t. — foot'step", n. A step, 
or its sound or mark; footfall; footprint.— foot'- 
stool", n. A low stool for the feet, 
fop, 1 fop; 2 fop, n. A man affectedly fastidi¬ 
ous in dress or deportment; a dandy. [ < D. 
foppen, prate, cheat.]— fop'ling, n. A petty 
fop.— fop'per-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] The conduct or 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rQle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; 1= e; go, not, or, w6n. 







249 


fol. 

forehead 


practises of a fop. fop'pish-nessf.—fop'pish, 
a. Characteristic of a fop. -ly, adv. 
for, 1 for; 2 for. I. prep. Because, or by reason 
of; on account of; with a view to; tending 
toward; in behalf of; in place of; with refer¬ 
ence to; belonging to; adapted to; in honor 
of; by the name of. II. conj. Seeing that; 
since; because. [ < AS. for, fore, before, for.] 
for-, prefix, with values as follows: for- 1 . Thor¬ 
oughly; greatly: used with negative, alterative, 
and intensive force. [< AS. for-.] for- 2 . See 
fore- 1 , for- 3 . Outside. [< L. forts.] 
for., abbr. Foreign. 

for'age, 1 fer'ij; 2 for'ag. I. vt. & vi. [for'- 
aged; for'ag-ing.J To overrun in search of 
forage; provide with pr procure for forage; 
collect food for men and stock by roving 
search. II. n. 1. Any food suitable for 
horses or cattle. 2. The act of foraging. [ < 
LL.oF/odrwm, fodder.]—for'ag-er, n. 
for"as-much', 1 fer"az-mudh'; 2 ior"a§-much', 
conj. Seeing or considering that: used with as. 
for'ay, 1 fer'e; 2 for'a. I. vt. & vi. To ravage; 
pillage; raid. II. n. A marauding expedi¬ 
tion; raid. [Var. of forage.]— for'ay-er, n. 
for-bad(e' p , 1 fer-bad'; 2 for-bad', imp. of for¬ 
bid, v. 

for-bear', 1 fer-bar'; 2 for-bar', v. [for-bore'; 
for-borne'; for-bear'ing.] I. t. To re¬ 
frain or abstain from. II. i. 1. To refrain 
from some action. 2. To be patient. [ < AS. 
forberan, < for- (see for- 1 ), + beran, bear 1 , r.] 
—for-bear'ance, n. The act of forbearing; 
patience; mildness.—for-bear'lng, pa. Dis¬ 
posed to forbear; patient. * 

Air-bear', n. An ancestor; forebear, 
for-bid', 1 for-bid'; 2 for-bid', vt. [for-bade'; 
for-bid'den or for-bid', for-bid'n p ; for- 
bid'ding.] 1. To bid or command against an 
act; prohibit. 2. To command (a person) 
not to do. 3. To oppose effectually; operate 
against. [ < AS. forbeodan, < for- (see for- 1 ) 
+ beodan, bid.]— for-bid'ding, pa. Such as 
to repel; repellent; repulsive, 
force, 1 f5rs; 2 for?. I. vt. [forced 1 ; forc'- 
ing.] 1. To compel. 2. To accomplish by or 
as by force or violence. 3. To stimulate arti¬ 
ficially. II. n. 1. Any cause tending to pro¬ 
duce, stop, or change the motion of a body; 
any operating energy. 2. 

Constraint; compulsion; 
coercion. 3. Power to 
convince or move; co¬ 
gency; import. 4. Bind¬ 
ing effect; efficacy. 5. 

An organized body, as of 
troops or police; an army. 
fF., < L. LL forlis, strong.] 

-force'ful, a. -ly, adv. 

-ness, n.— foree'spump", 
n. A pump that delivers 
fluid at increased pressure 
by means of compressed air. 
force'meat", 1 fors'mlt"; 2 
fore'met", n. Finely chopped 
meat served separately or 
used as stuffing. [ < force 
( corr. of F. farce, < farcir, 

< L .farcio, cram) + meat.]^ 
for'ceps, 1 fer'seps; 2 for'gSps, n. 



, Side*suc- 
tion Force* 
pump. 

a , air»chamber; b , brake; 
d , d , discharge»pipes; p , 
piston-rod; 8, stand. 


__ Pincers for 

grasping small objects; a pincersdike struc¬ 
ture. [L., prob. < formus, warm, + capio, 
tSikc ] 

for'ci-bI(e p , 1 for'si-bl; 2 for'gi-bl, a. 1 . Ac¬ 


complished by force. 2. Energetic; cogent, 
-ness, n.— for'cl-bly, adv. 

ford, 1 ford; 2 ford. I d . vt. To wade across (a 
stream, etc.). II. n. A fording place in a 
stream. [< AS. ford , < faran, go.]— ford'- 
a-bl(e p , a. 

fore, 1 for; 2 for. I. a. Preceding in place or 
time; forward; antecedent; prior. II. n. The 
foremost part; the leading place. III. adv. 1. 
Naut. At or toward the bow. 2. Before; for¬ 
ward; in front. IY. prep. Before. [< AS. fore 
(cp. foran, before), a form of for, for.]— fore's 
and =aft", a. Lying or going in the direction of 
the ship’s length. 

fore-, prefix, with values as follows: fore- 1 . 
Before. [ < AS. fore-, for-, < fore-, before.] 
fore- 2 , = for- 1 , fore- 3 , = for- 3 .— fore'arm", 
n. The part of the arm that is between the elbow 
and the wrist.— fore'part", n. The fore part: 
an erroneous form.— fore-show', vt. To proph¬ 
esy. fore-shew'f. [beforehand, 

fore-arm', 1 f5r-arm'; 2 for-arm', vt. To arm 
fore-bear', 1 for-bar'; 2 for-bar', n. An ancestor. 

[Scot., < fore 1 + be, ».] 
fore-bode', 1 for-bdd'; 2 for-b5d', v. [-bod'- 
ED d ; -bod'ing.] I. t. 1. To be an omen or 
warning sign of; presage. 2. To have a pre¬ 
monition of. II. i. To foretell; prognosti¬ 
cate. [ < AS. forebodian; cp. bode, d.]— 
fore-bod'ing, n. The apprehension of coming 
misfortune. 

fore-cast' d , 1 for-kast'; 2 for-cast', vt. [-cast'; 
-cast'ing.] To calculate or plan beforehand; 
predict. [<fore- 1 + cast, «.] 
fore'cast", 1 for'kast"; 2 for'east", n. An an¬ 
tecedent calculation, determination, or con¬ 
trivance. 

fore 'cas"tle, 1 for'kas"l or (Naut.) fok'sl; 2 
for'eas"l or (Naut.) foe'sl, n. Naut. The 
forward part of a ship; compartment for 
common sailors. 

fore-close', 1 for-kloz'; 2 for-elos', vt. [fore¬ 
closed'; fore-clos'ing.] To bar by judicial 
proceedings the right to redeem mortgaged 
property; shut out; exclude. [< OF. for- 
clos.] — fore-clo'sure, n. The act of foreclosing, 
fore-doom', 1 for-dum'; 2 for-doom', vt. To 
doom in advance; condemn beforehand, 
fore'sedge", n. The front edge, as of a book. 

fore'fa"ther, 1 for'fa"thar; 2 for'fa"ther, n. 

An ancestor, especially a remote ancestor, 
fore-fen d' d , vt. Same as forfend. 
fore'fin"ger, 1 for'fii]"gar; 2 for'fin"ger, n. 

The digit next to the thumb, 
fore'foot", 1 for'fut"; 2 for'fdot", n. 1. A fore 
foot. 2. The bow or cutwater of a vessel, 
fore'front", 1 for'frunt"; 2 for'front", n. The 
foremost part or position. 
fore-go' 1 ,1 for-go'; 2 for-go', vt. [fore-went'; 
fore-gone'; fore-go'ing.] To deny oneself 
the pleasure or profit of; give up; relinquish. 
fore-go' 2 , vt. & vi. To go in advance of; go 
before.— fore-go'ing, pa. Occurring pre¬ 
viously; antecedent.— fore-gon(e' p , pa. De¬ 
termined already. 

foreground", 1 for'graund"; 2 for'ground", n. 
That part of a landscape or picture nearest 
the spectator. 

fore'hand"ed, 1 for'hand"ed; 2 for'hand"8d, 
a. 1. Done in good time. 2. [U. S.] Having 
money saved; thrifty. 

fore'head, ) 1 fer'ed; 2 for'gd, n. The upper 
fore'hed 8 , ) part of the face, above the eyes. 


l-» = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil: 10 = feud: tdiin; go; rj = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wq If, dQ; book, boot; mil, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 












foreign 

forum 


250 


for'eign,) 1 fer'in; 2 for'in, a. 1. Belonging to 
for'en 8 , \ or derived from another country; 
alien. 2. Connected with other countries. 

3. Introduced from without; not belonging 
to that place or body in which it is found. 

4. Not pertinent; irrelevant. f < LL. P 
foraneus, < 'L.foras, out of doors.]—for'eign-er, 
n. A citizen of a foreign country; an alien. 

fore-know % 1 fSr-no'; 2 for-no', vt. [fore¬ 
knew'; -known'; -know'ing.] To know be¬ 
forehand.—fore-know 1'edge, to. Knowledge 
of a thing before it exists or of an event before it 
takes place. 

fore'land", to. A projecting point of land, 
fore'look", 1 for'lek"; 2 for'lok", to. A lock of 
hair growing over the forehead, as of a horse, 
fore'man, 1 for'men; 2 for'man, to. [fore'- 
men, pi.] The head man overseeing a body 
of workmen.—fore'man-ship, to. 
fore'mast", 1 for'mast"; 2 for'mast", to. The 
foremost mast of a vessel, 
fore'most", 1 for'most"; 2 for'mSst", a. First 
in place, time, rank, or order; chief. [< AS. 
formest.] 

fore-noon', 1 for-nun'; 2 for-noon', to. The 
period of daylight preceding midday; the 
morning. 

fo -ren'sic, 1 fo-ren'sik; 2 fo-r£n'sie, a. Per¬ 
taining to courts of justice or to public dis¬ 
putation. [ < L. forensis, < forum , market* 
place, forum.]—fo-ren'si-cal-ly, adv. 
fore"or-dain', 1 for"er-den'; 2 for"or-dan', vt. 
To ordain beforehand; predestinate.—fore- 
or"di-na'tion,n. Predestination; predetermina¬ 
tion. 

fore-run', 1 for-run'; 2 for-run', vt. To run in 
advance of; precede; usher in; announce.— 
fore-run'ner, to. A herald; prognostic, 
fore'sail", 1 for'sel" or ( Naut .) for'sl; 2 for'- 
sal" or (Naut.) for'sl, to. Naut. A sail, espe¬ 
cially the lowest sail on a foremast, 
fore-see', 1 for-sl'; 2 for-se', v. [fore-saw'; 
fore-seen'; fore-see'ing.] I. (. To see be¬ 
forehand; anticipate. II. i. To have foresight, 
fore-shad'ow, 1 for-^ffiad'o; 2 for-shad'o. I. 
vt. To suggest beforehand; prefigure. II. to. 
The indistinct representation of something 
to come. 

fore'shore", 1 for'jfhor"; 2 for'shor", to. That 
part of a shore uncovered at low tide, 
fore-short'en, 1 for-^hert'n; 2 for-short'n, vt. 
To shorten parts in a drawing of (an object), 
so as to give the proper impression of dis¬ 
tance. 

fore'sight", 1 fSr'sait"; 2 for'sit", to. 1. The 
act or capacity of foreseeing. 2. Thoughtful 
care for the future. [ < fore- 1 + sight.] 
for'est, 1 fer'est; 2 for'gst, n. A large tract of 
land covered with a natural growth of trees 
and underbrush. [OF., < LL. foresta, < L. 
foras; see foreign.]— for'est-er, «. 1. One who 
has charge of a forest, its timber, or its game. 
2. A dweller in a forest.—for'est-ry, to. The art 
of developing or managing forests, 
fore-stall', 1 for-stel'; 2 for-stal', vt. 1. To 
hinder or guard against by preparation; an¬ 
ticipate; prevent. 2. To preoccupy or control 
in one’s own favor by anticipatory measures, 
fore'stay", 1 for'ste"; 2 for'sta", to. Naut. A 
guy from the foremast to the stem, 
fore-taste', 1 for-test'; 2 for-tast', vt. To have 
some experience of before possessing. 


fore'taste", I for'test"; 2 fbr'tast", to. A taste 

or brief experience beforehand, 
fore-tell', 1 for-tel'; 2 for-tgl', vt. & vi. [fore¬ 
told'; fore-tell'ing.] To tell or declare in 
advance; predict.—fore-tell'er, to. 
forethought", 1 for'thet"; 2 for'thot", to . 1 . 
Consideration beforehand. 2. Prudent care 
for the future. 

fore"to'ken, vt. Same as foreshadow. 
fore'top", 1 for'tep"; 2 for'top", to . 1 . The 
forelock. 2. A platform at the head of a 
foremast.—fore'top"mast, to. Themastnext 
above the foremast. 

for-ev'er, 1 fer-ev'ar; 2 for-Sv'er, adv. 1. 
Throughout eternity; to the end of time. 2. 
Incessantly. ■_ 

fore-warn', 1 for-worn'; 2 for-warn', vt. To 
caution beforehand; inform or instruct in ad¬ 
vance. 

fore'word", 1 for'wurd"; 2 for'whrd", to. An 

introduction; preface. 

forfeit, ) 1 fer'fit; 2 for'fit. I d . vt. To incur 
for'fit 8 , ) the loss of through some fault, omis¬ 
sion, error, or offense. II. a. Forfeited. 
III. to. 1. A thing lost by way of penalty for 
some default. 2. pi. Any game in which 
some playful penalty is imposed. [ < OF. 
forfait, pp. of forfaire, < L. LL /om, out of doors, 
+ facio, do.]—for'fei-ture, to. The act of for¬ 
feiting, or that which is forfeited. 
for-fend'|| d , 1 for-fend'; 2 f6r-fgnd', vt. To ward 
off; prevent. 

for-gave', 1 for-g6v'; 2 fdr-gSv', imp. of forgive, v. 
forge 1 , 1 forj or forj; 2 forg or forg, v. [forged; 
forg'ing.] *1. t. 1. To shape (metal) with a 
hammer or machine; shape; frame. 2. Law. 
To make or alter with intent to defraud. II. 
i. To be guilty of forgery. [ < F. forger , < 
L. fabricor, make, construct.]—forg'er, to. 1. 
One who counterfeits or commits forgery. 2. 
A smith.—for'ger-y, to. [-ies z , pi.] 1. The act 
of fraudulently falsifying any commercial or legal 
paper. 2. The act of counterfeiting coin. 3. A 
spurious article bearing a false signature. 
forge 2 , v. I. t. To impel forward. II. i. To 
go slowly or with difficulty, as by mere mo¬ 
mentum. [Perhaps corr. of force, ».] 
forge, to. 1. An open fireplace or hearth with 
forced draft, for heating metal ready for ham¬ 
mering or shaping. 2. A place where metal is 
forged. [F., < L. fabrica; see fabric.] 
for-get', 1 fer-get'; 2 f5r-gSt', vt. & vi. [for¬ 
got'; for-got'ten; for-get'ting.] 1. To be 
unable to recall to mind; lose from the mem¬ 
ory. 2. To lose interest in or regard for; neg¬ 
lect. [ < AS. forgitan , < for- (see for- 1 ) + gi- 
tan, get.]— for-get'ful, a. Forgetting easily; neg¬ 
lectful. -!y, adv. -ness, to.— for-get'sme*not", 
n. A perennial herb, with small sky*blue flowers. 
for-giv(e' p , 1 fer-giv'; 2 for-glv', v. [for-gave'; 
for-giv'en; for-giv'ing.] I. t. 1. To cease 
to cherish displeasure toward; pardon; ex¬ 
cuse. 2. To remit, as a debt. II. i. To show 
forgiveness in spirit or conduct. [ < AS. 
for- (see for- 1 ) + gifan, give.]— for-giv'a-bl (e p , 
a. That may be forgiven.—for-give'ness, to. 

I. The act of forgiving; pardon. 2. A disposition 
to forgive, for-giv'ing-nesst.—for-giv'er, to. 
—for-giv'ing, pa. Disposed to forgive. -Iy, adv. 

for-got', 1 fer-get'; 2 fdr-got', imp. & pp. of 
forget, r. 

fork, 1 ferk; 2 fork. V.vt.&vi. To lift, toss, or 
dig with a fork; divide into diverging parts. 

II. to. A device consisting of a handle and 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, riile; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast,, what, all; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 







251 * 


foreign 

forum 


two or more tines or prongs; also, anything 
of like shape or use. [ < AS. fore, < L. furca, 
fork.]— forked, a. Having a fork, or shaped 
like a fork; diverging into two branches, 
for-lorn', 1 fer-lern'; 2 for-lorn', a. Left in 
distress without help or hope; miserable; 
pitiable; lonely; dreary. [< AS. forloren, < 
for-, for- 1 , + ledsan, lose.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— forlorn hope, a military detachment detailed 
for a doubtful or desperate enterprise; also, such 
an enterprise. 

form, 1 form; 2 form, v. I. t. To make or 
construct; conceive; mold; arrange; compose. 
II. i. To assume a specific form, 
form, n. 1. The shape of a body as distin¬ 
guished from its substance or color; figure; 
contour; hence, appearance; style; manner; 
kind. 2. Regular method; ritual; ceremony; 
style. 3. A mold, model, or formula. 4. A 
long bench without a back. 5. Print. Type, 
engravings, plates, etc., imposed in a chase. 
6. A ghost; fantom. [ < L , OF forma, form.]— 
form'less, a. Without form; shapeless.— 
form 'less-ly, adv. —forni'less-ness, n. 

-form, suffix. Like; in the shape of. [ < L. -formis, 
-like, < forma, form.] 

for'mal, 1 for'mal; 2 for'mal, a. 1. Made or 
done according to established forms; having 
regard to social forms; ceremonial; cere¬ 
monious. 2. Pertaining to form as opposed 
to substance; outward; external.-— for'mal- 
ism, n. Scrupulous observance of forms.— 
for'mal-ist, n. —for-mal'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 

I. The state or character of being formal; con¬ 
ventionality. 2. A proper order of procedure; 
also, an empty ceremonial.— for'mal-ly, adv. 

for-mat', 1 for-mat' or fer"ma'; 2 for-mat' or 
for"ma', n. The form, size, type=face, and gen¬ 
eral appearance of a book when bound. [F.] 
for-ma'tlon, 1 fer-me'^han; 2 for-ma'shon, 
n. The act, process, or result of forming; 
construction; arrangement; development.— 
form'a-tiv(e 8 . I .a. 1. Competent, serving, 

or aiding to form. 2. Pertaining to formation. 

II. n. An element added to a word, as a prefix 
or suffix. 

for'mer, 1 fer'mar; 2 for'mer, a. Going before 
in time; previously mentioned; preceding; 
ancient, f < AS. forma, first.]— for'mer-ly, 
adv. Some time or a long time ago. 
form 'er, n. One w r ho or that which forms or 
molds; a maker; pattern. [< L , OF formator, 
< formo. form.] 

for'mi-da-bl(e p , 1 fer'mi-da-bl; 2 for'mi-da-bl, 
a. Exciting fear; dangerous to encounter; 
difficult to accomplish. [F., < L. formida¬ 
ble, < formido, fear.]— for 'mi-da-bly, adv. 
For-mo'sa, 1 fer-mo'sa; 2 for-mo'sa, n. See 
Taiwan. 

for'nni-la, 1 fer'miu-la; 2 for'mu-la, n. [-las z 
or -las, pi.] 1. A fixed rule or form; exact 
statement. 2. Med. A prescription. 3. An 
algebraic rule or chemical combination ex¬ 
pressed in symbols. [L., dim. of forma, form.] 
— for'mu-la-ry. I. a. Stated in or as in a 
formula; formal. II. n. [-ries 2 , pi.] A collec¬ 
tion of forms, formulas, etc.; a ritual or formula. 
—for'mu-late, vt. [-LAT"ED d ; -latTng.] To 
express in a formula, or as a formula, for'mu- 
lar-izef.—for"mu-la'tion, n. 
for"ni-ca'tion, 1 fer"m-ke'£han; 2 for"ni-ca'- 
shon, n. Illicit sexual intercourse. [ < L. 
fornix (Jornic-), brothel, lit. vault.]— for'ni-ca"- 
tor, n .— for'nl-ca"tress, n. 


for-sake', 1 fer-sek'; 2 for-sak', vt. [for-sook'; 
for-sak'en or for-sook'; for-sak'ing.] To 
leave or withdraw from; abandon; also, to re¬ 
ject. [ < AS. forsacan .] 

for-sooth', 1 fer-suth'; 2 for-sooth', adv. In 
truth; certainly: chiefly ironical. [< for, 
prep., sooth.] 

for-swear', 1 fer-sw’ar'; 2 for-sw'ar', vt. & vi. 
[-sw'ore'; -sworn'; -swear'ing.] To re¬ 
nounce upon oath; repudiate; perjure (one¬ 
self) . 

fort, 1 fort; 2 fort, n. Mil. A defensive work; a 
fortification; fortress. [F., < L. fortis, strong.] 
fort., abbr. Fortification, fortified, 
fort'a-lice, 1 fert'a-lis; 2 fort'a-llc, n. An out¬ 
work of a fortification; a small fort. [< OF. 
forlelesse, < LL. fortalilia, < L. fortis, strong.] 
forte, 1 fort; 2 fort, n. That which one does 
most readily or excellently. [ < L. F fortis, 
strong.] 

forth, 1 forth; 2 forth, adv. Forward in place, 
time, or order; outward; away; out; abroad. 
[< AS. forth, < fore, before.]—forth'com"ing, 
a. Ready or about to appear.—forth"with', 
adv. Without delay; immediately, 
for'ti-eth, 1 fer'ti-efh; 2 for'ti-eth. I. a. 1. 
Tenth in order after the thirtieth. 2. Being 
one of forty equal parts. II. n. One of forty 
equal parts.— for'ti-eth-Iy, adv. 
for"ti-fi-ca'tion, 1 for"ti-fi-ke'^han; 2 for"ti- 
fi-ca'shon, n. 1. The act, art, or science of 
fortifying. 2. A military defensive work; a 
fort. 

for'ti-fy, 1 fer'ti-fai; 2 for'ti-fy, vt. & vi. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] To provide with or raise defensive 
works; give strength, security, or power to. 
[< L. LL+F fortis, strong; and see -fy.] —for'ti- 

fi"a-bl(e p , a. 

for'ti-tude, 1 fer'ti-tiud; 2 for'ti-tiid, n. 
Strength of mind to meet or endure unfalter¬ 
ingly pain, adversity, or peril. [ < L. forti¬ 
tude), < fortis, strong.] 

fort'night", 1 fert'nait"; 2 fort'nlt", n. A 
period of two weeks. [ < AS. feowertyne, 
fourteen, + niht (pi.), nights.] -ly, a. & adv. 
for'tress, 1 fer'tres; 2 for'trds, n. A large per¬ 
manent fort; a stronghold; castle. [< F. 
forteresse, < L. L1 - fortis, strong.] 

Fort Sum'ter, 1 sum'tar; 2 sum'ter. A fort in 
Charleston harbor, S. C., captured by the Con¬ 
federates, Apr. 14, 1861, beginning the American 
Civil War; bombarded by Federals, April, 1863. 
for-tu'i-tous, 1 fer-tiQ'i-tus; 2 for-tu'i-tus, a. 
Occurring by chance; casual; accidental. [ < 
L. fortuilus, < for(t-)s, chance.]-ly, adv. -ness, 
n. —for-tu'l-ty, n. Chance occurrence, 
for'tu-nate, 1 fer'dhu-mt; 2 for'chu-nat, a. 

1. Happening by a favorable chance; lucky. 

2. Favored with good fortune, -ly, adv. 

for'tune, 1 fer'dhun; 2 for'chun, n. That which 
comes or happens as if by chance, especially 
favorable chance; lot; luck; success; a large 
estate; wealth. [F., < L. fortuna, < for, 
fortune.] 

for'ty, 1 fer'ti; 2 for'ty. I. a. Consisting of 
ten more than thirty. II. n. The sum of 
ten and thirty. [ < AS. fedwer (four) -f- -tig 
(see fifty) .] 

fo'rum, 1 fo'rum; 2 fo'rum, n. [fo'rums 2 or 
fo'ra, pi.] A place of public assembly in 
ancient Rome; any public assembly or place 
for public meeting; a tribunal; court. [L.j See 
illus. on next page. 


1:a = final; I = hablt^ aisle; au = out; ell; ifl = feud; c5hin; go; r) = sin^; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bflrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








forward 
F. P. 


252 



for 'ward, 1 fer'werd; 2 for'ward. I d . vt. 
send onward or forward; help onward; 
ther; transmit. II. 
a. 1. Located at 
or near the front. 

2. In an advanced 
state; advancing. 

3. Eager; prompt; 
hence, officious; 
impertinent; bold. 

III. adv. Toward 
the front or some 
advanced position; 
onward; ahead. _ _ 

for'wardsj. [< Roman Forum. 

AS. Meweart.] -ly, „£ *"J gJSSnZZTjl 

ddV. -I1CSS, 71. an liasilica; d, site of the Temple of 

fOSS, 1 fos; 2 fOS, M. Castor; f, Via Sacra (Sacred Way); 
An artificial ditch or a. Column of l’hocas; ft, Forum 
moat, as In a fort. proper ‘ 

[ < F. fosse, < L. fossa, < fodlo, dig.] 
fos'sil, 1 fes'il; 2 fos'il. I. a. Dug out of the 
earth; petrified; of or like a fossil; outworn; 
antiquated. II. re. 1. A body, as the petri¬ 
fied form of a plant or an animal, preserved 
in earth or rock. 2. A person or thing anti¬ 
quated or out of date. [< L. F fossilis, < 
fodio, dig.]— fos"sil-if'er-ous, a. Containing 
fossils. — fos'sll-ize, vt. & vi. [-ized; -iz"ing.] 
To change or be changed into a fossil; petrify; 
make or become antiquated, fos'sil-isej. 
fos-so'ri-al, 1 fe-so'ri-al; 2 fo-so'ri-al, a. Digging; 
burrowing; as, a fossorial animal. [< LL. fos- 
sorius, < fossor, digger, < fodio, dig.] 


fos'ter, 1 fes'tar; 2 fos'ter, vt. To provide with 
food; nourish; rear; aid; encourage. [< AS. 
fostrian, < fostor, nourishment.] — fos'ter* 
broth"er, f. =ehild, f.sfather, f. smother, f.» 
parent, f.=slster, f.sson, one considered as 
holding the relationship indicated, in consequence 
of nursing and rearing, altho not related by 
blood. 

Fou"cault', 1 fu"k5'; 2 fu'co', Jean Bernard 
Leon (1819-1868). A French physicist; devised 
a pendulum. 

fought, 1 fet; 2 fot, imp. & pp. of fight, v. 
fought'en, pp. of fight, v. Obsolete except in the 
phrase a foughten field. 

foul, 1 faul; 2 foul. I. vt. & vi. 1. To collide 
with, as a vessel; collide; make or become foul 
or dirty; commit a breach of rule against (a 
competitor). 2. Baseball. To strike a foul. 
II. a. 1. Morally or physically offensive; 
loathsome; filthy. 2. Obstructing, entan¬ 
gling, or injuring; unfair. III. n. An act of 
fouling, colliding, or becoming entangled; a 
breach of rule. IV. adv. Foully. [ < AS. 
ful, foul.]—foul'ly, adv. In a foul manner.— 
foul'ness, re. 

fou-lard', 1 fu-lard'; 2 fu-lard', re. 1. A soft, fine, 
washable silk dress-goods. 2. An imitation of 
this, made of silk and cotton. [F.] 
found, 1 found; 2 found, imp. & pp. of find, v. 
found" 1 , v. I. t. To lay the foundation of; 
originate; establish. II. i. To form and base 
one’s belief or opinion. [ < L. F fundo, < fun¬ 
dus, base.]—found-a'tion, re. 1. The act of 
founding, or that on which anything is founded; 
base; basis. 2. An endowment, or endowed in¬ 
stitution.— found 'er 1 , re. One who founds or 
endows.—found'ress, re. fern. 
found 2d , vt. To cast, as iron, by melting and 
pouring. [ < F. fondre, < L. fundo, pour.]— 
found'er 2 , re. One who makes castings.— 


found'ing, re. The business of making articles 
of cast iron, brass, etc. 

foun'der, 1 faun'dar; 2 foun'der, vt. & vi. 

1. To fill with water and sink, as a vessel. 

2. To fail in any way; miscarry; be ruined. 3. 
To make or go lame, as a horse, by reason of 
an inflammation in the feet. [ < OF. afondrer, 
sink, < fond (< L. fundus), bottom.]—foun'¬ 
der 3 , re. Vet. Surg. Inflammation of the tissue 
in the foot of ahorse. 

found'ling, 1 faund'hq; 2 found'ling, n. A de¬ 
serted infant of unknown parentage. [ < 
AS. Jindan, find.] 

foun'dry, 1 faun'dn; 2 foun'dry, re. [foun'- 
dries z , pi.] An establishment in which 
articles are cast from metal. [ < F. fonderie, 
< fondre; see found 2 , v.] foun'der-yf. 

fount, 1 fount; 2 fount, re. 1. A fountain. 2. A font. 

foun'tain, 1 faun'tm; 2 foun'tin, n. 1. A 
spring of water; a jet or spray of water forced 
upward artificially; also, any structure en¬ 
closing it. 2. A cause; origin; source of sup¬ 
ply. [< L. LL+F fon(t-)s, fountain.]—foun'- 
taln-head", re. The source of a stream; any 
primal source. 

Fou"que'. re. See Lamotte»Fouqu£. 

four, 1 for; 2 for. I. a. Consisting of one more 
than three. II. re. The sum of three and one. 

[ < AS. fedwer.] —four'fold". I. a. Made up 
of four; quadruple. II. re. That which is four 
times as many or as much. III. adv. In quad¬ 
rupled measure.—four'score", a. & re. Eighty. 
—four-square", a. Having four equal sides 
and angles.—four'teen". I. a. Consisting 
of four more than ten. II. re. The sum of ten 
and four.—fourteenth", a. & re.—fourth. 
I. a. Next in order after the third. II. re. One 
of four equal parts, -ly, adv. 

Fou"rl"er', 1 fu"rre'; 2 fu"ri"§', Francois (1772- 
1837). A French socialist.—Fou'rl-er-lsm, n. 
Fourier’s communistic system. 

fowl, 1 foul; 2 fowl, re. 1. The common domes¬ 
tic cock or hen. 2. pi. Poultry in general. 

3. Birds collectively, as wild fowl. 41|. Any 
bird. See illus. on next page. [ < AS. fugol, 
fowl.]—fowl'er, re. One who catches or kills 
wild birds for sport or food.—fowl'ing, re. The 
killing of birds as a sport or for food.—fowl 'ing* 
piece", re. A light smooth-bore shotgun for bird¬ 
shooting. 

fox', 1 feks; 2 foks, vt. To furnish with foxing, 
as a boot.—fox'ing, re. An edging of leather 
applied over the upper-leather of a shoe. fox*. 

fox 1 , re. 1. A burrowing canine mammal having 
a long, pointed muzzie and long bushy tail, 
commonly reddish-brown in color, noted for 
its cunning; also, one of various animals in 
some way likened to this. 2. A sly, crafty 
person. 3. Naut. A small rope made by hand 
of two or more rope-yarns. [ < AS. fox .]— 
fox'hound", re. One of a breed of dogs trained 
to hunt foxes.—fo*'«ter"rl-er, re. A short- 
coated, mainly white, terrier.—fox'y, a. 1. Of 
or like a fox; crafty in character; reddish-brown 
in color. 2. Having a musky taste.—fox'1- 
ness, re. 

Fox 2 , re. 1. Charles James (1749-1806), an En¬ 
glish statesman; opposed American policy of 
George III. 2. George (1624-1691), an English 
religious reformer; founder of the Society of 
Friends. 

foy"er', 1 fwa'ye' or foi'ar; 2 fwa'yg' or fdy'er, re.. 
A public room or lobby, as in a theater. [F.] 

F. P., abbr. Fire plug.—f. p. a., abbr. Free of par¬ 
ticular average.—Fr., abbr. France, Francis, 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, bum- 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh*t, ftli; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I * ej go, ndt, or, w£ 






























REPRESENTATIVE TYPES OF 


1. Sebright Bantams. 

2. Exhibition Black*breasted Red 

Games. 

3. Dark Cornish or Indian Games. 

4. Japanese Bantams. 

5. Silver*spangled Hamburgs. 

6. Pit Games. 


7. La Fleche. 

8. White Leghorns. 

9. Black Langshans. 

10. Buff Cochins. 

11. Partridge Cochins. 

12. Light Brahmas. 

13. Mottled Javas. 


FOWLS 

14. Barred Plymouth Rocks. 

15. Silver*laced Wyandottes. 

16. Silver*gray Dorkings. 

17. Houdans. 

18. White*faced Black Spanish. 

19. Black Minorcas. 

20. White=crested Black Polish. 




fracas 

friction 


254 


French, Friar, Friday.— fr., abbr. Fragment, 
franc, from.— fr., freq., abbr. Frequent, fre¬ 
quentative. 

fra 'cas, 1 fre'kos; 2 fra'eas, n. A noisy fight or 
quarrel; uproar. [F., < fracasser, shatter.] 
frac'tion, 1 frak'^han; 2 frac'shon, n. 1. A 
disconnected part; fragment. 2. A quantity 
less than a unit, or one expressed as the sum 
of a number of equal parts of a unit. [F., < 
L. fracliofn-), < fractus, broken.]— fraction¬ 
al, a. -ly, adv. 

fractious, 1 frak'^hus; 2 frac'shus, a. Dis¬ 
posed to rebel; restive; unruly; peevish. [< 
Prov. Eng. fralch, scold.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fracture, 1 frak'dhur; 2 frSc'chur. I. vt. & vi. 
frac'tured; frac'tur-ing.] To break; be 
broken; admit of fracture. II. n. The act of 
creaking; a break, either partial or complete. 
[F., < 'L.fractura, a breach.]— frac'tur-al, a. 
frag'il(e 9 , 1 fraj'il; 2 frag'il, a. Easily broken; 
frail; delicate. [ < L. fragilis, < frango, break.] 
— fra-gil t-ty, n. Fragile quality or condition, 
frag'ment, 1 frag'ment or -mant; 2 frag'ment, 
n. A part broken off; a small detached por¬ 
tion. [F., < L. fragmentum, fragment, rem¬ 
nant.]— frag 'men-ta-ry, a. Composed of frag¬ 
ments; broken; incomplete, frag-men talt. — 
frag'men-ta-ri-Iy, adv. 

fra'grant, 1 fre'grant; 2 fra'grant, a. Having 
an agreeable smell. [ < L. fragran(t-)s, sweet* 
scented.] -ly, adv .— fra'grance, n. The state 
or quality of being fragrant, fra 'gran-cy t. 
frail, 1 frel; 2 fral, a. Delicately constituted; 
easily broken or destroyed; easily tempted; 
liable to be led astray. [< L. F fragilis , 
fragile ] -ly, adv. —frail'ty, n. [frail'ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. The state of being frail. 2. A moral in¬ 
firmity. frall'nessf. 

frail, n. A basket made of rushes: used for 
containing dried fruits, and as a measure. [ < 
OF. fraiel, basket.] [of Music. 

F. It. A. M., abbr. Fellow of the Royal Academy 
frame, 1 frem; 2 fram. I. vt. [framed; 
fram'ing.] To put together, as a structure; 
contrive; arrange; adjust; shape; surround 
with a frame. II. n. 1. Something composed 
of parts united in a system; general arrange¬ 
ment or constitution; framework. 2. A case 
or border made to enclose or surround a thing. 
3. A mental state or condition. [ < AS. 
fremu, advantage, < fremman, perform, do.]— 
fram'er, n. —frame'work", n. A skeleton 
structure for supporting or enclosing something, 
franc, 1 frapk; 2 frSnc, n. A French silver 
coin. See coin. [ < OF. franc.] 

France, 1 frans; 2 fr&nc, n. A republic (207,054 
sq. m.; pop. 39,194,550) in W. central Europe; 
capital. Paris. 

Fran"chet' D’Es"pe-rey', 1 frcnV’jfiie' des"pa-re'; 
2 fran"che' des"pe-re', E. M. F. (1856- ). 

French marshal; defeated Germans on] the 
Meuse river, France, Aug., 1914. 
fran'chise, 1 fran'dhiz; 2 fr&n'chig, n. I. 
A political right, as of suffrage. 2. A special 
privilege or exemption. 3. A place of refuge. 
[OF., < franc: see frank, a.] 

Fran'els, 1 frun'sis; 2 fran'eis, n. 1. F. I. (1494- 
1547), king of France; met Henry VIII. of 
England on the “Field of the Cloth of Gold.” 
2. Saint F. of Assisi (1182-1226), Italian mendi- 

nont nrpjiphpr 

frail 'gi-l»l(e p , 1 fran'ji-bl; 2 fnWgi-bl, a. Eas¬ 
ily broken; fragile. [F., < L. frango, break.] 

—fran"gi-bil'i-ty, n. 

frank 1 , 1 fraijk; 2 frank, vt. To dispatch, 


or cause to be transported, free of charge, 
frank, a. Candid and open; ingenuous. [< 
OF. franc, frank, free.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Franks n. 1. A member of one of the Ger¬ 
manic tribes settled on the Rhine early in the 
Christian era. 2. In the Orient, any Euro¬ 
pean. [ < OHG. Franko = AS. franca, javelin.] 
frank-, n. The right to send maibmatter free, 
the package so sent, or the signature that 
authenticates it: extended commercially to 
telegrams, etc. [ < frank, a.] 

Frank'fort =ondhe*Main', 1 frapk'fart , main'; 2 
frank'fort, min', n. A city (pop. 433,000), capital 
of Hesse*Nassau province, Prussia; birthplace of 
Goethe; shelled by Allied air*planes, 1918. 
Frank'furt*amsMain't [G.]. 
frank'in-eense, 1 frarjk'in-sens; 2 fr&nk'in- 
Cens, n. An aromatic gum or resin: used as an 
incense. 

frank'lin, 1 frarjk'hn; 2 fr&nk'lin, n. A free¬ 
holder. [OF. frankeleyn, < LL. franchilanus, 
^ fj a ficus t free ] 

Frank'lln, Benjamin (1706-1790). An American 
patriot, writer, and diplomat; signer of the 
Declaration of Independence, 
frail'tic, 1 fran'tik; 2 fran'tic, o. Manifesting 
or due to excessive excitement; frenzied. [ < 
Gr. phrenUikos, < phren, brain.]— fran'tl-cal- 
ly, adv. [ical Society. 

F. R. A. S., abbr. Fellow of the Royal Astronom- 
fra-ter'nal, 1 fra-tur'nal; 2 fra-ter'nal, a. 
Pertaining to or befitting a brother; broth¬ 
erly. [< L. LL fraternus, < / rater, brother.] 
-ly, adv. —fra-ter'nal-lsm, n.— fra-ter'nl-ty, 
n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The condition or relation of 
brotherhood; brotherly affection. 2. An associa¬ 
tion or brotherhood.— frat'er-nize or -nise, 
vt. & vi. To bring into brotherly relations; hold 
fellowship.— frat"er-ni-za'[or -sa']tion, n. 
frat'ri-cide, 1 frat'ri-said; 2 fr&t'ri-<;Id, n. 1. 
One who kills his brother. 2. The killing of 
a brother by a brother. [F., < L. / rater, 
brother, + csedo, kill.]— frat'ri-ci"dal, a. 
fraud, 1 fred; 2 frad, n. 1. Deception with the 
object of gaining by another’s loss; craft; 
trickery; guile. 2. [Colloq.] One who acts 
fraudulently; a cheat; a deceptive or spurious 
thing. [< L. F fraus, deceit.]—fraud'u-lent, 
a. Proceeding from, characterized by, or prac¬ 
tising fraud, -ly, adv. — fraud'u-lence, n. 
fraud 'u-len-cyt. 

fraught, 1 fret; 2 frat, pa. [Poet.] Freighted; 

laden; full. [ < Dan. fragte, load.] 
Fraun'ho-fer, 1 fraun'lio-far; 2 froun'ho-fer, 
Joseph (1787-1826). A German optician and 
physicist; mapped dark lines of the spectrum. — 
Fraunhofer’s lines, a group of dark lines in 
the spectrum, appearing to the eye as a single 
transverse line. 

fray, 1 fre; 2 fra, v. I. t. To wear; fret. II. i. 

To ravel at the edge. [ < L.^frico, rub.] 
fray 1 , n. A fretted spot in a cloth, cord, etc. 
fray 2 , n. 1. An affray; fracas. 2||. A combat; 

assault. [Abbr. of affray, n.] 

F. R. C. P., abbr. Fellow of the Royal College of 
Physicians. — F. R. C. S., abbr. Fellow of the 
Royal College of Surgeons.— Fr. E., abbr. French 
ells. 

freak, 1 frik; 2 frek, n. 1. A sudden causeless 
change of mind; a whim. 2. A monstrosity. 
[Prob. < AS. free, bold, rash.]— freak'isli, a. 
freck'l(e p , 1 frek'l; 2 frek'l. I. vt. & vi. 
[freck'l(e)d p ; freck'ling.] To mark or be 
marked with freckles. II. n. A small, 
brow T nish, or dark*colored spot on the skin. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn, 







255 


fracas 

friction 


[< Ice. freknur, pi., Ireckles.]—freck'led, pa. 
Marked with Ireckles. freck'lyt. 

Fred., Fredk., abbr. Frederick. 

Fred'er-ick, 1 fred'ar-ik; 2 fred'er-ik, II., “the 
Great” (1712—1786). King ol Prussia; German 
military leader against the Austrians, Russians, 
and French. 

Fred'er-Icks-burg, 1 fred'ar-iks-burg; 2 frgd'er- 
iks-burg, n. A city (pop. 5,880), Spottsylvania 
county, Va.; Lee defeated Burnside, 1862. 

free, 1 frl; 2 fre. \.vt. [freed; fhee'ing.] To 
set free; release from bondage; rid or relieve, 
as from hindrance or restraint. II. a. [fre'- 
er; fre'est.] 1. Not restrained, fastened, 
bound, or fixed; at liberty; uncontrolled; in¬ 
dependent. 2. Exempt: followed by from or 
rarely by of. 3. Lacking formality; ingenu¬ 
ous; frank; easy; careless; unconstrained. 

4. Unduly familiar; indelicate or immodest. 

5. Without fee; gratuitous. 6. Giving with¬ 
out stint; liberal; generous. III. adv. With¬ 
out restriction; freely; gratuitously; willing¬ 
ly. [ < AS. fred, orig. loving, beloved.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. — freeLboard", n. Naut. The side of 
a vessel between the water=line and the deck.— 
free'boot"er, n. A robber.— free'hold", n. 
1. An estate in lands. 2. Land held in fee simple. 
— free'hoId"er, n. The owner of a freehold 
estate. — free'man, n. A man who is free; one 
not a slave; a citizen.— Free'ma"son, n. A 
member of an ancient and widely extended 
secret fraternity.— Free 'ina"son-ry, n. The 
institutions and principles of Freemasons; hence, 
community of feeling and interest.— free 'stone" , 
n. 1. A sandstone, easily wrought for building 
purposes. 2. A peach easily freed from its pit.— 
f. trade, commerce unrestricted by tariff or 
customs.— f. strader, n. 1. An advocate of free 
trade. 2. [Gt. Brit.] A smuggler.— f. swill, a. 
Made, done, or given of one’s own free will. 

freed'man, 1 frid'man; 2 fred'man, n. An 
emancipated slave.—freed'\vo"man, n. 

free'dom, 1 fri'dam; 2 fre'dom, n. 1. The 
state of being free; liberty; exemption. 2. 
Facility of action or manner; ease; ingenuous¬ 
ness; also, undue familiarity. [< AS. fred, 
free, + -dom; see -dom.] 

freez(e p , 1 friz; 2 frez, vt. & vi. [froz'en or 
froze; freez'ing.] To harden with cold; 
congeal; injure; kill, or be injured or killed, by 
cold. [< AS. freosan.) —freez'er, n. One who 
or that which freezes. 

Frei'berg, 1 frai'berH; 2 fri'berH, n. A mining 
town (pop. 33.000), Saxony; school of mines. 

Frei'burg, 1 frai'burn; 2 fn'bqrH, n. A district 
(1,830 sq. m.; pop. 558,000) in the republic of 
Baden; also its capital (pop. 88,000); university, 
founded 1457. 

freight, 1 fret; 2 frat. I d . vt. To use for or as 
freight; load; transport. II. n. Goods trans¬ 
ported by public carriers, or the price paid for 
such transportation; that with which any¬ 
thing is laden. [ < OHG. LL+op freht, wages.] 
—freight'age, n. A cargo; transportation, or 
the price of transportation, of merchandise.— 
freight'er, n. 

Fre-mout', 1 fri-ment'; 2fre-m6nt', John Charles 
(1813-1890). American explorer in western U. S. 

French, 1 frendh; 2 frgnch. I. a. Pertaining 
to France. II. n. The language or people of 
France. [ < AS. Frencisc, < Franca; see 
Frank 1 , n.]—French'man, n. [-men, pi.) Ana- 
tiveor citizen of France; one of,the French people. 

fren'zy, 1 fren'zi; 2 fren'zy. I. vt. [fren¬ 
zied; fren'zy-ing.] To throw into frenzy; 


make frantic. II. n. [fren'zies 2 , pi.] Vio¬ 
lent agitation; fury; madness; delirium. [< 
Gr.oF phrenesis, inflammation of the brain.] 
fre'quence[|, 1 frl'kwens; 2 fre'kwdng, n. A crowd; 
concourse. 

fre-quent' d , 1 fri-kwent'; 2 fre-kwent', vt. To 
visit or repair to often; resort to habitually. 
—fre-quen'ta-tiv(e s , a. Gram. Denoting repeti¬ 
tion; as a frequentative verb. — fre-quent'er, n. 
fre'quent, 1 fri'kwent; 2 fre'kwent, a. Occur¬ 
ring or appearing often. [OF., < L. fre¬ 
quents, frequent.]—fre'quen-cy, n. The prop¬ 
erty of being frequent.—fre'quent-ly, adv. Of¬ 
ten; repeatedly. 

fres'co, 1 fres'ko; 2 fres'co. I. vt. To paint in 
fresco. II. n. [fres'cos 2 or fres'coes z , pi.] 
Arch. The art of painting on a surface of 
plaster, or a picture so painted. [It., < 
OHG. frisc, fresh.]— fres'co-er, n. fres'co-istf. 
fresh, 1 fresh; 2 frSsh, a. 1. Newly prepared or 
produced; unfaded; unimpaired; untainted; 
recent; new. 2. Having a vivifying quality; 
refreshing. 3. Full of vigor, force, or vitality; 
strong and brisk, as a breeze. 4. Without 
practise; inexperienced; conceited; officious; 
pert. 5. Unsalted. [ME. fresh, fersh, < AS. 
fersc (for *fresc).] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — fresh¬ 
en, vt. & vi. To make or become fresh or vigor¬ 
ous; revive. 

fresh'et, 1 fredh'et; 2 frgsh'et, n. A sudden 
flood in a stream; an inundation. [ < OF. 
freschet, fresh.] 

fresh'man, 1 fres'h'man; 2 fresh'rnan, n. 
[fresh'men, pi.] A college student in his first 
year. 

Fres"nel', 1 fre"nel'; 2 fre"ngl', Augustin Jean 
(1788-1827). French physicist and experimenter 
in optics. 

fret 1 , 1 fret; 2 fret, v. [FRET'TED d ; fret'ting.] 

1. t. 1. To wear or eat away, as by friction. 

2. To produce irritation in; worry; vex; 
agitate. II. i. 1. To be worn away. 2. To 
utter complaints; be agitated or vexed. [< 
AS. for- (see for- 1 ) + etan; see eat.] 

fret 2d , vt. To ornament as with fretwork. 
fret 1 , n. The act of fretting; an abrasion; ir¬ 
ritation; agitation. 

fret 2 , n. Ornamental work in relief. [ < L. OP 

ferrum, iron.] fret'work"!. 
fret 3 , n. A bar on a musical instrument, as a 
guitar, against which the strings may be 
stopped. [Cp. OF. frete, iron bar.] 
fret'ful, 1 fret'ful; 2 frgt'ful, a. Inclined to 
fret; peevish; worrying; agitated, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

F. R. G. S., abbr. Fellow of the Royal Geographi¬ 
cal Society.—Frl., abbr. Friday. 
fri'a-bl(e p , 1 frai'a-bl; 2 frl'a-bl, a. Easily 
crumbled. [ < friabilis, < frio, rub.]—fri"a- 
bil'i-ty, n. fri'a-ble-nessf. 
fri 'ar, 1 frai'ar; 2 fri'ar, n. A member of a 
mendicant monastic order. [ < F. fr'ere, < 
L. frater, brother.] —fri'ar-y, n. A monas¬ 
tery. 

fric"as-see', 1 frik"a-si'; 2 fric"a-se'. I. vt. To 
make into a fricassee. II. n. A dish of meat 
cut small, stewed or fried, and served with 
gravy. [ < F. fricassee.] 
fric'tion, 1 frik'dhan; 2 frlc'shon, n. 1. The 
rubbing together of two bodies, or the hin¬ 
drance to motion so produced; attrition. 
2. Lack of harmony; conflict of opinions. 
[F., < 'L.frtctiot.n-), < frico, rub.]—fric'tlon-al, 
a. -ly, adv. 


1;» = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; D = sinp; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boht; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611, b6y; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 





Friday 

fugue 


256 


Fri'day, 1 frai'di; 2 fri'dy, n. The sixth day of 
the week. [< AS. Frigu (the Norse goddess 
Frigga) + dxg, day.]—Good F., the Friday be¬ 
fore Easter. 

fried, 1 fraid; 2 frld, imp. & pp. of fry, v. 
friend, ( 1 trend; 2 fr6nd, n. 1. One who 
Trend 1 *, ( cherishes kind regard for another per¬ 
son or who regards a thing with favor; an ad¬ 
herent; ally. 2. [F-] One of the Society of 
Friends; a Quaker. [< AS. freond, prop, 
ppr. of fredn, love.]— friend'less, a. Having no 
friends; for lorn.— friend 'less-ness, n .— friend '- 
ly, a. 1. Pertaining to or like a friend; befitting 
friendship. 2. Propitious; favorable.— friend '- 
li-ly, adv .—friend 'li-ness, n. —friend'ship, n. 

1. Mutual regard cherished by kindred minds. 

2. The state or fact of being friends. 

Fries., Frs., abbr. Friesian, Friesic. 

Frie'sian, 1 frl'san; 2 fre'zhan, n. The language 

of Friesland, the most northerly province of the 
Netherlands. Fries'ic+. 
friez(e lp , 1 friz; 2 friz, n. Arch. The middle 
division of an entablature. [ < F. / rise , 
fraise, a ruff.] 

frieze 2 , n. A coarse woolen cloth with shaggy 
nap. [ < OF. frize, perhaps < Friesland.] 
frig'ate, 1 frig'it; 2 frig'at, n. An old*style 
war*vessel of moderate 
size. [ < F. fregater, 

< It. fregata.] 
fright, 1 frait; 2 frit. 

I d . vt. [Poet.] To 
fill with fear. II. 
n. 1. S u d d e 
and vi o1e n 
alarm or fear. \ 

Anything uglj 

ridiculous, or United States Frigate 
shocking. [< “Constitution.” 

AS. fyrhtu .]— fright'en, vt. To alarm sudden¬ 
ly; scare.— fright'ful, a. Apt to induce terror; 
shocking. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
frig'id, 1 frij'id; 2 frig'id, a. Of low tempera¬ 
ture; cold; formal and forbidding. [< L. 
frigidus, < frigeo, be cold.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— fri-gid'i-ty, n. Coldness; formality. 
fril(l p , 1 fril; 2 frfl. I. vt. & vi. To make into a 
frill; put frills on; become frilled. II. n. An 
ornamental band; a flounce; ruffle, 
fringe, 1 frinj; 2 frlng. I. vt. [fringed; fring'- 
ing.] To border with or as with a fringe. II. 
n. A border or trimming, as of pendent cords; 
an edging; border. [<L J fimbriae, fringe.] 
frip'per-y, 1 frip'ar-i; 2 fnp'er-y. I. o. Worth¬ 
less. II. n. [-ies z , pi.] Worthless things; 
trumpery; cast*off clothes. [< OF . fripper, 
wear to rags.] 

frisk, 1 frisk; 2 frisk. I 1 , vi. To leap about 
playfully; frolic. II. n. A playful skipping 
about. [< OHG. F frisc, fresh.] — frisk'y, 
a. Lively; playful.—frisk'i-Iy, adv. —frisk'i- 
ness, n. 

frit, 1 frit; 2 frit. I. vt. To melt partially, as 
material for glass. II. n. An imperfectly vitri¬ 
fied mass, formed in making glass. [ < L. IT+p 
frigo, roast.] 

frith, 1 frith; 2 frith, n. [Scot.] Same as firth. 
frit'ter, 1 frit'ar; 2 frit'er. I. vt. 1. To waste 
little by little: with away. 2. To break into 
small pieces. II. n. 1. A small fried cake, 
often containing fruit or pieces of meat. 2. A 
shred. [< L. OF /ric<MS, pp. of frigo, fry.] 
friv'o-Ious, 1 friv'o-lus; 2 friv'o-lus., a. Void of 
purpose; trivial; trifling; silly. [< L. frivo- 



Ivs, silly.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— fri-vol'I-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] The quality or condition of being 
frivolous; a frivolous act or practise. 
friz(z p , 1 friz; 2 friz. I. vt. [frizzed, frizd 8 ; 
frizz'ing ] To cause to curl; crimp. II. n. 
That which is frizzed, as hair. [ < OF. friser.] 
friz'zlej. — frizz'ly, a. Crinkled; crisped, 
fro, 1 fro; 2 fro, adv. Away from; back. [< 
Ice. fra, from.] 

Frob'Ish-er, 1 frob'ish-ar; 2 frob'ish-er, Sir Mar¬ 
tin (15357-1594). An English navigator; pioneer 
explorer of region north of Labrador, 
frock, 1 frek; 2 frok, n. Any loose outer gar¬ 
ment, as a woman’s or child’s dress; a gown; 
robe. [< L. LL+P floccus, lock of wool.] 
Froe'bel, 1 fru'bel; 2 fru'bSl, Friedrich W. A. 
(1782-1852). A German educator; founder of 
the kindergarten system. 

frog 1 , 1 frog; 2 frog, n. A small, tailless, am¬ 
phibious, web*footed animal. 

[ < AS. frogga, frocga.] 
frog 2 , n. 1 . The triangular 
prominence in the sole of a 
horse’s foot. 2. A 
joint of rails of a 
railway* track. 

[Perhaps corr. of 

FORK.] 

frog 3 , n. 1 . An or¬ 
namental fastening 
of a cloak or a coat. 

2. The loop of a 

scabbard. [ < Pg, __ 

&f$ooV 0< ^ Development of the Frog * 

Frois"s;»rt' 1 fnvn'- a « e * res: aquaticyoune (tadpoles) 

scir';' 2 f r w i • s a r', in various 8tages of growth; c - adult 
Jean (1333-1419). A French poet and chronicler 
of war and chivalry. 

frol'ic, 1 frel'ik; 2 frol'ic. I. vi. [frol'icked 1 , 
frol'ict 8 ; frol'ick-ing.] To play mirthful 
pranks; sport. II. a. Merry; sportive. III. 
n. A scene of gaiety; a playful act; merri- 
’ ment; sport. [ < MD. vro, glad, gay, + -lick, 
-ly 1 .]— frol'ic-some, a. Full of frolic; playful, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 



from, 1 from; 2 from, prep. 1. Out of; starting 
at; beginning with; after. 2. In variant or 
adverse relation to; as, from grave to gay. 
2. Having as a cause, reason, or origin; by 
means of; due to; out of. [ < AS. from, fram.] 
frond, 1 frond; 2 frond, n. A leafdike expan¬ 
sion, as of ferns and seaweeds; a broad leaf, 
as of the palm. [ < L. fron(d-)s, leaf.] 
fron-des'cent, 1 fron-des'ent; 2 frdn-dSs'fint, a. 
Springing into leaf, or so appearing. [< L. 
frondcsco, inceptive of frondeo, become green.]— 
fron-des'cenee, n. 


front' 1 , 11 frunt; 2 front, v. I. t. 1. To face 
frunt p , \ toward; encounter; confront. 2. To 
put a front on. II. i. To have the front or 
face in a specified direction: with on or upon. 
front, a. Situated at the front; considered 
from the front; frontal. 

front, n. 1. The foremost part of anything. 
2. Position in advance. 3. The forehead; 
brow; face. 4. Manner of confronting a per¬ 
son or a situation. 5. Effrontery. [F., < L. 
frons (front-), brow.]— front'age, n. Linear 
extent of front.— fron'tal. I. a. Pertaining to 
the front or to the forehead. II. n. A front 
part: something to cover the front or forehead; 
a frontal bone. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn, 

















257 


Friday 

fugue 


Fron"te-nae\ 1 freh"t8-nak'; 2 froh"te-nae', 
Count of (1621—1698). A French administrator; 
governor of Canada. 

fron-tier', 1 fren-tir'; 2 fron-ter'. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to the frontier. II. n. The border of 
a nation’s territory; the confines of civiliza¬ 
tion. [< F. frontiers, < L. frons, forehead.] 
—fron-tiers'man, n. [-men, pi.) One who 
lives on the frontier or beyond the borders of 
civilization, fron-tier'nian}. 
firon'tis-piece", 1 fren'tis-pls"; 2 fron'tis-peg", 
n. An illustration in the front of a book. 
[ < L.e frons, front, + specio, view.] 
front'let, n. A band worn on the forehead. 
frost d , 1 frost; 2 frost, v. 1. 1. To cover with or 
injure by frost; apply frosting to. II. i. To 
freeze; assume the appearance of frost, 
frost, n. 1. Minute crystals of ice formed di¬ 
rectly from atmospheric water=vapor. 2. 
Freezing weather. [ < AS. forst, for frost, < 
freosan, freeze.]—frost'»bite", n. The condi¬ 
tion of having some part of the body, as the ears 
or fingers, partially frozen.—frost-bitten, pa .— 
frost'ing, n. A surface imitating frost, as a 
mixture of sugar and white of egg, used to cover 
•cake.—frost'y, a. [frost'i-er; frost'i-est.] 
Attended with or affected by frost; chilly; for¬ 
bidding.— frost'i-ly, adv. —frost'i-ness, n. 
froth, 1 froth; 2 froth. I*, vt. & vi. To cause 
to foam; form froth; foam. II. n. A mass of 
bubbles resulting from fermentation or agita¬ 
tion; any light, ^unsubstantial matter. [ME. 
frothe, < Ice. frodha.]— froth'y, a. Consisting 
of, covered with, or full of froth; empty; preten¬ 
tious.—froth'i-ly, adv. —froth'i-ness, n. 
Froude, 1 frud; 2 fryd, James Anthony (1818- 
1894). An English essayist and historian, 
fro'ward, 1 fro'ward; 2 frS'ward, a. Disobedi¬ 
ent; intractable; perverse. [< AS. from, + 
-weard, -ward.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
frown, 1 fraun; 2 frown, v. I. t. To rebuke 
with manifest displeasure: commonly with 
down. II. i. 1. To knit the brow, as in dis¬ 
pleasure; scowl. 2. To wear a threatening 
aspect; lower. [ < OF. frogner, of Scand. orig.] 
frown, n. A wrinkling of the brow, as in dis¬ 
like, anger, or abstraction, 
frsw'zy, 1 frau'zi; 2 frow'zy, a. [frow'zi-er; 
frow'zi-est.] Slovenly in appearance; un¬ 
kempt; untidy. [Cp. E. dial, froust, musty 
smell.] 

froze, 1 froz; 2 froz, imp., fro'zen, pp. of freeze, v. 
fro'zen, 1 fro'zn; 2 fro'zn, pa. Solidified, be¬ 
numbed, or killed by cold; overspread with ice. 
F. R. S., abbr. [L.] Fraternitatis Regise Socius 
(Fellow of the Royal Society).— frs., abbr. 
Francs. 

fruc'ti-fy, 1 fruk'ti-fai; 2 frue'ti-fy, v. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] I. t. To render fruitful. II. i. 
To yield fruit. [ < L. fructus, fruit, + facio, 
make.)-^frue"ti-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. The act of 
frwtifying. 2. The fruit of a plant, 
frit'gal, 1 fru'gal; 2 fru'gal, a. Exercising or 
' marked by economy; saving; sparing; mea¬ 
ger; stinted. [F., < L. frugalis, < frux, 
fruit.] -ly, adv.— fru-gal'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.) 
Strict economy; thrift, fru'gal-nessj. 
fru-gif'er-ous§, 1 fru-jif'ar-us; 2 fru-gif'er-us, 
a. Fruitful. [ < L. frux, fruit, + fero, bear.] 
fru-giv'o-rous, 1 fru-jiv'o-rus; 2 fru-giv'o- 
rus, a. Fruit*eating. [< L.frux (frug-), fruit, 
-f- voro, devour.] 

fruit, 1 frut; 2 frut. I d . vt. & vi. To produce as 
fruit; bear fruit. II. n. 1. The matured 


seed*vessel of a flowering plant, with its 
contents and immediate accessories, espe¬ 
cially when edible; any vegetable product 
used as food; spores and spore=cases. 2. 
That which is produced; offspring; product; 
result; effect. [F., < L. fructus, < fructus 
or fruilus, pp. of fruor, enjoy.] — fruit'age, n. 
1. Fruit collectively. 2. Any result or effect.— 
fruit'er-er, n. A dealer in fruits. —fruit'ful, 
a. Bearing fruit or offspring abundantly; pro¬ 
lific; productive, -ly, adv. -ness, n .— fruit '- 
less, a. Yielding no fruit or good result; barren, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n.— fruit'y, a. Like fruit in 
taste, color, etc. 

fru-i'tion, 1 fru-iifli'an; 2 fru-fsh'on, n. The 
bearing of fruit; the yielding of natural or 
expected results; realization; fulfilment. [OF., 
< L. fruilus, pp. of fruor, enjoy.] 
frump, 1 frump; 2 frump, n. A dowdily dressed 
woman, especially if ilUtempered. 
frus'trate, 1 frus'tret; 2 frus'trat. I. vt. 
[FRus'TRAT"ED d ; frus'trat"ing.] To cause 
to fail; baffle; foil; nullify. II. a. 1. Without 
effect; vain; null; void. 2. Frustrated; baf¬ 
fled. [ < L. frustratus, < frustra, in vain.]— 
frus-tra'tlon, n. Failure; defeat, 
frus'tum, 1 frus'tum; 2 frus'tum, n. [-tums z 
or -ta, pi.] That which is left ^ 

of a solid after cutting off the 
upper part by a plane parallel 
to the base; a fragment; a 
broken shaft of a column. [L.] 
fry, 1 frai; 2 fry, v. [fried; fry'- 

ing.] I. t. 1. To cook in hot Frustum of a 
oil, lard, or butter. 2. To Pyramid, 
vex; worry. II. i. To be cooked in or with 
lard, etc.; be subjected to great heat. [ < F 
frire, < L. frigo, fry.] 

fry 1 , n. [fries 2 , pi.] A dish of anything fried. 
fry 2 , n. sing. & pi. 1. Very young fish. 2. A 
multitude or quantity of petty persons or ob^ 
jects. [ < Ice. frae, frjo.] 

F. S. A., abbr. Fellow of the Society of Anti¬ 
quaries; Fellow of the Society of Arts. —Ft., 
abbr. Fort. — ft., abbr. Feet, flat, foot, fortified. 
— fth., fthm., abbr. Fathom. 

Fu"chau', n. Same as Foochow. 
fuch'sia, 1 fiu'iflia; 2 fu'sha, n. A plant of 
the evening s primrose family, with drooping, 
four*petaled flowers. [ < L. Fuchs, German 
botanist.] 

fud'dle, ) 1 fud'l; 2 fud'l, vt. & vi. [fud'dled, 
fltd'Ir, ) fud'ld p ; fud'dling.] To intoxicate 
or become intoxicated. 

fudge, 1 fuj; 2 fudg, n. 1. Humbug;, nonsense: 
commonly used as a contemptuous inter¬ 
jection. 2. A sweet confection made of 
butter, sugar, chocolate, etc. [< LG. futsch, 
begone.] 

fil'd, 1 fiu'el; 2 fu'gl, n. Combustible matter, 
as wood or coal, used to feed a fire; whatever 
feeds or sustains any expenditure, outlay, 
passion, or excitement. [ < L . ljl,+OF focus, fire¬ 
place.] 

fu-ga'cious, 1 fiu-ge'^hus; 2 fu-ga'shus, a. 
Having a fugitive tendency; transitory; vola¬ 
tile. [ < L. fugax ( fugac-), < fugio, flee.] 
fu'gi-tiv(e s , 1 fiii'ji-tiv; 2 fu'gi-tfv. I. a. 
Fleeing, as from pursuit; escaping or escaped; 
runaway; evanescent; momentary. II. ». 
One who or that which flees; a runaway; de¬ 
serter. [ < F. fugitif, < L. fugitivus, < fugio, 
flee.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

fugue, 1 fiug; 2 fug, n. Mus. A composition in 



1 • a = final ; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; diin; go; t) = smf 7 ; Chin, thia 

2. wQlf, do; book, bopt; fljll, G«re, but, feftrBj oil, boy, go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








-fill 

future 


258 


which an original theme is repeated and imitated 
throughout. [F.] 

-ful, suffix. 1. Full of; abounding in; containing; 
as, art ful; beauti/wZ. 2. The quantity or number 
that will fill; as, a cup ful; a spoon/wZ. Nouns 
having this suffix form the plural by a terminal s; 
as, cup/mZs, pail/wZs. [< AS .ful, full.] 
ful'crum, 1 ful'krum; 2 ful'crum, n. [ful'- 
crums 2 or ful'cra, pi.] The support on or 
against which a lever rests. [L., bechpost, 
< fulcio, prop up.] 

ful-ffl', ) 1 ful-fil'; 2 ful-fil', vt. [ful-filled', 
ful-fiir, \ ful-fild' 8 ; ful-fil'ling.] 1. To 
bring to pass; make good; accomplish; per¬ 
form fully, as a promise, duty, or prophecy. 
2. To fill the time, course, requirements, etc., 
of, as a term of office. [ < AS. ful, full, + 
fyllan.]— ful-fil'ment, ful-fill'ment, n. 
full 1 , i 1 ful; 2 ful, vt. & vi. To make or become 
ful p , ) full; show fulness. [< AS. fullian, fill.] 
full 2 , v. I. t. To make (cloth) thicker and 
more compact, as in a fulling«mill. II. i. To 
become thicker by shrinking, as cloth. [ < 
OF. fouller, trample on, < L. fullo, fuller.] 
full, a. 1. Containing all that can or all that 
should be admitted; filled. 2. Abounding in 
something; sufficient or complete; ample. 3. 
Having the disk wholly illuminated, as the 
moon. 4. High, as the tide. [ < AS. ful.] — 
full'y, adv .— ful'ness, n. full'nessf. 
full, n. 1. The highest state, point, or degree. 
2. The phase of (the moon) when the whole 
disk is illuminated. [ < AS. fyllu, < ful, full.] 
full, adv. Without abatement; fully; quite, 
full'er, 1 ful'ar; 2 ful'er, n. One who fulls and 
cleanses cloth.— fullers’ earth, a claydike 
substance used in fulling cloth.— full'er-y, n. A 
place where cloth is fulled, 
ful' mar, 1 ful'mar; 2 ful'mar, n. A large 
petreMike sea-bird of 
polar coasts, 
ful'mi-uate, 1 ful'mi- 
net; 2 ful'mi-nat, v. 

[-NAT"ED d ; -NAT"lNG.] §g 

I. t. 1. To cause to 
explode. 2. To utter 
or issue as a threat. 

II. i. 1. To lighten or 
thunder; thunder forth 
censures or threats. 2. 
a bright uniform color: said of gold at the 
close of the refining process. [ < L. fulmina- 
tus, pp. of fulmino; see fulminant.]— ful"ml- 
na'tion, n. The act of fulminating, or that 
which is fulminated.—ful'mi-na-to"ry, a. Ut¬ 
tering fulminations. 

ful'mi-nate, n. A salt or mixture that ex¬ 
plodes under percussion, 
ful 'some, 1 ful'sam; 2 ful'som, a. Offensive 
from excess of praise; indelicate. [< ME. 





Arctic Fulmar. i /u 
To assume suddenly 


ful, full, a., + -sum, -some.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Ful 'ton, 1 ful'tan; 2 ful'ton, Robert (1765-1815). 
American inventor; launched steamboat on Seine, 
1803; operated “Clermont” on Hudson, 1807. 
ful' vous, 1 ful'vus; 2 ful'vus, a. Reddish yellow; 

tawny. [< L. fulvus, < fulgeo, gleam.] 
fum'bl (e p , 1 fum'bl; 2 fum'bl, vt. & vi. [fum'- 
bl(e)d p ; fum'bling.] To handle or feel 
about blindly or clumsily. [ < D. fommelen.] 
—fum'bler, n. 

fume, 1 fium; 2 fum, v. [fumed; fum'ing.] 
I. t. To subject to or fill with vapors; ex¬ 
hale, as noxious gases. II. i. 1. To emit 
smoke, gas, or vapor. 2. To rage; rave 


fume, n. 1. Vapor, especially as having nar¬ 
cotic or choking qualities. 2. Furious anger. 
[OF., < L. fumus, smoke.] 
fu'mi-gate, 1 fiu'mi-get; 2 fu'mi-gat, vt. [-gat"- 
ED d ; -gat'Tng.] To subject to smoke or 
fumes, as for disinfection. [ < L. fumus, 
smoke, + ago, drive.]— fu"mi-ga'tion, n.— 
fu'mi-ga"tor, n.— fu'mi-ga-to-ry, a. 
fun, 1 fun; 2 fun, n. That which excites 
merriment; frolic; drollery; joke. [Of Celt, 
orig.] 

Fun-chal', 1 fun-ghal'; 2 fun-chal', n. A seaport; 

capital of Madeira Island; pop. 24,600. 
func'tion, 1 fuqk'^han; 2 func'shon, n. 1. 
The appropriate or assigned business, duty, 
part, or office of any person or thing. 2. A 
public ceremony or entertainment. 3. Math. 
A dependent quantity. [OF., < L . functio(n-), 
< functus, pp. of fungor, execute.]— function¬ 
al, a. Pertaining to a function; performing the 
functions, as of an organ; affecting the functions 
and not the substance of an organ.— func'tion- 
a-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.} A public official, 
fund, 1 fund; 2 fund. I d . vt. To convert (vari¬ 
ous debts) into a single fund secured by stocks 
or bonds. II. n. 1. A sum of money or stock 
of convertible wealth. 2. Money lent to a 
government; a funded debt. 3. A reserve 
store; an ample stock. [ < F. fond, < L. fun¬ 
dus, bottom.] 

fun'da-ment, 1 fun'da-ment or -mant; 2 fiin'- 
da-ment, n. 1. A fundarftental principle or 
element. 2. The buttocks; also, the anus. [ < 
L. fundamentum, < fundus, bottom.]— funda¬ 
mental. I. a. Relating to or constituting a 
foundation; indispensable; basal. II. n. Any¬ 
thing that is fundamental: a foundation; a neces¬ 
sary truth; an essential, -ly, adv. 
fu'ner-al, 1 fiu'nar-al; 2 fu'ner-al. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to a funeral, fu 'ner-a-ryj. II. n. 
The ceremonies attending the burial of the 
dead; also, the persons in attendance on 
such occasion. [ < L. LL funus, funeral.] 
fu-ne're-al, 1 fiu-ni'n-al; 2 fu-ne're-ai, a. Per¬ 
taining to or suitable for a funeral; mournful; 
lugubrious. -ly, adv. 

fun'gus, 1 furj'gus; 2 fun'gus, n. [fun'gi or 
fun'gus-es, pi.] One of a group of plants, 
including mushrooms, toadstools, mold, and 
mildew; also, a soft, spongy growth on an 
animal body. [L., < Gr. sphongos, sponge.] 
—fun-gos'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being 
fungous; a fungous growth; proud flesh.—fun'- 
gous, a. Pertaining to or of the nature of a fun¬ 
gus; spongy; springing up suddenly; bearing or 
containing fungi. 

fu'ni-cle, 1 fiu'm-kl; 2 fu'ni-cl, n. A small 
cord, ligature, or fiber. [ < L. funiculus, dim. 
of funis, rope.]—fu-nic'u-lar, a. 
funk, 1 fuqk; 2 funk. I. vt. & vi. [Scot, or Slang.] 
To terrify; scare; fear; flinch. II. n. Cowardly 
fright; panic. 

Funk, Isaac Kauffman (1839-1912). American 
lexicographer; editor; author; A Standard Dic¬ 
tionary of the English Language; founded The 
Literary Digest, etc. 

fun'nel, 1 fun'el; 2 fun'&l, n. 1. A wide* 
mouthed conical vessel, terminating in a tube, 
for filling close vessels with liquids; tunnel. 
2. A smoke*pipe. 3. Any funneldike part or 
process. [ < L. OF in, into, + fundo, pour.] 
fun'ny, 1 fun'i; 2 fun'y, a. [fun'ni-er; fun'- 
ni-est ] Affording fun; comical; ludicrous.— 
fun'nl-ly, adv. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fSre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rille; but, bSm; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; 1 = e; go, not, or, w6n f 







259 


-ful 

future 


fur, 1 fur; 2 fftr. I. vt. [furred, furd 9 ; fur'- 
ring ] 1. To cover, line, or trim with fur or 
with a fuzzy coating. 2. To nail strips upon 
(joists, etc.), as for lathing. 3. To remove 
scale from. II. n. 1. The soft, fine coat cov¬ 
ering the skin of many mammals. 2. pi. or 
collect, sing. Skins of fur-bearing animals; 
also, apparel made of them. 3. Any fuzzy 
covering. [ < LL. OP fodrus, < Goth, fodr, 
sheath.]—fur'ring, n. 
fur., abbr. Furlong. 

fur'be-low, 1 fur'bi-lo; 2 fhr'be-lo, n. A 
plaited flounce or other ornament. [ < F. 
falbala, furbelow.] 

fur'bish', 1 fur'bi^li; 2 ffir'bish, vt. To make 
bright by rubbing; burnish; renovate. [< 
OHG .° ¥ furban, fur pan, clean.] 
fur'cate, 1 fur'ket; 2 fhr'cat, a. Forked. [< 
L. furca, fork.] fur'cat-edj. 
fu'ri-ous, 1 fiu'ri-us; 2 fu'ri-us, a. 1. Full of 
fury; raging; frantic. 2. Wildly rushing; 
violent; tempestuous, as waves, a storm, etc. 
3. Insane. [ < L. furiosus, < furo, rave.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

furl, 1 furl; 2 furl, vt. To roll up and secure, as 
a sail to a spar. [ < Ar. OF fardah, package.] 
fur'long, 1 fur'leq; 2 fhr'long, n. A measure, 
one-eighth of a mile. [ < AS. furlang, lit. 
‘length of a furrow.’] 

fur'lough, ) 1 fur'lo; 2 fftr'ld. I. vt. To grant 
fur'lo p , > a furlough to. II. n. Leave of ab¬ 
sence granted to a soldier or sailor. [ < D. 
verlof.] 

fur'nace, 1 fur'ms; 2 ffir'nas, n. A structure or 
apparatus enclosing a fire-chamber, as for 
melting metal, supplying hot air, etc. [ < 
L of fornax (Jornac-), < furnus, oven.] 
fur'nish 1 , 1 fur'ni^h; 2 fftr'msh, vt. 1. To 
equip, or fit out, as with apparatus or furni¬ 
ture. 2. To supply; yield. [< OHG. OF 
frumjan, perform, provide.]—fur'nish-lng, n. 

1. pi. Fixtures or fittings. 2. The act of supply¬ 
ing with furniture.—fur'nish-er, n. 

fur'ni-ture, 1 fur'm-dhur; 2 ffir'ni-chur, n. 
Equipment or outfit, as of chairs, tables, or 
other household articles; the trappings of a 
horse or the like. [ < F. fourniture, < four- 
nir, furnish.] 

fu'ror, ; 1 fiu'rer,-ror; 2 fu'ror,-ror, n. Over- 
fu'rore, ) mastering passion for anything; rage; 

mania. [ < L. furor, < furo, rage.] 
fur'ri-er, 1 fur'i-ar; 2 fhr'i-er, n. A dealer in 
furs or fur goods; fur-dresser, 
fur'row, 1 fur'o; 2 fur'o. I. vt. & vi. To cut 
furrows in, as land; plow. II. n. 1. A trench 
' made in the earth by a plow. 2. Any groove 
or wrinkle. [< AS. furh.) 
fur'ry, 1 fur'i; 2 ffir'y, a. Of or like fur; cov¬ 
ered with or clad in fur. 

fur'ther, 1 fur'thar; 2 fur'ther. I. vt. To help 
forward; promote. II. a. compar. [ Positive 
wanting: used as compar. of far.] 1. More 
distant or advanced; also, opposite or yon. 

2. Wider or fuller; additional. III. adv. More 
remotely; farther; also, in addition; besides. 
[< AS. furthor, compar. of fore, before.]—fur'- 
ther-ance, n. 1. The act of furthering; advance¬ 
ment. 2. That which furthers.—further¬ 
more", adv. Besides; moreover.—further¬ 
most", a. Furthest or most remote.—fur'- 
thest. I. a. superl. [Positive wanting: used as 
superl. of far.] Most distant, remote, or ad¬ 
vanced. II. adv. At or to the greatest distance. 


fur'tiv(e 9 , 1 fur'tiv; 2 fflr'tiv, a. Stealthy or 
sly; stolen; secret; elusive. [< L. F furtivus. 
< fur, thief.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
fu'ry, 1 fiu'ri ; 2 fu'ry, n. [fu'ries z , pi.] 1. 
A state of violent anger; ungovernable rage; 
any vehement passion or excitement; frenzy. 
2. [F-] Class. Myth. One of three goddesses 
©f vengeance. 3. A turbulent woman; ter¬ 
magant. [ < L. F furia, < furo, rave.] 
furz(e p , 1 furz; 2 fhrz, n. A spiny shrub of the 
bean family, having many 
branches and yellow 
flowers. [ < AS. fyrs .]— 
furz'y, o. 

fus'cous, 1 fus'kus;2 fus'eus, 
a. Grayish*brown or 
tawny; dusky. [<L. 
fuscus, dusky.] 

fuse, 1 fiuz; 2 fu§, vt. & vi. 

[fused; fus'ing.] To 
liquefy by heat; melt; 
blend by melting. [< 

L.fusus, pp. otfundo, pour.] 
fuzef . — fu'si-bl(e p , a. 

Capable of being fused.— 
fu"si-bil'i-ty, n. 
fuse, n. A tube, cord, or 
the like to convey fire to 
an explosive. [Abbr. 
of fusee 1 .] fuze]:. 
fu-see' 1 , 1 fiu-zl'; 2 fu-se', n. 

extinguishable by wind. 2. A fuse. 3f. Fusil. 
[< F. fusil, < L. LL focus, fireplace.] fu- 
zee'f. 

fu -see' 2 , n. A spirally grooved cone to equalize 
motion in a watch. [ < L. fusus, spindle.] 



Furze. 

a, a single flower. 

1. A match not 


fu'seboil", 1 fiu'zel-eil"; 2 fu'§el-6il", n. A vola¬ 
tile, poisonous, oily compound, common in ill- 
rectified alcoholic liquors. [ < G. fusel, inferior 
spirits, + oil.] 

fu'sil, 1 fiu'zil; 2 fu'gil, n. A flint-lock musket. 
[F., < L. focus, fireplace.] fu'zilf.—fu"si-leer', 
fu"s!-lier', n. An infantry soldier of a special 
class; formerly, one who carried a fusil. —fusil¬ 
lade', n. A simultaneous discharge of firearms. 
[F.] 

fu'sion, ) 1 fiu'33n; 2 fu'zhon, n. 1. The act 
fu'zion p , ) or process of fusing, or the state of 
being fused. 2. Coalescence or blending; co¬ 
alition. [F., < L. fusio(n-), < fusus; see 
fuse, v.] 

fuss, 1 fus; 2 fus. I*, vt. & vi. To trouble or 
make ado about trifles; fret; worry. II. n , 
Disturbance about trivial matters; trouble; 
ado. [< AS. fus, ready.]— fuss'y, a. In¬ 
clined to fuss; fidgety; fretful.— fuss'i-Iy, adv. — 
fuss'i-ness, n. 

fus'tian, 1 fus'dhan; 2 fus'chan. I. a. 1. 
Made of fustian. 2. Pompous; bombastic. 
II. n. 1. A coarse twilled stuff, as corduroy. 
2. Pretentious verbiage; bombast. [< Ar. OF 
Fustat (near Cairo, in Egypt).] 
fust'y, 1 fust'i; 2 fust'y, a. [fust'i-er; fust'i- 
est.] Musty; moldy; rank. [< L . OF fustis, 
club.]— fust'i-ness, n. 
fut., abbr. Future. 

fu'til(e 8 , 1 fiu'til; 2 fu'til, a. Of no avail; done 
in vain. [ < L. futilis, that easily pours out.] 
— fu-til'i-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] The quality of be¬ 
ing futile; anything futile, 
fut'toek, 1 fut'ek; 2 fut'ok, n. A crooked 
timber in the frame of a wooden vessel. [Per¬ 
haps < foot + suff. -OCK.] 
fu'ture, 1 fiu'dhur: 2 fu'chur. I. a. Such as 


l:a = final; inhabit; aisle; au = out; ell; lu = feud; cfhin; go; ^ r) = sinp; thin, ttiis. 
2:wQlf, df»; book, boot; fyll, r^e, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









futurist 

gamble 


260 


will or may be hereafter pertaining to or ex¬ 
pressing time to come. II. n. The time yet 
to come; that which will be in time to come; 
prospects or outlook. [ < L. futurus, fut. p. 
of sum, am.] 

fu'tur-ist, 1 fiu'dhur-ist; 2 fu'chur-Ist, n. One 
of expectant temperament; also [Art], one 
whose aim is originality rather than adher¬ 
ence to tradition. 

fu-tu'ri-ty, 1 fiu-tiu'ri-ti; 2 fu-tu'ri-ty, «. 


[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. Time to come; the future. 
2. The state of being future. 3. The people of 
the future. 4. A future possibility, 
fuze, fu-zee', fu'zil, n. See fuse, etc. 
fuz(z p , 1 fuz; 2 fuz, n. Fine particles of down, 
or of downy vegetable fiber, as on cloth or on 
some fruits. [< fusty.] — fuzz'y, a. — fuzz'- 
i-ly, adv. — fuzz'i-ness, n. 
fy, 1 fai; 2 fy, interj. Same as fie. 

-fy, suffix. Make. [< OF. fier, < L. Jico, < facio, 
do, make.] 



G, g, gee, 1 ji; 2 ge, n. [gees, G’s or Gs, 1 jiz; 
2 ge?, pi.] A letter: the seventh in the English 
alphabet. 

G., abbr. Gaius, Gallia, Gellius, German, Germany, 
grand, gulf.—g., abbr. Gage, genitive, gram, 
guide, guinea.— G. A., abbr. General Assembly. 
—Ga ,,abbr. Gaelic, Georgia (official). 
gab"ar-dine', 1 gab"ar-dln'; 2 gab"ar-din', n. 

I. A long, loose, coarse cloak. 2. A raimcoat, 
or cloth suitable for such a coat. [ < Sp. 
gabardina.] 

gab'ble, ) 1 gab'l; 2 gab'l. I. vt. & vi. [gab'- 
gab'I p , ) bl(e)d; gab'bling.] To chatter; ut¬ 
ter a babble of inarticulate sounds, as geese. 

II. n. Noisy, incoherent, foolish talk; cack¬ 
ling. 

ga'bi-on, 1 ge'bi-an; 2 ga'bi-on, n. A wicker 
basket to be filled with sand to form a forti¬ 



fication, foundation, etc. [F.] 
ga'bl(e p , 1 ge'bl; 2 ga'bl, n. The triangular 
end of a wall, above 
the eaves; also, the 
entire end wall of a 
building. [F.j 
Ga'bri-el, 1 ge'bri-el; 

2 ga'bri-el, n. Bib. 

An archangel. Dan. 
viii, 16. 

gad, 1 gad; 2 gad, vi. 

[gad'ded' 1 ; gad'- 
ding.] To roam 
abroad idly; ramble; 
stray.— gad'tier, n. 

gad, n. A punch, point, goad, or the like. 

Ice. gaddr, goad, spike.] 
gad'fly", 1 gad'floi"; 2 gild'fly", n. 
pi.] A large fly that torments 
cattle, horse-fly"!. 

Gads'den, 1 gadz'den; 2 gads'den, 

James (1788-1858). An Amer¬ 
ican soldier and diplomat; by 
treaty with Mexico, 1853, secured 
for the United States a tract (45,535 sq. m.), 
now part of Arizona and New Mexico: known 
as the Gadsden Purchase. 


Gables. 

Gables of a house at Caen, France. 

[< 



Gadfly 


Gael, 1 gel; 2 gal, n. A Scottish Highlander.— 
Gael Me. I. a. Belonging or relating to the 
Scottish Highlanders. II. n. The Celtic lan¬ 
guage. [ < Gael. Gaidheal, Gael.] 

Gael., abbr. Gaelic. 

gaff, 1 gaf; 2 gaf, n. 1. A sharp iron hook at the 
end of a pole, for landing large fish. 2. Naiit. 
A spar for extending a sail. 3. A game*cock’s 
steel spur. [ < F. gaffe.] 

gaf'fer, 1 gaf'ar; 2 gaf'er, n. An old man; an aged 
rustic. [Contr. of gramfer, for grandfather.] 


gag, 1 gag; 2 gag. I. vt. & vi. [gagged, gagd 8 ; 
gag'ging.] 1. To use a gag upon; silence by 
force. 2. To nauseate or be nauseated. II. 
n. 1. Any appliance for completely obstruct¬ 
ing the vocal organs; any restraint upon 
speech. 2. Something nauseating. 3. [Slang.] 
An actor’s interpolation in a play; also, a 
practical joke. 

gage 1 , ) 1 gej; 2 gag. I. vt. [gaged, gauged; 
gauge, ) gag'ing, gaug'ing.] To determine by 
measurement; measure; estimate. II. n. An 
instrument for measuring the capacity, di¬ 
mensions, force, etc., of anything; a standard 
of comparison. [ < OF. gauger, measure.]— 
gag'er, gaug'er, n. One who gages; an officer 
of the revenue service. 

gage 2 . I. vt. [gaged; gag'ing.] To give or 
deposit as a pledge for some act; pawn; wager. 
II. n. Something given or thrown down as 
security for some act, as for a combat; a 
pledge; a challenge; defiance. [ < F. gager, < 
OF. icagier, wage.] 

gage 3 , n. One of several varieties of plum. 

[ < Sir William Gage, 1725.] 
gai'e-ty, ) 1 ge'i-ti; 2 ga'e-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
gay'e-ty, J The state of being gay; jollity; fun. 
gai'ly, ) 1 ge'li; 2 ga'ly, adv. In a gay manner; 
gay'ly, ) joyously; merrily; showily, 
gain, 1 gen; 2 gan, v. I. t. 1. To secure as 
profit or earnings; get. 2. To win. 3. To 
arrive at; reach. 4. To win over; propitiate. 
II. i. To make progress; improve; advance, 
obtain the advantage: often with on or upon. 
—gain'er, n. 

gain, n. An advantage; acquisition; profit; in¬ 
crease. [ < Ice. gagn, gain, advantage.]— 
gain'ful, a. Profitable; lucrative. 
gain"say', 1 gen"se'; 2 gan"sa', vt. [-said'; 
-say'ing.] To contradict; controvert. [ <- 
AS. gegn-, against, + secgan, say.] -or, n. 
Gains'bor-ougli, 1 genz'bur-o; 2 gans'bor-o, 
Thomas (1727-1788). An English portrait* 
painter. 

gair'ish, -ly, etc. Same as garish, etc. 
gait, 1 get; 2 gat, n. The manner of walking or 
stepping; carriage; walk. [< Ice. gata, way.] 
gai'ter, 1 ge'tar; 2 ga'ter, n. A covering for 
the lower leg or ankle; a high shoe closed in 
front. [ < F. guitre.] 

Gal., abbr. Galatians, Galen.—gal., gall., abbr . 
[gals., pi] Gallon. 

ga'la, 1 ge'la; 2 ga'la, n. A festivity; show. 

[F.]— ga'lasday", n. A holiday: festival. 
Gal'a-had, 1 gal'a-had; 2 g&l'a-had, Sir. One of 
Arthur’s knights; type of purity; found the Holy 
| Grail. 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn;- 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 









261 


futurist 

gamble 


Gal"a-tc'a, 1 gal'a-tl'e; 2 gaPa-te'a, n. Gr. Myth. 

A statue by Pygmalion, given life by Aphrodite. 
Ga-la'ti-a, ] go-le'Shi-a; 2 ga-la'shi-a, n. An an¬ 
cient country in Asia Minor.—Ga-la 'tian, a. & n. 
Gal'ax-y, 1 gal'aks-i; 2 g&l'aks-y, n. 1. A 
starry band encircling the heavens, called the 
Milky Way. 2. [g-] [-ibs z , pi] Any brilliant 
group, as of persons. [ < Gr. F galaxias, < 
gala, milk.] 

Gal'ba, 1 gal'ba; 2 gal'ba, Servius Sulpicius 
(3 B. C.-A. D. 69). A Roman emperor; killed 
by his soldiers. 

gale, 1 gel; 2 gal, n. A wind*storm; a strong 
wind; hilarious merriment. [Scot.] 

Ga'Ien, 1 ge'len; 2 ga'lgn, Claudius (131-201). 
A Greek physician and philosopher.—Ga-le'ni- 
an, a. Ga-le'nicf; Ga-le'ni-calf.—Ga'Ien- 
ism, n.— Ga'len-ist, n. 

ga-le'na, 1 ga-ll'na; 2 ga-le'na, n. A common 
ore of lead; lead sulfid. [ < Gr. L galene, lead.] 
Ga-li'ci-a, 1 ga-ligh'i-a; 2 ga-lish'i-a, n. 1. A 
province (30,321 sq. m.; pop. 8,257,500) in Aus¬ 
tria; overrun by Russians, 1914. 2. Ancient 

kingdom, now four provinces, in N. W. Spain. 
Ga-li'cef.—Ga-li'cian, a. & n. 

Gal'i-lee, 1 gal'i-11; 2 gal'i-le, n. Ancient Roman 
province, N. Palestine.—Sea of G., see Tibe¬ 
rias. —Gal"i-le'an, a. & n. 

Ga"li-le'i, 1 ga"II-le'I; 2 ga'Ti-le'I, Galileo (1564- 
1642). An Italian astronomer; inventor of astro¬ 
nomical telescope; condemned 4>y Inquisition; 
commonly called Gal"I-le'o. 
gall, 1 gel; 2 gal, vt. To injure or render sore by 
friction; abrade; fret; harass. 
gall 1 , n. An excrescence on plants, due to in¬ 
sects or to a parasitic fungus; also, a similar 
excrescence on animals. [ < L. F galla, gall- 
nut.]— gall'dly", n. A galbmaking insect.— 
gall 'nut", n. The gall of a species of oak called 
the galhoak. gall'*ap"plef. 
gall 2 , n. An abrasion or excoriation. [ < AS. 
gealla, gall (on a horse).] 

gall 3 , n. 1. The bitter fluid secreted by the 
liver; bile; hence, bitter feeling; malignity. 2. 
The sac containing the bile. gall'*blad"- 
derf. [< AS. gealla: perh. related to yellow.] 
gal'lant 1 , 1 gal'ant; 2 gal'ant. I. a. Possess¬ 
ing an intrepid spirit; brave; chivalrous. II. 
n. A man of gay and dashing manners; an 
intrepid youth. [< OF. galant, prop. ppr. 
of galer, rejoice.] -ly 1 , adv. 
gal-lant' 2 , 1 ga-lant'; 2 ga-lant'. I. a. Polite 
and attentive to women; courteous. II. n. 
A man who pays court to women: used in 
good or evil sense, -ly 2 , adv. 
gal'lant-ry, 1 gal'ant-n; 2 gal'ant-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi] 1. Courage; heroism; chivalrous¬ 
ness. 2. Politeness or devotion to women, 
gal'le-on, 1 gal'i-en; 2 gal'e-on, n. A large 
Spanish ship (15th to 17th century). [< 
LL.' 9P galea, galley.] 

gal'ler-y, 1 gal'ar-i; 2 gal'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 
1. An elevated floor along the side of a church, 
theater, or the like; also, the people seated 
there. 2. A corridor; passageway; a place 
used for the display of statues, paintings, etc. 

[ < OF. galerie, gallery.] 

gal'ley, 1 gal'i; 2 gal'y, n. 1. A seagoing vessel 
propelled by oars; barge; rowboat. 2. The 
cooking*place on board ship. 3. Print. A 
long tray, for holding composed type. [ < F. 
galee, < LL. galea, galley.]—gal'ley “Slave", n. 
A convict sentenced to labor at the oar of a galley. 
Gal'lic 1 , 1 gal'ik; 2 gal'ic, a. Of or pertaining 
to ancient Gaul or modern France. [ < L. 


Gallicus, < Gallvs, inhab. of Gaul.]—Gal'11- 
clsm, n. A French idiom, as used in any other 
language.—Gal'li-cize, vt. Gal'li-cisef. 
gal'lic 2 , 1 gal'ik; 2 gal'ic, a. Derived from 
gallnuts. 

Gal'li-can, 1 gal'i-kan; 2 gal'i-ean, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to Gaul or France, or especially to the 
Roman Catholic Church there, -ism, n. 
gal"li-na'ceous, 1 gal"i-ne'^hus; 2 gal"i-na'- 
shus, a. Pertaining to an order of birds 
(Gallinx ) that includes the common hen, 
turkeys, partridges, etc. 

Gal-lip'o-li, 1 ga-lip'o-11; 2 ga-lip'o-li, n. A 
peninsula and seaport S. of European Turkey; 
attacked by Allied forces, 1915; evacuated Jan. 
8, 1916. 

gal'li-pot, 1 gal'i-pet; 2 gal'i-pot, n. A small 
jar for ointments. [Corr. of OD. gleypot.] 
gal'Ion, 1 gal'an; 2 gal'on, ». 1. A liquid 

measure: (1) U. S. standard, 231 cubic inches; 
(2) British Imperial, 277.274 cubic inches. 
2. A dry measure: one=eighth of a bushel. [F.] 
gal-loon', 1 ga-lun'; 2 ga-loon', n. A worsted 
lace; narrow tape or trimming. [< Sp. F 
galon, court dress.] 

gal'lop, 1 gal'ap; 2 gal'op. I.vt.&vi. To ride, 
drive, or go at a gallop. II. n. 1. Quadru¬ 
pedal motion by a regular succession of leaps. 
2. The act of riding at a gallop. [ < Old 
Flem.o p walop, gallop.] 

gal'lows, 1 gal'oz; 2 gal' 03 , n. [gal'lows or 
gal'lows-es, pi] A framework used for 
hanging criminals, supporting spars on a 
vessel, or for other purposes. [ < AS. galga.] 
gal'op, 1 gal'ap; 2 g&l'op, n. A lively dance, or 
the music for it. [F., gallop.] gal"o-pade'J. 
ga-lore', 1 ga-lor'; 2 ga-lor', a. Very many; 

abundant; used after a noun, 
ga-losh', 1 ga-le^h'; 2 ga-losh', n. A wooden or 
other overshoe. [ < Gr. F kalon, wood, -f- 
pous, foot.] ga-loche'f. 
galv., abbr. Galvanic, galvanism. 

Gal-va'ni, 1 gal-va'm; 2 gal-va'm, Luigi (1737— 
1798). An Italian physicist; discovered galva¬ 
nism. 

gal-van'ic, 1 gal-van'ik; 2 gal-van'ie, a. Per¬ 
taining to galvanism. [< Galvani.] —gal'- 
va-nism, n. Current electricity arising from 
chemical action: no longer in scientific use.— 
gal'va-nist, n. — gal'va-nize or -nise, vt. 
[-nized, -nised; -niz"ing, -nis"ing.] 1. To treat 
with a continuous electric current; excite (a 
corpse) to muscular action by electricity; rouse 
to a false show of life and energy. 2. To electro¬ 
plate.— galvanized iron, iron coated with tin 
or zinc by galvanic process. 

Gal'ves-ton, 1 gal'ves-tsn; 2 gal'ves-ton, n. A 
seaport (pop. 44,260) and county (395 sq. m.), 
in S. E. Texas; inundated Sept. 8, 1900. 

Gal'way, 1 gel'we; 2 gal'wa, n. A maritime 
county (2,342 sq. m.; pop. 182,000), W. central 
Ireland; also, its capital (pop. 16,000).— G.Bay,a 
bay S. W. of Galway county. 

Ga'raa, 1 gfl'ma; 2 ga'ma, Vasco de (14697-1525). 
A Portuguese navigator; first to sail round Africa 
to India. 

Ga-ma'li-el, 1 ga-me'h-el; 2 ga-ma'li-el, n. Either 
of two Bible characters. Num. x, 23; Acts v, 34. 
gam'ble, / 1 gam'bl; 2 gam'bl, v. [gam'bl(e)d p ; 
gam'bl p , J gam'bling.] I. t. To squander by 
gaming: followed by away. II. i. To game; 
risk or wager something of value upon a 
chance. [ < AS. gamenian, < gamen, sport.] 
—gam'bier, n .— gam'bling, n .— gam'bling® 
hell" or =house", n. A resort for gambling. 


1:a —Anal: 1 = hablG aisle; an = out: oil: lii = feud: (5hin; go; rj=Bin^; fhin, this. 
2 :wq1i, do; boon., ooot; lull, rijie, cure, out. bilrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this- 











gamboge 

gaud 


262 


gam-boge', 1 gam-boj'; 2 gam-b5g', n. A 
brownish Oriental gum resin. [ < Camboja, 
Cambodia, in Farther India.) 
gam'bol, 1 gam'bal; 2 g&m'bol. I. vi. [-boled 
or -bolled; -bol-xng or -bol-ling.] To skip 
sportively about; caper playfully. II. n. A 
skipping about in sport. [ < It. F gamba, leg.] 
gam'brel, 1 gam'brel; 2 gam'brel, n. 1. The 
hock of an animal. 2. A stick used for hang¬ 
ing meat. 3. A roof having its slope broken 
by an obtuse angle, gambrel roofj. [ < 
OF. gambe, < LL. gamba, leg.) 
game, 1 gem; 2 gam, v. [gamed; gam'ing.] I§. 
t. To lose or wager at play; gamble. II. i. 
To play a game, especially a game of chance, 
for a stake; gamble. [< AS. gamenian, < 
gamen, sport.) — gam'ing, n. Gambling.— 
gam'ingdiouse", n. A gambling=house. 
game, a. 1. Of or pertaining to game. 2. 

Ready to fight; courageous; unflinching, 
game, «. 1. A contest for recreation or amuse¬ 
ment; a jest; joke; sport. 2. A scheme; plot. 
3. Wild animals collectively, or their flesh; 
any object of pursuit. [ < AS. gamen, sport.] 
— game'some, a. Playful; sportive; gay; merry. 
—game'ster, n. A gambler, 
gam'in, 1 gam'in; 2 gam'in, n. [F.] A street arab. 
gam'mon 1 , 1 gam'en; 2 gam'on, n. 1. [Colloq.] 
A hoax. 2. In^backgammon, a sweeping de¬ 
feat. [ < AS. gamen, sport.] [leg.] 

gam'mon 2 , n. A cured ham. [ < 'LL. OT gamba, 
gam 'lit, 1 gam'ut; 2 gam'ut, n. The diatonic 
scale of musical notes; the whole range of 
anything. 

gan'der, 1 gan'dar; 2 gan'der, n. A male 
goose. [ < AS. gandra, gans*, goose.] 
Gan'dhi, 1 gan'di; 2 giin'di, Mohandes K. (1860- 
). Hindu political agitator in British India, 
1920-21. 

gang, 1 gap; 2 gang, vi. [Scot.] To go. 
gang, n. A number of persons or of instru¬ 
ments acting together; a group; squad. [< 
AS. gang, a going, < gangan, go.]—gang'* 
plank", n. A temporary bridge for passengers 
between a vessel and a wharf. 

Gan'ges, 1 gan'jlz; 2 gan'ggg, n. A sacred river of 
India, 1,560 m. from Himalaya mountains to 
Bay of Bengal. 

gan'gli-on, 1 gaq'gli-an; 2 gan'gli-on, n. [gan'- 
gli-ons z or gan'gli-a, pi.] 1. Anat. (1) An 
aggregation of nerve®cells. (2) A glanddike 
organ. 2. Pathol. A hard globular tumor 
proceeding from a tendon. [LL., < Gr. 
ganglion, tumor.)— gan"gli-on'ic, a. 
gan'grene, 1 gaij'grin; 2 giin'gren. I. vt. & vi. 
[gan'grened; gan'gren"ing.] To cause gan¬ 
grene in; become affected by gangrene. II. n. 
The death of a part; the first stage of morti¬ 
fication. [OF., < Gr. gangraina, < graino, 
gnaw.)— gan'gre-nous, a. 
gang'way", 1 gap'we"; 2 gang'wa", 
n. An opening or passageway, 
gan'net, 1 gan'et; 2 gan'et, n. 

A bird related to the 
pelicans. [ < AS. 
ganot; cp. gander.] 
gant'let 1 , \ 1 gant'let, 
gaunt'let, ( gant' let, 
or gent'let; 2 gant'¬ 
let, gant'let, or gont'- Gannet. Vs5 

ISt, ». A punishment, wherein the victim 
ran between two rows of men who struck him 
with clubs as he passed; hence, a series of 


risks or unpleasant events. [ < Sw. gala, 
lane, + lopa, leap.) 

gant'let 2 , n. Same as gauntlet 1 , gant'lettej. 
Gan'y-mcdc, 1 gan'i-mid; 2 gan'y-med, n. Gr. 

Myth. A beautiful youth, cup*bearer to Zeus, 
gaol, gaol'er, etc. Same as jail, etc. 
gap, 1 gap; 2 gap. I- vt. [gapped 1 ; gap'ping.] 
To nick or notch; make a breach in. II. n. 
A passage or aperture; breach; break; ravine. 
[ < Ice. gap, gap, abyss, < gapa, gape.) 
gape, 1 gap or gep; 2 gap or gap. I. vi. [gaped 1 ; 
gap'ing.] To open the mouth wide, as in 
yawning; present a wide opening, as a chasm. 
II. 7i. The act of gaping; an opening; chasm; 
fissure [ < AS. geapan, gape, open wide, < 
geap, wide.) 

gar, n. A fish with speardike snout, gar'- 
fisbt; gar'pike J. [ < AS. gar, spear.] 

G. A. It., abbr. Grand Army of the Republic. 
ga"rage', 1 ga"rd 3 ' or gar'ij; 2 ga"razh' or gar'- 
ag, n. A building in which motor s vehicles 
are stored and cared for. 
garb, 1 garb; 2 garb, n. A complete or char¬ 
acteristic dress; outward form or expression. 
[< OHG. OF garaici, preparation, garb.) 
gar'bage, 1 gar'bij; 2 gar'bag, n. Animal or 
household refuse. [< OHG. OP garba, sheaf.] 
gar'ble, )1 gar'bl; 2 gar'bl, vt. [gar'bl(e)d p ; 
gar'bl p , ) gar'bling.] To change injuriously, 
as a paper; mutilate; pervert. [< Ar. sp+oF 
ghirbal, sieve.) 

gar'den, 1 gar'dn; 2 giir'dn. I. vt. & vi. To 
cultivate; till a garden. II. n. A place for 
the cultivation of flowers, vegetables, or small 
plants; any fertile territory. [< OHG. OF 
garto, yard, garden.]— gar'den-er, n. One who 
tends gardens, or is skilled in gardening. —gar'- 
den-ing, n. The caring for a garden; horti¬ 
culture. 

Gar 'field, 1 gdr'fild; 2 gar'feld, James Abram 
(1831-1881). A President of the United States. 
See president. 

Gar-gan'tu-a, 1 gar-gan'tiu-a; 2 gar-g&n'tu-a, n. 
In Rabelais's satire of that name, a voracious 
giant. —Gar-gan'tu-an, a. 
gar'gle, ) 1 gdr'gl; 2 gar'gl. I. vt. [gar'gl(e)d p ; 
gar'gl 1 ’, ) gar'gling.] (1) To rinse (the throat) 
with a liquid agitated by air from the wind¬ 
pipe. (2) To use as a gargle. II. n. A liquid 
for gargling. [ < OF. gargouiller, gargle.] 
gar'goyle, 1 gar'geil; 2 giir'goyl, n. A project¬ 
ing medieval stone spout, 
grotesquely carved. [< 

OF. gargouille, throat, < L. 
gurguliotn-), gullet.]—gar'- 
goyled, a. 

Ga"ri-bal'dl, 1 ga"ri-bal'di; 

2 ga'ri-bal'di, Giuseppe 
(1807-1882). An Italian 
patriot; secured unity of 
Italy. , Gargoyle, 

gar'ish, 1 gar'isffi; 2 gar'ish, a. Marked by a 
dazzling glare; gaudy; conceited. [Allied to 
gaze.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
gar'land, 1 gdr'land; 2 gar'land. I d . vt. To 
deck, as with a garland. II. n. A wreath as 
a token of victory, joy, or honor. [ < OF. 
garlande.] 

gar'lie, 1 gar'lik; 2 gar'lie, n. A hardy bulbous 
perennial of the same genus as the onion. [ < 
AS. gar, spear, + leac. leek.)— j^ar'lick-y, a. 
gar 'men t, 1 gar'ment or -mant; 2 gar'ment, n. 
An article of clothing. [ < OF. garnement, < 
garnir, garnish.) 




1: artistic, firt; fit, fare; fust; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go. not. or. w6n! 









263 


gamboge 

gaud 


gar'ner, 1 gar'nor; 2 gar'ner. I. vt. To store, 
as in a granary; gather. II. to. A place for 
the storage of grain; a granary; gathering; 
store. [ < L. F granarium, granary.] 
gar'net 1 , 1 gar'net; 2 gar'net, to. A vitreous 
transparent or translucent stone, sometimes 
cut as a gem; also, its prevailing color, a deep 
red. [ < F. grenat, < L. LL granum, seed.] 
gar'net 2 , n. A form of tackle or purchase, 
gar'nish, 1 gar'nish; 2 gar'nish. I', vt. 1. To 
embellish; decorate. 2. Law. To give warn¬ 
ing to answer to an action. II. n. An orna¬ 
ment, as around a dish at table. [ < OF. 
garnir, for warnir, warn.]— gar'nish-ment, n. 
The act of garnishing or that which garnishes.— 
gar'ni-ture, n. Anything used to garnish; em¬ 
bellishment. 

gar"nish-ee', 1 gar"m£h-I'; 2 gar"nish-e', to. Law. 
A person warned not to pay or deliver money or 
effects to a defendant, pending a judgment of a 
court.—gar"nish-ee', vt. [S. W. France. 

Ga"ronne', 1 ga"ren'; 2 ga"ron', to. A river in 
gar'ret, 1 gar'et; 2 gar'et, n. A story or room 
directly under a sloping roof. [ < OF. garite, 
place of refuge.] 

Gar'rick, 1 gar'ik; 2 gar'ik, David (1716-1779). 

An English actor and dramatist, 
gar'ri-son, 1 gar'i-san; 2 gar'i-son. I. vt. 1. 
To man with troops, as a fortress or town. 
2. To put, as soldiers, into a fortress or town. 
II. n. The military force defending a fort, 
town, or the like. [ME. garnison, < OF. gar- 
nison, < garnir; see garnish.] 

Gar'ri-»on, William Lloyd (1805-1879). An 
American abolitionist and philanthropist; led 
antislavery agitation just before the Civil War. 
gar-rote', 1 ga-rot'; 2 ga-rot'. I. vt. [gar- 
ROT'ED d ; gar-rot'ing.] 1. To execute with 
a garrote. 2. 'Jo throttle in order to rob. II. 
n. A Spanish instrument for capital punish¬ 
ment by strangling; strangulation. [< Sp. 
garrote, orig. cudgel.]— gar-rot'cr, n. 
gar'ru-lous, 1 gar'u-lus; 2 gar'u-lus, a. Given 
to continual and tedious talking; habitually 
loquacious. [ < L. garrulus, chattering.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.— gar-ru'li-ty, n. Idle and empty 
talkativeness. 

gar'ter, 1 gar'tar; 2 gar'ter. I. vt. To put a 
garter upon; fasten with a garter. II. n. 1. 
A band to hold a. stocking in place. 2. The 
badge of the highest order of knighthood in 
Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter; 
also, the order itself, or membership therein. 

[ < OF. garlier, < garret, < Br. gar, leg.] 
gas, 1 gas; 2 gas, vt. & vi. [gassed, gasts; gas'- 
sing.] 1. To expose to gas or a gas-flame; form or 
give off gas. 2. [Slang.] To talk nonsense. 3. MU. 
To poison or be poisoned by gas or gas-fumes, 
gas, to. [gas'es 2 , pi.] 1. An aeriform elastic 
fluid tending to expand indefinitely; espe¬ 
cially, a gaseous mixture used as an illumi- 
nant or as a fuel, called illuininating*gas, 
fueUgas, or heating^gas. 2. [Colloq.] A 
single jet of flame supplied by illuminat¬ 
ing-gas. gas'sjet"t; gas'light"]:. 3. See 
laughing-gas under laugh, v. 4. [Colloq.] 
Empty boasting; chatter. [This term was in¬ 
vented by Van Helmont, Belgian chemist 
(1577—1644).]—gas'-burn"er, n. Atipattached 
to a gas-fixture for regulating the flame of gas 
as it is burned.—gas slitter, n. One who fits and 
puts up gas-fixtures.—gas=fittings, n. pi. The 
appliances connected with the introduction and 
use of gas in a building, ineluding meters, etc.— 


gas fixture, n. A tube, with burners and stop¬ 
cocks, connected with a gas-pipe.—gas-helmet 
or gas-mask, n. A head-dress used for protec¬ 
tion against poisonous gas-fumes.—gas-meter, 
n. An apparatus for measuring the quantity of 
gas consumed in a given place and time.—gas* 
well, n. A well from which natural gas flows.— 
gas-works, n. An establishment in which illu¬ 
minating-gas or heating-gas is made.—natural 
gas, illuminating-gas found in nature beneath 
the earth’s surface.—gas'i-form, a. Gaseous.— 
gas'I-fy, v. —gas'sy, a. Characteristic of or 
impregnated with gas. 
gas., abbr. Gasoline. 

gas"con-ade', 1 gas"ken-ed'; 2 gas"con-ad'. I. 
vi. [-ad'ed j ; -ad'ing.] To vaunt oneself; 
brag; bluster. II. n. Boastful or blustering 
talk; braggadocio; bluster. [F.] 

Gas'co-ny, 1 gas'ko-m; 2 gas'eo-ny, n. A former 
province, S. W. France.—Gas'con, a. —Gas'- 
con, n. 1. A native of Gascony. 2. [g-] A boaster, 
gas'e-ous, 1 gas'i-us; 2 gas'e-us, a. 1. Having 
the nature or form of gas. 2. Unsubstantial, 
gash, 1 gajfii; 2 gash. I 1 . vt. To make a long 
deep cut in. II. n. A long deep incision; a 
flesh-wound. [< Gr. OF charasso, scratch.] 
gas'ket, n. 1. A ring or disk of packing to 
make a joint watertight. 2. A rope or cord 
used to confine furled sails. [Appar. < F. 
garcette, cat-o’-nine=tails.] 

gas'o-line, ) 1 gas'o-lin or -lin; 2 gas'o-lm or 
gas'o-lin 8 , ) -lin, n. A colorless, volatile, in¬ 
flammable product distilled from petroleum, 
gas-om'e-ter, 1 gas-em'i-tar; 2 gas-om'e-ter, 
to . 1 . A tank for storing gas. 2. A gas-meter, 
gasp, 1 gasp; 2 gasp. I 1 . vt. & vi. To utter or 
emit brokenly and painfully; breathe con¬ 
vulsively, as from exhaustion or fear. II. to. 
An act of gasping. [ < Ice. geispa, yawn.] 
gas'tric, 1 gas'trik;2gas'trie,a. Of.pertainingto, 
or near the stomach. [< Grh gaster, stomach.] 
gas-tron'o-my, 1 gas-tren'o-mi; 2 gas-tron'- 
o-my, to. The art of preparing and serving 
appetizing food; hence, the art of good eating. 
[< Gr. F gaster, stomach, + nomos, law.]—gas- 
tron'o-mer, to. An epicure, gas'tro-nomct; 
gas-tron 'o-mistf.—gas"tro-nom'ic, a. 
gate, 1 get; 2 gat, to . 1 . An opening or passage¬ 
way, as in a fence, wall, or enclosure; a por¬ 
tal; also, a movable frame or valve that serves 
to close it. 2. Any means of access; hence, 
power; supremacy. [ < AS. geat, gate, open¬ 
ing, < gilan, get.]—gate'way", to. An entrance 
having a gate; any means of ingress or egress. 
Gates, 1 gets; 2 gats, Horatio (1728-1806). An 
American general; defeated Burgoyne, 1777. 
gath'er, 1 gath'er; 2 gath'er, v. I. t. 1. To 
bring together; assemble; collect. 2. To de¬ 
duce; infer. 3. To draw into folds or plaits. 
II. i. 1. To come together; congregate. 2. 
To increase; accumulate. 3. To come to a 
head; concentrate. [< AS. gsedrian, gade- 
rian .]—gath'er-er, to. One who or that which 
gathers.—gath'cr-ing, to. The act of gathering 
or that which is gathered or brought together; 
an assemblage; an abscess, 
gath'er, to. A plait or fold in cloth. 

Ga-tun', 1 ga-tun'; 2 ga-tun', to. A town in the 
Canal Zone, 8 miles from the Atlantic.—Gatun 
dam, a dam of the Panama canal, nearly 8,000 
ft. long, forming an artificial lake, Gatun lake, 
area 171 sq. m. 

gaud, 1 god; 2 gad, to. An article of vulgar 
finery. [ < L. gaudium, joy, < gaudeo, re- 


lr a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = fewd; dhin; go; I) = si ng\ thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








gauge 

genuflection 


264 


joice.] —gaud'y, a. [gaud'i-er; gaud'i-est.] 
Obtrusively brilliant in color; garish; flashy.— 
gaud'i-ly, adv. —gaud'i-ness, n. 
gauge, gaug'er, etc. Same as gage, etc. 

Gaul, 1 gel; 2 gal, n. 1. An ancient territory, em¬ 
bracing what is now N. Italy, France, Belgium, 
and parts of Holland, Switzerland, and Germany. 
2. A native of Gaul; also, specif., a Frenchman, 
gaunt, 1 gdnt or gent; 2 gant or gant, a. Ema¬ 
ciated; lank; lean; meager; thin; famishing; 
wasting. [Prob. Scand.j -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
gaunt'let 1 , 1 gant'let or gont'let; 2 gant'let or 
gant'let, n. A knight’s leather glove covered 
with metal plates; a glove with long wrist* 
extension; also, the wristlet. [Also gantlet, < 
D.ll+of want, mitten.J— gaunt'let-ed, a. 
gaunt'let 2 , n. Same as gantlet 1 . 

Gau'ta-ma, 1 go'te-me; 2 ga'ta-ma, n. Buddha. 

See Buddha. Go'ta-maf. 
gauze, 
gauz p , 
wire: 


) 1 gez; 2 gaz, n. A light open*woven 
) fabric, as of cotton, silk, or 
used also adjectivally. [ < F. 

Thin 



Gazel 


gaze, gauze.]— gauz'y, a. 
diaphanous like gauze.— 
gauz'i-ness, n. 
gave, imp. of give, v. 
gav'el, 1 gav'el; 2 gav'el, 
n. 1. A masons’ mallet; 
also, that used by a pre¬ 
siding officer. 2. An un¬ 
bound bundle of grain. 

[< OF. gavclle, sheaf, ult. 

< L. capio, take.] 
ga'vl-al, 1 ge'vi-sl; 2 ga'- 

vi-al, n. The great Indian crocodile, having 
long slender jaws. [< Hind, ghariyal, croc¬ 
odile.] 

gawk, 1 gek; 2 gak. Ik vi. To stare or behave 
awkwardly and stupidly. II. n. An awk¬ 
ward, stupid fellow. [ < Ice. gaukr, cuckoo.] 
—gawk'y. I. a. Awkward and dull; clownish; 
clumsy. II. n. [gawk'iesz, pj.] a gawk.— 
gawk'i-Iy, adv. —gawk'i-ness, n. 
gay, 1 ge; 2 ga, a. 1. Filled with or inspiring 
mirth; merry; sportive. 2. Brilliant; showy. 
3. Loving pleasure; wanton. [ < OIIG. OF gain, 
quick, sudden.] 

gay'e-ty, gay'Iy. See gaiety, gaily. 

Gaz., abbr. Gazette, gazetteer. 

Ga'za, 1 ge'za; 2 ga'za, n. Town in Palestine where 
Turks were defeated by the British, March 27, 
1917. 


gaze, 1 gez; 2 gaz. I. vi. [gazed; gaz'ing.] To 
look earnestly and steadily, as in scrutiny, 
admiration, or concern. II. n. A continued 
or intense look. [ < Sw. dial, gasa, gaze.] 
ga-zel', t 1 ga-zel'; 2 ga-zel', n. A small, 
ga-zelle', \ delicately formed antelope, with 
recurved horns and large gentle eyes. [OF., 
< Ar. ghazal, gazel.] 

ga-zette', )1 ga-zet'; 2 ga-zet'. I. vt. [ga- 
ga-zct' p , f ZET'TED d ; ga-zet'ting.] To re¬ 
port officially; hence, to appoint. II. n. A 
newspaper, or printed account of current 
events; any official announcement. [< It. 
gazzelta.]— gaz"et-teer', n. I. A dictionary of 
geographical names. 2. A writer or contributor 
of news for a gazette. 

G. B., abbr. Great Britain.— G. B. & I., abbr. 
Great Britain and Ireland.— G. C., abbr. Grand 
Chancellor, Grand Chaplain, Grand Chapter, 
Grand Council.— G. C. B., abbr. Grand Cross of 
the Bath.— g. c. d., abbr. Greatest common 
divisor. —g. c. m., abbr. Greatest common 
measure.— G. C. M. G., abbr. Grand Cross of 


St. Miciiael and St. George.—G. C. S. I., abbr. 
Grand Commander of the [Order of the] Star of 
India. - G.D., abbr. Grand Duchess, Grand Duke, 
gear, 1 gir; 2 ger, v. I. t. 1. To equip; make 
ready; harness; dress. 2. Mech. To put into 
gear. II. t. Mech. To come into or be in gear, 
gear, n. 1. Mech. Any set of appliances, as of 
cog*wheels, serving to transmit motion or 
change its rate or direction. 2. Naut. The 
set of ropes, blocks, etc., used in working a 
spar or sail. 3. A cog*wheel. 4. Fitness for 
harmonious and effective action. 5. Any 
equipment, as dress, accouterments, tools, or 
household necessaries. [< AS. gearwe (pi.), 
equipment, clothing.]—gear'ing, n. 1. Mech. 
Gear in general; working parts collectively. 2. 
Navi. Ropes and tackle. 

gee, 1 ji; 2 ge, vt. & vi. To turn to the right or 
from the driver: said of or to draft*animals. 
geese, 1 gis; 2 ges, n. Plural of goose. 
gel'a-tin, / 1 jel'e-tin; 2 gSl'a-tfn, n. A hard, 
gel'a-tine, \ transparent, tasteless substance 
obtained from animal tissue, as skin or horns. 
[< L. F gelatus, pp. of gelo, freeze.]—ge-lat'i- 
nous, a. Of the nature of gelatin; like jelly, 
geld, 1 geld; 2 g&ld, vt. [geld'ed * 1 or gelt; 
geld'ing.] To castrate. [< Ice. gelda, cas¬ 
trate.]—geld'ing, n. A castrated horse, 
gel'id, 1 jel'id; 2 gel'id, a. [Poet.] Very cool; 

cold; icy.—gel-ld'i-ty, n. 
gem, 1 jem; 2 gem. I. vt. [gemmed; gem'- 
ming.] To adorn with or as with gems. II. 
n. A precious stone; anything rare, delicate, 
and perfect. [ < L. F gemma , bud.] 

Gem'i-ni, 1 jem'i-nai; 2 gem'i-nl, n. pi. A con¬ 
stellation, the third sign of the zodiac. See con¬ 
stellation. 

geni-ma'tion, 1 je-me'slian;.2 ge-mfi'shon, to. 
Budding, as of plants, or oi the lower types 
of animals. [ < L. gemmatus, pp. of gemmo, 
bud.]—gem'mate, a. Bearing buds or repro¬ 
ducing by buds. 

-gen. A suffix used to mean ‘ producing,’ * pro¬ 
duced’; as, hydrogen, exo gen, etc. [(a) < L. 
-genus, < gigno, geno, bear; (f>) < Gr. genes, < 
gignomai, be born.] 

Gen., abbr. General, Genesis, Geneva, Genevan. 
—gen., abbr. Gender, genera, general, gener¬ 
ally, generic, genus.—gen., genlt. ,abbr. Geni¬ 
tive. 

gen"darine', 1 3 an"ddrm' or jen-darm'; 2 
zhaiV'darm' or gen-darm', to. [gen"darmes', 
gens d’armes, pi.] Originally, in France, a 
man*at*arms; now, an armed policeman. [F.] 
—gen-darm'er-ie, n. Gendarmes collectively, 
gen-darm'er-yj. 

gen'der, 1 jen'dar; 2 gfn'der, vt. To beget; en¬ 
gender; give rise to. [ < L. F genero, beget.] 
gen 'dor, n. A property of certain w ords wffiere- 
by they indicate sex. [ < L. OF genus; see ge¬ 
nus.] 

geneal., abbr. Genealogist, genealogy. 
gen"e-al'o-gy, 1 jen"i-al'o-ji; 2 gen"e-al'o-gy, 
to. [-gies z , pi.] 1. A record of descent from 
some ancestor; a list of ancestors and their 
descendants. 2. Descent in a direct line; 
pedigree. [ < Gr. genea, race; and see -ology.] 
—gcn"e-a-log't-cal, a. gen"e-a-log'ict.— 
gen"e-al 'o-glst, n. One versed in genealogies, 
gen'e-ra, n. Plural of genus. [L.] 
gen'er-al, 1 jen'ar-al; 2 gSn'er-al. I. a. 1. 
Pertaining to a genus or kind; relating to all 
of a class. 2. Pertaining to the majority; 
widespread. 3. Large in scope, meaning, or 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 






265 


gauge 

genuflection 


contents; indefinite. 4. Common; customary. 
5. Viewed as a whole. II. re. 1. Mil. An 
officer who commands any body of troops not 
less than a brigade. 2. A general principle or 
statement. 3. That which includes all of a 
kind. [ < L. OF generalis, of or belonging to a 
kind.]—gen"er-al 'I-ty, re. [-ties 2 , pl.] 1. The 
main part; majority. 2. A general statement. 
3. The state of being general or generalized.— 
gen"er-al-f-za'[or -sa'jtion, n. The act of 
generalizing; a general inference; an induction.— 
gen'er-al-ize, v. [-ized; -iz'ing.] I. t. To 
make or treat as general or universal; infer (a 
general law) from particulars. II. i. To form 
objects into classes; form general ideas or infer¬ 
ences. gen'er-al-jset.—gen'er-al-iz"er, -ls"- 
er, re.—gcn'er-al-ly, adv. 1. For the most part; 
ordinarily. 2. Without going into particulars. 3. 
Collectively.—gen'er-al-ship, re. A general’s 
office, rank, or skill: tactics or strategy; leadership. 

gen"er-al-is'si-mo, 1 jen"ar-al-is'i-mo; 2 gen"- 
er-al-is'i-mo, n. A supreme military com¬ 
mander. [It.] 

gen'er-ate, 1 jen'ar-et; 2 g£n'er-at, vt. [-at"- 
ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To produce; create. 2. To 
beget. 3. Math. To trace, as a line, by mo¬ 
tion of a point. [ < L. generatus, pp. of 
genero, beget.]—gen"er-a'tion, n. 1. The act 
of generating in any sense; reproduction; origi¬ 
nation. 2. A step in descent; the body of indi¬ 
viduals existing at one time, or their average 
lifetime. 3. Race or family. 4. Progeny.— 
gen'er-a-tiv(e 8 , a. Of or pertaining to genera¬ 
tion; having power to produce or originate.— 
gen 'er-a"tor, n. One who or that which gen¬ 
erates, especially a machine for the production 
of gas or electricity. 

ge-ner'ic, 1 ji-ner'ik; 2 ge-ner'ic, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to a genus or a class of related things: 
opposed to specific. 2. Having a general ap¬ 
plication. 3. Pertaining to gender. [ < L. 
genus; see genus.] ge-ner'i-calf.—ge-ner'i- 
cal-ly, adv. 

gen'er-ous, 1 jen'ar-us; 2 gen'er-us, a. 1. 
Giving or bestowing heartily and liberally; 
magnanimous; chivalrous. 2. Cheering or 
stimulating, as wine. [OF., < L. generosus, 
of noble birth.] -ly, adv.— gen"er-os'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pl.] The quality of being generous; 
liberality; a generous act. 

gen 'e-sis, 1 jen'i-sis; 2 gen'e-sis, n. [-ses z , pl.] 

1. The act or mode of originating; creation; 
origin; beginning. 2. [G-] The first book of 
the Bible. [< Gr. L genesis, origin.]—ge¬ 
net'ic, a. Pertaining to or based on genesis, ori¬ 
gin, natural evolution, or heredity, ge-net'i-calj. 

Ge-ne'va, 1 ji-ni'va; 2 ge-ne'va, n. A canton 
(108 sq. m.; pop. 170,300) and city (pop. 55,740) 
of S. W. Switzerland; meeting place of the Assem¬ 
bly of the League of Nations, Nov. 15, 1920.— 
Lake of G., the largest lake (225 sq. m.) in Switz¬ 
erland. 

Gen'ghis Khan, 1 jen'gis kan; 2 gen'gis kan 
(1164-1227). A Mongol conqueror of N. China, 
Tartary, and Persia. Gen'ghizJ. 

ge'ni-al, 1 ji'm-al or jin'yal; 2 ge'ni-al <re* gen'- 
yal, a. 1. Kindly; cordial; pleasant. 2. Im¬ 
parting warmth, comfort, or vigor; cheering. 
3. Nuptial. [ < L. genialis, of one’s tutelary 
deity.] -ly, adv. —ge"ni-al '1-ty, n. 

ge'nle, 1 jl'ni; 2 ge'ne, n. [ge'ni-i, pl.: by con¬ 
fusion with L. pl. of genius 2 .] Same as jinnee. 

gen'i-tal, 1 jen'i-tal; 2 g£n'i-tal. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to generation. II. n. pl. The sexual 
organs. [ < L. OF genitalis, < gigno, beget.] | 


gen'i-tive, ) 1 jen'i-tiv; 2 gSn'i-tiv. I. a. 
gen'i-tiv 8 , ) Gram. Indicating source, posses¬ 
sion, or the like. II. n. In Latin, Greek, etc., 
the genitive case. [ < L. genitivus, gigno, 
beget.1—gen"i-ti'val, a. -ly, adv. 
gen'i-tor§, 1 jen'i-tar; 2 gSn'i-tor, n. A pro¬ 
genitor. [L.j 

gen'jus 1 , 1 jin'yus; 2 gen'yus, n. 1. Exalted 
intellectual power and creative ability. 2. 
Remarkable aptitude for some special pur¬ 
suit. 3. [gen'ius-es, pl.] A person of phe¬ 
nomenal intellectual powers. 4. The essen¬ 
tial principle of anything. 5. A representative 
type. [L., one’s tutelar spirit.] 
ge'ni-us 2 , 1 jl'm-us; 2 ge'ni-us, n. [ge'ni-i, pl.\ 
A beneficent guardian spirit. [L.] 
Gen-nes'a-ret, 1 ge-nes'a-ret; 2 ge-nes'a-rct. Sea 
of or Lake. See Tiberias. Gen-nes'a-rethJ. 
Gen'o-a, 1 jen'o-a; 2 gen'o-a. n. An Italian prov¬ 
ince (1,582 sq. m.; pop. 1,120,000) and seaport 
(pop. 300,139) on Gulf of Genoa, in N. W. Italy, 
-genous, sufiix. Used with the meaning ‘ born,’ 
‘bearing.’ [(1) < L .genus; see -gen. (2) < 
-gen + -ous ] 

gen're, 1 3 <in'ra; 2 zhan're, n. A style of art 
illustrative of common fife. [F., < L. genus, 
kind.] 

Gen'ser-ic, 1 jen'sar-ik; 2 gen'ser-ic, n. (406?— 
477.) A king of the Vandals; conquered N. 
Africa; sacked Rome. 

gent., ahbr. [gentn., gents., pl.] Gentleman, 
gen-teel', 1 jen-tll'; 2 gen-tel', a. Welbbred 
or refined; elegant; fashionable. [ < F. gentil; 
see gentle.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
gen'tian, 1 jen'^han; 2 gen'shan, re. A flower¬ 
ing plant of various species, 
as the yellow gentian of Europe 
(used medicinally), and the 
fringed gentian of America, 
with blue, delicately fringed 
flowers. [ < L. OF Gentius, an 
Illyrian king.] 

gen'tile, 1 jen'tail; 2 gen'tll, n. 

1. [G-] Scrip. One not a Jew. 

2. Gram. A noun or an adjec¬ 
tive denoting race or country. 

3. A member of a gens or clan. 

Used adjectivally in all senses. 

[ < L. gentilis; see gentle.] 

gen-til'i-ty, 1 jen-til'i-ti; 2 gen- 
til'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pl.] 1. The 
quality of being genteel. 2. 

Fashionable exclusiveness. 3. 

Dignity of birth, 
gen'tie, ) 1 jen'tl; 2 g8n'tl, a. 1. Mild; kindly r. 
gen'tl p , ) gracious. 2. Moderate in action; 
soft or low; peaceful. 3. Tame; docile. 4. 
Not steep or abrupt; easy. 5. Of honorable 
family; noble. [< L. F gentilis, of the same 
clan.] -ness, n. —gen'tly, adv. — gen'tle- 
folk", n. pl. People of good family: now more 
commonly gentlefolks. —gen'tle-man, re. [-men, 
pl.] 1. A welbbred and honorable man. 2. A 
man of the higher class or of gentle extraction.— 
gen'tle-man-ly, a. Pertaining to or befitting 
a gentleman; courteous; gracious. gen'tle- 
man-like"t.—gen'tle-wo"man, re. [-wo"men, 
pl.] 1. A woman of good birth and breeding; a 
lady. 2. A maid of honor, 
gen'try, 1 jen'tri; 2 gSn'try, re. 1. People of 
good position or birth. 2. Any specified class 
of people. 

gen"u-flec'tion or -flex'ion, 1 jen"yu-flek'- 
iffian; 2 g6n"yu-flSc'shon, re. A bending of 



1:a = final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = o«t; ©II; IQ = feud; cfliin; go; Q = Bing', fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; fyli, ryle, cure, but, bQrn; 611, b6y; go, gem; i©k; thin, this. 












genuine 

gimbal 


266 


the knee, as in worship. [ < L. genu, knee, + 
flecto, bend.) 

gen'u-ine, ) 1 jen'yu-in; 2 gen'yu-in, a. 1. Of 
gen'u-in p , ) the original or true stock, or of the 
authorship claimed; not spurious, adulter¬ 
ated, or counterfeit. 2. Not affected or hypo¬ 
critical; frank; sincere; true. [ < L. genuinus, 
innate.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ge'nus, 1 jl'nus; 2 ge'nus, n. [gen'e-ra, rarely 
ge'nus-es, pi.] A group or class embracing 
subordinate classes or species. [L., origin.] 
-geny, suffix. Production. [ < L. -genia, < 
Gr. -geneia, < V gen in gignomai, become.) 
ge'o-, 1 jl'o-; 2 ge'o-. From Greek ge, earth: a com¬ 


bining form. 

Geo., abbr. George, Georgia. 

ge"o-cen'tric, 1 ji"o-sen'trik; 2 ge*o-cen'tric, a. 
Relating to the earth as a center. 

Geod., abbr. Geodesy. 

ge-od'e-sy, 1 ji-ed'i-si; 2 ge-od'e-sy, n. Mathe¬ 
matical measurement of vast areas of the earth’s 
surface: distinguished from surveying (of limited 
areas). — ge"o-det'ic, a. ge"o-det'i-calt.— 
ge"o-det'i-cal-ly, adv. 

geog., abbr. Geographer, geographical, geography. 

ge-og'ra-phy, ) 1 ji-eg'ra-fi; 2 ge-og'ra-fy, n. 

ge-og'ra-fy p , ) [-phies 2 , pi.] The science that 
describes the surface of the earth, with its 


peoples and products; also, a treatise on this 
science. [ < Gr. ge, earth, -j- grapho, write.] 
—ge-og'ra-pher, n. —ge"o-graph'i-caI, a. Of 
or pertaining to geography. ge"o-grap h'icf.— 
ge"o-graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

geol. , abbr. Geological, geologist, geology. 

ge-ol'o-gy, 1 ji-el'o-ji; 2 ge-61'o-gy, n. The 

science that treats of the constitution and 
structure of the earth; also, a treatise on this 
subject. [ < Gr. ge, earth, + -logy.] —ge"o- 
log'ic, a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from 
geology, g e"o-log'i-calf.—ge"o-log'i-cal-ly, 
adv. —ge-ol'o-gist, n. One versed in geology, 
ge-ol'o-gert.—ge-ol'o-gize, vi. [-gized; -giz"- 
ing.) To study geology, ge-ol'o-gisef. 

geom. , abbr. Geometer, geometrical, geometry. 

ge-om'e-try, 1 ji-em'i-tri; 2 ge-om'e-try, n. 

[-tries 2 , pi.] The branch of mathematics 
that treats of space and.its relations; also, a 
treatise on this subject. [< Gr. ge, earth, + 
metron , measure.)—ge-om 'e-ter, n. One skilled 
in geometry: a mathematician. ge-om"e-tri'- 
cianf.—ge"o-met'ric, ge"o-met'ri-cal, a. 
Pertaining to geometry or in accordance with 
its rules or principles; characterized by regular 
lines, curves, and angles, -ly, adv. 

George, 1 jerj; 2 gorg, n. 1. One of five kings of 
England: notably: (1) G. III. (1738-1820), king 
during the American Revolution. (2) G. V., son 
of Edward VII. (1865- ). See England. 2. 
Saint G., martyred in Cappadocia, 303; became 
a legendary hero, slayer of a dragon; patron saint 
of England.—Georg'i-an, a. 

Geor'gi-a, 1 jer'ji-a; 2 gor'gi-a, n. 1. A S. Atlantic 
State (58,725 sq. m.; pop. 2,895,832) of the United 
States; capital, Atlanta. 2. An ancient inde¬ 
pendent country; now Tiflis government, Russia. 

Ger., Germ., abbr. German, Germany.—ger., 
abbr. Gerund. 

ge-ra'ni-um, 1 ji-re'm-um; 2 ge-ra'ni-um, n. 
Bot. A flowering plant of many species, com¬ 
mon in cultivation. See illus. in next column. 
[L., < Gr. ger anion, < geranos, crane.] 

Ge-rard', 1 ji-rdrd'; 2ge-rard', James W. (1867- 
). American diplomat; author; ambassador 
to Germany, 1913-17. 

ger'fal"con, 1 jur'fe"kn; 2 ger'fa"cn, n. A 



Geranium. 


large falcon with feathered shanks. [ < LL. OF 
hierofalco(n-), sacred falcon.) 

Ger'i-zim, 1 geri-zim; 2 ger'i-zim, n. A mountain 
in Samaria, Palestine. Deut. xi, 29. 
germ, 1 jurm; 2 germ, n. The earliest stage of an 
organism; bud; embryo; 
primary source; microbe. 

[< L. F germen, sprout.)— 
ger'ml-eide, n. An agent Vs- 
used to destroy germs, as of 
disease.—ger'mi-ei"dal, a. 

—ger'mi-nal, a. 

Ger'mail 1 ,1 jur'man;2ger'- 
man. I. a. Pertaining to 
Germany, its people, or its 
language. II. n. 1. A 
native or citizen of Ger¬ 
many. 2. The language of 
Germany. 3. [g-] [U. S.] 

The cotillion. [< L. Germanus, German: said 
to be of Celtic origin.]—German ocean, see 
North Sea. —German silver, a white alloy of 
nickel, zinc, and copper.—High German, the 
German of Germany, including the dialects of 
Switzerland, Bavaria, Alsace, etc.—Low Ger¬ 
man, the German of the Netherlands, including 
Friesian, Dutch, Flemish, etc.—Ger-man'ie. 
I. a. German. II. n. The German language, 
ger'man 2 , a. 1. Having the same parents or 
grandparents: used after the noun. 2. Ger¬ 
mane. [ < L. germanus, near akin.] 
ger-mane', 1 jar-men'; 2 ger-man', a. 1. Ap¬ 
propriate; pertinent. 2. Akin; german. 
Ger'man Em'pire. An empire (203,176 sq.m.; 
pop. 63,052,000) in central Europe: proclaimed 
Jan. 1, 1871: abrogated, Nov. 18, 1918; capital, 
Berlin. See Germany. 

Ger'ma-ny, n. A republic in central Europe (171,- 
910 sq. m.; pop. 60,900,000); capital, Berlin; re¬ 
public proclaimed. Nov. 1918. 
ger'mi-nate, 1 jur'mi-net; 2 ger'mi-nat, vi. 
f-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To begin to vegetate 
or develop into a higher form. [ < L. germen 
( germin-); see germ.]— ger'mi-nant, a.—ger"- 
mi-na'tion, n. —ger'mi-na-tiv(e p , a. -ly, adv. 
-gerous, suffix. Bearing or producing. [ < L. -ger, 
< gero, bear.) 

ger"ry-mau'der, 1 ger"i-man'dar; 2 gfr"y-man'- 
der.rf. U.S.Polit. To alter unfairly or abnormally, 
as the political map of a State, etc. [< Gov. 
Elbridge Gerry, of Mass.]—ger"ry-man'der, n. 
gest, 1 jest; 2 g£st, n. [Archaic.] A deed; exploit, 
ges-ta'tion, 1 jes-te'^lian; 2 gSs-ta'shon, n. 

Pregnancy. [ < L. gestatio{n-), carrying.] 
gcs-tic'u-late, 1 jes-tik'yu-let; 2 gSs-tic'yu- 
lat, vi. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To make ges¬ 
tures or motions, as in speaking. [ < L. 
gesticulatus, pp., < gestus, gesture.]—ges-tlc"- 
u-la'tion, n. 

ges'ture, 1 jes'tfhur; 2 g£s'chur. I. vi. [ges'- 
tured; ges'tur-ing.] To gesticulate. II. n. 
An expressive motion or action, as of the 
hand or hands in speaking. [ < LL. gestura, 
mode of action.] 

get, 1 get; 2 gSt, v. [got (gatI); got or got'- 
ten; get'ting.] 1. 1. 1. To gain or come into 
possession of; procure; acquire; receive; ob¬ 
tain. 2. To commit to memory. 3. To beget. 
4. To bring about; cause to be. 5. To prevail 
on; persuade. II. i. 1. To acquire wealth. 
2. [Colloq.] To arrive at; come to be. [< AS. 
gitan.] 

Geth-sem'a-ne, 1 geth-sem'a-nl; 2 geth-sem'a-ne, 
n. A garden at the foot of the Mount of Olives; 
the scene of Christ’s agony. Matt. xxvi, 36. 


I: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, ah; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, dr, wdn. 








genuine 

gimbal 


267 


Get'tys-burg, 1 get'iz-burg; 2 get'yg-burg, re. A 
borough (pop. 4,440), S. Pennsylvania; Meade 
defeated Lee, July 1-3, 1863. 
gew'gaw, 1 giu'ge; 2 gu'ga. I. a. Showy; 
gaudy. II. n. A flashy, useless ornament; 
bauble. [ < AS. gifu, gift, < gif an, give.] 
gey, 1 ge; 2 ge, adv. [Scot.] Moderately; rather, 
gey'ser, 1 gai'zar; 2 gy'ger, n. A hot spring 
from which water or mud is ejected in a foun- 
taimlike column. [< Ice. geysir, < geysa, gush.] 
g. gr., abbr. Great gross. 

ghast'ly, 1 gast'li; 2 gast'ly, a. 1. Having a 
deathlike appearance. 2. Terrifying or shock¬ 
ing. [ < AS. gxstlic, < gaestan, terrify.]— 

ghast'li-ness, n._ 

ghat, ) 1 get; 2 gat, n. 1. A stairway. 2. A 
ghaut, ) mountain pass or a mountain range. 
[Hind.]—bum'ingsghat", n. A wide step on a 
ghat on which the Hindus burn their dead. 
Ghent, 1 gent; 2 gent, n. A commercial city (pop. 

166,000), capital of East Flanders, Belgium, 
gher'kin, 1 gur'km; 2 ger'kin, n. A small prickly 
cucumber, used for pickling. [< D. agurkje, < 
Boh. okurka, cucumber.] 

ghet'to, 1 get'o; 2 get'o, n. The Jews’ quarter of 
a city, as in Rome, etc. [It.] 

Ghib'el-line, 1 gib'e-lm; 2 gib'e-lin, n. A sup¬ 
porter of the German emperor in Italy (11th- 
14th centuries). See Guelph. —Ghib'el-line, a. 
ghost, ) 1 gost; 2 gost, n. 1. A disembodied 
gost 8 , ) spirit. 2. The soul or spirit. 3. A 
shadow or semblance; slight trace. [< AS. 
gast; cp. aghast.]— ghost'ly, a. 1. Pertaining 
to the soul or religion; spiritual. 2. Pertaining to 

apparitions; spectral.—ghost'li-ness, n. 
ghoul, 1 gul; 2 gul, n. An evil spirit supposed to 
prey on corpses. [ < Ar. ghul, demon of woods.] 
gh* abbr. Gills. 

gi'ant, 1 jai'ant; 2 gi'ant. I. a. Gigantic. II. 
n. 1. Myth. A being of human form, but of 
enormous size. 2. Any person or thing of 
great size. [ < Gr.o r gigas (gigant-), giant.]— 

gi'ant-ess, n. fern. 

giaour, 1 jaur; 2 gour, re. An infidel: applied by 
Moslems to Christians and Persians. [ < Turk .it 
jawr, < Per. gawr.] 

gib'her, 1 gib'ar; 2 gib'er, vi. To talk rapidly 
and incoherently; jabber. [Ult. < Ice. gabba, 
mock.]—gib'ber-ish. I. a. Without meaning. 
II. re. Incoherent or inarticulate gabble, 
gib'bet, 1 jib'et; 2 gib'et. I. vt. [-bet-ed^ or 

-BET-TED d ; -BET-ING Or -BET-TING.] 1. To 
execute by hanging. 2. To hold up to public 
execration. II. re. An upright timber with a 
crosspiece at its upper end, used as a gallows. 

[ < OF. gibet, gibbet.] [southern Asia. [F.] 

gib'bon, 1 gib'an; 2 gib'on, re. A slender ape of 
Gib'bon, Edward (1737-1794). An English his¬ 
torian; Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 
gib'bous, 1 gib'us; 2 glb'us, a. 1. Irregularly 
rounded; convex. 2. Humpbacked. [< L. 
gibbosus, hunched.]—gib'bous-ness, n. gib- 
bos 'i-tyt. 

gibe 1 , vi. Same as jibe, gybet. 
gibe 2 ,1 jaib; 2 gib. I. vt. & vi. [gibed; gib'ing.] 
To mock. II. re. An expression of sarcasm 
and ridicule; an object of ridicule. [< Sw. 
dial, gipa, talk foolishly.] jibe}, 
gib'let, 1 jib'let; 2 gib'lgt, re. 1. One of the 
edible parts cut away from a fowl in prepara¬ 
tion for roasting, as the gizzard, liver, etc. 
2. pi. Rags; tatters. [< OF. gibelet, entrails 
of fowls.] 

Gi-brai'tar, 1 ji-brel'tar; 2 gi-brgl'tar, re. A forti¬ 
fied rock (2 sq. m.; 1,439 ft. high) and town (pop. 


16 , 000 ), s. coast of Spain: a British possession 
since 1704.—Straits of G., between Europe and 
Africa, at the W. end of the Mediterranean; 
■width, 8| m. 

gid'dy, 1 gid'i; 2 gid'y, a. [gid'di-er; gid'di- 
est.] 1. Having a whirling or swimming 
sensation in the head; dizzy. 2. Tending to 
cause dizziness. 3. Marked by foolish levity 
or imprudence. [ME. gidi, foolish.]—gid'- 
di-ly, adv. —gid'di-ness, re. 

Gid'e-on, 1 gid'i-an; 2 gid'e-on, re. A judge in 
Israel (c. 1245 B. C.); subdued the Midianites. 
Judges vii, 19. 

gift, 1 gift; 2 gift, re. 1. That which is given; a 
donation; present. 2. The act, right, or 
power of giving. 3. A natural endowment; 
talent. [ < AS. gift, < gif an, give.]—gift'ed, 
pa. Endowed with mental power or talent. 
gig 1 * 1 gig; 2 gig, re. 1. A light, two=wheeled, 
one*seated vehicle for one horse. 

2. A ship’s boat. 

[< Ice. gigja, 
fiddle.] 

gig 2 , re. A pronged fish=spear; 
also, a set of hooks for catch¬ 
ing fish by dragging, 
gi-gan 'tic, 1 jai-gan'tik; 2 gi- 
gan'tic, a. Like a giant; colos¬ 
sal; mighty. [< L. gigas; see giant. ] gi"- 
gan-te'anj. 

gig'gle, )1 gig'l; 2 gig'l. I. vi. [gig'gled, 
gig'l p , ) gig'ld p ; gig'gling.] To give a sup¬ 
pressed laugh; titter. II. re. A convulsive 
laugh; titter. [Imitative.]—gig'gler, re. 
Gi'la, 1 hi'la; 2 hi'la, re. A river in New Mexico 
and Arizona.—Gila monster, a large, poisonous 
lizard of the Gila river territory. 

Gil-bo'a, 1 gil-bo'a; 2 gil-bo'a, re. Bib. A hilly 
district E. of Esdraelon; Saul and Jonathan slain 
there. 1 Sam. xxxi, 2-4. 

gild, 1 gild; 2 gild, vt. [gild'ed 11 or gilt; gild'- 
ing ] 1. To coat with or as with gold. 2. To 
make lustrous; illuminate. 3. To gloss over. 
[< AS. gyldan.]— gild'er, re.—gild'ing, re. 1. 
The art of overlaying a surface thinly w r ith gold. 
2. An overlay of gold; gilt, 
gild, ) re. [Gild is the older as well as the 
guild, j simpler form.] An association of per¬ 
sons engaged in kindred pursuits for mutual 
protection, aid, or cooperation. [ < AS. gild, 
payment.] 

Gil'e-ad, 1 gil'i-ad; 2 gll'c-ad, re. A mountainous 
region E. of the Jordan ( josh. xii, 2); also, a 
mountain there (Gen. xxxi, 21). 
gill 1 , 1 gil; 2 gil, re. An organ of fishes for 
breathing the air contained in water. [ < 
Dan. giselle.] 

gill 2 , 1 jil; 2 gil, re. A liquid measure of one* 
eighth of a quart. [ < OF. gelle, measure for 
wane.] 

gil'lie, 1 gil'i; 2 gil'i, re. [Scot.] A man servant; 
attendant, especially one attending a sportsman 
in the field, gil'lyt. 

gil'ly-flow"er,) 1 jil'i-flau"ar; 2 gil'y-flow"er, 
gil 'li-flow"er, ) re. Any one of various flower¬ 
ing plants, especially of the mustard family. 

[ < OF. gilofre, gillyflower.] 
gilt, 1 gilt; 2 gilt. I. a. Gilded;‘yellow like 
gold. II. re. 1. The material used in gilding. 
2. Superficial or meretricious show, 
gim'bal, 1 jim'bal; 2 gim'bal, re. A contrivance 
for suspending an object on shipboard, so 
that it may always remain level. [ < L. oF 
gemellus, dim. of geminus, twin.] 



l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = o«t; oil; lu = fered; <fliin; go; r) = sire 0 ; fhin, this. 
2 :wQlf, do; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, blirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








gimcrack 

glorify 


268 


gim'crack", 1 jim'krak"; 2 gim'crak". I. a. 

Cheap and showy. II. n. A gewgaw; bauble, 
gim'let, 1 gim'let; 2 gim'let, n. A small bor- 
ing*tool with a cross*head and a cutter* 
pointed screw*tip. [< 0D. OF wimpel, bore.] 
gimp, 1 gimp; 2 gimp, n. A narrow, flat, orna¬ 
mental trimming: used for dresses, furniture, 
etc. [ < OHG. 0 * wimpal, robe, hair*fillet.] 
gin, 1 jin; 2 gin, vt. [ginned; gin'ning.] 1. To 
catch in or as in a gin or trap. 2. To remove 
the seeds from (cotton) 

gin 1 , n. 1. One of various machines. 2. A 
snare or trap. [Contr. of engine.] 
gin 2 , n. An aromatic alcoholic liquor, distilled 
from various grains. [Corr. of geneva.] 
gin'ger, 1 jin'jar; 2 gin'ger, n. The pungent, 
spicy rootstock of a tropical plant; also, the 
plant. [ < Gr. L+p zingiberis, ginger.]— gin '- 
ger-bread", n. A light sweet cake flavored 
with ginger.— gin'ger-y, a. Resembling ginger; 
spicy; liot*flavored. 

gin'ger-ly, 1 jin'jar-li ; 2 gin'ger-ly, a. Cau¬ 
tious, or fastidious, as an act or movement. 

1 <Sw. dial, gingla. go gently.]—gin'ger-ly, adv. 
ging'liain, 1 giy'am; 2 ging'am, n. A cotton 

dress*goods, in checks or stripes. [ < F. 
guingan, corr. of Guingamp (a town'in Brittany).] 
gink'go, 1 gipk'go; 2 gink'go, n. A Japanese tree 
cultivated in the United States for its handsome 
foliage. [Jap.] glng'koj; jing'kof. 
gin'seng, 1 jin'serj; 2 gin'sSng, n.% A Chinese 
herb having an aromatic and stimulant root. 
[ < Chin, jinlsan, ginseng.] 
gip'po, 1 jip'o; 2 gip'o, n. [Soldiers’ Slang.] 1. 
Soup. 2. Bacon. 

Gip'sy, 1 jip'si; 2 gip'sy, n. [Gip'sies 2 , pi.] A 
member of a wandering race, now found in 
every part of the world; also, the language of 
that race. [ < Egyptian, abbreviation.] 
gi-ralFe', 1 ji-raf'; 2 gi-raf', n. A ruminant 
having a very long 
neck,and the 
hind limbs gen¬ 
erally shorter than 
the fore ones. [F., 

< Ar.se zaraf, 
giraffe.] 

gird 1 ,1 gurd; 2 gird, 
vt. [gird'ed 11 or 
girt; gird'ing.] 

1. To.bind around 
or about, as with 
a belt. 2. To en¬ 
compass; encircle.! 

[ < AS. gyrdan.] f 
gird 2d , vt. & vi. To 
attack with sar¬ 
casm; gibe; jeer. 

[ < AS. gyrd, rod.] 
gird'er, 1 gurd'ar; 

2 gird'er, n. A 
principal horizontal beam. 

gir'dle, ) 1 gur'dl; 2 glr'dl. I. vt. [gir'dl(e)d p ; 
gir'dl p , ) gir'dling.] 1. To fasten a girdle or 
belt around. 2. To encompass. 3. To make an 
encircling cut through the bark of (a branch 
or tree). II. n. 1. A belt used for girding a 
loose garment about the waist. 2. Anything 
which encircles like a belt. [ < AS. gyrdel] 
girl, 1 gurl; 2 girl, n. A female infant or child, 
or a young unmarried woman. [ < LG. gor, 
child.]— girl'hood, n. The state or time of being 
a girl.— girl'ish, a. Like or pertaining to a girl. 



Giraffe. Vioo 


Gi"ronde', 1 si'rend'; 2 zhi'rond', n. The mod¬ 
erate republican party during the first French 
revolution (1791-1793).—Gi-ron'dist, n. Gi¬ 
ron 'dint.—Gi-ron'dist, a. 
girt, 1 gurt ; 2 girt, imp. of gird, v. 
girth, 1 gurfh; 2 girth, n. 1. A band for fasten¬ 
ing a pack or saddle to a horse’s back. 2. Any¬ 
thing that girds or binds. 3. The circumfer¬ 
ence of an object. [ < Ice. gjbrth, girdle, girth ] 
gist, 1 jist; 2 gist, n. The main point; sub¬ 
stance. [ < OF. gist, main point of an action.] 
give, ) 1 giv; 2 giv, v. [gave; giv'en, giv'n p ; 
giv p , ) giv'ing.] I. t. 1. To bestow gratui¬ 
tously. 2. To transfer as or for a price; hand 
over to another; deliver. 3. To bestow as 
due. 4. To present for acceptance, communi¬ 
cate, or impart; also, to administer or inflict. 
5. To utter or declare by word or writing; 
announce; proclaim; pronounce. 6. To put 
within one’s power; concede; surrender: often 
with up. 7. To yield as a product or result. 
8. To be the author or occasion of; supply; 
impart; excite; exhibit. II. i. 1. To convey 
gratuitously the title or possession of some¬ 
thing valuable. 2. To move or yield, as 
through pressure; recede. [< AS. gifan .]— 
giv'en, pa. 1. Habitually inclined. 2. Speci¬ 
fied —giv'er, n. 

GI"ven"chy', 1 gl"van' Shi'; 2 gi'van'chy', n. 
French village held by Canadians against Ger¬ 
man attack June 15-22, 1915. 
giz'zard, 1 giz'ard; 2 giz'ard, n. 1. The second 
stomach of birds, in which the food is ground. 
2. The first stomach of insects. [ < L. F 
gigeria, cooked entrails of poultry.] 

G. L., abbr. Grand Lodge.—gl., abbr. [L.] Gloria 
(glory). 

gla'brous, 1 gle'brus; 2 gla'brus, a. Without hair 
or down; smooth. [< L. glaber ( glabr -), without 
hair.] 

gla"ce', 1 gla'sC'; 2 gla'ce', a. 1. Iced; frozen or 
cooled. 2. Having a surface like ice. [F.] 
gla'eial, 1 gle'sLal; 2 gla'shal, a. 1. Pertaining 
to or caused by ice*masses. 2. Icy. [ < L. 
glacialis, < glades, ice.] -ly, adv. —gla'ci-ate, 
vt. & vi. [-at'ed; -at'ing.] To overspread with, 
or become changed into,, ice. 
gla'cior, 1 gle'skar; 2 gla'sher, n. A slowly 
moving field or stream of ice, formed in re¬ 
gions of perennial frost from compacted snow. 
[F., < L. glades, ice.] 

gla'cis, 1 gle'sis; 2 gla'cis, n. A defensive slope, as 
of earth, in front of a fortification. [F., < L, 
glades, ice.] 

glad, 1 glad; 2 glad, a. [glad'der; glad'dest.] 
Having a feeling or aspect of joy, pleasure, or 
brightness; exciting joy; joyful; pleased; grat¬ 
ified. [< AS. glsed, shining, glad ]—glad'ly, 
adv. [glad'li-er; glad'li-est.]— glad 'ness, n. 
—glad 'some, a. Causing or having a feeling of 
joy. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

glad'den, 1 glad'n; 2 gl&d'n, vt. & vi. To make, 
be, or become glad. [ < AS. gladian, be glad.j 
glade, 1 gled; 2 .gliid, n. A clearing or open 
space in a wood. [ < AS. glsed, bright.] 
glad'i-ate, 1 glad'i-et; 2 glad'i-St, a. Sword* 
shaped. [< L. gladius, sword.] 
glad'Fa"(or, 1 glad'i-e"tar; 2 glild'i-a"tor, n. 
Rom. Antiq. A man who fought with deadly 
weapons, as in the amphitheater, for popular 
amusement. [L., < gladius, sword.]—glad"- 
to cl 

glad'i-ole, ) 1 glad'i-ol, glad"i-o'lus; 2 glad'- 
glad"i-o'lus, ) i-ol, glad"i-o'lus, n. A plant 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast: get, prey: hit, police: obey, go; not, dr: full, rule; bat. burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, win. 







glm crack 
glorify 


269 


with a fleshy bulb, sword-shaped leaves, and 
spikes of colored flowers. [ < L. gladiolus, 
sword-lily, dim. of gladius, sword.1 
Glad'stone, 1 glad'stan; 2 glad'ston, William 
Ewart (1809—1898). A British statesman and 
Liberal leader.—Glad-sto'ni-an, a. & n. Glad'- 
ston-ite;. 

glair, 1 glar; 2 gl&r, re. The white of egg; also, 
any similar viscous matter. [ < F. glaire, < 
L. clarus, clear.]—glair'y, a. 
glam'our, ) 1 glam'ar; 2 glam'or, n. A delusive 
glam'er, ) fascination; enchantment. [Orig. 

Scot.] glam'orf.—glam'our-ous, a. -1 y,adv. 
glance, 1 glans;.2 glim?, v. [glanced 4 ; glanc'- 
ing.] I. t. To dart suddenly or obliquely; 
direct momentarily. II. i. i. To look at a 
thing hurriedly or indirectly. 2. To bound 
off after striking obliquely. 3. To hint. 4. 
To flash. 

glance, n. A quick or passing look; sudden or 
transient thought; momentary gleam; ob¬ 
lique rebound. [ < Sw. or D. glans, splendor.] 
gland, 1 gland; 2 gland, n. An organ by means 
of which constituents are removed from the 
blood; a special secreting organ in plants; 
also, any similarly shaped organ. [ < F. 
glande, < L. glan(.d-)s, acorn.]— glan'du-lar, a. 
glan'ders, 1 glan'darz; 2 glan'derg, n. Vet. 
Med. A contagious disease affecting espe¬ 
cially the nose and air-passages of the horse. 
[< gland.] 

glare, 1 glar; 2 gl&r, vi. [glared; glar'ing.] 

I. To shine with fierce intensity. 2. To gaze 
or stare fiercely. [ME. glaren; cp. AS. glser, 
amber.]—glar'ing, pa. 1. Emitting an exces¬ 
sively brilliant light. 2. Plainly evident; notori¬ 
ous. 3. Characterized by a fierce stare, -ly, adv. 

glare 1 , n. 1. A dazzling light. 2. An intense 
and piercing look or gaze, usually hostile. 
glare 2 , n. [U. S.] A glassy, smooth surface. [ < 
F. glaire, white of an egg.] 

Glas'gow, 1 glos'go; 2 glas'go, n. A seaport city 
(pop. 1.034,069) on the Clyde river, Scotland; 
cathedral, university, and shipyards, 
glass, 1 glas; 2 glas. I 4 , vt. 1. To reflect as in 
a mirror. 2. To glaze. II. n. 1. A compound 
of silica with metallic oxids: usually trans¬ 
parent and brittle. 2. Any fused substance 
resembling glass. 3. Any article made 
wholly or partly of glass, as a mirror or a 
drinking-vessel; (pi.) spectacles or eye-glasses. 
4. The contents of a drinking-glass. [ < AS. 
glass.] —glass'ful, n. As much as can be con¬ 
tained in a drinking-glass.—glass'ware", n. 
Articles made of glass.—glass'y, a. Composed 
of or like glass; having a hard, fixed appearance. 
—glass'i-ly, adv. —glass 'i-ness, n. 
glaze, 1 glez; 2 glaz, v. [glazed; glaz'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To furnish with glass. 2. To give a 
glassy or glossy appearance or coating to. 

II. i. To become glassy. [ME. glasen, < 
glas, < AS. glees, glass.]— glaz 'er, n.— gla'- 
zicr, n. 1. One who fits panes of glass. 2. One 
who applies glaze to pottery.—glaz'ing, n. 1. 
A glaze. 2. The act or art of applying glaze. 3. 
Window-panes collectively; glasswork. 

glaze, n. A smooth, shining surface; a glossy 
coating, or a substance used to produce it. 
gleam, 1 glim; 2 glem. I. vi. To shine out sud¬ 
denly or briefly; glow. II. re. A glimmer; flash. 

[ < AS. glaem; cp. glimmer.]— gleam 'y, o. 
glean, 1 glln; 2 glen, vt. & vi. 1. To gather 
(leavings) after removing a crop; gather item 
by item laboriously. 2. To remove the glean¬ 


ings from (land). [ < OF. glener, < LL. gleno.) 
—glean'er, re. 

glebe, 1 glib; 2 gleb, re. 1. [Gt. Brit.] A por¬ 
tion of land attached to a parish church. 2§. 
The turf; soil. [OF., < L. gleba, clod.] 
glee, 1 gli; 2 gle, re. 1 . Mirth; gaiety; merri¬ 
ment. 2. Mus. A composition for three or 
more voices, without accompaniment. [ < 
AS. gleo.] — glee'ful, a. 

gleg, 1 gleg; 2 gleg, a. [Scot.] Quick; nimble, 
glen, re. A small, secluded valley. [ < Gael. 
gleann .] 

glib, 1 glib; 2 glib, a. Speaking with plausible 
fluency. [ < D. glibberen, freq. of glippen, 
slide.]—glib'ly, adv. —glib'ness, re. 
glide, 1 glaid; 2 gild, vi. [glid'ed 11 or glid; 
glid'ing.] To move, slip, or flow onward 
rapidly, smoothly, and easily. [ < AS. glidan .} 
—glide, re. 1. The act of gliding as in dancing 
2. A passing from one tone to another as in speech 
or music. 

glid'er, 1 glaid'ar; 2 glld'er. re. One who or that 
which glides; a device for gliding on the air. 
glim'mer, 1 glim'ar; 2 glim'er. I. vi. To 
gleam fitfully; flicker. II. re. A faint, un¬ 
steady light; a gleam; glimpse. [< Dan. 
glimre.] —glim'mer-ing, pa. & re. 
glimpse, )1 glimps; 2 glimps. I. vt. & vi. 
glimps 8 , ) [glimpsed 4 , glimpst 3 ; glimps'ing.} 
To catch a glimpse of; look for an instant; 
glance; appear for an instant only. II. re. 1. 
A momentary view or look. 2. A swift, 
passing appearance. [ < AS. gleomu.] 
glint, 1 glint; 2 glint. I. vt. & vi. To reflect 
the flash of; gleam; glance; glitter. II. re. A 
gleam; flash. [ < Old Dan. glinte, shine.] 
glis'ten, 1 glis'n; 2 glis'n. I. vi. To sparkle as 
with reflected light; shine; gleam. II. re. A 
gleam. [ < AS. glisnian, < stem of glisian, 
shine.] 

glis'ter||, vi. & re. Glitter. 

glit'ter, 1 glit'ar; 2 glit'er. I. vi. To shine as 
a hard, polished surface; sparkle; gleam; be 
brilliant. II. re. Sparkle; brilliancy. [ME. 
gliteren.] [light; dusk, 

gloam'ing, 1 glom'ip; 2 glom'ing, re. The twi- 
gloat d , 1 glot; 2 glot, vi. To gaze steadily with 
cruel or malign satisfaction. [ < Ice. glotta, 
grin.] 

globe, 1 glob; 2 glob, re. 1. A perfectly round 
body; ball; sphere. 2. The earth. 3. A sphere 
on which is a representation of the geography 
of the earth or of the heavens. [F., < L. 
globus, ball.]—globe'fish", re. A fish able to 
inflate itself into a globular 
form.—glo'bose, a. Nearly 
globular.—glo-bos'i-ty, re. 

—glob'u-lar, a. Spherical. 

—glob'ule, re. A small 
globe or spherical particle, 
gloom, 1 glQm; 2 gloom. I. 
vt. & vi. To be or become 
gloomy; darken; be dismal. 

II. re. Darkness; obscurity; hence, melan¬ 
choly; sorrow; misfortune. [< AS. glom, 
< glowan, glow.]— gloom'y, a. [gloom'i- 
er; gloom'i-est.] Full of gloom; dark; 
dismal; melancholy.—gloom'i-Iy, adv .— 
gloom'i-ness, re. 

glo'ri-fy, 1 glo'n-fai; 2 glo'ri-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] 1 . To ascribe glory to; adore. 2. 
To exalt to a state of glory; beatify. 3. To 
elevate in honor; reflect glory upon. [ < L. F 



Globefish. 


1: a = final; l = habltq aisle; au = out; ell; IO = fered; < 5 hin; go; O = sire0; thin, this. 
2:wglf, dft; book, boot; fljll, r||le, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iok; thin, this. 









glorious 

gong 


270 


gloria, glory, + facio, make.]— glo"ri-ti-ca'- 
tion, n. 

gloTi-ous, 1 glo'ri-us; 2 glo'ri-us, a. Full of 
glory; illustrious; grand; noble. [OF., < L. 
gloriosus, < gloria, glory.] -ly, adv. 
glo'ry, 1 glo'ri; 2 glo'ry. I. vi. [glo'ried; 
glo'ry-ing.] To feel exultant pleasure; take 
pride; exult: commonly followed by in. II. 
n. [glo'ries z , pi.] 1. Distinguished honor; 
occasion of praise; honorable boast; praise; 
adoration. 2. Grandeur; magnificence; radi¬ 
ance; the light and bliss of heaven. [< L. OF 
gloria, glory.] 

gloss 1 , 1 glos; 2 glos. I*, vt. 1. To polish. 2. 
To palliate; excuse: usually with over. II. n. 
1. The brightness of a polished surface. 2. A 
deceptive show. [ < Ice. glossi, blaze.]— 
gloss 'y, a. [gloss'i-er; gloss'i-est.] Having 
a lustrous surface; outwardly or speciously fair. 
—glos'si-ly, adv. —gloss'i-ness, n. 
gloss 2 . I c . vt. & vi. To annotate; write mar¬ 
ginal explanations. II. n. 1. An explanatory 
note. 2. A plausible explanation to cover 
fault or defect. [ < Gr. glossa, tongue.] 
gloss., abbr. Glossary. 

glos'sa-ry, 1 gles'a-n; 2 glos'a-ry, n. [-ries z , 
pi.] A lexicon of the obsolete, obscure, or 
foreign words of a work. [< Gr. 1 ' 1 ' glossa, 
tongue.] 

Glos'ter, n. See Gloucester. 
glot'tis, 1 glot'is; 2 glot'is, n. [-ti-des, pi.] 
Anat. The mouth of the windpipe. [ < Gr. 
glottis, < glolta, tongue.]—glot'tal, a. 
Gloucester, 1 glos'tar; 2 glos'ter, n. 1. Hum¬ 
phrey, Duke of (1391-1447), Protector of 
England during minority of Henry VI.; called 
“the good duke.” 2. Richard, Duke of (1452- 
1485); became king of England, 1483, as Richard 
III. 3. A county in W. England (1,257 sq. m.; 
pop. 756,670). Glouces'ter-shiref. 4. Its capi¬ 
tal; pop. 51,330. Glos'terf. 
glove, 1 gluv; 2 glov. 1. vt. [gloved; glov'- 
ing.] To put on or cover with a glove. II. n. 
A covering for the hand, having a separate 
sheath for each finger. [AS. glo/.] —glov'er, 
n. A maker of or a dealer in gloves, 
glow, 1 glo; 2 glo. I. vi. 1. To radiate light 
and heat, or either, especially without a 
flame. 2. To feel or emit heat. 3. To be 
moved, ardent, or excited. 4. To flush. II. 
n. 1. The incandescence of a heated sub¬ 
stance. 2. Bright color; redness; flush; rud¬ 
diness. 3. Fervid heat; strong emotion or 
ardor. [< AS. glowan.] — glow'worm", n. 
A beetle, the larva and wingless female of which 
display a phosphorescent light, 
glow'er, 1 glau'ar; 2 glow'er, vi. To stare 
frowningly; frown; scowl. [A form of glare, r.] 
gloze, 1 gloz; 2 gloz, vt. & vi. [glozed; gloz'- 
ing.] 1. To gloss over; palliate. 2||. To flat¬ 
ter. [ < Gr. LL+A8 glossa, tongue.] 
glu'cose, 1 glu'kos; 2 glu'cos, n. A sugar 
found largely in the vegetable kingdom, in 
honey, and in the animal organism. [ < Gr. 
glykys, sweet.] 

glue, 1 glu; 2 glu. I. vt. & vi. [glued; glu'- 
ing.] To stick with or as with glue; cause to 
adhere; adht-re. II. n. An adhesive prepara¬ 
tion derived from boiling certain animal sub¬ 
stances, as hoofs. [ < F. glu, birdlime.]— 
glue'y, a. 

glum, 1 glum; 2 glum, a. Moody and silent; 
sullen. [ < Sw. dial, glomma, stare.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 


glume, 1 glum; 2 glum, n. A chaff-like scale 
of the inflorescence of 
grasses. [ < L. gluma, 
husk.] 

glut, 1 glut; 2 glut. I. vt. 

& vi. [glut'ted^ ; glut¬ 
ting.] To gorge. II. n. 

An excessive supply; 
plethora. [< L. OF glutio, 
swallow.] 

glu'ten, 1 glu'ten; 2 glu'ten, 
n. The tough albuminous 
part of wheat-flour. [L., glue.]—glu'tt- 
nous, a. 1. Resembling glue; sticky. 2. Per¬ 
vaded with sticky matter, 
glut'ton, 1 glut'll; 2 glut'n, n. One who gluts 
himself with food and drink. [ < L. F gluto(n~), 
glutton.]—glut'ton-ous, a. -ly, adv.— glut'- 
ton-y, n. The act or habit of eating to excess; 
voracity. 

glyc'er-in, ) 1 glis'ar-in, -in or -In; 2 glyc'er- 
glyc'er-ine, (In, -In or -In, n. A thick, oily, 
sweet, liquid compound of carbon, hydrogen, 
and oxygen, formed in the decomposition of 
fats, and used in making confectionery, soaps, 
etc. [< Gr. glykeros, sweet.]— glyc'er-ic, o. 
glyph, 1 glif; 2 glyf, n. A picture representing an 
idea; hieroglyph. [< Gr. glyphe, carving, < 
glypho, engrave.]—glyph'ic, a. 

G. M., abbr. Grand Master. —gin. ,abbr. Gram, 
gnarl, 1 narl; 2 niirl, vt. To snarl; growl. [Akin 
to G. knurren, D. knorren.] 
gnarl, n. A protuberance on a trunk or branch; 
a tough knot. [Akin to LG. knarre, knot.]— 
gnarl(e)d p , a. Exhibiting gnarls; knotty; cross- 
grained; distorted, gnarl 'yt. 
gnash 1 , 1 nasTi; 2 niish, vt. To grind or snap 
(the teeth) together, as in rage 
gnat, 1 nat; 2 nat, n. A small two-winged fly 
having long, many-jointed antennae. [ < AS. 




gnset.] 

gnaw, 1 no; 2 na, vt. & vi. 1. To eat away little 
by little; bite repeatedly. 2. To corrode; eat 
or fret away. [ < AS. gnagan.] — gnaw'er, n. 
gneiss, 1 nais; 2 nls, n. Geol. A crystallized 
rock, resembling granite. [G.] 
gnome, 1 nom; 2 nom, n. One of a fabulous 
race of dwarfed goblins; a dwarf; a humming¬ 
bird; small North-American owl. [F.] 
gno'mon, 1 no'men; 2 no'mon, n. The upright 
piece that casts the shadow on a sun-dial. 
[L., < Gr. gnbmon, lit. one who knows, an inter¬ 
preter.] 


White-tailed 
Gnu. ‘/as 


Gnos'ti- 
cism, 1 

nes'ti- 
s i z m ; 2 
n os'ti- 
Cl§m, n. 

A philo¬ 
sophical and religious 
system (1st to 6th 
century) teaching 
that knowledge 
rather than faith was 
the key to salvation. 

[ < Gr. g n d s ti k o s, 
knowing, < gigndskO, 
know.] — Gnos' tic, n. An adherent or advo¬ 
cate of Gnosticism.—Gnos'tlc, a. 


gnu, 1 nu or niu; 2 nu or nu, n. A South- 
African antelope having a buffalo-like head, 
an ass-like mane, and a horse-like tail. [Hot¬ 
tentot.] 


1 : artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, tast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n, 









271 


glorious 

gong 


go, 1 go; 2 go, vi. [went; gone; go'ing.] 1. 
To move from one place to another; depart; 
proceed. 2. To extend, lead, or reach, in 
place, direction, meaning, or effect; tend; be 
about to do; intend; suit; fit; belong; con¬ 
form. 3. To pass away finally; die. 4. To be 
expended, sold, or exchanged. [ < AS. gan.\ 
—go'she-tween", re. An agent; intermediary. 
—gosby, re. A slight or snub; avoidance.—go* 
cart, re. A frame on casters to support a child 
learning to walk; a light cart or wagon; hand 3 
cart.—go'ing, re. 1. The act of moving or de¬ 
parting. 2. [U. S.l The condition of roads or 
paths. 31|. Deportment. [Gothic. 

G. O., abbr. General order.—Go., Goth., abbr. 
goad, 1 god; 2 god. I rJ . vt. To prick or drive 
with a goad; stimulate; incite. II. re. A 
point set in the end of a stick for urging oxen; 
anything that spurs or incites. [ <AS. gad.] 
goal, 1 gol; 2 gol, re. A point or end aimed at; 
the limit, winning 3 point, or safety=place of 
any game. [ < OF. gaule, for waule, pole.] 
goat, 1 g5t; 2 got, n. A hollow 3 horned rumi¬ 
nant of nearly the size of a sheep. [ < AS. 
gat.] —goat'herd", n. One who tends goats.— 
goat'isfa, a. —goat'suck"er, re. A nocturnal, 
insectivorous bird, as the nighUhawk. 
goa-tee', 1 gd-tl'; 2 go-te', n. A pointed beard 
on the chin. 

gob, re. [Colloq.] A sailor: originally, one in the 
British preventive service. 
gob'ble 1 , )1 geb'l; 2 gob'l, vt. [gob'bled, 
gob'l p , ) gob'ld p ; gob'bling.] To swallow 
(food) greedily.—gob'bier 1 , re. A glutton. 
gob'ble 2 , 1 geb'l; 2 gob'l. I. vt. & vi. To utter 
a gobble, as turkeys. II. re. The gurgling 
sound made by the turkey=cock. [Imitative.] 
—gob'bler 2 , n. [Colloq.] A turkey»cock. 
Go'bl, 1 go'bl; 2 go'bl, n. A desert region in Mon¬ 
golia and E. Turkestan. 

gob'let, 1 geb'let; 2 gob'lgt, re. A drinking 3 
vessel with stem and standard. [ < LL. OF 
cupellus, cup.] 

gob'lin, 1 geb'hn; 2 gob'lin, re. A frightful 
creature fabled to haunt groves and grottoes; 
gnome; kobold. [< Gr. OF kobalos, impudent 
rogue.] 

god, 1 ged; 2 god, re. 1. [G-] The one Supreme 
Being, self 3 existent and eternal; the Creator; 
Deity. 2. A superhuman being made an 
object of worship; a divinity; deity; an idol. 
[< AS. god .]—god 'child", god'daugh"ter, 
god'fa"ther, god'moth"er, god'son", one 
viewed as holding a religious relationship like the 
natural one indicated, in consequence of sponsor¬ 
ship at baptism.—god 'dess, ». A female divini¬ 
ty.—God'head, re. 1. The essential nature of 
God; Deity. 2. [g-] Godhood.—god'hood, n. 
The state or quality of being divine; divinity.— 
god'less, a. Ungodly; atheistical; wicked, 
-ness, n. —god'like, a. Similar to God or to a 
god; divine; of supreme excellence or beauty.— 
god'ly, a. Filled with reverence and love for 
God; pious.—god'li-ly, adv.— god'li-ness, n. 
The character of being godly.—god'send", re. 
An unexpected stroke of good fortune regarded 
as sent by God.—god'ship, re. The rank or 
character of a god; deity.—God'speed", re. A 
wish that God will speed or prosper one. 
God'frey of Bouil"lon', 1 ged'fri, bu"yen'; 2 
gdd'fry, bu"yon' (1058-1100). Duke of Lower 
Lorraine; led first crusade, 1096-1100; hero of 
Tasso’s Jerusalem Delivered. 

Go-dl'va, 1 go-dai'va; 2 go-di'va, n. Wife of 
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, England (about 1040); 


said to have ridden naked through Coventry as 
the condition of the removal of oppressive taxes. 
Goe'thals, 1 go'thalz; 2 go'thalg, George Wash¬ 
ington (1858- ). An American engineer; build¬ 
er of Panama canal. 

Goe'the, 1 gu'te; 2 gu'te, Johann Wolfgang von 
(1749-1832). German poet; prose*writer; Faust. 
Gog and Magog, 1 geg, me'geg; 2 gog, ma'gog. 
Names occurring in the Bible and the Koran. 
In popular usage, two huge wooden statues in 
the London Guildhall. 

gog'gle, ) 1 geg'l; 2 gog'l, n. 1. A rolling of 
gog'l p , j the . eyes. 2. pi. Spectacles with 
tubes, in which are glasses, often colored, to 
protect against dust or strong light. [ < 
Gael, gog, a nod.]—gog'gIe*eye", re. A staring 

gyg ^—CL 

goi'ter, ) 1 gei'tar; 2 goi'ter, n. A morbid swell- 
goi'tre, ) ing of the neck. [ < F. goitre, goiter.] 
gold, 1 gold; 2 gold, n. A precious metal of a 
yellow color, very heavy, ductile, and mallea¬ 
ble; this metal coined; hence, wealth. [< 
AS. gold, < 4 / ghel, be yellow.]— gold'*beat"er, 
n. One who makes gold 3 leaf.— g.=dust, n. Gold 
in fine particles.— gold'finch", re. 1 . A Euro¬ 
pean finch having a black 
hood and a patch of 
brilliant yellow on the 
wings. 2. An American 
finch purely lemon*yellow, 
with black cap, wings, and 
tail.— g.sfish, n. A small 
carp of golden color.— g.» 
foil, re. Thin sheets of 
gold, thicker than gold* 
leaf.— g. lace, a lace 
wrought with gold or gilt 
thread.—g. dear, re. The 
finest leaf made from 
beaten gold. — g o 1 d ' - 
smith", re. A worker in 

gold 'en, 1 gold'n; 2 American Goldfinch, 
gold'n, a. Made of or ' 5 

like gold; precious; prosperous. -Iy, adv .— 
Golden Fleece ( Gr. Myth.), a fleece of gold 
guarded by a dragon and taken by Jason with 
the aid of Medea. See Argo. —G. Gate, a 
strait from the Pacific Ocean to San Francisco 
Bay.—gold'en-rod", re. A North»Americanherb 
of the aster family having roddike stems and 
bright 3 yellow flowers in clusters. 

Gold'smith, 1 gold'smith; 2 gold'smith, Oliver 
(1728-1774). Irish poet; novelist; dramatist. 



golf, 1 golf; 2 golf, re. A Scottish game played 
with clubs by driving a small, resilient ball into 
a series of holes (usually nine or eighteen). 
[< D. lcolf, club.]— golf'er, re. 

Gol'go-tha, 1 gel'go-the; 2 gol'go-tha, re. Scene 
of the Crucifixion, near Jerusalem. Matt, xxvii, 33. 
Go-li'ath, 1 go-lai'efh; 2 go-li'ath, re. A Philistine 
giant, slain by David. 1 Sam. xvii, 4. 

Go'mez, 1 go'mes; 2 go'mes, Jose 
Miguel (1858-1921). A Cuban 
statesman; President of Cuba. 

Go-mor'rah, 1 go-mer'o; 2 go-mor'a, f —-j 
re. A city destroyed with 
Sodom, by fire from; 
heaven. Gen. xiii, 10. rwvrj 
gon'do-la, 1 gen'do-lo; 2 
gon'do-la, re. A long, 1 
narrow, flat 3 bottomed 
Venetian boat. [It.] Gondola. 

— gon"do-l!er', re. The rower of a gondola, 
gone, 1 gen or gen; 2 gon or gon, yp. of go. 
gong, 1 gep; 2 gong, re. A metal instrument 



l:a = final; 1 = habit; cdsfe; au = oret; ell; 10 = fered; cfhin; go; r» = siw^; fhin, this. 
. 2 ;w 9 lf, dg; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










-gony 

graft 


like a shallow dish, sounded by beating; a 
signal-bell of similar shape, f < Malay gong.] 
-gony, suffix. Generation; production, as cos- 
mogony. [<L ,-gonia, <Gr ,-gonia, <gignomai 
(V gen), become.) 

good, 1 gud; 2 good. I. a. [bet'ter; best.] 1. 
Having excellent, useful, or admirable quali¬ 
ties; worthy; wholesome; excellent; righteous; 
virtuous; religious. 2. Adequate for some 
work or need; satisfactory; competent; ser¬ 
viceable. 3. Of due force; valid; sound; 
genuine; thorough. 4. Considerable, as in 
amount or value. II. n. 1. That which is 
good in any sense; advantage; profit; benefit; 
righteousness; virtue. 2. Advancement of 
well*being; welfare. 3. pi. Personal property; 
especially, portable chattels. [ < AS. god.] — 
good 'ly, a. [-li-er; -li-est.) Having a pleasing 
appearance or superior qualities; comely; attrac¬ 
tive; ample.—good'li-ness, n. 1. Comeliness; 
beauty. 2t. Goodness.—good'man ||,ra. [-men, 
pi.] Master; Mr.: a familiar appellation of civil¬ 
ity; also, a husband; head of a family.—good'- 
ness, n. The state or quality of being good.— 
good'wife" ||, n. [-wives", pi.] The mistress of 
the house; madam; Mrs.: the correlative of good- 
man. —good"-will', n. 1. A desire for the well¬ 
being of others. 2. The established popularity 
of a business or the like. 

good"sby', i 1 gud"-bai'; 2 gdod"*by', a., n., 
good"'bye', S & interj. Farewell; adieu. [Contr. 
of God be with you.] 

good'y, 1 gud'i; 2 good'y. I. a. Mawkishly 
good; w-eakly pious. good'ysgood"yJ. II. 
n. [good'ies 2 , pi.] 1. A weakly good person. 
2. An old and poor woman. 3. A sweetmeat. 

[< GOODWIFE.) 

goose, 1 gus; 2 goos, n. [geese, pi.] 1. A web¬ 
footed bird, larger than a duck and smaller 
than a swan. 2. The female of the goose: 
distinguished from gander. 3. [goos'es 2 , 
pi.] A tailor’s heavy smoothing-iron. 4. A 
silly creature; ninny. [< AS. gos, pi. pcs.] 
— goose'ber"ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. The tart fruit 
of a spiny shrub; also, the shrub. 2. A frame 
for barbed wire: soldiers’ term.— g.-flesh, n. A 
roughened condition of the skin produced by cold, 
fear, etc.— goose'herd", n. A tender of geese, 
go'pher, 1 goffer; 2 goffer, n. 1. A burrowing 
American rodent. 2. A burrowing land-tor¬ 
toise of the southern United States. 
Gor'dl-us, 1 ger'di-us; 2 gor'di-us, n. An ancient 
king of Phrygia, who tied a knot about his 
chariot-yoke of which an oracle declared he who 
loosed it would rule all Asia. Alexander, the 
Great severed it with his sword.— Gor'di-an, 
a. — Gordian knot. 1. The knot tied by Gor¬ 
dius. 2. A difficulty that can only be solved or 
avoided by bold measures. 

Gor'don, 1 ger'dan; 2 gor'don, n. 1. Adam Lind¬ 
say (1833-1870), an Australian poet. 2. Charles 
George (1833-1885), an English general; sup¬ 
pressed Taiping rebellion in China; governor of 
the Sudan; killed at Khartum. 3. Lord George 
(1751-1793), an English political agitator; in¬ 
stigated “No Popery” riots in London, 1780. 
gore 1 , 1 gor; 2 gor, vt. [gored; gor'ing.] To 
make a gore of; supply w-ith a gore. 
gore 2 , vt. [gor(e)d p ; gor'ing.] To pierce, as 
with a horn; stab. [Ult. < AS. gar, spear.] 
gore 1 , n. A wedge-shaped piece, as of cloth in 
a garment. [ < AS. gara, point of land.] 
gore 2 , n. Blood after effusion, especially clot¬ 
ted blood. [ < AS. gor, filth.] 


272 


Gor'gas, 1 gOr'gas; 2 gor'gas, William C. (1854- 
1920). American surgeon general of U. S. Army, 
gorge, 1 gerj; 2 gorg, v. [gorged; gorg'ing.] 

1. t. 1. To swallow, especially with greedi¬ 
ness. 2. To fill the stomach of with food; 
glut. II. i. To feed in a greedy manner. 
[< F. gorger, < gorge; see gorge, n.) 

gorge, n. 1. The throat; gullet. 2. A narrow 
passage between hills; ravine. [F., throat, < 
L. gurges, whirlpool.) 

gor'geous, 1 ger'jus; 2 gor'gus, a. 1. Conspic¬ 
uous by splendor, especially of colors; mag¬ 
nificent; sumptuous. 2. Having a taste for 
magnificence. [ < OF. gorgias, gaudy, per¬ 
haps < gorge; see gorge, n.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
gor'ger-in, 1 ger'jar-in; 2 gor'ger-in, n. Arch. The 
neck of a capital or its junction-point with a 
shaft. See Doric. [F.] 

gor'get, 1 ger'jet; 2 gor'get n. 1. A piece of armor 
protecting the junction of the helmet and cuirass. 

2. A ruff formerly worn by women. [ < F. gorgetle; 

see GORGE.) 

Gor'gon, 1 ger'gan; 2 gor'gon, n. 1. Gr. Myth. 
One of three winged monsters, with claws of 
bronze and serpents for hair; especially Medusa, 
whose appearance turned all beholders to stone. 
See Perseus. 2. The head of Medusa; hence, 
any hideously ugly object. [< L. Gorgona, < 
Gr. Gor go, < gorgos, grim.]—gor-go'ne-an, a. 
gor-go'ni-anf. 



go-ril'la, 1 go-ril'e; 2 go-ril'a, n. A manlike 
African ape about five and a half feet in 
height, with a mas¬ 
sive body and limbs, 
gor'mand, )1 ger'- 
gour'mand, jmsnd, 
gur'-; 2 gor'mand, 
gur'-, n. 1. A glutton. 

2. An epicure; gour¬ 
met. [< F. gourmand, 
glutton.]—gor 'mand- 
ize, vt. & vi. [-ized; 

-iz"ing.) To eat vo¬ 
raciously. gor'mand- 
isef.—gor'mand-iz"- 
er or -is"er, n. 
gorse, 1 gors; 2 gors, n. 

Furze. [ < AS. porsf.) Gorilla. Vss 

gor'y, 1 gor'i; 2 gor'y, a. 1. Covered or stained 
with gore. 2. Resembling gore. [ < gore 2 , n.] 
gos'hawk", 1 ges'hek"; 2 gos'hak", n. A 
short-winged hawk. [ < AS. goshafuc.] 
Go'shen, 1 gd'^hen; 2 65'shSn, n. 1. The district 
in Egypt occupied by the Israelites. Gen. xlv, 
10. ^ 2. A district in S. Palestine. Josh, x, 41. 
gos'ling, 1 goz'liq; 2 go$'ling, n. A young goose, 
gos'pel, 1 gos'pel; 2 gos'pel. I. a. Relating to 
or agreeing with the Gospel; evangelical; ver¬ 
itable. II. n. 1. Good news or tidings, espe¬ 
cially the announcement of salvation through 
Jesus Christ. 2. [G-] One of the four memoirs 
of Christ in the New Testament. [< AS. 
godspell, understood as < god, God, + spel, 
story, really = Gr. euangelion, good message.) 
gos'sa-mer, 1 ges'e-mer; 2 gos'a-mer. I. a. 
Thin and light as gossamer; flimsy, gos'sa- 
mer-yj. II. n. 1. An exceedingly fine thread 
or web of spider’s silk that may'float in the 
air. 2. Fabrics. (1) A fine gauze. (2) A thin 
water-proof outer garment. [ME. gos, goose, 
4- somer, summer.) 


gos'sip, 1 gosip; 2 gos'ip, vi. [gos'siped* or 
gos'sipped 1 ; gos'sip-ing or gos'sip-ping.] To 
tell idle or mischievous tales; tattle. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n| 







373 


■gony 

graft 


gos'sip, n. 1. Familiar or idle talk; groundless 
rumor; mischievous tattle. 3. One who gos¬ 
sips. gos'sip-erj. 3. Originally, a sponsor 
in baptism. 4||. A boon companion. [ < AS. 
god, God, ■+• sib, related.) 
got, imp. & pp. o 1 get. —got'ten, pp. of get, v. 
Gotb, 1 goth; 2 goth, n. A member of a Low 
German race that overran the Roman empire 
in the 3d and 4th centuries. [ < LL. Gothus.] 
—Goth'ic. I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the 
Goths or their tongue; rude; barbaric. 2. Of or 
pertaining to the Pointed style of medieval ar¬ 
chitecture. II. n. 1. The language of the Goths. 
3. Arch. The Pointed style.—Gothic type, a 
typeface having all the strokes of uniform width. 

THIS LINE IS IN GOTHIC TYPE. 

Got'ting-en, 1 gut'irj-en; 2 gut'ing-en, n. A uni¬ 
versity town (pop. 38,000) in Prussia, 
gouge, 1 gauj; 2 goug. I. vt. [gouged; goug'- 
ing.] To cut or scoop out with a gouge; 
hence, to cheat; overreach. II. n. A chisel 
having a curved cutting edge; also, an exca¬ 
vation made, or as made, by it. [OF.)— 
goug'er, n. 

Gough, 1 gef; 2 gof, John Bartholomew (1817— 
1886). An Anglo=American temperance lecturer. 
Gou"raud', 1 gu'To'; 2 gu"ro', Henri (1867- ). 

French general; defeated Germans, Oct. 1918; 
entered Sedan, Nov. 10. 

gourd, 1 gdrd or gurd; 2 gord or gurd, n. A 
melondike fruit with a hard rind; also, the 
plant that bears it, or a vessel, as a dipper, 
made of its shell. [ < L. F cucurbita, gourd.] 
gour'mand, etc. Same as gormand, etc. 
gour"met', 1 gur"me';2gi|r"me , ,n.[F.] An epicure. 
gout 1 , 1 gout; 2 gout, n. 1. A disease mani¬ 
fested ordinarily by inflammation of a joint, 
as of the great toe. 2||. A drop; clot. [ < F. 
goutte, < L. gutta, drop.]— gout'i-ly, adv .— 
gout'i-ness, n.— gout'y* a. [tus, taste.] 

gout 2 , 1 gu; 2 gii, n. Taste; relish. [F., < L. gus- 
Gov., abbr. Government, governor, 
gov'ern, 1 guv'arn; 2 gov'ern, v. I. t. To con¬ 
trol by authority; regulate; direct; influence. 
II. i. To exercise authority; administer laws. 
[< L. F guberno, < Gr. kybernad, direct a ship.]— 
gov'ern-a-bl(e p , a.— gov'ern-ance, n. Gov¬ 
ernment; control.— gov'ern-ess, n. A woman 
who trains and instructs children, 
gov'ern-inent, )1 guv'arn-ment or -mant; 
guv'ern-ment p , ) 2 gov'ern-ment, n. 1. The 
act of governing, or the state of being gov¬ 
erned; control, direction, or restraint. 2. The 
organized control of a state or community; the 
controlling power; the administration; also, 
territory governed.— -gov"ern-men'tal, a. 
gov'er-nor, ) 1 guv'ar-nar; 2 gov'er-nor, n. 1. 
gUv'er-nor p , ) One who governs; 
especially, the chief executive of 
a state. 2. A device for regulat- >1* 
ing the speed, as of machinery.— /Pt{\ 

gov'er-nor-ship, n. I II \ 

Govt., abbr. Government. U I J© 

gow'an, 1 gau'an; 2 gow'an, n. 

[Scot.] The daisy. _ ILl \JL //13 

gown, 1 gaun; 2 gown. I. vt. & vi. 

To put a gown upon; dress one- r=== § 
self in a gown. II. n. A woman’s 
dress; a long, loose academic or u 

official robe. [ < W. gwn.) — Governor, 
gowns'man, n. [-men, pi.] One who wears a 
gown professionally, as a clergyman, university 
student or graduate, etc. 


G. P., abbr. [L.] Gloria Patri (glory to the Fa¬ 
ther).—Gr., abbr. Greece, Greek.— gr., abbr. 
Grain, gram, great.— gr., gram., abbr. Gram¬ 
mar, grammarian.— gr., gro., abbr. Gross, 
grab, 1 grab; 2 grab, v. [grabbed, grabd 9 ; 
grab'bing.] I. t. To grasp rudely; clutch or 
snatch; seize suddenly, violently, or dishon¬ 
estly. II. i. To make a clutch or sudden 
grasp. [ < Sw. grabba, grasp.] 

Grac'chus, 1 grak'us; 2 grae'Qs, n. Either of two 
Roman reformers, brothers, known as the Grac¬ 
chi. (1) Caius Sempronius (159?-121 B. C.). 
(2) Tiberius Sempronius (168?-133 B. C.). 
grace, 1 gres; 2 grac. I. vt. [graced 4 ; grac'- 
ing.] To add grace to; adorn; honor; gratify. 
II. n. 1. Beauty or harmony of form, atti¬ 
tude, motion, or speech. 2. Any attractive 
quality or endowment; any spiritual gift or 
attainment. 3. Unmerited favor or clemen¬ 
cy; kindness, favor, or service freely rendered; 
sanctifying and saving divine influence. 4. A 
brief prayer before or after a meal. [ < L. OF 
gratia, favor, < gratus, beloved.] —grace'ful, a. 
Characterized by grace; elegant; easy; becom¬ 
ing. -ly, adv. -ness,ra.— grace'less, a. Lack¬ 
ing grace, especially in the moral sense, 
gra'cious, 1 gre'^hus; 2 gra'shus, a. 1. Dis¬ 
posed to show grace or favor; full of kindness 
or love. 2. Courteous and condescending; 
kind; affable. 3. Possessing or exhibiting 
divine grace. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
grack 'le, 1 grak'l; 2 grak'l, n. An American black¬ 
bird. [< L. graculus, jackdaw, < its cry, ‘gra, 
gra.’ ] 

gra-da'tion, 1 gre-de'^hen; 2 gra-da'shon, n . 
Regular advance upward or downward, as by 
steps; a step, degree, or rank in a series; grade. 
[F., < L. gradatioin-), < gradior, walk.]—• 
gra'date, a. Graduated according to size, 
grade, 1 gred; 2 grad. I. vt. [gbad'ed 1 *; grad'- 
ing.] 1. To classify by grades. 2. To bring 
to a level or to a regular inclination. 3. To’ 
improve by cross«breeding: often with up. 
II. n. 1. A degree, step, rank, or division in 
any series or course. 2. An incline, or the de¬ 
gree of inclination. 3. A cross*bred animal: 
also used adjectivally. [F., < L. gradus, 
step, < gradior, walk.]— gra'di-ent, n. A grade; 
incline. 

grad'u-al, 1 graj'u-al; 2 graj'u-al, a. 1. Pro¬ 
ceeding by steps or degrees; moving or chang¬ 
ing slowly and regularly; slow. 2. Divided 
into degrees; graduated. [ < L. gradus, step.} 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

grad'u-ate, 1 graj'u-et; 2 graj'u-at. I. vt. 
& vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To admit to or 
take an academic degree at the end of a 
course. 2. To arrange in or divide into grades 
or intervals; to bring to a different degree; 
change by degrees. II. a. Having been grad¬ 
uated from an institution of learning. III. 
n. One who has been graduated by an insti¬ 
tution of learning, or completed any course. 

[ < L. LL gradus, degree, step.]—grad"u-a'- 
tion, n. The act of graduating.—grad 'u-a"- 
tor, n. One who or that which graduates. 
graft 1 ,1 graft; 2 graft, v. 1. 1. 1. To insert into 
a tree, as a graft; insert a graft into (a tree). 
2. To incorporate; unite vitally. II. i. To 
insert grafts. 

graft 2 , vi. [Colloq. U. S.] To obtain money by 
illegitimate means, as by or through official 
service; steal; swindle.—graft'er, n.—graft'- 
ing 1 , n. 


1:a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; H = sin^; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, d«; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; iijk; thin, this. 











graft 

graze 


274 


graft 1 , n. 1. A shoot inserted into a tree or 
plant, so as to live as a 
vital part of it. 2. Some¬ 
thing united or amalga¬ 
mated with a foreign 
stock. [ < Gr. OF gra- 
pheion, style, pencil.]— 
grafting 2 , n. The act or 
process of inserting a graft. 
graft 2 , n. [Colloq., U. S.] 1. 

Self*advancement or profit 
by unfair means, as through 
political or official connec¬ 
tion; a steal or swindle. 

2. That obtained by graft¬ 
ing; stolen goods, 
grail, 1 grel; 2 gral, n. A 
broad bowl or chalice; in 
medieval legend, the cup 
used by Christ at the 
Last Supper; the Sangreal, or Holy Grail. 
[< OF. greal.] 

grain, 1 gren; 2 gran. I. vt. & vi. 1. To form 
into grains; granulate. 2. To paint or stain 
in imitation of the grain of wood, etc. II. n. 
1. Any very small, hard mass; as, a grain of 
sand; a seed; a kernel; minute particle. 2. 
Cereals, collectively. 3. A weight, the V 7000 
part of a pound avoirdupois. 4. Texture; 
fineness of surface; direction or set of fibers or 
the like. 5. Innate quality or character. 
[OF., < L. granum, grain.] 
gram, (1 gram; 2 gram, n. In the metric 
gramme, ) system, a weight: 15.43 troy grains. 

[ < F. gramme, < Gr. gramma, writing.] 

-gram, suffix. 1. Indicating something written or 
drawn; as telegram, ideogram. 2. Representing 
the gram in the metric system, as kilogram. [ < 
Gr. gramma, a writing.] 

gram"i-na'ceous, 1 gramT-ne'Shus; 2 gram"i-na'- 
shus, a. Of or pertaining to grass or the grass 
family ( Gramineas). [< L. gramineus, < gramen, 
grass.] gra-inin'e-alt ; gra-mln'e-oust. — 
gram"l-niv'o-rous, a. Feeding upon grass, 
gram'mar, 1 gram'ar; 2 gr&m'ar, n. The sci¬ 
ence that treats of the correct use of language; 
the art of speaking and writing a language 
correctly; a treatise on this subject; any ele¬ 
mentary treatise. [< Gr. F gramma, letter ] 
— gram-ma'ri-an, n. One skilled in grammar; 
a writer or compiler of grammars; anciently, any 
learned person. —gram-mat'i-cal, a. 1. Based 
on the principles of grammar. 2. Of or pertain¬ 
ing to grammar, gram-mat 'let.— gram-mat '- 
i-cal-ly, adv. 

gram'o-phone, 1 gram'o-fon; 2 gr&m'o-fon, n. A 
phonograph. [< Gr. gramma, a writing, + 
phone, sound.] 

gram'pus, 1 gram'pus; 2 gr&m'pus, n. A 
large dolpliindike cetacean. [ < Sp. grand 
pez, great fish.] 

Gra-na'da, 1 gra-na'da; 2 gra-na'da, n. 1. A 
province (4,938 sq. m.; pop. 545,000) of S. 
, Spain. 2. Its capital (pop. 83,000), an ancient 
' Moorish city; the Alhambra. 
gran'a-ry, 1 gran'a-ri; 2 gr&n'a-ry, n. [-ries z , 
pi.] A storehouse for grain. [ < L. granarium, 
< granum, grain.] 

grand, 1 grand; 2 gr&nd, a. 1. Magnificent; im¬ 
posing; stately; exalted; inspiring. 2. Preemi¬ 
nent; noble; chief. [F., < L. grandis, great.] 
— gran'dam, gran'dame, n. A grandmother; 
an old woman.— grand'child", n. The child of 
one’s son or daughter.— grand 'daugh"ter, n. — 
grand 'fa"ther, n. The father of one’s father 


or mother, grand'pa"t; grand'pa-pa"t. — 
grand'moth"er, n. The mother of one’s father 
or mother, grand 'ma"J; grand 'ma-ma"J. — 
grand'par"ent, n. The parent of one’s parent. — 
grand Sire", n. A grandfather; any male ances¬ 
tor preceding a father.— grand 'son", n. The son 
of one’s child.— grand'ly, adv .— grand'ness, n. 
gran-dee', 1 gran-di'; 2 gran-de', n. A Spanish 
nobleman. [ < L. sp grandis, great.] 
gran'deur, 1 gran'jur; 2 gran'jur, n. The 
quality of being grand; sublimity; magnifi¬ 
cence; distinction; display. [F., < L. grandis, 
grand.] 

gran-dil'o-quent, 1 gran-dil'o-kwent; 2 gr&n- 
dil'o-kwent, a. Pompous or bombastic in 
style. [ < L. grandis, grand, + loquen(Jt-)s, 
ppr. of loquor, speak.]— gran-dll 'o-quence, n. 
gran'di-ose, 1 gran'di-os; 2 gran'di-os, a. 1. 
Having an imposing style; impressive; grand. 

2. Affecting grandeur; pompous; bombastic. 
[F., < It. grandioso, < L. grandis, grand.]— 
gran'dl-ose-ly, adv.— gran"di-os'i-ty, n. 

Grand Rap'ids. A city in S. W. Michigan; pop. 
137,630. 

grange, 1 grenj; 2 grang, n. A farm, with its 
dw'ellingdiouse. [ < L. LL+OF granum, grain.] 
gran'ite, ) 1 gran'it; 2 gran'it, n. A rock com- 
gran'it p , ) posed of quartz, 
feldspar, and mica, of 
great strength, and taking 
a high polish. [< It. 
granito.] —gra-nlt'Ic, a. Of 
or like granite. 

gra-niv'o-rous, 1 gre-niv'- 
o-rus; 2 gra-niv'o-rus, a. 

Living on grain or seeds. 

[ < L. granum, grain, + voro, H 
ea t.] Microstructure of 

gran 'ny, 1 gran'i; 2 gr&n'y, Granite. 
n. [-nies z , pi.] A grandmother; an old 
woman: colloquial usage. [Abbr. of grand¬ 
mother.] gran'niej. 

grant, 1 grant; 2 grant. I d . vt. 1. To bestow; 
confer. 2. To admit as true; concede. 3. To 
transfer (property) by a grant. II. n. 1. 
The act of granting. 2. The thing granted. 

3. An admission; concession. [< OF. granter, 
< L. creden(.t-)s, ppr. of credo, believe.]— grant¬ 
ee', n. The person to whom property or rights 
are granted.— grant'er, n. One who grants.— 
gran'tor, n. Law. The maker of a legal grant. 

Grant, 1 grant; 2 grant, Ulysses Simpson (1822- 
1885). Commander*in*ehief of Union armies in 
Civil War. See president. 
gran'u-lar, 1 gran'yu-lar; 2 gr&n'yq-lar, o. 
Composed of, like, or containing grains or 
granules, gian'u-lousf. 
gran'u-late, 1 gran'yu-let; 2 gran'yq-lat, v. 
[-lat" ED d ; -lat"ing.] I. t. 1. To form into 
grains. 2. To roughen the surface of by 
granules. II. i. To become granular. [ < L. 
granum, grain.]— gran"u-la'tion, n. 1. The 
forming into grains or granules. 2. A granulated 
surface. 3. The forming of new tissue, as in the 
healing of w ounds. 

gran'ule, 1 gran'yul; 2 gran'yul, n. A small 
grain; particle; corpuscle. —gran'u-lous, o. 
grape, 1 grep; 2 grap, n. 1. The fruit of the 
grape*vine; also, the vine. 2. Mil. Grape* 
shot. [ < OF. grape, < OHG. chrapho, hook.] 
—grape'fruit", n. A large round pale*yellow 
citrous fruit of tropical regions, cultivated also 
in the United States.— grap'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 
A building or enclosure for the growing of grapes. 



Grafting. 

1. Method of cutting for 
tongue-grafting, showing 
shape of tongue. 2. Graft 
and stock bound together. 
3. Protection of the union 
by a ball of clay. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; not, Sr; full, rQle; but, burn, 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 










375 


graft 

graze 


£X 



Charge of 


I, \ graf'ic, -i-cal, a. 1. G ra P e ' s hot. 


—grape Gshot", n. A cluster of cast-iron shot, 
to be discharged from a cannon.—g.-stone, n. 
A seed of the grape.—g.-vine, n. 

The vine that bears grapes, 
graph, 1 graf; 2 graf, n. Math. A 
curve: used as a symbol. 

-graph, suffix. Denoting that which 
writes or that which is w T ritten; as, 
phonofrapft. [< Gr. -graphos, 

-writer, -writing, < grapho, write.] 
graph'ic, £1 graf'ik, -l-kal; 2 

graph 'i-cal. 

Pertaining to or recorded in writing. 2. 
Illustrating ideas by pictures or diagrams; 
describing with pictorial effect. [ < Gr. 
graphikos, < grapho, write ] -ly, adv. 
graph'ite, 1 graf'ait; 2 gr&f'it, n. Mineral. A 
variety of carbon: used as a lubricant, in the 
making of lead-pencils, etc.—gra-phit'ic, a. 
graph'o-phone, 1 graf'o-fon; 2 graf'o-fon, n. A 
phonograph. 

-graphy, suffix. Description: writing: used in 
such words as geography, bio graphy, naming 
a descriptive science. [ < L. - graphia, < Gr. 
-graphia, writing, < graphs, write.] 
grap'nel, 1 grap'nel; 2 grap'nel, n. 1. A device 
for grappling. grap'plingd"ron:J:. 

2. A boat’s anchor with many flukes. 

[Ult. < OF. grapin, dim. of grape, hook.] 
grap'ple, 1 grap'l; 2 grap'l. I. vt. & 
vi. [grap'pled; grap'pling.] To 
take hold of; seize; clinch; contend. 

II. n. 1. A close hold, as in wres¬ 
tling. 2. A grapnel. [< OF. grappil,' 
grapnel.] 

grasp, 1 grasp; 2 grasp. I d . vt. To ( - xra t >nel - 
seize with the hand; embrace firmly; hold in 
possession; comprehend. II. n. 1. A gripe 
or grip of the hand; enclosing compressure. 
2. The ability to seize and hold; possession; 
comprehension. [ < AS. grdpian; see grope.] 
—grasp'ing, pa. Greedy of gain; avaricious, 
grass, 1 gras; 2 gras, n. 1. The green plants on 
which cattle feed. 2. Bot. Any graminaceous 
plant with hollow, jointed stems and sheath¬ 
ing leaves. [< AS. grses.]— grass 'hop"per, 
n. An insect having stout 
and powerful thighs adapt¬ 
ed for leaping.—grass'y, a. 

Abounding in, covered 
with, or resembling grass. 

—grass 'i-ness, n. 

grate 1 , 1 gret; 2 grat, v nr „~ honnpr 

[GRAT'ED d ; GRAT'lNG. j PP 

1. t. 1. To rub together with a harsh sound. 

2. To wear away in minute particles by rub¬ 
bing. II. i. 1. To rub roughly and with 
harsh sound. 2. To cause mental irritation. 
[< LL. F grato, scratch.]—grat'er, n. One who 
or that which grates; a utensil with a rough sur¬ 
face for grating substances.—grat'ing. I. pa. 
Harsh in sound; rasping; irritating. II. n. The 
act or sound of rasping. 

grate 2d , vt. To fit with a grate or with bars, 
grate, n. A framework of bars, as to close an 
opening, or to hold fuel in burning. [ < L. LL 
gratis, hurdle.] grat'ingt. 
grate'ful, 1 gret'ful; 2grat'ful, a. 1. Having or 
expressing a due sense of benefits received; 
thankful. 2. Affording gratification. [ < L. 
grams, pleasing.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
grat/i-fy, 1 grat'i-fai; 2 grat'i-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] 1. To please, as by satisfying a 
desire or need. 2||. To recompense, reward, 



or give a gratuity to. [ < L. p gratifico, < 
gratus, kind; and see -ft.]— grat"i-fi-ca'tlon, 
n. 1. The act of gratifying; a satisfying or 
pleasing. 2. The state of being gratified. 3. 
That which gratifies; a reward, 
gra'tis, 1 gre'tis; 2 gra'tis, adv. Without rec¬ 
ompense; freely. [L.] 

grat'i-tude, 1 grat'i-tiud; 2 grat'i-tud, n. The 
state of being grateful; thankfulness, 
gra-tu 'i-tous, 1 grs-tiu'i-tus; 2 gra-tu'i-tus, a. 
Given without recompense, as a benefit, or 
without provocation, as an insult. [ < L. 
gratuitus, < gratia, favor.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— gra-tu 'i-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] That which is 
given gratuitously; a present; donation, 
grave, 1 grev; 2 grav, vt. [graved; graved or 
grav'en; grav'ing.] To engrave; sculpture; 
impress deeply. [ < AS. grafan] 
grave, a. 1. Of momentous import. 2. Serious, 
as in mind, manner, or speech. 3. Sober in 
color or fashion. [F., < L. gravis, heavy.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

grave, n. 1. An excavation in the earth for the 
burial of a dead body. 2. Hence, destruction 
or ruin; the abode of the dead. [ < AS. grsef, 
< grafan, dig.]— grave'stone", n. A memorial 
stone, placed at a grave.— grave'yard", n. A 
burial-ground.— grave'less, a. 
grav'el, 1 grav'el; 2 grav'el. I. vt. [grav¬ 
eled or grav'elled; grav'el-ing or grav'- 
el-ling.] 1. To cover or fill with gravel. 2. 
To run (a vessel) aground; bring up short; 
embarrass; perplex. II. n. 1. A mixture of 
sand and pebbles. 2. A disease character¬ 
ized by formation in the kidneys of granular 
concretions. [ < OF. gravele.] — grav'el-ly, a. 
Consisting of or abounding in gravel. 
Gra"ve-lotte', 1 gra"v9-let'; 2 gra"ve-lot', n. Vil¬ 
lage in Alsace-Lorraine; Germans defeated 
French, Aug. 18, 1870. 

grav'er, 1 grev'ar; 2 grav'er, n. An engraver; 
formerly, a sculptor; a burin or chisel. [< 
AS. grsefere, < grafan, dig.] 
grav'i-tate, 1 grav'i-tet; 2 grav'i-tat, vi. 
[-TAT"ED d ; -tat"ing.] To tend by or as by 
force of gravity. 

grav"i-ta'tion, 1 grav"i-te'shan; 2 grav"i-ta'- 
shon, n. The force with which all bodies at¬ 
tract each other; any attraction or tendency, 
physical, mental, or moral, toward some par¬ 
ticular object.— grav"i-ta'tion-al, a. 
grav'i-ty, 1 grav'i-ti; 2 grav'i-ty, n. [-ties z , 
pi] 1. Gravitation; weight. 2. The quality 
of being grave; importance; seriousness; se¬ 
dateness. [ < L. gravita(t-)s, < gravis, heavy.] 
gra'vy, 1 gre'vi; 2 gra'vy, n. [gra'vies z , pi.] 
The liquid (fat and juice) that drips from 
cooked meat, or a sauce made from it. 
gray, \ 1 gre; 2 gra. I. a. 1. Of mingled white 
grey, ) and black. 2. Having gray hair; hoary; 
old. II. n. A gray color; something gray; a 
gray animal. [< AS. grseg] — gray'bcard", 
n. An old man, or one with a gray beard.— 
gray 'ish, a. Somewhat gray.— gray'ness, n. 
Gray, m 1. Asa (1810-1888), an American bota¬ 
nist. 2. Elisha (1835-1901), an American electri¬ 
cian and inventor: telephone, multiplex tele¬ 
graph, etc. 3. Thomas (1716-1771), an English 
poet; Elegy in a Country Churchyard. 
gray'hound", n. Same as greyhound. 
gray'ling, 1 gre'lir); 2 gra'ling, n. A small 
trout-like fish. 

graze 1 , 1 grez; 2 graz, v. [grazed; graz'ing.] 
1. 1. 1. To cause to feed upon herbage. 2. To 


I:a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; an = out; ell; !fl = feud; tfhin; go; o = eing; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; i®k; thin., this. 












graze 

groom 


276 


eat herbage from, as a pasture. 3. To tend 
while at pasture. II. t. 1. To eat growing 
herbage. 3. To yield grass. [ < AS. grasian, 
< grass, grass.]—graz'er, n. —gra'zier, n. One 
who pastures or deals in cattle. 

graze 2 , v. [grazed; graz'ing.] 1. t. To touch 
or rub lightly in passing; abrade. II. i. To 
give something a passing touch; produce an 
abrasion. [Perhaps = graze 1 , r.] 

grease, 1 grls or grlz; 2 gres or gre§. I. vt. 
[greased; greas'ing.] To smear with 
grease; make to move easily or run smoothly. 
II. 1 grls; 2 gres, n. 1. Animal fat; any unc¬ 
tuous substance. 3. An inflammation of a 
horse’s heels. [ < F. graisse, < L. crassus, 
fat.]— greas'er, n. 1. One who or that which oils 
or greases. 3. [Western U. S.] A Mexican or 
Spanish*American: contemptuous use.— greas'y, 
a. [greas'i-er; greas'i-est.] Smeared with, 
containing, or like grease; oily.— greas'i-ly, 
adv. —greas'i-ness, n. 

great, 1 gret; 2 grat, a. 1. Of unusually large 
mass, quantity, number, or duration; big; 
vast; numerous; prolonged. 2. Of considera¬ 
ble degree; extreme. 3. Involving weighty 
consequences; important; mighty; momen¬ 
tous. 4. Having large mental, moral, or 
other endowments; eminent; distinguished. 
5. High-minded; magnanimous; grand. 6. 
More remote by one generation than that in¬ 
dicated by the qualified word; as, great * 
grandfather, etc. [ < AS. great.] — great'- 
eoat", n. A heavy overcoat.—great'ly, adv .— 
great'ness, n. 

Great Britain, 1 brit'n; 2 brlt'n. An island (89,- 
031 sq. m.; pop. 42,767,530) off western Europe, 
comprising England, Scotland, and Wales. 

Great Salt Lake. A salt lake in N. W. Utah; area 
80 by 30 m. 

Great Slave Lake. A lake in N. W. Canada; 300 
by 60 m. 

grebe, 1 grlb; 2 greb, n. A 4-toed diving bird 
without taiMeathers. [ < 

F. grgbe, < Bret, krib, 
comb.) 

Gre'cian, 1 grl'^hon; 2 gre'- 
shan. I. a. Greek. II. 
n. 1. A Greek. 2. A 
Greek scholar. 

Gre'cism, 1 grl'sizm; 2 gre'- 
cl§m, n. A Greek idiom. 

Greece, 1 gris; 2 grec, n. A 
kingdom (41,993 sq. m.; 
pop. 4,744,725) in S. E. 

Europe, occupying the pen¬ 
insula and islands ancient¬ 
ly called Hellas; capital, 

Athens.—Gre'cian, a. 

greed, 1 grid; 2 gred, n. 

Eager and selfish de¬ 
sire; greediness; avarice, 
greed 'y, a. [greed'i-er; greed'i-est.) 1. Hav¬ 
ing an excessive appetite for food or drink. 2. 
Avaricious.—greed'i-ly, adv .—greed 'i-ness, n. 

Greek, 1 grlk; 2 grek. I. a. Pertaining to 
Greece or the Greeks; Grecian; resembling 
the Greeks. II. n. One of the people of 
Greece; the Greek language; a Greek scholar. 
[< L. Grsecus, < Gr. Graikos, Greek.]—Greek 
Church, the Eastern or Oriental Church, which 
separated from the Roman or Western Church 
in the 11th century, chiefly upon doctrinal and 
litur-iical grounds. 

Gree'ley, 1 grl'li; 2 gre'ly, norace (1811-1872). 
An American editor, reformer, and publicist. 



Crested Grebe. Vu 
[ < AS. grsed .]— 


green, 1 grin; 2gren. I. a. 1. Of the ordinary 
color of growing plants. 2. Not arrived at 
perfection; unripe; immature. 3. Of recent 
occurrence; new; fresh. 4. Pale; sickly; wan. 
5. Characterized by youthful vigor; flourish¬ 
ing; fresh. II. n. 1. A green hue, object, or 
pigment. 2. A plot of grassland, or a com¬ 
mon. 3. pi. The leaves and stems of young 
plants used as food. [ < AS. grene, < V of 
grow.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —green'back", n. 
A legal-tender note of the United States.— 
green 'er-y, n. A place where plants are grown, 
or a verdant mass of plants.— green'-gage", n. 
A small green-fleshed plum of European origin. 
— green'gro"cer, n. A retailer of fresh vege¬ 
tables.— green'horn", n. [Colloq.] An inex¬ 
perienced person; a novice.— green'house", n. 
A building covered with glass, for the protec¬ 
tion of exotics or other tender plants.— green '- 
ish, a. Somewhat green; inexperienced.— 
green'room", n. The common waiting-room 
for performers in a theater.— green'shank", « 
A European sandpiper with greenish*^ 
gray legs and feet.— green'sward 
n. Turf green with grass.— green '-J 
wood", n. The forest in leaf. 

Green'land, 1 grin'lond; 

2 gren'land, n. An is- J 
land (46,740 sq. m.;r 
pop. 13,000), in Danish; 
control, lying N. E. of 
the continent of North 
America. — Green ' - \ 
land-er, n.—Green¬ 
land 'ic, a. 

Green 'wich, 1 grin'ij; 2 
grin'ij, n. A historic 
river-port (pop. 100,500) on the Thames, below 
London: royal observatory; site of the prime 
meridian. 

greet d , 1 grit; 2 gret, v. I. t. To address salu¬ 
tations to, either in person or in writing; ac- 



Greensliank. 


cost. II. i. To meet and salute. [ < AS. 
grStan.]— greet'ing, n. Salutation; welcome, 
gre-ga'rl-ous, 1 gn-ge'ri-us; 2 gre-ga'ri-us, a. 
Associating in flocks or companies. [ < L. 
gregarius, < grex, flock.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Greg'o-ry, 1 greg'o-ri; 2 gr6g'o-ry, n. Any one of 
17 popes: particularly (1) G. I. “the Great” 
(550-604); sent Augustine to England (597); re¬ 
formed the church service. (2) G. VII. or Hilde¬ 
brand (1015-10S5); conflict with Henry IV. of 
Germany. (3) G. XIII. (1502-1585), reformed 
the Julian calendar.—Gre-go'ri-an, a. & n. 
gre-nade', 1 gri-ned'; 2 gre-nad', n. Mil. An 
explosive shell, to be throwm by hand. [F.] 
—gren"a-dier\ n. 1. Originally, a soldier who 
threw hand-grenades. 2. Later, a member of a 
regiment composed of men of great stature. 
gren"a-dlne', 1 gren'o-din'; 2 gr£n"a-din', n. A 
gauzy silk or woolen dress-fabric. [F.] 
grew, imp. of grow, v. 
grew'some, etc. See gruesome, etc. 
grey, grey'beard", etc. Same as grat^ etc. 


Grey, 1 gre; 2 gre, Lady Jane (1537-1554). Great- 
granddaughter of Henry VII.; made heir to En¬ 
glish throne by Edward VI.; tried for treason; be¬ 
headed. 

grey'hound", 1 gre'haund"; 2 gra'hound", n. 
A tall, very slender hunting-dog, noted for 
keen sight and swiftness. [ < Ice. grey, dog, 
greyhound, + hundr, hound.] gray'hound"f. 
grid 'die, ) 1 grid'l ; 2 grid'l, n. 1. A shallow pan, 
grid'l p , ) for baking or frying thin cakes. 2. 
A cover for a hole in a cooking-stove. [ < W. 
gredyll.]— grid 'dle-eake", n. A cake baked on a 


1: ortistic, Art; fat, fAre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, 6r; full, rOle; but burn- 
2: art, ape, fat. fare, fast, wh^t, ail; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won,' 








277 


graze 

groom 


griddle; especially, one of thin batter, as of buck¬ 
wheat- 

grid 'i"ron, 1 grid'ai"arn; 2 grld'i"ern, n. A 
grated utensil for broiling, or something re¬ 
sembling it. [< ME. gridire, griddle.] 
grief, 1 grif; 2 gref, n. 1. Sorrow, as from afflic¬ 
tion; regret ; lamentation. 2. A cause of sor¬ 
row; affliction. [F., < L. gravis, heavy.] 
grieve,) 1 grlv; 2 grev, v. [griev(e)d; griev'- 
griev p , S ing.] I. t. To oppress with grief; af¬ 
flict mentally. II. i. To be distressed; sor¬ 
row. [ < L. p gravo, oppress.]—griev'ance, 
n. A cause of annoyance; wrong done.—griev' - 
ous, a. Causing grief, distress, or injury; mourn¬ 
ful; painful; harmful; distressing; severe. — 
griev'ous-ly, adv.— griev'ous-ness, n. 
grif'fin, 1 grif'in; 2 grif'in, n. 1. A fabulous 
creature, half lion, half eagle. 2. One who 
guards or watches a thing intently. [ < Gr. L+F 
gryps, fabulouscreature.] grif'font. 
grig, 1 grig; 2 grig, n. 1. A cricket. 2. A sand-eel. 

[Perhaps softened crick in cricket.] 
grill, ) 1 gril; 2 gril, v. I. t. 1. To broil. 2. To 
gril p , ) torment. II. i. To be broiled or fret¬ 
ted.—grill broom", n. A restaurant or eating- 
room where grilling is done. grill t. 
grille, 1 gril; 2 gril, n. A grating or screen; espe¬ 
cially, one of wrought metal, as in a gate. [F.] 
grilse, 1 grils; 2 grlls, n. [Scot.] A young salmon. 

grim, 1 grim; 2 grim, a. Stern and forbidding; 
harsh; unyielding; formidable. [ < AS. grim.] 
—grim'ly, adv. —grim'ness, n. 

gri-mace', 1 gri-mes'; 2 gri-mag'. I. vi. To 
make grimaces. II. n. A contemptuous 
distortion of the features; a hypocritical ex¬ 
pression of feeling. [F.; cp. grim and grin, n.] 
gri-mal'kin, 1 gn-mal'kin; 2 gri-mal'kin, n. 
An old cat. 

grime, 1 graim; 2 grim. I. vt. [grimed; 
grim'ing.] To make dirty; begrime. II. n. 
That which soils; dirt ground in. [Scand.]— 
grim'y, a. —grim'i-ly, adv. 

Grimm, 1 grim; 2 grim, n. F.ither of two German 
philologists; brothers: (1) Jakob Ludwig Karl 
(1785-1862). (2) Wilhelm Karl (1786-1859); 

collected fairy-tales. 

grin, 1 grin; 2 grin. I. vt. & vi. [grinned, 
grind 8 ; grin'ning.] To make by grinning; 
expose the closed teeth, as in suppressed 
laughter. II. n. The act of grinning; a 
broad smile. [ < AS. grennian.] 

grind, 1 graind; 2 grind, v. [ground; grind'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To reduce to fine particles, as 
by crushing and friction. 2. To sharpen, as 
on a grindstone. 3. To rub, wear, or chafe; 
oppress by exactions; afflict cruelly; harass. 
II. i. 1. To perform or be subjected to the 
operation of grinding; be chafed, polished, or 
sharpened by rubbing. 2. To work laborious¬ 
ly and mechanically. [ < AS. grindan .]— 
grind, n. The act or process of grinding.— 
grind'er, n. One who or that which grinds; a 
molar tooth.—grind'stone", n. A flat circular 
stone so hung that it can be rotated upon an 
axis, as for sharpening tools, 
grip, 1 grip; 2 grip. I. vt. & vi. [gripped , 
gript 8 ; grip'ping.] To take firm hold of; 
gripe; grasp. II. n. 1. The act of grasping 
firmly; a firm grasp. 2. [Colloq., U. S.] A 
valise. grip'sack"f. 3. That part of a 
thing by which it is grasped; a handle; also, 
a gripping mechanism. 4. Ability to seize 
and hold. [ < AS. gripan, seize.] 


gripd, 1 graip; 2 grip. I. vt. & vi. [griped 4 ; 
grip'ing.] 1 . To seize and hold firmly; 
grasp. 2. To give pain to (the bowels); dis¬ 
tress; suffer distress; be extortionate. II. n. 

1. A fast or firm hold; grip; oppressive control. 

2. pi. Intermittent pains in the bowels. 3. A 
handle; band; fastening. [< AS. gripan.] 

grippe, ) 1 grip; 2 grip, n. Severe influenza or 
grip, ) epidemic catarrh. [F.] 
gris'Iy, 1 griz'li; 2 grlg'ly, a. Savage-looking; 
fear-inspiring. [ < AS. grislic, terrible.]— 
gris'li-ness, n. 

grist, 1 grist; 2 grist, n. 1. A portion of grain 
to be ground. 2. A supply; provision. [AS.] 
—grist'-mili", n. A mill for grinding grain. 


gris'tle, 1 gris'l; 2 grls'l, n. Cartilage, espe¬ 
cially when in meat. [AS.]—gris'tly, a. Of 
or like gristle. 

grit 1 ,1 grit; 2 grit, n. 1. Rough, hard particles; 
sand or gravel; a compact sandstone. 2. 
Firmness of character, especially in pain or 
danger; pluck; courage. [ < AS. gredt, dust.] 
grit'ty, a. 1. Containing or consisting of grit. 
2. [U.S.] Full of pluck.—grlt'ti-ness, n. 
grit 2 , n. 1. Coarse meal. 2. pi. Grain hulled 
or granulated. [ < AS. grytt, flour, bran.] 
griz'zle, ) 1 griz'l; 2 grlz'l, n. A mixture of 
griz'l p , j white and black; gray. [ < OHG. OF 
gris, gray.]—griz'zled, a. Gray.—griz'zly, a. 
Grayish; somewhat gray.—grizzly bear, a 
large, ferocious, 
grizzly-gray or 
brownish bear 
of western 
North America, 
groan, 1 gron; 

2 gron. I. vi. 

To utter alow, 
continued, dis¬ 
tressful sound, 
as in pain or 
sorrow. II. n. 

A low, murmuring sound, as of distress: used 
also figuratively. [ < AS. grdnian.] 
groat, 1 grot; 2 grot, n. A former English silver 
coin: fourpence; a trifle. [ < LG. grate, a coin.l 
groats, 1 grots; 2 grots, n. pi. Hulled and 
crushed oats or wheat. [ < AS. gratan.] 
gro'cer, 1 gro'sar; 2 grd'ger, n. One who deals 
in groceries. [ < LL. OP grossarius, < grossus, 
great.]—gro"ce-te'ri-a, n. [U. S.] A grocery 
where customers wait on themselves and pay on 
leaving the store: a trade-mark name.—gro'- 
cer-y, n. 1. [-ies z , pi.] [U. S.] A grocer’s store or 
shop. 2. pi. Household supplies for the table. 



<p| 

Grizzly Bear. 


grog, 1 grog; 2 grog, n. A mixture of spirits 
and water; any intoxicating drink. [< ‘Old 
Grog,’ a nickname of Admiral Vernon (1684— 
1757).] — grog'-shop", n. A liquor-saloon.— 
grog'gy, a. [-gi-er; -gi-est.] 1. Tipsy. 2. 
Staggering; unsteady.— grog'gi-ness, n. 
grog'ram, 1 grog'ram; 2 grog'ram, n. A for¬ 
mer coarse fabric of silk and mohair. [< 
OF. gros, gross, coarse, + grain, grain.] 
groin, 1 groin; 2 groin. I. vt. To form into 
groins, as arches. II. n. 1. Anat. The crease 
where the thigh joins the abdomen. 2. Arch. 
The line of intersection of two vaults; inter¬ 
secting vaulting. [ < Ice. grein, branch, arm.] 
grom'met, 1 grem'et; 2 grOm'et, n. Naut. 1. 
A ring of rope. 2. A metallic eyelet, as for a sail. 
[OF., boy, dim. of grornme, groom.] grum'mett. 
groom, 1 grum; 2 groom. I. vt. To take care 
of, as a horse. II. n. 1. A person who cares 


l*a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; an = out; ell; Iu = feud; <fhin; go; rj = sinsr; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; bock, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bfirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










groove 

guile 


278 


for horses in the stable; hostler. A bride¬ 
groom. 3||. A menial; servitor. [ <Ice. gromr, 
man, servant.]—grooms'man, n. The man 
who attends the bridegroom at a wedding, 
groove, / 1 gruv; 2 groov. I. vt. [groov(e)d 8 ; 
groov p , ) grooving.] To form a groove in; 
fix in a groove; shape like a groove. II. n. 
1. A furrow, channel, or long hollow, espe¬ 
cially as cut by a tool. 2. A fixed routine. 
[ < D. groef, groeve, grave.] 
grope, 1 grop; 2 grop, vt. & vi. [groped 1 ; 
grop'ing.] To search out, as in the dark; 
feel one’s way; search uncertainly. [ < AS. 



grapian, < grap, grip.] _ « 

gros'beak", 1 gros'bik , 2 grSs'bek", n. One of 
various small 
birds having a 
large stout beak. 

[< gross + BEAK, 

«•] 

gros 'grain", 1 gr5'- 
gren"; 2 gro'gran", 
n. A corded silk of 
light luster. [F.] 
gross, 1 gros; 2gros, 

coarse; glaring! as Rose-breastedGrosbeak. Vio 
an error or fault. 2. Entire. 3. Coarse in 
meaning. 4. Dull of apprehension or feeling. 
[< LL. F grossus. thick.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
gross, n. [gross, pi.] 1. Twelve dozen, as a 
unit. 2. The greater part; mass; entire amount. 
— great gross, twelve gross, as a unit, 
grot, 1 grot; 2 grot, n. [Poet.] A grotto, 
gro-tesque', 1 gro-tesk'; 2 gro-tesk', a. In¬ 
congruously composed or ilbproportioned; 
fantastic. [F., < It. grottesca, < grotta, grotto.] 


-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

grot'to, 1 gret'o; 2 grdt'o, n. A small cavern; 
caverndike retreat. [< It. grotta, < L. LL 
crypta, crypt.] 

grouch, 1 graudh; 2 grouch. [Colloq., U. S.] 
I. vt. & vi. To grumble; utter complaints in a 
surly tohe; be discontented. II. n. 1. A dis¬ 
contented, grumbling person. 2. A grum¬ 
bling, sulky mood.— groucli'er, n. One given 
to grouching; a grumbler.— grouch'y, a. 
—grouch'l-ly, adv. 

Grou"chy', 1 grQ"ShI'; 2 gru'Chy', Emmanuel, 
Marquis (1766-1847). A French marshal; failed 
to prevent the Prussian advance at Waterloo. 

ground' 1 , 1 ground; 2 ground, v. I. t. 1. To 
fix firmly; found; establish. 2. To train in 
first principles. 3. To put, place, or set on or 
in the ground; run aground. II. i. 1. To run 
aground, as a ship. 2. To come or fall to the 
ground. 

ground, imp. & pp. of grind, v. 

ground, a. Being on the ground or on a level 
with it; fundamental.— ground floor, the 
floor of a building at or near the grounddevel; 
an advantageous position, as in business. 

ground, n. 1. The surface of the earth; land; 
a region or tract of land. 2. A base or founda¬ 
tion; also, a starting*point; a reason. 3. pi. 
Dregs. [< AS. grund.] — ground'shog", n. 
The woodchuck.— ground'less, a. Without 
foundation, reason, or cause, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— ground'ling, n. 1. Any animal that lives 
on the ground. 2. An underling or base person. 
—ground'nut", n. A peanut.— g.splan, n. 
The horizontal plan of the ground floor of a 
building; a preliminary plan of any kind.— g.* 
plot, n.‘Abuilding*lot; a ground=plan.— g.srent, 


n. The rent of grounds leased for building.— 
ground 'work", n. A fundamental part; basis, 
group, 1 grup; 2 grup. I', vt. & vi. To form 
into a group or groups. II. n. A small as¬ 
semblage or collection. [ < It. F gruppo, heap.] 
grouse, i grauz; 2 groug, vi. [groused; grous¬ 
ing.] [Slang.] To grumble.—grous'er, 1 grauz'- 
ar; 2 groug'er. n. [Slang.] One given to discon¬ 
tent; a grouch.—grous'ing, n. [Slang.] Discon¬ 
tent; grumbling, 

grouse, 1 graus; 2 grous, n. A game*bird, 
somewhat smaller than the domestic hen, 
with mottled plumage, known as the prairie• 
hen, sage»cock, etc. [Ult. < OHG. grts, gray.] 
grout'y, 1 graut'i; 2 grout'y, a. Turbid, as 
liquor; surly. 

grove, 1 grov; 2 gr5v, n. A small wood, espe¬ 
cially when clear of underbrush. [ < AS. graf] 
grov'el, 1 grev'l; 2 grov'l, vi. [-eled or -elled; 
-el-ing or -el-ling.] 1. To creep on the 
earth; lie abjectly prostrate. 2. To delight 
in what is low — grov 'el-er, grov'el-Ier, n. 
—grov'el-ing, grov'el-ling, pa. Lying pros¬ 
trate; abject; low; mean; sordid. [Prop, adv., 
< Ice. gruf a, flat on the ground.] -ly, adv. 
grow, 1 gro; 2 gro, v. [grew; grown; grow'- 
ing.] 1. 1. To cause to spring up and mature. 
II. i. 1. To increase in bulk, as a living or¬ 
ganism. 2. To be produced by vegetation. 3. 
To pass to a certain state; as, to grow cold. 4. 
To become fixed or attached: with to. [ < AS. 
growan.]— grow 'er, n. 

growl, 1 graul; 2 growl. I. vt. & vi. To utter in 
a surlv tone; utter a growl; find fault; grum¬ 
ble. II. n. The guttural threatening sound 
made by an angry ainmal; angry faultfinding; 
grumbling. [Cp. D. grollen, grumble.] 
grown, 1 gron; 2 gron, pp. of grow, v. 
growth, 1 grofh; 2 groth, n. 1. The gradual 
increase of a living organism by natural proc¬ 
ess; any gradual increase; augmentation; 
progress; promotion. 2. Anything grown or 
produced; product; effect. [< Ice. grodar, < 
grda, grow.] 

grub, 1 grub; 2 grub, vt. & vi. [grubbed; grub'- 
bing.] To dig up or out; uproot; scratch up 
the ground; do menial labor; drudge. [ME. 
grubben, grobben; cp. grope.]— grub'ber, n. 
grub, n. The larva of an insect. 

Grub Street. The former name of Milton Street, 
London, once frequented by needy authors and 
literary hacks.—Grub'sStreet". I. a. Char- 
acterist ic of literary hacks or their work; second 
rate. II . n. Inferior authors as a class, 
grudge, 1 gruj; 2 grudg. I. vt. [grudged, 
grudgd 8 ; grudg'ing.] To envy one the 
possession of; begrudge. II. n. 1. Ill will 
cherished, as for some remembered wrong. 
2. Reluctance. [ < OF. groucher, murmur.]— 
grudg'lng-ly, adv. 

gru'el, 1 gru'el; 2 gru'61, n. A semiliquid food 
made by boiling meal in water or milk. [ < 
LL. OF grutellam, dim. of grutum, meal.] 
grue'soine, ) 1 gru'sam; 2 gru'som, n. Suggest- 
grew'soinc, s’ ing gloomy or frightful thoughts; 

horrid. [Cp. Dan. grusom.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
gruff, 1 gruf; 2 gruf, a. Rough or morose; 
surly. [ < D. grof, coarse, loud.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

gruni, 1 grum; 2 grum, a. 1. Morose, sullen, 
or sour; surly. 2. Guttural. [< AS. gram, 
grom, angry.] 

grum'ble, ) 1 grum'bl; 2 grum'bl. I. vt. & vi. 
grum'bl p , ) [grum'bl(e)d; grum'bling.] To 


1: artistic, Art; fat, f5re; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rQle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, dr, won. 









279 


groove 

guile 


express complainingly; to murmur; growl; 
mutter. II. n. The act of grumbling; a com¬ 
plaint; murmur. [ < MD. grommelen, freq. 
of grommen, grumble.]— grum'bier, n. One who 
grumbles or complains.— grum'bling-ly, adv. 
Grun'dy, 1 grun'di; 2 grun'dy, Mrs. A character 
in Morton’s comedy, Speed the Plough (1798); 
now symbolizing society in general as a tyranni¬ 
cal censor of morals and manners, 
grunt, 1 grunt; 2 grunt. I. vt. & vi. To utter 
in a guttural manner; emit a deep guttural 
sound; murmur; complain. II. n. A short, 
guttural sound, as of a hog. [ < AS. grunian, 
grunt.]— grunt'er, n. A person or animal that 
grunts, especially a hog. 

G. S., abbr. Grand Scribe, Grand Secretary, 
Grand Sentinel, Grand Sentry.—gs., abbr. 
Guineas.— G. T., abbr. Good Templars, Grand 
Tiler.— gt., abbr. [gtt., pi.] [L.] Gutta ( drop). 
— Gt. Br., Gt. Brit., abbr. Great Britain.— 
gn., abbr. Guinea. 

Gua"da-la-ja'ra, 1 gwa"da-la-ha'ra; 2 gwa'da- 
la-ha'ra, n. The capital (pop. 119,000) of the 
state of Jalisco, Mexico. 

Gua"da-lupe', 1 ge"da-lup'; 2 ga"da-lup', n. 1. 
G. Hi-dal'go, a town (pop. 6,000), near 
Mexico City; treaty (Feb. 2, 1848) ceding Cali¬ 
fornia and New Mexico to the United States. 
2. G. Mountains, a range in Texas and New 
Mexico between the Pecos and Rio Grande 
rivers. 

Gua"de-loupe', 1 gwa"da-lup'; 2 gwa"de-lup', n. 
1. A French colony (687 sq. m.; pop. 212,000) in 
the West Indies; capital, Basse Terre. 2. The 
chief islandof the group. 

Guam, 1 gwam; 2 gwam, n. The chief island of 
the Ladrone Group, Pacific ocean (200 sq. m.; 
pop. 14,240); capital, Agana; ceded to the 
United States by Spain, 1898. 
gua-na 'co, 1 gwa-na'ko ; 2 gwa-na'eo, n. A South* 
American cameMtke ruminant. [S. Am.] 
gua'no, 1 gw r d'no; 2 gwa'no, n. The accumu¬ 
lated excrement of sea=birds: used as a fer¬ 
tilizer. [ < Peruv. huanu, dung.] 
guar"an-tee', ) 1 gar"an-ti'; 2 gar"an-te'. I. 
gar"an-tee' p , j vt. [-teed'; -tee'ing.] 1. To 
promise or warrant the performance of. 2. 
To secure against loss or damage. II. n. 1. 
A guaranty. 2. One to whom a guaranty is 
given; less correctly, a guarantor.—guar'ail- 
tor", n. One who or that which guarantees or 
warrants. 

guar'an-ty, ) 1 gar'an-ti; 2 gar'an-ty. I. vt. 
gar'an-ty p , ) [-tied; -ty-ing.] Same as guar¬ 
antee. II. n. [-ties 2 , pi.] An undertaking 
by one person to be answerable for some 
obligation of another; the act of making sure, 
or that which assures. [ < OF. garantie, fem. 
pp. of garantir, warrant.] 

guard, fl gdrd; 2 gard. I d . vt. & vi. To pro- 
gard 8 , \ tect; defend; watch or watch over; be 
on one’s guard. II. n. 1. One who or that 
which protects or defends. 2. A state of 
watchful oversight; an attitude or condition 
of defense. 3. Any protecting device; as, a 
watch guard. 4. One having charge, as of a 
train, or of baggage on a railway. [ < OF. 
garder, warder, < MHG. warlen, watch.]— 
guard 'ed, pa. Exhibiting caution; circumspect, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —guard'i-an. I. a. Keep¬ 
ing guard; watching. II. n. 1. A person who 
legally has the care of the person or property, 
or both, of another, as of a minor. 2. A guard; 
warden.—guard'i-an-ship, n. 

Gua"te-ma'la, 1 ge"ti-ma'la; 2 ga"te-ma'la, n. A 
CentrabAmerican republic (48,290 sq. m’.; pop. 


2,003,000); or its capital (pop. 90,000).— Gua"- 
te-ma'Ian, a. & n. Gua"te-ma'li-ant. 
gua'va, 1 gwa'va; 2 gwa'va, n. A tropical 
American tree of the myrtle . 

family; also, its fruit, from which M J 

guava jelly is made. [< Braz. H 

guaiva.] W _ 

Guay"a-qull\ 1 gwai"a-kll'; 2 ZPm 
gwl"a-kil', n. A city (pop. 93,850) 
of Ecuador.— Gulf of G., a gulf 
on the coast of Ecuador. 
gu"ber-na-to'ri-al, 1 giu"bar- 

na-to'ri-al; 2 gu"ber-na-to'ri-al, oMy 
a. [U. S.] Of or pertaining to a 
governor or the office of gover- ^ 4V*'«^ 
nor. [ < L. gubernalor, governor, 

< guberno, govern.] 

gudg'eon 1 , 1 guj'an; 2 gudg'on, yw 
n. 1. An Old World fish, very 
easily caught. 2. A simpleton. White Guava 
[< Gr. L+p kobios, kind of fish.] and rruit (a)> 
gudg'eon 2 , n. Mech. The bearing of a shaft; 

a pin. [ < OF. gougeon, pin of a pulley.] 
Guelf, 1 gwelf; 2 gwelf, n. A member of the papal 
and popular party in medieval Italy, opposed to 
the imperial and aristocratic party of the Ghibel- 
lines. Guelphf.—Guelf'i-an, a. Guelf'ict; 
Guelph'i-ant; Guelph'let. 
guer'don, 1 gur'dan; 2 gftr'don, n. An honor¬ 
able reward; recompense; requital. [ < OHG. OF 
widar, back, again, + Ion, reward.] 

Guern'sey, 1 gurn'zi; 2 gern'gy, n. 1. One of the 
Channel Islands (9 by 5 m.; pop. 40,120). 2. 
One of a breed of cattle thence derived. 3. [g-] 
A knit shirt; jersey. 

guer-ril'la, 1 ge-ril'a; 2 ge-ril'a, n. One of an 
irregular band of partizan soldiers, usually 
mounted. [ < Sp. guerrilla, skirmish.] gue- 
rll'lat. 

guess, j 1 ges; 2 gSs. I 4 , vt. & vi. 1. To hazard 
gess p , J a supposition about; conjecture; sur¬ 
mise. 2. To conjecture correctly; divine. 
II. n. A tentative opinion or conclusion; a 
supposition; surmise; conjecture. [ME. ges- 
sen, < geten, get.]— guess 'er, n. 
guest, / 1 gest; 2 gest, n. A visitor; also, a 
gest p , ) lodger or boarder. [ < AS. geest, gest.] 
guf-faw', 1 gu-fe'; 2 gu-fa', n. A shout of bois¬ 
terous laughter; horsedaugh. [Of imitative 
orig.] 

Gui-a'na, 1 gl-ci'na; 2 gi-a'na, n. A territory, 
N. E. South America, comprising British G. 
(90,277 sq. m.; pop. 305,000), Dutch G. (46,060 
sq. m.; pop. 109,000), and French G. (30,500 sq. 
m.; pop. 49,000). 

guide, 1 gaid; 2 gid. I. vt. [guid'ed 11 ; guid'- 
ing.] To conduct in a course or path; lead; 
manage; train. II. n. 1. One who leads 
another in any path or direction. 2. Some¬ 
thing serving to guide; a guide=book. [ < OF. 
guider, of Germanic orig.]—gui'dance, n. The 
act, process, or result of guiding; a leading; direc¬ 
tion.—gulde'ffioard", g.spost, n. A board or 
post, to direct travelers. 

Gui'do, 1 gwl'do; 2 gwi'do, n. 1. G. d’Arezzo 
(990?-1050?), an Italian Benedictine monk; mu¬ 
sician; invented present musical notation. 2. G. 
Beni (1575-1642), an Italian painter; Aurora. 
gui'don, 1 gai'dan; 2 gl'don, n. Mil. A forked 
flag used by cavalry. [F.] 
guild, guild 'hall", guild 'ry, etc. Same as gild, etc. 
guile, 1 gail; 2 gil, n. The act of deceiving, or 
the disposition to deceive; a stratagem. [OF.] 
— guile'ful, a. Full of deceit or guile.— guile'- 
less, a. Free from guile; artless; frank. 


1:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; lu = fewd; tfhin; go; r) = sing; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







guillotine 

habitant 


280 


guil"lo-tine', 1 giro-tin'; 2 giro-tin', vt. 
[-tined'; -tin'ing.] To behead with the guil¬ 
lotine. 

guirio-tine", 1 gil'o-tin"; 2 gil'o-tin", n. An 
instrument for beheading criminals and oth¬ 
ers in France, in which a weighted knife is 
used. [F., < Dr. J. I. Guillotin, 1738-1814 ] 
guilt, 1 gilt; 2 gilt, n. 1. The state of one liable 
to or deserving of punishment; a state of con¬ 
demnation. 2. Wickedness. [ < AS. gylt, 
orig. a fine, < gildan, pay, yield.] —guilt'I-ly, 
adv .—guilt 'i-ness, n. —guilt 'less, a. 1. Free 
from guilt; innocent. 2. Ignorant.— guilt'y, a. 
[guilt'i-er; guilt'i-est.] 1. Having incurred 
guilt; liable to penalty. 2. Involving, expressing, 
or characterized by guilt. 

guin'ea 1 , 1 gin'i; 2 gin'e, n. An English mone¬ 
tary unit, and former coin, equal to 21 shil¬ 
lings or $5. [ < Guinea, as first coined from 

Guinea gold.] 

Guin'ea 2 , 1 gin'i; 2 gin'e, n. An old name for the 
territory bordering the Gulf of Guinea.— Gulf 
of G., a gulf on the W. coast of Africa, 
guin'ea-fowl", n. An African bird commonly 
domesticated, dark-gray, with white spots. 
[< Guinea, a country of West Africa.] guin'ea- 
hen"t. — guin'ea-pig", n. A South-American 
rodent, white, variegated' with red and black. 
Guin 'e-vere, 1 gwin'i-vir; 2 gwin'e-ver, n. Ar¬ 
thur’s unfaithful queen; the paramour of Lance¬ 
lot in Tennyson’s Idylls of the King. 


guise 1 , ) 1 gaiz; 2 gig, n. The external appear- 
guize p , jance; outward seeming; manner; be¬ 
havior. [OHG. OF wisa, wise, manner.] 

Guise 2 , 1 giz; 2 gi§, n. 1. A French ducal family. 
2. Duke of (1519-1563). Francois de Lorraine, 
French commander, defeated Conde. 3. Duke 
of (1550-1588). Henri de Lorraine; promoted 
massacre of St. Bartholomew. 4. A city in Aisne, 
France, where armistice terms were given to the 
Germans, Nov. 8, 1918. 

gui-tar', 1 gi-tar'; 2 gi-tar', n. A musical in¬ 
strument shaped somewhat like a violin, hav¬ 
ing usually six strings played with the fingers. 
[< Gr. L+F kithara, kind of lyre.] 
gulch, 1 gulcffr, 2 gulch, n. A ravine; hollow; 

gully. [Akin to Sw. golka, gulch.] 
gulf, 1 gulf; 2 gulf, n. 1. The tract of water 
within an indentation or curve of the coast* 
line, in size between a bay and a sea. 2. An 
abyss; chasm. [ < Gr. F kolphos, kolpos, bay.] 
—Gulf States, the States bordering on the Gulf 
of Mexico.— Gulf Stream, a vast warm ocean 
current flowing from the Gulf of Mexico north¬ 
ward through the Atlantic.— gulf'wced", n. A 
large olive-brown seaweed with stalked air-blad¬ 
ders. 

gull, 1 gul; 2 gul, vt. To impose upon; outwit, 
gull, n. A long-winged, usually white, web¬ 
footed swimming bird. 

[< Corn, gullan, gull.] 
gull 2 , n. 1. A credulous 
person ; dupe. 2. A 
deceit. [ < Ice. golr, 
gulr , yellow.] 
gul'let, 1 gul'et; 2 gul'- 
et, n. The esophagus. 

[ < L. OF gula, throat.] 
gul'li-ble, 1 1 gul'i-bl; 2 
gul 'Ii-hlP, J gGl'i-bl, a. 

Capable of being gulled; simple; credulous. 
gul'la-bl(et.—gul"li-bil'i-ty, n. gul"la-bil'- 
i-tyt. 



Great Black-backed 
Gull. l /3o 


Gul'll-ver, 1 gol'i-var; 2 gul'i-ver, Lemuel. Hero 
of Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726), a series of 
grotesque satires on the society and politics of 
the period. 

gul'Jy, 1 gul'i; 2 gul'y. I. vt. [gul'lied; gul'- 
ly-ing.] To make a gully in. II. n. [gul'- 
lies z , pi.] A channel cut by running water; 
a deep gutter; narrow ravine. [ < OF. goulet, 
gullet.] 

gulp, 1 gulp; 2 gulp. I‘. vt. To swallow eager¬ 
ly and in large drafts. II. n. The act of gulp¬ 
ing, or something gulped down; a swallow. 
[< D. gulpen, swallow.] 

gum, 1 gum; 2 gum, vt. & vi. [gummed, 
gumd s ; gum'ming.] To smear or be smeared, 
as with gum; stiffen or stick with gum; be¬ 
come stiff and sticky. 

gum 1 , n. 1. The sap of certain trees or shrubs 
exuded and dried. 2. Bol. Same as gum- 
tree. 3. India-rubber. [ < Gr. L+F kommi, 
gum.]—gum'my, a. [-mi-er; -mi-est.] Like or 
covered with gum; viscous; sticky.—gum'mi- 
ness, n.—gum'-tree", n. A gum-producing 
tree of the United States and Australia. 

gum 2 , n. The fleshy tissue that invests the 
necks of the teeth. [ < AS. goma, palate, pi., 
the jaws.]—gum '-boil", n. A small boil formed 
on the gum. 

gun, 1 gun; 2 gun. I. vi. [gunned, gund 8 ; 
gun'ning.] [U. S.] To shoot w r ith a gun, es¬ 
pecially at small game. II. n. 1. A metal 
tube for firing projectiles by the force of an 
explosive, together with its stock and other 
attachments. 2. Any device for discharging 
missiles through a tube. 3. The discharge of 
a gun. [Perhaps < Gr. OF manganon, war- 
engine for throwing stones.]— gun'*bar"rel, n. 
The tube of a gun.— gun'boat", n. Formerly, 
a small vessel having one gun, now a man-of-war 
next in size below a cruiser.— gun'cot"ton, n. 
A compound prepared by treating cotton with 
nitric and sulfuric acids.— gun-metal, n. An 
alloy of copper, or a superior quality of iron, used 
for making cannon.— gun 'ner, n. One who uses 
or operates a gun.— gun'ner-y, n.— gun'ning, 
n. The sport of hunting game with a gun.— 
gun 'pow"der, n. An explosive mixture of niter, 
charcoal, and sulfur.— gun'sbot". I. a. Made 
by the shot of a gun. II. n. The range or reach 
or a gun.— gun'smith", n. One w T ho makes or 
repairs firearms.— gun-stock, n. The wooden 
part of a firearm, as a rifle, etc., holding the lock 
and the barrel. 

gun., abbr. Gunnery. 

gun'ny, 1 gun'i; 2 gun'y, n. [gun'nirs 2 , pi.] 
Coarse sacking of jute or hemp. [ < Beng. 
Qorei, gunny-bag.] 

gun'wale, 1 gun'al or gun'wel; 2 gun'el or ghn'- 
wal, n. The upper edge of a vessel’s side. 
[< gun + wale, plank.] gun'nelt. 

gur'gle, )1 gur'gl; 2 ghr'gl. I. vi. [gur'- 

gur'gl 1 ’, ) gl(e)d p ; gur'gling.] To flow with 
a bubbling, noisy current; make a murmur¬ 
ing sound. II. n. A gurgling flow or sound. 

gur'nartl, 1 gur'nord; 2 gur'nard, n. One of 
various fishes, w r ith mailed cheeks. 

gush, 1 gu^h; 2 gush. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To pour 
forth or flow out freely and copiously. 2. To 
make an extravagant display of affection or 
sentiment. II. n. 1. A sudden outpouring of 
fluid. 2. An extravagant display of senti¬ 
ment. [< Ice. gusa, gush.]—gush'er, n. 1. 
One who or that which gushes. 2. [U. S.l A 
freq,*flowing oil-well. — gush'ing, pa. Flowing 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wn^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e: go, not, dr, won. 








281 


guillotine 

habitant 


freely; sentimental, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— 
gush'y, a. 

gus'set, 1 gus'et; 2 gus'St, to. A small triangu¬ 
lar piece of cloth fitted into a garment. [< 
F. gousset, armhole.] 

gust 1 , 1 gust; 2 gust, to. 1. A violent blast of 
wind. 2. A sudden outburst of feeling. [ < 
Ice. gustr, < gjosa, gush.]— gust'y, a. 
gust 2 , to. Taste; relish; gratification. [< L. 
gustus, taste.]—gus'ta-to"ry, a. Pertaining to 
the sense of taste. 

Gus-ta'vus, 1 gus-te'vus; 2 gus-ta'vus, II., Adol¬ 
phus, “the Great” (1594-1632). A king of Swe¬ 
den; prominent in the Thirty Years’ war. 
gus'to, 1 gus'to; 2 gus'to, to. Keen enjoyment; 
relish. [It., Pg., and Sp., < L. gustus, 
taste.] 

gUt, 1 gut; 2 gut. I. Vt. [GUT'TED d ; gut'ting.] 
To take out the intestines or destroy the con¬ 
tents of; ravage; despoil; plunder. II. to. 
The alimentary canal; an intestine: not in 
best usage. [ < AS. gut, < geotan, pour.] 

Gu'ten-berg, 1 gu'ten-berH; 2 gu'ten-berH, Jo¬ 
hann (1397-1468). A German printer; reputed 
inventor of movable type. See Coster. 
gut'tasper'clia, 1 gut'a=pur'<fha; 2 gut'a*per'- 
cha, to. A brownish=red horny substance, 
softening with heat, obtained from an ever¬ 
green tree of the Malay archipelago. [ < 
Malay galah, gum, + percha, tree.] 
gut'ter, 1 gut'ar; 2 gut'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
form a channel in; become channeled. II. to. 

I. A channel along the eaves of a house to 
carry off rain*water. 2. A waterway for sur- 
face*water at a roadside. 3. Any slight chan¬ 
nel, trench, or trough. [ < L. F gutta, drop.] 

gut'tur-al, 1 gut'ur-el; 2 gut'ur-al. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to the throat; formed in the throat. 

II. to. A sound produced in the throat. [ < 
L. guttur, throat.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

guy 1 , 1 gai; 2 gi. I. vt. To steady with a guy. 
II. to. A stay*rope or the like, as for steady¬ 
ing a mast, f < OF. guye, guie, guide.] 
guy 2 . I. vt. To ridicule; quiz. II. to. A per¬ 


son of grotesque appearance. [ < Guy Fawkes, 
leader in gunpowder plot (Nov. 5, 1605).] 
guz'zle, j 1 guz'l; 2 guz'l, vt. & vi. [guz'zled, 
guz'l p , } guz'ld p ; guz'zling.] To drink im¬ 
moderately or frequently. [ < OF. *gouziller, 
akin to gosier, throat.]— guz'zler, n. 
gybe, vi. Same as jibe, gibef. 
gym-na'si-uin, 1 jim-ne'zi-um; 2 gym-na'gi- 
um, to. [-si-a, pi.] 1. A place for gymnastic 
exercises. 2. A Latin or classical school. [L., 
< Gr. gymnasion, < gymnazo, train naked.]— 
gym 'nas t, ra. One expert in gymnastics; an ath¬ 
lete.— gym-nas'tic. I. a. Relating to gymnas¬ 
tics. II. n. Disciplinary exercise of body or mind; 
a feat of bodily skill: generally in the plural, 
gyn'e-, (From Greek gyne (gen. gynaikos), 
gy-ne'co-, ) woman, female: combining forms.— 
gyn"e-col'o-gy,ra. Med. The science that treats 
of the functions and diseases of women.— gyn"e- 
co-Iog'i-cal, a. —gyn"e-col'o-gist, to. 
gyp'sum, 1 jip'sum; 2 gyp'sum, to. Sulfate of 
lime: when calcined, called plaster of Paris. 
[< Gr. L+F gypsos, chalk.]— gyp 'se-ous, a. 
Gyp'sy, n. Same as Gipsy. 
gy'ral, 1 jai'ral; 2 gy'ral, a. 1. Having a circu¬ 
lar, revolving, or whirling motion. 2. Anat. Of 
or pertaining to the convolutions of the brain, 
gy'rate, 1 jai'ret; 2 gy'rat, vi. [GY'RAT"ED d ; 
gy'rat"ing.] To rotate or revolve, especially 
in a spiral or helix, as a cyclone. [< Gr> 
gyros, circle.]— gy'ra-to-ry, a. Having a circu¬ 
lar motion, gy'ral t.-gy-ra'tion, to. A whirl¬ 
ing or rotating. gyret. 
gyr'fal"con, to. Same as gerfalcon. 
gy'ro-scope, 1 jai'ro-skop; 2 gy'ro- 
sebp, to. A heavy rotating wheel, 
the axis of which is free to turn in 
any direction, and may be made to 
revolve in a horizontal or other 
plane, as If independent of gravita- 
tion. [ < Gr. gyros, round, a circle, Gyroscope. 
+ -scope.] — gyroscope car, a car which is kept 
balanced on a single rail by two gyroscopes driven 
in opposite directions.— gy"ro-scop'lc, a. 
gyve, 1 jaiv; 2 g.vv, to. A fetter for the limbs of 
prisoners. [Of Celt, origin.] 




H, h, 1 edh; 2 ach, to. [aitches, H’s, or Ha, 1 
edh'ez; 2 ech'6§, pi.] The eighth letter in the 
English alphabet. 

H, abbr. Hydrogen.— h., abbr. Harbor, hard, 
hardness, height, high, hour, hundred, husband. 

ha, 1 ha; 2 ha, inter j. An exclamation or sound 
made by a quick expulsion of breath, as in 
surprize, joy, grief, laughter, etc. 

ha., abbr. Hectare. 

Haar'lem, 1 hdr'lem; 2 har'lSm, to. Capital (pop. 
77,000) of North Holland province, Netherlands. 
See Harlem. 

Hab., abbr. Habakkuk.—hab., abbr. Habitat. 

Ha-bak'kuk, 1 ho-bak'uk or hab'a-kuk; 2 ha-bak'- 
uk or hab'a-kuk. to. A minor Hebrew prophet or 
his book. Hab'ba-cucf. 

Ha-ba'na, 1 ha-va'na; 2 ba-va'na, «. 1. A prov¬ 
ince (2,772 sq. m.; pop. 697,580) in W. Cuba. 

2. Its seaport capital (pop. 363,500), the capital 
of Cuba. Ila-van'at.—Ha"ba-nese', a. 

ha'be-as cor'pus, 1 he'bi-es ker'pus; 2 ha'- 
bi-as cor'piis. Law. A writ requiring a per¬ 
son in custody to be brought before a court. 
[L., have the body.] 


hab'er-dash"er, 1 hab'er-da^h^ar; 2 hab'er- 
dash"er, to. A dealer in gentlemen’s furnish¬ 
ings or in ribbons, trimmings, etc. [< Ice. 
hapurtask, haversack.] 

ha-bil'i-ment, 1 ha-bil'i-ment or -mant; 2 
ha-bfl'i-ment, to. An article of clothing; in 
the plural, dress; garb. [< OF. habillement, 
< habiller, dress.] 

hab'it, 1 hab'it; 2 h&b'it, to. 1. A tendency to¬ 
ward an action or condition, which by repeti¬ 
tion has become spontaneous. 2. An action so 
induced; habitual course of action or conduct. 

3. Habitual condition, appearance, or tem¬ 
perament. 4. An outer garment or garments; 
costume; a woman’s dress for horseback* 
riding. [F., < L. habitus, condition, dress.] 
hab'it-a-ble, ) 1 hab'it-a-bl; 2 hSb'it-a-bl, a. 
hab'it-a-bl p , ) Fit to be inhabited. [< L. 
habitabilis, < habito, inhabit.]— hab"it-a-bil'i- 
ty, to.— hab'it-a-ble-ness, to. 
ha"bi"tant', 1 a"bl"tah'; 2 a"bi"tah', to. A small 
rural proprietor, or resident, of French descent, 
as in Canada or Louisiana. 


1:8 = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; rfhin; go; I) = sin?; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; i©k; thin, this. 








habitat 

hand 


282 


hab'i-tat, 1 hab'i-tat; 2 hab'i-tat, n. The re¬ 
gion where a race, species, or individual natu¬ 
rally lives or is found. [L., ‘it dwells.’] 
hab"i-ta'tion, 1 hab'Vte'sIian; 2 Mb"i-ta/- 
shon, n. 1. A place of abode. 2. The act or 
state of inhabiting. 

ha-bit'u-al, 1 ha-bicfh'u-al; 2 ha-bich'q-al, a. 
Pertaining to, constituting, or resulting from 
habit; usual; ordinary; inveterate. -ly» adv. 
ha-bit'u-ate, 1 ha-bich'u-et; 2 ha-bfch'y-at, vt. 
[-at"ed , j ; -at"ing.] To make familiar by 
repetition or use; accustom. [ < L. LL habitus, 
habit, n.]— ha-bit"u-a'tion, n. 
hab'i-tude, 1 hab'i-tiud; 2 h5,b'i-tud, n. 1. 
Habitual method or state; habit. 2. Cus¬ 
tomary relation or association. [F., < L. 
habiludo, condition.] 

ha-bit"u-e', 1 ha-bi(fh"u-e'; 2 ha-blch"’q-§', n. A 
habitual frequenter, as of an inn, theater, etc. 
lia"ci-en'da, 1 ha"si-en'd9; 2 ha"ci-en'da, n. A 
landed estate; plantation. [Sp. Am.] 
hack, 1 hak; 2 hak, vt. & vi. 1. To cut irreg¬ 
ularly or at random; chop; mangle; notch. 
2. To emit a short, dry cough. [Of AS. origin.] 
hack 1 , n. 1. A gash made by or as by a sharp 
instrument. 2. [Colloq.] A short, dry cough. 
hack 2 , n. 1. A horse kept for hire. 2. [U. S.] A 
hackney*coach. 3. A drudge. [ < ZiacAmey.] 
hack'le, ) 1 hak'l; 2 hak'l. I. vt. [hack'led; 
hack'I p , ) hack'ling.] 1. To hatchel. 2. To 
tear into pieces. II. n. 1. A hatchel. 2. Un¬ 
spun fiber, as raw silk. 

hack'ney, 1 hak'm; 2 h&k'ny. I. vt. To ex¬ 
haust by continual use; make stale by repeti¬ 
tion. II. a. Let out for hire; common. III. 
n. 1. One of a breed of driving* and saddle* 
horses. 2. A horse kept for hire. 3. A hack- 
ney*coach. [ < F. haquenee, an ambling 
horse.]— hack'neyscoach", n. A coach plying 
for hire.— hack'neyed, pa. Stale; threadbare. 
—hack'ncy-ism, n. 
had, 1 had; 2 had, imp. of have, v. 
had 'dock, 1 had'ak; 2 had'ok, n. A food*fish of 
the North Atlantic. 

Ha'des, 1 he'diz; 2 ha'deg, n. The condition 
and abode of the dead; Sheol; sometimes, hell. 
[< Gr. HaidSs, < a- priv. + idein, see.] 
Ha'dri-an, 1 he'dri-an; 2 ha'dri-an, n. Hadri- 
anus l’ublius ASIlus, Roman emperor (117— 
138).— Iladrian’s Wall, a wall built by Hadrian, 
122, to protect S. Britain from the Piets and 
Scots.— lIa"dri-an-op'o-lls, n. [L.] Adrianople. 
haft, 1 haft; 2 haft, n. The handle of a cutting 
weapon or tool; hilt. [ < AS. hzeft , handle.] 
hag, n. A forbidding or malicious old woman; 
an ugly crone. [Contr. of AS. haegtes, a fury.] 
— hag'glsh, a. Like a hag. 

Hag., abbr. Haggai. 

Ila'gar, 1 hg'ger; 2 ha'gar, n. Abraham’s concu¬ 
bine, mother of Ishmael. Gen. xvi, 1. 

Hag'ga-1, 1 hag'i-ai; 2 hag'a-I, n. A minor Hebrew 
prophet or his book. 

hag'gard, 1 hag'erd; 2 h&g'ard, a. Worn and 
gaunt in appearance. [Corr. of hagged, < 
hag, ».] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
hag'gle, )1 hag'l; 2 hag'l, v. [hag'gl(e)d; 
hag'l p , I hag'gling.] 1. 1. To hack; mangle. 

II. i. To chaffer; cavil. [Freq. of hack, t>.] 
Hague, 1 heg; 2 hag, The. Capital city (pop. 
359,600) of the Netherlands. —The Hague Tri¬ 
bunal, officially, The Permanent Court of Arbi¬ 
tration for international disputes; established 
1S99. 

Hah'ne-mann, 1 ha'na-man; 2 ha'ne-man, Sam¬ 


uel C. F. (1755-1843). A German physician; 
founded homeopathy. 

Uai"da-ra-bad', 1 hai"da-r9-bad'; 2 hPda-ra-bad', 
n. A native state (82,698 sq. m.; pop. 13,375,000) 
in India; also, its capital (pop. 501,000). 

Haig, 1 heg, 2 hag, Sir Douglas (1861- ), Earl 

of Bemersyde. Scottish soldier; British field* 
marshal; commander*in*chief of British forces in 
France and Flanders, 1915-18. 
hail 1 , 1 hel; 2 hal. I. vt. & vi. To pour out like 
hail; pour down hail. II. n. Frozen rain or 
congealed vapor, falling in pellets. [ < AS. 
hxgel .)— hail'stone", n. A pellet of hail. 
liail 2 . I. vt. & vi. To give greeting to; salute; 
call loudly to; give a loud call or greeting. 

II. n. A call to attract attention; greeting. 

III. ihterj. An exclamation of greeting. [A 
use of hale, a.\ —hail'=fel"low, n. A close com¬ 
panion. 

hair, 1 har; 2 har, n. A filament growing from 
the skin of an animal; also, such filaments 
collectively; any similar outgrowth. [< AS. 
hser, hair.]— hair'breadth", n. A hair’s breadth; 
an extremely small space or distance: used adjec¬ 
tivally.— hair'cloth", n. A fabric having a 
warp of either cotton or linen yarn with a horse¬ 
hair filling. —hair'=dress"er, n. A barber. —h.« 
dressing, n. — halr'less, a. Destitute of hair. 
— hair'llp", n. Same as harelip. — hair'pln", 
n. A pin made of wire, bone, etc., for supporting 
the hair or head*dress.— h.*splitting, n. In¬ 
sistence upon minute or trivial distinctions.— h.» 
splitter, h.splitting, a. —h.*sprlng, n. 
The very fine spring of the balance*wheel, as in 
a watch.— h.drigger, n. A secondary trigger 
that instantaneously releases the main trigger of 
* a firearm. — hair 'y, a. Covered with, consisting 
of, or like hair.— hair'i-ness, n. 

Ilal'ti, 1 he'ti; 2 lia'ti, n. 1. An island (29,536sq. m.; 
pop. 3,455,000) of the West Indies. 2. A repub¬ 
lic (10,204 sq. m.; pop. 2,500,000) in the W. part 
of the island.— Hai'ti-an, a.& n. 
hal'herd, 1 hal'bard; 2 h&l'berd, n. A weapon 
in the form of a battle*ax and 
pike at the end of a long staff. 

[< MHG. OF helmbarte, < helm, 
handle, + barte, broadax.]— hal"- 
bor-dier', n. A soldier armed 
with a halberd. 

hal'cy-on, 1 hal'si-an; 2 hal'cy- 
on. I. a. 1. Pertaining to the 
halcyon. 2. Calm; peaceful. 

II. n. A kingfisher. [L., < Gr. 
alkyon, kingfisher.] 
hale, 1 hel; 2 hal, vt. [haled; 
hal'ing.] To drag by force; 
haul; lug. [< AS. holian, get.] 

hale, a. Of sound and vigorous Halberdier, 
health; robust. [< Ice. heill, sound.] 

Hale, 1 hel; 2 hal, Nathan (1755-1776). An Amer¬ 
ican patriot; executed as a spy by the British. 

half, 1 haf; 2 haf. I. a. 1. Having half of a 
standard value. 2. Partial. II. n. [halves 2 , 

. pi.] One of two equal parts into which a 
thing is or may be divided, or a quantity 
equal to such a part. III. adv. To the degree 
or extent of a half; partially. [< AS. healf, 
half.]—half'sbreed". I. a. Half of one blood 
and half of another, h.sbloodedf. II. n. One 
having parents of different blood, h.*blood f.— 
h.sbrother, n. A brother related through only 
one parent.—h.=caste. I. a. Of mixed Euro¬ 
pean and other blood. II. n. One born of mixed 
European and Asiatic blood; also, any half* 
breed — h.=cock, n. The position of the ham¬ 
mer of a firearm when partly raised, but not 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
a. art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 







283 


habitat 

hand 


releasable by the trigger.— h.scock, vt. — h.* 
hearted, a. Wanting in affection, interest, or 
sincerity, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — h.deather, n. 
A style of bookbinding in which the volume has a 
leather back and muslin sides. —h.=mast, n. 
The position of a flag when hoisted half=way up 
the staff, as a tribute of respect to the dead or as 
a signal of distress.— h.smeasure, n. An im¬ 
perfect or inadequate measure or plan.— h.« 
moon, n. The moon when half its disk is il¬ 
luminated, or something similar in shape to this. 
— lialf'pen"ny, 1 he'pen"i; 2 ha'pen"y, n. 
[half'pence" or half'pen"nies z , pi.] A British 
coin of the value of half a penny. —h.«sister, n. 
A sister by one parent.— h. step {Mus.), a semi¬ 
tone.— h.stone. I. a. Made by the process 
of printing halftones. II. n. An illustration 
made from a relief plate obtained by photo¬ 
graphing an original through a finely ruled glass 
screen, the lights and shadows appearing, when 
printed, as minutely lined or dotted surfaces.— 
h.sway. I. a. Midway between two points. 
II. adv. At or to half the distance.— h.swif ted, 
a. Feeble*minded; idiotic. [flatfish, 

hal'i-but, 1 hel'i-but; 2 hal'i-but, n. A large 
Hal"l-car-nas'sus, 1 halT-kar-nas'us; 2 hal"i- 
car-nas'us, n. An ancient Greek city in Asia 
Minor; reputed birthplace of Herodotus. 
Hal'I-fax, 1 hal'i-faks; 2 hal'i-faks, n. (1) A dis¬ 
trict (2,123 sq. m.; pop. 97,000) in and (2) thasea- 
port capital (pop. 70,000) of Nova Scotia; 
suffered from disastrous explosion in harbor, 
Dec. 6, 1917.— Halifax Bay, a bay in N. E. Aus¬ 
tralia. 

hall, 1 hel; 2 hal, n. 1. A large building or 
room; the main living*room of a castle. 2. 
An entrance=room or entry in a building; 
hence, a passageway. 3. [Eng.] A manor* 
house. 4. A department or building of a 
university, etc. [ < AS. heall, hall.] 
hal"Ie-lu'iah, 1 hal'Vlu'ya; 2 hal"e-lu'ya, n. & 
inter j. Praise ye the Lord. [ < Heb. halelu- 
jah.] hal"le-lu'jah:f. 
hal'Hard, n. Same as halyard. 
hal-Io', 1 ha-lo'; 2 ha-lo', inter j. An exclama¬ 
tion used in accosting or calling the attention: • 
used also as verb and noun. —hal-foo'. I. 
vt. & vi. To utter with a shout; call or shout to; 
call loudly. II. n. A loud call or shout. III. 
inter j. Hallo. 

hal'low, 1 hal'o; 2 hal'o, vt. To devote to holy 
or religious uses. [< AS. halgian, < hdlig, holy.] 
Hal"low-e’en', 1 haPo-in'; 2 hal"o-en', n. The 
evening of Oct. 31, vigil of All Saints’ day. 
hal-lu"ci-na'tion, 1 ha-liu"si-ne'^han; 2 ha- 
lu" 5 i-na/shon, n. An apparent perception 
without any corresponding external object; 
delusion. [< L. hallucinatio(n~), < halluci- 
nor, wander in mind.] 

ha'lo, 1 he'lo; 2 ha'lo, n. A luminous circle, as 
around the moon, or, in art, around the head of 
a saint, etc. [ < Gr. L halos, threshing=floor.] 
halt 1 , 1 holt; 2 halt. I d . vt. & vi. To walk with 
a limp; be lacking or imperfect; hesitate. 
II. a. Limping in gait; lame. III. n. The act 
of limping; lameness. [ < AS. healt, lame.] 
halt 2 . I d . vt. & vi. To stop; bring or come to 
a halt. II. n. A complete stop, as of march¬ 
ing troops. [OF., < MHG. halt, imper. o 
halten, hold.] 

hal 'ter, 1 hel'tar; 2 hal'ter. I. vt. To attach 
or secure, as with a halter. II. n. A strap or 
rope, especially one with a headstall at one 
end, by which to hold a horse or other animal; 
a hangman’s rope. [ < AS. hxlfter; cp. helve.] 


halve, ) 1 hav; 2 hav, vt. [halv(e)d; halv'- 
halv p , j ing.] To divide into halves. [<half.] 
halves, 1 havz; 2 havs, n. Plural of half. 
hal'yard, 1 hal'yerd; 2 hal'yard, n. Naut. A 
rope for hoisting a sail, a yard, or a flag. [ < 
HALE, V., + YARD, spar.] 

ham 1 , 1 ham; 2 ham, n. 1. The thigh of an 
animal, as a hog, prepared for food. 2. pi. 
[Colloq.] The buttocks. [ < AS. hamm, ham.] 
hanP, n. The second son of Noah. Gen. x.— 
Ham 'ite, n. A descendant or supposed descen¬ 
dant of Ham.— Ha-mit'ic, a. 

Ha'man, l he'man; 2 ha'man, n. The chief min¬ 
ister of Ahasuerus, whose plot against the Jews 
recoiled upon himself. Esth. iii-vii. 

Ham 'burg, l ham'burg; 2 ham'burg, n. A German 
free city and port (pop. 1,050,000), on the Elbe, 
hame, 1 hem; 2 ham, n. One of two curved 
bars, fitted to the collar, that hold the traces 
of a_ draft*harness. [ < AS. hama, cover.] 
Ha-mil'car, l ha-mil'kar; 2 ha-mil'ear, Barca 
(died 229 B. C.). A Carthaginian general; father 
of Hannibal. 





Hammers. 

1. Claw. 2. Machinists’. 
3. Riveting. 4. Bricklay¬ 
ers’. 5. Upholsterers’. 


Ham 'H-ton, 1 ham'il-tan; 2 ham'il-ton, Alexander 
(1757-1804). American statesman; joint author 
of The zaeralist; killed in a duel by Aaron Burr, 
ham'let 1 , 1 ham'let; 2 ham'let, n. A little vil¬ 
lage. [OF., dim. of hamel, village.] 

Ham 'let 2 , n. In Shakespeare’s play of this name, 
the hero, a prince of Denmark, 
ham'mer, 1 ham'sr; 2 ham'er, v. I. t. To 
strike or shape with or as with a hammer; 
pound; drive; forge; work out laboriously. 
II. i. To strike repeated blows; work hard or 
constantly; commonly with at, also with on 
or upon. 

ham'mer, n. A handnmplement for driving 
nails, beating, pounding, 
etc.; also, a machine per¬ 
forming similar functions. 

[ < AS. hamer, hammer.] 
ham'mock, 1 ham'ok; 2 
ham'ok, n. A couch of 
canvas or netting, swung 
by the ends. [ < Sp. 
hamaca, of W.=Ind. origin.] 

Hamp'den, 1 ham'den; 2 
ham'den, John (1594- 
1643). An English patriot; opposed ship=money. 
ham'per 1 , 1 ham'por; 2 ham'per. I. vt. To 
put a hamper on; hinder. II. n. 1. Cum¬ 
brous necessaries, as rigging, on a ship. 2. A 
fetter. [Cp. AS. hamelian, mutilate.] 
ham'per 2 . I. vt. To put into or load with 
hampers. II. n. A large packing=basket, as 
for food. [ < OF. hanaper, < hanap, cup.] 
Hamp'ton Roads, 1 hamp'tan; 2 hamp'ton. A 
channel in Chesapeake Bay, Va.; duel of “Moni¬ 
tor” and “Merrimac,” Mar. 9, 1862. 
ham'string", 1 ham'striq"; 2 ham'string". I. 
vt. To cut the hamstring of; cripple. II. n. 
A tendon of the thigh, back of the knee; the 
large sinew at the back of the hock of the 
hind leg of a quadruped. 

Han'cock, 1 han'kek; 2 han'eisk, John (1737- 
1793). An American statesman; first governor of 
Massachusetts, 1780. 

hand, 1 hand; 2 hand. I d . vt. 1. To give, pass, 
deliver, or transmit with or as with the hand. 
2. To assist, lead, or raise with the hand. II. 
n. 1. The part of the fore limb in man, 
adapted for grasping; a similar part of some 
other animals. 2. Dexterity; touch; also, 
handiwork; performance. 3. An operative. 


l:d = final; l = habltq aisle; au = owt; eil; lu = feud; cihin; go; rj = sins’; Chin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 















Handel 

harpoon 


284 


4. Something like or acting like the human 
hand, as the pointer of a clock. 5. Handwrit¬ 
ing ; penmanship; signature. 6. The supposed 
width of a palm, viz., four inches. 7. Posses¬ 
sion; control. 8. The cards held by a player 
at one deal. 9. Side; direction. [< AS. 
hand.]— hand'-bar"row, n. 1. A litter or 
stretcher. 2. A wheelbarrow.— hand'bill", n. 
A small advertising sheet; dodger.— hand'- 
book", n. A small guide-book or manual.— 
hand'breadth", n. The breadth of the hand; 
a palm.— hand'cutr". V.vl. To put handcuffs 
upon. II. n. One of two manacles connected by 
a chain, and designed to be locked around the 
wrists.— hand 'fill, n. As much as a hand can 
hold.— h.sinade, a. Made by hand or by hand 
tools.— hand'maid", n. A female servant* or 
attendant, hand'maid"ent.—h."organ, n. A 
musical instrument operated by a crank.— h.* 
saw, n. A saw made to be used with one hand.— 
hand 'spike", n. A bar used as a lever.— hand '- 
wr!t"Ing, n. The form of writing peculiar to a 
given person; penmanship; written matter. 

Dan'del, 1 han'del; 2 han'del, George Frederick 
(1685-1759). A German-English composer; Mes¬ 
siah. etc. 

hand'i-cap, 1 hand'i-kap; 2 hand'i-eap. I. vt. 
[-c apped 1 ; -capping.] To impose a handicap 
on; encumber; hinder; retard. II. n. The 
carrying of extra weight by a competitor in a 
race, or an allowance of time or distance, to 
favor a weaker rival; also, a race conducted 
with such allowance. [ < hand in cap, per¬ 
haps from the drawing of lots.] 
liand'i-craft", 1 hand'i-krnft"; 2 hand'i-eraft", 
n. Skill and expertness in working with the 
hands; a mechanical trade. [< hand -f- 
craft.] —hand 'i-crafts"man, re. [-men, pi.] An 
artisan; mechanic. 

hand'i-ly, ado., hand'i-ness, n. See handy. 
hand'i-work", 1 hand'i-wurk"; 2 hiind'i- 
wdrk", n. Work done by the hands, 
hand'ker-chief, 1 harj'kar-dhif; 2 han'ker-chif, 
n. 1. A kerchief for wiping the face or nose. 
2. A neckerchief. [ < hand -f- kerchief.] 
han'dle, )1 han'dl; 2 han'dl. I. vt. [han'- 
han'dl p ,) dl(e)d; han'dling.] 1. To touch; 
feel; manipulate; ply; treat. 2. To buy and 
sell; deal in. 3. To accustom to the hand, as 
an animal; train. 4. To provide with a han¬ 
dle. II. n. That part of an object intended 
to be grasped with the hand. [ < AS. handle, 
< hand, hand.]—hand'ler, n. 
hand 'some, ) 1 han'sem; 2 han'som, a. 1. 
hand'sum p , ) Agreeable to the eye or to good 
taste; of pleasing aspect. 2. Of liberal di¬ 
mensions or proportions. 3. Marked by mag¬ 
nanimity. 4. Marked by propriety. [ < 
hand + -some.] —hand'some-Iy, adv. Becom¬ 
ingly; liberally; generously, 
hand'y, 1 hand'i; 2 hand'y, a. [hand'i-er; 
hand'i-est.] 1. Ready at hand or conve¬ 
nient for use; near by. 2. Skilful with the 
hands. [ < AS. gehende, at hand, < ge-, a- 5 , -|- 
hand, hand.]—hand 'i-ly, adv .—hand 'i-ness, n 
hang, 1 harj; 2 hang, v. [hung or hanged; 
hang'ing.] I. t. 1. To support by attach¬ 
ment to something above; also, to suspend 
something on; as, to hang walls with tapestry. 
2. To execute on the gallows (with imp. & 
pp. hanged). II. i. 1. To depend, swing, 
wave, or flutter from any support. 2. To suf¬ 
fer death by the gallows. 3. To be immi¬ 
nent: with over. 4. To watch or wait with 


solicitude. 5. To stick; cling; hover. 6. To 
rest for decision; depend. [< AS. hangian .] 
—hang'bird", n. A bird that builds a hanging 
nest; as, the Baltimore oriole or fiery hangbird .— 
hang'dog". I. a. Of mean, sneaking, or ab¬ 
ject character or appearance. II. n. A skulking 
person; sneak.—haug'er 1 , n. One who or that 
which hangs; a device by which something is sus¬ 
pended.—hang'er son", n. A self-attached de¬ 
pendent; parasite.—hang'er 2 , n. A short cut* 
and-thrust sword.—hang'ing, n. 1. The act of 
suspending; execution on the gallows. 2. pi. 
Drapery for a room, as tapestry.—hang'man, 
n. [-men, pi.] A public executioner.—hang'- 
nail", n. Skin partially torn loose at the side or 
root of a finger-nail. [Corr. of agnail.] 
han'gar", 1 haij'gdr"; 2 han'gar", n. [F.] A shed 
for the storage of vehicles, aeroplanes, etc. 
hank, 1 haijk; 2 hank, n. A bundle of two or 
more skeins of yarn tied together; also, a single 
skein. [ < Ice. honk, coil, < hanga, hang.] 
han'ker, 1 harj'ker; 2 h&n'ker, vi. 1. To have 
an incessant desire; hunger. 2. To linger 
expectantly. [Freq. of hank, for hang, «.] 
—han'ker-ing, n. 

Ilan'ni-bal, 1 han'i-bal; 2 hfin'i-bal, n. A Car¬ 
thaginian general (247-183? B. C.) ; ravaged Italy 
in the Second Punic war. 

Han'o-ver, 1 han'o-var; 2 han'o-ver, n. Former 
German kingdom, now a Prussian province (14,- 
869 sq. m.; pop. 3,017,000); also, its capital city 
(pop. 310,400). Han'no-verf [G.J. —lIan"o- 
ve'ri-an, a. & n.— Hanoverian dynasty, a 
reigning family of Great Britain, founded by 
George I., who was elector of Hanover, and end¬ 
ing with Victoria. House of Hanovert. 
han'som, 1 han'sem; 2 hSn'som, n. A low, 
two-wheeled, one-horse 
cab, with driver’s seat 
perched back of the top. 

[ < Hansom, name of in¬ 
ventor.] 

hap, 1 hap; 2 hap. I. 
vi. [happed 1 , hapt 8 ; 
hap'ping.] To happen; 
chanc£ II. n. 1. A Hansom. 

casual occurrence; happening; chance. 2. 
Luck; good fortune. [< Ice. happ, hap.]— 
hap'haz"ard. I. a. Accidental; chance. II. n. 
Mere chance; hazard.— hap'less, a. Having no 
luck or hap; unfortunate; unhappy.— hap'ly, 
adv. By chance; perchance; perhaps, 
hap'pen, 1 hap'n; 2 hap'n, vi. 1. To come, oc¬ 
cur, or exist by chance; befall. 2. To come to 
pass; occur. [< hap, r.] — hap'pen-ing, n. 
Something that happens; an event, 
hap'py, 1 hap'i; 2 hap'y, a. [hap'pi-er; hap'- 
pi-est .] 1. Enjoying, giving, or indicating 
pleasure; joyous; blessed. 2. Dexterously or 
fortunately effective; opportune; felicitous; 
fortunate.— hap 'pi-ly, adv. In a happy man¬ 
ner; felicitously; fortunately; opportunely. — 
hap 'pi-ness, n. 1 . The state or quality of being 
happy; enjoyment; blessedness. 2. Good for¬ 
tune; luck; felicitousness. 

Haps'burg, 1 haps'burg; 2 haps'burg, n. The an¬ 
cient imperial family of Austria, of which the 
male line ended 1740. —Haps'burgsLor-raine', 
n. An Austrian imperial family, 
ha'ra-kl'ri, 1 hd'ra-kl'rl; 2 lia'ra-ki'rl, n. [Jap.] 
A Japanese method of committing suicide by 
ripping open the bowels. Spelled wrongly ha¬ 
ri-kari. 

ha-rangue', ) 1 ha-rar)'; 2 ha-rang'. I. vt. & vi. 
ha-rang' 8 , ) [ha-rang(ue)d' s ; ha-rang(u)'- 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 








285 


Handel 

harpoon 


ing.] To utter a harangue to; deliver a ha¬ 
rangue. II. n. An oration; especially, an 
extemporaneous and vehement speech. [F., 
< OHG. firing, ring.] 

har'ass 1 , 1 har'as; 2 har'as, vt. To vex with im¬ 
portunities or annoyances; worry. [ < OF. 
harasser, worry; cp. harry.] 
har'bin-ger, 1 hdr'bin-jar; 2 har'bin-ger, n. A 
forerunner. [ < OF. herbergeor, provider of 
shelter ] 

har'bor, 1 hdr'bar; 2 har'bor, v. I. t. To give 
refuge; shelter; entertain. II. i. To find or 
receive shelter or protection, 
har'bor, n. A port or haven; any place of 
refuge and rest. [ < Ice. herbergi, camp.] 
har'bour, n. Harbor: usual spelling in England. 

hard, 1 hard; 2 hard. I. a. 1. Firm and un¬ 
yielding in substance; solid. 2. Difficult to 
do, understand, etc.; perplexing. 3. Unfeel¬ 
ing in character or demeanor; rigorous; 
severe; unsparing; exacting. 4. Thorough¬ 
going and energetic, as in work; strenuous. 
5. Coarse and unpalatable; poor; scanty; 
also, displeasing; offensive. 6. Containing 
mineral salts in solution: said of water. II. 
adv. In a hard manner. [ < AS. heard , hard.] 
— hard'dieart"ed, a. Lacking pity or sympa¬ 
thy; unfeeling; obdurate.— h. shear ted ness, n. 
—hard'ness, n. 

hard'en, 1 hard'n; 2 hard'n, vt. & vi. To make 
or become hard or harder; make callous 
or indifferent. [ < AS. heardian, harden.] 
har'di-hood, 1 har'di-hud; 2 har'di-hbod, n. 

1. Sturdy courage; also, rash or foolish daring; 
venturesomeness. 2. Presumptuous bold¬ 
ness; audacity; effrontery. 3. The quality of 
being hardy; physical endurance.—hard'i-Iy, 
adv. With hardihood.—har'di-ness, n. 1. The 
state of being hardy. 2. Stoutheartedness; in¬ 
trepidity. 

Har'ding, 1 har'diq; 2 har'ding, Warren Gama¬ 
liel (1865- ). An American statesman; President 

of the United States, 1921- . See president. 

hard'ly, adv. 1. With difficulty or great pains. 

2. Scarcely; not quite. 3. Improbably, 
hard'ship, 1 hard'ffiip; 2 hard'ship, n. Some¬ 
thing hard to endure, as exposure or injustice. 

hard 'tack", 1 hdrd'tak"; 2 hiird'tak", n. Large, 
unsalted, hard=baked biscuit for army and 
navy use. [as utensils or tools, 

hard 'ware", n. Manufactured articles of metal, 
har'dy, 1 hdr'dr, 2 har'dy, a. [har'di-er; 
har'di-est.] 1. Inured to hardship; robust. 
2. Showing hardihood; bold; audacious. 3. 
Hort. Able to survive the winter in the open 
air. [ < F. hardi, < OHG. harti, hard.] 

hare, 1 har; 2 har, n. A rodent with cleft upper 
lip, long ears, and long hind legs: proverbial 
for its timidity and swiftness. [ < AS. hara, 
hare.]—hare'bell", n. A perennial herb with 
blue belbshaped flowers.—hare'brained", a. 
Foolish; flighty; giddy.—hare'lip", n. A con¬ 
genital Assure of the upper lip. 

ha'rem, 1 he'rem; 2 ha'r8m, n. The women’s 
apartments in a Mohammedan household; 
seraglio; also, the women occupying them. [< 
Turk, harem, < Ar. haram, anything forbidden.] 
Har'greaves, 1 har'grlvz; 2 hiir'grevs, James ( - 
1778). An English weaver; inventor of the spin- 
ning*jenny. [meat and vegetables, 

har'i-cot, 1 har'i-ko; 2 hSr'i-eo, n. A stew of 
ha'rUka'ri, n. See hara=kiri. 
hark, 1 hark; 2 hark. I 1 , vi. To harken; listen: 


chiefly in the imperative, with inter jectional 
force. II. n. The cry “ hark.” 
hark'en, )1 hark'n; 2 hark'n, vt. & vi. To 
heark'en, ) hear by listening; listen. [< AS. 
hercnian, < heran, hear.] 

Har'lem, 1 har'lem; 2 har'lgm, n. A former vil¬ 
lage in the N. E. part of Manhattan Island; now 
part of New York city. — Harlem River, a 
navigable tidal stream; the northern boundary 
of Manhattan Island. 

har'le-quin, 1 hdr'li-kwin; 2 har'le-kwin, n. A 
buffoon. [OF., < hellekin, demon.] 
har'lot, 1 har'lat; 2 hiir'lot, n. A lewd woman; 

prostitute. [ < OF. herlot, fellow.] 
harm, 1 harm; 2 harm. I. vt. To inflict harm 
upon; damage; injure; hurt. II. n. That 
which inflicts injury or loss, or the injury in¬ 
flicted; hurt; wrong. [< AS. hearm, insult.] 
— harm'ful, a. Having power to injure; nox¬ 
ious. -ly, adv. -ness, n. — harm'less, a. 1. 
Not harmful; innoxious. 2. Without hurt, loss, 
or liability, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
har-inon'ic, 1 har-men'ik; 2 har-mon'ie. I. a. 
Producing or relating to harmony. II. n. A 
secondary tone; overtone. [ < Gr. L harmoni- 
kos, < harmonia ; see harmony.] har-mon'i- 
calf. — liar-mon 'i-ca, n. A mouth*organ; 
also, the name of various other musical instru¬ 
ments. har-mon'i-conf. 


har-mo'nl-um, 1 har-mo'm-um; 2 har-mo'ni-um, 
n. A reed*organ. 

har'mo-ny, 1 hdr'mo-m; 2 har'mo-ny, ». 
[-nies z , pi.] 1. Agreement of musical sounds. 
2. Accord in feeling, relation, manner, or ac¬ 
tion; conformity; order; symmetry; unanim¬ 
ity; unity. [< Gr. L+F harmonia, music, a 
joining, < V ar, join.]— har-mo'ni-ous, a. Pos¬ 
sessing harmony; concordant; musical; peace¬ 
able; symmetrical; congruous, -ly, adv. -ness, 
n. — har'mo-nize or -nise, vt. & vi. [-nized; 
-niz"ing.] To make or become harmonious.— 
har"mo-ni-za'[or-sa']tion,n.—har'mo-niz"- 
er or -nis"er, n. 

har'ness, 1 har'nes; 2 har'ngs. I 1 , vt. 1. To 
put harness on; attach by means of harness. 
2. To equip with armor. II. n. [harness or 
harnesses, pi ] 1. The equipment of a horse 
or other draft*animal; tackle, as for lifting. 

2. Equipment for any work; active service. 

3. Originally, defensive armor. [ < OF. har- 
nas, < Br. harnez, armor, < houran, iron.] 

Har'old, 1 har'eld; 2 har'old, 

II. (1022?-1066). King of 
England; defeated by Wil¬ 
liam the Conqueror. See 
Hastings. 

harp, 1 harp; 2 harp. I k . 
vi. 1. To revert to some 
subject incessantly; dwell 
unduly: with on or upon. 

2. To play on the harp. 

H. n. A stringed musical 
instrument, nearly tri¬ 
angular in modern form, 
played with the fingers. 

— harp'er, n. One who 
plays the harp, harp 'is tt. 

liar-pooii', 1 hdr-pun'; 2 
har-poon'. I. vt. T o 
strike with a harpoon. 

II. n. A barbed missile 
weapon, carrying a long 
cord, for striking whales or 



Harp, 
the like. 


F. D harpon.] —har-poon 'er, n. 


[< 


1:a = final; i = habitq aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; cfiiin; go; rj = sin^; fhin, this. 
2:wQ>lf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy: go, gem: ink; thin, ttfis. 



















harpsichord „ _ 

head 286 


harp'si-chord, 1 harp'si-kerd; 2 harp'si- 
cord, re. An old=fashioned musical instru¬ 
ment, resembling the pianoforte. [ < OF. 
harpe, harp, + chorde, string.] 
har'py, 1 hdr'pi; 2 har'py, re. [har'pies 2 , pi.] 

1. A plunderer; extortioner. 2. Myth. A 
rapacious and filthy winged monster. 3. A 
very large, crested tropical American eagle. 
[ < Gr. L+OF harpyiai, harpies, < harpazd, snatch.] 
har'que-bus, 1 hdr'kwi-bus; 2 har'kwe-bus, re. 
An ancient hand*firearm, the predecessor of 
the musket. [< F. harquebuse .] har'que- 
buset.—har"que-bus-ier', re. 
har'ri-dan, 1 har'i-dan; 2 har'i-dan, re. A 
vixenish hag. [ < OF. haridelle, jade.] 
har'ri-er 1 ,1 har'i-ar; 2 har'i-er, re. 1. One who 
or that which harries. 2. A buzzarddike 
bird. 

har'ri-er 2 , re. A small hound used for hunt¬ 
ing hares. [ < hare, re.] 

Har'ri-son, 1 har'i-san; 2 har'i-son, n. 1. Benja¬ 
min (1833—1901), President of the United 
States. See president. 2. William Ilenry 
(1773-1841), President of the United States. See 
PRESIDENT. 

har'row, 1 har'o; 2 h&r'o. I. vt. 1. To work 
with a harrow, as land. 2. To lacerate the 
feelings of; torment. II. n. A frame set 
with spikes or teeth, for leveling plowed 
ground. [ < AS. hearge, harrow.] 
har'ry, 1 har'i; 2 har'y, vt. & vi. [har'ried; 
har'ry-ing.] To pillage; strip; harass. [< 
AS. hergian, waste with an army.] 
harsh, 1 har^h; 2 harsh, a. Grating or rough; 
irritating; offensive; rigorous; severe. [< 
Sw. harsk, rank.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
hart, 1 hart; 2 hart, re. The male of the red 
deer. [< AS. heort, hart.] —harts'horn", re. 
A volatile preparation of ammonia, used as 
smelling*salts, formerly distilled from the horns 
of deer. 

Harte, 1 hurt; 2 hart, Francis Bret (1839-1902). 

An American novelist and poet. 

Hart'ford, 1 hart'fard; 2 hart'ford, n. A city, 
capital of Connecticut; pop. 138,040. 
Ha-run'sal‘Ra'schid, 1 ha-run'*al=ra'ghld; 2 ha- 
ryn'»al=ra'shid, n. Literally "Harun the Just” 
(765-809), Calif of Bagdad; hero of the Arabian 
Nights. 

Har'vard, 1 har'vard; 2 har'vard, John (1607— 
1638). An English nonconformist clergyman, 
who emigrated to America, 1637; endowed Har¬ 
vard College, at New Towne, now Cambridge, 
Mass., 1638. In the Massachusetts Constitution 
of 1780 the institution was recognized as Har¬ 
vard University. 

har'vest, 1 har'vest; 2 hiir'vSst. I d . vt. To 
gather and store, as a crop; reap. II. n. A 
crop, as of grain, gathered or ready for gath¬ 
ering ; also, the time of gathering; the product 
of any toil or effort. [ < AS. hserfest, autumn.] 
—bar'vest sfeast", n. A feast after the harvest 
has been gathered, har 'vest = fes"ti-v al t; liar'- 
vest5liome"f. — har'vest-er, n. One who or 
that which harvests; a reaper. 

Har'vey, 1 har'vi; 2 har'vy, n. 1. H. A. (1824- 
1893), an American inventor of a process for 
hardening steel. 2. William (1578-1657), an 
English physician; discovered the circulation of 
the blood.—har'vey-ize, vt. To treat (steel) by 
the Harvey process in order to harden it. 

Harz, 1 harts; 2 harts, re. Mountains between the 
Elbe and Weser rivers, N. W. Germany; highest 
peak, the Brocken, 3,740 ft. Hartzt. 
has, 1 haz; 2 has, Sd per. sing. pres. ind. of have, v. 


Has'dru-bal, 1 haz'dru-bal; 2 lia§'dru-bal, re. One 
of several Carthaginian generals; especially, the 
brother of Hannibal; killed 207 B. C. 
hash, 1 hadi; 2 hash. I 1 , vt. To cut or chop 
into small pieces. II. re. A dish of hashed 
and cooked meat; any mixture; a rehash. 
[ < G. OF hacken, hack.] 

hash'ish, 1 hash'ish; 2 hash'ish, re. The tops 
and sprouts of Indian hemp; also, an intoxi¬ 
cating preparation of this plant. [ < Ar. 
hashish, hay.] hash'eesht. 
has'let, 1 has'let; 2 hiis'lSt, re. The heart, 
fiver, fights, etc., as of a hog, used as food. 
[ < OF. haslelet, < haste, spit.] 
hasp, 1 hasp; 2 hasp. I', vt. To shut or fasten 
with or as with a hasp. II. re. A fastening 
passing over a staple and secured as by a 
padlock. [ < AS. heepse, hasp.] 
has'sock, 1 has'ak; 2 has'ok, re. A thick mat 
or cushion for a footstool. [ < AS. hassuc , 
coarse grass.] 

hast, 2d per. sing. pres. ind. of have, v. [a leaf, 
has'tate, 1 has'tet; 2 has'tat, a. Spear«shaped, as 
haste, 1 hest; 2 hast. I. vt. & vi. [hast'ed 11 ; 
hast'ing.] To hasten. II. re. 1. Celerity of 
movement or action; speed; dispatch; hurry. 

2. Necessity for speed; urgency. [< AS. 
haest, violence.]—hast'eu, vt. & vi. To drive 
or urge forward speedily; expedite; dispatch; be 
quick.—bast'y, a. [hast'i-er; hast'i-est.] 1. 
Acting, done with, or demanding haste. 2. 
Acting or done without due consideration; rash. 

3. Quick*tempered; impetuous; irascible.—hasty 
pudding, a pudding made by gradually dropping 
meal, especially Indian meal, into boiling water, 
stirring while cooking; also, mush.—hast'i-Iy, 
adv. —hast'l-ness, re. 

Has'tings, 1 hes'tiijz; 2 has'tings, re. 1. Warren 
(1732-1818), first Governor*General of India; 
impeached by the House of Commons under the 
lead of Edmund Burke, 1788; acquitted, 1795. 
2. A borough and market*town (pop. 66,500) on 
the coast of E. Sussex, England.—Battle of U., 
fought at Senlac Hill near Hastings, where Wil¬ 
liam the Conqueror defeated Harold, 1066. 
hat, 1 hat; 2 hat, re. A covering for the head. 
[< AS. hast.] 

hatch 11 , (1 hacli; 2 hach, v. I. t. To cause to 
hach p , ) develop in and come forth from the 
egg. II. i. To produce young, as eggs; 
come out of the egg, as young birds.—hatch '- 
er, re.—hatch 'er-y, re. [-ies z , pi.] A place 
where eggs, as of lish, are hatched.—hatch'ing 1 , 
ppr. & re. 

hatch- 1 , vt. In drawing and engraving, to 
mark with parallel or crossed fines. I < F. 
hacher, < G. hacken, cut.]—hatch'ing 2 , re. 1. 
In drawing, the marking with parallel or crossed 
lines. 2. A system of such lines. 
hatch 1 , re. The act of hatching, or the brood 
hatched at one time. 

hatch 2 , re. An opening in a deck, iloor, or 
roof; also, its cover. [ < AS. hsec, gate.] 
hatch'd, 1 hadh'el; 2 h&ch'el. I. vt. [hatch'- 
eled or hatch'elled; hatch'el-ing or 
hatch'el-ling.] To comb, as flax or hemp; 
tease; vex. II. re. An implement for clean¬ 
ing flax or hemp, consisting of a set of teeth 
fastened in a board. [Var. of hackle, re.] 
hatch'et, 1 hach'et; 2 hach'&t, re. A small 
short=handled ax, for use with one hand. [ < 
OF. hachette, dim. of hache, ax.] 
hatch'way", re. Same as hatch 2 , re. 
hate, I het; 2 hat. I. vt. & vi. [hat'ed 11 ; hat'- 
ing.] To regard with extreme aversion; de- 


1 artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net.br; full, rule; but, burn; 

2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh§t, ad; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn. 






287 


harpsichord 

head 


test; feel or cherish hatred. II. n. Intense 
aversion; animosity; malignity. [< AS. hete, 
hate.] — liate'ful, a. 1. Exciting strong aversion; 
odious. 2. Feeling or manifesting hatred, -ly, 
adv. -ness, kat'er, n. 
hath, 1 hath; 2 hath. [Archaic.] 3d pers. sing. pres, 
ind. of have, v. 

ha'4 red, 1 he'tred; 2 ha'tred, n. Bitter dislike 
or aversion; antipathy; animosity; enmity, 
hat'ter, n. One who makes or deals in hats. 
Hat'ter-as, 1 hat'ar-as; 2 hat'er-as, Cape. A cape 
on the North Carolina coast, noted for storms, 
hau'berk, 1 he'bark; 2 ha'berk, n. A coat of mail, 
especially one formed of interwoven steel rings, 
haugh'ty, 1 he'ti; 2 ha'ty, a. [haugh'ti-er; 
haugh'ti-est.] Proud and disdainful; arro¬ 
gant. [< OF. hantain, < haut, high.] — 
haugh'ti-ly, adv. — haugh'ti-ness, n. 
haul, 1 hel; 2 hal. I. vt. & vi. To pull, draw, 
or drag with force; transport by pulling. 
II. n. A pulling with force; also, that which 
is obtained by hauling, as a draft of fishes. 
[ < AS. holian.] 

haunch, 1 hundh or hondh; 2 hanch or hanch, 
n. 1. The fleshy part of the hip. 2. The part 
of an arch on either side of its crown. [ < 
OHG. F ancha, joint.] 

haunt d , 1 hant or hont; 2 hant or hant, v. I. t. 
1. To resort much to; frequent. 2. To visit 
persistently, as a ghost or a disturbing 
thought. II. i. To be much about or around. 

[ < F. hauler, haunt.] [quently. 

haunt, n. A place to which one resorts fre- 
haut'boy, 1 ho'bei; 2 ho'boy, n. A wooden 
wind-instrument; oboe. [< F. hautbois, < 
hmit, high, + hois, wood.] 
hau-teur', 1 ho-tur'; 2 ho-tur', n. [F.] Haughty 
manner or spirit; haughtiness. 

Ha-van'a, 1 ha-van'a; 2 ha-van'a, n. See Habana. 
have, )lhav; 2 hav, v. [had; hav'ing. Pres. 
hav p , ) ind. sing., I have, thou hast, he has.] 
1. To hold; own; possess; comprise. 2. To 
experience or feel; entertain; realize; enjoy. 
3. To cause to be; procure; effect; permit. _ 4. 
To be obliged or compelled to. 5. To bring 
forth; bear. 6. To esteem or regard. 7. To 
possess an advantage over. [ < AS. habban.] 
Have'lock, 1 hav'lek; 2 hav'lok, Sir Henry (1795- 
1857). British general; hero of relief of Luck¬ 
now, Indian mutiny, 1857. 
ha'ven, 1 he'vn; 2 ha'vn, n. A place of anchor¬ 
age for ships; a harbor; port; refuge; shelter. 
[< AS. hxfen, haven.] 

hav'cr-sack, 1 hav'ar-sak; 2 hav'er-sak, n. A 
bag, slung from the shoulder, as for a soldier’s 
rations. [ < G. F hafer, oats, + sack, sack.] 
hav'oc, 1 hav'ak; 2 hav'ok, n. General carnage 
or destruction; devastation. [< AS. hafoc, 
hawk.] 

Ha'vre, lha'var;2ha'ver, n. A seaport (pop. 136,- 
000) of N. W. France; besieged four times. Le 

IIji > vre + • 

haw 1 ,lh 0 ; 2 ha,u(.&t)i. To turn, or cause to turn, 
to the left in driving. [ < AS. hawian, look.] 
haw 2 , vi. To hesitate in speaking. 
haw 1 , n. The fruit of the hawthorn. [ < AS. 

hagan.] [the sound of haw. 

haw 2 , n. An interjected utterance resembling 
Ha-wai'i, 1 ha-wai'I; 2 ha-wl'i, n. An American 
island, N. Pacific ocean; 4,015 sq. m.— Ha-wai'- 
ian, a.— Hawaiian Islands, formerly Sand¬ 
wich Islands, N. Pacific ocean; 6,449 sq. m.: 
pop. 256,000; annexed to the United States, 
1898; organized as a territory of the United 
States, June 14, 1900; capital, Honolulu. 



Hawk Prepared 
for Falconry.V25 


hawk 11 , 1 hek; 2 hak, vt. To cry for sale in the 
streets or in public places; peddle.— hawk'- 
er 1 , n. A pedler. 

hawk 2t , vt. & vi. To cough up forcibly; clear 
the throat with a scraping sound. [Imitative.] 
hawk 3t , vi. To hunt with hawks.— hawk 'er 2 , 
n. One who hunts with hawks; a falconer, 
hawk, n. A bird of prey, as a falcon, buzzard, 
or kite. [ < AS. hafoc, hafuc, 
hawk.] 

haw'ser, 1 he'zar; 2 ha'ger, n. 

Naut. A large rope, 5 to 10 
inches in circumference. [ < 

OF. haulseree, < haulser, lift.] 
haw'thorn, 1 ho'thern; 2 ha- 
thorn, n. A thorny shrub 
of the rose family. [ < AS. 
hsegthorn (lit. hedge=thorn)]. 

Ilaw'tkorne, 1 ho'thern; 2 ha'- 
thorn, -Nathaniel (1804- 
1864). American novelist; 

Scarlet Letter. 

hay, 1 he; 2 ha, n. Grass, clo¬ 
ver, or the like, cut and dried 
for fodder. [ < AS. heg, hig, hay, < hedwan, 
cut.] — hay'cock", n. A dome-shaped pile of 
hay in the field.— hay'-fe"ver, n. An annually 
recurring catarrhal affection of the eyes and air- 
passages.— hay'ing, n. The w-ork of preparing 
and storing hay.— hay'mow", n. A mass of hay 
stored in a barn, as in a loft or bay.— hay=rake, 
n. A rake for gathering hay. See agricultural 
implements. — hay 'stack", n. A conical pile of 
hay, stacked in the open air. hay'riek"t. 
Hay'dn, 1 he'dn; 2 h&'dn, Franz Joseph (1732- 
1809). An Austrian composer, 
haz'ard, 1 haz'ard; 2 haz'ard. I d . vt. 1. To 
put to hazard; imperil. 2. To venture; risk. 
II. n. 1. Exposure to the chance of loss or 
harm; risk; peril. 2. A fortuitous event; a 
chance. 3. That which is hazarded. [ < Ar. 
s p +°e aUzar, the die.]— haz'ard-ous, a. Ex¬ 
posed to, exposing to, or involving danger of 
risk of loss. -iy, adv. -ness, n. 
haze, 1 hez; 2 haz, vt. [hazed; haz'ing.] To 
subject to practical jokes, as a student, or to 
severe tasks, as seamen. [ < OF. haser, irri¬ 
tate.]— haz'er, n. 

haze, n. Very fine suspended particles in the 
air, often with little or no moisture; dimness, 
as of perception or knowledge. [Cp. AS. 
hasu, gray.]— haz'y, a. Obscured with haze; 
dim; confused; obscure.— haz'i-ly, adv.— haz'- 


i-ness, n. 

ha'zel, 1 he'zl; 2 ha'zl. I. a. Made of the 
wood of hazel; dark-brown. II. n. A small 
tree of the oak family, yielding a small edible 
nut. [< AS. hsesel, hazel.]—ha'zel-nut", 
n. The nut of the hazel; also, the shrub. 

H. B. C., abbr. Hudson Bay Company.— H. B. 
M., abbr. His (or Her) Britannic Majesty.— H. 
C., abbr. Herald’s College, House of Commons. 
—h. c. f., abbr. Highest common factor.— 
hdkf., abbr. Handkerchief, 
he, 1 hi; 2 he, pron. [his, poss. ; him, obj. ; they, 
nom. pi.; their or theirs, poss. pi.; them, 
obj. pi.] The male person, animal, or thing 
previously mentioned or implied. [ < AS. he.] 
H. E., abbr. His Eminence, His Excellency, Hy¬ 
draulic Engineer.^—h. e., abbr. [L.] Hie est 
(this is), hoc est (that is).—He., abbr. Helium. 
head d ,) 1 hed; 2 hSd, v. I. t. 1. To be at the 
hed 3 , ) head of; be first, chief, or leader of. 
2. To be or get ahead of; intercept. 3. To 
furnish with a head; also, to cut off the head 


1* a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = owt; oil; Iu = feud; dhin; go; rj = sinp; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dfti book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy, go, gem; ink; thin. this. 






bead 

heir 


288 ' 


or top of; behead. II. i. To move forward 
in a given direction; come to a head; origi¬ 
nate; spring. 

head, ; a. 1. Being the head or at the head; 
hed 8 , ) chief. 2. Bearing upon or against the 
head; as, a head wind. 

head, ) n. 1. The part of the body of an animal 
hed 8 , ) that contains the brain and the organs 
of special sense; also, something like or 
analogous to it; top; front; prow; ear of 
grain; title or division, as .of a discourse. 2. 
A chief, leader, or commander; also, his posi¬ 
tion or rank. 3. A unit; as, a hundred head of 
sheep: used both as a singular and plural. 
4. Headway; liberty; freedom. [ < AS. hed- 
fod, head.]— head'ache", n. A pain in the head. 
— head'-dress", n. A covering or ornament for 
the head.— head'er, n. One who or that which 
makes or puts on heads; a plunge or fall head 
foremost.— head'ing, n. Something located at 
the head, as a title.— head'land", n. A cliff 
projecting into the sea.— head'less, a. Without 
a head.— head'light", n. A light at the front, 
as of a locomotive; also, a white light at a moving 
steamer’s masthead.— head'long". I. a. Pre¬ 
cipitate; impetuous; rash. II. adv. Head fore¬ 
most; rashly; recklessly; precipitately.— head'- 
quar"ters, n. sing. & pi. Mil. The location of a 
commanding officer in camp, garrison, etc.— 
head'ship, n. The office of a chief; authority. 
— heads'man, n. [-men, pi.] A public execu¬ 
tioner.— h.-stall, n. The part of a bridle that 
fits over the horse's head.— head'stone", 1 hed'- 
st6n"; 2 hed'ston", n. A stone at the head of a 
grave; also, a corner-stone or keystone.— head '- 
strong", a. Stubbornly bent on having one’s 
own way; obstinate; determined.— head'way", 
n. 1. Forward motion; momentum; progress. 
2. The interval of running-time between consec¬ 
utive trains.— head'y, a. [head'i-er; head'i- 
est, pi.] 1. Headstrong. 2. Tending to affect the 
head, as liquor.— head'i-ness, n. 
heal, 1 hll; 2 hel, v. I. t. To restore to health 
or soundness; reconcile, as differences; rem¬ 
edy. II. i. To become sound and well. [ < 
AS. hselan, < kdl, whole.]— heal'ing, pa. & n. 
health, / 1 helth; 2 h§lth, n. 1. Soundness of 
helth 9 , ^any living organism; also, physical 
condition, good or ill. 2. A toast wishing 
health. [ < AS. haelth, < hal, whole.]— 
health'ful, a. 1. Promoting health; salubrious. 
2. Being in .health: properly healthy, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —health'y, helth'ya, a. [health'i- 
er; health'i-est.] 1. Having health; sound; 
well; vigorous. 2. Conducing to health: properly 
healthful— health'1-ly, adv.— health'i-ness, n. 
heap, 1 hip; 2 hep. I f . vt. To form into a 
heap; fill heaping full; amass. II. n. 1. A col¬ 
lection of things piled up; pile; mass. 2. A 
large number; lot; crowd. [< AS. heap, crowd.] 
** ear » 1 hlr; 2 her, v. [heard; hear'ing.] I. t. 
1. To apprehend by the ear; listen to; under¬ 
stand by listening. 2. To accede to the wishes 
of; regard; favor; grant. II. i. 1. To have 
perceptions of sound through the ear. 2. To 
be told; receive word. [< AS. heran, hear.] 
— hear'er, n.— hear'ing, n. The capacity to 
hear; opportunity to be heard; audience.— hear'- 
say", n. Common talk; report; rumor, 
heark'en, 1 hark'n; 2 hark'n, v. Same as harken. 
hearse, ) 1 hurs; 2 hers, n. A vehicle for carry- 
herse p , ) ing the dead to the grave. [ < L. F 
hirpex, harrow.] 

heart, ) 1 hart; 2 hart, n. 1. The hollow mus- 
hart s , ) cular structure that propels the blood 


by contraction and dilatation. 2. The emo¬ 
tional nature; feelings; susceptibility; ten¬ 
derness; sympathy. 3. Courage; resolution. 
4. Vital part or interest; center; core. [< 
AS. heorte, heart.]— heart'ache", n. Mentalan- 
guish; grief.— heart '-bro"ken, a. Overwhelm¬ 
ingly grieved. heart'-strick"ent. — heart'- 
burn", n. A burning sensation in the esophagus, 
due to acidity of the stomach.— heart'burn"lng, 
n. Discontent; jealousy; envy.— heart'felt", 
a. Deeply felt; most sincere. — heart'less, a. 
Without heart; pitiless; spiritless. -ly, adv. -ness, 
n. —heart'rend "ing, a. Extremely distressing; 
dreadful.—h.-sick, a. Deeply disappointed or 
despondent, li.-soref.— hearts'ease", n. The 
pansy or violet.—h.-whole, a. Having the af¬ 
fections free; not in love; undaunted; sincere.— 
h.-wood, n. The hard, older wood at the heart 
of a tree. 

hearth, 1 harth; 2 harth, n. 1. The floor of a 
fireplace, furnace, or the like. 2. The fire¬ 
side; home. [< AS. heorth, hearth.]— 
hearth'stone", n. A stone forming a hearth; 
fireside. 

heart'y, 1 hart'i; 2 hiirt'y, a. [heart'i-er; 
heart'i-est.] 1. Proceeding from the heart; 
cordial; heartfelt. 2. Full of health and 
strength. 3. Craving and supplying abun¬ 
dant nourishment ; as, a hearty appetite; hearty 
food —heart'i-ly, adv .—heart 'i-ness, n. 

heat, 1 hit; 2 het. I d . vt. & vi. To make or be¬ 
come hot, feverish, or intense; excite. II. n. 

1. A physical form of energy generated as by 
combustion, chemical action, or friction. 

2. The sensation produced by this agent; 
state of being hot. 3. A single course of a 
race. 4. Intensity; vehemence. 5. Genera¬ 
tive appetite, (i. Fermentation. [ < AS. 
hxtu, < hat, hot.] — heat'er, n. One who or 
that which heats; specif., a heating-apparatus, as 
a radiator. 

heath, 1 hith; 2 heth, n. 1. A low, hardy ever¬ 
green shrub. 2. Open land overgrown with 
heath or with coarse herbage. [ < AS. haeth, 
heath.]—heath'y, a. 


hea'then, 1 hl'thn; 2 he'thn. I. a. 1. Unbe¬ 
lieving; Gentile; pagan. 2. Irreligious; uncul¬ 
tured. II. n. [hea'thens or, collectively, 
hea'then, pi.] One who is not a believer, as 
in the Christian religion; one who is neither a 
Christian, Jew, nor Mohammedan; a pagan; 
Gentile; idolater. [< AS. hsethen, heathen, 
< hseth, country.]— hea'then-dom, n.—hea'- 
tlien-ish, a.— hea'then-ism, n. 
heath'er, 1 heth'ar; 2 hSth'er, n. 

Heath.— heath'er-y, a. Resembling 
or abounding with heather. 


heave, ) 1 hlv; 2 hev, v. 
heav p , ) hove; heav'ing.] 


[heaved or 
I. t. To 
throw or cast 


rt; throw or cast g&fa f 
swell or rise; give, J 

fficulty. II. i. 1.1 WM J 



raise with effort; 
forth; cause to 
vent to with difficulty. 

To rise or swell up. 2. To rise and 
fall alternately and heavily. 3. To 
pant from exertion; strain; labor. 

4. To retch. [< AS. habban, lift.] 

—heav'er, n. 
heave, 1 hlv; 2 hev, n. 

A heaving; throw; 
swell or expansion^ 
as of waves, 
heav'en, \ 1 hev'n; 2 Common Heather. 
hev'en 8 , \ hSv'n, n. 1. The place or state of 
righteous souls after death; supreme happi- 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; 1=6; go, not, or, w6n, 











289 


head 

heir 


ness. 2. The sky. 3. [H-] God; Providence. 
[< AS. heofen, heaven.]—heav'eu-ly, a. Be¬ 
longing, relating to, or suggestive of heaven; 
celestial. — lieav 'en - li - ness, n. — heav 'en - 
ward, a. Tending toward heaven, 
heaves, 1 hivz; 2 hevs, n. pi. An asthmatic 
disease of horses. [PI. of heave, n.] 
heav'y, ) 1 hev'i; 2 hev'y, a. [heav'i-er; 
hev'y 8 , j heav'i-est.] 1. Having great weight; 
ponderous; massive; tremendous; powerful. 
2. Hard to lift, carry, or accomplish; hard to 
bear or suffer. 3. Causing or feeling sorrow; 
dejected. 4. Sluggish of mind. [ < AS. hefig, 
< hebban, heave.]—heav 'i-ly, adv. 1. With 
great weight or burden; oppressively; also, 
densely. 2. With depressing affliction or misfor¬ 
tune; grievously; tediously.—heav'i-ness, n. t. 
The quality of being heavy; ponderousness. 2. 
Despondency; grief. 

Heb., Hebr., abbr. Hebrew, Hebrews, 
heb-dom 'a-dal, 1 heb-dem'o-dal; 2 heb-dom'- 
a-dal, a. Composed of seven days; occurring 
weekly. [ < Gr. hebdomas, week, < hepta, 
seven.] 

He'be, 1 hl'bi; 2 he'be, n. Gr. Myth. The goddess 
of youth; cup*bearer of Olympus before Gany¬ 
mede. 

heb'e-tude, 1 heb'i-tiud; 2 heb'e-tud, n. Stupid¬ 
ity; lethargy. [ < L. hebetudo, < hebeo, be blunt.] 
He-bra'ic, 1 hi-bre'ik; 2 he-bra'ic, a. Relating 
to or characteristic of the Hebrews. [ < Gr. 
Hebra'ikos, < Hebraios, Hebrew.] —He'bra-ism, 
n. A characteristic of the Hebrews; a Hebrew 
idiom.— He'bra-ist, n. 1. One proficient in He¬ 
brew. 2. One conforming to Hebrew' type. 

He'brew, 1 hi'bru; 2 he'bru. I. a. Hebraic. 
II. n. One of the Jewish race; also, their lan¬ 
guage. [ < Gr. Hebraios, < Aramaic ‘ ebraya.] 
Heb'ri-des, 1 heb'n-diz; 2 hgb'ri-de§, n. pi. Is¬ 
lands on the W. coast of Scotland; 3,000 sq. m.— 
Jle-brid'e-an, He-brid'i-an, a. & n. 

He'bron, 1 hl'bron; 2 he'bron, n. A town in Pales¬ 
tine, 19 m. S. W. of Jerusalem. Josh. xv. 54. 
Hec'a-te, 1 hek'a-tl; 2 hec'a-te, n. Gr. Myth. A 
triformed goddess with power over earth, heav¬ 
en, and the underworld. 

hec'a-toinb, 1 hek'o-tum or -tom; 2 hec'a- 
tom or -tom, n. A great sacrifice, originally 
of a hundred bulls. [ < Gr. hekatombe, < 
hekaton, hundred, + bous, ox.] 
heck 'le, 1 hek'l; 2 hSk'l, vt. & vi. 1. To interro¬ 
gate sharply and critically, as a political can¬ 
didate. 2. To dress, as flax or hemp. [ < D. 
hekel, < haak, hook.]—lieck'ler, n. 
hec'tare, n. See metric system, under metric. 
hec'tic, 1 hek'tik; 2 hec'tie. I. a. 1. Consti¬ 
tutional. 2. Consumptive. II. n. 1. A 
fever connected with some organic disease, as 
consumption. 2. The bright flush on the 
cheek in hectic fever. [ < Gr. p hektikos.] 
hec'ti-calt.—hec'ti-cal-Iy, adv. 
hec'to-, 1 hek'to-; 2 hec'to-. A combining 
form. [< Gr. hekaton, a hundred.]—hec'- 
to-gram, hec'to-li"ter, etc. See metric sys¬ 
tem. —hec'to-graph, n. A gelatin pad for mak¬ 
ing multiple copies of a writing or drawing, 
hectol., abbr. Hectoliter, 
hectoni., abbr. Hectometer, 
hec'tor, 1 hek'tar or -ter; 2 hSe'tor. I. vt. & vi. 
To domineer over; bully; be domineering. 
II. n. A quarrelsome, domineering fellow; 
bully. [ < Gr. L Hektor, Hector.] 

Hec'tor, n. In the Iliad, the Trojan hero of the 
siege of Troy, son of Priam and Hecuba. 


n. 


In 



nec'u-ba, 1 hek'yu-ba; 2 hec'yu-ba, 
the Iliad, wife of Priam, king of Troy, 
bed 'die, 1 hedfl; 2 hed'l, n. A series of verti¬ 
cal cords or wires to raise and lower the threads 
in weaving. [Of Scand. orig.] 
hedge, 1 hej; 2 hgdg, v. [hedged; hedg'ing.] 
I* t. To enclose wdth or as with a hedge; limit; 
obstruct; defend. II. i. To make one bet to 
offset another; arrange to escape responsibility, 
hedge, 1 hej; 2 hedg, n. A fence formed by 
bushes set close together. [ < AS. hecg, < 
haga, yard.]—bedge'bog", n. A small insectiv¬ 
orous mammal having the 
back apd sides covered with 
stout spines; porcupine. 

—hedg'er, n. One 
w'ho hedges; a maker 
or mender of hedges. 

—hedge 'row", n. A 
row' of shrubs, plant¬ 
ed as a hedge, 
heed, 1 hid; 2 hed. 

I d . vt. & vi. To 
take notice of; at- European Hedgehog. V9 
tend to; pay attention. II. n. Careful 
attention or consideration. [< AS. hedan, 
heed.]— heed'ful,a. Attentive, -ly, adv. -ness, 
n.— heed 'less, a. Careless, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
heel 1 , 1 hll; 2 hei, vt. To add a heel to. 
heel 2 , vt. & vi. To lean, or cause to lean, to 
one side; cant, as a ship. [ < AS. heldan, tilt.] 
heel, n. The hinder part of the foot or of a 
shoe; anything resembling this in place or po¬ 
sition; the lower end of a rafter; the last part 
of a thing. [ < AS. hela, < hoh, heel.]— heel'- 
er, n. 1. [Slang, U. S.] A disreputable political 
retainer. 2. One w r ho heels shoes.— heel'stap", 
n. 1. A thickness of leather on the heel of a shoe. 
2. pi. A small quantity of liquor left in a glass, 
heft, n. [Colloq.] Weight; gist. [< HEAVE.] 
Ue'gel, 1 he'gel; 2 he'gel, Georg W. F. (1770- 
1831). A German philosopher.— He-ge'li-an, a. 
& n.— He-ge'll-an-lsm, n. 
be'ge-mo-ny, 1 hl'ji-mo-m; 2 he'ge-mo-ny, n. 
[-nies z . pi.] Leadership or supreme command; 
political ascendency of a city. [Gr.] 
heg'i-ra, 1 hej'i-ra or ln-jai'ra; 2 heg'i-ra or 
he-gl'ra, n. A flight; especially [H-], the 
flight of Mohammed from Mekka, A. D. 622. 
[< Ar. hejira, departure.] liej'i-raf. 

Hei'del-berg, 1 hai'dl-burg; 2 hi'dl-berg, n. A 
university city (pop. 60,800) in Baden republic, 

1 hef'er; 2 hef'er, n. 

[ < AS. heahfore .] 
height, / 1 hait; 2 hit, n. 1. Distance above a 
bight, ) base, altitude, elevation. 2• A.n emi¬ 
nence. 3. The acme; culmination. [< AS. 
heathu, < heath, high.]—height'en, hight'en, 
v. 1. 1. To intensify; enhance; exalt. II. i. To 
be elevated or intensified. 

Hei'ne, 1 hai'na; 2 hi'ne, Heinrich (1799-1856). 
A German poet. 

hei'nous, 1 he'nus; 2 he'nus, a. Extremely 
wicked; atrocious. [ < F. haineux, < OF. hair, 
hate.] _ -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
heir, 1 ar; 2 £r, n. One who inherits or is en¬ 
titled to inherit the property of another; one 
entitled to succeed to a deceased person’s es¬ 
tate; one w r ho or that which succeeds to any 
qualities or advantages of another. [OF., < 
L. heres, heir.]—heir'ess, n. fem. —heir'loom", 
n. Any movable chattel, personal quality, or 
characteristic that descends to an heir.—heir'- 
ship, n. The state or condition of an heir; suc¬ 
cession by inheritance, heir'domt. 


heif'er, 

hef'er p 




A young cow. 


l:r> = final; i = hablH aisle; au = out; oil; Iii = fe«d; <fhin; go; r) = sin^; fhin, this, 
dft; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










Hejaz 

here 


290 


He'jaz, 1 he'jaz; 2 he'jaz, n. Arabian kingdom 
formed 1916; 96,500'sq. m.; pop. 750,000. 
hek'to-gram, etc. Same as hectogram, etc. 

See metric system, under metric. 
held, 1 held; 2 held, imp. of hold, v. 

Hel'e-na, 1 hel'i-na; 2 hei'e-na, n. 1. Wife of Mene- 
laus, whom she deserted for Paris, causing Tro¬ 
jan war. Helen of Troy t. 2. Fla via Julia, Saint 
(247-328). Mother of Emperor Constantine. 
3. The capital of Montana; pop. 12,040. 
Hel'go-Iand, 1 hel'go-lant; 2 hei'go-lant, n. A 
German island and former fortress, in North Sea, 
off the Bight of which British fleet defeated 
German, driving it o. ck to port, Aug. 28, 1914. 
he-li'a-cal, 1 hi-lai'a-kal; 2 he-li'a-cal, a. Per¬ 
taining to the sun. [ < Gr. helialcos, of the 
sun.] he'li-acj. 

hel'i-cal, 1 hel'i-kal; 2 hSl'i-cal, a. Pertaining 
to or shaped like a helix.— hel'i-coid, a. 
Coiled so as to resemble a helix. 

Hel'i-con, 1 hel'i-ken; 2 hgl'i-e6n, n. Gr. Myth. 
A mountain range in Boeotia, with famous foun¬ 
tains: seat of Apollo and the Muses. 
hel"i-cop'ter, 1 hel"i-kep'tar; 2 hgri-cop'ter, 
n. A flying-machine sustained by propellers 


turning on vertical axes. 

Hel'1-go-land, n. Same as Helgoland. 
he'll-o-, 1 hi'li-o-; 2 he'li-o-. A combining 
form. [< Gr. hellos, the sun.]— he"Ii-o-ccn '- 
trie, a. Having reference to the sun as a center. 
he"li-o-cen'tri-calf. — he'li-o-graph, n. 1. 
An instrument for taking photographs of the sun. 
2. A photograph taken by sunlight. 3. A mirror 
for signaling by flashes of light. — he"li-o- 
graph'ic, a. —he"li-og'ra-phy, n. 
he'li-o-trope, 1 hl'li-o-trop; 2 he'li-o-trop, n. 
1. A shrub" or herb, with 
small white or purplish 
flowers. 2. An instru¬ 
ment for reflecting the 
sun’s rays, as in signaling. 

[< Gr.n heliotropion, sun- 
dial.] 

he'li-o-type, n. A photo* 
engraving from which im¬ 
pressions can be taken by 
a printing-press; an impres¬ 
sion so taken.— he'li-o- 
ty"py, n. The process of 
making heliotypes, 
he'li-um, 1 hl'li-um; 2 he'li- 
um, n. A chemical element 
found in small quantities in 
the atmosphere, in certain 
minerals, etc. [ < Gr. 
hellos, sun.) 

he'lix, 1 hl'liks; 2 he'liks, n. [he'lix-es or hel'- 
i-ces, 1 hel'i-siz; 2 hfil'i-Qeg, pi.] 1. A spiral, as 
a screw*thread. 2. Anat. The recurved border 
of the external ear. [ < Gr. L helix, spiral.] 
hell, i 1 hel; 2 hel, n. 1. The abode of evil 
hel p , ) spirits; infernal regions; place of eternal 
punishment, of extreme torment, or of evil* 
doing. 2. Hades. [ < AS. hell, prob. < helan, 
conceal.]— hell 'Ish, a. Of or like hell; diabolical, 
-ly, adr. -ness, n. 

hel'le-bore, 1 hel'i-bor; 2 hgl'e-bor, n. A per¬ 
ennial herb with serrated leaves, large flowers, 
and roots that are cathartic or poisonous. 
[ <Gr. Ij+F helleboros, hellebore.] 

Hel'lene, 1 hel'in; 2 hgl'en, n. A Greek. [< 
Gr. Hellenes, < Hellln, Hellen, legendary chief.] 
Hel-le'ni-anf.—Hel-len'ic,a. Grecian.— Hel'- 
Ie-nism, n. 1. Anything characteristic of the 
Greek spirit or civilization. 2. Assimilation of 



Heliotrope. 


Greek speech or manners.— Hel'le-nist, n. 1. 
An adopter of Greek speech, culture, etc. 2. 
A Greek scholar.— Hel"le-nis'tic, a .— Hel'le- 
nize, vt. & vi. 

Uel'les-pont, 1 hel'es-pent; 2 h£l'6s-p6nt, n. The 
Dardanelles: ancient Greek name. 
helm 1 , 1 helm; 2 helm, n. The steering appa¬ 
ratus of a vessel, especially the tiller; place of 
control or responsibility. [ < AS. helma, helm.] 
—helms'inan,n. [-men, pi.] Naut. A steersman. 
helm|| 2 , n. A helmet. [< AS. helm, covering.] 
hel'met, 1 hel'met; 2 hgl'mSt, n. A covering 
of defensive armor for the head, or something 
resembling it in shape, position, or function. 
[ < G. OF helm.] 

Uelm'holtz, 1 helm'holts; 2 hglm'hSlts, Her¬ 
mann L. F., Baron von (1821-1894). A Ger¬ 
man physicist. 

hel-min'thic. I. a. 1. Pertaining to worms. 

2. Worm*expelling. II. n. A vermifuge. 
He"Io"ise', 1 e"loTz'; 2 e"lo"i§', n. A French abbess 
(1101-1164); in early life pupil, mistress, and, 
later, wife of Abelard. 

Hel'ot, 1 hel'at or hi'lat; 2 hSl'ot or he'lot, n. 
One of the Spartan bondmen; [h-] any slave. 
[< Gr. Helos (town of Sparta).]—hel'ot-lsm, 
n. The Spartan system of serfdom. 
help 1 , 1 help; 2 hglp, v. I. t. 1. To provide 
means or assistance for or to; aid; assist; re¬ 
lieve; succor. 2. To change for the better; 
remedy. 3. To wait upon, as at table. 4. To 
refrain from; forbear. II. i. 1. To lend as¬ 
sistance; be useful. 2. To portion out food 
at table. [< AS. helpan, help ]— help'er, n. 
— help'ful, a. Affording aid; beneficial, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. — lielp'less, a. 1. Unable to help 
oneself; feeble. 2. Beyond remedy, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n.— help 'mate", n. A helper; coworker. 
— help'meet", n. One who is fitted to help; a 
partner; companion; wife, 
help, n. 1. Assistance afforded for any pur¬ 
pose; aid; remedy; relief; rescue; succor. 2. 
A helper. [ < AS. help, < helpan, help.] 
hel'tersskel'ter, 1 hel'tar-skel'tar; 2 hgl'ter* 
skel'ter. I. a. Hurried and confused. II. n. 
Disorderly hurry; confused and hasty action. 
III. adv. With haste and confusion. [Imi¬ 
tative.] 

helve, ) 1 helv; 2 helv. I. vt. [helv(e)d 8 ; 
helv 8 , ) helv'ing.] To furnish with a helve. 
II. n. The handle, as of an ax, hatchet, etc. [< 
AS. helf, handle.] 

Hel-ve'ti-a, 1 hel-vl'ghi-a; 2 hgl-ve'shi-a, n. The 
ancient Latin name of Switzerland; still in poetic 
use.— Hel-ve'tlan, a. & n. — Hel-vet 'Ic, a. & n. 
hem 1 , 1 hem; 2 hfim, vt. [hemmed, hemd 8 ; hem'- 
ming.] 1. To make a hem on; border; edge. 
2. To shut in; enclose; restrict.— hem'mer, a. 
hem 2 , vt. & vi. [hemmed; hem'ming.] To 
throw off by coughing; cough; stammer. 
hem 1 , n. A fold made by twice turning over 
the raw edge of a fabric and sewing down the 
inner fold. [ < AS. hem, < ham, a field.] 
hem 2 , n. & interj. A sound made, as in clear¬ 
ing the throat; ahem. [Onomatopoeic.] 
hem'a-tlte, 1 hem'a-tait; 2 hgm'a-tit, n. A ferric 
oxid of a black or red color; one of the most im¬ 
portant ores of iron. [ < Gr.L haimatites, blood¬ 
like, < haimalt-), blood.] haein'a-titef. 
hem'i-, prefix. Half. [ < L. hemi-, < Gr. hemi, 
half.]— hem 'i-sphere, n. A half-sphere; half of 
the terrestrial or of the celestial globe.— hem"i- 
spher'ic, -i-cal, a .— hem'i-stich, n. A half 
of a poetic line; an incomplete poetic line. 


1; artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art. ape. fat. fare, fast, what, all; me. eet, prey, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 








291 


Ilejaz 

here 


hem'lock, 1 hem'lek; 2 hgm'lok, n. 1. An 
evergreen of the pine family. 

2. A large poisonous biennial 
herb of the parsley family. 

[< AS. hemlic.] 

hem 'or-r huge, 1 hem'a-rij;2 
hem'o-rag, n. Discharge of 
blood from a ruptured blood’ 
vessel. [ < Gr. haimorrhagia, 

< haima, blood, + rhsgnymi, 
break.] hsem'or-rhagef.— 
hem"or-rhag'ic, a. —hem'- 
[or hsem']or-r holds, n. pi. 

Piles. —hem"[or ha:m"]or- 
rhoi'dal, a. Hemlock. 

hem"o-stat'ic, 1 hem"o-stat'ik; 2 hgm"o-st&t'ie. 
I. a. Relating to the stagnation of blood, or to 
the stopping of bleeding. II. n. A medicine that 
stops bleeding; a styptic. 

hemp, 1 hemp; 2 hemp, n. A tall annual herb 
of the nettle family, with small green flowers, 
and a tough bark*, also, the tough and strong 
fiber obtained from it, used for cloth and 
cordage. [< AS. henep, hemp.]— hcmp'en, 
a. Of or pertaining to hemp, 
hern'stitch", 1 hem'sticfh"; 2 hem'stich". I*. 
vt. To embroider with a hemstitch. II. n. 
The ornamental finishing of the inner edge of 
a hem, made by pulling out several threads 
adjoining it and drawing together in groups 
the crossthreads by successive stitches, 
hen, 1 hen; 2 hen, n. 1. The female of the do¬ 
mestic fowl; also, any female bird. 2. pi. 
Domestic fowl, without regard to sex. [ < 
AS. henn, hen.]— hen'bane", n. A poisonous 
herb of the nightshade family. 

Hen., Hy., abbr. Henry. 

hence, ) 1 hens; 2 heng, adv. 1. Away from 
hense p , J this place. 2. In the future. 3. 
From this cause or source; consequently; 
therefore. [ < AS. heonan, < heona, hence.] 
—hence"forth', adv. From this time on or 
forward. hence"for'wardf. 
bench'man, 1 hemih'man; 2 hench'man, n. 
[-men, pi.] 1. A servile agent or subordinate, 
ail -a male servant. [ < AS. hengst, horse, -f- 
man, man.] 

hen'na, 1 hen'a; 2 hen'a, n. A cosmetic prepara¬ 
tion from the leaves of an Oriental plant of this 
name used for dyeing the fingernails, etc., a 
reddish’orange. [Ar.] 

hen'ner-y, 1 hen'ar-i; 2 hgn'er-y, n. A place 
where hens are kept. 

hen'peck" 1 , 1 hen'pek"; 2 hen'pek", vt. To 
domineer over; worry by petty annoyances: 
said of a wife who thus controls her husband. 
faen'ry 1 ,1 hen'ri; 2 hen'ry, n. Elec. The practical 
unit of self=induction. [< Joseph Henry (1799— 
1878), American physicist.] 

Hen'ry 2 , n. 1. One of eight kings of England; 
notably: (1) H. IV., of Bolingbroke (1367- 
1416), founded House of Lancaster. (2) H. V., 
of Monmouth (1387-1422), conquered France. 
(3) H. VIII., Tudor (1491-1547), threw off the 
papal authority. 2. One of four kings of France; 
especially H. IV.,of Navarre, “theGreat” (1553- 
1610), founder of Bourbon dynasty; published 
the Edict of Nantes, 1598. 3. One of various 
German kings and emperors; especailly, H. IV., 
Holy Roman Emperor; struggle with Pope Greg¬ 
ory VII. (Hildebrand); did penance at Canossa. 
4. Patrick (1736-1799), an American patriotand 
orator; governor of Virginia, 
he-pat'ic, 1 hi-pat'ik; 2 he-pat'ic, a. Pertain¬ 


ing to the liver. [ < Gr. hepatikos, < hepar 
(hepat-), liver.] he-pat'i-calf:. 

He-phaes'tus, 1 hi-fes'tus; 2 he-fes'tus, n. Gr. 
Myth. The god of fire and metallurgy; the Ro¬ 
man Vulcan. 

hep'ta-gon, 1 hep'ta-gon; 2 h6p'ta-gon, n. A 
figure having seven sides and seven angles. 
[< Gr. hepta, seven, + gonia, corner.]—hep- 
tag'o-nal, a.— hep-tan'gu-Iar, a. Having 
seven angles. 

hep'tar-chy, 1 hep'tar-ki; 2 hgp'tar-cy, n. 
[-chies 2 , pi.] 1. A group of seven kingdoms 
or governments. 2. Government by seven 
persons. [<Gr. hepta, seven,-]- arche, rule.] 
her, 1 hur; 2 her, pron. Objective or possessive 
case of she: used in the form hers in the predi¬ 
cate when the noun is not expressed. [ < AS. 
hire, gen. and dat. sing, of hed, fern, of he, he.] 
her., abbr. Heraldic, heraldry, heres (L., heir), 
her'aid, 1 her'ald; 2 hSr'ald. 1*. vt. To an¬ 
nounce publicly; usher in; proclaim. II. n. 
1. Anciently, an official bearer of important 
messages from a sovereign or commander; 
hence, any bearer of news. 2. A precursor; 
harbinger. [ < OHG. LL hari, army, -]- waltan, 
rule.]— her-al'dic, a. Relating to heralds or 
heraldry.— her'ald-ry, n. 1. The science that 
treats of blazoning or describing armorial bear¬ 
ings and the like. 2. A coat of arms.— her'- 
ald-ship, n. The office or rank of a herald. 
Ile-rat', 1 hi-rat'; 2 he-rat', n. A fortified city 
(pop. 45,000) of W. Afghanistan; ‘‘key to India.” 
herb, 1 hurb or urb; 2 herb or erb, n. A 
plant that dies completely, or down to the 
ground, after flowering; green fodder for cat¬ 
tle; herbage. [< L. F herha, grass, herbage.] 
— her-ba'ceous, a. Pertaining to or like herbs. 
— herb'age, n. Herbs collectively; hence, pas¬ 
turage.— herb'al, a. Pertaining to herbs.— 
herb 'al-ist, n. One skilled in the study of plants; 
also, a dealer in herbs, or a botanic physician.— 
her-ba'ri-um, n. [-ri-ums z or -ri-a, pi.] A 
collection of dried plants scientifically arranged; 
also, a book or building containing such collec¬ 
tion.— her-bif'er-ous, a. Producing herbs or 
vegetation.— her-biv'o-rous, a. Feeding on 
vegetable matter, as certain animals.— herb'y, a. 
her-cu'Ie-an, 1 har-kiu'li-an; 2 her-cu'le-an, 
a. [H- or h-] Like or pertaining to Hercules, 
the ancient hero or demigod; possessing or 
requiring great strength; laborious; mighty. 
Her'cu-les, 1 hur'kiu-llz; 2 her'cu-leg, n. A 
mythical hero of Greece; type of strength and 
endurance. 

herd 11 , 1 hurd; 2 herd. I.vt.&vi. To bring to¬ 
gether into a flock or herd; congregate; flock 
together. II. n. 1. A number of animals 
feeding or traveling together. 2. A crowd of 
people; rabble. 3. A herdsman. [ < AS. hirde, 
< heord, herd.]— herds 'man, n. One who owns 
or tends a herd, herd'erf; herd'manf. 
her'die, 1 hur'dik; 2 her'dic, n. [U. S.] A 
carriage with low’hung body, back entrance, 
and side seats. [ < Peter Her die, its inventor. ] 
here, 1 hir; 2 her, adv. In, at, or to this place, 
time, or stage of proceedings; in the present 
life. [< AS. her, here, < V of he, pron.] — 
here'a-bout", adv. About this place; in this 
vicinity. here'a-bouts"f. — here-aft'er. I. 
n. A future state or existence. II. adv. At 
some future time; also, from this time forth; af¬ 
ter the present life.— here-at', adv. At or by 
reason of this.— here-by', adv. By means or 
virtue of this.— here-in', adv. In this; in this 
place, circumstance, etc.— here-of', adv. 1. Of 



1:a = final; l = habitq aisle; au = ont; oil; iu = fend; <fhin; go; r) = sing; thin, this. 
2:wplf, dj>; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









hereditary 

high 


292 


this; about this. 2. From this; because of this.— 
— here-on\ adv. On this; hereupon.— here-to', 
adv. To this time, place, or end. — hereto¬ 
fore'. I. n. Past time. II. adv. Previously; 
hitherto.— here"up-on', adv. Upon or because 
of this.— hcre-witli', adv. Along with this. 

he-red'i-ta-ry, 1 hi-red'i-te-n; 2 he-rSd'i-ta-ry, 
a. 1. Law. (1) Passing, capable of passing, or 
that must necessarily pass by inheritance, or 
from an ancestor, to an heir. (2) Deriving by 
inheritance. 2. Passing naturally from parent 
to child. 3. Endowed with certain qualities 
derived from an ancestor.— he-red'i-ta-ri- 
ly, adv. 

he-red'i-ty, 1 hi-red'i-ti; 2 he-rgd'i-ty, n. 1. 
Transmission of physical or mental qualities, 
diseases, etc., from parent to offspring. 2. 
The tendency manifested by an organism to 
develop in the likeness of a progenitor. [ < 
L. heredila(t-)s, heirship, < heres ( hered -), heir.] 

her'e-sy, 1 her'i-si; 2 h&r'e-sy, n. [-sies z , pi] 
A doctrinal view or belief at variance with 
the recognized tenets of a system, church, 
school, or party. [ < Gr. hairesis, school, < 
haired, take.]— her'e-si-arch, n. The chief ex¬ 
ponent of a heresy.— her'e-tic, n. One who 
holds a heresy. — he-ret'i-cal, a. At variance 
with or subversive of accepted views or beliefs, 
-ly, adv. 

her'i-ta-ble, ) 1 her'i-ta-bl; 2 hSr'i-ta-bl, a. 1. 

her'i-ta-bl p , ) That can be inherited. 2. Ca¬ 
pable of inheriting. [ < L. heres, heir.]— her"- 
i-ta-bil'i-ty, n. 

her'i-tage, 1 her'i-tij; 2 hgr'i-tag, n. An estate 
that passes by descent; that which is in¬ 
herited, as a quality or condition. [OF., ult. 
< L. heres, heir.] 

her-maph'ro-dite, 1 har-maf'ro-dait; 2 her- 
m&f'ro-dit, a. 1. Having the characteristics of 
both sexes; bisexual. 2. Naut. Square*rigged 
forward and schooner=rigged aft; as, a her¬ 
maphrodite brig. [ < Gr. hermaphroditos .]— 
her-maph'ro-dite, n. — her-maph"ro-dit'- 
ic, a. 

her"me-neu'tics, 1 hur"mi-niu'tiks; 2 her"- 
me-nu'ties, n. The science or art of inter¬ 
pretation, especially of the Scriptures. [ < 
Gr. hermeneutes, interpreter.]— her"me-neu '- 
tic, a. Expository. her"me-neu'ti-calj. 

Her'mes, 1 hur'mlz; 2 her'meg, n. Gr. Myth. The 
messenger and herald of the gods: identified with 
the Roman Mercury. 

her-met'ic, 1 har-met'ik; 2 her-mgt'ic, a. 
Made impervious to air and other fluids, as 
by fusion. [ < Gr. Hermes, Hermes.] her- 
met'i-calf.—her-met'i-cal-iy, adv. 

her'mit, 1 hur'mit; 2 her'mit, n. One who 
abandons society and lives alone; an anchor¬ 
ite. [< Gr. LL+p eremites, < eremos, solitary.] 
— her 'mit-age, n. The retreat or cell of a hermit. 

her'ni-a, 1 hur'm-a; 2 her'ni-a, n. Pathol. Pro¬ 
trusion, as of an intestine; rupture. [L.]— her'- 
ni-ai, a. 

tae'ro 1 , 1 hi'ro; 2 he'ro, n. [he'roes, 1 hi'roz; 
2 he'ro^, pi.] 1. A man of valor, fortitude, or 
bold enter prise; anciently, a demigod. 2. The 
central male figure of sj poem, play, or novel. 
[<L. heros,< Gr. herds, hero.]— he-ro'ic. I. a. 
1. Relating to or like a hero; brave; hence, vig¬ 
orous; venturesome. 2. Art. Larger than life. 3. 
Characterizing a type of verse adapted to he¬ 
roic or lofty themes, as the English iambic pen¬ 
tameter. II. n. A heroic verse; pi., bombastic 
or extravagant language, he-ro'i-calj. — he¬ 


ro'i-eal-ly, adv.— her'o-in(e 8 , n. 1. A woman 
of heroic character. 2. The chief female char¬ 
acter in a story, play, or the like.—her'o-ism, n. 

1. Heroic character or qualities. 2. A heroic act. 
Ile'ro 2 , n. Gr. Myth. A priestess of Aphrodite at 

Sestos. See Leander. 

Her'od, 1 her'ad; 2 her'od, n. 1. “The Great” 
(72 B.C.-A.D.4),kingof Judeaat the timeof the 
birth of Christ; rebuilt temple at Jerusalem. 

2. Agrippa I. (10-44), grandson of Herod the 
Great; king of Judea and Samaria; killed James; 
imprisoned Peter. 3. Agrippa II. (27-72?), son 
of the preceding; king of Judea; heard Paul’s 
defense. 4. Antipas, son of Herod the Great; 
killed John the Baptist.—He-ro'di-an, a. 

Ue-ro'di-as, 1 hi-ro'di-as; 2 he-ro'di-as, n. Second 
wife of Herod Antipas. Mark, vi, 17-28. 
He-rod'o-tus, 1 hi-rod'o-tus; 2 he-rod'o-tus, n. 
A Greek historian (5th cent. B.C.); “Father of 
History.” 

her'on, 1 her'an; 2 hgr'on, n. A longmecked 
and longdegged wading bird. See bird. [ < 
F. heron. < OHG. heigir.] —her'on-ry, n. [-ries, 
pi.] A place where herons congregate and breed. 
her"pe-tol'o-gy, 1 hur"pi-tel'o-ji; 2 her"pe- 
tol'o-gy, n. The branch of zoology that treats 
of reptiles and amphibians. [ < Gr. herpeton, 
reptile, + -logy.] — lier"pe-tol'o-glst, n. 
her 'ring, 1 her'ip; 2 her'ing, n. A small food* 
fish frequenting moderate depths of the 
ocean in great schools. [ < AS. hsering, prob. 
< here, army.] 

hers, 1 hurz; 2 her§, poss. pron. See her. 
Her'schel, 1 hur'^hel; 2 her'shgl. 1. Sir John 
Frederick William (1792-1871). an English 
astronomer and physicist; son of Sir William. 2. 
Sir William (1738-1822). A German»English 
astronomer; discovered Uranus, 
her-self', 1 har-self'; 2 her-s61f', pron. A re¬ 
flexive or emphatic form of the third*per- 
sonal pronoun, feminine, 
nertz, 1 herts; 2 hfirts, Heinrich (1857-1894). A 
German physicist and electrical investigator.— 
Hertz'i-an, a. —Hertzian telegraphy, wireless 
telegraphy. —II. waves, electric waves. 
Uer"ze-go-vi'na, 1 her'tse-go-vrna; 2 hSr"ts&-go- 
vi'na, n. See Bosnia. —IIer"ze-go-vin'i-an, a. 
hes'i-tate, 1 hez'i-tet; 2 hgg'i-tat, vi. [-tat"ed^ ; 
-tat"ing.] 1. To be uncertain as to decision 
or action. 2. To be slow or faltering in 
speech. [< L. hvesito, stick fast.] — hes'i- 
tau-cy, hes"i-ta'tion, n. The act or manner of 
one who hesitates; vacillation, hes'i-tancej. — 
hcs'i-tant, a. Hesitating; vacillating, -ly, adv. 
Ues'per, 1 hes'par; 2 hes'per, n. The evening 
star; vesper. [ < Gr. L Hesperos, evening 
star.] Hes'pe-rust.—Hes-pe'ri-an, a. [Poet.] 
In or of the west; western. 

Hes'se, 1 hes'e; 2 h6s e, n. German republic (2,- 
968 sq. m.: pop. 1,291,000); proclaimed Nov. 
1918. Iles'senj. [G.].—Hes'sian. I. a. Of or 
pertaining to Hesse or its inhabitants. II. n. 1. A 
native or citizen of Hesse. 2. [Colloq., U. S.] A ve¬ 
nal person; hireling: from the use of Hessian mer¬ 
cenaries by the British intheAmericanrevolution. 
best||, 1 hest; 2 h6st, n. Same as behest. 
het'er-, ) 1 het'ar-, het'ar-o-; 2 hfit'er-, h6t'er-o-. 
het'er-o-,) From Greek heteros, other, different: 

combining forms opposed to homo-. 
het'er-o-dox, 1 het'ar-o-deks; 2 h6t'er-o-doks, 
a. At variance with a commonly accepted 
doctrine in religion. [ < Gr. heteros , other, 
+ doxa, opinion.]—het'er-o-dox"y, n. [-ies z , 
pi.] The character of being heterodox; a hetero¬ 
dox doctrine. 

het"er-o-ge'ne-ous, 1 het"ar-o-j!'m-us; 2 het" 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, iast, wh^t, all; me, get, prfiy, fern; hit, Ice; i= e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 







293 


hereditary 

high 


er-o-ge ne-us, a. Consisting of dissimilar ele¬ 
ments or ingredients. [ < Gr. heteros, other, + 
genos, kind.] -ly, adv.— het"er-o-ge-ne'l-ty, n 
The state or character of being heterogeneous; 
unlikeness of constituent parts.—het"er-o-gen'- 
e-sis, n. 1. Abiogenesis. 2. A mode of repro¬ 
duction characterized by offspring differing from 
the parent form, which after some generations is 
reproduced. 

hew, 1 hiu; 2 hu, vt. & vi. [hewed; hewn or 
hewed; hew'ing.] To shape or fell with 
blows, as of an ax; hack; chop; work out la¬ 
boriously. [ < AS heawan, hew.]— hew'er, n. 
hex'a-gon, 1 heks'a-gon; 2 heks'a-gon, n. 
Geom. A figure with six sides and six angles. 
[< Gr. hex, six, + gonia, corner.] — hex-ag'o- 
nal,a.—hex"a-he'dron,n. [-DRONSor-DRA, pi.] 
A solid bounded by six plane faces. —hex"a-he'- 
dral, a. 

hex-uin'e-ter, 1 heks-am'i-tar; 2 heks-am'e- 
ter. I. a. Having six metrical feet in a 
verse. II. n. Pros. A verse of six feet. [< 
Gr. hex, six, + metron, measure.] 
hey, 1 he; 2 he, interj. An exclamation of sur¬ 
prize, pleasure, inquiry, incitement, etc. [Cp. 
ha, inlerj., and ho, interj.] 
hey'day", 1 he'de"; 2 he'da". n. The time 
of greatest vitality and vigor. [ < AS. heah, 
high, + dxg, day.] 

hey'day", interj. An exclamation of surprize, joy, 
etc. [ < D. hei, hey, + daar, there.] 
Hez"e-ki'ah, 1 hezT-kai'a; 2 hez"e-kl'a, n. King 
of Judah (726-715 B.C.). 2 Kings, xviii, 1. 

hf., abbr. Half.—lif. cf., abbr. Half calf.—Hg., 
abbr. [L.] Hydrargyrum (mercury).—hg., abbr. 
Hectogram.—H. G., abbr. High German, His 
(or Her) Grace, Horse Guards.—H. II., abbr. His 
(or Her) Highness, His Holiness (the Pope).— 
hhd., abbr. Hogshead.—H. I., abbr. Hawaiian 
Islands. 

hi -a'tus, 1 hai-e'tus; 2 hl-a'tus, n. [-tus or 
^tus-es, pi.] 1. A gap or opening; break; 
interruption. 2. Gram. & Pros. Concurrence 
of two separate vowels without an interven¬ 
ing consonant. [L., < hiatus, pp. of hio, gape.] 
HI"a-wa'tha, 1 hai"[or lii"]o-wd'Oia; 2 h!"[or hl"]- 
a-wa'tha, n. A poem by Longfellow, or its hero, 
& mythical Indian prophet, 
hi-ber'nal, 1 hai-bur'nal; 2 hi-ber'nal, a. Per¬ 
taining to winter; wintry. [< L. hibernalis, 
< hierns, winter.] 

hi 'ber-nate, 1 hai'bar-net; 2 hl'ber-nat, vi. 
[-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To pass the winter, 
especially in a torpid state, as certain animals. 
[< L. hibernatus, pp. of hiberno, < hiems, win¬ 
ter.]—hi"ber-na'tion, n. 

Hi-ber'ni-a, 1 hai-bur'm-a; 2 hl-ber'ni-a, n. The 
Latin and poetic name of Ireland.—Ili-ber'ni- 
an. I. a. Pertaining to Hibernia or Ireland, or 
its people; Irish. II. n. A native of Ireland.— 
Hi-ber'ni-an-ism, n. An Irish idiom or pe¬ 
culiarity of speech. Hi-ber'ni-ctsmJ. 
hie'cup, ) 1 hik'up;2 hie'up. Ik vt. & vi. To 
hie'cough, have the hiccups; utter a hiccup, 
hic'cof p , ) or with hiccups. II. n. A short, 
catching sound due to spasmodic contraction 
of the diaphragm and windpipe. [Imitative.] 
hie ja'cet, 1 hik je'set; 2 hie ja'cet. Here lies: in¬ 
scribed on tombstones; hence, a tombstone, or its 
inscription. [L.] 

hick o-ry, 1 hik'o-n; 2 hik'o-ry, n. [-ries z , pi] 
An American tree of the walnut family, yield¬ 
ing an edible nut and having hard, tough, 
heavy wood, valuable for timber; also, its wood, 
or something made of it, as a walking=stick. 


See bark and leaf. [Am. Ind.] shag'- 
bark"I; sheH'bark"I; wai'nutj:. 

hid, hid'den. See hide 1 , vt. 

hi-dai'go, 1 hi-dal'go; 2 hi-dal'go, n. A Spanish 
nobleman of the lower class. [Sp.] 
hide 1 , 1 haid; 2 hid, vt. & vi. [hid; hid'den or 
hid; hid'ing.] To put or keep out of sight; 
secrete; disguise. [< AS. hydan, hide.]— 
hid, pa. Put out of sight; secreted; not known. 
hide 2 , vt. [hid'ed^ ; hid'ing.] To whip with a 
rawhide; cover as with hide, 
hide, n. The skin of a large animal, as an ox. 
[< AS. hyd, skin.]—hide'bound", a. 1. Af¬ 
fected with a rigid contraction of the skin. 2. 
_N arr o w*minded. 

hid'e-ous, 1 hid'i-us; 2 hid'e-us, a. Shocking 
or dreadful, especially in looks; ghastly. [< 
_F. hideux .] -iy, adv. -ness, n. 
hid'ing 1 , n. Concealment. 
hid'ing 2 , n. [Colloq.] A flogging. 

hie, 1 hai; 2 hi, vt. & vi. [hied; hie'ing or hy'- 
ing.] To hasten; hurry. [< AS. higian, 
hasten.] 

hi 'er-arch, 1 hai'ar-drk; 2 hl'er-arc, n. An ec¬ 
clesiastical chief ruler. [ < Gr. hieros, sacred, 
+ archos, ruler.]— hi"er-arch'ic, a. hi"er- 
arch'alt; hi"er-arch'i-calf.—hi'er-arch"y, n. 
A body of organized ecclesiastical rulers; clerical 
or priestly government.— hi"e-rat'ic, -i-cal, a. 
hi'er-o-glyph, 1 hai'ar-o-glif; 2 hl'er-o-glyf, n. 
1. Picture*writing, especially of the ancient 
Egyptians. 2. A character or word supposed 
to convey a hidden meaning. [ < Gr. hieros, 
sacred, + glypho, carve.] hi"er-o-gIyph'ict. — 
hi"er-o-glyph'ic, a. hi"er-o-glyph'i-calf.— 
hi"er-o-glyph'i-cal-Iy, adv. 
hi"er-ol 'o-gy, 1 hai"ar-el'o-ji; 2 hI"er-ol'o-gy, 
n. The science of or a treatise on ancient 
Egyptian writings and inscriptions. [ < Gr. 
hieros, sacred, + -ology.]— hi"er-o-Iog'ic, a. 
Relating to or of the nature of hierology. hi"- 
er-o-log'i-cal X. —hi"er-ol'o-gist, n. 
hi-er'o-phant, 1 hai-er'o-fent; 2 hl-er'o-fant, n. 
The chief priest of the Eleusinian mysteries; 
hence, a teacher of any religious mystery. [< 
Gr. LL hierophantes, < hieros, sacred, + phaind, 
show.]— hi-er"o«phan'tic, a. 
hig'gle, 1 hig'l; 2 hlg'l, vi. [hig'gled; hig'- 
gling.] To dispute about trifling matters. 
[Corr. of haggle.] — hig'gler, n. 
hig'gie-dy=pig'gle-dy. I a. [Colloq.] Being in 
a disordered state. II. n. Great confusion, ill. 
adv. [Colloq.] In a confused manner, 
high, 1 hai; 2 hi. I. a. Greatly elevated; lofty; 
chief; exalted; intense. II. adv. In a high 
manner; to a great altitude; also, at a high 
rate; luxuriously. [< AS. heah, high.]— 
high'shorn", a. Of noble birth or extraction. 
— h.sbred, a. 1. Having a fine pedigree. 2. 
Characterized by fine manners or breeding.—h.s 
flier, n. 1. A bird that flies high. 2. One who goes 
to extremes or lives extravagantly.— h.diown, 
a. 1. Pretentious. 2. Extravagant in style.— 
h.shanded, a. Carried on in an overbearing 
manner.— high'ly, adv. — h.sminded, a. Show¬ 
ing an elevated mind; magnanimous.— high'- 
ness, n.— h.=pressure, a. Having or using a 
high steam=pressure; originally, non=condensing: 
said of steam=engines.— h. priest, a chief priest, 
—high'road", n. 1. A main road. 2. A com¬ 
mon or easy method or course.— h.sspirited, a. 
Full of spirit; not brooking restraint.— h.s 
strung, a. Strung to a high pitch; strained; 
highly sensitive.— h.stoned, a. 1. Of high prin¬ 
ciples; honorable. 2. Having a high pitch. 3. 
[Colloq., U. S.] Aristocratic; fashionable. 


1:a = final; l = hablG aisle; cm = out; oil; lu = feud; tflhin; go; rj = sin#; thin, this. 
2:w9lf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








highland 

Holland 


294 


high'land, to . 1 . An elevation of land. 2. [H-] 
pi. A mountainous region.—high'land-er, to. 
hight, hlght'en, etc. Same as height, etc. 
high'way", to . 1 . A specified line of travel; 
public thoroughfare. 2. A common or open 
way or course.—high'way"man, to. One 
who practises robbery on the highway. 

II. I. II., abbr. His (or Her) Imperial Highness, 
hi-la'ri-ous, 1 hai-[or hi-]le'ri-us; 2 hT-[or hi-]- 
la'ri-us, a. Boisterously merry; romping. 
[OF., < GrA hilaros, cheerful.] -ly, adv. —hi- 
lar'i-ty, w. Boisterous mirth. 

Hil'de-brand, 1 hil'di-brand; 2 bll'de-brand, to. 

The personal name of Gregory VII. 
hill, / 1 hil; 2 hll. I. vt. &vi. To draw the earth 
hil p , ) about or over; be gathered together, as 
into a hill. II. to. 1. A conspicuous natural 
elevation of the earth. 2. A small heap of 
earth raised artificially. [< AS. hyll, hill.]— 
hill'ock, to. A small hill.—hill'y, a. Full of 
hills; swelling: rounded. [as of a sword, 

hilt, 1 hilt; 2 hilt, to. [AS.] The handle and guard, 
him, 1 him; 2 him, pron. The objective case of 
he. [< AS. him, dat. of he, he.]—him-self', 
pron. [them-selves', pi.] 1. The intensive 
form of he. 2. One’s individuality. 

H. I. M., abbr. His (or Her) Imperial Majesty. 
Hi-ma'la-ya, 1 hi-ma'la-ya; 2 hi-ma'la-ya. A 
mountain chain between Tibet and India; length 
1,500 m.; highest peak, Mt. Everest, 29,002 ft. 
hind, 1 haind; 2 hind, a. Belonging to the rear. 
[< hinder, a.] 

hind 1 , n. A female deer. [AS.] [servants.] 
hind|| 2 , n. A farmdaborer. [ < AS. Mna, < hlwan, 
Hind., abbr. Hindu, Hindustan, Hindustani. 
Hln'den-burg, 1 hin'den-burg; 2 hln'dgn-burg, 
Paul von BeneckendorfTund von (1847- ). 

A German field*marshal; chief of German Gen¬ 
eral, Staff, 1916-18.— Hindenburg line, a Ger¬ 
man defensive entrenchment extending through 
Belgium and N. E. France, 1914-18, broken by 
British, French, and United States troops in 1918. 
hin'der, 1 hin'dar; 2 hin'der, vt. & vi. To keep 
from or delay in action; be or act as a check. 
[< AS. hindrian, < hinder, behind.]—hln'der- 
ance, n. Same as hindrance.— hin'der-er, n. 
hind'er, 1 haind'ar; 2 hind'er, a. Pertaining 
to or constituting the rear. [ < AS. hinder, 
behind.]—hind'most", superl. a. In the ex¬ 
treme rear. hind'er-most"J. 

Hin doo, -ism, etc. Same as Hindu, etc. 
hin'drance, 1 hin'drans; 2 hln'dran?, to. The 
act of hindering; also, an obstacle or check, 
llin'du, 1 hin'du; 2 hin'du, to. A member of 
the native Aryan race of India; also, the lan¬ 
guage of this race. [< Per. Hind, India.]— 
Hin"du-stan', to. India: the Persian name.— 
Hin"du-sta'nl, to. The language of India, 
hinge, 1 hinj; 2 hing. I. vt. & vi. [hinged; 
hing'ing.] To furnish with a hinge; turn, as 
on a hinge; be fitted with hinges; depend; 
hang. II. to. A device allowing one part to 
turn upon another; also, a joint. [< ME. 
hengen, hang.] [she ass. [ < L, hinnus, mule.j 
hin'ny, to. The offspring of a stallion and a 
hint, 1 hint; 2 hint. I. vt. & vi. To suggest in¬ 
directly; give a hint. II. to. A covert or indirect 
allusion. [ < AS. hentan, seize.] 
hip 1 , to. The hip*joint or adjacent 
part of the body; haunch. [< 

AS. hype, hip.]—hip'*bone", to. 

A large irregular bone belonging 
to the pelvis and forming the prin- tt, . 
cipal prominence of the hip.—hip* 1 

roof, to. A roof with four sloping sides and no 



hip 2 , to. The fruit of a rose, especially the dog- 


I gable.—hipsshot, a. Having the hip*joint dislo 

cated; hence, lame; awkward. 

2 

_ •y ... —-- --- 

rose or ufild brier. [ < AS. heope, dogrose.] 
Hip-par'chus, 1 hi-par'kus; 2 hi-par'eus, to. A 
Greek astronomer (about 150 B.C.). 
Hip-poc'ra-tes, 1 hi-pok'ra-tlz; 2 hl-pdc'ra-te§, to. 

A Greek physician; the “Father of Medicine.” 
hip'po-drorne, 1 hip'o-drom; 2 hip'o-drom, to. 
An ancient racecourse or modern circus. [ < 
Gr. hippos, horse, + dromos, course.] 
nip-pol'y-ta, 1 hi-pel'i-ta; 2 hi-pol'y-ta, to. Myth. 
A queen of the Amazons. 

hip"po-pot'a-mus, 1 hip"o-pot'9-mus; 2 hlp"- 
o-pot'a-mus, to. j 
large amphibious, 
shortdegged, thick* 
skinned mammal; 
river*horse. [L., < >|i*j 
Gr. hippos, horse, + 
potamos, river.] w$j 

Hi'ram, 1 hai'ram; 2 0r 
hl'ram, to. King of , 

Tyre; aided Solomon in 
building the Temple. Hippopotamus 
hir'cin(e 8 , 1 hur'sin; 2 hir'cin, a. Like a goat. 

[ < L. hircinus, < hircus, goat.j 
hire, I hair; 2 hir. I. vt. [hired; hir'ing.] To 
contract for the services of, or for the use of; 



l /l60 


grant the use of for pay. II. to. Compensa^ 
tion for labor, services, etc. [ < AS. hyr, < 
hyrian, hire.]—hire'ling. I. a. Serving for hire; 
venal. II. ». One who serves for or only for hire. 

HI"ro"hi"to' MI"eha"no"mi"ra', 1 hrro"hi"t5' 
nil"oha"no"mr'ra'; 2 hi" ro" hi" to' mi'cha"n5"mi"- 
ra'. (1901- ), Crown Prince of Japan; appointed 

regent, 1921. 

hir-sute', 1 hur-siut'; 2 her-sut', a. Having a 
hairy covering. [ < L. hirsutus, rough.]—liir- 
sute'ness, to. 


his, 1 hiz; 2 hi§, pron. Possessive case of he. 

[< AS. his, gen. m. and n. of he, he.] 
HIs-pa'ni-a, 1 his-pe'm-a; 2 hls-p&'ni-a, to. Spain: 
Latin and poetical name.— His-pan'ic, a. 

hiss, 1 his; 2 his. I 1 , vt. & vi. To utter a hiss. 
II. n. The prolonged sound of s, especially 
as an expression of contempt; also, any sim¬ 
ilar sound. [ < AS. hysian, hiss.]— hiss'ing, 
to. The act of uttering a hiss. 

hist, 1 hist; 2 hist, interj. Be silent! hush! hark! 
hist., abbr. Historian, historical, history, 
his-tol'o-gy, 1 his-tel'o-ji; 2 hls-tol'o-gy, to. 

The branch of biology treating of the struc¬ 
ture of the tissues; microscopic anatomy. 
[< Gr. histos, web, + -logy.] 
his'to-ry, 1 his'to-n; 2 hls'to-ry, to. [-ries z , pi.} 
A systematic record of past events; 
past events in general. [ < Gr. 
historia.] — his-to'ri- 
an,TO. One who compiles 
a history; a chronicler. 

— his-tor'ic, a. 1. Men¬ 
tioned or celebrated in 
history; notable. 2. 

Historical. — his-tor'i- 
cal, a. 1. Relating to 
history or to the past. 

2. Historic, -ly, adv. 

— his-to"ri-og'ra- 
pher, to. One who 
writes history, 
pecially in an < 
cial capacity. 
his"tri-on'ic, _ 

his"tn-en'ik; 2 Clio, the Muse of History. 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 
















295 


highland 

Holland 


his''tri-6n'ic, a. Pertaining to the stage; the¬ 
atrical. [< L. histrionicus, < histrio (to-), 
actor.] his"tri-on'i-calt.—his"tri-on'i-cal- 
ly, adv.— his"tri-on'ics, to. pi. 1. The art of 
dramatic representation. 2. Theatrical manners, 
hit, 1 hit; 2 hit, v. [hit; hit'ting.] I. t. To 
give a blow to; strike; get or catch cleverly. 
II. i. To strike together; clash; also, to at¬ 
tain one’s aim; happen; conform; suit. [< 
AS. Milan, meet with.] [luck; success, 

hit, to. A stroke; blow; a repartee; stroke of 
hitch 1 , 1 1 liicti; 2 hich, v. I. t. To fasten or tie, 
hich p , J temporarily; move or fasten by a hitch. 
II. i. To move by jerks; become entangled. 
[Cp. G. hinken, limp, D. hotsen, shake.] 
hitch, to. 1. A stop or sudden halt; obstruc¬ 
tion. 2. The act of catching or fastening, as 
by a rope. 3. A noose=like knot, 
hith'er, 1 hith'ar; 2 hith'er. I. a. Near to or to¬ 
ward the speaker. II. adv. In this direction. 
[< AS. Mder, hither.]—hith"er-to', adv. Till 
now.—hlth'er-ward, adv. Hither, 
hive, 1 haiv; 2 hiv. I. vt. & t># [hived; hiv'- 
ing.] To cause to enter a hive; store, as 
honey. II. to. A structure in which bees may 
dwell; also, a colony of bees; hence, a place 
full of activity. [ < AS. hyfe, hive.] 
hives, 1 haivz; 2 hiv§, to. A mild fever with 
eruptions of the skin; also, croup. [<hive.] 
K. J., abbr. [L.] Hie jacet (here lies).—H. L., 
abbr. House of Lords.—hi., abbr. Hectoliter.— 
H. M., abbr. Halleluiah meter, His (or Her) 
Majesty, Home Mission, Home Missionary.— 
hm., abbr. Hectometer.—H. M. S., abbr. His 
(or Her) Majesty’s Ship (or Service), 
ho, 1 ho; 2 ho, inter j. A call to excite attention. 

[Form of O, inter j.] hoaf. 
ho., abbr. House. [Mr, hoary.] 

hoar, 1 hor; 2 hor, a. White; hoary. [< AS. 
hoard, 1 h5rd; 2 hord. I d . vt. & vi. To gather 
and store away; practise accumulating. II. to. 
That which has been stored away. [ < AS. 
hord, treasure.] [white frost, 

hoar'frost", 1 hor'frest"; 2 hor'frost", to. A 
hoar'hound", 1 hor'haund"; 2 hor'hound", to. 
A whitish, bitter, perennial herb of the mint 
family: used as a remedy for colds. [< AS. 
Mr, hoar, + hune, hoarhound.] 
hoarse, 1 hors; 2 h5rs, a. Harsh and rough in 
sound; having the voice harsh or rough. [ < 
AS. Ms, hoarse.] -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
hoar'y, 1 hor'i; 2 hdr'y, a. White, as from age; 

ancient.—hoar'i-ness, to. 
hoax, 1 hoks; 2 hoks. I 1 , vt. To play a trick 
upon. II. to. A deception practised for 
sport. [Corr. of hocus in hocus*pocus.] 
hob, 1 heb; 2 hob, to. A projection; hub. 
hob'ble, 1 1 heb'l; 2 hob'l. I. vt. & vi. [hob'- 
hob'I p , ) bled, hob'ld p ; hob'bling.] To 
hamper the free motion of; hopple; walk with 
a hitch. II. to. 1. A limping gait. 2. A fet¬ 
ter for the legs. [< hop, v.] —hob'ble-de- 
hoy", ra. An awkward stripling.—hobble skirt, 
a skirt, worn by women, so made below the knee 
as to permit the wearer to take only short steps, 
hob'by, 1 heb'i; 2 hob'y, to. [hob'bies 2 , pi] 
Something in which one takes extravagant 
interest. [< OF. hobi, a nag.]—hob'by* 
horse", to. An imitation horse; rocking*horse. 
hob-gob'lin, 1 heb-geb'hn; 2 hob-gob'lin, to. 

A mischievous imp; frightful apparition, 
hob'nail", 1 heb'nel"; 2 hob'nal", to. A nail for 
studding the soles of heavy shoes. 


hob'nob", 1 heb'nob"; 2 hob'nob", vi. [hob'- 
nobbed"; hob'nob"bing.| To drink together 
convivially; be on familiar terms. [< AS. 
habban, have, + nabban, not have.] 
hock 1 , 1 hek; 2 hok, vt. To disable by cutting 
the tendons of the hock; hamstring. 
hock 1 , to. The joint of the hind leg in quadru¬ 
peds corresponding to the ankle in man. See 
illus. under horse. [< AS. hoh, heel.] 
hock 2 , to. Any white Rhine wine. [< Hoch- 
heim, in Germany.] 

hock'ey, 1 hek'i; 2 hok'y, to. A game in which 
a ball is driven with a hooked bat; also, a 
hooked bat. [ < hook, to.] 
ho'cusspo'cus, 1 ho'kus*po'kus; 2 ho'eus*p6'- 
eus, to. A conjurers’ trick; a deception. [A 
jugglers’ term coined in imitation of Latin.] 

hod, 1 hod; 2 hod, to. A long=handled recep¬ 
tacle for carrying bricks and mortar; also, a 
coabscuttle. [Var. of hold 1 , to.]— hod'*car"- 
ri-er, to. hod'manj. 

hodge'podge", to. Same as hotchpotch. 

hoe, 1 hd; 2 ho. I. vt. & vi. [hoed; hoe'ing.] 
To use or operate on with a hoe. II. to. A 
flat=bladed implement for digging. [OF., < 
OHG. houwa, < houwan, cut.]—hoe'seake", n. 
[So. U. S.] A thin cake of Indian meal: originally 
baked on a hoe. 

hog, 1 hog; 2 hog, to. 1. An omnivorous mam¬ 
mal; any domestic variety of the wild boar, 
bred and raised for its meat, called pork. 2. 
A filthy, gluttonous person.—hog'back", to. 
1. A back like a hog’s, or an animal characterized 
by it. 2. A sandy or rocky ridge, hog’ssbackj. 
—hog'backed, a.—hog'gish, a. Like a hog. 
Ho'gartk, 1 ho'garth; 2 ho'garth, William (1697— 
1764). An English satirical painter and engraver, 
hogs'head, to. 1. A large cask. 2. A liquid 
measure, ordinarily 63 gallons. [ < MD. 
oghshoofd, oxhead.] 

Ho"hen-lin'den, 1 ho"en-lin'den; 2 ho"en-lin'- 
den, to. A village 20 m. E. of Munich, Bavaria; 
French defeated Austrians, 1800. 
Ho'hen-zo!"lern, 1 ho'en-tsol"arn; 2 ho'en-tsor- 
ern, to. A princely family of Germany from 
which sprang the Prussian kings from 1701 and 
the German emperors from 1871 to 1918. 
hoi'den, 1 hei'dn; 2 hoi'dn, to. A romping or 
bold girl. [ < MD. heyden, heathen.] hoy'- 
denf.—hoi'[or hoy']den-ish, a. 
hoist, 1 hoist; 2 hoist. I d . vt. To raise to a 
higher position. II. to. A hoisting=machine; 
lift; act of hoisting. [ < OD. hyssen, hoist.] 

hold, 1 hold; 2 hold, v. [held; held or hold'- 
en; hold'ing.] I. t. 1. To retain so as to pre¬ 
vent movement or escape; also, to contain; 
restrict or restrain; withhold. 2. To maintain; 
sustain; adhere to. II. i. 1. To maintain a 
grasp; adhere. 2. To remain firm or un¬ 
broken. 3. To continue; proceed. 4. To 
have possession. 5. To stop; forbear. [< 
AS. healdan, hold.]—hold'er, to.— hold'ing, n. 
A possession. 

hold 1 , to. The act of holding; a seizure; re¬ 
straint; a grasp or a place to grasp; refuge. 

[ < AS. heald, < healdan, hold.] [hole, to.] 

hold 2 , to. The storage part of a ship. [ < 

hole, 1 hoi; 2 hoi, to. A cavity; hollow; animal’s 
den. [ < AS. hoi, < helan, hide.] 

hol'i-day, 1 hol'i-de; 2 hol'i-da, to. A day of 
rest or of diversion. [ < holy + day. ] 
ho'li-ly, adv. In a holy manner; piously; sacredly, 
ho'li-ness, to. The state of being holy. 

Hoi'land, 1 hel'ond; 2 hol'and, to. 1. See 


l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; III = feud; <fhin; go; o = ein^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, btirn; oil, bdy; go, gem; i©k; thin, this. 










hollo 

horn 


296 


Netherlands. 2. [h-] Unbleached linen. 3. 
[h-] pi. Ardent spirits, as made in Holland; gin. 
hol'lo, 1 hel'o or he-lo'; 2 hol'o or h6-lo', interj. 

& n. Same as halloo, hoi'la J; hoi'loaf, 
hoi'low, 1 hel'o; 2 hol'o. I. vt. & vi. To make 
or become hollow. II. a. 1. Having a cavity 
or hollow scooped out; sunken. 2. Empty; 
vacant; sounding like the reverberation from 
an empty vessel or cavity; deep; murmuring. 
III. «. Any depression in a body; a cavity. 
[< AS. liolh, hollow.)—hoi'low-heart'ed, a. 
Insincere; deceitful, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
hol'ly, 1 hel'i; 2 hol'y, re. A tree or shrub with 



Greek holos, whole: combining forms.— hol'o- 
eaust, n. 1. A sacrifice wholly consumed by 
fire. 2. Wholesale destruction by fire and sword. 
[ + Gr. kauslos, burnt.)— liol'o-grapli, a. De¬ 
noting a document wholly in the handwriting of 
the person whose name it bears.— hol'o-graph, 
».— hoI'o-graph"ic, a. hoi 'o-graph"l-cal|. 
Hoi'stein, 1 hol'stain; 2 hol'stin, re. 1. See 
Schleswig-Holstein. 2. One of a breed of 
cattle from Schleswig-Holstein, valued fo» both 
beef and milk. Hoi'stein sFrie"sianf. 
hol'ster, 1 hol'ster; 2 hol'ster, n. A leather 
pistol-case. [ < D. holster.] 
ho'ly, 1 ho'h; 2 ho'ly, a. [ho'li-er; ho'li-est.] 
1. Pertaining to holiness; morally excellent; of 
highest spiritual purity. 2. Consecrated; hal¬ 
lowed. [< AS. halig, < hdl, whole.]— holy 
of holies, the innermost and most sacred shrine 
of the Jewish tabernacle and temple, 
hom 'age, 1 hem'ij; 2 hom'ag. I. vi. [hom'- 
aged; hom'ag-ing.] To pay respect or rev¬ 
erence. II. n. Reverential regard or worship. 
[ < LL. or hominaticum, service of a vassal.) 
home, 1 horn; 2 horn. I. vt. & vi. [homed; 
hom'ing.] To carry, bring, or send home; go 
or fly home; occupy a home; dwell. II. a. 

1. Pertaining to one’s home or country. 2. 
Going to the point; effective. III. n. 1. 
One’s fixed place of abode; family residence. 

2. A congenial abiding-place. 3. The locality 
or country in which a person, plant, or animal 
comes into being or dwells; habitat. 4. 
Any place of rest or shelter. 5. In games, a 
goal. IV. adv. 1. To or at home. 2. To the 
place or point intended. [ < AS. ham, home.] 
—hom'ing, a. Readily finding its way home. 
—homing pigeon, a pigeon with great powers 
of flight, and with remarkable capacity of making 
its way home from great distances, used for con¬ 
veying messages, carrler-pigeonf.—home'- 
Iess, a. Having no home.—home'like", a. Like 


home; reminding of home.—home'ly, a. [home'- 
li-er; home'li-est.) 1. Having a familiar, 
every-day character; unpretentious. 2. [U. S.j 
Having plain features. 3. Domestic.—liome'- 
li-uess, n. —home'sick", a. Suffering because 
of absence from home.—home'sick"ness, re.— 
home'spun". I. a. 1. Of domestic manufac¬ 
ture. 2. Plain and homely in character. II. re. 
Fabric woven at home.—home'stead, re. The 
property occupied as a home; permanent family 
abode. — home'ward, adv. Toward home, 
home'w ards!. 

ho"nie-[or -nioe-]op'a-thy, 1 ho"mi-ep'a-thi; 

2 ho"me-6p'a-thy, re. A system of medicine 
formulated by Hahnemann (1755-1843). It 
is founded on the principle that “like cures 
like,” and prescribes minute doses. [ < Gr. 
homoios, like, + pathos, suffering.)—ho"me-[or 
-moe-]o-path'ic, a. 1. Relating to homeopathy. 
2. Extremely small in quantity.—ho"me-[or 
-mce-]op'a-thist, n - One who advocates or 
practises homeopathy. ho'me-[or -moe-]o- 
pathf. 

Ho'rner, 1 ho'ntfer; 2 ho'mer, re. A Greek epic 
poet of about the ninth century B. C.; traditional 
author of the Iliad and Odyssey.—Ho-mer'ic, 
a. -i-calf; Ho-mc'ri-anf. 
hoin'i-oide, 1 hom'i-said; 2 hom'i-^id, re. 1. 
The killing of any human being by another. 
2. A person who has killed another. [F., < 
L. homo, man, + csedo, kill.)—hom'i-el"dal, a. 
lioin'i-ly, 1 hem'i-li; 2 hom'i-ly, re. [-lies z , pi.] 
A didactic discourse, as for the expounding 
and application of Scripture. [ < Gr. homilia, 

< homilos, gathering.)—hom"i-Iet'ic or -t-cal, 
a. —hom"l-let'lcs, re. The branch of rhetoric 
that treats of the composition and delivery of 
sermons. 

hom'i-ny, 1 hem'i-m; 2 hSm'i-ny, n. [U. S.] 
Maize, hulled and broken, or coarsely ground. 
[< Am. lnd. auhuminea, parched corn.) 
ho'mo-, lioni-, 1 ho'mo-, hom-; 2 ho'mo-, h6m-. 
From Greek homos, same: combining forms op¬ 
posed to helero-. —ho"mo-ge'ne-ous, a. 1. Of 
the same composition or structure throughout. 
2. Of the same kind, nature, etc. (with another); 
like; similar. [+ Gr. genos, race.) ho"mo- 
ge'ne-alf. -ly, adv. -ness, re.—ho"-mo-ge- 
ne'l-ty, re. Identity or similarity of kind or 
structure.—ho 'ino-graph, re. A word spelled 
like another, but of different meaning and deri¬ 
vation; as, base, foundation, and base, wicked.— 
ho-mol 'o-gous, a. Identical in nature, relation, 
or the like.—hom 'o-nym, re. A word sounding 
like another, but of different meaning; as, read 
and reed, hom 'o-phonef. 
ho"ime-op'a-thy, etc. Same as homeopathy. 
etc. 

Hon., abbr. Honorable, honorary.—Bond., abbr. 
Honduras. 

Uon-du'ras, 1 hon-dfi'res; 2 hdn-dy'ras, re. A 
republic (46,250 sq. m.; pop. 637,000) of Central 
America.—Bay of II., inlet N. of Honduras.— 
Cape II., the most northern point of Honduras, 
hone, 1 hon; 2 hon. I. vt. [honed; hon'ing.] 
To sharpen, as on a hone. II. re. A block of 
fine compact stone, or the like, for sharpening 
edged tools, as razors. [ < AS. han, stone.] 
hon'est, 1 en'est; 2 on'Sst, a. 1. Fair and can¬ 
did in dealings; frank; open; just; upright; 
also, chaste. 2. Free from fraud; creditable; 
unimpeached. [ < L. honestus, full of honor, 

< honor, honor.]—hon 'est-ly, adv.— hon'es- 
ty, re. The quality of being honest. 

hon'ey, )1 hun'i; 2 hon'y. I. vt. & vi. To 
hun'ey p , ) talk to in a cajoling manner; be- 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rflle; but, bOm* 
2: art. ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ah; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n) 









297 


hollo 

horn 


come sweet or bland. II. re. 1. A sweet, 
sirupy secretion, derived chiefly from the 
nectaries of flowers, deposited by bees. 2. 
Sweetness or lusciousness in general. [ < AS. 
hunig, honey.]—hon'eysbee", re. A bee that 
collects honey; the common hive*bee.—hon'ey- 
comb". I. vt. To fill with small holes or pas¬ 
sages. II. re. 1. A structure of waxen cells, made 
by bees to contain honey, eggs, etc. 2. Anything 
full of small holes or cells.—hon'ey-combed", 
pa. Full of cells or perforations.—hon'ey- 
dew", re. A sweet secretion of plants or insects. 
—hon'eyed, a. 1. Covered with or full of 
honey. 2. Sweet; cajoling.—hon'ey-moon", re. 
The first month after marriage.—hon'ey- 
suck"I(e p , re. Any one of various ornamental 
erect or climbing flowering shrubs. 

Hong'kong', 1 heo'ker)'; 2 hong'kong', re. A 
British crown colony (400 sq. m.; pop. 598,000), 
S. China; capital, Victoria, 
honk, 1 herjk; 2 honk, re. The cry of a wild goose 
or the sound of an automobile horn.—honk, vi. 
Hon"o-lu'Iu, 1 hen"o-lu'lu; 2 hon"o-lu'lu, re. A 
city (pop. 83,300), on S. Oahu Island, of the 
Hawaiian group; capital of Hawaii, 
hon'or, 1 en'ar; 2 on'or. I. vt. 1. To regard 
with honor or respect; bestow marks of honor 
upon; impart dignity to. 2. To pay, as a 
draft. II. re. 1. Consideration due or paid, as 
to worth; respectful regard. 2. Any outward 
toKen of such feeling. 3. A nice sense of what 
is right. 4. That to which honor is due. 5. A 
cause of esteem. 6. A title used in addressing 
judges, etc. [< L. F honor, honor.]—hon'or- 
a-bl(e p , a. 1. Worthy of honor; conferring 
honor; conforming to a code of honor. 2. A 
title.—hon'or-a-bly, adv. —hon"o-ra'ri-um, 
re. [-Ri-A, pi.] An honorary fee, as to a pro¬ 
fessional man.—hon'or-a-ry, a. 1. Done or 
held as an honor. 2. Holding office that is be¬ 
stowed in sign of honor. 3. Accrediting honor¬ 
able character. 

hon'our, hon'our-a-ble, etc. See honor, etc. 
hood, 1 hud; 2 hood. I d . vt. To cover or fur¬ 
nish with a hood; hence, to hide. II. re. 1. 
A flexible covering for the head and back of 
the neck. 2. Something of similar form or 
character. [< AS. hod .]—hood 'wink', vt. 
To deceive as if by blinding; blindfold. 

Hood, Thomas (1799-1845). An English poet 
and humorist. [dition.] 

-hood, suffix. Condition; state. [< AS. had, con- 
hoo'doo. [Colloq., U. S.] I. vt. To bring bad 
luck to; bewitch. II. re. A cause of,bad luck, 
hoof, 1 huf; 2 hoof, re. [hoofs 2 , rarely hooves 2 , 
pi.] The horny sheath incasing the ends of 
the digits or foot in various mammals. [ < 
AS. hof, hoof.] 

hook<, 1 huk; 2 hook, v. I. t. 1. To fasten or 
catch with a hook; hence, to entrap. 2. To 
attack with the horns, as a cow. 3. [Slang.] 
To pilfer. II. i. 1. To have the form of a 
hook; be fastened by a hook. 2. To attack 
with the horns.—hooked, pa. 1. Curved like 
a hook. 2. Supplied with a hook, 
hook, re. 1. Something curved or bent so as to 
catch or hold another object. 2. A tool in 
hooked form. 3. A curved or bent part or 
construction. [< AS. hoc, hook.] hook'- 
worm", re. A threadlike worm that may infest 
man, sheep, dogs, cattle, etc., producing an 
anemic condition. 

hoo'ka, 1 hu'ka; 2 hoo'ka, re. In India and Persia, 
a form of tobacco*pipe in which the smoke is 
drawn through water. [< Hind, huqqa, < Ar. 


huqqa, pipe for smoking.] hub'ble=bub'blej. 
Hook'er, 1 huk'or; 2 hook'd’, Joseph (1814- 
1879). ‘‘Fighting Joe,” a United States general, 
hoop 1 *, 1 hup; 2 hoop, v. To whoop. 
hoop 2 . I*, vt. 1. To surround with hoops, aS 
a cask. 2. To encircle. II. re. 1. A circular 
band, as one used to confine the staves of bar¬ 
rels. 2. A hoop»skirt. [Cp. D. hoep, hoop.]—■ 
hoopUskirt", re. A framework of hoops or 
crinoline for expanding a skirt, 
hoot, 1 hut; 2 hoot. I d . vt. & vi. To jeer and 
mock with hoots; utter contemptuous cries; 
cry as an owl. II. re. 1. A cry uttered in deri¬ 
sion. 2. The cry of an owl. [ < Sw. huta, hoot.] 
Hoo'ver, 1 hu'vsr; 2 hoo'ver, Herbert (1874- ). 

American engineer; U. S. Food Administrator, 
1913-18. 



Hoo'ver-ize, vi. [-ized; -iz"ing.] [Colloq.] To re¬ 
strict oneself to a fixed allowance of food, as 
meat, etc. 

hop, 1 hep; 2 hop, v. [hopped* or hopt; hop'- 
ping.] I. t. To leap over. II. i. To move 
by short leaps, especially on one leg. [ < AS. 
hoppian.] 

hop 1 , re. The act of hopping; a dance. 
hop 2 , re. 1. A perennial climbing herb with op¬ 
posite lobed leaves 

and scaly fruit. 2. Common Hop. 

pi. The fruit of this 
plant. [ < D. hop.] 
hope, 1 hop; 2hop. I. 
vt. & vi. [hoped*; 

HOP'lNG.) 1. To 
desire with expecta-,, 
tion of obtaining. 

2. [Colloq.] To trust 
or imagine. II. re. 1. Desire 
accompanied by expectation. 

2. The cause of. hopeful ex¬ 
pectation. 3. A thing hoped 
for. [ < AS. hopa, hope.]—hope'ful. 
of hope; promising. II. re. [Colloq. 
daughter, -ly, adv. -ness, re.—hope'less, a. 
Without hope; despairing. -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
hop'per, 1 hop'ar; 2 hop'er, re. One who or 
that which hops; a shaking or conveying fun¬ 
nel or trough, as for grain in a mill, 
hop'pie, 1 hop'l; 2 hop'l. I. vt. [hop'pled; 
hop'pling.] To hamper; hobble. II. re. A fet¬ 
ter for the legs of a horse, etc. [For hobble.] 
hor., abbr. Horizon, horology. 

Hor'ace, 1 hor'is; 2 hor'ac, Q. Horatius Flaccus 
(65-8 B.C.). A Roman lyric poet. 

Ho-ra'tius Co'cles, 1 ho-re'Shus ko'kliz; 2 ho-ra'- 
shus co'cleg. A legendary Roman hero, who' 
with two comrades held the bridge over the Tiber 
against the Etruscan army, 
horde, 1 hord; 2 hord. I. vi. [hord'ed^j; 
hord'ing.] To gather in a horde. II. re. A 
gathered and motley multitude of human 
beings. [F., < Per. ordu, camp.] 

Ho'reb, 1 ho'reb; 2 ho'reb, re. A mountain in the- 
peninsula of Sinai, Arabia; 6,750 ft. 
hore'hound", re. Same as hoarhound. 


I. a. Full 
A son or 


ho-ri'zon, 1 ho-rai'zan; 2 ho-ri'zon, re. 1. The 
line of the apparent meeting of earth or sea 
and sky. 2. The bounds of observation or 
experience. [ < Gr. horizon, ppr. of horizo,. 
bound.]— hor"i-zon'tal, a. Parallel to the hori¬ 
zon; level. -ly, adv. 

horn, 1 hern; 2 horn. I. vt. To provide with 
horns, or shape like a horn. II. re. 1. A 
bonelike projecting growth on the head of 
various hoofed mammals, as oxen. 2. Some- 


l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = <mt; ell; 10 = feud; <5hin; go; o = sirea; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, fcem; i|jk; thin, this. 








hornet 

hot 


298 


thing made of horn, or likened to an animal’s 
horn, as a trumpet. [ < AS. horn.] —horned, 
a Having a horn — horn 'pipe", n. 1. A lively 
English country dance. 2. A former musical In¬ 
strument. —liorn'y, a. 1. Resembling horn; 
callous. 2. Made of horn. 3. Having horns, 
hor'net, 1 hor'net; 2 hor'ngt, n. A large social 
wasp. [ < AS. hyrnet, prob. < horn, horn.] 
horol., abbr. Horology. . 

ho-rol'o-gy, 1 ho-rel'o-ji; 2 ho-rol'o-gy, n. 

[-gies z , pi.] The science of timepieces J 
hor'o-scope, 1 her'o-skop; 2 hor'o-scop, n. 
Astrol. The aspect of the heavens, with refer¬ 
ence to the planets’ position at a person’s 
birth. TF., < Gr. horoskopeion, nativity.] 
hor'ri-ble, / 1 her'i-bl; 2 hor'i-bl, a. Exciting 
hor'ri-bl p , ) abhorrence; terrible. [OF., < L. 
horribilis , < horreo, bristle, be terrified.]— hor'- 
ri-bly, adv.— hor-rif'ic, a. Causing horror.— 
hor'ri-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy'ing.] To affect or fill 
with horror.— hor"ri-fi-ca'tion, n. 
hor'rid, 1 her'id; 2 hor'id, a. Fitted to inspire 
horror; dreadful; outrageous. [ < L. horridus, 
rough, < horreo, bristle.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
hor'ror, 1 her'ar; 2 hor'or, n. 1. The painful 
emotion of extreme fear or abhorrence; dread. 
2. Extreme repugnance. 3. Some great ca¬ 
lamity. [L., < horreo, be terrified.] 
horse, 1 hors; 2 hors, v. [horsed 1 ; hors'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To mount or carry, as on a horse. 2. 
To furnish horses for. II. i. To ride on a horse, 
horse, n. 1. A solid-hoofed quadruped having 



Corresponding Joints in Horse and Man. 

s. s, 8houlder»juint; e, c, elbow.joint; w, w, wriet.joint, com. 
moiily called the kvee in the horse; h, h, hip.joint; k, k, knee«joint, 
the ttifl&joint of the horse; <x, a, ankle»joint, the hockqjoint of the 
horse. 

a mane and tail of long coarse hair, and rela¬ 
tively small ears and head, used as a draft-ani¬ 
mal. 2. The male of the horse. 3. Cavalry. 
[< AS. hors, horse.]— horse'back". I. n. 1. 
A horse’s back. 2. An object shaped like a horse’s 
back. II. adv. On a horse’s back.— h.-chestnut, 
n. An Old World tree of the buckeye family, with 
a large chestnutdike fruit.— h. -fly, n. A gadfly.— 
h. -guards, n. pi. A body of cavalry serving as 
guards.— h.daugh, n. A boisterous laugh.— 
horse'man, n. [-men, pi.] One who rides a horse. 
— horse 'man-ship, n. Equestrian skill. — h.« 
play, n. Boisterous play.— h.-power, n. 1. A 
standard theoretical unit of the rate of work, 
equal to 33,000 pounds lifted one foot in one min¬ 
ute. 2. A mechanical arrangement for utilizing a 
horse’s power.— horse'rad"ish, n. A common 
garden herb of the mustard family, cultivated for 
the pungent root.— horsc'shoe", n. A U-shaped 
metal shoe for a horse; something similarly 
shaped.— horse'wlilp". It. cl. To chastise with 
a horsewhip. II. n. A whip for managing horses. 


—horse'wo"man, ». [-wo'men, pi.] A wo¬ 
man who rides on horseback. —hors'y, a. 1. 
Pertaining to horses. 2. Devoted to horses, 
hors'eyt.—hors'i-ness, n. 
hort., hortic., abbr. Horticultural, horticulture, 
hor'ta-tive, } 1 hor'ta-tiv; 2 hor'ta-tiv, a. Of 
hor'ta-tiv 8 , ) the nature of exhortation. [ < L. 
hortativus, < honor, urge.]—hor'ta-to-ry, a. 
Giving exhortation. 

hor'ti-eul"ture, 1 hor'ti-kul"chur; 2 hor'ti- 
kul"chqr, n. The cultivation of a garden, es¬ 
pecially as a science. [ < L. hortus, garden, 

+ cultura, cultivation.]—hor"ti-cul'tur-al, a. 
— hor"ti-cul'tur-ist, n. One devoted to or 
skilled in horticulture. 

IIoTus, 1 ho'rus; 2 hd'rus, n. Myth. An Egyp¬ 
tian hawk*headed divinity; god of the day or the 
sun. llorj. 

ho-san'na, 1 ho-zan'a; 2 ho-s&n'a, interj. An 
exclamation of praise to God. [ < Heb. GB 
hoshl'ah nna, save, I pray.] 
hose, 1 hoz; 2 hos, n. [hose, formerly ho'sen, 
pi.] 1. A stocking: mostly used as a plural. 
2. A flexible tube for conveying fluids. [ < 
AS. hosa, hose.]— ho'sler, n. One who deals in 
hose, etc.— ho'sier-y, n. Hosiers’ wares; stock¬ 
ings; hose. 

llo-se'a, 1 ho-zl'a; 2 ho-§6'a, n. A Hebrew minor 
prophet, or his book. 

hos'pice, 1 hos'pis; 2 hos'pic, n. A place of enter¬ 
tainment or shelter, as in an Alpine pass. [F.] 
lios'pi-ta-ble, ) 1 hes'pi-ta-bl; 2 h6s'pi-ta-bl, 
hos'pi-ta-bl p , 5 a. 1. Disposed to entertain 
with generous kindness. 2. Characterized by 
hospitality. [OF., < L. LI - hospes, guest.]— 
lios'pi-ta-bly, adv. 

hos'pi-tal, 1 hes'pi-tal; 2 hos'pi-tal, n. An 
institution for the care and treatment of the 
sick or wounded. [OF., < L. LL hospitalis, of 
a guest, < hospes, guest.]— hos"pi-tal'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] The act of being hospitable. 
host 1 , 1 host; 2 host, n. A large body of men; 
an army; multitude. [<OF. host, < L. hos- 
tis, enemy.] 

host 2 , n. 1. One who entertains guests in pri¬ 
vate life. 2. The landlord of a hotel. [ < L.° F 
hospes (hospit -), entertainer.] 
host 3 , n. In some churches, the consecrated 
bread or wafer used at the Lord’s Supper. [ < 
L. F hostia, sacrificial victim.] 
hos'tage, 1 lies'tij; 2 hos'tag, n. A person 
held as a pledge, as in war, for the perform¬ 
ance of some stipulation. [OF., < L. LL 

nhsp? nlptlfjp 1 

hos'tel-ry, l hes'tel-n; 2 hos'tel-ry, n. An 
inn. hos'telt; hos'tler-yj. 
host'ess, 1 host'es; 2 host'Ss, n. A female host, 
hos'tile, ) 1 hes'til; 2 hos'til. I. a. 1. Having 
hos'til 8 , \ a spirit of enmity. 2. Pertaining to 
an enemy. II. n. An enemy. [F., < L. 
hoslilis, hostile.] -ly, adv. — hos-til 'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The state of being hostile. 2. pi. 
Warlike measures. 

hos'tier, 1 hes'ler or es'lar; 2 hos'ler or os'ler, 
n. A stableman; groom, 
hot, 1 hot; 2 hot, a. [hot'ter; hot'test.] 1. 
Being heated, or having high temperature. 
2. Pungent; acrid. 3. Marked by passion; 
fiery. [ < AS. hat, hot.]— hot'bed", n. A bed 
of rich earth, protected by glass, for promoting 
the growth of plants.— hot'head", n. A hasty, 
impetuous, or quicktempered person. — hot* 
headed, a.— liot'house", n. A structure kept 
warm artificially, as for the forced growth of flow¬ 
ers, etc.— hot'ly, adv .— hot'ness, n. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, born: 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 
















^ 15 

REPRESENTATIVE TYPES OF HORSES. 


1. Pacing stallion. 

2. Orloff stallion. 

3. Thoroughbred stallion 

4. Percheron stallion. 

5. Shire stallion. 


6. French Coach stallion. 

7. Shetland pony. 

8. Hackney stallion. 

9. Cleveland Bay stallion. 

10. Belgian stallion. 


11. Trotting stallion. 

12. Arab stallion. 

13. German Coach stallion 

14. Clydesdale stallion. 

15. Suffolk stallion. 



hotchpotch 

hunt 


300 


hotch'potch", 1 hedh'pedh"; 2 hoch'poch", n. 
A various mixture; jumble. [Ult. < OD. 
hulsen, shake, + pot, pot.] hodge'podge"J. 
ho-tel', 1 ho-tel'; 2 ho-tel', n. 1. A house for 
the entertainment of travelers and others; 
an inn. 2. In Franco*English usage, an offi¬ 
cial residence; mansion. [< F. hotel, < OF. 
hostel, inn.] 

houghs 1 hok; 2 h6k, v. & n. Same as hock. 
hound, 1 haund; 2 hound. I d . iit. To hunt 
with or as with hounds; set on the chase; 
trail; persecute. II. n. 1. A hunting'dog. 
2. A dastardly fellow. [ < AS. hund, dog.] 
hour, 1 aur; 2 our, n. 1. A period of sixty min¬ 
utes. 2. A set, appointed, or definite time. 
[ < Gr. L+p hora, time, period.]— hour'*glass", n. 
A glass vessel used for measuring time by the 
running of sand.— hour'ly, I. a. Happening 
every hour. II. adv. At intervals of an hour, 
hou'ri, 1 hu'n; 2 hy'ri, n. A nymph of the Mo¬ 
hammedan Paradise. [< Ar. PEB+F huriya, < 
ahwar, black»eyed.] 

house, / 1 hauz; 2 hou§, vt. & vi. [housed, 
houz p ,) houzd p ; hous'ing; houz'ing p .] To 
place under cover; take shelter or lodgings, 
house, 1 huus; 2 hous, n. 1. A place of abode 
or shelter. 2. A household. 3. A tribe; 
stock; line. 4. One of the divisions of a legis¬ 
lative body. 5. A mercantile establishment. 
6. An audience of people. [ < AS. hits, 
house.]— house'lireak"er, n. One who breaks 
into a house to rob.— house 'break"ing, n. — 
housc'hold". I. a. Domestic. II. n. A num¬ 
ber of persons dwelling under the same roof.— 
house'ho!d"er, n. The head of a family.— 
house'keep"er, n. A woman who oversees 
work in a house.— house'keep"ing, n. The 
management of a household.— house'maid", n. 
A girl employed in housework.— h.«room, n. 
Accommodations or space in a house.— house'- 
warm"ing, n. A festivity on entering a new 
home.— house'wife", n. The mistress of a 
household.— house'wife"ly, a. & adv. Like a 
housekeeper; thrifty.— house'wlfe"ry, n. House¬ 
keeping.— house'work", ». Work connected 
with housekeeping. 

hous'ing 1 , 1 hauz'irj; 2 hous'ing, n. 1. The act 
of providing with a house. 2. Shelter, 
hous'ing-’, n. The ornamental trappings of a 
horse. [ < OHG. 01 ’ hulsa, shell.] 

Hous'ton, 1 hus'tan or hous'tan; 2 hus'ton or 
hous'ton, Sain (1793-1863). An American 
statesman and general; secured independence of 
Texas. 

hove, imp. of heave, v. 

taov'el, 1 hev'el; 2 hbv'81, n. A wretched 
dwelling. [Dim. of AS. hof, house.] 
hov'er, 1 huv'er; 2 hov'er, v. I. t. To cover 
with the wings. II. i. 1. To pause with 
fluttering wings. 2. To linger about. [Ult. 
< AS. hof, house.]—hov'er-er, ». 
how, 1 hou; 2 how, adv. i. In what way or 
manner. 2. To what degree or amount. 3. 
In what state. 4. At what price. 5. To what 
purport. 0. By what name. 7. For what 
reason; why. [ < AS. hu, how.]—how-be'it, 
adv. & conj. Be it as it may.—how-ev'er. I. 
adv. In whatever manner; by whatever means. 
II. conj. Notwithstanding; yet.—hotv"so-ev'- 
er, adv. Nevertheless. 

how'dah, 1 hau'da; 2 how'da, n. A railed or 
canopied seat on the back of an elephant. 
[ < Hind, haudah.] 

Howe, 1 hau; 2 how, n. 1. Elias (1819-1867), an 
American machinist; inventor of the sewing* 


machine. 2. Richard, Earl (1725-1799), an 
English admiral; commanded in the American 
war; defeated Frencli fleet off Brest, June 1, 
1794. 3. William, Viscount (1729-1814), an 

English general; commander*in*chief in North 
America, 1775-1778. 

how'it-zer, 1 hau'it-sar; 2 how'it-ser, n. A 
short light cannon. [ < Boh.° haufnice, how¬ 
itzer.] 

howl, 1 haul; 2 howl. I. vt. & vi. To utter a 
loud wail; condemn or suppress by clamor; 
roar, as a tempest. II. n. 1. The cry of a 
wolf or of a dog in distress. 2. Any resonant 
mournful cry. [Imitative.]— howl'ing, pa. 
Abounding in howls; dismal, 
hoy, inlerj. Ho; hallo. [< D. hui, come.] 
hoy'den, n. Same as hoiden. 

II. P., abbr. Half pay, High Priest.— h. p., abbr. 
Horse*power, high*pressure.—H. P. M., abbr. 
Halleluiah particular meter.—II. U., abbr. 
House of Representatives.—hr., abbr. [hks., pi.] 
Hour.—II. K. E., abbr. Holy Roman Emperor 
(or Empire).—II. 11. II., abbr. His (or Her) 
Royal Highness.—II. S., abbr. Hie sepultus 
(L., here [is] buried). High School.—II. S. II., 
abbr. His (or Her) Serene Highness.—II. S. S., 
abbr. [L.] Historic Societatis Socius (Fellow of 
the Historical Society).—lit., abbr. Height, 
huh, 1 hub; 2 hub, n. 1. The central part of a 
wheel. 2. Anything central. [Cp. hob 1 , hump.] 
huh'hub, 1 hub'ub; 2 hub'ub, n. A confused 
noise; uproar. • [Cp. whoop 1 .] [for towels, 
huck'a-back, n. A coarse, durable cloth used 
huck'le-ber"ry, 1 huk'l-ber"i; 2 huk'l-bgr"y, n. 
[-ries z , pi.] The edible black or dark*blue 
berry of a species of heath; less correctly, 
the blueberry, nur'tle-ber"ryj. 
huck'ster, 1 huk'star; 2 huk'ster. I. vi. To 
bargain in a small way. II. n. One who re¬ 
tails small wares; a hawker. [< MD. heuk- 
ster, < hucken, crouch.] 

hud'die, 1 hud'l; 2 hud'l. I. vt & vi. [hud'- 
dled; hud'dling] 1. To collect confusedly; 
put in place hurriedly. 2. Gather in a huddle. 
II. n. A confused crowd or collection. [ < 
AS. hydan, hide.] 

Hu'di-bras, 1 hiu'di-bras; 2 hu'di-bras, n. Hero 
of Butler’s Hudibras, a poem caricaturing the 
Puritans.—Hu"di-bras 'tic, a. 

Hud'son, 1 hud'san; 2 hud'son, Henry, or in 
Dutch, Hen'drik (1575-1611). An English 
navigator in service of Dutch merchants; ex¬ 
plored Hudson river, 1609; discovered Hudson 
Bay, 1611.—II. Ilay, an inland sea in N. Can¬ 
ada.—II. river, a river in E. New York State, 
entering New York Bay; opposite New York city 
it is called North River.—II. Strait, a strait 
connecting Hudson Bay with the Atlantic ocean. 
hue 1 , 1 hiu; 2 hu, n. The particular shade of a 
color. [ < AS. hiw, form.]—hued, a. Hav¬ 
ing a hue; as, dark*/med. [hu (F. hvte), cry.] 
hue 2 , n. A vociferous cry; shouting. [< OF. 
Huer'ta, 1 wer'ta; 2 wfiFta, Vlctoriano (1854- 
1916). Mexican general; provisional president of 
Mexico (1913-14). 

huff, ) 1 huf; 2 huf. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To puff up 
huf p , ) or swell; be puffed up. 2. To bully; 
hence, to anger. II. n. Offense suddenly 
taken. [Imitative; cp. G. hauchen, breathe.]— 
hufT'Isli, a. Petulant; irascible.— huff'y, a 1. 
Easily offended. 2. Puffed up. 
hug, 1 hug; 2 hug, v. [hugged; hug'ging.] I. 
t. 1. To clasp tightly within the arms. 2. To 
cherish. II. i. To cuddle. [Scand.]— hug, 
n. A close embrace. 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rQle; but, btrrn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n| 







301 


hotchpotch 

hunt 


huge, 1 hiuj; 2 hug, a. Having great bulk; 

vast. [ <OF. ahuge, high.] -Iy, adv. -ness, to. 
Hu'go, 1 hiu'go or (F.) ii"go'; 2 hu'go or (F.) 
ii"go\ Victor Marie, Vicomtc (1802-1885). A 
French romantic lyric poet, novelist, and dram¬ 
atist; Les Miserables, etc. 

Hu'gue-not, 1 hiQ'gi-net; 2 hu'ge-n6t, to. Ch. 
Hist. A French Protestant of the 16th and 17th 
centuries. The Huguenots suffered bloody per¬ 
secutions during the religious wars of the time, 
hulk, 1 hulk; 2 hulk, to. 1. The body of an old 
or disabled ship. 2. Any unwieldy object. 
[< AS. hulc, < Gr. holkas, a ship of burden.] — 
hulk'ing, a. Bulky; unwieldy. 
hull 1 , 1 hul; 2 hul. I. vt. To free from the hull. 
II. n. The outer covering, as of a nut; husk. 
[< AS. hulu, hull, < helan, cover.] 
hull’. I. vt. To strike or pierce the hull of. 

II. to. The body of a vessel. [ < hole, to.] 
hul"la-ba-loo', 1 huFa-ba-lu'; 2 hul"a-ba-16o', to. 

An uproar; tumult. [as halloo. 

hul-lo', 1 hu-lo'; 2 hu-lo', v., to., & interj. Same 
hum, 1 hum; 2 hum. I. vt. & vi. [hummed; 
hum'ming.] To sing in a low tone; make a 
droning sound. II. to. A low', monotonous, 
or inarticulate sound (as of h'm). [Imitative.] 
hu man, 1 hiu'man; 2 hu'man, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to or characterizing man or mankind. 2. 
Possessed by or suitable for man. [ < L. 
fiumanus, belonging to a man.]—hu'man-ize, 
vt. & vi. [-ized; -iz'Tng.] To render humane 
or human, hu'man-isej.—hu'man-kind", n. 
The human race.—hu'man-ly, adv. 
hu-mane', 1 hiu-men'; 2 hu-man', a. 1. Hav¬ 
ing or showing kindness and tenderness; 
compassionate. 2. Tending to refine; polite; 
elegant. [ < L. humanus; see human.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. —liu-man"i-ta'ri-an, n. A 
philanthropist. -ism, n. —hu-man 'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. Mankind collectively. 2. Human 
nature. 3. The state of being humane; a hu¬ 
mane act. 4. pi. Classical learning. 

Hum'ber, 1 hum'bar; 2 hum'ber, to. An estuary 
of the Ouse and Trent rivers, E. English coast, 
hum'ble, (1 hum'bl; 2 hiim'bl. I. vt. [hum'- 
hum'bl p , ) bl(e)d p ; hum'bling.] To make 
humble; humiliate; lower. II. a. [hum¬ 
bler; hum'blest.] Having or expressing a 
sense of inferiority or unworthiness; meek; 
unpretending; lowly. [F., < L. humilis, low, 

< humus, ground.]—hum'ble-ness, n. Hu¬ 
mility. [A bumblebee. 

huin'ble-bee", 1 hum'bl-bi"; 2 hum'bl-be", n. 
hum'bly, adv. In a humble manner. 
Hum'boldt, 1 hum'bolt; 2 hum'bolt, F. H. Alex¬ 
ander, Baron von (1769-1859). A German 
scientist, author, and traveler.— II. Bay, inlet on 
coast of N. California.—H. Lake, H. moun¬ 
tains, H. river, in Nevada, 
hum'bug", 1 hum'bug"; 2 hum'bug". I. vt. & 
vi. [hum'bugged", hum'bugd" 8 ; hum'bug"- 
ging.] To impose upon; deceive. II. to . 1 . 
Anything intended or calculated to deceive; a 
sham. 2. An impostor.—hum 'bug"ger-y, n. 
hum'drum", 1 hum'drum"; 2 hum'drum". I. 
a. Without interest; tedious. II. n. Mo¬ 
notonous existence; tedious talk. [ < hum, v., 
-f drum.] 

hu'mer-al, 1 hiu'mar-al; 2 hu'raer-al, a. Of or 
pertaining to the humerus, or upper bone of the 
arm. [ < L. humerus, shoulder.] 
hu'mid, 1 hiu'rmd; 2 hu'mid, a. Containing 
sensible moisture; damp. [< L. p humidus, 

< humeo, be moist.]—hu-mid 'i-ty, n. Humid 

condition; moisture; dampness._ 


hu-mil'i-ate, 1 hiu-mil'i-et; 2 hu-mil'i-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To offend the pride of. [ < 
L .humilis, humble.] —hu-mil"i-a'tion, n. 
hu-mil'i-ty, 1 hiu-mil'i-ti; 2 hu-mil'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] The quality of being humble. 
[< L. humilila(.l-)s, lowness.] 
hum'ming*bird", n. A small brilliantly col¬ 
ored bird of the New World, mostly tropical, 
related to the swifts, 
hum'mock, 1 hum'ak; 2 
hiim'ok, n. A small 
elevation. [Prob. dim. 
of hump.] — hum'- 
mock-y, a. Abounding 
in hummocks, 
hu'mor, 1 hiu'mar; 2 
hu'mor. I. vt. 1. To 
yield to the humor or 
caprices of. 2. To adapt 
oneself to. II. n. 1. 

Disposition of mind or . 

feeling; characteristic Humming=bird. A 
mood; whim. 2. A facetious turn of thought. 
3. An animal fluid. 4. A cutaneous eruption. 
[< L. humor, < humeo, be moist.] hu'mourj 
[Eng.].—hu'mor-ist, n. 1. One who displays 
humor. 2. A whimsical person.—hu'mor-ous, 
a. 1. Adapted to excite merriment; amusing. 2. 
Moved by caprice; whimsical. -Iy, adv. -ness, 
n. —hu'mor-some, a. 1. Full of humors or 
whims. 2. Characterized by humor; droll, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

hump, 1 hump; 2 hump, n. A protuberance, 
especially that formed by a curved spine. 
[Cp. D. homp .]—hump'back", n. 1. A crooked 
back. 2. A hunchback.—hump'backed", a. 

Hun, 1 hun; 2 hun, n. 1. One of a barbarous 
Asiatic race which invaded Europe (4th cent.). 
2. [Recent.] A German soldier. 

Hun., Hung., abbr. Hungarian, Hungary, 
hunch, 1 huncffi; 2 hunch. I 1 , vt. To push 
suddenly; jostle; also, to crook, as the back. 
II. n. 1. A hump. 2. A lump or hunk. 3. A 
sudden shove. [Form of hunk, to.]— hunch'- 
back", to. A humpbacked person. — hunch'- 
backed", a. 

bund., abbr. Hundred. 

hun'dred, 1 hun'dred; 2 hun'drSd. I. a. Ten 
times ten. II. to . 1 . Ten times ten; also, the 
symbol representing it, C or 100. 2. An an¬ 
cient subdivision of a county. [AS.]—hun'- 
dredth. I. a. Tenth in order after the nineti¬ 
eth. II. to. The last in a series of 100.—hun'- 
dred-weight", n. See weight. 

hung, 1 hurr, 2 hung, imp. & pp. of hang, v. 
Hun'ga-ry, 1 huq'ga-ri; 2 hun'ga-ry, n. A country 

and former kingdom (35,164 sq. m.; pop. 7,840,- 
832) of Central Europe; capital, Budapest.— 

H. Proper, the original kingdom of that name 
(109,188 sq. m.; pop. 18,264,533).—Hun-ga'- 
ri-an, a. & to. 

hun'ger, 1 hur/gar; 2 hun'ger. I. vi. 1. Tg 
crave food. 2. To have eager desire. II. to. 

I. Craving for food. 2. A strong desire. [AS.] 
liun'gry, 1 huq'gn; 2 hiin'gry, a. [hun'gri- 

er; hun'gri-est.] 1. Having a keen appe¬ 
tite; suffering from want of food; craving. 2* 
Indicating hunger. [< AS. hungrig, < hunger, 
hunger.]—hun'gri-ly, adv.— hun'gri-ness, to. 
hunk, 1 hupk; 2 hunk, to. [Colloq.] A large piece; 
lump. [Akin to hook.] 

hunt, 1 hunt; 2 hunt. I d . vt. & vi. 1. To pur¬ 
sue, as game; follow the chase. 2. To make a 
close search. II. to . 1 . The act of hunting 
game; chase. 2. A search. 3. An association 



1-3 = final; I = habit; aisle; an = out; ell; IQ = feud; tfhin; go; r) = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rifle, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Ilunyady 

hysteria 


302 


of huntsmen. 4. A district hunted over. [ < 
AS. huntian, hunt.]— hunt'er, n. 1. A hunts¬ 
man. 2. A horse used in hunting.— hunt'ress, 
n. A female hunter.— hunts'man, n. [-men, 
pi.] One who practises hunting; the attendant in 
charge of a pack of hounds in a hunt. 
Hun'yad-y, Ja'nos, 1 hun'yed-i, ya'no^h; 2 hun'- 
yod-y, ya'nosh (13877-1456). A Hungarian 
general and national hero; checked the Moslem 
advance in S. E. Europe, Hun'yad-U ; Hu"ni- 
a'des, John?. 

hur'dle, / 1 hur'dl; 2 hflr'dl, n. 1. A movable 
hur'dl 1 *, ) framework wattled together and 
used for making fences, etc. 2. A framework 
to be leaped over in racing. [ < AS. hyrdel, 
hurdle.] 

hur'dy=gur"dy, 1 hur'di»gur"di; 2 hur'dy*gur"dy, 
n. One of various musical instruments played 
by turning a crank; specif., a hand-organ, 
hurl, 1 hurl; 2 hhrl, vt. & vi. To throw w r ith 
violence; utter with vehemence. [Form of 
hurtle, ».l— hurl 'er, n. [Tumult; uproar. 

hur'ly=bur"ly, 1 hur'li-bur'li; 2 hur'ly=bur"ly, n. 
Hu'ron, 1 hiu'ron; 2 hu'ron, Lake. The second 
largest of the Great Lakes of N. America; 23,800 
sq. m. in area. 

hur-rah', / 1 hu-ra'; 2 hu-ra'. I. vt. & vi. To 
hur-ra', ) cheer; utter hurrahs or cheers. II. 
n. A shout of triumph. Ill . interj. An excla¬ 
mation denoting triumph or joy. [ < G. hurra.] 
hur'ri-eane, 1 hur'i-ken; 2 hur'i-can, n. Orig¬ 
inally, a cyclone; now, any gale of unusual vio¬ 
lence. [ < Caribbean 31 * hurakan, hurricane.] 
hur'ry, 1 hur'i; 2 hur'y. I. vt. & vi. [hur'- 
ried; hur'ry-ing.] To cause to be done 
rapidly; hasten; act rapidly; be precipitate. 
II. n. [hur'ries 2 , pi.] The act of hurrying; 
haste. 

hurt, 1 hurt; 2 hflrt. I. vt. & vi. [hurt; hurt'- 
ing.1 1. To cause to suffer; pain; injure. 2. 
To do or cause pain or harm. II. n. Injury, 
as a bruise; hence, damage. [< OF. hurter, 
hit; prob. Celt.]—hurt'fui, a. Causing hurt, 
-ly, ado. -ness, n. 

hur'tle, 1 hur'tl; 2 hflr'tl, vt. & vi. [hur'tled; 
hur'tling.] To move with violence; rush 
headlong; hurl. [Freq. of hurt, r.] 
hus 'band, 1 huz'band; 2 hug'band. I d . vt. 1. 
To save for the future; manage economically. 
2. To provide with a husband; be a husband 
to. II. to. A married man. [< AS. hus, 
house, 4- bonda, bunda, head of a family.]— 
bus'band-man, n. [-men, pl.\ A farmer.— 
hus'band-ry, n. 1. Agriculture. 2. Economi¬ 
cal management. 

hush, 1 hu^h; 2 hush. I*, vt. & vi. To make 
silent; to restrain; be still. II. n. Profound 
silence; quiet. III. inter j. Be still. 

husk, 1 husk; 2 husk. I 1 , vt. To remove the 
husk of. II. n. 1. The outer covering of 
certain fruits or seeds; rind; hull, espec. 
[U.S.] that of an ear of maize or Indian corn. 
2. Anything comparatively worthless. [ME. 
husk, < AS. hulu, hull.]—liusk'er, n.— husk'- 
ing, it. 

husk'y 1 , 1 husk'i; 2 husk'y, a. [husk'i-er; 

husk'i-est.] Abounding in husks; like husks 
husk'y 5 , a. [husk'i-er; husk'i-est.] Hoarse: 
said of the voice. [ < husk, var. of harsh.] — 
husk'l-Iy, ado.— husk'i-ness, n. 
hus'ky, 1 hus'ki; 2 hfls'ky, n. [hus'kies 2 , pi.] 
[U. S. and Canada.] 1. An Indian sledge*dog. 
2. A well-developed and energetic man. 3. [H-] 
An Eskimo. 


hus-sar', 1 hu-zar'; 2 hu-§ar', n. A light=horse 
trooper. [ < Hung, huzzar.] 

IIus"sein' Ka"niil', 1 hu"scn' ka'mll'; 2 hu'sen' 
ka'mfl'(1854- ). Sultan of Egypt. Dec. 19, 

1914. 

hus'sy, 1 huz'i; 2 hu§'y, n. [hus'sies 2 , pi] A 
pert or forward girl. [Corr. of housewife.] 
liust'ing, 1 hust'nj; 2 hust'ing, n. 1. A meet¬ 
ing for conference. 2. pi. [Gt. Brit.] A 
platform for electioneering speeches. [ < AS. 
hasting.] , 

hus'tle, ) 1 hus'l; 2 hus'l, vt. & vi. [hus'- 
lius'tl 1 *, S tl(e)d p ; hus'tling.] 1. To shake 
or shuffle together in confusion; jostle; shuffle 
along. 2. [Colloq., U. S.] To show energy 
and perseverance. [ < D. hutselen, freq. of 
hutsen, jostle.]—hus 'tier, n. 
hut, 1 hut; 2 hut. I. vt. & vi. [hut'ted^; hut'- 
ting.] To shelter in a hut; live in a hut. II. 
7i. A rude dwelling. [ < F. hutte, < G. hiitte.] 
hutch, ) I huch; 2 huch. I', vt. To hoard, as 
huch p , s in a chest. II. n. A place for storing 
anything; a small or dark room; also, a chest, 
coop, etc. [< F. huche, < LL. hutica, chest; 
cp. hut, 71.] 

Ilux'ley, 1 huks'lr, 2 huks'ly, Thomas Henry 
(1825-1895). An English physiologist and writer. 
Huy'gens, 1 hai'genz; 2 hy'gfens, Christian (1629- 
1695). A Dutch mathematician and astronomer, 
huz-za', v., n., & inter j. Hurrah. [< G. hussa, 
huzza.] 

Hwang. 1 hwdq; 2 hwiing, n. A river in China; 

2,700 m. to the Yellow Sea. Hwang Hof. 

II. W. M., abbr. High*water mark, 
hy'a-cinth, 1 hai'a-sinth; 2 hy'a-cfnth, n. A 
bulbous plant cultivated for its spike*like 
cluster of flowers.—hy"a-ein'thin(e s , a. Per¬ 
taining to or like the hyacinth; beautiful. 
Hy"a-cin'thus, 1 hai'a-sin'fhus; 2 hy"a-cin'thus, 
n. Gr. Myth. A beautiful youth, accidentally 
killed by Apollo in discus*tbrowing, and changed 
to a flower. 

hy-ae'na, n. Same as hyena. 
hy'brid, 1 hai'brid; 2 hy'brid. I. a. Produced 
by interbreeding or cross*fertilization; mixed. 
II. n. A hybrid animal or plant; a mongrel. 
[< L. F hybrida, mongrel.]—hy'brid-ism, n .— 
hy'brid-Ize, vt. & vi. 

hyd., hydraul., abbr. Hydraulics. — hyd., hy¬ 
dros., abbr. Hydrostatics. 

IIy"der-a-bad ', t». Same as Haidarabad. 
hy'dra, 1 hai'dra; 2 hy'dra, n. [hy'dras 2 or 
hy'dr.e, 1 -dri; 2 -dre, pi] i. [II-] Gr. Myth. 
The many*headed water*serpent slain by 
Hercules. 2. Any evil of many forms. [ < 
Gr. hydra, Lernceanserpent.]— hy'dra =head"ed, 
- a. Having many heads; hard to extirpate, 
hy'drant, 1 hai'drant; 2 hy'drant, n. A valved 
discharge*pipe connected with a water-main. 
[< Gr. hyddr ( hydr -), water.] 
hy'drate, 1 -dret; 2-drat, n. A compound formed 
by the union of molecules of water with other 
molecules or atoms. [ < Gr. hyddr (hydr-), water.] 
hy-drau'Iic, 1 hai-dre'lik; 2 hy-dra'lic, a. Per¬ 
taining to hydraulics; involving the moving 
of water, or force exerted by water. [ < Gr. 
hydor, water, + autos, pipe.]— hy-drau'lies, n. 
1. Physics. The science of liquids, especially 
water, in motion. 2. Hydraulic engineering, 
hy'dro-, 1 hai'dro-; 2 hy'dro-. A combining 
form. [< Gr. hydor, water.]— hy"dro-a'er- 
o-plane, n. An aeroplane so constructed as to be 
capable of alighting or traveling upon, traveling 
over, or rising from the water.— hy"dro-oar'- 
bon, 7i. One of a class of compounds that con- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, bum; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 







303 


Hunyady 

hysteria 


tain hydrogen and carbon only.— hy 'dro-gen, n. 
A colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous element, 
the lightest substance known. — hy-drog'e- 
nous, a. —hy-drog'ra-pher, n. One versed in 
hydrography.— hy"dro-graph'ic, a. Relating 
to hydrography.— hy-drog'ra-phy, hy-drog'- 
ra-fy s , n. The science ol determining and mak¬ 
ing known the conditions of navigable waters, 
charting coasts, rivers, etc.— hy-drom'e-ter, n. 
1. An instrument for determining the density or 
specific gravity of solids and liquids. 2. A cur- 
rent*gage.— hy"dro-met'ric, a.— hy-drop'a- 
thist, n. One who treats diseases with water, 
hy'dro-pathf.—hy-drop'a-thy, n. The treat¬ 
ment of diseases by the use of water.— hy"dro- 
path'ic, a. —hy"dro-pho 'bi-a, hy"dro-fo'- 
bi-a s , n. A disease communicated by the bite of 
a rabid animal, due to a specific virus in the 
saliva.— hy"dro-pho'bic, a .— hy'dro-plane, n. 
An extremely light motorboat, driven by sub¬ 
merged screws or aerial propellers, which is par¬ 
tially lifted into the air when traveling at speed. 
— hy"dro-stat'ic, a. Pertaining to hydrostatics. 
hy"dro-stat'i-calJ.—hy"dro-stat'lcs, n. The 
science of the pressure and equilibrium of fluids, 
as water.— hy'drous, a. Watery; containing 
water or hydrogen. 

hy-e 'na, 1 hai-i'na; 2 hy-e'na, n. A cowardly 


carmvorous mam¬ 
mal having the 
fore legs longer 
than the hind. [ < 
Gr. hyaina (from 
its hogdike mane), 
< hys, hog.J 
hy'gi-ene, 1 hcd'ji- 
in; 2 hy'gi-en, n. 
The branch of 



Striped Hyena 


medical science that relates to the preser¬ 
vation of health. [ < Gr. p hygiaind, be 
healthy.]— hy"gi-en'ic, a. Pertaining to hy¬ 
giene.— hy'gi-en-ist, n. 

hy-grom'e-ter, n. An instrument for ascer¬ 
taining the humidity. 

Hy 'men, n. 1. Gr. Myth. The god of mar¬ 
riage. 2. [h-] The wedded state. [L., < Gr. 
Hymen, god of marriage.]— hy"men-e'al. I. a. 
Pertaining to marriage. hy"me-ne'anj. II. n. 
A wedding=song. 


Hy"men-op'ter-a, 1 hai"men-ep'tor-a; 2 hy"- 
men-op'ter-a, n. pi. Entom. An order of 
insects having four membranous wings, and 
mostly a worm-dike larva and inactive pupa, 
including bees, wasps, sawflies, ants, etc. [< 
Gr. hymen, membrane, + pteron, wing.]— hy"- 
men-op'ter, n .— hy"nien-op'ter-ous, a. 

hymn, 1 him; 2 hvm. I. vt. & vi. [hymned; 
hymn'ing.] To sing hymns to; express in 
hymns; sing praises. II. n. A song expres¬ 
sive of praise, adoration, or elevated emotion. 
[< AS. hymen, < Gr. hymnos, hymn.]— hym'- 
nal, n. A book of hymns.— hym-nol'o-glst, n. 
A student or writer of hymns.— hym-nol 'o-gy, 
n. The study or science of hymns. 

Hy-pa'ti-a, 1 hai-pe'Sh)-a; 2 hy-pa'shi-a, n. A 
Greek philosopher and teacher at Alexandria; 
killed by a mob A. D. 415; heroine of Kingsley’s 


Hypatia. 

hy'per-, prefix. Over; above; above measure. 
[< Gr A hyper-, < hyper, over.]— hy-per'bo-la, 
n. Geom. A plane curve such that the differ¬ 
ence of the distances from any point of the curve to 
two fixed points, the foci, is a constant: the figure 


formed when two cones, placed vertex to vertex, 
are cut by a plane that passes through both. 
— hy-per'bo-le, 1 hai-pur'bo-H; 2 hy-per'bo-le, 
n. Poetic or rhetorical overstatement; exaggera¬ 
tion.— hy"per-bol'ic, hy"per-bol'i-cal, a. Re¬ 
lating to hyperbole; exaggerating. — hy"per- 
bol'i-cal-ly, adv. — Hy"per-bo're-an. I. a. 1. 
Pertaining to the Hyperboreans. 2. [b-] Occu¬ 
pying the extreme north; hence, very cold. II. n. 
Gr. Myth. One of a people supposed to dwell be¬ 
yond the north wind. — hy"per-crit'tc, n. A 
very severe critic.— hy"per-crit'i-cal, a. Given 
to strained or captious criticism.— hy"per-crit 'I- 
cal-ly, adv. — hy"per-crit'i-cism, n. Unduly 
severe, minute, or captious criticism.— hy-per'- 
tro-phy, n. Undue or excessive growth. 
Hy-pe'ri-on, 1 hai-pl'n-en or haI"par-ai'on; 2 fcy- 
pe'ri-on or hy"per-i'on, n. Gr. Myth. The sum- 
god, incarnation of light and beauty, 
hy'phen, )1 hai'fen; 2 hy'fen, n. A mark 
hy'fen p , j (- or =) indicating connection, 
placed between the elements of words. [ <Gr. 
hypo, under, + hen, one.]— hy'phen-ate, vt. [-at"- 
ed<i; -at"ing.] To insert a hyphen between the 
parts of. hy'phen-izef.—hy"phen-a'tion, n. 
hyp-not'ic, 1 hip-net'ik; 2 hyp-not'ic, a. 1. 
Pertaining to or tending to produce hypno¬ 
tism. 2. Tending to produce sleep. [< Gr. 
hypnolikos, < hypnos, sleep.] 
hyp'no-tism, 1 hip'no-tizm; 2 hyp'no-ti§m, n. 
An artificially induced somnambulistic state 
in which the mind becomes passive.— hyp'- 
no-tist, n. One who practises hypnotism. 
hyp'no-tiz"[or -tis"]erf.—liyp'no-tize, vt. 
[-tized; -tiz'Tng.] To produce hypnotic sleep in. 
hyp'n o-tisef. 

hy'po-, hyp-, prefix. Under; beneath; less than: 
opposed to hyper-.— hyp"o-chon'dri-a, n. A 
morbid melancholy and anxiety of mind.— 
hyp"o-chon'dri-ac. I. a. Subject to imagi¬ 
nary ailments. II. n. A person who suffers from 
hypochondria.— hyp"o-der'mic, a. Pertaining 
to the area under the skin or cuticle; introduced 
or found under the skin.— hy-pot'e-nuse, n. 
The side of a right*angled triangle opposite the 
rihgt angle, hy-poth'e-nusef.—hy-poth'e- 
cate, vt. [-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To give (per¬ 
sonal property) in pledge as security for debt.— 
hy-poth"e-ca'tion, n. —hy-potli'e-ca"tor, n. 
hyp'o-crite, ) 1 hip'o-knt; 2 hyp'o-crit, n. One 
liyp'o-crit s , ) who acts a false part or makes 
false professions. [F., < Gr. hypokrites, one 
who plays a part on the stage ]— hy-poc'ri-sy, 
n. [-sies z , pi.] The feigning to be what one is 
not.— hyp"o-crit'i-cal, a. Pertaining to a hypo¬ 
crite or hypocrisy.— hyp"o-crit'i-cal-ly, adv. 
hypoth., abbf. Hypothesis, hypothetical, 
hy-poth 'e-sis, 1 hai-pefh'i-sis; 2 hy-poth'e-sis, 
n. [-ses z , pi.] A supposititious state of things 
assumed as a basis of reasoning, experiment, 
or investigation; loosbly, a guess or con¬ 
jecture.— hy"po-thet'ic, -i-cal,<z. Having the 
nature of or based on hypothesis; conjectural, 
hys'sop, 1 his'ap; 2 hys'op, n. A bushy me¬ 
dicinal herb of the mint family, about 2 feet 
high, with small clusters of blue flowers. [ < 
Heb fi'e-ezoph, aromatic plant.] 
hys-te'ri-a, 1 his-tl'n-o; 2 hys-te'ri-a, n. A 
nervous affection occurring typically in par¬ 
oxysms of laughing and crying alternately. 
[< Gr. hystera. womb.] hys-ter'icsf. — hys- 
ter'i-cal, a. Pertaining to or like hysterics; fit¬ 
fully emotional.— hys-ter'I-cal-ly, adv. 


1:3 = final; l = hablG aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; r) = si ng\ thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ipk; thin, this. 








I 

Ill 


304 


I 


I, i, 1 ai; 2 I, n. [if,s, I’s, or 7s, 1 aiz; 2 T§, pi.] 
A letter: the ninth in the English alphabet. 

I, pron. [my or mine, me, sing.’, we, our or 
ours, us, pi.] The nominative case singular 
of the personal pronoun of the first person. 
[ < AS. ic.] 

I., abbr. Idaho, Imperator (L., emperor), iodin, 
Island.— i., abbr. Immortalis (L., undying), in¬ 
transitive. —la. (official), lo., abbr. Iowa. 
I-a'go, 1 I-a'go; 2 I-a'go, n. A trickster, Othello’s 
evil genius. See Othello. 
i-am'bus, 1 ai-am'bus; 2 I-am'bus, n. [-bi, pi.] 
A foot of two syllables, a short followed by a 
long or accented one. [L., < Gr. iambos.] 
i'ainbf.—i-ain'bic, a. 

-ian, suffix. See -an. 

ib., ibid., abbr. [L.] Ibidem (in the same place). 
I-be'ri-a, 1 ai-bl'ri-a; 2 I-be'ri-a, n. The ancient 
name of (1) Transcaucasian Georgia; (2) the 
Spanish*Portuguese Peninsula. Iberian Penin¬ 
sula!:.—I-be'ri-an, a. & n. 
i'bex, 1 ai'beks; 2 I'beks, n. One of various 
wild goats, especially the Alpine. [L., species 
of goat.] 

i'bis, 1 ai'bis; 2 I'bis, n. A wading bird, with 
cylindrical bill bent downward. [L., < Gr. 
ibis, ibis.] 

-ible. A suffix of adjectives: the equivalent of 
-able; as, ed ible, from the Latin ede-re, = eat¬ 
able. [ < L. -ibilis, form of -bills (see -ble) after 
verb-stems not ending in -a-.] 

Ib'sen, 1 ib'sen; 2 ib'sen, Henrik (1828-1906). A 
Norwegian dramatist and poet. 

-ic, suffix. Used as an adjective termination with 
general sense of “ of,” “ pertaining to,” or 
“ like,” as in artistic, or as a termination of nouns, 
as in logic. 

I. C., abbr. [L.] Iesus Christus (Jesus Christ), 
-ical, suffix. Of, pertaining to, or like. [< L. 

-icalis, < -icus, -ic, -f -alis, of the kind of.] 
Ic'a-rus, 1 ik'a-rus; 2 Ic'a-rus, n. Gr. Myth. A 
youth who, in flight with his father,. Daedalus, 
from Crete, fell into the sea when the sun melted 
the wax that fastened his wings, 
ice, 1 ais; 2 !<?. I. vt. & vi. [iced*; ic'ing.] 1. 
To freeze or chill. 

2. To congeal into 
ice. 3. To frost, 
as cake, with icing. 

II. n. 1. Con¬ 
gealed or frozen 
water. 2. Frost¬ 
ing; icing. [<AS. # 

Is.]—ice'berg", n. 

A thick mass of ice 
found floating in 
the sea in high lati¬ 
tudes.—ice'-boat", 
n. A framework 
with skate* like run¬ 
ners and sails for 
sailing over ice.— 
ice scream, n. 

Cream, milk, or 
custard sweetened, 
flavored, and frozen. 

— iceshouse, n. A building for storing ice.— 
ic'ing, n. A frosting, as for cake. 

Ice., Icei., abbr. Iceland. 



American Ice-boat. 


Iceland, 1 ais'lsnd; 2 Ic'land, n. An independent 
island (39,756 sq. m.; pop. 92,800) in the N. 
Atlantic ocean; independence proclaimed Dec. 
2, 1918.— Ice'land-er, n. — Ice-land'ic. I. a. 
Of or pertaining to Iceland. II. n. The language 
of Iceland. 

ich., ichth., abbr. Ichthyology. 

Icb'a-bod, 1 ik'o-bod; 2 Ic'a-bOd, n. A son of 
Phineas. 1 Sam. iv, 21. [Heb., inglorious, the 
glory has departed.] 

ich-neu'iuon, 1 ik-niu'man; 2 ie-nu'mon, n. 
A civet-like carnivore, of somewhat weasel¬ 
like aspect. [L., < Gr. ichneumon, < ich- 
neud, hunt.] 

ich'thy-o- / 1 ik'thi-o-, ik'thi-; 2 le'thy-o-, Ic'- 
ich'lhy- ) thy-. From Greek ichthys, a fish: 
combining forms.— Ich"thy-ol'o-gy, n. The 
branch of zoology that treats of fishes. [ + 
-logy.] — icb"thy-ol'o-gist, n. — icli"thy- 
oph'a-gous, a. Fish-eating. [ + Gr. phagein, 
eat.]— ich"thy-o-sau'rus, n. [-ri, pi.] A gi¬ 
gantic fossil reptile. [ + Gr. sauros, lizard.] 
i'ci-cle, )1 ai'si-kl; 2 l'gi-cl, n. A pendent 
i'ci-cl p , ) mass of ice formed by the freezing of 
dripping water. [ < AS. is»gicel, < is, ice, + 
gicel, icicle.] 

ic'i-ly, ic'i-ness, etc. See icy. 
i-con'o-clast, 1 ai-ken'o-klast; 2 I-con'o-cl&st, 
n. 1. An image-breaker. 2. One who assails 
traditional beliefs. [ < Gr. eikon, image, -f- 
klad, break.] i-con'o-clasmf. 

-ics. A suffix, singular in sense, modeled on the 
Greek neuter plural -ika, and denoting an art or 
a science; as, metaphysics. [PI. of -ic.] 
ic'y, 1 ais'i; 2 Ic'y, a. [ic'i-er; ic'i-est.] 1. 
Pertaining to ice; frigid. 2. Marked by cold¬ 
ness of manner, aspect, etc.; chilling.— ic'i- 
ly, adv .— ic'i-ness, n. 

-id, suffix. Formerly -ide: used (1) in adjectives of 
Latin origin; (2) in chemistry, to form names of 
compounds. [ < L. -idus.] [Idaho, 

id., abbr. [L.] Idem (the same).— Ida., abbr. 
I'da-lio, 1 ai'ds-ho; 2 I'da-ho, n. A N. W. State 
(83,888 sq. m.; pop. 431,866) of the United 
States; capital, Boise. 

i-de'a, 1 ai-di'a; 2 I-de'a, n. 1. Any product of 
mental apprehension or activity. 2. A con¬ 
ception; notion. 3. A purpose or plan. 4. A 
mental image. [L., < Gr. idea, form, < 
idein, see.]—i-de'al. I. a. 1. Pertaining to or 
existing in ideas; conceptional. 2. Existing only 
in imagination or notion. II. n. 1. A model; 
type. 2. That which exists only in imagination, 
-ly, adv.— i-de'al-isni, n. 1. Philos. The doc¬ 
trine that ideas are the only objects immediately 
known. 2. The quest of ideal perfection.—i-dc'- 
al-ist, n.— i-de"al-is'tic, a.— i"dc-al'i-ty, n. 
[-ties z , pi.] 1. The condition or character of be¬ 
ing ideal, i-de'al-nessf. 2. The power or ten¬ 
dency to form ideals.—i-de"al-f-za'[or -sa']- 
tion, n.—I-de'ai-ize, i-de'al-ise, vt. & vi. 
[-ized, -ised; -iz"ing, -is"ing.] To render Ideal. 
—i-de'al-iz"er, -is"er, n. 
i'dem, 1 ai'dem; 2 I'd6m, n. The same: abbrevi¬ 
ated id. [L.] 

i-den'ti-cal, 1 oi-den'ti-kl; 2 I-dSn'ti-cl, a. 1. 
Absolutely the same. 2. Uniform. [ < LL. 
identicus, < L. idem, the same.] -ly,adc. -ness,n. 
i-deu'ti-fy, 1 ai-den'ti-fai; 2 I-den'ti-fy, vt. 


1: artistic, Art; fat. fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule, but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, gll; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 




















305 


I 

ill 


[-fied; -fy"ing.] 1. To assert or prove to be 
absolutely the same. 2. To join with; unite. 
3. To serve as a mark for recognition.— 

l-den"ti-fi-ca'tion, n. 

i-den'ti-ty, 1 ai-den'ti-ti; 2 i-den'ti-ty, n. 
[-tiss z , pi.] 1. The state of being identical or 
absolutely the same. 2. The distinctive char¬ 
acter belonging to an individual or a class, 
ides, 1 aidz; 2 Id§, n. pi. Rom. Antiq. The 15th 
of March, May, July, and Oct., and the 13th 
of the other months. [ < L. idus, ides.] 
id'i-o-ey, 1 id'i-o-si; 2 id'i-o-gy, n. The condi¬ 
tion of being an idiot. 

id'i-om, 1 id'i-am; 2 id'i-om, n. 1. A use of 
words peculiar to a particular language. 2. 
A peculiar speech or jargon. [ < Gr. idioma, 
< idios, one’s own.)— id"i-o-mat'ic, a. 1. 
Peculiar to idiom. 2. Peculiar to a certain lan¬ 
guage. -i-calt. — ld"i-o-mat'i-cal-Iy, adv. 
id"i-o-syn 'cra-sy, 1 id"i-o-sin'kr9-si; 2 id"i-o- 
syn'cra-sy, n. [-sies z , pi.] A constitutional 
peculiarity. [ < Gr. idios, personal, syn, 
with, + krasis, mingling.) 
id'i-ot, 1 id'i-at; 2 id'i-ot, n. 1. An imbecile. 
2. A foolish fellow. [ < Gr. idiotes, a private, 
ignorant person.]— id"i-ot'ic, a. Like an idiot. 
ld"i-ot'i-calf. — Id"i-ot'i-cal-ly, adv. — id'i- 
ot-ism, n. 1. An individual peculiarity of ex¬ 
pression. 2. An idiom. 3§. Idiocy, 
i'dle, 1 ai'dl; 2 I'dl. I. vt. & vi. [i'dxed; 
i'dling.] To spend in idleness; lose time in in¬ 
action. II. a. 1. Not occupied. 2. Averse to 
labor; lazy. 3. Affording leisure. 4. Useless. 
[< AS. idel, empty.) -ness, n .— i'dler, n .— 
i'dly, adv. [God). 

I. D. N., abbr. [L.] In Dei nomine (in the name of 
i'dol, 1 ai'dal; 2 I'dol, n. 1. An image or object 
to which or through which worship is offered 
as to a god. 2. That on which the affections 
are passionately set. 3. A source of error. 
[< Gr. L+F eidolon, < eidomai, appear.]— i-dol'- 
a-ter, n. An adorer of images.—i-dol'a-tress, 
n. fem.— i-dol'a-trous, a. 1. Pertaining to 
idolatry. 2. Extravagant in admiration.— 
i-dol'a-try, n. [-tries 2 , pi.] 1. The worship of 
idols. 2. Idolatrous admiration.— i'dol-ize, vt. 
[-ized; -iz'Tng.) To regard with admiration; 
worship idolatrously. i'dol-isef. 

I"du-mae'a, lai"diu-mi'a;2i"dil-me'a, n. A moun¬ 
tainous region S. E. of. Palestine. E'domf; 
I"du-me'at. 

i'dyl, 1 cd'dil; 2 i'dyl, n. A short poem; espe¬ 
cially, a short and highly wrought descriptive 
poem. [< Gr. L+F eidyllion, < eidos, form.] 
i'dyllf.—i'dyl-ist, n. i'dyl-listf.—i-dyl'lic, 
a. i-dyl'Ii-calf. 
i .e.,abbr. [L.] Id est (that is). 
if, 1 if; 2 if, conj. 1. On the supposition that. 
2. Allowing that. 3. Altho; because. 4. 
Whenever. 5. Whether. [ < AS. gif, if.] 
ig'loo, 1 ig'lQ; 2 Ig'loo, n. An Eskimo house, in 
some cases built of snow. [Eskimo.] ig'Ioef; 
ig'louf; ig'luf. 

Ign., abbr. [L.] Ignotus (unknown), 
ig'ne-ous, 1 ig'm-us; 2 ig'ne-us, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to or resembling fire. 2. Geol. Formed by 
the action of a fusing heat. [ < L. igneus, < 
ignis, fire.) 

ig'nis fat'u-us, 1 ig'nis fat'yu-us; 2 ig'nis 
fat'yu-iis. [ig'nes fat'u-i, pi.] A phosphor¬ 
escent light seen in the air over marshy 
places; Jack*o*lantern; will-o’-the-wisp. [L., 
foolish fire.) 

ig-nlte', 1 ig-nait'; 2 ig-nit', v. [ig-nit'ed^; 


ig-nit'ing.] I. t. 1. To kindle or set on fire. 
2. To cause to appear luminous. II. i. 1. To 
take fire. 2. To glow with heat. [ < L. igni- 
tus, pp. of ignio, < ignis, fire.)— ig-nit'er, n. — 
ig-nit'i-ble or -a-ble, a.— lg-nit"i-[or a-]bil'- 
i-ty, n. — ig-ni'tlon, n. The act of igniting, 
ig-no'ble, ) 1 ig-no'bl; 2 ig-no'bl, a. 1. Un- 
ig-no'bl p , ) worthy or degraded in character. 
2. Low-born. 3. Of inferior kind. [F., < L. 
ignobilis, unknown.)— ig"no-bil'i-ty, n. Ig- 
no'bl (e-ness p L— ig-no'bly, adv. 
ig'no-min-y, 1 ig'no-min-i; 2 ig'no-min-y, n. 
[-ies z , pi.) 1. Public disgrace or dishonor. 
2. That which causes disgrace, f < L. igno- 
minia, < in-, not, + nomen (nomin-), name.)— 
ig"no-min'i-ous, a. Entailing ignominy, -ly,. 
adv. -ness, n. 

ig"no-ra 'mus, 1 ig"no-re'mus; 2 ig"no-ra'mus, 
n. An ignorant pretender to knowledge. [L., 
lit. ‘we are ignorant’; < ignoro; see ignore.) 
ig'no-rance, 1 ig'no-rans; 2 ig'no-ranc, n. The 
state of being ignorant; the condition of not 
being informed. [F., < L. ignorantia, < ig¬ 
noro, ignore.) —ig'no-rant, a. 1. Destitute of 
education or knowledge. 2. Unacquainted. 3. 
Manifesting ignorance, -ly, adv. 

Ig-nore', 1 ig-n5r'; 2 ig-nor', vt. [ig-nored'; 
ig-nor'ing.] To pass without notice. [ < L. 
ignoro, < in-, not, + gnarus, knowing.) 
I"go-rot', 1 i"go-rot'; 2 l"go-rot', n. One of the 
savage natives of N. Luzon, Philippine Islands, 
i-gua'na, 1 l-gwd'na; 2 i-gwa'na, n. A large 
lizard, chiefly inhabit¬ 
ing tropical America. 

[Sp.] 

I. H. N., abbr. In His 
Name (motto of Order of 
King’s Daughters and 
Sons).—i. h. p., abbr. _ 

Indicated horse*power.— Common Iguana. 

I. H. S., abbr. [L.] Iesus Hominum Salvator 
(Jesus Savior of Men), In hac [ Crucc] salus (in 
this [Cross] safety); originally Greek IH2 (for 
IHSOY2, Jesus). 

II- 1 , il- 2 , prefixes. Forms of in- 1 , in- 2 , before l 
Il'i-ad, 1 il'i-ad; 2 ll'i-ad, n. An ancient Greek 
epic poem on the siege of Ilium (Troy), tradition¬ 
ally ascribed to Homer. [Il'i-ont [Gr.]. 

Il'i-um, 1 il'i-um; 2 il'i-um n. Ancient Troy. 
Ilk 1 , 1 ilk; 2 Ilk, a. & n. [Archaic or Scot.) Same. 

[ < AS. ilc, the same.)—of that ilk, of an estate 
of the same name. 

ilk 2 , a. [Archaic or Scot.) Each; every. [< AS. 
selc, each.) ilk'aj. 

ill, ) 1 il; 2 II. I. a. 1. Disordered in physical 
il p , ) condition; sick. 2. Baneful; harmful. 3. 
Of inferior quality. 4. Lacking skill. II. n. 
1. Anything that prevents or impairs what is 
good or desirable. 2. Something morally bad. 
III. adv. 1. Not well. 2. With difficulty; 
hardly, il 'ly t [Rare], [< Ice. illr, ill, contr. 
of a form = Goth, ubils, = evil.) 

Ill is the first element in many self*explaining 
compounds; as, 



ill'*ad-vised" 
ill'*af-fect"ed 
ill'*de-fined" 
ill'*dis-posed" 
—illGbred",a. 


ill'=man"nered 
ill'*o"mened 
ill'*tlmed" 
ill"=treat', -ed. 


iir*fat"ed 
ill'*hu"mored 
ill'*judged" 
ill'*look"ing 

Badly taught, reared, or trained, 
ill fame, immoral repute. — ill-favored, a. 
Repulsive; ugly.— ill nature, peevishness; sur¬ 
liness; sullenness. — ill-natured, a. Indicating 
surliness; cross.— ill-starred, a. Unfortunate or 
disastrous.— ill temper, irritability; moroseness. 
—ill-tempered, a. Characterized by bad tem¬ 
per.— 111 will, enmity; malevolence. 


1:a = final; l = habit^ aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = feud; <fhin; go; g = sin£; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









m. 

impatient 


306 


Ill., Ills., abbr. Illinois.— 111., lllus., tllust., abbr. 
Illustrated, illustration. 

il-le'gal, 1 i-li'gal; 2 i-le'gal, a. Contrary to 
the law. [ < L. in-, not, + legalis, legal.] 
-ly, adv.— II" le-gal'l-ty, n. il-le'gal-nesst. 
H-leg'i-ble, / 1 i-lej'i-bl; 2 I-lSg'i-bl, a Not 
il-leg'i-bi p , ) legible; obscure — il-leg"i-bil i- 
ty, n. il-leg'i-ble-nesst.—Il-Ieg'i-bly, adv. 

ii"ic-git'i-mate, 1 il"i-jit'i-mit; 2 il"e-glt'i-mat, 
a. 1. Contrary to law; born out of wedlock. 
2. Illogical; unsound — il"le-git'i-nia-cy, ». 
il-lib'er-al, 1 i-lib'ar-al; 2 l-llb'er : al, a. Not 
liberal; parsimonious; narrow*minded. [ < 
L. in-, not; and see liberal.] -ly, adv.— il-lib"- 
er-al'i-ty, n. . 

il-lie'it, 1 i-lis'it; 2 l-llc'it, o. Not permitted; 
unlawful. [< L. in-, not, licitus, lawful, 
< licet, be permitted.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
U-liin'it-a-ble, ) 1 i-lim'it-a-bl; 2 l-llm'it-a-bl, 
il-lim'it-a-bl p , ) a. That can not be limited. 
—H-llm"lt-a-biri-ty,n.il-llm'it-a-ble-ne8St; 
ll-llm"l-ta'tlont.—11-llm'it-a-bly, adv. 
Il"ll-nois', 1 il"i-noi' or -noiz'; 2 Il'i-ndi' or -nois\ 
n. AN. central State (56,665 sq. m.; pop. 6,485,- 
280) of tbe United States; capital, Springfield, 
il-lit/er-ate, 1 i-lit'ar-it; 2 l-llt'er-at, a. Un¬ 
educated; manifesting want of culture. [< 
L. in-, not; and see literate.] -ly , adv. -ness. 


n.—11-llt'er-a-cy, n. 

ill'ness, 1 il'nes; 2 Il'ngs, n. The state of being 
out of health; an ailment; sickness. 

11-log'i-cal, 1 i-lej'i-kal; 2 i-lfig'i-eal, a. Ig¬ 
norant of correct thinking; contrary to the 
rules of logic. . 

il-Iu'mi-nate, 1 i-liu'mi-net; 2 l-lu'mi-nat, v. 
[-NAT"ED d ; -nat'Tng.] I. t. 1. To light up; 
enlighten. 2. To decorate with ornamental 
colored figures. II. i. To make a display of 
lights. [ < L. in, in, + lumen, light.]— il-lu'- 
mi-nant. I. a. Giving light; illuminating. II. 
n A material used for illuminating.— il-lu"mi- 
na'tion, n. 1. A lighting up. 2. The volume of 
light thrown. 3. Mental enlightenment. 4. 
Embellishment, as of manuscripts.— il-lu'ml- 
na-tiv(e 8 , a.— il-lu'ml-na"tor, n. 
il-lu'mine, ) 1 i-liu'min; 21-lu'min, vt. [-mined; 
il-lu'min 8 , j -minting.] To throw light upon; 
make bright; enlighten. 

il-lu'sion, 1 i-liu' 3 on; 2 I-lu'zhon, n. Any mis¬ 
leading appearance; a false show. [< L. 
illusioin-), < in, on, + ludo, play.]—il-Iu'- 
slv(e 8 , il-lu'so-ry, a. Misleading; deceptive. 
—ll-Iu'slv(e-Iy 8 , adv. —Il-lu 'siv(e-ness 8 , n. 
11-lus'trate, 1 i-lus'tret or il'us-tret; 2 I-lus'- 
trat or Il'us-trat, vt. [-TR.vr"ED d ; -trat"ing.1 

1. To explain by means of figures, examples, 
etc. 2. To adorn with pictures, borders, etc. 
[ < L. illustro, light up.]—il"lus-tra'tlon, n. 1. 
That which illustrates; an example or a picture. 

2. The act or art of illustrating.—H-lus'tra- 
tiv(e s , a.— Il'lus-tra"tor or-trat"er, n. 

tl-lus'tri-ous, 1 i-lus'tn-us; 2 l-lus'tri-us, a. 1. 
Greatly distinguished. 2. Conferring luster. 
[ < L. illustris, < in, in, + *lustrum, light.] -iy, 
adv. -ness, n. [before b, m, and p. 

Im- 1 , prefix. In; into; on: euphonic variant of in- 1 
Jin-?, prefix. Not; un-: euphonic variant of in- 2 
before b, m, and p. 

[Where pronunciation, participial forms, ety¬ 
mology, etc., are not given under words begin¬ 
ning with im-, they will be found by referring to 
the latter elements of the various compounds. 
Compare em-.] 

Imag., abbr. Imaginary, imagination, 
im'age, 1 im'ij; 2 Im'ag. I. vt. [im'aged; 


im'ag-ing.] 1. To form an image of. 2. To 
portray to the mental vision. 3. To resemble. 
II. n. 1. A visible representation of some¬ 
thing; a statue, picture, idol, etc. 2. Optics. 
A picture produced by reflection, refraction, 
etc. 3. A natural resemblance; also, that 
which resembles; a counterpart; likeness. 4. 
A mental picture. [F., < L. imago, likeness.] 
—im'age-ry, n. [-ries 2 , pi.] The act of form¬ 
ing images; images collectively. 

Im-ag'ine, ) 1 im-aj'in; 2 Im-Sg'in, v. [-in(e)d; 
iin-ag'in 8 , ) -in-ing.] I. f. 1. To form an 
image or conception of. 2. To conceive as 
real; conjecture. 3. To devise. II. i. 1. To 
exercise the imagination. 2. To have a con¬ 
ception. [< L. F imaginor, < imago ( imagin -), 
image.] — in»-ag'i-na-bl(e p , a. — im-ag'i-na- 
bly, adv. —im-ag'I-na-ry, a. Existing only in 
imagination; unreal.— im-ag'I-na-ri-ly, adv .— 
im-ag"i-na'tion, n. 1. The picturing power or 
act of the mind; the constructive or creative 
faculty. 2. That which is imagined; a fantasm; 
notion.— ini-ag'i-na-tiv(e 8 , a. 1. Creative or 

constructive. 2. Characterized by imagination, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

i-nia'go, 1 i-me'go; 2 I-ma'go, n. An adult sexu¬ 
ally matured insect. [L.] 

Im-bank', etc. See embank, etc. 
im'be-cile,) 1 im'bi-sil; 2 Im'be-^Il. I. o. 1. 
im'be-eil 8 , s Having the mentalf acuities feeble. 
2. Mentally impotent. II. n. A person of 
feeble mind. [OF., < L. imbecillis, weak.]— 
lm"be-cll'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] Imbecile con¬ 
dition or opinion, 
irn-bed'. See embed. 

im-bibe', 1 im-baib'; 2 Im-bib', c. [im-bibed'; 
im-bib'ing.] I. t. To take up by absorption. 
II. i. [Humorous.] To drink, as liquors. 
[< Jj. im- (< in), in, + bibo, drink.]—Im"bl- 
bi'tion, n. [BODY, EMBOSOM, etc. 

im-bod'y, im-ibos'om, im-bow'er. See em- 
im'bri-cate, 1 im'bn-kit; 2 Im'bri-cat, a. 
Overlapping; decorated with overlapping 
scales. [< L. imbrex, gutter*tile.] im'bri- 
cat"edf.—Iin"bri-ca'tlon, n. 
im-bro'glio, 1 im-bro'lyo; 2 lm-bro'lyo, n. A 
troublesome complication; intricate plot. [It., 
< L. in, in, + LL. brolium, forest.] 
im-brue', 1 im-bru'; 2 Im-bru', vt. [im-brued'; 
im-bru'ing.] To wet or moisten; drench; 
soak into. [ < OF. embruer, < en-, in, + 
bevre, drink.] 

Ini-brute', 1 im-brut'; 2 im-brut', vt. & vi. To 
render or become brutal or brutish; brutalize, 
im-bue', 1 im-biu'; 2 Im-bu', vt. [im-bued'; 
im-bu'ing.] 1. To absorb or pervade. 2. To 
tinge or dye deeply. [ < OF. imbuer, < L. 
imbuo, moisten.] 
imit., abbr. Imitative. 

im'i-tate, 1 im'i-tet; 2 im'i-tat, vt. [-TAT"ED d ; 
-tat"ing.] To pattern after; to use as a copy; 
make in imitation. [ < L. imitatus, pp. of 
imilor, imitate.1— im'i-ta-bl(e p , a. That may 
be imitated.— iin"i-ta-bil'i-ty, n. — im"i-ta'- 
tion, n. 1. The act of imitating. 2. Something 
done in resemblance of something else. — im 'i-ta- 
tlv(e 8 , a.— im'l-ta"tor, n. 
im-mac'u-late, 1 i-mak'yu-lit; 2 i-miic'yp-lat, 
a. Without spot or blemish. [ < L. in-, not, 
+ maculatus, spotted.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
im 'ma-nent, 1 im'a-nent; 2 Im'a-ngnt, a. In¬ 
dwelling; inherent. [< L. in, in, + maneo, 
remain.]— im'ma-nenoe, iin'ma-nen-cy, n. 
Im-man'u-el, 1 i-man'yu-el; 2 i-man'yu-61, n. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, &\\; me, get, prey, fern; hit, joe; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn, 








307 


Ill. 

impatient 


Bib. A name of the Messiah. Isa. vii, 14. [Heb,, 
God with us.] Em-man'u-ell. 
Im"ma-te'ri-al, 1 im /, ma-ti / n-al; 2 5m"ma- 
te'ri-al, a. 1. Not material; incorporeal. 2. 
Unimportant. —ini"nia-te"ri-al 'i-ty, ini"- 
ma-te'ri-al-ness, n.— im"ma-te'ri-al-ly, adv. 
im"ma-ture', 1 im"me-tiur'; 2 im"ma-tur', a. 
Not mature; undeveloped; imperfect, -ly, 
adv. —im"ma-tur'i-ty, n. im"ma-ture'nesst. 
im-mea'sur-a-ble, ) 1 im-me 3 'ur-a-bl; 2 Im- 
im-me'zur-a-bl p , ) mgzh'ur-a-bl, a. Indefi¬ 
nitely extensive; measureless, -ness, n. — 
lm-mea'sur-a-biy, adv. • 
lm-me'di-ate, 1 i-ml'di-it; 2 l-me'di-at, a. 1. 
Without delay; instant. 2. Close. 3. Acting 
without the intervention of anything; direct, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —im-me'di-a-cy, n. 
Im"me-mo'ri-al, 1 im"mi-md'ri-9l; 2 im"me- 
mo'ri-al, a. Reaching back beyond memory, 
-ly, adv. 

im -mense', 1 i-mens'; 2 1-mens', a. 1. Very 
great in degree; vast; huge. 2. Incapable of 
measurement. [F., < L. immensus, immea¬ 
surable.] -ly, adv .— Im-men'si-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
Im-merge', 1 i-murj'; 2 i-merg', v. [-merged; 
-merg'ing.] I. t. To immerse. II. i. To dis¬ 
appear, as a star in the sun's light. [ < L. in, in, 
+ mergo, dip.]— im-mer'gence, n. 
im-merse', 1 i-murs'; 2 i-mers', vt. [im¬ 
mersed' 1 ; im-mers'ing.] 1. To dip entirely, 
as under water. 2. To involve deeply. 3. 
To baptize by immersion. [< L. in, in, + 
mergo, dip.]— im-mer'sion, n. The act of im¬ 
mersing, or the state of being immersed, 
tm-mesh', 1 im-me^h'; 2 im-mesh', vt. To en¬ 
tangle in or as in meshes, en-mesb'f. 
lm"me-thod 'i-cal, 1 im"mi-£hed'i-kal; 2 im"- 
me-thod'i-cal, a. Lacking method; unsys¬ 
tematic. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Im'mi-grate, 1 im'i-gret; 2 lm'i-grat, vi. 
[-GRAT"ED d ; -grat"ing.] To come into a 
country or region; migrate into. [< L. in, 
into, + migro, remove.]— im'mi-grant, n. One 
who immigrates.— Im"ml-gra'tion, n. — im'- 
mi-gra-to"ry, a. 

Im 'mi-nence, 1 im'i-nens; 2 lm'i-nSnc, n. 1. 
The state of being imminent. 2. Impending 
evil. [ < L. immineo, overhang, < in, on, + 
mineo, project.]—im'mi-nent, a. Dangerous 
and close at hand; impending, -ly, adv. 
Im-mls'ci-ble, 1 im-mis'i-bl; 2 im-mis'i-bl, a. Not 
capable of mixing, as oil and water, im-mix'a- 
blef.—Im-mis"ci-bll'i-ty, n. 

Im-mo'bile, 1 im-mo'bil; 2 im-mo'bil, a. Un¬ 
movable. —im"mo-bil'i-ty, n. Fixedness. 
Im-mod'er-ate, 1 im-med'or-it; 2 Im-mod'er- 
at, a. Not moderate; exceeding reasonable 
bounds. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Im-mod'est, a. 1. Wanting in modesty. 2. 

Impudent, -ly, adv. —im-inod 'es-ty, n. 

Im'mo-late, 1 im'o-let; 2 lm'o-lat, vt. [-lat''- 
ED d ; -lat"ing.] To kill or offer, as in sacri¬ 
fice. [ < L. immolatus, pp. of immolo, sprinkle 
with sacrificial meal.]—!m"mo-Ia'tion, n. 
im-mor'al, 1 im-mer'al; 2 fm-mor'al, a. 1. 
Violating the moral law 2. Habitually 
licentious, -ly, adv .— im"mo-ral'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. Depravity. 2. An immoral act. 
Im-mor'tal, 1 im-mor'tal; 2 im-mor'tal, a. 1. 
Having unending existence; deathless. 2. 
Fitted to endure, -ly, adv .— im"mor-taI'i- 
ty, n. Exemption from death or oblivion; eter¬ 
nal life.— im-mor'tal-lze, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] 
To render immortal; grant unending life to. 


im"er-tel'; 2 Im"6r-tel', n. 
retains its 



im"mor-telIe', 1 
A flower that 
form and color for a long 
time after being gathered, 
im-mov'a-ble, /I i m - 
im-mov'a-blp, jmuv'a-bl; 

2 im-mov'a-bl, a. That can 
not be moved; unchangeable; 
apathetic. — im-mov"a- 
bil'l-ty, n. Im-mov'a- 
ble- nessf. — Im- mov'a- 
bly, adv. 

im-mu'ni-ty, 1 i-miu'm-ti; 

2 I-mu'ni-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 

Freedom or exemption, as from 
a penalty: followed by from. 

[ < L. immunis, exempt.]— im¬ 
mune'. I. a. Exempt, as from 
disease: followed by from, to, or 
against. II. n. One who is exempt.— im-mun'- 
l ze » v l. [-ized; -iz-ing.] To make immune. 
im-mure', 1 i-miur'; 2 i-mur', vt. [im-mured';. 
im-mur'ing.] To shut up within walls. [< 
L. in, in, + mums, wall.] 

ini-niu'ta-ble, n i-miu'te-bl; 2 l-mQ'ta-bl, a. 
im-mu'ta-bl p , s' Not mutable; unchangeable. 

—im-mu'ta-bly, adv. 

imp, 1 imp; 2 imp, n. 1. An imaginary evil 
spirit of inferior rank. 2. [Colloq.] A mis¬ 
chievous person. [ < AS. impe, scion.] 

Imp., aMr. [L.] Imperator (emperor), Imperalrix 
(empress), imperium (empire).— Imp., abbr. Im¬ 
perial, imported, importer.— imp., imper., 
abbr. Imperative.— imp., imperf., impf., 
abbr. Imperfect (tense).— imp., impers., abbr. 
Impersonal. 


Immortelles. 


im'pact, 1 im'pakt; 2 Im'p&et, n. The act of 
striking; collision. 

im-pair', 1 im-par'; 2 im-par', vt. To diminish 
in quantity or value. [< L.of in, in, + 
pejoro, make worse, < pejor, worse.]— im-pair'- 
ment, n. 

im-pale', -ment, etc. Same as empale, etc. 
im-pal'pa-ble, ) 1 im-pal'pe-bl; 2 Im-pal'pa- 
im-pal'pa-blP, f bl, a. 1. Ground so fine that 
no grit can be felt. 2. Intangible.— im-pal"- 
pa-bil'i-ty, n.— im-pal'pa-biy, adv. 
im-pan'el, 1 im-pan'el; 2 lm-pan'el, vt. To en¬ 
roll upon a panel or list, as for jury duty, 
im-part ' d , 1 im-pcirt'; 2 im-part', v. I. t. 1. 
To share with another; hence, to make 
known. 2. To bestow: followed by to in both 
senses. II. i. To make a gift. [< L. in, in, 
+ partio, share.] 

iiri-par'tial, 1 im-par'^hel; 2 lm-par'shal, a. 
Not partial; unbiased, -ly, adv .— im-par"- 

ti-al'i-ty, n. 

im-pass'a-ble, ) 1 im-pas'e-bl; 2 Im-pas'a-bl, 
ini-pass'a-bl p , )a. Not passable.— im-pass"- 

a-bil'i-ty, im-pass'a-ble-ness, n. —im-pass'- 
a-bly, adv. 

im-pas'si-ble, ) 1 im-pas'i-bl; 2 lm-pas'i-bl, o. 
im-pas'si-bl p , S Not affected by feeling; apa¬ 
thetic.— im-pas"si-bil 'i-ty, n. 
im-pas'sion, 1 im-pa^h'en; 2 lm-pash'on, vt. 
[Poet.] To move or affect with passion, im- 
pas'sion-ate|.—im-pas'sion(e)ds, a. Fervent; 
stirring. 

im-pas'sive, ) 1 im-pas'iv; 2 lm-pas'iv, a. Un- 
im-pas'siv 8 , ) affected by suffering; impassible; 
apathetic. -ly, adv .— im-pas'siv(e-ness s , 
n. lm-pas"si-bil'i-tyf. 
im-pa'tient, 1 im-pe'^hent; 2 im-pa'shgnt, a. 
Not possessed of or not exercising patience; 


1:9 = final; I = hablG aisle; au = out; oil; iu = fettd; cfhin; go; I] = sing] fhin, Hiis. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 












impeach 

improp. 


308 


intolerant. -iy, adv.— ini-pa'tience, n. Lack 
of patience. 

im-peach' 1 , 1 im-puffi'; 2 Im-pech', vt. 1. To 
bring discredit upon. 2. To accuse; charge 
formally, as an official, with crime or wrong. 
[< L.« F in, in, + pedica, fetter.)—im-peach '- 
inent, n. 1. A discrediting. 2. The act of im¬ 
peaching; especially, the arraignment of a high 
civil officer. 

im-pec'ca-ble, ) 1 im-pek'a-bl; 2 im-pge'a-bl, 
im-pec'ca-bl p , C a. Not capable of commit- i 
ting sin or wrong.— iin-pee"ca-bil'i-ty, n. — 
iin-pee'ca-bly, adv. 

iin"pe-cu 'ni-ous, 1 im"pi-kiu'm-us; 2 im"pe- 
cu'ni-us, a. Having no money; habitually 
poor. [ < im - 2 + L. pecunia, money.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.— lm"pe-cu"ni-os'I-ty, n. 
im-pede' d , 1 im-pld'; 2 Im-ped', vt. To be an 
obstacle to; obstruct. [< L. in, in, + pe(d-)s, 
foot.]— im-ped 'i-ment, n. A hindrance; ob¬ 
struction. 

im-pel% 1 im-pel'; 2 Im-pfil', vt. [im-pelled'; 
im-pel'ling.] To drive or urge forward. [ < 
L. impello, < in, on, + pello, drive.) 
im-pend' d , 1 im-pend'; 2 Im-pend', vi. To be 
imminent; threaten. [< L. impendeo, < in, 
on, -f pendeo, hang.)— im-pen'dence, n. im- 
pen'den-cyf. 

im-pen 'e-tra-ble, ) 1 im-pen'i-tra-bl; 2 Im- 
iill-pen 'e-tra-bl p , } pen'e-tra-bl, a. Not pen¬ 
etrable; possessing impenetrability. — im- 
pen 'e-tra-bly, adv. —im-pen"e-f ra-bil 'i-ty, n. 
The quality of being impenetrable; that attribute 
of matter which prevents two bodies from occu¬ 
pying the same space at the same time, 
im-pen 'i-tent, 1 im-pen'i-tent; 2 Im-p£n'i- 
tfint, a. Not penitent; hardened; obdurate, 
-ly, adv.— im-pen'i-tence, n. im-pen'1-ten- 
cyt. 

ini-per'a-tive, \ 1 im-per'a-tiv; 2 Im-pSr'a-tlv, 
im-per'a^tiv 8 , ) I. a. 1. Peremptory. 2. Not 
to be evaded or avoided. II. «. 1. That 

which is imperative. 2. Gram. That mode of 
the verb which expresses command, etc. [ < 
L. imperativus, < imperatus, pp., commanded.) 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

im"per-cep'ti-bl(e p , 1 im"par-sep'ti-bl; 2 5m"- 
per-gep'ti-bl, a. Inappreciable.— fni"per- 
cep'ti-bl(e-ness p , n. im"per-cep"ti-bil'- 
i-ty t •— im"per-cep 'ti-bly, adv. 
lm-per'fect, 1 im-pur'fekt; 2 im-per'fget. I. a. 
1. Not perfect; incomplete; defective. 2. 
Gram. Indicating past action. II. n. The 
imperfect tense, -ly, adv. — im"per-fec'- 
tion, n. 1. Lack of perfection, im-per'fect- 
nessf. 2. A defect. 

im-pe'ri-al, 1 im-pl'ri-al; 2 Im-pe'ri-al. I. a. 
1. Pertaining to an empire, an emperor, or an 
empress. 2. Possessing commanding power. 
3. Superior. II. n. 1. A pointed tuft of hair 
just under the lower lip. 2. Something supe¬ 
rior. [OF., < L. imperialis, < imperium, 
empire.) — im-pe'ri-al-ism, n. Imperial state; 
the system of imperial government.— im-pe'ri- 
al-Ist, n. —im-pe"ri-al-ls'tlc, a. -ti-cal-ly, 
adv.— Im-pc'ri-al-Iy, adv. 
im-per'il, 1 im-per'il; 2 Im-pgr'il, vt. To en¬ 
danger. 

im-pe'ri-ous, 1 im-pi'ri-us; 2 Im-pe'ri-us, a. 1. 
Domineering; arrogant. 2. Urgent; impera¬ 
tive. [ < L. imperiosus, < imperium, com¬ 
mand.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ini-per'ish-a-ble, ) a. Not perishable.— Im- j 
1m-per'ish-a-bl p , j per"ish-a-b!!'i-ty, im- ! 


per'ish-a-bl(e-ness p , n. — iru-per'ish-a-bly, 

adv. 

im-per'me-a-ble,) 1 im-pur'mi-a-bl; 2 Im- 
im-per'me-a-bl p , S per'me-a-bl, a. Not per¬ 
meable. — iin-per"me-a-bil 'i-ty, n. — im- 
per'me-a-bly, adv. 

im-per'son-al, 1 im-pur'ssn-al; 2 Im-per'son- 
al, a. 1. Not having personality. 2. Not re¬ 
lating to a particular thing, -ly, adv .—im- 
per"son-al'i-ty, n. 

ini-per'son-ate d , 1 im-pur'san-et; 2 Im-per'- 
son-at, vt. 1. To represent under the form of 
a person. 2. Tdpersonate.—im-per"son-a'- 
tlon, n. 

ini-per'ti-nent, 1 im-pur'ti-nent; 2 Im-per'ti- 
n&nt, a. 1. Offending propriety; impudent. 
2. Irrelevant, -ly, adv.— iin-per'ti-nence, 
-nen-cy, n. 

im"per-turb'a-ble, ) lim"p8r-turb'9-bl;2Im"- 
im"per-turb'a-bl p , i per-tGrb'a-bl, a. Inca¬ 
pable of being agitated. — im"per-turb"a- 
bil'I-ty, n.—im"per-turb'a-bly, adv. 
Im-per'vi-OUS, 1 im-pur'vi-us; 2 Im-per'vi-us, 
a. Permitting no passage; impermeable, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

im-pet'u-ous, 1 im-pet'yu-us; 2 Im-pft'yu- 
iis, a. Characterized by impetus or by spon¬ 
taneous impulse; energetic; forcible; vigorous. 
[< L. impetuosus, < impetus; see impetus.) — 

lm-pet"u-os'i-(y, im-pet'u-ous-ness, n.— 
im-pet'u-ous-ly, adv. 

lin'pe-tus, 1 iin'pi-tus; 2 lm'pe-tQs, n. The 
energy with which anything moves or is driv¬ 
en; momentum; force; vigor. [L., < impeto, 
rush upon.) 

im-pi'e-ty, 1 im-pai'i-ii; 2 lm-pl'e-ty, n. 1. 

Ungodliness; wickedness. 2. An impious act. 
im-pinge', 1 im-pinj'; 2 im-ping', vi. [im¬ 
pinged'; im-ping'ing.] To come into physi¬ 
cal contact with an object: followed by on, 
upon, or against. [ < L. impingo, < in, in, 
+ pango, strike.)— im-plnge'nieut, n. 
im'pi-OUS, 1 im'pi-us; 2 im'pi-us, a. 1. Desti¬ 
tute of reverence for the divine character or 
will; ungodly; wicked. 2. Characterized by 
irreverence; blasphemous, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ini-pla'ca-l)Ie, (_ 1 im-ple'ka-bl; 2 Im-pla'ea-bl, 
ini-pla'ca-bl p , a. That can not be placated; 
inexorable; relentless.— im-pla"ca-b!I'i-ty, 
Ini-pla'ca-bl(e-ness p , n. —Im-pla'ca-bly, adv. 
im-plant' d , 1 im-plant'; 2 Im-plSnt', vt. To 
plant for the purpose of growth; inculcate.— 
lm"plan-ta'tion, n. 

Im-plead' d , 1 im-plid'; 2 Im-pled', vt. & vi. To 
bring a suit at law. 

im'ple-ment, 1 im'pli-ment or -mant; 2 Im'- 
ple-ment, n. A thing used in work, especially 
in manual work; a utensil; tool. [< L. im- 
pleo, fill up, < in, in, + pleo, fill.) 

Im'pli-cate, 1 im'pli-ket; 2 Im'pli-cat, vt. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To involve; infold; en¬ 
tangle. [ < L. in, in, + plieo, fold.]— im"- 
pll-ca'tlon, n. 1. The act of implying; deduc¬ 
tion; something implied. 2. An entanglement, 
im-plic'it, 1 im-plis'it; 2 im-plic'it, a. 1. Im¬ 
plied, tho unexpressed. 2. Unquestioning; 
unreserved. -iy, adv. -ness, n. 
ini-plore', 1 im-plor'; 2 im-plor', vt. & vi. [im¬ 
plored'; im-plor'ing.] To call for urgently; 
entreat; supplicate. [ < L. in, upon, + 
ploro, cry out.) 

ini-ply', 1 im-plai'; 2 im-ply', vt. [im-plied'; 
im-ply'ing ] 1. To involve or intimate (a 


1: artistic. Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, got not. or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all: me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = or, I = e; go, not, or, won- 













309 


impeach 

improp. 


meaning not expressed). 2. To ascribe. 3f. 
To entangle. [ < L. OF implico, < in, in, + 
plico, fold.] 

Im-pol'i-cy, 1 im-pel'i-si; 2 im-pol'i-cy, n. Un¬ 
suitableness to the end proposed; inexpe¬ 
diency. [adv. -ness, n. 

im"po-lite', a. Lacking in politeness, -ly, 
im-pol 'i-tic, 1 im-pel'i-tik; 2 im-pol'i-tie, a. 

1. Pursuing unwise measures. 2. Inexpedient. 
Im-pon'der-a-bI(e p , a. Without weight, -ness, 

n. —im-pon"der-a-bll'i-ty, n. 

Im-port' d , 1 im-pert'; 2 lm-port', v. I. t. 1. 
To introduce from abroad, especially com¬ 
mercially. 2. To mean; signify. 3. To affect 
seriously. 4. To introduce generally. II. i. 
To be of moment. [ < L. importo, < in, in, 
+ porto, carry.]—im-port'a-bl(e p , a.-im"- 
por-ta'tion, n. —im-port'er, n. One who im¬ 
ports. 

Im'port, 1 im'port; 2 Im'port, n. 1. That 
which is implied; meaning; significance. 2. 
That which is imported. 3. Importance. 
Im-por'tant, a. 1. Of great import, conse¬ 
quence, or value. 2. Pompous. [< L. p im¬ 
porto; see import.] -ly, adv. —Im-por'tance, n. 
The quality of being important. 

Im"por-tune', 1 im"por-tiun'; 2 Im"por-tun', 
vt. & vi. [-tuned'; -tun'ing.] To urge with 
frequent solicitation; be pertinaciously solic¬ 
itous. [ < L. importunus, troublesome.]—im- 
por'tu-nate, a. Urgent in character, request, 
or demand; insistent; pertinacious, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n.—im"por-tu'ni-ty, n. [-ties*, pi.] 
Im-pose', 1 im-poz'; 2 im-po§', v. [im-posed'; 
im-pos'ing.] I. t. 1. To levy or exact. 2. 
To place by influence or force. 3. To palm 
off. 4. Print. To arrange, as pages of type. 
II. i. To place a burden or deception (upon), 
as by taking advantage of amiable concession. 
[< F. imposer, < im-, + poser; see pose 1 , v.]— 
Im-pos'ing, pa. Adapted to make an impres¬ 
sion.—im-pos'ing=stone", n. A flat, level slab, 
on which printers impose forms of type. 
Im"po-si'tion, 1 im"po-zi£h'an; 2 Im"po- 
gilh'on, n. The act of imposing or some¬ 
thing imposed; an imposture; a tax or burden. 
[F., < L. in, on, + pono, place.] 

Im-pos'si-ble, ) 1 im-pes'i-bl; 2 Im-pos'i-bl, a. 
im-pos'si-bl p , ) 1. Not possible. 2. Impracti¬ 
cable; hopelessly objectionable.—im-pos"- 
si-bil'i-ty, n.— im-pos'si-bly, adv. 
Im'post, 1 im'post; 2 Im'post, n. 1. That 
which is imposed; especially a customs duty. 

2. The plane of an arch. [OF., the tax, < L. 
impono, < in, on, + pono, place.]^ 

Im-pos'tor, 1 im-pes'tar; 2 im-pos'tor, n. One 
who deceives by false pretenses. [< L. p 
imposilor, < impono; see impost.]— im-pos'- 
ture, n. Deception by means of false pretenses. 
Im'po-tcnt, 1 im'po-tent; 2 Im'po-tgnt, a. 
Destitute of power or strength; not potent. [F., 
< L. impoten(t-)s, < in-, not,+ potens, powerful.] 
-ly, adv .— im'po-tence, n. im'po-ten-cyf. 
Im-pound' d , 1 im-pctund'; 2 Im-pound', vt. To 
shut up, as in a pound. y u . 

im-pov'er-ish 1 , 1 im-pev'ar-i^h; 2 lm-pov er- 
ish, vt. 1. To reduce to poverty. 2. To ex¬ 
haust the fertility or quality of, as soil, etc. 
[< L. OF in, in, + pauper, poor.] -ment, n. 
Im-prac'ti-ca-ble,) 1 im-prak'ti-ka-bl; 2 Im- 
lin-prac'ti-ca-bl p , ] prae'ti-ca-bl, a 1. Im¬ 
possible or unreasonably difficult of perform¬ 
ance. 2. Unserviceable; intractable, lm- 


prac"tl-ca-bil 'i-ty, im-prac 'ti-ca-ble-ness, n . 
— im-prac'tl-ca-bly, adv. 
im'pre-cate, 1 im'pri-ket; 2 Im'pre-cat, vt. 
[-cat" ED d ; -cat"ing.] To invoke or call down, 
as a judgment, calamity, or curse. [ < L. in, 
upon, + precor, pray.]— im"pre-ca't-s>n, n. A 
malediction.— im'pre-ca-to-ry, a. 
im-preg'na-ble, ) 1 im-preg'na-bl; 2 Im-prgg'- 
im-preg'na-bl p , ) na-bl, a. 1. Proof against 
attack. 2. Not to be overcome bv tempta¬ 
tion. [ < F. imprenable, < in ( < L. in), not, 
+ prenable, < L. prehendo, seize.]— im-preg"- 
na-bil'i-ty, im-preg'na-bly, adv. 
im-preg'nate, 1 im-preg'net; 2 Imprgg'nat. 
I. vt. [-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] 1. To make 
pregnant. 2. To saturate or permeate with 
another substance. 3. To imbue with an ac¬ 
tive principle. II. a. Made pregnant. [ < 
L. LL in, in, + prsegnan{t-)s; see pregnant.] — 
lm"preg-na'tion, n. 

im-press' 1 , 1 im-pres'; 2 Im-prgs'. I 1 , vt. To 
form or fix by pressure; mark by pressure; in¬ 
dent. II. 1 im'pres; 2 Im'pres, n. 1. A mark 
or indentation produced by pressure. 2. The 
effect of a force. [ < L. in, in, + premo, press.] 
— im-press'i-bl(e p , a. Capable of being im¬ 
pressed.— im-press"l-bil 'i-ty, n. 
iin-press' 2 . I 1 . vt. 1. To compel to enter the 
public service. 2. To seize (property) for 
public use. II. n. Impressment. [ < im- 1 + 
OF. prester, lend.]— im-’press'ment, n. The 
act of impressing into the public service or 
of seizing property for public use. 
im-pres'sion, 1 im-pre^h'an; 2 im-prgsh'on, n. 
1. The act of impressing. 2. Any mark, print, 
etc., made by pressure. 3. A material effect 
produced by any agency. 4. A slight or in¬ 
distinct remembrance. — im-pres 'sion-a- 
bl(e p , a. Susceptible of impression.— im-pres"- 
sion-a-bil'i-ty, n.- -im-pres 'sion-ism, n. In 
art and literature, the attempt to convey the 
essential impression of a scene, a character, etc., 
by vivid hues, linen, or phrases, with slight at¬ 
tention to detail or flnish.— im-pres'sion-ist, n. 
-is'tic, a. — im-pres'siv(e 8 , a. Producing an 
impression, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
im"pri-ina'tur, 1 im"pir-me'tur; 2 im"pri-ma'- 
tur, n. Official license to print or publish; hence, 
approval; sanction. [L., “ let it be printed.”] 
im-pri'mis, 1 im prai'mis; 2 Im-pri'mis, adv. In 
the first place; first in order. [L.] 
iin-print', 1 im-print'; 2 im-print'. I d . vt. 1. 
To print (a substance) by stamping or pres¬ 
sure. 2. Tc print. 3. To impress perma¬ 
nently on the heart or mind. II. 1 im'print; 
2 Im'print; n. 1. A mark or character made 
by printing, stamping, or pressing. 2. The 
effect left by impression. 3. A publisher’s or 
printer’s name, etc., printed in a book or 
other publication. [ < L. op imprimo; see im¬ 
press 1 , ».] 

im-pris'on, 1 im-priz'n; 2 Im-prig'n, vt. To 
put into a prison; deprive of liberty.— im- 

pris'on-nient, n. 

im-prob'a-b!e, ) 1 im-preb'a-bl; 2 Im-pr5b'a- 
im-prob'a-bl p , ) bl, a. Not likely to be true; 
not reasonably to be expected.— im-prob"a- 
bll'i-ty, ».—im-prob'a-bly, adv. 
im-promp'tu, 1 im-premp'tiu; 2 Im-promp'tu. 
I. a. Extempore; offhand. II. n. Anything 
done on the impulse of the moment. III. 
adv. Without preparation. [F., < L. in 
promptu, in readiness.] 
improp., abbr. Improperly. 


l-a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; tfhjn; go; , o = sins; thin, this. 
2;wQlf, dft; book, boot; fljll, njle, cure, but, bOrn; oik boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










improper 

incertitude 


310 


im-prop'er, a. 1. Not proper. 2. Not con¬ 
formed to good usage.—im-prop'er-Iy, adv. 
—im"pro-pri'e-ty, ra. The state of being im¬ 
proper; anything that is improper, 
im-prove', 1 im-pruv'; 2 im-prov', v. I. t. 1. 
To make better. 2. To use to good purpose. 
II. i. To make progress in knowledge, use¬ 
fulness, value, etc. [Ult. < OF. approuer, 
profit, by changing ap- 1 to im- 1 in Eng. word.]— 
Im-prove'ment, re. 1. The act of improving. 

2. The practical application of a teaching. 3. A 
valuable addition to or modification of some¬ 
thing, as real estate.—ini-prov'er, re. 

im-prov'1-dent, a. Lacking foresight or thrift. 

-ly, adv .—im-prov'1-dence, n. 
im"pro-vise\ 1 im"pro-vaiz'; 2 Im"pro-vi§', vt. 
& vi. [-vised'; -vis'ing.] To compose, sing, 
play, etc., without preparation; to do any¬ 
thing offhand. [ < L. improvisus, unforeseen.] 
—im-prov"i-sa'tion, re.—im"pro-v!s'er, n. 
im-pru'dent, a. Not prudent; lacking discre¬ 
tion. -ly, ad».—im-pru 'deuce, n. 
im'pu-dent, 1 im'piu-dent; 2 Im'pu-dSnt, a. 

1. Offensively bold. 2. Immodest; shame¬ 
less. [< L. in, not, + puden(t-)s, ppr. of 
pudeo, be ashamed.] -ly, adv. —Im'pu-dence, 
n. Effrontery; shamelessness; immodesty. 

im-pugn', 1 im-piun'; 2 un-pun', vt. To call in 
question; gainsay. [< L. F in, against, + 
pugno, fight.] — im-pug'na-bl(e p , a. — im¬ 
pugn'er, n. 

Ini'pulse, 1 im'puls; 2 im'puls, n. 1. An impe¬ 
tus. 2. A sudden or transient mental mo¬ 
tive or feeling. 3. Any impelling force or 
act. [ < L. impulsus, pp. of impello; see 
impel.] —Im-pul'sion, n.— im-pul'siv(e, a. 1. 
Actuated by impulse. 2. Having the power of 
impelling, -ly, adv. -nes«, re. 
lm-pu'ni-ty, 1 im-piu'ni-ti; 2 im-pu'ni-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] Freedom from punishment or 
from injurious consequences. [ < L. im- 
punita(t-)s , < in-, not, + pcena, punishment.] 
im-pure', 1 im-piur'; 2 Im-pur', a. 1. Contain¬ 
ing some foreign substance; adulterated. 2. 
Unchaste. 3. Unhallowed. [ < L. in-, not, 
4- purus, pure.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —im-pu'- 
ri-ty, n. 

im-pute', 1 im-piut'; 2 im-put', vt. [im-put'- 
ED d ; im-put'ing.] To set to the account of a 
person; charge. [< L. F in, in, + puto, 
reckon.]—im-put'a-bl(e p , a .—lm-put 'a-bly, 
adv .—lm"pu-ta'tion, n. The act of imputing; 
a censure or reproach.—im-pu 'ta-tiv(e s , a. -ly, 
adv. —lm-put'er, ra. 

Impx., abbr. [L.] Imperatrix (empress). 
in. I. ra. A nook.or corner; one who or that 
which is in, as in office. II. adv. 1. Enclosed 
in a place or state. 2. Into a place or state. 

3. Close by. 4. Within. III. prep. Denot¬ 
ing the object as surrounding or including in 
space; toward; by means of. [ < AS. in.] 

In- 1 , prefix. In; into; on. [1, < AS. in-, < in, in. 

2, < OF. in-, ere-, < L. in-, < in, in.] 

in- 2 , prefix. Not; without; un-. [< L. in-, not.] 
The re of both in- 1 and in- 2 changes to m 
before b and p, or into any liquid that immedi¬ 
ately follows it, as it, im, ir, as in illumine, im¬ 
bue, immerse, irazpcril, irrational. [For the 
significations of the listed words and for pro¬ 
nunciation, participial forms, etymology, etc., of 
words beginning with in-, see the latter elements 
of the various compounds.] 

The following is a list of unimportant or self* 
defining words with this prefix, most of them 
being variants of words beginning with un-. In 


all cases, in- as here used has the meaning of 
“ want or lack of,” “ not” (as irecoalescence, lack 
of coalescence; iredevout, not devout). 


in"a-bil'i-ty 
in"ac-ces"si-bil'i-ty 
in"ac-ces'si-bl(e p , -ness 
in'ac-ces'si-bly 
in-ac'cu-ra-cy 
in-ac'cu-rate, -ly 
in-ad'e-qua-cy 
in-ad'e-quate, -ness 
in"ad-mis"si-bil'i-ty 
in"ad-mis'si-bl(e p , -bly 
in-an'i-mate, -ly 
in-ap"pli-ca-bil'i-ty 
in-ap'pli-ca-bl(e p . -bly 
in-ap'po-site, -ly 
in"ap-pre'ci-a-bl(e p , 

-bly [-ness 

in"ap-pro'pri-ate, -ly, 
in-apt', -ly, -ness 
in-apt'i-tude [-ness 

in"ar-tic'u-late, -ly, 
in-ar"ti-fi'cial 
in"ar-tis'tic 
in"ar-tis'ti-cal-ly 
in"at-ten'tion [-ness 

in"at-ten'tiv(e s , -ly, 
in-au"di-bil'i-ty 
in-au'di-bl(e p , -bly 
in"aus-pi'cious, -ly, 
-ness [-ness 

in-cal'cu-la-bl(e p , -bly, 
in-ca"pa-bil'i-ty 
in-ca'pa-bl(e p , -bly, 
-ness 

in-cau'tious, -ly, -ness 
in"ci-vil'i-ty 
in"com-bus"ti-bil'i-ty 
in"com-bus'ti-bl (e p , 
-ness [i-ty 

in"com-men"su-ra-bil'- 
in"com-men'su-ra-bl (e p 
in"com-men'su-rate 
in , ’com-mu'ni-ca-bl (e p 
in"com-mu'ni-ca-tiv(e 8 
in"com-press"i-bil'i-ty 
in"com-press'i-bl(e p , 
-bly [-ness 

in"con-clu'siv(e 3 , -ly, 
in"con-sid'er-a-bl(e p , 
-bly, -ness 

in"con-sol'a-bl(e p , -bly, 
-ness 


in"de-fen'si-bl(e p , -bly, 

-ness 

in"de-his'cence 
in"de-his'cent 
in"de-scrib'a-bl (e p , 

-bly, -ness 
in"de-struc"ti-bil'i-ty 
in"de-struc'ti-bl(e p , 

-bly 

in"de-ter'mi-na-bl(e p , 

-bly 

in"de-ter'mi-nate, -ly. 
-ness 

in"de-ter"mi-na'tion 
in"dis-cern'i-bl(e p , -bly 
in"dis-crete', -ly 
in"dis-tinct', -ly, -ness 
in"di-vert'i-bl(e p , -bly 
in"di-vis"i-bil'i-ty [-ness 
in"di-vis'i-bl(e p , -bly, 
in-doc'il(e s 
in"do-cil'i-ty 
in-duc'tile 
in"duc-til'i-ty 
in"ef-face'a-bl(e p , -bly 
in"ef-fec'tiv(e s , -ly, 
-ness 

in'ef-fec'tu-al, -ly, -ness 
in-ef"fi-ca'cious, -ly, 
-ness 

in-ef'fi-ca-cy 
in"ef-fi'cien-cy 
in"ef-fi'cient, -ly 
in"e-las'tic 
in-el'e-gance 
in-el'e-gant, -ly 
in-el'o-quent, -ly 
in-eq'ui-ta-bl(e p , -bly 
in"e-rad'i-ca-bl(e p , -bly 
in"ex-act', -ly % 
in"ex-cus'a-bl(e p , -bly 
in"ex-haust'i-bl(e p , -bly 
in"ex-pe'di-en-cy, -ence 
in"ex-pe'di-ent, -ly 
in"ex-pen'siv(e p , -ly, 
-ness 

in^ex-peTi-ence 
in"ex-pe'ri-enced 
in"ex-pert', -ness 
in-ex'pi-a-bl(e p , -bly, 

-ness 


in-con'so-nance 
in-con'so-nant [-ness 
in"con-spic'u-ous, -ly, 
in"con-trol' la-b 1 (e p 
in-con"tro-vert'i-bl(e p , 
-bly, -ness 
in"con-vert'i-bl(e p , 

-bly, -ness 

in"cor-rect', -ly, -ness 
in'cre-ate 
in-cred"i-bil'i-ty 
in-cred'i-bl(e p , -bly, 
-ness 

in-cur"a-bil'i-ty 
in-cur'a-bl(e p , -bly, 
-ness 

in-cu'ri-ous, -ly, -ness 
in"de-ci'sion 
in"de-ci'siv (e s , -ly, 
-ness 

in"de-clln'a-bl(e p , -bly 
in"de-co'rous, -ly, -ness 
in"de-co'rum 
in''de-fen"si-bil'i-ty 


in-ex"pli-ca-bil'i-ty 
in-ex'pli-ca-bl(e p , -bly 
in'ex-plic'lt 

in"ex-press'i-bl(e p , -bly, 
-ness 

in"ex-pres'siv(e 8 , -ly, 
-ness 

in"ex-ten'si-bl(e p 
in"ex-tin'guish-a-bl (e p , 
-bly 

in-fer'til(e 8 , -til'i-ty 
in-fran'gi-bl(e p 
in-fre'quen-cy, -quence 
in-fre'quent, -ly 
in"hu-mane' 
in"ob-ser'vance 
in"ob-ser'vant, -ly 
in-o'dor-ous 
in"of-fen'siv(e s , -ly, 
-ness 

in-op'er-a-tiv(e s 
in-op"por-tune', -ly, 
-ness 

in"sa-lu'bri-ous 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern: hit. ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 






311 


improper 

incertitude 


in-sol'u-bl(e p , -bly, 
-ness 

in"sub-or'di-nate, -ly 
in"sub-or"di-na'tion 
in*sub-stan'tial 
in"suf-fl'cien-cy, -clence 
in"suf-fl'cient, -ly 
in"sup-port'a-bl (e p , 
-ness 

in"sup-port'a-bly 
in"sus-cep'ti-bl(e p 
in"u-til'i-ty 


in*sa-lu'bri-ty 
in"se-cure', -ly, -ness 
in"se-cu'ri-ty 
ln-sep"a-ra-bil'l-ty 
in-sep'a-ra-bl(e p , -bly, 

-ness 

in"sin-cere', -ly 
in"sin-cer'i-ty 
in"so-bri'e-ty 
in-so'cia-bl(e p 
in-so'cial 
in-sol"u-bil'l-ty 
[Pronunciations, etymologies, etc., of words 
compounded with in-, when not given under the 
prefix, will be found under the second element 
in vocabulary place; as, inarch (see arch); in¬ 
breed (see breed) , etc.] 

-in 1 , suffix. Used (1) in adjectives of Greek or 
Latin origin, meaning “pertaining to,” and (2) in 
nouns of Latin origin. [(1) < F. -in, -ine, < L. 
-inns, -ina, -tnum, or < Gr. -inos, -ine, -inon, an 
adj. termination. (2) < L. -ina, termination of 
fern, abstract nouns.] -inej. 

-in 2 , suffix. Used (1) as a termination of feminine 
nouns, and (2) in chemistry and mineralogy, 
forming names of derivatives and of some 
elements. [ < L. -ina or Gr. -ine, prop. fern, of 
L. -inns, Gr. -inos; see -in 1 .] -inej. 
in., abbr. [ins., pi.] Inch, 
in -ac'tion, n. A state of inactivity.— in* 
ac'tiv(e s , a. Not active; indolent; inert, -ly, 
adv. -ness, ra.—in"ac-tiv'l-ty, n. The state 
of being inactive. 


in"ad-ver'tent, 1 in"ad-vur'tent; 2 m"ad-ver'- 
tent, a. 1. Done without consideration. 2. 
Habitually heedless — in"ad-ver'fence, n. 
in"ad-vcr'ten-cyt. — in"ad-ver'tent-ly, ado. 
in-a'lien-a-ble, )1 in-el'yen-a-bl; 2 m-al'yen- 
in-a'lien-a-bl p , ) a-bl, a. Not transferable; 
that can not be rightfully taken away.— in- 
a"Iien-a-bil'i-ty, n. —in-a'Iien-a-bly, ado. 
in-ane', 1 in-en'; 2 fn-an', a. 1. Wanting in 
understanding; silly. 2. Having no substance 
or contents; vacant. [ < L. inanis, empty.] — 
in"a-ni'tion, n. The state of being void or 
empty; exhaustion from lack of nourishment.— 
in-an'I-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The condition of 
being inane or empty; inanition; lack of sense.— 
in-ane'ly, adv. 

in"as -much', adv. 1. Considering the fact; 

seeing that. 2. In like degree; in so far. 
in-au'gu-rate, 1 in-e'giu-ret; 2 m-a'gu-rat, vt. 
[-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] 1. To invest with an 
office in a formal manner. 2. To begin; orig¬ 
inate. 3. To celebrate the opening or in¬ 
troduction of. [ < L. in, in, + augur, 
diviner.] — in-au'gu-ral. I. a. Pertaining to an 
inauguration. II. n. An address by a person on 
his induction into office.— in-au"gu-ra'tion, n. 
The ceremony of inaugurating.— in-au'gu-ra"- 
tor, n. 

in'born", a. Implanted by nature; innate, 
in-bound', a. Bound inward; as, an inbound 


ship. 

in'bred", a. 1. Bred within; innate. 2. Bred 
from closely related parents, 
inc., abbr. Incorporated, increase, 
in'ca, 1 irj'ka; 2 in'ca, n. 1. An ancient native 
Peruvian chief. 2. [I-] One of the race for¬ 
merly dominant in Peru. [Sp., < Peru, inca.] 
in"ea-Ies'cent, 1 in"ka-les'ent; 2 In''ca-les'ent, a. 
Growing warm; increasing in heat. [< L. in, in, 
+ calesco, grow warm, < caleo, be warm.]— in"- 
ca-les'cence, o. • 

in"can-dcs'cent, 1 in"kan-des'ent; 2 in"can- 
dfis'ent, a. Made luminous by heat. [ < L. 


in, in, -f candesco, 
cence, -cen-cy, n. 
in"can-ta'tion, 1 in"kan-te'- 
£hen; 2 xn"can-ta'shon, n. 
The utterance of magical 
. words for enchantment. [ < 
L.kk incanto, < in, in, + 
canto, sing.] 

in"ca-pac'i-tatc cl , 1 in"ka- 
pas'i-tet; 2 m"ca-pa 5 'i-tat, 
vt. 1. To deprive of capac¬ 
ity. 2. To disqualify.— 
in"ca-pac"i-ta'tion, n .— 
in"ca-pac'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. Lack of capacity; 
incapability. 2. Want of 
competency. 

in -car 'cer-ate, 1 in-kdr'sar- 
et; 2 In-ear'ger-at, vt. [-at"- 


grow hot.]—In"can-des'» 



To shut up 
< L. in, in, -+- 


ED d ; -at"ing 
in a prison. 
career, jail.]— in-car"cer-a'' 
tion, n. 

in-car'na-dine, 
in-car'na-din/ 3 

ln-car'na-diru vt. [-din(e)d; 

DIN-ING.] 


Incandescent 
Electric Lamp. 

A A, metallic pieces 
acting as bearings for 
. , - , shaft of key B, and as 

in-kar - conductors for current 
ne din; 2 through wire C, which 
is attached to A by 
rr, j • screw. Current passes 

IO dye red or through D to screw* 


e, (1 

S ) Hi 


flesh=color. [ < F. incarna- of socket E which 
din, < incarnat, flesh-colored.] '? ™ c « ntao , t with screw. 

In-ear'nate, 1 m-k*r'net; 3 a ITS. 

in €ar nat. !• vt. [-NAT^- contact with metallic cap 
ED d ;-NAT"iNG.] To embody 0I ? base . of la,n i>' , a '' d 

• __ * , 47 wire li is connected by 

in nesn, CailSG to aSSliniG a screw, thus making a 
living bodily form. II. (X. complete circuit through 
Invested with flesh. [< the lamp J, carbon til- 

in, + CdTO (CCIT71-), tached to filament and 
flGSII.] III car-na tion 9 n. soldered respectively to 

1. The act of becoming in- screw and cap on base of 
carnate; especially, the as- lan 'P- 

sumption of the human nature by Jesus Christ. 

2. Personification. 


in-case 'V (1 in-kes'; 2 in-cas', vt. To enclose 
en-case't, (in a case; enclose in or surround 
with anything.—in-[or en-]case'ment, n. 
ill-cen'di-a-ry, 1 in-sen'di-e-ri; 2 in-?en'di-a- 
ry. I. a. 1. Pertaining to malicious setting 
on fire. 2. Tending to inflame passion. II. n. 
[-ries 2 , pi.] One who commits arson. [ < L. 
incendiarius, < incendo, set on fire.]— in-cen'- 
di-a-rism, n. An incendiary act. 
in-cense' 1 , 1 in-sens'; 2 m-^ens', vt. [in¬ 
censed' 1 ; incens'ing.] To inflame or incite 
to anger. [ < L. incensus, pp. of incendo, set 
on fire.] 

in'cense 2 , 1 in'sens; 2 in'cens, vt. & vi. [in'- 
censed 4 ; in'cens-ing.] To perfume with in¬ 
cense; burn incense.— in"cen-sa'tion, n. 
in 'cense, n. An aromatic substance that ex¬ 
hales perfume during combustion, as certain 
gums and spices. [< LL. F incensum, lit. 
neut. pp. of L. incendo; see incense 1 , p.] 
in-cen'tive,) 1 in-sen'tiv; 2 m-^en'tiv. I. a. 
in-cen'ti V s , ( Encouraging or impelling. II. 
n. That w r hich incites. [ < L. incentus, pp., 
< in- interns. + cano, sing.] -Iy, adv. 
incept., abbr. Inceptive. 

in-cep'tion, 1 in-sep's'han; 2 m-^ep'shon, n. 
The act of beginning; also, the initial period. 


[< L . inceptio(n-), < inceptus, < incipio, begin.] 
—in-cep'iiv(e s , a. Noting the beginning.— in- 
cep'tive-ly, adv. 

in-cer'ti-tude, I in-sur'ti-tiud; 2 m-?er'ti-tud, 
n. The state of being uncertain; uncertainty; 
obscurity. [F., < L. incertus, uncertain.] 


1:8 = final; l = habiG aisle; au = owt; oil; iu = fend; tfhin; go; t) = sin^; thin, this. 
2; wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 




















Incessant 

indelible For words in ire- not given below see in- 2 , prefix, page 310. 312 


in-ces'sant, 1 in-ses'snt; 2 Tn-ces'ant, a. Con¬ 
tinued or repeated without cessation. [ < L. 
in-, not, + cessan(t-)s, ppr. of cesso, cease.]— in- 
ces'san-cy, re.—in-ces'sant-ly, adv. 
in'cest, 1 in'sest; 2 invest, re. Sexual inter¬ 
course between persons too nearly related for 
legal marriage. [ < L. incestum, < in-, not, 
+ castus, pure.]—in-ces'tu-ous, a. -ly, adv. 
inch, 1 indh; 2 inch, re. A lineal measure, the 
twelfth part of a foot. See measure. [ < 
AS. ynce, < L. uncia, twelfth part.] 
inch., incho., abbr. Inchoative, 
in'cho-ate, 1 in'ko-ct; 2 fn'co-at, a. Incipient. 

[ < L. inchoatus, pp. of inchoo, begin.] -ly, adv. 
in'ci-dence, 1 in'si-dens; 2 in'?i-dSnc, re. A 
falling, or the direction of fall. [ < L. F inci¬ 
dents, < in, upon, + cado, fall.] 
in'ci-dent, 1 in'si-dent; 2 m'ci-dSnt. I. a. 1. 
Falling upon; likely to befall. 2. Of the nature 
of an incident; incidental. II. re. 1. A subor¬ 
dinate event or act. 2. A happening of little 
importance. [F., < L. incidents; see inci¬ 
dence.]— in"ci-den'tal I. a. 1. Occurring in 
the course of something else; contingent. 2. 
Happening without regularity or design; casual. 
II. re. Something incidental, -ly, adv. 
in-cin 'er-ate, 1 in-sin'sr-et; 2 in-gln'er at, vt. 
[-at"ed c * ; -at"ing.] To consume with fire. 
[< L. in, to, + cinis (.ciner-), ashes.]—in-cin"- 
er-a'tion, re. Cremation.,— in-cin'er-a"tor, re. 
in-cip'i-ent, 1 in-sip'i-ent; 2 in-cip'i-£nt, a. 
Belonging to the first stages. [ < L. incipi¬ 
ences, ppr. of incipio, begin.] -ly, adv.— in- 
cip'i-ence, re. Inception, in-cip'l-en-cyt. 
ln-cise', 1 in-saiz'; 2 In-gig', vt. [in-cised'; in- 
cis'ing.] 1. To cut into; carve in intaglio. 
2. To gash. [ < L. in, into, + csedo, cut.]— 
in-ci'sion, re. The act of incising; also, a cut; 
gash.—in-ci'siv(e s , a. 1. Having the power of 
incising; cutting; acute. 2. Pertaining to an in¬ 
cisor. in-ci'so-ryt.—in-ci'siv(e-ly s , acht—iu- 
cl'siv(e-ness s , re.—in-cl'sor. I. a. Adapted 
for cutting. II. re. A front or cutting tooth. 
In-cite', 1 in-sait'; 2 m-glt', vt. [iN-crr'ED d ; in- 
' cit'ing.] To impel to a particular action; in¬ 
stigate. [ < L. incito, < in, in, cito; see 
cite.]— ln-cit'ant. I. a. Inciting; instigating. 
II. re. One who or that which incites.—in"ci- 
ta'tion, re. 1. Incitement. 2. An incentive.— 
in-cite'nient, re. 1. The act of inciting. 2. 
That which incites.—in-cit'er, re. 

Incl., abbr. Including, inclusive. 

In-clem'ent, 1 in-klem'ent; 2 in-clSm'Snt, a. 
Not clement; harsh; severe. (1) Rigorous, 
as weather. (2) Unpropitious or untoward.— 
in-clem'en-cy, re. 1. Severity, as of weather. 
2. Harshness. 

in-Cline', 1 in-klain'; 2 Tn-clTn', v. [in-clined'; 
in-clin'ing.] I. t. 1. To cause to bend, 
stoop, lean, or slope. 2. To give an inclina¬ 
tion or propensity to. II. i. 1. To bend. 
2. To approximate or tend. 3. To be disposed. 
[ < F. incliner, < L. inclino, < in, upon, + clino, 
lean.]—inclined plane, a plane forming any 
angle but a right angle with 
a horizontal plane.—in- 
clin'a-bl(e p , a. — incli¬ 
nation, re. 1. Deviation 
from a given direction, es¬ 
pecially from the vertical or Inclined Plane, 
horizontal. 2. A slope. 3. . ab t>as<=; height; ac, 
A mental bent; predilection. inU,ied P lane - 
4. The angle between two lines, planes, etc. 
in-cline f , re. A gradient; slope, 
in-close', etc. Same as enclose, etc. 


in-clude', 1 in-klud'; 2 in-clud', vt. [in cldd'- 
ED d ; in-clud'ing.] To comprise as a com¬ 
ponent part; enclose within; contain. [< L. 
includo,<. in, in, + claudo, close.] — in-clu'- 
slon, re. 1. The act of including; restriction. 2. 
That which is included. — ln-clu'siv(e, a. In¬ 
cluding the things mentioned; embracing; com¬ 
prising. -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
incog., abbr. [It.] Incognito, 
in-eog'ni-to, 1 in-kog'm-to; 2 In-cog'ni-to. I. 
a. & adv. Unknown; under an assumed name. 
II. re. The assumption of a fictitious name 
or character. [It.,< L. incognitas, unknown.] 
In"co-her'ent, 1 in"ko-h!r'ent; 2 In"co-her'- 
6nt, a. Having little or no coherence; incon¬ 
gruous; unconnected -ly, adv. —in"co-her'- 
enee, iu"co-her 'en-cy, re. 1. Want of coher¬ 
ence. 2. Looseness or separateness of material 
particles. 3. That which is incoherent. 

In 'come, 1 inkum; 2 In'com, re. The amount 
of money coming in; gain derived; revenue. 
In"com-mode' d , 1 in"ke-mod'; 2In"c6-m6d',t>f. 
To cause inconvenience to; disturb. [< L. F 
ire-, not, + commodus, fit, suitable.]—in"com- 
mo'di-ous, a. -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
in-com'pa-ra-ble, / 1 in-kem'pe-ra-bl; 2 In- 
in-com'pa-ra-bl p , $ c6m'pa-ra-bl, a. Not ad¬ 
mitting of comparison; peerless. [F., < L. 
ire-, not, + comparo, compare.] -ness, re.—in- 
coin'pa-ra-biy, adv. 

In"coill-pat'i-ble, ) 1 in"kem-pat'i-bl; 2 ln"- 
in"com-pat'i-bl p , s’ -com-pat'i-bl, a. Not com¬ 
patible; discordant. — in"com-pat"i-bil'i- 
ty, re.—in-coni-pat'i-bly, adv. 
in-coin'pe-tent, 1 in-kem'pi-tent; 2 in-com'- 
pe-tSnt, a. Not competent; unable to do 
what is required, -ly, ailv. —in-coni'pe- 
tcnce, in-com'pe-ten-cy, re. General lack of 
capacity; inability. 

in"coni-plete', 1 in"kem-plit'; 2 in"c6m-plet', 
a. Not complete; imperfect, -ly, adv. -ness, 
re.—in"com-ple'tion, re. 

in-COlil"pre-lien 'si-bl (e p , 1 in-kem"pn-hen'- 
si-bl; 2 in-com"prc-hgn'si-bl, a. Not com¬ 
prehensible; inconceivable. — in-com"pre- 
hen"si-bil'i-ty, re.—In-com"pre-hen'sl-bl(e- 
ness p , re.—in-com"pre-lien'sI-bly, adv. 
In"con-ceiv'a-ble, ) 1 in"kon-s!v'a-bl; 2 In"- 
in"con-ceiv'a-bl p , 3 cSn-cev'a-bl, a. That can 
not be conceived; incomprehensible, -ness, 
n.— in"eon-ceiv"a-bil'i-ty, re.—in"con-ceiv'- 
a-bly, adv. 

in-con'gru-ous, 1 in-keq'gru-us; 2 Tn-con'- 
gru-us, a. 1. Not congruous. 2. Composed 
of inharmonious elements. [ < L. incongruus, 
< in-, not; and see congruous.] -Iy, adv.— in- 
con 'gru-cnce, re.—in-con'gru-ent, a. —in"- 
con-gru'i-ty, re. 1. The state of being incon¬ 
gruous. 2. That which is incongruous. 

In-con'se-quent, 1 in-kon'si-kwent; 2 in-con'- 
se-kwent, a. 1. Contrary to reasonable in¬ 
ference; illogical. 2. Not according to se¬ 
quence. -ly, adv. —in-con'se-quence, re.— 
in-con"se-qiien'tIaI, a. Of little consequence. 
in"con-sid'er-ate, 1 in"kon-sid'ar-it; 2 Tn"- 
con-sid'er-at, a. 1. Not considerate; thought¬ 
less. 2. Showing want of consideration, -ly, 
adv. -ness, re. 

in"con-sis 'tent, 1 in"ken-sis'tent; 2 in"con- 
sfs't£nt, a. 1. Logically incompatible. 2, 
Self*contradictory. 3. Not consistent; ca¬ 
pricious. -ly, adv. —fn"con-sis'ten-cy, re. 
in"con-sis'tencet. 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, nollcej obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 












incessant 

313 For words in in- not given below see in- 2 , 'prefix, page 310. indelible 


in-con's tan t, a. Not constant; fickle; varia¬ 
ble. -ly, adv. —in-cou'stan-cy, a. 
in"con-test 'a-ble, ) a. Not admitting of con- 

in"<*on-test'a-bl p , j troversy.— in"con-test'- 
a-bly, adv. 

in-con'ti-nent, a. Not continent; unchaste 
— in-con'ti-nence, n. Lack of continence; un¬ 
chastity.— in-con'ti-nent-ly, adv. 1. Without 
due restraint. 2. Immediately. 
in"con-ve'nient, 1 in"ken-vln'yent; 2 m"c6n- 
ven'yent, a. Not convenient; incommodious; 
inexpedient; unsuitable, -ly, adv. — in"con- 
ve'nience. l'.vt. To put to inconvenience. II. n. 
1. The state of being inconvenient. 2. A dis¬ 
advantage. 

incor., abbr. Incorporated, 
in-cor'po-rate, 1 in-ker'po-ret; 2 m-cor'po- 
rat, v. [-RAT >, ED d ; -rat"ing.] I. t. 1. To 
combine together so as to form one harmoni¬ 
ous whole. 2. To embody. 3. To form into 
a legal corporation. II. i. To become incor¬ 
porated. 

in-cor'po-rate 1 , 1 in-ker'po-rit; 2 m-eor'po- 
rat, a. 1. Not consisting of matter. 2. Not 
formed into a corporation. 
in-cor'po-rate 2 , a. Joined, or intimately asso¬ 
ciated; incorporated. [ < L. incorporatus, pp. 
of incorporo, embody, < in, in; and see corpo¬ 
rate.]— in-cor"po-ra'tion, n. 1. The act of in¬ 
corporating. 2. A corporation. 3. The combin¬ 
ing of elements.—in-cor'po-ra"tor, n. 
in"cor-po 're-al, 1 in"ker-po'n-el; 2 in"cor- 
po're-al, a. 1. Not consisting of matter; im¬ 
material. 2. Intangible, -ly, adv. 
in-cor'ri-gi-ble, ) 1 in-ker'i-ji-bl; 2 m-cor'i-gi- 
in-cor'ri-gi-bl p ,) bl, a. 1. That can not be 
corrected. 2. Depraved beyond reform, -ness, 
».—in-cor"ri-gi-bil'i-ty, in-cor'ri-gi-bly, 

adv. 

in"cor-rupt'i-ble, ) a. Incapable of corrup- 
in"cor-rupt'i-bl p , ) tion. — in"cor-rupt"i- 
bil'i-ty, in"cor-rupt'i-bl(e-ness p , n.— in"cor- 
rupt'i-bly, adv.— in"cor-rup'tion, n. Free¬ 
dom from corruption, 
jncr., abbr. Increase. 

in-crease', 1 in-krls'; 2 in-cres'. I. vt. & vi. 
[in-creased'* ; in-creas'ing.] To augment 
or make greater; enlarge; become greater; 
grow; multiply. II. 1 in'krls; 2 in'cres, n. A 
growing larger or greater; augmentation; in¬ 
crement; produce. [ < L. in, in, + cresco, 
grow.]— in-creas'ing-ly, adv. 
in-cred'u-lous, 1 in-kred'yu-lus; 2 in-cred'yu- 
liis, a. 1. Refusing belief; skeptical. 2. 
Characterized by doubt, -ly, adv .— in"cre- 
du'll-ty, n. Indisposition to believe, in-ered'- 
u-Ious-nessf:. 

In'cre-raent, 1 in'kri-ment or -ment; 2 m'ere- 
ment, n. 1. The act of increasing; enlarge¬ 
ment. 2. Increase. [ < L. incrementum, < 
incresco, increase.] 

In-cres'cent, 1 in-kres'ent; 2 In-cres'ent, a. Char¬ 
acterized by increase; growing: said especially of 
the moon. [< L. increscent-)s, ppr. of incresco; 
see increase.] 

in-crim'i-nate, 1 in-krim'i-net; 2 In-erlm'i- 
nat, vt. [-nat"ed; -nat"ing.] To charge or 
connect with a crime. [ < LL. incriminatus, 
< L. in, in, + crimen, a crime.] 
in-crust ' d , 1 in-krust'; 2 in-crust', vt. To coyer 
with a crust or hard coat, as in decorative 
processes.— in"crus-ta'tion, n. 1. The act 
of incrusting, or the object incrusted. 2. A crust, 
in'cu-bate, 1 in'kiu-bet; 2 In'eu-bat, vt. & vi. 


1:3 = final; 
2: wQlf, do; 


[-BAT"ED d ; -bat"ing.] 1. To sit upon in order 
to hatch; also, to hatch by sitting. 2. To 
plan. [ < L. in, on, + cubo, lie.]— in"cu-ba'- 
tion, n. The act of hatching; figuratively, a 
planning or producing.— in'cu-ba"tor, n. That 
which incubates, especially an apparatus arti¬ 
ficially warmed. 

in'cu-bus, 1 ir/kiu-bus; 2 in'cu-bus, n. [in'~ 
cu-bus-es or in'cu-bi, pi.) 1. Anything that 
tends to weigh down or discourage. 2. The 
nightmare. [< L. LL incubo; see incubate.] 
in-cul'cate, 1 in-kul'ket; 2 in-eul'cat, vt. 
[-cat"ed j ; -cat"ing.] To impress upon the 
mind by repeated admonition; teach. [< L. 
in, on, + calco, tread.]— in"cuI-ca'tion, n. — 
in-cul 'ca-tor, n. 

in-cul'pate, 1 in-kul'pet; 2 in-cul'pat, vt. 
[-PAT"ED d ; -pat"ing.] To charge with wrong* 
doing; implicate. [ < L. in, in, -f- culpa, fault.] 
—In"cuI-pa'tion. n.— in-cul 'pa-to-ry, a. 
in-cum'bent, 1 in-kum'bent; 2 in-eum'bent. 

1. a. 1. Required or demanded; obligatory. 

2. Resting upon something. II. n. One who 
holds an office. [ < L. in, on, -)- cubo, lie.]— 
in-cum'ben-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] The state or 
period of holding an office. 

in-cum'ber, in-cum'brance, etc. See en¬ 
cumber, etc. 

in-cur', 1 in-kur'; 2 m-chr', vt. [in-curred'; 
in-cur'ring.] To bring upon oneself, as an 
injury. [< L. F incurro, < in, against, + 
curro, run.] 

in-cur'sion, 1 in-kur'^hen; 2 m-chr'shon, n. A 
hostile entrance into a territory; raid. [ < L. 
incursioIn-), < incurro; see incur.] — in-cur'- 
siv(e s , a. Disposed to make incursions, 
in-curve', 1 in-kurv'; 2 in-cfirv', vt. & vi. To 
curve, or cause to curve, inward. [ < L. in- 
curvo, < in, in, + curvus, bent.]— in-cur'vate. 

1. vt. [-vat"ed<i; -vatTng.] To curve; bend. II. 
a. Curved.—in"cur-va'tion, n. 

Ind, 1 ind; 2 Ind, n. India: poetic name. 

Ind., abbr. India, Indian, Indiana (official), in¬ 
dex.—ind., abbr. Independent, indigo.—ind., 
indie., abbr. Indicative. 

in-debt'ed, 1 in-det'ed; 2 fn-det'ed, pa. 1. 
Having contracted a debt. 2. Owing grati¬ 
tude; beholden.— in-debt 'ed-ness, n. 
in-de'cent, 1 in-dl'sent; 2 in-de'gent, a. 1. 
Offensive to decency; immodest. 2. Con¬ 
trary to what is proper.— in-de'cen-cy, n. 
[-cies z , pi.] 1. The condition of being indecent. 

2. An indecent act.—in-de'cent-ly, adv. 

indecl., abbr. Indeclinable. [truth, 

in-deed', 1 in-did'; 2 in-ded', adv. In fact; in 
Indef., abbr. Indefinite. 

in"de-fat'i-ga-ble,) 1 in"di-fat'i-ga-bl; 2 m"- 
in"de-fat'i-ga-bl p , ( de-fat'i-ga-bl, a. Not ex¬ 
hausted by labor or exertion; unflagging. [ < 
L. in-, not, + defatigo, tire out.]— in"de-fat"i- 
ga-bil'i-ty, n. —in"de-fat 'i-ga-bly, adv. 
in"de-fea'si-ble, i 1 in"di-fl'zi-bl ; 2 In"de-fe'- 
in"de-fea'si-bl p , j si-bl, a. Incapable of being 
defeated, set aside, or made void.— in"de- 
fea"si-bil'i-ty, n. —in"de-fea'si-bly, adv. 
in"de-fin'a-ble, \ 1 in"di-fain'a-bl; 2 in"de- 
in"de-fin'a-bl p , \ fln'a-bl, a. That can not be 
defined or described; evanescent; subtile.— 
in"de-fin'a-bly, adv. 

in-def'i-nit(e p , a. 1. Not definite or precise. 

2. Indeterminate. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
in-del 'i-ble, ( 1 in-del'i-bl; 2 m-del'i-bl, a. That 
in-del 'i-bl p , ) can not be blotted out; inefface¬ 
able. [ < L. in-, not, + deleo, destroy, efface.] 


1 = habit; aisle; au = out; eil; iu = feud; tfhin; go; 0 = sin^; thin, this, 

book, boot; lull, rple, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, tiiis. 









Indelicate 

Inept 


For words in in- not given below see in-*, prefix, page 310. 


314 


—In-deP'I-bin-ty, n. ln-del'I-bl(e-ness p t.— 
in-del 'i-bly, adv. 

In-del'i-cate, a. Not delicate; offensive to 
propriety or refinement.—in-del 'i-ca-cy, n. 
—in-def'I-cate-ly, adv. 4 

in-dem'ni-fy, 1 in-dem'm-fai; 2 In-dSm'm-fy, 
vt. [-fied; -fy"ing.] 1. To compensate for 
loss. 2. To give immunity to from punish¬ 
ment. [ < L. indemnis (< in-, not, + 
damnum, harm) 4- -fy.] —in-dem"ni-fl-ca'- 
tion, n. —in-dem'ni-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 

ln-dent' d , 1 in-dent'; 2 m-dSnt', v. I. t. 1. To 
make dents in. 2. To indenture. 3. To set 
in (a line) by a blank space at the left hand. 
II. i. To be dented. [ < L. LL+F in, in, + 
den(t-)s, tooth.]- ! -In"den-ta'tion, n. 1. The 
act of denting. 2. A cut or notch. — in-den'tion, 
n. 1. A dent. 2. The indenting of a line in 
print.— in-den'ture. I. vt. [-tured; -Tur¬ 

ing.] To bind by indenture, as an apprentice. 
II. n. 1. Law. An instrument of contract under 
seal. 2. The act of indenting. 

In"de-pen'dent, 1 in"di-pen'dent; 2 In"de- 
pfin'dfint. I. a. 1. Not subordinate to nor 
dependent for support upon another. 2. 
Affording means of independence. 3. Self* 
reliant. 4. Separate. II. n. One who exer¬ 
cises his own judgment, as in religion.— in"- 
de-pen'dent-ly, adv .— ln"de-pen'dence, n. 1. 
Freedom from dependence. 2. A competency. 
3. A spirit of self*reliance. in"de-pen 'den-cy t. 
— Declaration of Independence, the docu¬ 
ment, issued by the Continental Congress, July 4, 
1776, declaring the American colonies of Great 
Britain thenceforth independent, as the United 
States of America. 

In'dex, 1 in'deks; 2 in'dSks. I‘. vt. To provide 
with or enter in an index. II. n. [in'dex-es 
or in'di-ces, pi.] 1. An indicator, pointer, 
etc. 2. Anything that manifests or denotes. 
3. An alphabetic list of matters, as in a book. 
[L.]—Index finger, the forefinger. 

In'di-a, 1 in'di-a; 2 In'di-a, n. A part of the 
British empire, comprising the central peninsula 
of southern Asia, south of the Himalayas, and 
the western part of the eastern Asiatic peninsula 
[Burma] (1,802,000 sq. m.; pop. 315,156,000); 
capital, Delhi.— India ink, a deeply black pig¬ 
ment.— In'di-a-man, n. [-men, pi.] A large 
merchant ship in the East*Indian trade.—I. 
paper, a thin, tough, and opaque printing*paper. 
— in"di-a «r u b' ber , n. A soft and very elastic 
substance derived from the sap of various tropi¬ 
cal plants; caoutchouc. See rubber. 

In'di-an, 1 in'di-an; 2 In'di-an. I. a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to India. 2. Pertaining to the Amer¬ 
ican native races or to the West Indies. 3. 
[U. S.] Made from maize. II. n. 1. A 
native of India or of the West Indies. 2. A 
member of one of the aboriginal races of 
America. 3. The language of the American 
Indians.—Indian corn, maize.—I. file, sin¬ 
gle file: the usual marching style of the American 
Indian.—I. meal, meal made from maize.— 

1. summer [U. S.], a period of mild weather 
occurring in the autumn. 

In"di-an'a, 1 in"di-an'a; 2 in*di-an'a, n. A N. 
central State (36,354 sq. m.; pop. 2,930,390) of the 
United States; capital, Indianapolis; pop.314,190. 

In'di-an o'cean. An ocean bounded by Africa, 
Asia, Australia, and the parallel of 40° S. 

in'di-cate, 1 in'di-ket; 2 m'di-cat, vt. [-cat"- 
ED d ; -cat"ing.] 1. To give a suggestion of. 

2. To point out; show; represent. [ < L. 
indicatus, pp. of indico .]— In'di-cant. I. a. 


Indicating. II. n. An indicator.—ln"di-ca'- 
tion, n. A manifestation; token.— in-dic'a- 
tiv(e a . I. a. Giving intimation. II. n. Gram. 
The indicative mode, which asserts or questions 
directly, -ly, adv. — In'di-ca"tor, n. Thatwhich 
indicates, as an instrument or index.— in'di-ca- 
to-ry, a. [index. 

in'di -ces, 1 in'di-slz; 2 In'di-ge§, n. A plural of 
ill-diet ' d , 1 in-dait'; 2 In-dit', vt. To prefer an 
indictment against. [ < L. OF indicto, < in, 
in, 4- dico, say.]— in-dict'a-bl(e p , a .— in-dict'- 
ment, ». The act of indicting; a formal charge 
of crime.— In-dlct'er, in-dict'or, n. 

In'dies, 1 in'diz; 2 in'dig, n. pi. The East Indies; 
hence, allegorically, any country or place where 
great wealth exists. 

in-dif'fer-ent, 1 in-dif'ar-ent; 2 In-dlf'er-Snt, 
a. 1. Having no inclination or interest; apa¬ 
thetic. 2. Only passably good. 3. Unim¬ 
portant; unprejudiced, -ly, adv .— in-dif'- 
fer-ence, n. The state of being indifferent; 
apathy; insensibility. 

in-dig'e-nous, 1 in-dij'i-nus; 2 In-dig'e-nus, a. 
Originating in; native; hence, inherent. [< 
L. LL indu, within, + gigno, beget.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

in'di-gent, 1 in'di-jent; 2 In'di-g2nt, a. Desti¬ 
tute of property; poor. [< L. indu (< in), 
in, + egeo, want.]— in'dl-genee, n. Poverty. 
in"di-ges'tion, 1 in"di-jes'chan; 2 In"di-g£s'- 
chon, n. Defective digestion; dyspepsia.— 
in"di-gest'I-bl(e p , a. Not digestible, or difficult 
to digest.— in"di-gest"i-bil'i-ty,n. in"di-gest'- 
i-bl(e-ness p t.—in"di-gest'i-bly, adv.— ln"di- 
ges'tiv(e 8 , a. 

in-dig'nan t, 1 in-dig'nant; 2 in-dig'nant, a. 
1. Having just anger and scorn. 2. Manifest¬ 
ing such a feeling. [ < L. in-, not, 4- dignus, 
worthy.] -ly, adv.— in"dig-na'tlon, n. Just 

resentment. 

in-dig'ni-ty, 1 in-dig'm-ti; 2 In-dlg'ni-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] An act tending to degrade or 
mortify; insult; affront. [< L. in-, not, -f- 
dignus, worthy.] 

in'di-go, 1 in'di-go; 2 In'di-go, n. 1. A blue 
coloring=substance obtained from* the indigo- 
plant. 2. A deep violet-blue. [Sp.]—in'di-go* 
plant", n. Any of several plants, mainly trop¬ 
ical, yielding indigo. 

in"di-rect', 1 in"di-rekt'; 2 In"di-r5et', a. 1. 
Deviating from a direct line. 2. Not direct; 
inferential; equivocal, -ly, adv .— in"di-rec'- 
tion, n. 

in"dis-creet', 1 in"dis-krit'; 2 In"dis-cret', a. 
Lacking discretion; imprudent, -ly, adv .— 
in"dis-erc'tion, n. The state of being indis- 

cre t; an indiscreet act. 

in"dis-crim 'i-nate, 1 in"dis-krim'i-mt; 2 In"- 
dls-crlm'i-nat, a. I. Showing no discrimina¬ 
tion. 2. Mingled in confusion. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

in"dis-pen'sa-ble,) 1 in"dis-pen'sa-bl; 2 In"- 
in"dis-pen'sa-bl p , ) dis-p6n'sa-bl, a. Not to 
be dispensed with, -ness, n. —in"dis-pen"- 
sa-bil'i-ty, n.— in"dis-pen'sa-bly, adv. 
in"dis-pose', 1 in"dis-poz'; 2 In"dIs-po§', vt. 
To disincline; render unfit; make ill. —in"— 
dis-posed', pa. 1. Ill; unwell. 2. Disinclined. 
—in-dis"po-si'tlon, n. 1. Slight illness. 2. 
The state of being mentally disinclined, 
in-dis'pu-ta-ble,) 1 in-dis'piu-ta-bl; 2 In-dls'- 
in-dls'pu-ta-bl p , ) pu-ta-bl, a. Incapable of 
being disputed ; unquestionable. —in-dis"pu- 
ta-bil'i-ty, n. —in-dis'pu-ta-bl (e-ness p , n .— 
in-dis 'pu-ta-biy, adv. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police: obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but burn 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ftll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn, 









315 


For words in in- not given below see in-*, prefix, page 310. 


indelicate 

inept 


in-dis'so-lu-ble, ) 1 in-dis'o-liu-bl; 2 in-dis'o- 
hi-dis'so-lu-bl p , s lu-bl, a. 1. That can not be 
dissolved, liquefied, or melted. 2. Perpetu¬ 
ally binding.— in-dis"so-Iu-bil'i-ty, n. in- 
dls'so-Iu-bl(e-ness p t. — in-dis'so-lu-bly, adv. 
in-dite', 1 in-dait'; 2 fn-dlt', vt. & vi. [in- 
dit'ed 11 ; in-dit'ing.] To put into words or 
writing; frame an expression or composition. 
[ < L.of indicto, see indict.] -ment, n .— in- 
dit'er, n. 

in"di-vid'u-ai, 1 in"di-vid'yu-al; 2 in"di-vid'- 
yu-al. I. a. 1. Existing as an entity; single. 
2. Pertaining to a person or thing. II. n. A 
single person, animal, or thing. [ < L. indi- 
vtduus , indivisible.]— in"di-vid'u-al-ism, n. 1. 
The quality of being individual or separate. 2. 
A tendency, as in religion, ethics, etc., to favor 
the liberty of the individual as to his own conduct. 
— in"di-vid'u-al-ist, n. 1. An egoist. 2. An 
adherent of individualism.— in"di-vid"u-al'i- 
ty, n. 1. The state of being individual. 2. Per¬ 
sonality.— In"di-vid'u-al-ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"- 
ing.] 1. To distinguish; characterize. 2. To se¬ 
lect as an individual; particularize. in"di-vid'- 
u-al-iset.—In"di-vid'u-al-Iy, adv. 
In"dosChi'na, 1 in"do*dhai'n9; 2 In"do=chI'na, n. 
A peninsula of S. E. Asia (850,000 sq. m.; pop. 
44,000,000), of which a portion (256,000 sq. m.; 
pop. 16,990,000) forms French Indo»China. 
in-doc'tri-nate, 1 in-dok'tri-net; 2 in-doc'tri- 
nat, vt. [-NAT w ED d ; -nat"ing.] To instruct 
in doctrines or principles.— in-doc"tri-na'- 
tion, n. 

Indo=Eur., abbr. Indo=European. 
In"dosEu"ro-pe'an, 1 in"do=yu"ro-pi'an; 2 In"do= 
yu"ro-pe'an, a. Of or pertaining to a family of 
languages extending from India over Europe. 

In"do sGer-man'ic t. 

in'do-lence, 1 in'do-lens; 2 m'do-lenc, n. Ha¬ 
bitual idleness; laziness. [< L. indolentia, 
freedom from pain.]—in'do-ient, a. Averse to 
exertion. -ly, adv. 

in-dom'i-ta-bie, ) 1 in-dom'i-ts-bl; 2 m-dom'- 
in-dom'i-ta-bl p , ) i-ta-bl, a. Not to be sub¬ 
dued. [ < L. in-, not, + domito, tame.]— in- 

dom'i-ta*-bly, adv. 

in'door", 1 in'dor"; 2 m'dSr", a. Being or done 
within doors.— in"doors', adv. Within a 
building. 

in-dorse % 1 in-ders'; 2 in-dors', vt. [in¬ 
dorsed' 1 ; in-dors'ing.] 1. To write upon 
the back of; especially, to write one’s name 
on the back of. 2. To give sanction to. [ < 
L. LL in, on, + dorsum, back.] en-dorse'f. — 
in-dors'a-bl(e p , a.— in"dor-see', n. One to 
whom transference by indorsement is made.— 
in-dorse'ment, n. 1. The writing of one’s 
name on the back of a note, check, etc. 2. The 
act of ratification; approval, en-dorse'mentf. 
-In-dors'er or -or, n. One who indorses. 

In'draft", t 1 in'draft"; 2 in'draft", n. The 
in'draught", ) act of drawing in or that which 
is drawn in; an inward flow.— in'drawn", a. 
Drawn in; uttered with suppressed breath; hence, 
abstracted; preoccupied. 

Ind. T., abbr. Indian Territory (ofificial). 
in-du'bi-ta-ble, ) 1 in-diu'bi-ta-bl; 2 m-du'bi- 
in-du 'bi-ta-bl p , ) ta-bl, a. Not open to doubt 
or question; unquestionable; certain, -ness, 
n.— in-du 'bl-ta-bly, adv. 
ln-duce', 1 in-dius'; 2 in-du?', vt. [in-duced' 1 ; 
in-duc'ing.] 1. To influence to an act; pre¬ 
vail on. 2. To lead to or produce. [ < L. in, 
in, + duco, lead.]— in-duce'ment, n. 1. An in¬ 
centive; motive. 2. The act of inducing. 


in-duc'tion, 1 in-duk'khan; 2 in-duc'shon, n. 

1. The process of inferring general conclusions 
from particular cases. 2. Any' conclusion 
reached by inductive reasoning. 3. Electrifi¬ 
cation by mere proximity; the production of 
an electric current in a conductor by the vari¬ 
ation of the magnetic field in its vicinity. 4. 
Installation, as to office. [F.,< L. inductio(n~), 
< in, in, + duco, lead.]— magnetic induction, 
the magnetization of iron, steel, etc., by its in¬ 
troduction into a magnetic field.— in-duct 

vt. 1 . To put in possession; introduce; install. 

2. To obtain by induction. —in-duc'tance, n. 
Elec. Capacity for magnetic induction.— in- 
duc'tiv(e 8 , a. 1. Pertaining to or proceeding by 
induction. 2. Produced by induction. 3. Intro¬ 
ductory. -ly, adv. — in-duc'tor, n. 1. One who 
or that which inducts. 2. Elec. Any part of an 
electrical apparatus which acts inductively upon 
another. 

in-due', 1 in-diu'; 2 in-du', vt. [in-dued'; in- 
du'ing.] To endow. [ = endue 1 .] 
in-duige', 1 in-dulj'; 2 in-dulg', vt. & vi. [in¬ 
dulged'; in-dulg'ing.] 1. To yield (to a de¬ 
sire), usually unduly or unwisely. 2. To for¬ 
bear from controlling; grant indulgence. [ < 
L. indulgeo, < in, in, + -dulgeo; cp. dulcis, 
sweet.]— in-dul'gence, n. 1. The act of indulg¬ 
ing; hence, excess. 2. That with which a person 
is indulged. 3. R. C. Ch. Remission of temporal 
punishment. in-dul 'gen-cy J.— in-dui 'gent, 

a. Prone to indulge; lenient. -ly, adv. 
in'du-rate, 1 in'diu-ret; 2 in'du-rat, vt. & vi. 
[-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] To make hard; grow 
or become hard or tough. [< L. in, in, -|- 
durus, hard.] — in'du-rate, a. Hard or hard¬ 
ened; indurated.— in"du-ra'tion, n. 

In'dus, 1 in'dus; 2 in'dus, n. A river in W. Tibet 
and N. W. India; 1,800 m. to the Arabian sea. 
in-dus'tri-al, 1 in-dus'tn-al; 2 in-dus'tri-al. 

I. a. Denoting the processes or products of 
manufacture. II. n. 1. One engaged in in¬ 
dustry. 2. A stock or security based upon an 
established manufacture. -ly, adv. 

in'dus-try, 1 in'dus-tn; 2 in'dus-try, n. 
[-tries 2 , pi.] 1 . Earnest or constant applica¬ 
tion to work or business. 2. Useful labor in 
general; a special branch of productive work, 
or the capital or workers employed in it. [ < 
L. industria, < industrius, diligent.]— in-dus'- 
tri-ous, a. Diligent; laborious, -ly, adv. 
in"dwell', 1 in"dwel'; 2 in"dwel', vt. & vi. To 
dwell in; abide within; inhabit.— in'dweil"- 
er, n— in'dwell"ing, n. 

in-e'bri-ate, 1 in-I'bri-et; 2 fn-e'bri-at. I. vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To make drunk; intoxi¬ 
cate. II. a. Inebriated. III. n. A habitual 
drunkard. [ < L. inebriatus, pp. of inebrio, 
make drunk.]— in-e'bri-ant. I. a. Intoxicating. 

II. n. Anything that intoxicates.— in-e"bri-a'« 
tion, in"e-bri'e-ty, 1 inT-brai'i-ti; 2 In"e-bri'e- 
ty, n. Drunkenness; habitual intoxication. 

in-ef'fa-ble, ) 1 in-ef'e-bl; 2 m-ef'a-bl, a. That 
in-ef'fa-bl p , ) can not or must not be ex¬ 
pressed in speech; too lofty or sacred for ex¬ 
pression. [ < L. ineffabilis, < in-, not, + ef- 
fabilis, utterable.] -ness, n. — in-ef'fa-bly, adv. 
in-cl'i-gi-ble, ) 1 in-el'i-ji-bl; 2 fn-el'i-gi-bl, a. 
in-el'i-gi-bl p , ) Not eligible; disqualified; un- 
sui table; inexpedient.— in-el"i-gi-bil 'i-ty, n. 
—in-el 'i-gi-bly, adv. 

in-ept', 1 in-ept'; 2 m-gpt', a. Unapt; unsuit¬ 
able; absurd. [< L. ineptus, < in-, not, + 
aptus, fit.]— in-ep'ti-tude, n. — in-ept'ly, adv. 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; iu = feud; dhin; go; r) = si ng; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






inequality 

ingrain 


For words in in- not given below see in- 2 , prefix, page 310, 


316 


In"e-qual 'i-ty, 1 in"i-kwol'i-ti; 2 In"e-kwal'i- 
ty, n . [-ties 2 , pi .] 1. The condition of being 
unequal. 2. Lack of proportion. 3. Inadequacy. 
In-er'rant, 1 in-er'ant; 2 in-Sr'ant, a. Exempt 
from error; unerring.— in-er'ran-cy, n . The 
state of being free from error; as applied to Scrip¬ 
ture, plenary inspiration. 

in-ert', 1 in-urt'; 2 in-ert', a. 1. Destitute of 
inherent power to move; possessing inertia; 
inactive. 2. Sluggish. [ < L. iner { t -) s , < in -, 
not, 4- ar ( l -) s , art.] -ly, adv . -ness, re.— in- 
cr'tia, n. 1. The state of being inert. 2. That 
property of matter by virtue of which it persists 
in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless 
some force changes that state, 
in -es'ti-ma-ble, ) a. Above price; very valua- ) 
in-es'ti-ma-bl p , j ble.— in-es'ti-ma-bly, adv . 
in-ev'I-ta-ble, ) a. 1. Tkat can not be pre- 
in -ev'i-ta-bl p , C vented; unavoidable. 2. Cus¬ 
tomary; usual. [< L. in -, not, + e, out, + 
vilo , shun.] — in-ev'i-ta-bl(e-ness p , in-ev"i-ta- 
bil'i-ty, n .— iu-ev'i-ta-bly, adv . 
in-ex'o-ra-bie, ) 1 in-eks'o-ra-bl; 2 in-eks'o-ra- 
in-ex 'o-ra-bi p , \ bl, a. Not to be moved by 
entreaty; unyielding. [< L. in -, not, + ex , 
out, + oro , pray.]— in-ex"o-ra-biri-ty, n .— in- 
ex 'o-ra-bly, adv . 

in-ex 'tri-ca-ble, ) 1 in-eks'tri-ks-bl; 2 in-2ks'- 
in -ex'tri-ca-bl p , ) tri-ca-bl, a. So involved 
that extrication is impossible. [ < L. in -, 
not, -f- extrlco , extricate.] -ness, n . — in-ex '- 
tri-ca-bly, adv . 

In f., abbr. [L.] In fine (lit., at the end).—inf., 
abbr. Infantry.—inf., infln., abbr. Infinitive. 
In-fal'li-ble, / 1 in-fal'i-bl; 2 in-fal'i-bl, a. 1. 
in-fal'li-bi p , $ Exempt from fallacy or error of 
judgment. 2. Exempt from uncertainty.— 
in-fal"li-bil'i-ty, n. The state of being in¬ 
fallible. (1) Incapability of error. (2) Certainty 
of operation.—in-fal'li-bly, adv. 
in'fa-mous, 1 in'fa-mus; 2 in'fa-mus, a. 1. 
Having an odious reputation; notorious. 2. 
Involving infamy. [ < L. infamis, < in-, 
not, + fama, fame.] -ly, adv. —in'fa-my, n. 
[-mies z , pi .] 1. Total 1 ck of honor or reputation. 
2. That which is odious. 

in'fant, 1 in'fant; 2 in'fant. I. a. 1. Infantile, i 
2. Being in the early stage of growth. 3. Law. 
Minor. II. n. I. A babe. 2. Law. A minor. 
[< L. infan(,t-)s, < in-, not, + fan(t-)s, ppr. of 
for, speak.]— in 'fan-ey, n. 1. The state of being 
an infant. 2. Law. The period of minority. 3. 
The earliest period in the history of a thing.— 
in-fau'ti-cide, n. 1. Child murder. 2. One 
who commits such a crime.— in'fan-til(e s , a. 
Pertaining to infants. in'fan-tln(e s J. 
in'fan-try, 1 in'fon-tri; 2 in'fan-try, n. Foot* 
soldiery equipped with small arms. [ < F. in- 
fanlerie, < It. infanteria, < infante, page.] — in'- 
fan-try-man, n. A foot*soldier. 
in-fat'ii-ate, 1 in T fadh'u-et; 2 in-fSch'y-at, vt . 
[-AT''ED d ; -at"ing.] To inspire with ardent 
passion so as to deprive of ordinary judgment. 

[ < L. in , in, + fatuus , silly.]— in-fat"u-a'tion, n . 
in-fect' d , 1 in-fekt'; 2 in-fSct', vt . 1. To affect 
or imbue, especially with a noxious quality; 
corrupt. 2. To contaminate. [ < L. infectus , 

< in , in, + facio , make.]—in-fect'er, n .— in¬ 
fection, n. 1. Communication of disease, as by 
contact. 2. Law. Taint of illegality. 3. That 
which infects, as miasma.—in-fec'tious, a. 1. 
That may be communicated by infection. 2. 
Able to communicate infection. 3. Law. Taint¬ 
ing with illegality, -ly, adv. -ness, n . —in-fee '- 
tlv(es, a. 


in"fe-Iic'i-ty, 1 in"fi-lis'i-ti; 2 in"fe-li<;'i-ty, n. 
1. The state of being infelicitous; unhappi¬ 
ness. 2. That which is infelicitous.—in"fe- 
lic'i-tous, a. Not felicitous or happy, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

in-fer', 1 in-fur'; 2 in-fer', v. [in-ferred'; in¬ 
ferring.] I. t. 1. To deduce or accept on 
the basis of evidence; conclude. 2. To fur¬ 
nish evidence of. II. i. To draw inferences. 
[< L. in, in, + fero, bear.]—in-fer'a-bi(e p , In- 
fer'ri-bl(e p , a.—in 'fer-ence, n. 1. The act of in¬ 
ferring. 2. A deduction. 3. Loosely, a conjecture. 
—in"fer-en'tial, a. Deducible by inference, 
-ly, adv. 

in-fe'ri-or, 1 in-fi'ri-ar; 2 in-fe'ri-or. I. a. 1. 
Lower in quality or rank. 2. Situated or 
placed lower. II. n. One who is classed 
lower than others; a subordinate. [L., corn- 
par. of inferus, low.]—ln-fe"ri-or'i-ty, n. The 
state of being inferior; low condition, 
in-fer'nal, 1 in-fur'nol; 2 in-fer'nal, a. 1. Be¬ 
longing to hell; diabolical. 2. Pertaining to 
Tartarus. [F., < L. inf emus, underground.] 
-ly, adv. 

in-lest' d , 1 in-fest'; 2 in-fgst', vt. To be present 
in so numerously as to annoy or endanger. 
[< L . F infesto, < in, in, + fendo, strike.] 
in'field", 1 in'flld"; 2 In'feld", n. Baseball. 
The space enclosed by the basedines; the dia¬ 
mond.—iu'field"er, n. A player in the infield, 
in'fi-del, 1 in'fi-del; 2 in'fi-del. I. a. 1. Lack¬ 
ing the true faith; especially, rejecting the 
Christian religion. 2. Faithless; recreant. 
111. n. 1. One who denies the existence of 
God; a disbeliever in the Bible. 2. Any un¬ 
believer. [ < L. in-, not, + fidelis, faithful, < fidcs, 
faith.] —In"fi-del'i-ty, re. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The 
state of being an infidel. 2. Lack of fidelity, 
in-iil'trate, 1 in-fil'tret; 2 in-fll'trat, vt. & vi. 
[-TRAT"ED d ; -trat"ing.] To cause (a liquid or 
gas) to pass into or through interstices; also, 
to percolate.—in"fil-tra'tion, n. 
in'fi-nite, ) 1 in'fi-mt; 2 in'fi-nit. I. a. 1. So 
iu'fi-nit 3 , \ great as to be immeasurable and 
unbounded; limitless. 2. All*embracing; per¬ 
fect. 3. Very numerous. II. n. That which 
is infinite; [I-] the Deity; the Absolute. [< 
L. infinitus < in-, not, + finis, limit.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, re.—ln-fin"i-tes'i-m»I. I. a. Infinitely 
small; denoting a quantity conceived as contin¬ 
ually diminishing. II. n. An infinitesimal quan¬ 
tity. -ly, adv.— in-fin'i-tiv(e 8 . I. a. Without 
limitation of person or number. II. re. Gram. 
The infinitive mode; as, to love.— in-fin'i-tude, 
re. 1. The quality of being infinite. 2. An infi¬ 
nite quantity.—in-fin 'i-ty, re. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
Boundlessness, or something regarded as bound¬ 
less; infinitely distant space; also, absolute com¬ 
pleteness; perfection. 

in-firin', 1 in-furm'; 2 in-firm', a. 1. Feeble or 
relaxed, as from age. 2. Lacking soundness, 
stability, or firmness. [ < L. OF in-, not, + 
firmus, strong.] -ly, adv. -ness, re.—in-fir 'ma- 
ry,re. [-ries 2 , pi.] A small hospital.—in-fir'ml- 
ty, re. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. A physical, mental, or 
moral weakness or flaw. 2. Infirm condition. 
in-fix' 1 , 1 in-fiks'; 2 In-fiks', vt. To fix in, as by 
piercing; implant firmly. [ < L. in, in, + 
figo, fix.] 

in-flame', 1 in-flem'; 2 in-flam', v. [in¬ 
flamed'; in-flam'ing.] I. t. 1. To stimu¬ 
late or rouse to unnatural activity. 2. To 
cause inflammation in. 3. To cause to burst 
into flame. II. i. To break into flame; be- 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; 1 = 6; I = e; go, not, or, w6n, 







317 


inequality 

ingrain 


For words in in- not given below see in-2, prefix, page 310. 


come affected with inflammation. [ < L. F in, 
in, + flamma, flame.]— in-flam'er, n. — in- 
flam'ma-bl(e p , a. Readily inflamed; easily 
excited.—Ia-flam"ina-bil'i-ty, n. in-flam'- 
ma-bl(e-ness p t.—in-flam'ma-bly, adv.— iu"- 
flam-ma'tion, n. 1. A morbid process in some 
part of the body characterized by heat, redness, 
swelling, and pain. 2. The act of inflaming.— 
in-flam 'ma-to-ry, a. 1. Tending to produce 
heat or excitement. 2. Pertaining to inflamma¬ 
tion. 

In-flate', 1 in-flet'; 2 in-flat', vt. & vi. [in- 
flat'ed 11 ; in-flat'ing.] To cause to expand 
by filling, as with gas; puff up; elate; expand. 
[< L .inflatus, < in, in, + flo, blow.]—in-flat 'er, 
in-fla'tor, n. —in-fla'tion, n. 1. The act of 
inflating; figuratively, bombast. 2. Overissue, as 
of currency. 

in-flect' d , 1 in-flekt'; 2 m-flSet', vt. & vi. 1. To 
take grammatical inflection; decline or con¬ 
jugate. 2. To deflect. [ < L. in, in, + fleeto, 
bend.]— in-flec'tlon, in-flex'ion, n. 1. The 
state of being inflected. 2. Gram. The changes 
undergone by words to express case, gender, per¬ 
son, tense, etc. 3. Modulation of the voice.— in- 
flec'tion-ai, in-flex 'ion-al, a .— in-flec'tiv(e s ,a. 
in-flex 'i-ble, ) 1 in-fleks'i-bl; 2 in-fleks'i-bl, a. 
in-flex 'i-bl p , j Not to be bent, altered, or 
turned from a purpose; rigid; firm; stubborn. 
—in-flex'i-bl(e-ness p , n. in-flex"i-bil'i-tyt. 
— in-flex'i-bly, adv. 

in-flict' d , 1 in-flikt'; 2 m-fllet', vt. To cause 
another to suffer; lay on; impose. [< L. 
infiictus, pp. of infligo, < in, on, + fligo, strike.] 
— in-flic'tion, n. A punishment; imposition. 
in"flo-res'cence, 1 in"flo-res'ens; 2 in"flo-res'- 
6ng, n. 1. Bot. (1) A stem, the buds of 
which are all flower*buds; a flower=cluster. 
(2) The arrangement of flowers on the stem. 

2. The act of flowering; flowers collectively, 
in'flow", 1 in'flo"; 2 in'flo", n. The act of 

flowing in, or that which flows in.^ 
in'flu-ence, 1 in'flu-ens; 2 m'flu-eng. I. vt. 
[-enced* ; -enc-ing.] To act upon; exert or 
maintain a mental or moral power upon or 
over. II. n. 1. The gradual or unseen opera¬ 
tion of some cause. 2. Ability to sway the 
will of another. [F., < L. influen(t-)s, flow¬ 
ing in.]— in"flu-en'tial, a. -ly, adv. 
in"flu-en'za, 1 in"flu-en'za; 2 in"flu-&n'za, n. 
An epidemic disease exhibiting catarrh of the 
upper air=passages, attended by fever. [It., 

INFLUENCE.] 

in'flux, 1 in'fluks; 2 in'fluks, n. 1. The act of 
flowing in; a continuous flowing in. 2. A 
pouring in or instilling. [ < L. infiuxus, < 
influo, flow in.] 

Jn-fol(l' d , 1 in-fold'; 2 In-fold', vt. 1. To wrap 
up in folds; enclose. 2. To embrace in or as 
in the arms. 

in-form', 1 in-ferm'; 2 m-form', v. 1. 1. 1. To 
impart information to. 2. To give form, 
shape, or vitality to. II. i. To communicate 
a knowledge of facts, as by way of accusation. 
[< L. F in, in, + forma, form.]— in-form 'ant, n. 
One who imparts information.— in-for-ma'- 
tlon, ra. 1. Knowledge acquired or derived. 2. 
Timely or specific knowledge.— in-form 'a- 
tlv(e s , a. —in-form'er, n. 1. One who informs 
against others. 2. One who imparts information. 

3. A telltale. 

in-form'al, 1 in-ferm'al; 2 in-form al, a. 1. 
Not in the usual form. 2. Without ceremony, 
-ly, adv. —In"for-mal'I-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.) Ab¬ 
sence of regular form. 


infra-, prefix. Below; beneath; on the lower part. 
[< L. infra, below, contr. of inf era, abl. s. fern, of 
inferus, low.] 

in-frac'tion, n. 1. The act of breaking or 
violating. 2. A fracture. [ < L. infractus, pp. 
of infringo, break.] 

in-fringe', 1 in-frinj'; 2 in-frmg', v. [in¬ 
fringed'; in-fring'ing.] I. t. To encroach 
upon. II. i. To transgress or trespass on 
rights or privileges. [ < L. infringo, < in, in, 
+ frango, break.] -ment, n. —in-fring'er, n. 
in-fu'ri-ate, 1 in-fiu'ri-et; 2 m-fu'ri-at. I. vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To make furious. II. a. 
Infuriated; enraged; mad. [< L. in, in, 
furia, fury.] 

in-fuse', 1 in-fiuz'; 2 ln-fus', vt. [in-fused'; 
in-fus'ing.] 1. To instil or inculcate, as 
principles or qualities: with into. 2. To in¬ 
spire or affect by infusion. 3. To steep. 4. 
To pour in. [ < L. infusus, pp., < in, into, -f- 
fundo, pour.]—in-fu'sion, n. 1. Instillation. 
2. That which is infused. 3. The process of 
steeping any substance in a liquid for the pur¬ 
pose of extracting its medicinal properties; also, 
the liquid extract so obtained, 
in-fus'i-ble, \ lin-fiuz'i-bl; 2 in-fug'i-bl, o. In- 
in-fus'i-bl p , ) capable of being fused or melted. 
In"fu-so'ri-a, 1 in"fiu-so'ri-e; 2 In"fu-so'ri-a, 
n. pi. A division of the animal kingdom, 
comprising numerous animalcules that occur 
in infusions of decaying substances. [PI. of 
L. infusorium, < infusus; see infuse.] —in"fu- 
so'ri-al, a. —ln"fu-so'ri-an, n. One of the 
Infusoria. 

-ing, suffix. Used to form (1) present participles; 

as, loving; (2) verbal nouns; as, casting. 
In'ge-low, 1 iq'gi-lo; 2 In'ge-lo, Jean (1820-1897). 
English poet and w 7 riter. 

in-gen 'ious, 1 in-jln'yus; 2 m-gen'yus, a. 
Possessed of or manifesting inventive faculty. 

[ < L. ingeniosus, < ingenium, innate quality.] 
-ly, adv.— In"ge-nu'i-ty, n. 
in-gen'u-OUS, 1 in-jen'yu-us; 2 m-ggn'yu-usj a. 
1. Free from disguise or dissimulation. 2. 
High*minded; sincere. [< L. ingenuus, < 
in, in, + gigno, produce.] -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
in'gle, 1 iq'gl; 2 in'gl, n. [Scot.] A fire or fire¬ 
place. [< Gael. ~aingeal.]— in'gle*nook", n. A 
corner by the fire. 

in-glo'ri-ous, a. 1. Characterized by failure 
or disgrace. 2. Without glory, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

in'got, 1 in'get; 2 m'got, n. A mass of cast 
metal from the 



crucible, as a 
bar of gold. 

[ < AS. in, in, + 
geotan, pour.] 
in-graft' d , 1 in¬ 
graft'; 2 in¬ 
graft', vt. 1. 

To graft (a 
scion) for 
propagation; 
incorporate so 
as to form a 
part of. 2. To 
graft. 

jjU I in- *’ 0, oven; oh, oven»bottom arranged 

, V, y to run on tracks; t, t, tongs. 

gren'; 2 in- . 

gran', vt. 1. To dye before weaving; dye with 
scarlet or with any lasting color. 2. To fix 
deeply; impress upon indelibly. 


Ingot of Steel. 


1:9 = final; l = habit; aUlo. an = out; oil; iu = feud; <fhin; 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, ru'e, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; 


go; rj = sin#; 
go, gem; ink; 


fhin, this, 
th in, this. 
















ingrain 

insep. 


For words in in - not given below see in- 2 , prefix , page 310. 


318 


in'grain, 1 in'gren; 2 In'gran, o. Dyed in the 
yarn before manufacture; inwrought, 
in'grain, n. A carpet made of worsted or 
cotton warps and wool or other filling, 
in'grate", 1 in'gret"; 2 in'grat". I. a. Un¬ 
grateful. II. n. One who is ungrateful. [ < 
L. F in-, not, + Qratus, thankful.] 
jn-gra'ti-ate, 1 in-gre'sdu-et; 2 m-gra'shi-at, 
vt. [-at"ed j ; -at"ing.] 1. To win confidence 
for (oneself). 2. To secure favorable recep¬ 
tion for. [ < in- 1 + L. gratia; see grace.] 
in-grat'i-tude, n. Lack of gratitude, 
in-gre'di-ent, 1 in-grl'di-ent; 2 in-gre'di-ent, 
n. That which enters into the constitution of 
a mixture. [ < L. ingredien{t-)s, ppr. of in- 
gredlor, enter.] 

in'gress, 1 in'gres; 2 in'grSs, n. 1. Means of 
effecting entrance; also, place of entrance. 
2. The act of entering. [ < L. ingressus, pp. 
of ingredior, enter.] 

ln'gui-nal, 1 irj'gwi-nal; 2 in'gwi-nal, a. Of, per¬ 
taining to, or near the groin. [ < L. inguinalis, 
< inguen, groin.] [gulf'ment, n. 

in-gulf' 1 , 1 in-gulf'; 2 In-gulf', vt. To engulf.— in- 
ln-liab'it d , 1 in-hab'it; 2 in-hab'it, v. I. t. To 
live or dwell in; occupy as a home. II. i. To 
dwell continuously; live; stay at home. [< 
L. in, in, + habito, dwell.]— ln-hab'it-a-bl(e p , 
a. Habitable.— in-hab'i-tant, n. A resident. 
—in-hab"l-ta'tion, n. 

in-hale', 1 in-hel'; 2 in-hal', vt. [in-haled'; 
in-hal'ing.] To inspire or draw in with or as 
a breath. [ < L. in, in, + halo, breathe.]— 
in"ha-Ia'tion, n. I. The act of inhaling. 2. 
That which is inhaled.— in-hal'er, n. 1. One 
who inhales. 2. Something from or through 
w hich one inhales. 

In"har-mo'ni-ous, 1 in"har-mo'm-us; 2 in"- 
har-m5'ni-us, a. Lacking in harmony; dis¬ 
cordant. in"har-mon'ict. — in"haf-mo'- 

ni-ous-ly, adv.— in"har-nio'ni-ous-ness, n. 
In-here', 1 in-hlr'; 2 in-her', vi. [in-hered'; 
in-her'ing.] To be a permanent or essential 
part: used w r ith in. [ < L. in, in, -f haereo, 
stick.]— in-her'ence, n. in-her'en-eyf. — ln- 
her'ent, a. 1. Permanently united; innate; es¬ 
sential. 2. Pertaining as a property or attribute. 
—in-lier'ent-ly, adv. 

In-her 'It* 1 , 1 in-her'it; 2 in-h£r'it, v. I. t. 1. 
To receive by nature from one’s ancestors. 
2. To take by descent. 3. To be endowed 
with. II. t. To come into possession of 
property by inheritance. [ < L. p in, in, + 
heres ( hered -), heir.]— in-her'it-a-bl(e p , a .— in- 
her'lt-a-bly, adv .— in-her'i-tance, n. 1. A 
heritage. 2. The act of inheriting.— in-her'i- 
tor, n .— In-her 'i-trix, n.fem. 
in-hib'it d , 1 in-hib'it; 2 In-hib'it, vt. To hold 
back or in; prohibit. [ < L. inhibitus, pp., < 
in, in,-(- habeo, have, hold.]— in"hi-bl'tion, n.— 
In-hib'i-to-ry, a. 

In-hos'pi-ta-ble, ) 1 in-hes'pi-ta-bl; 2 in-hfis^ 
in-hos'pi-ta-bl p , \ pi-ta-bl, a. 1. Not hos¬ 
pitable. 2. Barren; wflld; cheerless. — in- 
hos'pi-ta-bly, adv. — in-hos"pi-tal'l-ty, ra. 
in-hu'man, 1 in-hiu'man; 2 in-hu'man, a. 1. 
Not possessed of human qualities; cruel. 2 . 
Barbarous.— In"hu-man'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
—in-hu'man-ly, adv. 

In-im'i-cai, 1 in-im'i-kal; 2 in-im'i-cal, a. 1. 
Of a character regarded as hurtful in ten¬ 
dency or opposed in influence; antagonistic. 
2. Unfriendly. [ < L. inimicus, < in-, not, 
+ amicus, friendly.]— in-im'i-cal-ly, adv. 


in-im'i-ta-bl(e p , a. That can not be imitated. 

—in-ini 'i-ta-bly, adv. 

in-iq'ui-ty, 1 in-ik'wi-ti; 2 ln-ik'wi-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. Deviation from right; wicked¬ 
ness. 2. A wrongful act. [ < L. F iniquita(t-)s, 
< in-, not, + aequus, equal.]— in-iq'ui-tous, a. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

init., abbr. [L.] Initio (in the beginning). 

in-i'tial, 1 in-isTi'al; 2 In-ish'al. I. a. 1. 
Standing at the beginning or head. 2. Per¬ 
taining to the first stage. II. n. The first 
letter of a word, name, etc. [F., < L. ini¬ 
tials, < ineo, enter.] -ly, adv. 

in-i'ti-ate, 1 in-isL'i-et; 2 in-ish'i-at. I. vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To instruct in rudi¬ 
ments; introduce, as into a society. 2. To be 
the first mover in. II. a. Newly admitted. 
III. n. One who has been initiated. [ < L. 
initiatus, pp. of initio, begin.]— in-i"ti-a'tion, 
n. 1. The act of initiating. 8. Ceremonial ad¬ 
mission, as into a society.— in-i'ti-a-tiv(e s . I. 
a. Pertaining to initiation: serving to initiate. 
II. n. 1. A first move. 2. The power of initiat¬ 
ing. 3. The right of the people to demand any 
desired legislation from their representative as¬ 
sembly: usually accompanied by the referendum. 
See referendum. — in-i 'ti-a"tor, n.— in-i 'ti-a- 
to"ry, a. 1. Introductory. 2. Serving to initiate. 

in-ject' d , 1 in-jekt'; 2 in-jgct', vt. 1. To throw 
or put in by force; especially, to introduce a 
fluid. 2. To interject. [< L. injecto, < in, 
into, + jacio, throw.]— in-jec'tlon, n. The act 
of injecting, the state of being injected, or that 
which is injected.— In-jec'tor, n. 

In-join', v. Same as enjoin. 

!n"ju-di'cIous, 1 in-ju-disb'us; 2 in-ju-dish'us, 
a. 1 . Not judicious; indiscreet; ill-advised. 
2. Wanting in judgment. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

In-junc'tion, 1 in-jur)k'shan; 2 in-june'shon, 
n. 1 . The act of enjoining. 2. Urgent ad¬ 
monition. 3. A judicial order requiring re- 
frainment from something. [< L. LL in, in, + 
jungo, join.] 

In'jure, 1 in'jur; 2 in'jpr, vt. [in'jured; in'- 
jur-ing.] To inflict harm or injury upon.— 
in'jur-er, n.— in-ju'ri-ous, a. Hurtful; detri¬ 
mental. -ly, adv.- -ness, n. —In'ju-ry, n. 
[-ries 2 , pl.\ 1 . Any wrong, damage, or mischief. 
2. A source of harm. 

In-jus'tice, 1 in-jus'tis; 2 in-jiis'ti?, n. The 
violation or denial of justice; an unjust act; 
a wrong. 

ink, 1 ipk; 2 ink. I*, vt. To spread ink upon; 
discolor with ink. II. n. A colored liquid or 
viscous substance, used in writing, printing, 
etc. [ < Gr. OF enkauston, orig. neut. of enkaus- 
tos, burnt in.]— ink'horn", n. An ink-holder: 
so called because formerly made of horn.— lnk'- 
stand", n. A vessel to hold ink for writing. 
lnk'swell"t. —lnk'y, a. Consisting of, stained 
w r ith, or containing ink; black.— ink'i-ness, n. 

Ink'er-man, 1 ipk'ar-man; 2 ink'er-man, n. A 
seaport in the Crimea, Russia; French and En¬ 
glish defeated Russians, Nov. 5, 1854. 

ink'ling, 1 ipk'lir); 2 mk'ling, n. An intima¬ 
tion; hint. 

in'land, 1 in'land; 2 in'iand. I. a. 1. Remote 
from the sea. 2. Not foreign. II. n. The 
interior of a country. III. adv. Toward the 
interior of a land. 

in-lay', 1 in-le'; 2 in-la'. I. vt. [in-laid'; in- 
lay'ing.] To lay or insert in something, as in 
cabinetwork. II. n. 1. That w'hich is inlaid. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn, 






319 


For words in in- not given below see in-2, prefix, pages 310, 311. 


ingrain 

insep. 


2. A pattern or design so produced.— in'- 

71 

in'let", 1 in'let"; 2 in'lgt", n. 1. A small body 
of water leading into a larger: (1) A small bay 
or creek. (2) A tributary of a lake. 2. An 
entrance. 

in llm., abbr. [L.] In limine (on the threshold).— in 
Ioc. cit., abbr. [L.] In loco citato tin the place 
cited). # ^ [inwardly, 

in'ly, 1 in'li; 2 in'ly, adv. In the inner parts; 
in'mate, 1 in'met; 2 m'mat, n. One who occu¬ 
pies or lodges in a place with others; any 
occupant. 

in'most", 1 in'most"; 2 in'most", a. Farthest 
from the exterior. [ < AS. innemest, < inne, in.] 
inn, ) 1 in; 2 in, n. A public house; hostelry; 
in p , ) tavern. [< AS. inn, < in, in.]— inn'- 
keep"er, n. The proprietor or keeper of an inn. 
inn'hold"erJ. 

in'nate, 1 in'net; 2 fn'nat, a. Inborn; natural. 
[< L. in, in, + nascor, be born.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

in'ner, 1 in'ar; 2 in'er, a. 1. At a point farther 
in or inward. 2. Pertaining to that which is 
interior; esoteric; hidden. [< AS. innera, corn- 
par. of inne, in.]— in'ner-most", a. Inmost, 
in'ning, 1 in' 113 ; 2 in'ing, n. In baseball, 
cricket, etc., a turn at the bat; hence, the pe¬ 
riod during which a party is in control or action, 
in'no-cent, 1 in'o-sent; 2 in'o-ggnt. I. a. 

1. Not tainted with sin; pure; blameless. 2. 
Innocuous; harmless. 3. Guileless. 4. Pretty 
and lowly. 5. Lawful. 6 . Artless; imbecile. 
7. Entirely free or clear from: with of; as, 
innocent of wrong. II. n. 1. One unstained 
by sin. 2. One who is weak=minded. [F., < 
L. in-, not, + noceo, injure.] -ly, adv. — in'no- 
cence, n. 1. The state of being innocent. 2. 
Freedom from guilt. 3. Harmlessness. 4. Art¬ 
lessness; weak*mindedrifess. in'no-cen-cyj. 

in-noc'u-ous, 1 in-nek'yu-us; 2 m-noc'yu-us, 
a. Having no harmful qualities. [ < L. in- 
nocuus, < in-, not, + nocuus, harmful.] in- 
nox'iousj. 

in'no-vate, 1 in'o-vet; 2 m'o-vat, vi. [-vat"- 
ED d ; -vat"ing.] To make innovations; intro¬ 
duce new things. [ < L. in, in, + novus, new.] — 
ln"no-va'tion, n. 1. The making of a change in 
something established. 2. A novelty.—in'no- 
va"tor, n. 

in"nu-en'do, 1 in"yu-en'do; 2 in"yu-en'do, n. 
[-dos z , -does 2 , pi.] An indirect aspersion; in¬ 
sinuation. [L., abl. gerund of innuo, nod.] 
in-nu'mer-a-ble, ) 1 in-niu'mar-e-bl; 2 in-nu'- 
in-nu'mer-a-bl p , ) mer-a-bl, a. So numerous 
as not to be counted; very numerous, -ness, 
n.— in-nu 'mer-a-bly, adv. 
in-oc'u-late, 1 in-ek'yu-let; 2 In-oe'yu-lat, vt. 
[-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] 1. To communicate 
(disease) by infection, as through the skin. 

2. To insert a bud in, as a tree, for propaga¬ 
tion. [ < L. inoculatus, pp. of inoculo, < in, 
in, + oculus, eye.]— In-oc"u-la'tion, n. 

in-or'di-nate, 1 in-er'di-mt; 2 m-or'di-nat, a. 
Not restrained by prescribed rules; excessive. 

[ < L. in-, not, + ordo, order.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
in"or-gan'ic, 1 in"er-gan'ik; 2 in"or-gan'ie, a. 
1. Devoid of organized physical structure; 
not organic. 2. Not the result of living or 
organic processes. 

In pr., abbr. [L.] In principio (in the beginning), 
in 'quest, 1 in'kwest; 2 In'kwest, n. 1. A judicial 
inquiry into a special matter, as a sudden 


death. 2. The body making such inquiry. 
[< L.o * inquisita, < inquiro, inquire.] 
in-qui'e-tude, 1 in-kwai'i-tiud; 2 m-kwl'e-tud, 
n. A state of restlessness; disquietude, 
in-quire', 1 in-kwair'; 2 in-kwlr', v . [in¬ 
quired'; in-quir'ing.] I. t . To ask informa¬ 
tion about. II. i. 1. To seek by asking ques¬ 
tions. 2. To make investigation. [< L. F 
inquiro, < in, into, + qusero, seek.]— in-quir'er, 
n.— In-quir'y, n. [-ies 2 , pi.) 1. The act of in¬ 
quiring. 2. Investigation into causes, etc. 3. A 
query.— in-quir'ing, pa. -ly, adv.— in"qui- 
si'tion, n. 1. [I-] R. C. Ch. Hist. A court or 
tribunal for examination and punishment of 
heretics. 2. The proceedings and findings of a 
jury of inquest. 3. Investigation.— in"qui-si'- 
tion-al, a.— in-quis'i-tiv(e 8 , a. 1. Given to 
questioning; curious. 2. Inclined to the pursuit 
of knowledge, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — in-quis'l- 
tor, n. 1. One who makes inquiry or investiga¬ 
tion. 2. [I-] A member of the court of the Inqui¬ 
sition. 3. A curious person.— in-quis"i-to'ri-al, 
a. -ly, adv. 

I. N. It. I., abbr. [L.] Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iu- 
dxorum (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews), 
in'road, 1 in'rod; 2 In'rod, n. A hostile en¬ 
trance into a country; raid; any forcible en¬ 
croachment. [ing in; invasion. 

In 'rush", 1 in'ru^h"; 2 in'rush", n. A sudden rush- 
ins., abbr. Inspector, insurance, 
in-sane', 1 in-sen'; 2 In-san', a. 1. Not sane; 
crazy; irrational. 2 . Set apart for the insane. 
[< L. in-, not, + sanus, sound.] -ly, adv. —in- 
san'i-ty, n. A morbid condition of mind due to 
brain disease; derangement; lunacy. 


in-sa'tia-ble, ) 1 in-se'^hi-a-bl; 2 m-sa'shi-a-bl, 
in-sa'tia-bl p , ) a. Not satiable; unappeasable. 

in-sa'ti-atef.—ln-sa"tia-bil'l-ty, in-sa'tla- 
bl(e-ness p , n. — in-sa'tia-bly, in-sa'tl-ate-ly, 
adv.— in"sa-ti'e-ty, n. Unsatisfied wish or ap¬ 
petite. 

inscr., abbr. Inscription. 

in-scribe', 1 in-skrciib'; 2 m-scrlb', vt. [in¬ 
scribed'; in-scrib'ing.] 1. To carve, as 
characters, upon the surface of; write in any 
way. 2. To address in a formal dedication. 
[< L. in, in, + scribo, write.]— in-scrib'er, n. 
—in-scrip 'tion, n. 1. The act of inscribing, or 
that which is inscribed. 2. Entry in a roll or the 
like.— in-scrip'tiv(e s , a. 

in-scru'ta-ble, ) 1 in-skru'ta-bl; 2 In-seru'ta- 
in-scru'ta-bl p , j bl, a. That can not be 
searched into. [ < L. in, in, + scrutabilis, 
discoverable.] 

in'sect, 1 in'sekt; 2 in'sSet, n. 1. A minute ani¬ 
mal; a sixdegged arthropod. 

2. Loosely, any small in¬ 
vertebrate. [ < L. msectum, 
orig. neut. of insectus, pp. of 
inseco, cut into.]— in-sec'ti- 
cide, n. That which kills in¬ 
sects, as insect«powder.— in"- 
sec-tiv'o-rous, a. Feeding or 
subsisting upon insects, 
in-sen'sate, 1 in-sen'set; 2 m- 
sen'sat, a. 1. Manifesting or 
marked by a lack of sense. 

2. Destitute of sensibility, 
in-sen'si-ble, 
in-sen'si-bl p , 

a. 1. That can not be felt the elytron {/ly, /, ab- 
or perceived by the senses. domen and s P lracIe - 
2. Destitute of sensation or perception.—in- 

sen"si-bil'i-ty, n.— in-sen 'si-bly, adv. 

Insep., abbr. Inseparable. 



a, head; b , protho¬ 
rax with forelegs; c, 
scutellum; d } mesotho- 

1 in-sen'si-bl; showing the under 
o v v / • ii wings (e) and manner 
£ In-sen Sl-Dl, of folding ( g ) under 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; eil; iu = fewd; <fhin; go; I) = sinp; fhin, this. 
2: wqlf, do; book, boot; full, rqle, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








Insert 

intense 


For words in in- not given below see in- 2 , prefix, page 311. 


320 


In-sert' d , 1 in-surt'; 2 In-sert', vt. To put or 
place in something or between or among 
other things. [ < L. in, in, + sero, join.] —in¬ 
sertion, n. 1. The act of inserting, or the state 
of being inserted. 2. Something placed between 
pieces. 3. Place or mode of attachment. 

In'sert, 1 in'sert; 2 in'sert, n. That which is in¬ 
serted; an inset. 

in'set", 1 in'set"; 2 In's8t", n. A leaf or leaves 
inserted, as in a book or newspaper. 

In'shore", 1 in'^hor"; 2 in'shor". I. a. 1. Being 
or occurring near the shore, as inshore fishing. 
2. Coming toward the shore, as an inshore 
wind. II. adv. Toward the shore. 

In'side", 1 in'said"; 2 In'sid". I. a. Situated or 
occurring within. II. n. 1. The side or part 
that is within. 2. Contents. III. adv. 1. In 
or into the interior; within. 2. [U. S.] In less 
time. IV. prep. In or into the interior of.— 
In-sid'er, n. One who is inside; hence, collo¬ 
quially, one who has special information or ad¬ 
vantages. as in a financial transaction, 
in-sid'i-ous, 1 in-sid'i-us; 2 In-sid'i-us, a. 
Doing or contriving harm, as if by lying in 
wait. [ < L. insidiosus, < insidiae, ambush.] 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. 

in'sight", 1 in'sait"; 2 in'sit", n. 1. Intellec¬ 
tual discernment. 2. A perception of the 
inner nature of a thing. 

In-sig'ni-a, 1 in-sig'm-a; 2 ln-sxg'ni-a, n. pi. 
Badges, etc., used as marks of office or dis¬ 
tinction; hence, things significant of a calling. 
[L., pi. of insigne, mark of honor.] 
in"sig-nif'i-cant, a. Not significant. (1) 
Without import. (2) Without importance; 
trivial, -ly, adv .— in"sig-nif'i-cance, n. 
in-sin'u-ate, 1 in-sin'yu-et; 2 In-sln'yq-at, v. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. 1. 1. To indicate or sug¬ 
gest indirectly; intimate. 2. To introduce by 
tortuous means. II. i. 1. To make indirect 
allusions. 2. To work oneself into favor, etc. 
[ < L. insinuo, wind in, < in, in, + sinus, wind¬ 
ing.]— in-sin"u-a'tion, n. Insidious suggestion 
or implication; something insinuated; a hint.— 
in-sin'u-a-tiv(e 8 , a .— in-sin'u-a"tor, n. 
In-sip'id, 1 in-sip'id; 2 In-slp'id, o. Without 
flavor; unsavory; uninteresting. [< L. LL in-, 
not, + sapidus, savory.] -ly, adv .— in"si-pid'- 
I-ty, n. in-sip'id-nesst. 
in-sist' d , 1 in-sist'; 2 In-slst', vi. To make an 
assertion, or demand, with emphasis and per¬ 
sistence. [ < L. p in, in, on, -f- sisto, stand.]— 
in-sis'tence, n. —in-sls'tent, a. -ly, adv. 
In-snare', etc. Same as ensnare, etc. 
in'so-lent, 1 in'so-lent; 2 In'so-l&nt a. 1. Pre¬ 
sumptuously or defiantly offensive; impu¬ 
dent. 2. Grossly disrespectful. [F., < L. 
in-, not, -f soleo, be accustomed.] -Iy, adv .— ln'- 
so-lence, n. 

in-sol'vent, 1 in-sol'vent; 2 In-s51'v$nt. I. o. 
1. Not solvent; bankrupt. 2. Inadequate for 
the payment of debts. II. n. A bankrupt.— 
In-sol 'ven-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] Bankruptcy, 
in-som'ni-a, 1 in-sem'm-a; 2 In-som'ni-a, n. 
Chronic inability to sleep. [L., < in-, not, 
-f- somnus, sleep.]— In-som'ni-ac, n. One who 
suffers from sleeplessness. [degree, 

in" so-niuch', adv. In such wise; to such a 
Insp., abbr. Inspector. 

In'span", 1 in'span"; 2In'span*, vt.& vi. [S. Afr.] 
To harness or yoke up animals to a vehicle. 
In-spect' d , 1 in-spekt'; 2 In-spect', vt. To ex¬ 
amine carefully and critically. [ < L. in- 
specto, < in, in, + specio, look.]—in-spec'tion. 


». Critical investigation; especially, an official 
examination. —in-spec'tor, n. 1. A supervisor. 
2. An officer of police. —in-spec'tor-ate, in- 
spec'tor-ship, n. The office or district of an 
inspector. 

in-spire', 1 in-spair'; 2 In-spir', v. [in-spired'; 
in-spir'ing.] 1. 1. 1. To breathe into the lungs. 
2. To animate or kindle; stimulate; instil. 
II. i. To inhale air or any influence; draw in 
the breath. [ < L. inspiro, < in, in, + spiro, 
breathe.] — in"spi-ra'tion, n. 1. Inhalation. 
2. The inbreathing or imparting of an idea, emo¬ 
tion, etc.; hence, lofty thought. 3. Divine in¬ 
fluence upon sacred writers, 
in-spir 'it* 1 , vt. To fill with spirit; animate, 
in-spis'sate, 1 in-spis'et; 2 In-spls'at. I. vt. 
[-s.AT"ED d ; -sat'Tng.] To give greater con¬ 
sistency to, as by boiling. II. a. Thickened; 
inspissated. [ < L. in, in, -f- spissus, thick.] 
inst., abbr. Instant, institute, institution. 
in"sta-bil 'i-ty, 1 in"sta-biri-ti;2In"sta-bH'i-ty, 
n. [-ties 2 , pZ.] Unstable condition; change¬ 
ableness; flimsiness; inconstancy, 
in-stall', 1 in-stel'; 2 In-stal', vt. 1. To invest 
with office by formal ceremony. 2. To estab¬ 
lish. [ < LL. installo, < L. in, in, + LL. 
slallum, seat.]— in"stal-la'tion, n. Ceremonial 
introduction; institution.— in-stal'nient, in¬ 
stall 'ment, n. 1. A partial payment. 2. One 
of a number of parts of anything furnished at 
different times. 3. The act of installing, 
in'stance, 1 in'stens; 2 In'stang. I. vt. [in'- 
stanced 1 ; in'stanc-ing.] To refer to as an 
illustration. II. n. 1. A case occurring as an 
exemplification. 2. Solicitation. [F., < L. 
instanlia, < instan(l-)s; see instant.] 
in'stant, 1 in'stant; 2 In'stant. I. a. 1. Im¬ 
mediately impending. 2. Now passing; cur¬ 
rent. II. n. 1. A particular point of time. 
2. A moment; second. [F., < L. instan(t-)s r 
ppr. of insto, stand upon.]— In"stan-ta'ne-ous, 
a. Acting instantly. -Iy, adv. -ness, n .— in'- 
stant-ly, adv. On the instant; immediately.— 
in-stan'ter, adv. Without an instant of delay, 
in-state', 1 in-stet'; 2 In-stat', vt. [in-stat'ed j ; 
in-stat'ing.] To place or establish in an 
office or rank. [or room, 

in-stead', 1 in-sted'; 2 In-sted', adv. In place 
in'step, 1 in'step; 2 In'stgp, n. 1. The arched 
upper part of the human foot. '2. The front 
part of the hind leg of a horse, 
in'sti-gate, 1 in'sti-get; 2 In'sti-gat, vt. [-gat"- 
ED d ; -gat"ing.] 1. To bring about by incit¬ 
ing. 2. To stimulate to a bad action. [ < L. 
instigo, < in, on, + *stigo, goad.]— ln"sti-ga'- 
tion, n.— in'sti-ga"tor, n. 
in-stil', 1 in-stil'; 2 In-stll', vt. [in-stilled', 
in-stild' 8 ; in-stil'ling.] 1. To inculcate 
gradually. 2. To pour in by drops. [< L. r 
in, in, + stilla, drop.] In-still'J. — in-stil-la'- 
tlon, in-stil'ment, in-still'inent, n. 
in-stinct', 1 in-stirjkt'; 2 In-stinet', a. Ani¬ 
mated from within. [ < L. in, in, stinguo, 
prick.] 

in'stinct,l in'stiqkt; 2 In'stlnct.n. 1. A natural 
impulse or propensity that incites animals 
(including man) to the actions that are es¬ 
sential to their existence and development; 
animal sagacity. 2. A natural or acquired 
aptitude.— in-stlnc'tiv(e 9 , a. Spontaneous, 
-ly, adv. 

in'sti-tute, 1 in'sti-tiut; 2 In'sti-tut. I. vt. 
[-TUT"ED d ; -tut"ing.] 1. To establish or 
found. 2. To set in operation. 3. To appoint 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, pr6y; hit, police; obey, g5; not, or; full, rule; but, burn;: 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 





321 


For words in in- not given beJow see in- 2 , prefix, page 311. 


insert 

intense 


to office. II. n. 1. An institution, as of 
learning. 2. pi. Fundamental principles, as 
of law. 3. An established principle or order. 
[< L. in, in, + slatuo, set up.]— in"sti-tu'tion, 
n. 1. That which is instituted; an established 
order. 2. A corporate body, or the building oc¬ 
cupied by it. 3. The act of instituting.— in"sti- 
tu'tion-al, a.— in'sti-tu"tor, n. 

Instr., abbr. Instrument, instrumental. 
in-struct' d , 1 in-strukt'; 2 m-struct', vt. 1. To 
impart knowledge or skill to; educate. 2. 
To give orders or directions to. [ < L. in, in, 
+ slruo, build.]— in-struc'tion, n. 1. The act 
of instructing; teaching. 2. Imparted knowledge. 
3. The act of giving directions; a direction or 
order.— in-struc'tiv(e, a. Fitted to instruct; 
conveying knowledge, -Iy, adv. -ness, n .— 
in-struc'tor, n. One who instructs; a teacher, 
in-struct'erj.—in-struc'tress, n.fem. 
in'stru-ment, 1 in'stru-ment or -mant; 2 m'- 
stru-ment, n. 1. A means by which work is 
done; a tool; a mechanism for scientific or 
professional purposes or for the production of 
musical sounds. 2. A person doing the will 
of another. 3. A legal writing. [F., < L. 
instrumentum, < inslruo; see instruct.]— in"- 
stru-men'tal, a. 1. Helpful. 2. Fitted for 
musical instruments, -ly, adv .— in"stru-inen- 
tal'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.) 1. The condition of 
being instrumental. 2. That which is instru¬ 
mental. y 

in-suf'fer-a-bl(e p , a. Not to be endured; in¬ 
tolerable. — in-sufTer-a-bly, adv. 
in'su-lar, 1 in'siu-ler; 2 in'su-lar, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to an island; hence, isolated; narrow; con¬ 
tracted. [< L. insula, island.]— in"su-lar'- 
1-ty, n. Narrowness or illiberality.— in'su- 
late, vt. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] 1. To place in a 
detached state; isolate. 2. Elec. To separate 
from other conducting bodies, as by a non-con¬ 
ducting substance.— in"su-ia'tion, n. The act 
of insulating; isolation.—In 'su-Ia"tor, n. One 
who or that which insulates, as a non-conductor 
of electricity 

in-SUlt', 1 in-sult'; 2 in-suit'. I d . vt. To treat 
with gross indignity; affront. II. 1 in'sult; 
2 in'sult, n. Something offensive said or 
done; an indignity or affront. [ < L. insulto, 
< in, in, on, + salio, leap.]—in-sult'or, n. 
in-su'per-a-ble, / 1 in-siu'per-e-bl; 2 In-su'- 
in-su'per-a-bl p , ) per-a-bl, a. Not to be sur¬ 
mounted or overcome; insurmountable. [< 
L. OF in-, not, + superabilis, that may be sur¬ 
mounted.]—in-su"per-a-bil'i-ty, n.— in-su'- 
per-a-bly, adv. 
fnsur., abbr. Insurance. 

in-sure', 1 in-^hur'; 2 in-shur', v. [in-sured'; 
in-sur'ing.] I. t. 1. To contract, for a con¬ 
sideration, to pay a specified sum in case of 
loss, accident, or death. 2. To guarantee. 
II. i. To undertake or effect insurance. [ < 
OF. enseurer, < en-, in, + seur, sure.]—in-sur'- 
a-bl(e p , a. —in-sur'ance, n. An act or system 
of guaranteeing pecuniary indemnity; any guar¬ 
anty or pledge.—in-sur'er, n. 


in-sur'gent, 1 in-sur'jent; 2 m-sur'gent. I. a. 
Uprising against an existing government. II. 
n. One who joins in an insurrection. [F., < 
L. in, against, + surgo, rise.] 
in"sur-niount'a-ble, } 1 in"sur-maunt'a-bl; 2 
in"sur-mount'a-bI p , j m"sur-mount'a-bl, a. 
Such as can not be surmounted, passed over, 
or overcome; insuperable.— in"sur-mount'- 
a-bly, adv. 

ln"sur-rec'tion, 1 in"su-rek'sTian; 2 m"sii- 


ree'shon, n. An organized resistance to estab¬ 
lished government. [ < LL. insurrectio{n -), 
< L. insurgo; see insurgent.] — in"sur-rec'- 
tion-al, in"sur-rec'tion-a-ry, a. — In"sur- 
rec'tion-ist, n. 

int., abbr. Interest, interior, interjection, inter¬ 
national, interpreter, intransitive, 
in-tact', 1 in-talct'; 2 in-taet', a. Left com¬ 
plete or unimpaired. [ < L. in-, not, + tactus, 
pp. of tango, touch.]—in-tact'ness, n. 
in-ia'glio, 1 in-ta'lyo; 2 In-ta'lyo, n. Incised 
or countersunk work; a gem or die so cut. [It.] 
in'take", 1 in'tek"; 2 in'tak", n. 1. That which 
is taken in, in any sense. 2. An inlet, as for 
water; also the current flowing in. 
in-tan'gi-ble, \_ 1 in-tan'ji-bl; 2 In-tan'gi-bl, a. 
in-tan'gi-bl p , j Not tangible; impalpable; not 
directly appreciable by the mind.—in-tan"- 
gi-bil'i-ty, in-tan'gi-bl(e-ness p , n. —in-tan% 
gi-bly, adv. 

in'te-ger, 1 in'ti-jar; 2 in'te-ger, n. 1. A 
whole. 2. A number that is not a fraction. 
[L., < in-, not, + tango, touch.]— in'te-gral. 
I. a. 1. Constituting a completed whole. 2. 
Intrinsic. 3. Pertaining to an integer. II. n. An 
entire thing; a whole, -ly, adv .— in'te-grate, v. 
[-GRAT"ED d ; -grat"ing.] I. t. To make into a 
whole; give the sum total of. II. i. To become 
whole or complete.— in"te-gra'tion, n. 
in-teg'ri-ty, 1 in-teg'n-ti; 2 In-teg'ri-ty, n. 1. 
Uprightness of character; probity. 2. Unim¬ 
paired state; completeness; soundness. [< L. 
integrilalt-)s, < integer; see integer.] 
in-teg'u-ment, 1 in-teg'yu-ment or -mant; 2 
In-teg'yu-ment, n. Any natural outer cover¬ 
ing, as the skin of an animal. [ < L. in, upon, 
+ tego, cover.] 

in'tel-lect, 1 in'te-lekt; 2 In'te-lect, n. 1. The 
faculty of perception or thought; mind. 2. 
Intelligent people collectively. [ < L. in- 
telleclus, perception, < intelligo; see intelli¬ 
gent.] — in"tel-lec'tion, n. Exercise of the in¬ 
tellect; thought.— in"tel-lec'tive, a.— in"tel- 
lec'tu-al, a. 1. Pertaining to the intellect; 
mental. 2. Possessing intellect or intelligence, 
-ly, adv.— in"tel-lec"tu-al'i-ty, n. 
tll-tel'li-gent, 1 in-tel'i-jent; 2 In-tel'i-gent, a. 
1. Distinguished for or marked by intelli¬ 
gence; discerning. 2. Endowed with intellect. 
[F., < L. intelligentlys, ppr. of intelligo, perceive.] 
-Iy, ado.— In-tel'li-gence, n. I. Readiness of 
comprehension; mental ability. 2. News. 3. 
Mutual understanding. — in-tel"li-gi-bil'i-ty, 
n .— in-tel'li-gi-bl(e, a. Capable of being un¬ 
derstood.— in-tel'li-gi-bly, adv. 

In-tem'per-ate, 1 in-tem'par-it; 2 ln-tem'per- 
at, a. Characterized by lack of moderation; 
excessive, especially in the use of alcoholic 
drinks, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— in-tem'per- 
ance, n. Lack of temperance; excess. 
in-tend' d , 1 in-tend'; 2 In-tend', v. 1. 1. 1. To 
set the mind upon as something to be done; 
purpose; design. 2. To signify. II. i. To 
have an intention; mean. [< L. intendo, < 
in, toward, + lendo, stretch.]—in-ten 'dant, n. 
A superintendent; provincial administrator, 
in-tense', 1 in-tens'; 2 in-tens', o. Strained or 
exerted to a high degree; putting forth strenu¬ 
ous effort; extreme. [F., < L. intensus, pp. 
of intendo, intend.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —in- 
ten 'sf-fy, vt. & vi. [-fied; -fy"ing.] To make 
or become intense; increase in intensity.—in- 
ten'sion, n. The act of straining or stretching; 
intensity.—in-ten 'si-ty, n. The state of being 
intense; amount or degree of force or energy.— 


1: a = final; i= habit: aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; tffiin; go; o = sin^; thin, this, 
2: wQlf, dQ; book, boot; full rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







intent 

intimate 


For words in in- not given below see in-2, prefix , page 311. 


322 


in-ten 'si v(e s , a. Serving to intensify; thorough. 
-Iy, adv. 

in-tent', 1 in-tent'; 2 In-tSnt'. I. a. Having 
the mind earnestly fixed; eager; earnest. II. 
n. That which is designed; intention; mean¬ 
ing; aim; purpose. [< L. intentus, pp. of 
intendo; see intend.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— in- 
ten 'tion, n. 1. A settled direction of the mind 
toward the doing of a certain act. 2. A purpose 
conceived.— in-ten'tion-al, a. Designed, -ly. 


adv. 

in-ter', 1 in-tur'; 2 In-ter', vt. [in-terred', 
in-terd' s ; in-ter'ring.] To place in a grave 
or tomb; bury. [< F. enterrer, < L. in, into, 
+ terra, earth.] 

Inter-, prefix. Between; together; among. [< 
L. inter, between, < in, in, + compar. suffix -ter.) 
A very large number of words beginning with 
inter- are self-explaining or readily understood 
by combining the meaning of inter- with that of 
the second element of the compound, as in the 
following list. Those that require to be specially 
noted will be found in vocabulary place. 


in"ter-act' 
in"ter-ac'tion 
in"ter-breed' 
in"ter-cel'lu-lar 
in"ter-col-le'gi-ate 
in"ter-com-mu'ni-cate 
in"ter-cross' 
in" ter-de-nom"i-na'- 
tion-al 

in"ter-de-pen'dence 

in"ter-fuse' 

in"ter-ja'cence 

in"ter-ja'cent 

in"ter-lay' 


in"ter-link' 
in"ter-lock' 
in"ter-mo-lec'u-lar 
in"ter-pen'e-trate 
in"ter-plan'e-ta-ry 
in"ter-play' 
in"ter-re-lat'ed 
in"ter-re-la'tion 
in"ter-space' 
in"ter-stel'lar 
in"ter-twine' 
in"ter-twist' 
in"ter-u'nion 
iD"ter-wind' 


iu-ter'ca-late, 1 in-tur'ka-let; 2 In-ter'ca-lat, 
vt. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] 1. To insert or 
interpolate. 2. To introduce into the cal¬ 
endar. [ < L. inter (see inter-) + calo, call.] 
—in-ter'ca-la-ry, a. 1. Added to the calendar. 
2. Containing an added day. 3. Interposed; in¬ 
serted.— in-ter"ca-la'tion, n. 


in"ter-cede', 1 in"tar-sid'; 2 in"ter-ced', vi. 
[-ced'ed* 1 ; -ced'ing.] To mediate between 
persons; make intercession; plead. [< L. 
inter (see inter-) + cedo, go.] 

In"ter-cept' d , 1 in"tar-sept'; 2 In"ter-c5pt', vt. 
To prevent from reaching a destination; in¬ 
terrupt the course of; stop. [< L. inter, be¬ 
tween, + capio, take.]— in"ter-ccp'tiou, n. 
|m"ter-ces'sion, 1 in"tar-se«(h'an; 2 In"ter- 
cSsh'on, n. Entreaty in behalf of others. 
[< L . intercessio, < inter cedo; see intercede.] — 
in"ter-ces'sor, n. One who intercedes; a medi¬ 
ator.— in"ter-ces'so-ry, a. 
in"ter-ehange', 1 in"tar-dhenj'; 2 In"ter- 
chang', vt. & vi. To put each of two things 
in the place of the other; receive and return 
reciprocally; alternate.— in'ter-change", ». 

I. Exchange. 2. Alternation.— ln"ter-change '- 
a-bl(e p , a. -ness, n. in"ter-change"a-bil'- 
i-tyf.—in"ter-change'a-bly, adv. 

In"ter-cos'tal, 1 in"tar-kes'tal; 2 in"ter-e5s'- 
tal. I. a. Being or occurring between the 
ribs. II. n. An intercostal muscle, 
iii'ter-course, 1 in'tar-kors; 2 Tn'ter-cors, n. 
Mutual exchange; commerce; communica¬ 
tion. [ < L. OF inter, between, + curro, run.] 
in"ter-<lict', 1 in"tar-dikt'; 2 In"ter-dlct'. I d . 
vt. To prohibit or restrain authoritatively. 

II. 1 in'tar-dikt; 2 In'ter-diet, n. A prohib¬ 
itive order; ban. [ < L. inter (see inter-) + dico, 
say.]— in"ter-dic'tion, n. Official prohibition. 


—in"ter-dic'tiv(e s , a. -Iy, adv. —In"ter-dic'- 
to-ry, a. Interdicting. 

in'ter-est, 1 in'tar-est; 2 In'ter-£st. I d . vt. 1. 
To awaken the interest of. 2. To induce to 
participate in. II. n. 1. Attention with a 
sense of concern. 2. Profit; benefit. 3. Pay¬ 
ment for the use of money; something added 
in making a return. 4. Influence. [OF., < 
L. interest, it concerns.]— in'ter-est-ed, pa. 1. 
Having the attention attracted or the feelings 
engaged. 2. Biased. 3. Being a part-owner.— 
In'ter-est-ing, pa. Possessing or exciting in¬ 
terest; attractive. 

in"ter-fere\ 1 in"tar-flr'; 2 In"ter-fer', vi. 
1-fehed'; -fer'ing.] To enter into or take 
part in the concerns of others; intervene; also, 
to conflict; clash. [< L. F inter, between, 
ferio, strike.]— in"ter-fer'ence, n. The act of 
interfering; conflict; collision, 
in'ter-ini, 1 in'tar-im; 2 In'ter-Im, n. An in¬ 
termediate season; time between periods [L.] 
in-te'ri-or, 1 in-tl'ri-ar or -or; 2 In-te'ri-or. I. 
a. 1. Existing or occurring within; internal. 
2. Pertaining to something within. 3. Inland. 
II. n. 1. The internal part; inside. 2. The in¬ 
land or central region of a country. [OF.,< L. 
interior, compar. of inter; see inter-.] -ly, adv. 
inter]. , abbr. Interjection. 
in"ter-ject' d , 1 in"tar-jekt'; 2 In"ter-j?et', vt. 
& vi. To throw between other things. [< 
L. inter, between, + jacio, throw.]— in"ter- 
jec'tion, n. 1. The part of speech that expresses 
sudden emotion, etc., as oh! alas! 2. The act 
of ejaculating. — in"ter-jec'tlon-al, a. 
in"ter-lace' 1 , 1 in"tar-les'; 2 In"ter-lS(?', vt. & 
vi. To weave or twine to¬ 
gether; entwine. 
in"ter-lar<l' d , 1 in"tar-lard'; 

2 In"ter-lard', vt. To di¬ 
versify; make frequent in¬ 
terpolations in. 

In"ter-Iine', vt. To write 
or print between the lines 
of; insert between lines.— 
in"ter-lin'e-ar, a. Situ¬ 
ated between lines; having 
matter inserted between the lines. in"ter-lin 'e- 
alIn"ter-lin"c-a'tion, n. 
in"ter-Io-cu'tion, 1 in"tar-lo-kifx'slian; 2 In"- 
ter-lo-cu'shon, n. Interchange of speech; 
dialog. [ < L. inter, between, + loquor, speak.] 
— In"ter-loc'u-tor, n. One who takes part in 
a conversation.— in"ter-loc'u-to-ry, adv. 
in'ter-Iop"er, n. One who intrudes; an in¬ 
truder. [ < D. enterlooper, < F. entre, be¬ 
tween, -f D. looper, runner.] 
in 'ter-Iude, 1 in'tar-liiid; 2 In'ter-lud, n. An 
action considered as coming between others 
of greater importance; an entertainment be¬ 
tween acts, or a short passage of music 
between stanzas, etc. [ < L. OF inter, between, 
+ ludus, play.] 

in"ter-mar'riage, 1 in"tar-mar'ij; 2 in"ter- 
mar'ag, n. 1. Marriage between persons of 
different families, races, etc. 2. Marriage 
between blood-kindred.— in"ter-mar'ry, vi. 
in"ter-med'dle, ) 1 in"tar-med'l; 2 In"ter- 
in"ter-med 'l p , ( mSd'l, vi. To interfere unduly 
in the affairs of others.—In"ter-ined'dler, n. 
in"ter-me'di-ate, 1 in"t»r-mi'di-et; 2 In"ter- 
me'di-at. I d . vi. To act as an intermediary. 
II. a. Being in a middle place or degree. [ < 
L. inter, between, -(- medius, middle.]— in"ter- 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me,'get, pryy, fern;*hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 








323 


For words in in- not given below see in- 2 , prefix, page 311. 


intent 

intimate 


me'di-a-ry. I. a. Situated or occurring be¬ 
tween. II. n. An intermediate agent, 
in-ter'ment, 1 in-ttjr'ment or -mant; 2 m-ter'- 
ment, n. The act of interring; burial, 
in-ter'mi-na-ble, ) 1 in-tur'mi-na-bl; 2 in- 
in-ter'ini-na-bl p , ) ter'mi-na-bl, a. Having 
no end; continuing forever or for a very long 
time.—in-ter'mi-na-bly, adv. [mix. 

in"ter-min'gl(e p , vt. & vi. To mingle together; 
in"ter-mit', 1 in"tar-mit'; 2 in"ter-mit', vt. & 
f vi. [-mit'ted 11 ; -mit'ting.] To cease tempo¬ 
rarily; interrupt; suspend. [ < L. inter, be¬ 
tween, + mitto, send.]— in"ter-niis'sion, n. 

1. Temporary cessation; interruption. 2. A 
recess; interval.— in"ter-mit'tence, n. — in"- 
ter-mit'tent, a. Having periods of intermission, 
-ly, adv. — intermittent current {Elec.), an 
interrupted current flowing in one direction. 

in"tcr-mix' t , vt. & vi. To mingle with; be¬ 
come mixed.— in"ter-mix'ture, n. 
in-ter'nal, 1 in-tur'nal; 2 in-ter'nal, a. 1. Sit¬ 
uated in the inside; interior. 2. Pertaining to 
or derived from the inside; based on the thing 
itself. 3. Pertaining to the mind, -ly, adv. 
im"ter-na'tion-al, 1 in"tar-nash'an-al; 2 in"- 
ter-nash'on-al, a. Pertaining to two or more 
nations; affecting nations generally. -ly, 
adv. —in"ter-na'tion-al-ism, n. 
!n"ter-ne'cine, ) 1 in"tar-ni'sin; 2 in"ter-ne'- 
iu"ter-ne'cin s , 3 qin, a. Involving mutual 
slaughter; sanguinary. [< L. inter, among, 
+ neco, slay.] 

In"ter-pel'late, 1 in"tar-pel'et; 2 m"ter-perat, vt. 
[-lat"ed; -lat"ing.] To interrogate perempto¬ 
rily, as in a deliberative assembly. [ < L. inter 
(see inter-) 4 - pello, drive.]—in"ter-pel-la'- 
iion, n. 

ioi-ter'po-late, 1 in-tur'po-let; 2 m-ter'po-lat, 
vt. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat'Tng.] 1. To insert, as 
new or unauthorized matter, in a writing. 2. 
To interpose. [ < L. inter, between, + polio, 

polish.] —in-ter"po-la'tion, n.— in-ter'po-la"- 
tor, n. 

in"ter-pose% 1 in"tar-poz'; 2 m"ter-po§', v. 
[-posed'; -pos'ing.] I. t. To place between 
or in the midst of, especially as a means of 
obstruction or mediation. II. i. To inter¬ 
vene; interrupt. [< F. interposer, < inter 
(see inter-) + poser; see pose 1 , p.]— in"ter- 
pos'er, in"ter-pos'ing-ly, adv. 
in"ter-po-si'tion, 1 in"tar-po-zi:£h'an; 2 in"- 
ter-po-§ish'on, n. / 1. The act of interposing. 

2. That which is interposed. in"ter-po'- 
salf. [< L. interposition-), < inter, between, 
+ pono, place.] 

in-ter'pret d , 1 in-tur'pret; 2 m-ter'pret, v. I. 
t. 1. To give the meaning of; translate orally; 
explain. 2. To give illustrative representa¬ 
tion of. 3. To construe. II. i. To explain 
the meaning of something; act as an inter¬ 
preter. [ < L. OF interpretor, < interpres, 
agent.]—ln-ter"pre-ta'tion, n. 1. The act of 
interpreting. 2. The sense given by an inter¬ 
preter.—in-ter'pre-ta"tiv(e s , a. in-ter'pre- 
tiv(e s J.—in-ter'pret-er, n. One who interprets. 
In"ter-reg'num, 1 in"tor-reg'num; 2 m"ter- 
rSg'niim, n. 1. The time during which a 
throne is vacant. 2. Any period of abeyance 
or derangement. [L., < inter, between, + 
regnum, reign.] 

in-ter'ro-gate, 1 in-ter'o-get; 2 m-tero-gat, v. 
[-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] I. t. To put questions 
to; question. II. i. To ask questions. [ < 
L. inter, between, among, 1 + rogo, ask.] —in- 


ter"ro-ga'tion, n. 1. The act of interrogating. 
2. A query. 3. Ah interrogation=point (?).— in"- 
ter-rog'a-tiv(e 8 . I. a. Denoting inquiry; ques¬ 
tioning. II. n. Gram. A word used to ask a 
question, as who? -ly, adv .— in-ter'ro-ga"tor, 
n. One who interrogates. — in"ter-rog'a-to-ry. 
I. a. Pertaining to a question. II. n. A question. 
in"ter-rupt' d , 1 in"ta-rupt'; 2 m"te-rupt', vt. 
To break in upon; stop while in progress; 
check; hinder; break up. [< L. interruptus, 
pp. of interrumpo, < inter (see inter-) + rumpo, 
break.]— in"ter-rup'tion, n. 1. The act of in¬ 
terrupting. 2. A breach in continuity; hin¬ 
drance; stop; check. 

in"ter-seet' d , 1 in"tar-sekt'; 2 in"ter-sect', vt. 
& vi. To pass across; cut through or into. 
[ < L. inter, between, 4- seco, cut.]— In"ter-sec'- 
tion, n. 1. The act of intersecting. 2. A place 
of crossing. 

in"ter-sperse% 1 in"tar-spurs'; 2 in"ter-spers', 
vt. [-spersed'*; -spers'ing.] To distribute 
scatteringly among other things. [ < L. inter, 
between, +spargo, scatter.]— ln"ter-sper'sion,n. 
In 'ter-state", 1 in'tar-stet"; 2 in'ter-stat", a. 
Between different states, as of the American 
Union, or their citizens; as, interstate commerce, 
in'ter-stice, 1 in'tar-stis; 2 in'ter-stig, n. A 
slight opening; crack; crevice; interval. [F., 
< L. inter, between, + sisto, stand.]— in"ter- 
sti'tial, a. 

in"ter-ur'ban, 1 in"tar-ur'ban; 2 in"ter-hr'ban, a. 

Between cities. [ < inter- 4- L. urbs, city.] 
In'ter-val, 1 in'tar-val; 2 in'ter-val, n. 1. An 
open space between two objects; distance 
between points; intervening room. 2. The 
degree of difference between objects. 3. In¬ 
tervening time. [ < L. inter, between, + 
vallum, wall.] 

in"ter-vene', 1 in"tar-vin'; 2 in"ter-ven', vi. 
[-vened'; -ven'ing.] 1. To come or be be¬ 
tween things; interfere; interpose. 2. To 
happen in a way to cause interruption. [ < L. 
infer, between, 4- venio, come.]— in"ter-ven'tion, 
n. The act of intervening or coming between, 
in 'ter-vievv, 1 in'tar-viu; 2 in'ter-vu. I. vt. To 
have an interview with; visit and question, as 
to obtain opinions. II. n. A meeting of two 
persons; colloquy; conference sought for 
publication. [ < F. entre, between, -{- voir, 
see.]— in'ter-view"er, n. 

in"ter-weave', 1 in"tar-wlv'; 2 in"ter-wev', vt. 
& vi. [-wove'; -wo'ven.1 To weave in; be¬ 
come interlaced or intermingled, 
in-tes'tate, 1 in-tes'tet; 2 m-tes'tat. I. a. 1. 
Not having made a valid will. 2. Not legally 
devised. II. n. A person who dies intestate. 
[< L. in-, not, 4- testor, make a will.]—in-tes'- 
ta-cy, n. 

in-tes'tine,) 1 in-tes'tm; 2 in-tes'tin. I. a. 1. 
in-tes'tin 3 , ) Internal with regard to state or 
community; domestic. 2. Pertaining to the 
interior. II. n. The alimentary canal; bowel: 
usually in the plural. [ < L. intestinus, in¬ 
ward, < intus, within.]— in-tes'ti-nal, a. 1. 
Pertaining to the intestines. 2. Intestine, 
in-thrall', in-throne', etc. Same as enthrall, 
enthrone, etc. 

In'ti-inate, 1 in'ti-met; 2 m'ti-mat. I. vt. 
[-MAT"ED d ; -mat"ing.] To make known, espe¬ 
cially by indirect means; hint. II. a. 1. 
Closely connected, as by friendship. 2. Per¬ 
taining to the inmost being. III. n. A con¬ 
fidential friend. [ < L. intimus, superl. of 
intus, within.] -ly, adv.— in'ti-ma-cy, n. [-cies z . 


1*8 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = o«t; oil; i« = feud; cfhin; go; o = sin»; thin, ttiis. 
g! wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, tins. 








intimidate 

iodid 


For words in in- not given below see in- 2 , prefix, page 311. 


334 


pi.] Close or confidential friendship.— in"ti- 
ma'tlon, n. Information communicated in¬ 
directly; a hint. 

in-tim'i-date, 1 in-tim'i-det; 2 in-tfm'i-dat, 
vt. [-DAT ,/ ED d ; -dating.] To cause to become 
frightened; put in fear. [ < L. LL in, in, + 
timtdus, timid.] — in-tim"i-da'tion, n. The use 
of violence or threats to influence the conduct of 
another. [inside of. 

in'to, 1 in'tu; 2 in'tQ, prep. To and in; to the 
In-tol'er-ant, 1 in-tol'ar-ant; 2 in-tol'er-ant, a. 
1. Not disposed to tolerate contrary beliefs or 
opinions; bigoted. 2. Unable or unwilling to 
bear or endure. [ < L. in-, not, -f- tolero, bear.] 
-iy, adv. — in-tol'er-a^bl(e p , a. That can not be 
borne or endured; insufferable, -ness, n. in- 
tol"er-a-bil'i-tyf.—in-tol'er-a-bly, adv. —in- 
tol'er-ance, n. Refusal to tolerate opposing 
beliefs; bigotry. 

In-tomb', -ment. Same as entomb, etc. 
in-tone', 1 in-ton'; 2 In-t5n', vt. & vi. [in¬ 
toned'; in-ton'ing.] To recite in or to utter 
a musical monotone, in'to-natej. — in"- 
to-na'tion, n. The act of intoning; modulation 
of the voice in speaking or singing, 
in-tox'i-cate, 1 in-taks'i-lcet; 2 In-toks'i-cat, v. 
[-cat"ed (1 ; -cat"ing.] I. t. 1. To make 
drunk; inebriate. 2. To elate or excite to a 
degree of frenzy. II. i. To possess intoxicat¬ 
ing properties. [ < LL. intoxico, poison.]— 
in-tox 'I-cant, n. That which intoxicates, as 
alcohol, etc.— in-tox"i-ca'tion, n. 1. The act 
of making drunk; inebriation. 2. Great mental 
excitement. 

intr., intrans., abbr. Intransitive, 
intra-, prefix. Within. [< L. intra-, < intra, 
within, ult. < in, in; cp. inter-.] 
in-trac'ta-bl(e p , a. 1. Not tractable; refrac¬ 
tory; unruly. 2. Lacking plastic quality; dif¬ 
ficult to treat or work, -ness, n. in-trac"- 
ta-bil'i-tyj. — in-trac'ta-bly, adv. [sit). 

In trans., abbr. [L.] In transitu (in course of tran- 
in-tran'si-tive, ) 1 in-tran'si-tiv; 2 in-tran'si- 
in-tran'si-tiv 8 , ) tiv. I. a. Gram. Not taking 
or requiring an object, as certain verbs. II. 
n. An intransitive verb, -ly, adv. 
in-trencli'b -ment. Same as entrench, etc. 
in-trep'id, 1 in-trep'id; 2 m-trgp'id, a. Un¬ 
shaken in the presence of danger; dauntless. 
[< L. in-, not, + trepidus, restless, alarmed.J— 
in"tre-pid'i-ty, n. Undaunted courage.— in- 
trep'id-ly, adv. 

Int. Rev., abbr. Internal Revenue, 
in'tri-cate, 1 in'tri-kit; 2 in'tri-cat, a. Ex¬ 
ceedingly or perplexingly entangled, compli¬ 
cated, or involved. [ < L. intrico, perplex.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —in'tri-ca-cy, n. 
in-trigue', 1 in-trig'; 2 in-trig'. I. vt. & vi. 
[in-trigued'; in-trigu'ing.] To accomplish 
by intrigue; plot or scheme. II. n. 1. The 
working for an end by secret or underhand I 
means. 2. A clandestine love*affair. 3. A 
plot. [ < F. intriguer, < L. intrico; see in¬ 
tricate, a.] —In-trigu'er, n. 
in-t rill'sic, 1 in-trin'sik; 2 ln-trin'sic, a. 1. 
Pertaining to the nature of a thing or person; 
inherent. 2. Contained or being within. [ < 
L. intrinsecus, < inter (see inter-) + secus, by.] 
—In-trin'sl-cal-ly, adv. 

intro-, prefix. In; into; within. [< L. intro-, < 
intro, inwardly, ult. < in, in.] 
intro., introd., abbr. Introduction, introductory. 
in"tro-duce', 1 in"tro-dius'; 2 in"tro-dug', vt. 
[-duced' 1 ; -duc'ing.] 1. To cause to become 
acquainted. 2. To put in; insert. 3. To 


bring into use or practise. 4. To usher in. 
[< L. intro (see intro-) + duco, lead.)— in"- 
tro-duc'or, n.— in"tro-duc'tion, n. 1. The 
act of introducing, in any sense. 2. Something 
that leads up to and explains something else. 
3. An elementary treatise.— in"tro-duc'tiv(e s , 
a.— in"tro-duc'to-ry, a. Prefatory; preliminary. 

In-tro'lt, 1 in-tro'it; 2 in-tro'it, n. The entrance; 
an opening chant or selection in a liturgical 
service. 

in"tro-spec'tion, n. The act of looking within; 
self*examination. [< L. intro, within, + 
spicio, look.]— in"tro-spec'tiv(e s , a. Looking 
within, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

in"tro-vert' d , 1 in"tro-vurt'; 2 Tn"tro-vert', vt. 
1. To turn within. 2. To turn in, as one part 
wdthin another. [ < intro— f- L. verto, turn.] 
—In"tro-ver'slon, n. 

in-trude', 1 in-trud'; 2 In-trud', vt. & vi. [in¬ 
truded' 1 ; in-trud'ing.] To thrust or force 
in, or come in, without warrant or invitation. 
[< L. in, in, + trudo, thrust.]— in-trud 'er, n. 
—in-trud 'ing-Iy, adv.— in-tru'sion, n. The 
act of intruding. —in-tru'siv(e 8 , a. Coming 
without warrant; prone to intrude, -ly, adv. 
-ness, re. 

in-trust' d , vt. Same as entrust. 

in"tu-i'tion, 1 in"tiu-i:fli'an; 2 In"tu-Ish'on, re. 

I. Immediate perception of truth without 
conscious reasoning. 2. That which is knowm 
intuitively. [< L. LL intueor,< in, in, on,+ 
tueor, look.] — in"tu-i'tion-al, a. — in-tu'i- 
tiv(e 8 , a. Perceived or perceiving by intuition, 
-ly, adv. -ness, re. 

In-twine', in-twist' d , etc. See entwine, etc. 

in-un'date, 1 in-un'det; 2 m-un'dat, vt. [-dat"- 
ED d ; -dat"ing.] To cover by overflowing; 
flood; fill to overflowing. [ < L. inundo, over¬ 
flow, < in, in, on, + unda, wave.]— in"un-da'- 
tion, re. 1. A flood. 2. A condition of super¬ 
abundance. 

in-ure', 1 in-yur'; 2 in-yur', v. [in-ured'; in- 
ur'ing ] I. t. To harden or toughen by use. 

II. i. To take or have effect; be applied. [ < 
in- 1 + OF. eure, < L. opera, work.] 

inv., abbr. Invenit (L., he invented it), invented, 
inventor, invoice. 

In-vade', 1 in-ved'; 2 In-vad', vt. [in-vad'ed 11 ; 
in-vad'ing.] 1. To enter with an armed force 
with hostile intent. 2. To encroach upon. 
[< L. in, into, + vado, go.]— In-vad'er, re. 

in-val'id 1 , 1 in-val'id; 2 In-vil'id, a. Having 
no force, weight, or cogency; null. [< L. 
inralidus, < in-, not; and see valid.]— in-val '- 
i-date d , vt. To weaken or destroy the force or 
validity of.— in-val"i-da'tion, re.— in"va-lid'- 

in'va-lid 2 , 1 in've-lid; 2 In'va-lid. I. a. En¬ 
feebled by ill health; sickly. II. re. A sickly 
or disabled person [ < L. p invalidus; see in¬ 
valid 1 , a.]—In'va-lid-Ism, re. The condition of 
being an invalid. 

in-val 'u-a-bl (e p , a. Of a value beyond estima¬ 
tion; very precious.— in-val'u-a-bly, adv. 

ln-va'ri-a-bl(e p , a. That does not or can not 
vary or be varied; alw'ays uniform.— in-va"- 
ri-a-bil'i-ty, re. in-va'ri-a-blc-nessj. — in- 
va'ri-a-bly, adv. ■ 

in-va'siun, 1 in-ve'jan; 2 In-va'zhon, re. The 
act of invading; any hostile attack; encroach¬ 
ment.— in-va'sive, a. 

in-vec'tiv(e 8 , 1 in-vek'tiv; 2 in-v8c'tiv, re. Rail¬ 
ing accusation; vituperation. [< L. F invec- 
tivus, scolding.] 

In-veigh', 1 in-ve'; 2 In-ve', vi. To utter ve- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 







325 


intimidate 

iodid 


hement censure or invective. [ < OF. enveir, 
prob. < L. inveho; see invective.] 

In-vei'gle, 1 in-vi'gl; 2 m-ve'gl, vt. [-gled; 
-gling.] To lead astray, as by deception; 
wheedle. [ < F. aveugler, blind.] -inent, n. 
—in-vel'gler, n. 

in-vent ' d , 1 in-vent'; 2 In-v8nt', vt. 1. To find 
out; contrive by ingenuity; originate. 2. To 
fabricate in the mind. [ < L. inventus, pp. of 
invenio, discover, < in, on, + venio, come.]— 
in-ven'tion, n. 1. The act or process of invent¬ 
ing. 2. That which is invented. 3. Skill or 
ingenuity in contriving. —in-ven'tiv(e 8 , a. Able 
to invent; quick at contrivance. -Iy, adv. -ness, 
n.— in-ven'tor, n. 

ln'ven-to"ry, 1 in'ven-t5"n; 2 m'ven-to"ry. 

1. vt. [-ried; -ry-ing.] To make an inven¬ 
tory of. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] A detailed ac¬ 
count or schedule, as of the property of a de¬ 
ceased person.— in"ven-to'rl-al, a. -ly, adv. 

in-vert ' d , 1 in-vurt'; 2 in-vert', v. I. t. To 
turn inside out or upside down. II. i. Chem. 
To undergo inversion. [ < L. inverto, < in, 
in, + verto, turn.]— In-verse', a. Opposite in 
order or effect; inverted; reciprocal. -Iy, adv. 
— In-ver'sion, n. The act of inverting; a re¬ 
versal of the natural order of things. 

Invert., abbr. Invertebrata, invertebrate. 

In-ver"te-bra'ta, 1 in-vur"ti-bre'ta; 2 in-ver"- 
te-bra'ta, n. pi. Zool. A section of the ani¬ 
mal kingdom including all animals without a 
vertebral column: opposed to Vertebrata. [ < 
in - 2 + L. vertebratus; see vertebrate.]— in- 
ver'te-brate. I. a. Destitute of a backbone. 
II. n. An invertebrate animal. 

in-vest ' d , 1 in-vest'; 2 in-vest', v. I. t. 1. To 
lay out (money) in the purchase of property. 

2. To clothe; dress. 3. To endow, as with 
office. 4. To beleaguer. II. i. To make an 
investment. [ < L. in, in, + vestio, clothe.] 
—in-ves'tl-ture, n. 1. The act or ceremony of 
investing with something, as robes of office. 2. 
That which invests or clothes.— in-vest'ment, 
n. i . The act of investing capital ; also the money 
so invested, or the property so procured. 2. The 
act of blockading, beleaguering, etc. 3. Inves¬ 
titure. 4. A covering.— in-ves 'tor, n. 

In-ves'ti-gate, 1 in-ves'ti-get; 2 m-ves'ti-gat, 
vt. [-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] To inquire into 
systematically, f < L. in, in, -j- vestigo, follow 
a track.]—ln-ves'ti-gat"lng-ly, adv.— in-ves"- 
ti-ga'tion, iu-ves'ti-ga"tor, n. 

in-vet'er-ate, 1 in-vet'ar-it; 2 in-vSt'er-at, a. 
1. Firmly established by long continuance; 
deep=rooted. 2. Confirmedin a particular char¬ 
acter or habit. [ < Li in, in, + vetus ( veter -), 
old.] -Iy, adv. -ness, n.—In-vet'er-a-cy, n. 
Persistence from habit; confirmed character. 

In-vid'i-ous, 1 in-vid'i-us; 2 in-vid'i-us, a. 1. 
Unjustly discriminating; provoking. _ 2. 

Showing envy. [ < L. invidiosus, envious, 
< invidia, envy.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

In-vig'or-ate, 1 in-vig'ar-et; 2 ln-vig'or-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To give vigor and energy 
to; animate. [ < L. in, in, + vigor; see vigor.] 
—ln-v!g"or-a'tIon, n. 

in-vin'ci-bl(e p , a. Not to be overc<?me; un¬ 
conquerable. [F., < L. in, not, + vinco, con¬ 
quer.]— In-vIn"cI-bII'I-ty, n. 

in-vi'o-Iate, 1 in-vai'o-ht; 2 m-vi'o-lat, a. 1. 
Not violated; unprofaned; unbroken. 2. In¬ 
violable. -ly, adv. -ness, n .: in-vi'o-la- 
bl(e p , a. That must not or can not be violated.— 
!n-vi"o-Ia-bll'i-ty, n — in-vi'o-la-bly, adv. 


in-vis'i-ble, ) 1 in-viz'i-bl; 2 in-vig'i-bl, a. 1. 
in-vis'i-bl p , ) Not visible; not capable of being 
seen. 2. Not in sight; concealed.— in-vis"i- 
bll'i-ty, n.—In-vis'i-bly, adv. 
in-vite', 1 in-vait'; 2 In-vit', v. [iN-vrr'ED d ; in- 
vit'ing.] 1. 1. 1. To ask to do some act or go 
to some place. 2. To allure; entice. II. *. 
To give invitation; allure. [ < L. p invito, ask, 
bid.]— ln"vI-ta't!on, n. 1. The act of inviting 
or alluring. 2. The means of inviting.— in-vit'- 
er, n. One who invites.— in-vit'ing, pa. That 
invites or allures. -Iy, adv. 
in"vo-ca'tion, 1 in"vo-ke'£han; 2 in"vo-ca'- 
shon, n. 1 . The act of invoking. 2. A judi¬ 
cial order. 3. A form of prayer, as at the 
opening of a service. 

in'voice", 1 in'veis"; 2 m'voic". I. vt. [in'- 
voiced" 1 ; in'voic"ing.] To make an invoice 
of. II. n. 1. A list sent to a purchaser, etc., 
containing the items and charges of merchan¬ 
dise. 2. The goods so listed. [< F. envois , 
< envoyer, send.] 

in-voke', 1 in-vok'; 2 in-vok', vt. [in-voked' 1 ; 
in-vok'ing.] 1 . To address, as in prayer. 
2. To call for, as in supplication. [ < L. p in, 
on, -|- voco, call.] 


in-vol'un-ta-ry, 1 in-vel'un-te-n; 2 ln-vol'iin- 
ta-ry, a. 1. Contrary to one’s will or wish. 
2. Not under the control of the will.— in-vol'- 
un-ta-ri-Iy, adv.— in-vol'un-ta-ri-ness, n. 
in'vo-Iute, 1 in'vo-liut; 2 in'vo-lut. I. a. Hav¬ 
ing the edges rolled inward; C. 
coiled spirally, in'vo-lut"- 
edj. II. n. Geom. A curve 
(as APB) generated by a point 
(as P) on a straight line (as 
CP) that rolls upon another 
curve (as the circle D) without 
sliding. [< L. involutus, pp. 
of involvo; see involve.] — in"- 
vo-Iu'tion, n. 1. The act of 
involving. 2. Something in¬ 
volved. 3 . Arith. The multiplica¬ 
tion of a quantity by itself any number of times. 



'P 

Involute of a 
Circle. 


in-volve', 

in-volv' 8 , 


', l 1 in-velv'; 
, ) volv(i;)d' 8 ; 


2 in-volv', vt. [in- 
INVOLV'lNG.] 1. To 
draw into entanglement; embroil; complicate. 
2. To include; inwrap. 3. Math. To multiply 
(a quantity) by itself any number of times. 
[< L. in, in, + volvo, roll.]— in-volvc'ment, n. 
In-vul'ner-a-bl(e p , 1 m-vul'nar-a-bl; 2 in-vul'- 
ner-a-bl, a. Not capable of being wounded; 
not to be overcome; having no weak point; 
unconquerable.— in-vui"ner-a-bil'i-ty, n. 
in-vul 'ner-a-bl (e-ness p f.— in-vul 'ner-a-bly, 
adv. 

in'ward, 1 in'werd; 2 in'ward. I. a. 1. Situ¬ 
ated within; inner. 2. Pertaining to the inner 
nature. II. n. The inside; in the plural, the 
viscera. [ < AS. inweard, < in, in.] 
in'ward, ) adv. 1. Toward the inside or in- 
in'wards, ) terior. 2. Into the spirit or mind. 
[< AS. imveard, < in, in.]— in'ward-Iy, adv .— 
in'ward-ness, n. 

in-weave', ) 1 in-wlv'; 2 In-wev', vt. [-wove'; 
in-weav' p , ) -wo'ven.] To weave together; 

introduce into a fabric as a component part, 
in-wrought', 1 in-ret'; 2 in-rot', pa. Worked 
into so as to form part of, as a fabric or metal. 


I'o, 1 ai'o; 2 I'o, n. Class. Myth. A maiden loved 
by Jupiter; changed by Juno to a heifer, 
i'o-did, ) 1 ai'o-did; 2 I'o-did, n. A compound 
i'o-dide, ) of iodin. 


1-8 = final* l = habit: aisle; ail = out; oil; iu = feud; (‘bin; go; r) = sing; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, btirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








iodin 

Israel 


326 


i'o-din, )1 ai'o-din; 2 i'o-din, ra. Chem. A 
i'o-dine, ) bluish*black crystalline _ element: 

used medicinally. [ < Gr. iodes, violetdike.] 
I. O. G. T., abbr. Independent Order of Good 
Templars. 

i'on, 1 ai'en; 2 i'on, ra. A compound, as of 
atoms or molecules, with one or more elec¬ 
trons, produced by electrical decomposition, 
radioactivity, etc.— i-on'ic, a.— i'on-ize, 
vt.— l'on-iz"a-bl(e p , a.— i"on-i-za'tlon, ra. 
Ion., abbr. Ionic. 

I-o'ni-a, 1 ai-o'm-a; 2 I-5'ni-a, ra. [Gr.] The coast 



region and islands of W. 

Asia Minor, colonized by 
Greeks.— I-o'ni-an, a. & 
n. — Ionian Islands, 

Ionian Sea, islands, and 
that part of the Mediter¬ 
ranean which lies W. of 
Greece. —I-on'ic, a. 1. 

Ionian. 2. Of or pertain¬ 
ing to an order of Greek 
architecture characterized 
by scrolbiike ornaments 
of the capital. 

I. O. O. F., abbr. Inde¬ 
pendent Order of Odd 
Fellows.— I. O. R. M., 
abbr. Improved Order of 
Red Men. 

i-o'ta, 1 ai-6'ta; 2 i-o'ta, 
ra. 1. The ninth letter 
(i, i) in the Greek al¬ 
phabet, corresponding 
to English I, i. 2. A 
small or insignificant 
mark or part. [L., < 

Gr. iota, < Phen. yodh.] 

I. O. U., abbr. I owe you. 

I'o-wa, 1 ai'o-wa 2 i'o-wa, 
n. A N. central State 
(56,147 sq. m.; pop. 2,- 
404,021) of the United 

States, Capital, Des a gtylob«te; b, base; d, 
Moines. capital; e, architrave;/, frieze; 

ip'e -cac, 1 ip'l-kak ; 2 9< cornice;/ abacus; n, corona; 

ip'e-cac, n. A South* volute - 
American plant of the mhdder family, used 
as an emetic. [ < Pg. ipecacuanha, < Braz. 
ipecaaguen.] 

Iph"i-ge-ni'a, 1 if"i-ji-nai'a; 2 iri-ge-nl'a, n. Gr. 
Myth. The daughter of Agamemnon; offered as 
a sacrifice to Artemis; saved at last moment by 
the goddess. 

1. q., abbr. [L.] Idem quod (the same as). 

lr-, prefix. Assimilated form of in- before r. In 
numerous selbexplaining compounds ir- has the 
meaning of not, and is equivalent to fra- 2 or un-, 
as in the following list: 



ir"re-fut'a-bl(e p , -bly 
ir-rel'a-tiv(e 8 , -ly 
ir"re-mov"a-bil'i-ty 
ir*re-mov'a-bl(e p , -bly 
ir"re-sis"tl-bil'i-ty 
ir"re-sis'ti-bl(e p , -bly, 
-ness 


ir"re-claim'a-bl(e p , -bly 
ir-rec"on-cil"a-bil'i-ty 
ir-rec'on-cil"a-bl(e p , 

-bly 

ir"re-cov'er-a-bl(e p ,-bly 
ir"re-deem'a-bl(e p , -bly 
ir"re-duc'i-bl(e p . -bly 
ir"re-fut"a-bil'i-ty 
Ir., abbr. Ireland, Irish. 

I-ran', 1 1 -ran'; 2 i-ran', ra. The kingdom of Persia; 
the official designation.— I-ra'ni-an, a. & ra.— 
I-ran 'ic, a. 

Iran., abbr. Iranian, Iranic. 
i-ras'ci-ble, ) 1 ai-ras'i-bl; 2 i-ras'i-bl, o. 1. 
i-ras'ci-bl p , ) Prone to anger; choleric. 2. 
Caused by anger. [F., < L. irascor, be angry.] 

—i-ras"ci-bil'i-ty, ra.—l-ras'ci-bly, adv. 


i-rate', 1 ai-ret'; 2 i-rat', a. Moved to anger; 
wrathful. [ < L. iratus, < irascor, be angry.] 
—i-rate'ly, adv. 

ire, 1 air; 2 ir, ra. Strong resentment; wrath; 

anger. [OF. (< L. ira), anger.]— ire 'fill, o. 
Ire., abbr. Ireland. 

Ire'land, l air'land; 2 Ir'Iand, ra. An island off the 
W.coastof Great Hritain,comprisinga Free State, 
created Dec. 1921, and Ulster (capital. Belfast); 
(area, 32,586 sq. m.; pop. 4,390,000): capital, 
Dublin. ' 

I-re'ne, 1 ai-rl'ni; 2 I-re'ne, ra. Gr. Myth. The 
goddess of peace; Roman Pax. 
ir"i-des'cent, 1 irT-des'ent; 2 ir"i-des'&nt, o. 
Exhibiting changing rainbow colors. [ < 
iris, 2 .)— ir"l-des 'cence, ra. A many*colored 
appearance. 

i-rid'i-um, 1 ai-rid'i-um; 2 i-rid'i-um, ra. A 
silver*white, metallic element. [< iris.] 
i'ris, 1 ai'ris; 2 I'ris, ra. [i'ris-es or ir'i-des, pi.] 

1. The colored circle that surrounds the pupil 
of the eye. 2. The rainbow; any similar 
iridescent appearance. 3. A plant having 
sword*shaped leaves and large, handsome 
flowers. [L., < Gr. iris, lit. rainbow.] 

I'rish, 1 ai'ri^h; 2 I'rish. I. a. Pertaining to 
Ireland or its people. II. ra. pi. The people 
of Ireland or their language. [ < AS. Irisc, < 
Iras, the Irish, < Ir. Eire, Ireland.]— Irish Sea, 
the body of water lying between England and 
Ireland. 

irk', 1 urk; 2 irk, vt. To afflict with vexation or 
fatigue. [< Sw. yrka, press.]— irk'sonie, o. 
Troublesome or tiresome; tedious, -ly, adv. 
-ness, ra. 

Ir-kutsk', 1 ir-kutsk'; 2 ir-kutsk', ra. A govern¬ 
ment (280,429 sq. m.; pop. 821,000) in E. Siberia; 
also, its capital (pop. 130,000); occupied by 
American, British and Japanese troops, 191S. 
i'ron, 1 oi'arn; 2 T'ern. I. vt. 1. To smooth 
with an iron implement, as cloth or clothing. 

2. To fetter. 3. To furnish or arm with iron. 
II. a. 1. Made of iron. 2. Resembling iron; 
hard; rude; unyielding; heavy. III. ra. 1. 
The most important of the metallic elements, 
very tenacious, malleable, and ductile. 2. 
Something composed of iron. [ < AS. iren, 
I sen, perhaps < Is, ice.]— 1'ron-elad", ra. A 
war*vessel sheathed with armor.— 1'ron-mon"- 
ger, ra. A dealer in iron articles.— i'ron-ware", 
n. Iron utensils. 

i'ro-ny, 1 ui'ro-m; 2 I'ro-ny, ra. The use of 
words to signify the opposite of what they 
would usually express; ridicule under cover 
of praise or compliment; covert sarcasm or 
satire. [< Gr. L+F eironeia, < eiron, dis¬ 
sembler.]—i-ron'i-cal, a. Pertaining to or of 
the nature of irony; covertly sarcastic, -ly, adv. 
-ness, ra.—1-roii'ic, a. 

Ir"o-quois', 1 ir*o-kwei'; 2 ir*o-kw6i', n. A mem¬ 
ber of any one of the five (later six) Indian tribes 
confederated in New York and called The Five 
(or Six) Nations. 

Irr., irreg., abbr. Irregular, irregularly, 
ir-ra'di-atc, 1 i-re'di-et; 2 T-ra'di-at, vt. & vi. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To make luminous; illu¬ 
minate.— ir-ra 'di-ance, ra.— ir-ra 'di-ant, 
a.— lr-ra"di-a'tlon, ra.— ir-ra'di-a"tiv(e a , a. 
ir-ra'tion-al, 1 i-ra^h'an-sl; 2 I-r&sh'on-al, a. 
1. Not possessed of or not exercising reason¬ 
ing powers. 2. Contrary to reason; absurd, 
-ly, adv.— lr-ra"tlon-al'l-ty, ra. ir-ra'tlon- 
al-nesst. 

ir-ref 'ra-ga-ble, ) 1 i-ref'ra-ga-bl; 2 I-rfcf'ra-ga- 
ir-ref'ra-ga-bl p , ) bl, a. That can not be Te¬ 


l: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 




















































327 


iodin 

Israel 


futed or disproved. [ < L. in-, not, + 

refragor, oppose.]— ir-ref'ra-ga-bly, adv. 
lr-reg'u-lar, 1 i-reg'yu-lor; 2 I-rgg'yu-lar, a. 1. 
Not regular; being out of the usual or proper 
form, order, etc. 2. Not conforming to rule; 
uncontrolled; lawless, -ly, adv. — ir-reg"u- 
Iar'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The condition of being 
irregular; an imperfection, inconsistency, etc 
Ir-rel'e-vant, 1 i-rel'i-vent; 2 l-rel'e-vant, a. 
Not relevant or apposite; impertinent, -ly, 
adv.— ir-rel'e-van-cy, n. ir-rel'e-vancef. 
ir"re-lig'ion, 1 ir'fi-lij'an; 2 Ir"e-lig'on, n . The 
state of being without or opposed to religion. 
—ir"re-Iig'Ious, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Ir"re-me 'di-a-bl (e p , 1 ir"i-mI'di- 9 -bl; 2 ir"e- 
me'di-a-bl, a. Not to be remedied; incurable; 
irreparable, -ness, n— ir"re-me'di-a-bly, 
adv. 

ir-rep 'a-ra-bl(e p , 1 i-rep'a-ra-bl; 2 l-rep'a-ra- 
bl, a. That can not be repaired, rectified, or 
made amends for.—ir-rep 'a-ra-bly, adv. 
lr"re-pres 'si-bl(e p , 1 ir"i-pres'i-bl; 2 ir"e-prgs'- 
i-bl, a. Not repressible; that can not be re¬ 
strained. -ness, n. ir"re-pres"si-bil'i-tyj. 
—ir"re-pres'si-bly, adv. 

lr"re-proach 'a-bl (e p , 1 ir"i-prodh'a-bl; 2 Ir"- 
e-proch'a-bl, a. Not reproachable; blame¬ 
less. -ness, n. —ir"re-proach 'a-bly, adv. 
lr -res'o-lute, 1 i-rez'o-liut; 2 i-re§'o-lut, a. Not 
resolute or resolved; wavering; hesitating. -Iy, 
adv. —ir-res"o-lu'tion, n. ir-res'o-lute-nessf. 
lr "re-spec' t i ve, ) 1 ir'fi-spek'tiv; 2 Ir"e-spec'- 
ir" re-spec'tiV s , s tiv, a. Lacking respect or re¬ 
lation; regardless, -ly, adv. 
ir"re-spon'si-bl (e p , 1 ir"i-spon'si-bl; 2 Ir"e- 
spon'si-bl, a. 1. Not accountable or ame¬ 
nable; not of sound mind. 2. Careless of 
responsibilities; unreliable.—ir"re-spon"si- 
bll'I-ty, n. ir"re-spon'si-ble-nesst.—ir"re- 
spon'si-bly, adv. 

lr" re-triev'a-bl(e p , 1 ir"i-trlv'a-bl; 2 Ir"e-trev'- 
a-bl, a. Not retrievable; irreparable, -ness, n. 
lr"re-triev"a-bil'i-tyt.—ir"re-triev 'a-bly, adv. 
Ir-rev'er-ent, 1 i-rev'ar-ent; 2 l-rev'er-ent, a. 
Lacking in proper reverence, -ly, adv. —ir- 
rev'er-ence, n. 

Ir-rev'o-ca-bl(e p , 1 i-rev'o-ka-bl; 2 i-rev'o-ea- 
bl, a . Incapable of being revoked or repealed; 
unalterable. — ir-rev"o-ca-bil'i-ty, n . ir- 
-rev'o-ca-ble-nesst.—ir-rev'o-ca-bly, adv . 
Ir'ri-gate, 1 ir'i-get; 2 Ir'i-gat, vt . [-GAT"ED d ; 
-gat"ing.] 1. To water, as land, by artificial 
ditches, etc. 2. To wet; soak; bedew. [< L. 
irrigatus , pp. of irrigo , < in , upon, + rigo , water.] 
— Ir"ri-ga'tion, n. Artificial watering of land, 
lr'ri-tate, 1 ir'i-tet; 2 lr'i-tat, vt . [-TAT"ED d ; 
-tat"ing.] 1. To excite ill temper or im¬ 
patience in; fret; exasperate. 2. To excite 
physically; inflame. [ < L. irritatus , pp. of 
irrito , excite.]— ir'ri-ta-bl(e p , a . 1. Showing 
impatience or ill temper on little provocation. 
2. Excitable, as a nerve, etc.— ir"ri-ta-bil'i-ty, 
n.—ir'ri-ta-bly, adv . — ir'ri-tant. I. a . Caus¬ 
ing irritation. II. n . 1. A pathological or other 
agent of inflammation, pain, etc. 2. A provocative; 
spur.— ir"ri-ta'tion, n. — ir'ri-ta"tiv(e s , a . 
ir-rup'tion, 1 i-rup'shan; 2 I-rup'shon, n. A 
breaking or rushing in; violent incursion. [ < 
L. in , in, + rumpo , break.]— ir-rup'tiv(e s , a . 
Ir'ving, 1 ur'vir); 2 ir'ving, Washington (1792- 
1834). An American writer, historian, and hu¬ 
morist; Sketch Book . 

Is, 1 iz; 2 is, 3d per. sing. pres. ind. of be, v. [AS.] 
Is., Isa., abbr. Isaiah. 


is., isl. [isls., pi.], abbr. Island. 

I saac, 1 ai'zak; 2 i'sac, n. A Hebrew patriarch, 
father of Esau and Jacob. Gen. xxi, 3. 
Is"a-bei'la, 1 iz"a-bel'a; 2 Is"a-b61'a, I. of Castile 
(1451-1504). Queen of Castile and Leon; wife of 
Ferdinand V. of Aragon; subdued Granada; aided 
Columbus. 

I-sa'iah, 1 ai-ze'ya; 2 I-sa'ya, n. Bib. 1. (720? 
B. C.) The first great Hebrew prophet. 2. The 
prophetical book bearing his name. 

-Ise, suffix. 1. Used to denote condition, quality, 
state, or function; as, franchise. [< OF. -ise, < 
L. -itia.] -icet; -izet. 2. Same as -ish 2 . 

-ish 1 , suffix. Somewhat; of the nature of: used 
also to form adjectives of place or country; as, 
Polish. [< AS. -isc, an adj. formative.] 

-ish 2 , suffix. To make; give. [ < OF. -iss-, < L. 

-esco, -isco, term, of inceptive verbs.] 

Ish'ma-el, 1 iSh'mi-el; 2 Ish'ma-el, n. Bib. The 
son of Abraham and Hagar; exiled with latter.— 
Ish'ma-el-ite, n. 1. A traditional descendant 
of Ishmael; an Arab. 2. One having the char¬ 
acter of Ishmael. Gen. xvi, 12. 
i'sin-glass, 1 oi'ziq-glas; 2 I'§in-glas, n. 1. A 
preparation of nearly pure gelatin made from 
the viscera of fish. 2. Mica. [ < MD. huysen- 
blas, < huysen, sturgeon, + MLG. blase, bladder.] 
I sis, 1 ai'sis; 2 I'sis, n. Myth. The principal 
Egyptian goddess; originator of the arts and of 
agriculture, and symbolical of fertility. 

Is 'lam, 1 is'lam; 2 ls'lam, n. The Moham¬ 
medan religion; also, the body of Moham¬ 
medan believers, or the countries under 
Mohammedan rule. [< Ar. islam, submis¬ 
sion.]— Is'lam-isin, n. 

is'land, 1 ai'land; 2 I'land, n. A tract of land, 
usually of moderate extent, surrounded by 
water. [< AS. igland, island.]— is 'land-er, 
n. An inhabitant of an island, 
isle, 1 ail; 2 II, n. An island. [Douglas. 

Isle of Man. An island in the Irish Sea; chief town. 
Isle of Wight, 1 wait; 2 wit. An island and county, 
off Southampton, England; pop. 94,700; chief 
town, Newport. 

is'let, 1 ai'let; 2 I'let, n. A little island, 
ism, 1 izm; 2 Ism, n. A doctrine or system: often 
applied satirically or with derogatory force, 
-ism, suffix. Used to denote condition, act, idiom, 
or doctrine. [ < L. -ismus, < Gr. -ismos, termi¬ 
nation of nouns, from verbs in -izb; see -ize.] 
i-so-. From Gr. isos, equal: a combining form. 
— i"so-mer'ic, a. Chem. Having the same com¬ 
position, but different properties.— i-som'er- 
istn, n. — i"so-met'ric, a. Of equal measure.— 
i"so-mor'phic, a. Having the same form or con¬ 
struction.— i"so-mor'phism, n. — i'so-therm, 
n. Meteor. A line passing through points on the 
earth’s surface that have the same temperature. 
—i"so-ther'mal, a. 

I-soc'ra-tes, 1 ai-sek'ra-tlz; 2 I-soe'ra-te§, n. 
(436-338 B. C.) An Athenian orator; teacher of 
Xenophon. 

is'o-late, 1 is'o-let; 2 ls'o-lat, vt. [-LAT"ED d ; 
-lat"ing.] 1. To place in a detached or in¬ 
sulated situation. 2. To insulate. 3. Chem. 
To obtain in a free or uncombined state. [ < 
It. isolalo, < isola, island.]— is"o-Ia'tion, n. 
i-SOS'ce-les, 1 ai-sos'i-llz; 2 I-sos'e-le§, a. Geom. 
Having two sides that are equal, as a triangle. 
[L., < Gr. isos, equal, + skelos, leg.] 

Is"pa-han', 1 Is"pa-han'; 2 is"pa-han', n. A manu¬ 
facturing city (pop. 80,000) of Persia; entered by 
Russians, March 19, 1916. 

Is'ra-ei, 1 iz'n-el; 2 i§'ra-el, n. The name given 
to Jacob after wrestling with the angel; also, the 
Jewish people collectively.— Is'ra-el-ite, n. A 


l:a = final; i = hablG aisle; au = out; ell; IQ = feud; tfhin; go; o = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wolf, d«; book, boot; full, rule, cure, blit, bQrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Issue 

jasmine 


328 


descendant of Israel (or Jacob); Hebrew; Jew.— 
Is'ra-el-lt"Ish, a. Jewish. Is"ra-el-lt'icJ. 

Is'sue, 1 isfti'u; 2 Ish'y, u. [is'sued; is'su-ing.] 
I. t. To send forth or give out. II. i. 1. To 
flowout; gooutor forth. 2.Toproceed; result, 
is'sue, n. 1. The act of issuing. 2. That which 
is produced or sent forth; an edition; prog¬ 
eny; a matter of discussion; profits; final 
outcome. [F.] 

-1st, suffix. Used to denote an agent. [ < L. -ista, 
-isles, < Gr. -isles, term, of nouns of agent from 
verbs in -izd; see -ize.] 

isth 'inns, 1 is'mus; 2 Is'mus, n. A narrow 
body of land connecting two larger bodies. 
[L., < Gr. isthmos, narrow passage.]—1st li'ini- 
an, a— Istta'ml-an Ca-nal', the Panama 
Canal.— I. games, a Pan*Hellenic festival, 
anciently celebrated every two years on the 
Isthmus of Corinth. 

Is'tle, 1 is'tl; 2 is'tl, n. [Mex.) A valuable fiber 
of a tropical American plant, pi'tat; Tampico 
flberj. ,, 

it, 1 it; 2 It, pron. [they, pi ] The personal 
pronoun of the third person, singular num¬ 
ber, and neuter gender; that one. [ < AS. hit.] 
It., Ital., abbr. Italian, Italic, Italy. 

I-tal'ian, 1 l-tal'yan; 2 i-tal'yan. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to Italy, its people, or language. II. 
n. The people or language of Italy. 

I-tal'ic, 1 i-tal'ik; 2 i-tal'ic. I. a. 1. Relating 
to the races or languages of Italy. 2. Print. 
Designating or printed in italics. II. n. [i- or 
I-] Print. A style of type in which the let¬ 
ters slope, as these. — i-tal 'i-oize, vt. [-cized; 
-ciz'ing.] To distinguish by italics; to empha¬ 
size. i-tal'I-cisef. 

It'a-Iy, 1 it'a-li; 2 it'a-ly, n. A kingdom (110,659 
sq. m.; pop. 36,100,000) in S. Europe; capital, 
Rome. [ < L. Italia, Italy.] 
itch, 1 icfh; 2 leh. I*. vi. 1. To feel an irrita¬ 
tion of the skin with inclination to scratch the 
part. 2. To have a teasing inclination to do a 
thing. II. n. 1. A contagious skin*disease; 
also, an itching of the skin. 2. A teasing de¬ 
sire or propensity. [ < AS. giccan, itch.]— 
Itch'y, a. 

-ite 1 , suffix. Used like -ate 1 , -ate 2 . [< L. -itus, 
-ita, -Hum, pp. suffixes of verbs of the 2d, 3d, and 
4th conjugations.] -itf. 

-ite 2 , suffix. Of the nature of; like: used to de 
note a native, an adherent, or a descendant of; 
also, in chemistry, to denote salts of an acid 
whose name ends in -ous. Also used in mineral¬ 
ogy, anatomy, etc. [ < F. -ite, < L. -ita, -iles, < 
Gr. -iles, -itis, an adj. suffix.] 
i'tem, 1 ai'tem; 2 I'tfim. I. n. 1. A separate 
article or entry in an account, etc. 2. [Colloq.] 
A newspaper paragraph. II||.ad». Likewise. 
[< L. item, likewise, < is, he.]— i'tem-izc, vt. 
[-ized; -iz'ing.] To set down by items. 


it'er-ate, 1 it'ar-et; 2 It'er-at, vt. [-at"ed^ ; 
-at"ing.] To utter or do again; repeat. [< 
L. iterum, again, < is, he.]— it"er-a'tion, n.— 
It'er-a"tiv(e 8 , a. 

Ith'a-oa, 1 ifh'a-ka; 2 Ith'a-ca, n. Island of Ionian 
group; legendary home of Ulysses (Odysseus). 
Itin., abbr. Itinerant, itinerary, 
i-tin'er-ant, 1 ai-tin'ar-ant; 2 I-tin'er-ant. I. 
a. Going from place to place. II. n. One 
who travels from place to place. [ < L. LI * 
iter ( itiner -), journey.] —i-tin'er-a-cy, i-tln'er- 
an-ey, n. A passing from place to place in cir¬ 
cuit, as in the discharge of ministerial duties.— 
l-tin'er-a-ry. I. a. Pertaining to or done on a 
journey; itinerant. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] A de¬ 
tailed account of a journey; exploring tour; 
guide*book.— l-fIn'er-ate, vi. [-at"ed; -aT'ing.] 
To journey from place to place in circuit. 

-itis. suffix. Used to denote inflammation; as. peri¬ 
tonitis. [< L. -itis, < Gr. -itis, -like.) 

Its, 1 its; 2 Its, pron. Possessive case of it.— 
it-self', pron. Its self: emphatic or reflexive. 
I'van, 1 ai'van; 2 I'van, n. [Rus.] 1. I. III. 
(1440-1505), “the Great”; founder of the Rus¬ 
sian empire. 2. I. IV'. (1530-1584), “the Ter¬ 
rible”; czar of Russia; conqueror. 

I'van-hoe, 1 ai'van-ho; 2 i'van-ho, n. A historical 
romance by Sir Walter Scott, detailing the ad¬ 
ventures of Sir Wilfrid of Ivanhoe, a Saxon 
knight, at the time of the third crusade. 

-Ive, suffix. Doing; serving to do. [< L. -ivus, 
-iva, -ivum, termination of verbal adjectives.] 
i'vo-ry, 1 ai'vo-ri; 2 i'vo-ry. 1. a. Made of or 
resembling ivory. II. n. [-ries z , pi] The 
hard, white, elastic substance that constitutes 
the greater part of the tusks of certain ani¬ 
mals, as the elephant. [ < L. LL+OF eboreus, of 
ivory, < ebur, ivory.]— vegetable ivory, the 
hard and white ivory»like substance of the seed 
(ivorynut) of a tropical American palm, 
i'vy, 1 ai'vi; 2 I'vy, n. A European evergreen 
climbing shrub of the 
ginseng or ivy family, 
or one of various 
other climbing plants. 

[< AS. iflo.] —I'vied, a. 

Overgrown with ivy. 

\.W,,abbr. IsleofWight. 

—I. W. W., abbr. In¬ 
dustrial Workers of the 
World. 

Ix-i 'on. 1 iks-ai'on; 2 Iks- 
I'6n, n. Gr. Myth. A 
king who, for an insult 
to Hera, was punished 
by being tied to a wheel 
that turned perpetually. 

Ix'tle, n. Same as istle. lx'let; lx'tllf. 

-Ize, -Ise, suffix. Used to form verbs denoting 
“ to make, give, practise.” [ < LL. -izo, < Gr. -led.} 
iz'zurd, 1 iz'ard; 2 Iz'ard, n. The letter Z: an 
old name. 



J 


J, j. 1 je; 2 ja, n. [jays, J’s, or Js, 1 jez; 2 ja§, 
pi] A letter: the tenth in the English alpha¬ 
bet. 

J., abbr. Judge, Julius, Junius, Jupiter, Justice 
(JJ., pi.), judex (L„ judge).— J. A., abbr. Judge- 
Advocate. 

Jab, 1 jab; 2 jab, vt. [jabbed, jabd 8 ; jab'bing.] 
[Colloq.] To poke rudely; thrust; punch.— jab, 
n. A sharp thrust or poke. 


jab'ber, 1 jab'ar; 2 j&b'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
chatter. II. n. Rapid or unintelligible talk; 
chatter.— jab'ber-er, n. A voluble talker. 
Jac., abbr. Jacob, Jacobus (L., James), 
jack, 1 jak; 2 jak, n. 1. [J-] A nickname for 
John, James, or Jacob; hence, a man; fellow. 
2. One of various handy tools or devices. 3. 
The male of certain animals. 4. In playing* 
cards, a knave. [ < Gr. LI - +OF Iakobos, < Heb. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rfile; but, btlrn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n^ 










329 


issue 

jasmine 



Ya’aqob, lit. supplanter.]— jack'a-napes", re. 
An impertinent fellow; an upstart.—jack'ass", 
re. 1. The male ass; a donkey. 2. A foolish fel¬ 
low; blockhead.—jack'sboots", re. pi. Heavy 
top*boots reaching above the knee.—jack'daw", 
n. A small European glossy*black, crow*like 
bird, often tamed.—j.*knife, re. A large clasp* 
knife for the pocket.—J.so’dantern, re. A will- 
o’*the*wisp; ingis fatuus.—j.splane, re. A car¬ 
penter’s roughing plane.—j.srabbit, re. One of 
several large American hares with very long ears, 
jack 'al, 1 jak'el; 2 jak'al, re. One of various 
dog*like carnivorous mammals, smaller 
than the wolf. [OF., < Ar. jaqdl, 

< Per. shaghal, jackal.] 
jack'et, 1 jak'et; 2 
jak'8t. I d . vt. To 
clothe or enclose 
in a jacket. II. 
re. A short coat. 

Jack'son, 1 jak'san; 

2 jak'son, re. 1. 

fs^l^See preJiI C ° W ™Z us?™/ 

dent. 2. Thomas aueus). /at 

Jonathan, “Stonewall” (1824-1863), a Con¬ 
federate general.—Jack-so'ni-an, a. 

Ja'cob, 1 je'kob; 2 ja'cob, re. Bib. A Hebrew patri¬ 
arch; progenitor of the Israelites. Gen. xxv, 26. 
Jac'o-bin, 1 jak'o-bin; 2 jac'o-bin, n. 1. A mem¬ 
ber of a French revolutionary society that inau¬ 
gurated the Reign of Terror, 1793; dissolved, 
1799. 2. Hence, an extreme revolutionist.— 

Jac"o-bin'i-caI, a.— Jac'o-bln-ism, n. 
Jac'o-bite, 1 jak'o-bait; 2 jae'o-blt. n. An adher¬ 
ent of James II. of England, after his abdication 
in 1688, and of his line.—Jac'o-bite, a. 
jade, 1 jed; 2 jad, vt. & vi. [jad'ed^; jad'ing.] 
To weary or become weary by hard service. 
jade 1 , n. An old, worn*out horse; a worthless 
person; hussy. [< Ice. jalda, mare.] 

2 , 

for making ornaments, etc. [F.] 

Ja'el, 1 je'el; 2 ja'el, n. Bib. An Israelitish heroine. 
Judges iv, 17. 

Jaf'fa, 1 jaf'a; 2 jaf'a, n. Syrian town; pop. 40,- 
000; oocupied by the British Nov. 17, 1917. 
jag, 1 jag; 2 jag, vt. [jag'ged^; jag'ging.] To 
notch. 

jag 1 , n. A projecting point; notch; tooth. [ < 
Gael, gag , notch.]—jag'ged, a. Having jags or 
notches, jag'gyj. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
jag 2 , n. 1. [Local.] A load for one horse. 2. 

[Slang.] Enough liquor to intoxicate, 
jag'uar, 1 jag'war; 2 jag'war, n. A large 
leopard* like 
mammal of 
wooded regions 
from Texas to 
Patagonia. [ < 

Braz. jaguara, 
jaguar.] 

jail, 1 jel; 2 jal, n. 

A prison. [ < OF. 
jaiole, gaiole. jail.] gaolf.—jail'bird", n. A con¬ 
vict.—jail'er, n. The officer in charge of a jail. 
Jai-pur', 1 jai-pur'; 2 j!-pur', n. A native state 
(15,579 sq. m.; pop. 2,637,000), E. Rajputana, 
India; also, its capital (pop. 137,000). 
jal'ap, 1 jal'ap; 2 jal'ap, n. The dried root of a 
Mexican plant useful as a purgative. [< 
Jalapa (town in Mexico).] 

Ja-lis'co, 1 ha-lls'ko; 2 ha-l'is'eo, n. A state 
(31,846 sq. m.; pop. 1,203,000) in Mexico, 
jam, 1 jam; 2 jam, v. [jammed, jamd 9 ; jam - 


jade 2 , n. A hard, tough, greenish silicate used 



ming.] I. t. 1. To press into a tight place; 
crush. 2. To fill by crow'ding. II. i. To be¬ 
come immovable from being crowded. 
jam 1 , n. A number of people or objects pressed 
together; the pressure from such crowding. 
jam 2 , n. A pulpy, sweet conserve of fruit. 
Jam., abbr. Jamaica. 

Ja-mai'ca, 1 ja-me'ka; 2 ja-ma'ea, n. An island 
(4,193 sq. m.; pop. 831,000), British W. Indies; 
capital, Kingston. 

jamb, 1 jam; 2 jam, n. A side*post or side of a 
doorway, window, etc. [ < OF. jambe, leg.] 
James, 1 jemz; 2 jam§, re. 1. Bib. One of two apos¬ 
tles: (1) J. the Greater, executed by Herod 
Agrippa. (2) J. the Less, author of a New Tes¬ 
tament epistle. 2. J. I. of England, VI. of Scot¬ 
land (1566-1625), king of England from 1603. 
3. J. II. (1633-1701), king of England, 1685; de¬ 
posed, 1688. See England. 

Jan., abbr. January. 

jan'gle, 1 jarj'gl; 2 jan'gl. I. vt. & vi. [jan'- 
gled; jan'gling.] To make or utter with 
harsh, broken sounds; wrangle; bicker. II. re. 
Discordant sound; wrangling. [Imitative.] 
Ja"ni-cu'lum, 1 ja"m-kiu'lum; 2 ja"ni-cu'lum, re. 

One of the seven hills of Rome. 

Ja'ni-na, 1 ya'ni-na; 2 ya'ni-na, re. A former prov¬ 
ince (7,045 sq. m.; pop 254,618), and also its 
capital (pop. 16,800), in W. European Turkey; 
taken by the Greeks, 1913. 
jan'i-tor, 1 jan'i-tar; 2 jan'i-tor, re. One who 
has the care of a building. [L., < janua, door.] 
jan'i-za-ry, 1 jan'i-ze-ri; 2 jan'i-za-ry, re. 
[-ries z , pi.] One of the'former body*guard 
of the Turkish sultans: suppressed in 1826. 
[< F . janissaire.] jan'ls-sa-ryf. 

Jan'u-a-ry, 1 jan'yu-e-ri; 2 jan'yu-a-ry, re. 
The first month of the year. [ < L. Janua- 
rius, < Janus, doorkeeper of heaven.] 

Ja'nus, 1 je'nus; 2 ja'nus, re. Rom. Myth. An 
ancient Italian divinity, god of beginnings, hav¬ 
ing two faces, looking east and west; his temple 
was closed only in time of peace. 

Jap., abbr. Japan, Japanese. 
ja-pan 1 ', 1 ja-pan'; 2 ja-pan'. I. vt. [ja¬ 
panned', ja-pand' 9 ; ja-pan'ning.] To lac¬ 
quer with japan. II. re. 1 . Lacquered Japa¬ 
nese work. 2. A hard black varnish. [ < Chin. 
Jih-pun. sunrise.] 

Ja-pan' 2 , re. An empire of S. E. Asia (260,000 sq. 
m.; pop. 59,961,600), comprising the Archipelago 
of Japan, various other islands, and Chosen 
(Korea). 

Jap"a-nese', 1 jap"a-nis'; 2 jap"a-nes'. I. a. 
Belonging to Japan or its people. II. re. A 
native of Japan or the language of Japan. 

Ja 'pheth, 1 je'fefh; 2 ja'feth, re. Bib. The third son 
of Noah.—Ja-phet'ic, a. Pertaining to Japheth; 
loosely, Aryan, as opposed to Semitic, Hamilic. 
jar, 1 jar; 2 jar, v. [jarred; jar'ring.] I. t. 
To cause to tremble or shake; agitate. II. i. 

1. To rattle. 2. To clash; conflict. 3. To 
shake or tremble. [ < AS. ceorian, murmur.] 

jar 1 , re. 1. A shaking, as from a sudden shock. 

2. A discordant sound; discord; strife. 

jar 2 , re. A deep, wide*mouthed vessel of earth¬ 
enware or glass. [ < Per. OF. jarrah, jar.] 
jar"di"niere', 1 3 ar"di"nyar'; 2 zhar"d'i"nyer', re. 

An ornamental pot or stand for flowers. [F.] 
jar'gon, 1 jar'gan; 2 jar'gon. I. vi. To talk in 
jargon; gabble. II. re. 1. Confused, unintel¬ 
ligible speech. 2. Cant. [OF., gibberish.] 
Jas., abbr. James. 

jas'mine,) 1 jas'mm; 2 jas'min, re. An orna- 
jas'mir» s ,) mental plant with fragrant, gener¬ 


ic = final* i = habit; aisle; ail = out; oil; iu = feud; tfhin; go; rj = sirei 7 ; Chin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








Jason 

jog 


330 


ally white, flowers. [< Per. F yasmin .] Jas'- 
min*. 

Ja'son, 1 je'san; 2 j&'son, n. 

Gr. Myth. Leader of the 
Argonauts In quest of the 
Golden Fleece. See Argo. 
jas'per, )1 jas'per, 
jas'per-ite,) -ait; 2 j&s'- 
per, -It, n. An impure, 
opaque, colored quartz. 

[ < Gr. OP iaspis, jasper.] 
jaun'dice, )1 jan'dis; 2 
jaun'dis 8 , j jan'dig. I. vt. 

[jaun'diced 1 ; jaun'dic- 
ing.] To affect with 
jaundice; fill with prej¬ 
udice or envy. II. n. 1. Jasmine. 

A disease characterized by yellowness of the 
skin, and of the fluids and tissues. 2. A 
mental condition in which the judgment is 
warped. [ < OF. jaunisse, < jaune, yellow.] 
jaunt, 1 jant or jent; 2 jant or jant. I d . vi. To 
ramble or rove about. II. n. A short jour¬ 
ney; a pleasure-trip. [Cp. Sw. dial, ganta, be 
foolish.] —Jaunt'I ng scar", n. [Ir.] A two¬ 
wheeled carriage with side seats for four persons 
back-to-back and a front seat for the driver. 
Jaunt 'y, 1 jant'[or jent']i; 2 jant'[or jant']y, a. 
[jaunt'i-er; jaunt'i-est.] Affecting a care¬ 
less ease or self-satisfaction; sprightly. [< 
F. genlil; see gentle.] — jaunt'i-ly, adv. — 
jaunt'i-ness, n. 

Jav., abbr. Javanese. 

Ja'va, 1 ja'va; 2 ja'va, n. A Dutch Island (50,554 
sq. m.; pop. 34,157,380) In Malay Archipelago. 
—Jav"a-nese\ I. a. Pertaining to Java. II. 
n. 1. A citizen of Java. 2.The language of Java, 
jave'lin, 1 jav'lin; 2 jav'lin, n. A short, light 
spear, used as a missile weapon. [OF., < Celt.] 
jaw, 1 je; 2 ja. I. vt. & vi. [Slang.] To scold. 
II. n. 1. One of the two structures forming 
the framework of the mouth. 2. One of the 
bones forming the framework of these organs. 
jaw'*bone"t. 3. Anything like or suggesting 
such an organ, as one of the gripping parts of 
a vise: often used figuratively; as, the jaws 
of death. 4. [Slang.] Scolding. [ME.jawe, < 
cheowen (< AS. cedwari), chew.] 
jay, 1 je; 2 ja, n. A small crow-like bird of bril¬ 
liantcoloring. SeeBiRD. [OF., <( 7 of;seeGAY,a.] 
jazz'-band", 1 jaz'-band"; 2 jaz'-band", n. A 
band which plays rag-time music in discordant 
tones on oddly assorted instruments. 

J. C., abbr. Jesus Christ, Julius Ca;sar, Juriscon- 
sultus (L., jurisconsult), Justice-Clerk.—J. C. D., 
abbr. [L.] Juris Civtlis Doctor (Doctor of Civil 
Law).—J. U.» abbr. [L.] Jurum Doctor (Doctor 
of Laws). 

jeal'ous, ) 1 jel'us; 2 j&l'us, a. 1. Apprehensive 
jel'ous 8 , S of being displaced by a rival. 2 . 
Anxiously watchful. [ < OF. jalous, < LL. 
zelosus, < L. zelus, zeal.] -ly, adv. -ness, n .— 
jeal'ous-y, n. [-iesz, pi.) 
jean, 1 jen or jin; 2 jan or jen, n. A twilled un¬ 
dressed cloth of cotton and wool. [ < L. OF 
Genua, Genoa (Italian city).] jeans*, 
jeer, 1 jlr; 2 jer. I. vt. & vi. To scoff at; ridi¬ 
cule. II. n. A derisive and flouting word or 
speech. [ < MD. scheeren, jest.]— jeer'er, n. 
Jef'fer-son, 1 jef'ar-san; 2 jgf'er-son. I. Joseph 
(1829-1905), an American actor. 2. Thomas 
(1743-1826), an American president. See presi¬ 
dent. — Jef"fer-so'ni-an, a. 

Je-ho'vah, 1 ji-ho'va; 2 je-ho'va, n. Lord; 


specifically, the covenant God of the Hebrew 
people. [ < Heb. Yhwh, usually written 
Yahdwah, with the vowel-points of Adonai, Lord.] 
Je'hu, 1 jl'hiu; 2 je'hQ, n. Bib. The tenth king 
of Israel. 2 Kings ix, 5, 20. 
je-june', 1 ji-jun'; 2 je-jun', a. Lifeless; dry; 

dull. [<L.jejunus, hungry.] -ly ,adv. -ness, n. 
Jerii-eoe, 1 jel'i-ko: 2 jel'i-co, John R. (1859- ). 
Viscount of Scapa; British admiral: defeated 
Germans off Heligoland, 1914, and Jutland, 1916. 
Jel'ly, 1 jel'i; 2 j61'y. I. vi. [jel'lied; jel'ly- 
ing.] To turn to jelly. II. n. [jel'lies 2 . pi.) 
Any semisolid glutinous substance, as fruit-juice 
boiled down with sugar. [ < OF. gelee, fem. pp. 
of geler, freeze.]—jel'ly*flsh", n. A simple 
disk-like marine animal of jelly-like appearance 
and varying size. 

Je'na, 1 ye'ne; 2 ye'na, n. A university city 
(pop. 38,000) in the German republic of Saxe- 
Weimar; French defeated Prussians, 1806. 
Jen'ner, 1 jen'ar: 2 jfin'er, Edward (1749-1823). 

An English physician; introduced vaccination, 
jen'net, 1 jen'et; 2 jSn'gt, n. A small Spanish 
horse. 

jen'ny, 1 jen'i; 2 jSn'y, n. [jen'nies z , pi.] 1. ‘ 
A spinning-machine. 2. A female ass. [ < F. 
Jeanne , fem. of Jean, John.] 
jeop'ard* 1 , ) 1 jep'erd; 2 jgp'ard, vt. To expose 
jep'ard p , ) to loss or injury; imperil, jeop'- 
ard-izej.—jeop 'ard-y, n. Exposure to dan¬ 
ger; peril. [ < OF. jeu parti, divided game, even 
chance] 

Jeph'thah, 1 jef'fha; 2 jfef'tha, n. Bib. A judge in 
Israel; sacrificed his daughter. Judges xi, 34-40. 
Jer., abbr. Jeremiah. 

jer-bo'a, 1 jar-bo'a; 2 jcr-bo'a, n. An Old World 
mouse-like rodent with the hind limbs elongated 
for jumping. [< Ar. yartu, a leg-muscle.] 
Jer"e-m!'ati, 1 jer'i-mai'a; 2 j 6 r"e-mra, n. Bib. 
1. A Hebrew prophet who wrote denunciations 
and lamentations. 2. The book containing his 
prophecies.—jer"e-ml'ad, n. A lament; tale of 
woe: often used sarcastically. 

Je-rez', 1 he-refh'; 2 hc-rgth', n. A towm in S. W. 
Spain; a center for the manufacture of sherry, 
to which it gave the name. 

Jer'i-cho, 1 jer'i-ko; 2 jfer'i-co. n. Bib. An ancient 
city of Palestine, 7 m. north of the Dead Sea; its 
walls fell before Joshua ( Josh, vi, 20-24); taken 
by the British from the Turks, Feb. 22, 1918. 
jerk 1 , 1 jurk; 2 jerk. I*, vt. & vi. To give a jerk 
to; move with jerks; utter in a convulsive 
manner. II. n. A short, sharp pull, twitch, or 
fling.— Jerk'y, o. Spasmodic.— jerk'i-ly,odr. 
jerk 2 , vt. To cure (meat) by cutting into strips 
and drying. [ < Chilean charqui, dried beef.] 
jer'kin, 1 jur'kin; 2 jer'lcin, n. A waistcoat; 

jacket. [Dim. of OD. jurk, frock.] 
Jcr"o-bo'am, 1 jer'o-bb'am; 2 j 6 r"o-bo'am, n. 
Bib. A Jewish leader who led the revolt of the 
ten tribes against Rehoboam. 1 Kings, xii. 
Jer'sey, 1 jur'zi; 2 jer'gy, n. 1. One of a breed 
of cattle from the island of Jersey. 2. A 
thick, seamless, knit upper garment. [ < Isle 
of Jersey, in the channel Islands.] 

Je-ru'sa-lem, 1 ji-ru'sa-lem; 2 je-ru'sa-l§m, «. 
Capital of ancient Hebrew nation, and later of 
kingdom of Judah; seat of Solomon’s temple; five 
times captured and twice destroyed; surrendered 
by the Turks to British forces, Dec. 10, 1917. 
jes'sa-mine,) 1 jes'a-min; 2 jgs'a-min, n. The 
jes'sa-min 8 , S jasmine. [Ruth, iv, 17. 

Jes'se, 1 jes'i; 2 jfis'e, n. Bib. The father of David, 
jest, 1 jest; 2 jest. I d . vt. & vi. To joke. II. n. 
1 . A joke; raillery. 2 . The object of raillery. 
[< L.o p gestus, pp. of gero, perform.]— jest'er, n. 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go. not, or, -wdn. 








331 


Jason 

jog 


One who jests; specif., a court fool during the 
middle ages. 

Jes'u-it, 1 jez'yu-it; 2 jes'yu-ft, n. 1. A mem¬ 
ber of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic 
religious order. 2. A subtle casuist. [ < F. 
Jesuite, < L. Jesus.] — Jes"u-it'ic, a. Jes"u- 
it'i-caR.—Jes'u-lt-ism, n. 

Je'sus, 1 ji'zus: 2 je'sus, n. Bib. 1. The Founder of 
Christianity; the Savior. Matt, i, 21. See 
Christ. Je'suf. 2. Joshua. Acts vii, 45; Heb. 
iv, 8 . 3. One of various other persons; as, Jus¬ 
tus. Col. iv, 11. [< L. Jesus, < Gr. Iesous, < 
Heb. Yeshu’a, or Yehoshua; see Joshua.] 
jet, 1 jet; 2 jet, vt. & vi. [jet'ted 11 ; jet'ting.] 
To emit in a jet; shoot out in a jet or jets. 
jet 1 , n. 1. That which spurts out; a gushing 
flow. 2. A spout or nozzle. [F.] 
jet 2 , n. 1. A rich black mineral used for orna¬ 
ments. 2. The color of jet. jet black]:. [OF.] 
jet'sam, 1 jet'sam; 2 jet'sam, n. Part of the 
cargo of a vessel cast overboard to lighten her 
when in danger of sinking; any goods thrown 
overhoard. Compare flotsam. [ < OF. 
getaison, < L. jactatio(n-), < jacio, hurl.] 
Jet'ti-son, n. The throwing overboard of goods 
or cargo, especially from a ship in danger of 
foundering. Compare jetsam. [ < OF. getaison; 
see jetsam.]— jet'ti-son, vt. To throw over¬ 
board, as goods, etc. 

jet'ty, 1 jet'i; 2 jet'y, a. Like or made of jet; 

black as jet.—jet'ti-ness, n. 
jet'ty, n. [jet'ties 2 , pi.] A structure in a 
body of water serving to control or divert a 
current, protect a harbor, or the like. [ < OF. 
jetee, prop. fern. pp. of jetter, throw.] 

Jew, 1 ju; 2 ju, n. A Hebrew; an Israelite. [Ult. 
< Heb. YehUdah, Judah, son of Jacob.]—Jew'- 
ess, n. A female Jew.—Jew'ish, a.— Jew'ry, n. 

1. Judea. 2. Jews collectively. 

jew'el, 1 ju'el; 2 ju'Sl. I. vt. [jew'eled or 
jew'elled; jew'el-ing or jew'el-ling.] To 
adorn with jewels; set jewels in. II. n. 1. 
A precious stone; gem. 2. Anything of rare 
excellence. [ < OF. jouel, dim. of joie; see 
joy, n.] —jew'el-er, n. A dealer in or maker of 
jewelry, jew'el-1 erf.—jew'el-ry, n. 1. Jewels 
taken collectively. 2. The trade of a jeweler. 
Jew'el-ler-yt. 

jew’s'sharp", 1 juz'*hcirp"; 2 ju§'*harp", n. A 
small musical instrument with a lyre*shaped 
metal frame and a bent metallic tongue. 

Jez 'e-bel, 1 jez'i-bel; 2 jez'e-bel, n. Bib. The wife 
of Ahab; notorious for her evil life. 1 Kings xvi, 31. 
jib, 1 jib; 2 jib, vi. [jibbed; jib'bing.] To move 
restively sidewise or backward, as a horse. 
[ < OF. giber, struggle.] 

jib 1 , n. A triangular sail, set on a stay and 
extending from the foretopmast*head to the 
jib*boom or the bowsprit. [< jibe.]— jib's 
boom", n. A spar extending from the bowsprit. 
jib 2 , n. Mech. The swinging boom of a crane, 
jibe, 1 jaib; 2 jib, vt. & vi. Naut. [jibed; jib'- 
ing.] To swing or shift from one side to the 
other, as a sail; tack; shift. [ < Dn. gibbe] 
jif'fy, 1 jif'i; 2 jif'y, n. [Colloq.] An instant; 

moment. jifft. , , T , , 

jig, 1 jig; 2 jig, v. [jigged; jig ging.] »• 1 * 

To sing or play in jig time. 2. io Jolt. (i) 
To separate (ore) by jolting. (2) To drill, as 
a well, with a jolting mechanism. 3. Mach. 
To form with the aid of jigs. 4. To play a 
joke on. II. i. To dance a jig. 
jig, n. 1. A light, gay dance to a rapid tune. 

2. A practical joke. 3. Mach. (1) A tool or 


fixture used to guide cutting*tools. (2) A 
jolting mechanism. [ < OF. gigue, < MD. 
_ ghighe, fiddle.] 

jig'ger 1 , 1 jig'ar; 2 jlg'er, n. 1. One who or 
that which jigs. 2. One of various jolting 
mechanisms.—jig'ger*mast, n The after 

mast in a yawl or a four»masted vessel. 
jig'ger 2 , n. A flea, tick, or the like, 
jilt, 1 jilt; 2 jilt. I d . vt. & vi. To discard, as a 
lover; be deceitful in love. II. n. One who 
discards a lover. [ < Jille, fem. name.] 
jim'my, 1 jim'i; 2 jlm'y, n. A burglars’ crow¬ 
bar. [ < Jimmy, dim. of James.] 
jim'sonsweed", 1 jim'san=wld"; 2 jim'son*wed", n. 
A poisonous weed of the nightshade family. 
[Cor. of Jamestown, Va„ where first observed.] 
jin'gle, >1 jii/gl; 2 jin'gl. [jin'gl(e)d p ; jin'- 
jin'gl p , S gling.] I. vt. & vi. To make a slight, 
tinkling, ringing sound. II. n. 1. A tinkling 
or clinking sound; also, that which produces 
it. 2. Any pleasing succession of rhythmical 
sounds. [Freq. of chink 1 , i>.] 

Jin'go, 1 jip'go; 2 jin'go, n. [Colloq.] Polit. Onein 
favor of an aggressive foreign policy, -ism, n. 
jin'nee, 1 jin'I; 2 jin'e, n. [jinn, pZ.j One of an 
order of powerful spirits in Mohammedan myth¬ 
ology fabled to have been under the control of 
Solomon. [< Ar. jinnxy.] jint; jinnt; jin'nif. 
Jin-rik'i-sha, 1 jin-rik'i-Sha; 2 jin-rik'i-sha, n. A 
small two*wheeled carriage drawn by one or two 
men. [Jap.] jin-rick 'shat; jin-rik'shaf. 
jit'ney, 1 jit'm; 2 jit'ny, n. [Local, U. S.] 1. 

A small coin; a nickel. 2. A motor*vehicle that 
carries passengers for a fare of five cents. [Perh. 
< F. jeton, small metal disk.] [Joel. 

JJ., abbr. Justices.— Jno. ,abbr. John.— Jo., abbr. 
Jo'ab, 1 jo'ab; 2 jo'&b, n. Bib. David’s nephew; 

commander*in*chief of his army. 2 Sam. xviii, 2. 
Joan of Arc, 1 jon; 2 jon (1412-1431). “The 
Maid of Orleans,” a French heroine and martyr; 
forced the English to raise the siege of Orleans, 
but later was captured and burned by them, 
job, 1 job; 2 job. I. vt. & vi. [jobbed; job'- 
bing.] 1. To buy in bulk and resell in lots. 
2. To do by the job. 3. To engage in jobbery. 
II. n. 1. A piece of work done as a whole. 

2. Any scheme for making money unfairly. 

3. [Colloq.] Employment. [< gob, lump: 
of Celtic origin.]— job'ber, n. 1. A middleman. 

2. An intriguer. 3. One who works by the job. 
— job'ber-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] The act or practise 
of jobbing: in a bad sense, low intriguing. 

Job, 1 job; 2 job, n. Bib. The chief character in 
the Book of Job; a type of patience under affliction, 
jock'ey, 1 jok'i; 2 jok'y. I. vt. & vi. [jock'- 
eyed; jock'ey-ing.] To play the jockey 
with; be tricky; cheat. II. ». 1. One em¬ 

ployed to ride horses, especially at races. 2 . 
One who takes undue advantage in trade. 

3. A horse*dealer. [ < Jacky, dim. of Jack.] 
jo-cose', 1 jo-kos'; 2 jo-cos', a. Of the nature 

of a joke; jocular. [< L. jocos, < jocusus, 
joke.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— jo-cos'i-ty, n. — 
joc'u-lar, a. 1. Being in a joking mood; making 
jokes. 2. Jocose— joc"u-lar'i-ty, n— joc'- 
u-lar-ly, adv.— joc'und, a. Jovial; sportive. 
— jo-cun'di-ty, n.— joc'und-ly, adv. 

Jo'el, 1 jo'el; 2 jO'61, n. Bib. 1. A Hebrew 
prophet; son of Samuel. 2. The book containing 
his prophecies. 

Joffre, 1 sofr; 2 zhofr. Joseph Jacques Cesaire 
(1852- ). A French fieldsmarshal; con¬ 

ducted campaign against Germans and checked 
their advance at the Marne, 
jog, 1 jeg; 2 jog. I. vt. & vi. [jogged; jog'- 


l-a = final- i = habit: aisle: au = owt; oil; iu = fe«d; <5hm; go;, Basina; fhin, Uiis. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, this. 








joggle 

Julian 


332 


ging.] To push or move with a jog; nudge. 
II. n. 1. A slight push, as with the elbow; 
slight incentive. 2. A slow, jolting motion. 
3. A notch. [ < W. gogi, shake.]— jog'ger, n. 
jog'gle, ) 1 jog'l; 2 jog'l. I. vL & vi. [jog - 
jog'l p , J gl(e)d p ; jog'gling.] To shake slight¬ 
ly; jog; jolt. II. n. A jolt. [Freq. of jog.] 
Jo-han'nes-burg, 1 jo-han'es-burg; 2 jo-han'es- 
burg, n. The chief town (pop. 237,000) of 
Witwatersrand gold*fields, Transvaal, S. Africa. 


John, 1 jen; 2 jon, n. 1 . Bib. The son of Zebedee; 
beloved disciple of Jesus; author of the gospel 
bearing his name and of the Revelation. St. 
John the Divine*. 2. Bib. Son of Zacharias; 
the forerunner of Jesus: beheaded by Herod 
Antipas (28). John the Baptist!. 3. John 
“Lackland” (1167-1216), king of England; com¬ 
pelled to grant Magna Carta, 1215. —John Bull, 
the typical Englishman; a nickname; hence, the 
English people. [baked on a griddle 

John'nyscake", n. A flat cake of Indian meal 
John'sou, 1 jon'san; 2 jon'son. 1. Itossiter (1840- 
), American author; editor; poet; historian. 

2. Samuel (1709-1784), English author; lexi¬ 
cographer; English Dictionary. 

John'ston, 1 jen'stan; 2 jon'ston, Albert Sidney 
(1803-1862). An American Confederate gen¬ 
eral: killed at Shiloh. 

join, 1 join; 2 join, v. I. t. 1. To set or bring 
together; connect; combine. 2. To associate 
with; effect a junction with. 3. To engage in 
(battle, etc.) together. 4. [Colloq.] To ad¬ 
join. II. i. 1. To lie in contact. 2. To be¬ 
come associated. [ < L. OF jungo, join.] 
joln'er,n. Onewho or thatwhich joins; specif¬ 
ically, an artisan who finishes the woodwork of 
houses. —Join'er-y, n. The art of a joiner. 
joint 1 *, 1 joint; 2 joint, v. I. t. 1. Tc form with 
or divide into joints. 2. To make for joining. 

3. To join. II. i. To unite as by joints, 
joint, a. 1. Produced by combined action. 2. 

Sharing together. 3. Joined. —joint 'ly, adv. 
joint, n. 1. A junction or mode of junction; 
articulation; hinge. 2. A place of union of 
two bones, especially when movable one upon 
the other. 3. One of the pieces into which a 
carcass is divided by the butcher. [OF., < L. 


junclus, < jungo, join.] 

join'ture, 1 join'dhur; 2 join'chyr, n. Law. 
A settlement, as of land, made to a woman in 
place of dower. [F., < L. junctura, < jungo, 
join.] 

joist, 1 joist; 2 joist, n. A horizontal timber in a 
floor or ceiling. [ < OF. giste, < L. jaceo, lie.] 

joke, 1 jok; 2 jok. I. vt. & vi. [joked 4 ; jok'- 
ing.] To banter; make jokes; jest. II. n. 
1. Something said or done for the purpose of 
creating amusement; a jest. 2. A subject of 
merriment. [< L. jocus, joke.]— jok'er, n. 
1. One who jokes. 2. In euchre, etc., an extra 
card that counts as the highest trump. 

Jo"ll"et', 1 3 o"li"e'; 2 zho"li"e', Louis (1645-1700). 
A French explorer in America; explored the 
Mississippi with Marquette, 1673. 

jol 'ly, 1 jel'i ; 2 jol'y, a. [jol'li-er; jol'li-est.] 
1. Full of life and mirth; jovial. 2. Express¬ 
ing mirth; exciting gaiety. [< OF. joli, 
jolly.]— jol"li-fi-ca'tion, n. [Colloq.] A merry¬ 
making.— jol'll-ty, n. 

Jol'ly=boat", 1 jol'i*bot"; 2 jol'y*bot", n. A 
small boat belonging to a ship. [ < Dn. jolle, 
yawl, + boat.] 

jolt, 1 jolt; 2 jolt. I d . vt. & vi. To shake or 
move up and down with a jarring movement. 


[ < jowl.] 



Common Jonquil. 


II. n. A sudden slight shock. 

Jon., Jona., abbr. Jonathan. 

Jo'naii, 1 jo'na; 2 jo'na, n. Bib. 1. A Hebrew 
prophet. 2. The book bearing his name. 
Jon'a-than, 1 jon'a-than; 2 jon'a-than, n. Bib. 
The son of Saul and friend of David. 1 Sam. 
xviii, 7. 

Jones, 1 jonz; 2 jons, John Paul (1747-1792). A 
Scottish*American naval commander; engaged in 
American Revolution; captured British wardships 
“Drake” and “Serapis.” 

jon'quil, 1 jen'kwil; 2 jon'kwil, n . An orna¬ 
mental bulbous plant re¬ 
lated to the daffodil. [< 

F. jonguille.] jon"quille'*. 

Jon'son, 1 jon'san; 2 jon'son, 

Ben (1573-1637). An En¬ 
glish dramatist; friend of 
Shakespeare. 

Jop'pa, 1 jep'a: 2 jop'a, n. 

Bib. Ancient name of 
Jaffa, a Syrian seaport. 2 
Chron. ii, 16. Jop'pe*. 

Jor'dan, 1 jor'dan; 2 jor'dan, 
n. A river in Palestine; 200 

m. to the Dead Sea. 

Jos., abbr. Joseph. 

Jo'seph, 1 jo'zef; 2 jo'§§f, n. 

Bib. 1. A Hebrew patri¬ 
arch; son of Jacob and 
Rachel; sold by his brethren 
into Egypt. Gen. xxx. 2. 

A carpenter of Nazareth; 
husband of the Virgin Mary. 

Jo'seph-ine, 1 jo'zef-In; 2 jo'§8f-!n, n. (1763- 
1814). Empress of France; widow of Viscount 
Beauharnais; married Napoleon I., 1796; di¬ 
vorced, 1809. 

Jo-se'phus, 1 jo-si'fus; 2 jo-se'fus, Flavius (37 — 
96?). A Jewish historian; Jewish War, etc. 
Josh., abbr. Joshua. 

Josh'u-a, 1 joSh'yu-a; 2 josh'yy-a, n. Bib. An 
Israelite leader; subject of the Book of Joshua; 
led the Hebrews into the promised land. [Heb. 
Yehoshua, The Lord my salvation.] 

Jo-si'ah, 1 jo-sai'a; 2 jo-sl'a, n. Bib. A king of 
Judah; restored worship of Jehovah. 2 Kings 
xxii, 1. Jo-si'as*. 

joss, I jes; 2 jos, n. A Chinese god or idol. 
[Pidgin*E. for Pg. deos, God.]— joss'*stick", n. 
A stick of perfumed paste burned as incense, 
jos'tle, ( 1 jos'l; 2 jos'l, vt. & vi. [jos'tl(e)d p ; 

’ jos'tling ] To push or crowd against. 
[Freq. of just, r.] — jos'tl(e p , n. A bumping 
against, or slight shaking, 
jot, 1 jet; 2 jot. I. vt. [jot'ted^ ; jot'ting.] 
To write down or sketch offhand. II. n. The 
least bit; an iota. [ < L. iota; see iota.] 
joule, 1 jaul; 2 joul, n. Elec. The unit of elec¬ 
trical energy. [< J. P. Joule (1818-1889), 
English physicist.] 
jounce, v. & n. Same as jolt. 
jour., abbr. Journal, journey, journeyman, 
jotir'nal, / 1 jur'nal; 2 jdr'nal, n. 1. A daily 
jur'nal p , (record or register; diary. 2. A 
newspaper. 3. That part of a shaft or axle 
which rotates in or against a bearing. [F., 
< L. diurnalis; see diurnal.]— jour'nal-Isin, 

n. The occupation of a journalist.— jour'nal- 
lst, n. One who manages, edits, or writes for 
a journal or newspaper.— jour'nal-ize or -ise,ct. 


jos 


jour'ney,) 
jur'ney p , ( 


1 jur'm; 2 jflr'ny. I. vi. To travel; 
go upon a journey. II. n. Passage 


from one place to another, especially by land 
[< F.journee, < L. diurnus, daily.]— jour'ney- 
er, n.—jour'ney-man, n. [-men, pi.] A 
mechanic who has learned his trade. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or;_full, rule; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 














333 


joggle 

Julian 


joust, 1 just; 2 just, v. & n. Same as just. 
Jove, 1 jov; 2 jov, n. Same as J upiter. 
jo'vi-al, 1 jo'vi-al; 2 jo'vi-al, a. Possessing or 
expressive of goocPnatured mirth or gaiety; 
jolly. [F., < LL. Jovialis, < Old L. Jovis, 
Jove.]— jo"vl-al'I-ty, n .— jo'vi-al-ly, adv. 
jowl, 1 jol or jaul; 2 jol or jowl, n. The cheek 
or jaw. [ < AS. ceafl, jaw.] jolef. 
joy, 1 joi; 2 joy. I. vi. [Poet.] To be glad; 
rejoice. II. n. 1. A lively emotion of happi¬ 
ness; gladness. 2. That which causes de¬ 
light. [ < F. joie, < L. LL gaudeo, rejoice.]— 
joy'ful, a. 1. Full of joy. 2. Manifesting joy. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n .— joy'less, a. Destitute of 
joy. -ly, adv. -ness, n .— joy'ous, a. Joyful. 
J. P., abbr. Justice of the Peace.— jr., jun., junr., 
abbr. Junior. 

Ju'an de Fu'ca, 1 ju'an da fiu'ka; 2 ju'an de 
fu'ca. A strait between Vancouver Island and 
Washington, Pacific ocean. 

Ju'an Fer-nan'dez, 1 ju'an far-nan'diz; 2 ju'an 
fer-nan'dez. A group of islands, in the Pacific 
ocean, W. of Chile; supposed refuge of Alexander 
Selkirk, prototype of Robinson Crusoe. 
Ju-a'rez, 1 ju-a'rez; 2 ju-a'rez, Benito Pablo 
(1806—1872). President of Mexico; executed Max¬ 
imilian. 

ju'bi-lant, 1 jii'bi-lcmt; 2 ju'bi-lant, a. 1. 
Manifesting great joy; exulitingly glad. 2. 
Expressing triumph. [< L. jubilo, shout for 
joy.]— ju"bi-la'tion, n. Rejoicing; exultation. 
— ju 'bi-lee, n. 1. The fiftieth anniversary of an 
event. 2. Any season of rejoicing or festivity. 
[ < Heb. yobel, blast of a trumpet.] 

J. U. D., abbr. [L.] Juris Utriusque Doctor 
(Doctor of each [Canon and Civil] Law). 

Jud., abbr. Judicial, Judith. 

Ju'dah, 1 ju'da; 2 ju'da, n. 1. Fourth son of 
Jacob and Leah. 2. The tribe descended from 
him. 3. The kingdom ruled over by the de¬ 
scendants of Solomon, comprising the tribes of 
Judah and Benjamin. 

Ju-dae'a, (1 ju-di'a; 2 ju-de'a, n. The southern 
Ju-de'a, S part of Palestine under the Roman 
dominion. Luke iii, 1. 

Ju-da'ic, 1 ju-de'ik; 2 ju-da'ic, a. Pertaining 
to the Jews. [ < Gr. Ioudailcos, < Ioudaia, 
< Heb. Yehudah; see jew.] Ju-da'i-calf.— 
Ju'da-ism, n. Jewish beliefs or practises.— 
Ju'da-ize, vt. & vi. 

Ju'das, 1 ju'das; 2 ju'das, n. 1. Is-car'i-ot, one 
of the apostles; betrayed Jesus for 30 pieces of 
silver. Luke xxii, 3. 2. One of the brethren of 
Jesus. Matt, xiii, 55. 3. One of the apostles 

(not Iscariot). Johns iv, 22. 4. See Maccabeus. 
Jude, 1 jud; 2 jud, n. Bib. 1. One of the apostles. 
John xiv, 22. Ju'dasf. 2. A brother of James, 
author of the epistle bearing his name. 

Ju-de'a, 1 ju-di'a; 2 ju-de'a, n. See Jud.ea. 
Judg., abbr. Judges. 

judge, 1 juj; 2 judg, v. [judged ; judg'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To come to a conclusion regarding. 2. 
To decide authoritatively. 3. To try judi¬ 
cially. II. i. 1. To form a judgment. 2. To sit 
in judgment. 3. To consider. 4. To express 
judgment. [ < F. juger, < L. judico, judge.] 
judge, n. 1. An officer invested with author¬ 
ity to administer justice. 2. One who decides 
upon the merits of things, as in contests. 3. 
A connoisseur. [< L. F judex (judic-), < 
jus, law, -f dico, say.]—judge advocate, an 
officer acting as the legal adviser of a court 
martial.— judg'ment, judge'ment, n. 1. The 
act of judging. 2. The faculty of deciding cor¬ 
rectly. 3. The decision reached. 4. The sentence 
of a court. 5. A disaster or affliction regarded 


as a punishment for sin. —Last Judgment 
( Theol .), God’s final trial of judgment of all 
mankind; also, its time. —judge'ship, n . The 
office, or period in office, of a judge. 

Judg'es, 1 juj'ez; 2 judg'eg, n. pi. Bib. The sev¬ 
enth book of the Old Testament, 
ju'di-ca-ture, 1 ju'di-ka-dhur; 2 ju'di-ca- 
chur, n. 1. The power of administering 
justice. 2. The jurisdiction of a court. 3. A 
court of justice. —ju'di-ca-tiv(e 8 , a. Com¬ 
petent to judge.— ju'di-ca-to-ry. I. a. 

Pertaining to the administration of justice. II. 
n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. A tribunal. 2, The judiciary, 
ju-di'cial, 1 ju-di^h'sl; 2 jy-dish'al, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to the administration of justice. 2. 
Pertaining to a court. 3. Discriminating; im¬ 
partial. 4. Serving to decide. -ly, adv. — 
ju-di'ci-a-ry. I. a. Pertaining to courts of 
justice. II. n. 1. That department of govern¬ 
ment which administers the law. 2. The judges 
collectively. 

ju-di 'cious, a. 1. Manifesting forethought 
and sense; prudent. 2. Done with sound 
judgment. [ < LL. judiciosus, < L. judi¬ 
cium; see judge.] -ly, adv. -ness, n . 

Ju'dith, 1 ju'dith; 2 ju'dith, n. 1 .Bib. A Hebrew 
heroine; slayer of the Assyrian general, Holo- 
fernes. 2. A book of the Apocrypha, 
ju'do, 1 ju'do; 2 ju'do, n. Same as ju=jutsu. 
jug, 1 jug; 2 jug, n. 1. [U. S.] A narrow* 
necked, stout, bulging vessel 
with a cork, for keeping or 
carrying liquids. 2. A pitch¬ 
er. [Prob. < Jug, form of 
Judith, a woman’s name.] 

Jug'ger-naut, 1 jug'ar-not; 2 
jug'er-nat, n . 1. A title of 
Vishnu, as worshiped at Puri, 
in Bengal. At the chief annual 
festival devotees draw the idol 
of Juggernaut upon a heavy 
car, under the wheels of which 
devotees formerly used to cast 
themselves. 2. Hence, figura- French Earthen- 
tively, any law, custom, or belief ware Jug. 
that demands victims. 

jug'gle, ) 1 jug'l; 2 jixg'l. I. vt. & vi. [jug'- 
jug'l p , ) gl(e)d p ; jug'gling.] To deceive by 
trick or artifice; practise sleight of hand. II. 



n. A feat of legerdemain; trick or deception. 
[< L. OF joculor, jest.]— jug'glor, jug'- 

gler-y, n. 

Ju"go=Sla'vi-a, I yti"g5=sla'vi-a; 2 yu"go*sla'vi-a, 
n. The popular name of the Kingdom of the 
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 
ju'gu-lar, 1 ju'giu-lar; 2 ju'gu-lar. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to the throat or to the jugular vein. 
II. n. One of the large veins of the neck, ju¬ 
gular veinf. [< L. jugulum, collarbone.] 
juice, 1 jus; 2 jus, n. 1. The fluid part of vege¬ 
table or animal matter. 2. [Colloq.] Electric 
current. [< L. F jus, juice.]— juice'less, a.— 
julc'y, a. Abounding with juice.— juic'i-ness,n. 
ju'jube, 1 ju'jub; 2 ju'jub, n. 1. One of sev¬ 
eral Old World shrubs of the buckthorn fam¬ 
ily; its edible fruit. 2. A sweetmeat. [Ult. 
< Ar. zizuf, jujubedree.] 

ju'=jut"su, 1 ju'*jut"su; 2 ju'*jut"su, n. A method 
of self*defense in which one’s opponent is com¬ 
pelled to use his strength to his own disadvan¬ 
tage. [Jap.] jiu'dit"suf; ju'=jlt"suf. 

Jul., abbr. Julep, Julian, Julius, July, 
ju'lep, 1 ju'lep; 2 ju'lep, n. _ A drink composed 
of sweetened liquor and mint. [F.] 

Ju'lian, a. Of, pertaining to, or named after, 
Julius Csesar, as the Julian Calendar, pre- 


Ira = final; l = hablD aisle; ail = out; oil; iu = feud; dhin; go; g = sinp; fllin, this. 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










Julian 

K. C. B 


334 


scribed by him, in which three years of 365 days 
were followed by one of 366, and the months 
were of the present length. 

Ju'lian, 1 jul'yan; 2 jul'yan, “the Apostate’’ 
(331-363). A Roman emperor; originally a 
Christian; attempted to restore paganism; fell 
in battle in Persia. 

Ju'li-et, 1 jQ'h-et; 2 ju'li-€t, n. The heroine of 
Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. See Romeo. 
Ju-ly', 1 ju-lai'; 2 jy-ly', ». The seventh month 
of the Gregorian year. [ < L. OF Julius, < 
Julius Caesar.] 

juin'ble, / 1 jum'bl; 2 jum'bl. I. vt. & vi. 
jum'bl p , ) [jum'bl(e)d p ; jum'bling.] To mix 
in a confused mass. II. n. 1. A confused 
mixture or collection. 2. A thin sweet cake. 
[ME. jumbelen, freq. of jumpen, jump.] 
jump 1 , 1 jump; 2 jump, v. I. t. 1. To leap 
over. 2. To cause to leap. 3. To pass over; 
omit. II. i. To impel oneself through the 
air by a spring; move by bounds. [< Sw. 
gumpa, jump.] 

jump, n. The act of jumping; a leap; spring. 
jump'er 1 , n. 1. One who or that which jumps. 

2. The larva of a cheese*fly. 
jump'er 2 , n. [U. S.] A loose outer jacket. 
[ < jump, ».] 

Jun., abbr. June, Junius.—June., abbr. Junction, 
junc'tion, 1 jurjk'iffien; 2 junc'shon, n. 1. The 
act of joining, or condition of being joined. 
2. A place of union or meeting. [ < L. 
junction-), < jungo, join.]—juuc'ture, n. 1. 
A point or line of junction; joint. 2. An occasion 
when circumstances meet. 

June, 1 jun; 2 jun, n. The sixth month of the 
Gregorian year. [ < F. Juin, < L. Junius, 
Roman gentile name.] 

Ju-neau', 1 ju-no'; 2 ju-no', n. A commercial 
and mining city (pop. 2,000); capital of Alaska. 
Jung'frau, 1 yurj'frau; 2 yqng'frou, n. A moun¬ 
tain peak in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland; 
13,671 ft. high. 

jun'gle, ) 1 jug'gl; 2 jun'gl, n. A dense thicket; 
jun'gl p , >a forest choked with undergrowth. 

[ < Hind, jangal, < Sans, jangala, dry.] 
jun'ior, 1 jun'yar; 2 jun'yor. I. o. 1. Younger 
in years or lower in rank. 2. Belonging to youth. 
II. n. The younger of two; a younger person. 
[L .,< juvenis, young.]— ju"ni-or'i-ty, n. 
ju'nf-pcr, 1 ju'm-par; 2 ju'ni-per, n. An ever¬ 
green shrub or low tree, with prickly pointed 
leaves and dark*blue berries. 
junk 1 , 1 jurjk; 2 junk, n. 1. Naut. (1) Old 
cable or cordage cut up in pieces. (2) Salt 
meat. 2. Cast*off material of any sort. [ < 
F. Jonc, < L. juncus, rush.] 
junk 2 , n. A large Chinese vessel with lug*sails. 

[ < Mala.v 8p ajong, or Jap. 
jung, large boat.] 
jun'ket, 1 juq'ket;2 jun'- 
kSt. I d . vt. & tit. To 
take part in a convivial 
excursion; feast in com¬ 
pany; revel. II. n. A 
feast; picnic, jun'ket- 
’ !ng|. [< It. giuncata, < 

gluncoa (< L. juncus), 
rush.] 

Ju'no, 1 ju'no; 2 ju'no, n. 

Rom. Myth. The consort 
of Jupiter; identified with rhinpq „ Tlinlr 
the Greek Hera; the cmuese Junlv ’ 

genius of womanhood and guardian of the 
female sex. 

jun'ta, 1 jun'to; 2 jiin'ta, n. A Central* or 



South*American legislative council. [Sp., < 
L. juncta, fern. pp. of jungo, join.] 
jun'to, 1 jun'to; 2 jun'to, n. A faction; a cabal. 

[ < JUNTA.] 

Ju'pi-ter, 1 jQ'pi-tar; 2 ju'pi-ter, n. 1. Myth. The 
supreme tutelary god of the Romans; identified 
with the Greek Zeus. 2. The fifth planet from 
the sun. 

Ju'ra, 1 ju'ra; 2 ju'ra, n. A mountain chain be¬ 
tween France and Switzerland, 
ju-rid'i-cal, 1 ju-rid'i-kal; 2 ju-rid'i-cal, a. 1. 
Relating to law and judicial proceedings. 2. 
Assumed by law to exist. [ < L. juridicus , < 
jus (jur-), law, + dico, declare.] ju-rld'Icf.— 
ju-rid 'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ju"ris-dic'tiou, 1 ju"ns-dik'^han; 2 ju"ris- 
dic'shon, n. 1. Lawful right to exercise offi¬ 
cial authority. 2. The limit over which such 
authority may be exercised. [OF., < L. 
jurisdiction-), < jus, law, + dico, say.] 

Jurisp., abbr. Jurisprudence. 
ju"ris-pru'dence, 1 ju"ris-pru'dens; 2 ju"ris- 
pru'dgne, n. 1. The science of law. 2. A 
system of laws. [ < L. jurisprudents, < 
jus, law, + prudenlia; see prudent.] —Ju"rls- 
pru-den'tial, a. 

ju'rist, 1 ju'rist; 2 ju'rist, n. One versed in the 
science of law. [ < L. jus (jur-) , law.] 
ju'ror, 1 ju'rar; 2 ju'ror, n. A member of a 
jury. [ < L. op juraior, swearer.] 
ju 'ry, 1 ju'ri; 2 ju'ry, n. [ju'ries 2 , pi.] 1. A 
body of persons forming a judicial tribunal, and 
sworn to give a true verdict according to the 
evidence. 2. A committee of award in a 
competition. [< L. LL+OF jurata, fern. pp. of 
juro, swear.] — grand jury, a jury which de¬ 
cides by the aid of testimony whether there is 
ground for a criminal indictment. 

Ju'ry*, prefix. Rigged up temporarily; makeshift: 
used in nautical compounds; as, jwrj/*mast. 
[Perhaps < jury, m., as a bit of nautical humor.] 
just, ) 1 just; 2 just. I d . vi. To engage in a 
joust, ) just. II. n. A tilting match between 
mounted knights, usually with blunt lances 
and in single combat. [ < OF. jouster, < LL. 
juxlo, < L. jungo, join.]—just'er, n. 

Jus., Just., abbr. Justice. 

just, 1 just; 2 just. I. a. 3. Righteous; hon¬ 
est. 2. Conforming to the principles of 
justice; equitable. 3. Agreeing with a re¬ 
quired standard. II. adv. 1. Exactly; pre¬ 
cisely. 2. But now; this moment. 3. By very 
little; barely; only. [< L. justus , < jus , 
law.]—just'ly, adv. 

jus'tlee, ) 1 jus'tis; 2 jus'tig, n. 1. Conformity 
jus'tis 8 , S to the principles of right; honesty; 
impartiality. 2. Just requital or considera¬ 
tion. 3. The quality of being just. 4. A 
judge. [F., < L. justitia, < justus; see just, 
a.]— justice of the peace, a local magistrate. — 
jus'tice-ship, n.— jus-ti'ei-a-ry. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to law or the administration of justice. 
II. n. [-ries z , pi.] A judge, 
just'i-fy, 1 jus'ti-fai; 2 jus'ti-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] 1. To show to be just; vindicate. 
2. To declare blameless; exonerate. 3. To 
adjust or fit. [< L. F justus, just, + facio, 
do, make.] —jus'ti-fl"a-bl(e p , a. Capable of 
being justified.— Jus'ti-fi"a-ble-ness, n. —jus'- 
ti-fi"a-b!y, adv.—- jus"ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The 
state of being justified. —jus-tif'I-ca-to-ry, a. 
—jus'ti-fl"er, n. 

Jus-tlu'i-an I., 1 jus-tin'i-an; 2 jus-tln'i-an (483- 
565). A Roman emperor of the East.—Jus- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, bttra; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whgit, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; 1 = e; go. not, or, won. 








335 


Julian 
K. C. B. 


tiuian Code, Roman law codified by Justinian I. 
jut, 1 jut; 2 jut. 1. vi. [jut'ted 11 ; jut'ting.] 
To extend; project. 11. n. Anything that 
juts; a projection. [Var. of jet.] 
jute, 1 jut; 2 jut, n. 1. Either of two tall an¬ 
nual Asiatic herbs of the linden family. 2. 
The fiber of this plant, used for bags, etc. 
[ < Beng. jut, < Sans, jata, matted hair.] 

Jutes, 1 juts; 2 juts, n. pi. A Low German tribe 
that invaded Britain in the 5th century. 
Jut'land, 1 jut'land; 2 jut'land, n. A Danish 
peninsula (9,898 sq. m.; pop. 1,253,809) off 
which the British navy fought the German fleet 


back to its base. May 31, 1916, from which it 
never emerged again to fight. 

Ju've-nal, 1 ju'vi-nal; 2 ju've-nal, n. (557-125?) 
A Roman satiric poet. 

ju've-nile, /I ju'vi-nil; 2 ju've-nil. I. a. 1. 
ju've-nil 8 , ) Characteristic of youth; young. 
2. Adapted to youth. 11. n. A young person. 
[< L. juvenilis, < juvenis, young.]— ju"ve-nil'- 
i-ty, n. Youthfulness. 

jux"ta-po-si' t ion, 1 j uks"ta-po-zi£h'an; 2 jiiks"- 
ta-po-§ish'on, n. A placing close together; con¬ 
tiguity. [ < L. juxta, near, + position.] 

J. W., abbr. Junior Warden. 


K 


« 

K, k, 1 ke; 2 ka, n. [kays.'K’s, or Kb, 1 kez; 2 
ka§, pi.] The eleventh letter in the English 
alphabet. [endse (L., kalends). 

K., abbr. King, Knight.— K., Kal., abbr. Kal- 
Ka'a-ba, 1 ka'a-ba or ka'ba; 2 ka'a-ba or ka'ba, 
n. The shrine at Mekka, toward which Moham¬ 
medans face when praying. Ca'a-baJ. 
Ka-bul', 1 ka-bul'; 2 ka-bul', n. 1. A river of 
Afghanistan and India; 320 m. to the Indus. 2. 
A province in N. E. Afghanistan (100 sq. m.); 
also, a city (pop.60,000). capital of Afghanistan. 
Kaf'ir, ) 1 kaf'ar; 2 kaf'ir, n. A member of a va- 
Kaf'fir', ) riously limited group of South=African 
negroid tribes, or their language, 
kai'ak, 1 kai'ak; 2 ki'ak, n. A sealskin hunting 
canoe of arctic Amer¬ 
ica. [Greenland.] 
kail, n . Same as kale. 
kai 'ser, 1 kai'zar; 2 
ki'ger, n. [K-] Cae¬ 
sar: the accepted 
title of the German 
. emperors,1871-1918. 

[ < AS. casere, < L. 

Caesar, Caesar.] Kaiak. 

kale, 1 kel; 2 kal, n. A type of headless cabbage. 
Ka-le'dine, 1 ka-le'din; 2 ka-le'din. General 
(1861-1918). Russian soldier; chief of Cossacks; 
revolutionary leader. 

ka-lei 'do-scope, 1 ka-lai'do-skop; 2 ka-li'do- 
scop, n. An instrument which, by means of 
mirrors, presents objects viewed through it in 
symmetrical patterns. [ < Gr. kalos, beau¬ 
tiful, + eidos, form, + -scope.] -scop'Ic, a. 
kal'en-dar, n. Same as calendar. 
ka'lif, ka'lif-ate. Same as calif, etc. 
Kam-chat'ka, 1 kam-tfhat'ka; 2 kam-chat'ka, n. 
1. The peninsula terminating N. E. Asia; a prov¬ 
ince of Siberia (502,424 sq. m.; pop. 41,400); 
capital, Petropavlovsk. 2. A river of the penin¬ 
sula; 300 m. to Bering sea. Kam-tchat'kat. 
Kam"e-run', 1 kamT-run'; 2 kam"e-run', n. A 
protectorate administered by the French (191,130 
sq. m.; pop. 2,540,000) formerly a German colo¬ 
ny in W. Africa. Cain"e-roons't. 

Kan., Kans. (official), Kas., abbr. Kansas. 
Ka-nak'a, 1 ka-nak'a; 2 ka-nak'a, n. A native 
of Hawaii. [Hawaiian, man.] Ka-nak'ert. 
Kan"da-har% 1 kan"da-har'; 2 kan"da-bar', n. 
The ancient fortified capital (pop. 31,500) of 
central and southern Afghanistan; reputed to 
have been founded by Alexander the Great. 
Kane, 1 ken; 2 kan, Elisha Kent (1820-1857). An 
American arctic explorer. 
kan"ga-roo% 1 kan"ga-ru'; 2 kan"ga-roo', n. 
A herbivorous marsupial mammal, of Austra¬ 




lia and Tasmania, having strong hind limbs 
and progressing rapidly by leaps. [Austral.] 
Kan'sas, 1 kan'zas; 2 kan'gas, n. 1. A N. cen¬ 
tral State (81,774 sq. m.; pop. 

1,769,257) of the United States; 
capital, Topeka. 2. K. City: 

(1) in E. Kansas (pop. 101,177). 

(2) in W. Missouri (pop. 324,- 

410). 3. K. river, a river in 

N. E. Kansas, 200 m. to the 
Missouri river. 

Kant, 1 kant; 2 kant, Imman¬ 
uel (1724-1804). A German 
philosopher.— Kant'i-an, a. 

— Kant'i-an-ism, n. The 
philosophical doctrine of 
Kant. Kant'ismt. 
ka'o - lin, 1 ke'o-lin; 2 ka'o- 
lin, n. A variety of clay, 
perfectly 
white 
when pure; 

a chief in- Kangaroo. Vw 

gredient of (New York Zoological Society.) 

porcelain. ' 

[< Chin. Kao Una, High Ridge.] ka'o-Iinet. 
ka"ra"kul\ 1 ka"ra"kul'; 2 ka"ra"kQl', n. Astra¬ 
khan of the best quality. [ < Karakul in Bokhara.} 
Karls'bad, n. Same as Carlsbad. [plateau, 
ka-roo', 1 ka-ru'; 2 ka-roo', n. [S. Afr.] A dry 
Kar-pa'thi-an Mts., 1 kar-pe'fhi-an; 2 kar-pa'- 
thi-an. A range in N. Hungary and S. E. Tran¬ 
sylvania; length 800 m.; highest peak, 9,909 ft. 
—Kar-pa'thi-an, a. Car-pa'thi-ant. 
Kash-gar', 1 ka^h-gar'; 2 kash-giir', n. A river, 
district (pop. 150,000), and town (pop. 50,000) 
of E. Turkestan. 

Kash-mlr', 1 kagh-mlr'; 2 
kash-mir', n. A native state 
(80,900 sq. m.; pop. 3,158,- 
000) in N. E. India; capital, 

Srinagar. 

Ka-tah'din, 1 ka-tfi'din; 2, 
ka-ta'din, Mt. A peak in 
Piscataquis county, Me.; 
height, 5,385 ft. 

Kat'te-gat, I kat'i-gat: 2 
kat'e-gat, n. An arm of the 
North Sea, between Sweden 
and Jutland; 150m. by 85m. 
ka'ty-did", 1 ke'ti-did"; 

2 ka'ty-did", n. An ar¬ 
boreal, green, long=horned 
insect. [Imitative; from its note.] 
ka 'yack, kay'ak, n. Same as kaiak. 

K. C. B., abbr. Knight Commander of the Bath. 
—K. C. I. E., abbr. Knight Commander of (the 



Broad*winged 
Katydid. 


l:a = final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = <mt; oil; iu = feud; cfhin; go; ij = sinp; fhin, this, 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this, 












Keats 

kine- 


336 



Keel of “ Shamrock III.’ 


order of) the Indian Empire.— K. C. M. G., 
abbr. Knight Commander of St. Michael and 
St. George.— K. C. S. I., abbr. Knight Com¬ 
mander of (the order of) the Star of India.— 
K. C. V. O., abbr. Knight Commander of the 
Royal Victorian Order. 

Keats, 1 kits; 2 kets, John (1795-1821). An En¬ 
glish poet; Endymion. 

Ke'ble, 1 kl'bl; 2 ke'bl, John (1792-1866). An 
English divine; professor of poetry at Oxford; 
Christian Year. [keka, tug.] 

hedge, 1 kej; 2 kedg, n. A light anchor. [< Sw. 
Ke 'dron, 1 kl'dran; 2 ke'dran, n. Bib. A ravine 
E. of Jerusalem; anciently a “brook”; now dry. 
Ce'dronf (John xviii, 1); Ki'dronJ. 
keel, 1 kil; 2 kel. I. vt. & vi. To provide with a 
keel, as a ves¬ 
sel; to turn up 
the keel; show 
the bottom. 

II. n. 1. The 
lowest length¬ 
wise member of 
the framework 
of a vessel. 2. 

Figuratively, a ship. 3. Any keel-shaped part 
or object. [Of AS. & Ice. origin.]— to keel over 
[Colloq., U. S.], to turn bottom up; upset, 
keel'son, 1 kel'san; 2 kel'son, n. Naut. A beam 
running lengthwise above the keel of a ship, 
keen, 1 kin; 2 ken. I. vi. To wail loudly, as over 
the dead. II. n. A wailing cry; dirge, 
keen, 1 kin; 2 ken, a. Very sharp and cutting; 
acute; shrewd. [< AS. cene, bold, able, < 
cunnan, be able.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
keep, 1 kip; 2 kep, v. [kept; keep'ing.] I. t. 

1. To have and retain in possession, employ¬ 
ment, or use; manage, conduct, or attend to. 

2. To have the care of; protect; guard; de¬ 
fend. 3. To support; maintain. 4. To per¬ 
form or be faithful to, as a pledge. II. i. To 
continue unchanged; remain; stay; continue 
sound, sweet, fresh, or the like; endure. [ < 
AS. cipan, keep.]— keep'er, n. One who or that 
which keeps; a device for keeping something in 
place, as the socket into which a door-bolt shoots. 
—keep'ing, n. 1. Custody, charge, or posses¬ 
sion. 2. Right relation or proportion; congruity. 

3. Maintenance; support.— keep'sake", re. A 
gift to be kept, for the sake of the giver. 

keep, n. 1. Means of subsistence; livelihood. 
2. The donjon of a medieval castle; hence, a 
castle; fortress. 3. That in which something 
is kept, as a reservoir for fish, meat-safe, etc. 
keg, 1 keg; 2 kgg, n. A small, strong barrel, 
of 5* to 10-gallon capacity. [ < Ice. kaggi, keg.] 
kelp, 1 kelp; 2 k£lp, n. Large coarse seaweeds, 
or their ashes; formerly the source of soda. 
Kelt, Kelt'ic. Same as Celt, etc. 
kel'son, n. Naut. Same as keelson. 

Kem'mel Hill. 1 kem'l; 2 kgm'l. A wooded re¬ 
gion in Flanders; occupied by American and 
British troops, Aug. 31, 1918. 

Kem'pis, Thomas a. See Thomas a Kempis. 
ken, 1 ken; 2 k£n. I. vi. [kenned or rent, 
kend 3 ; ken'ning.] [Archaic or Scot.] To be 
cognizant of; know; descry; see. II. n. 
Reach of sight or knowledge; cognizance. [ < 
AS. cennan , cause to know.] 

Ken., Ky. (official), abbr. Kentucky. 

Ke'nl-a, 1 kl'm-a; 2 ke'ni-a, n. A mountain in 
British East Africa; 20,000 ft. high. 
Ken'il-worth, 1 ken'il-wurth; 2 kgn'il-wurth, n. 
1. A town in Warwickshire, England; ruins nearby 
of castle where Leicester entertained Queen Eliza¬ 


beth, 1576. 2. A novel by Sir Walter Scott. 

ken'nel 1 , 1 ken'el; 2 ken'el, n. 1. A house for a 
dog or for a pack of hounds; also, the pack. 
2. A lair; vile lodging. [ < L. ll+of canis, dog.] 
ken'nel 2 , n. The gutter of a street; channel; pud¬ 
dle. [ < OF. canel, < L. canalis, canal.] 

Ken'sing-ton, 1 ker/zip-tan; 2 kgn'§ing-ton, n. 
A borough; pop. 175,690; in W. London, Em 
gland; site of palace and museums. 

Kent, 1 kent; 2 kgnt, re. A county in S. E. En¬ 
gland; first Teutonic conquest (449) by the Jutes. 
Ken-tuck'y, 1 ken-tuk'i; 2 kgn-tuk'y, n. A south* 
central State (40,598 sq. m.; pop. 2,416,630) of 
the Unfted States; capital, Frankfort. 

Kep'ler, 1 kep'lar; 2 kgp'ler, Johannes (1571— 
1630). A German astronomer; formulated Kep¬ 
ler’s laws, relative to the motions of planets, 
kept, imp . & pp . of keep, v . 
ker-am 'ic, ker-am 'ics. Same as ceramic, etc. 
kerb, kerb'stone. Same as curb, etc. 
ker'chief, 1 kur'ghif; 2 ker'chif. I', vt. To 
cover or dress with a kerchief. II. n. A 
square, as of linen or silk, used as a covering 
for the head or neck, or as a handkerchief. [ < 
OF. covrechef , < covrir , cover, + chef , head.] 
Ke-ren'sky,l ki-ren'ski; 2 ke-rgn'sky, Alexander 
Feodoroviteh (1882- ). Russian socialist; 

Minister of Justice and, later, of War in the 
Provisional Government, March, 1917. 
ker'mess, 1 kur'mes; 2 ker'mSs.n. 1. In Flan¬ 
ders, etc., an outdoor festival with noisy mer¬ 
riment. 2. [U. S.] An indoor or outdoor festi¬ 
val imitative of the Flemish, ker'inisf. 
kern, 1 kurn; 2 kern, n. An Irish irregular, 
light-armed foot-soldier; hence, a peasant; 
churl. [ < Ir. ceatharnack , soldier.] 
ker'riel, 1 kur'nel; 2 ker'ngl, n. A grain or 
seed; especially, the edible part of a nut; nu¬ 
cleus; gist. [ < AS. cyrnel , dim. of corn, grain.] 
ker'o-sene, 1 ker'o-sin; 2 kgr'o-sen, n. Illu¬ 
minating oil distilled from crude petroleum. 
[< Gr. keros, wax.] 

ker'sey, 1 kur'zi; 2 ker'§y, re. A smooth, light¬ 
weight beaver cloth. [ < Kersey, in England.] 
—ker'sey-mcre, n. Cassimere. 
kes'trel, 1 kes'trel; 2 kgs'trgl, n. A European fal¬ 
con, resembling the American sparrow-hawk. 
[< OF. quercerelle.) 

ketch, 1 keCh; 2 kgch, n. A strongly built two- 
masted vessel. [ < Turk, qaiq, boat.] 
ketch'up, n. Same as catchup. 
ket'tle, (1 ket'l; 2 kfet'l, n. A metallic vessel 
ket'l p \ for stewing or boiling. [ < AS. cetel.] 
—ket'tle-drum", n. A drum with brass shell 
and parchment head, sounded by 
elastic drumsticks. 

Kew, 1 kiu; 2 ku, re. A W. suburb of 
London, England.—Kew Gardens, 
the Royal Botanical Gardens and 
Arboretum, at Kew. 
key, 1 kl; 2 ke, vt. To' 
fasten with or provide 
with a key; tune, as a 
musical instrument. 
key 1 , re. 1. A detachable 
instrument for moving 
the bolt in a lock. 2. 

Anything that dis- Kettle-drums, 
closes or opens something. 3. One of various 
implements, as the lever to be pressed by the 
finger in a musical instrument or a typewriter. 

4. A system of tones; key-note. 5. Quality, 
intensity, or pitch of tone in speaking. [ < 
AS. cveg, key.]—key 'board", re. A range of keys, 
as in a piano or typewriter.—key'hole", n. A 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, bOrn; 

2. art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ftll; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 










337 


Keats 

kine- 


hole for a key, as in a door or lock.— key'-note", 
n. 1. Mus. The tonic of a key, from which it is 
named. key'*tone"f. 2. A ruling principle or 
sentiment.— key 'stone", n. The uppermost and 
completing stone of an arch. 
key 2 , n. A low island, especially one of coral, 
along a coast. [< Sp. cayo .] [closure.] 

key 3 , n. A quay; wharf. [< Bret. OF kai, e n- 
Key West. Seaport city (pop. 19,040) on a western 
island of the Florida Keys (Key West Island). 
K. G., abbr. Knight of the Garter.— kg., abbr. 

[kgs., pi.] Keg. —kg., abb)-. Kilogram, 
kha'ki, 1 ka'ki; 2 ka'ki. [Anglo-Ind.] I. a. 
Of the color of dust, ashes, or earth. II. n. A 
light drab or brownish cotton cloth used as 
for military uniforms, 
kha'lif, etc. Same as calif, etc. 
khan 1 , 1 kcin; 2 kan, n. In various Oriental 
countries, a ruler, chief, etc.; now in India 
and Afghanistan, a title of respect, as for a 
sovereign or for any gentleman. [ < Per. 
khan, prince.]— khan'ate, n. The jurisdiction 
of a khan; a principality. 

khan 2 , n. An Oriental inn surrounding a court¬ 
yard. [Ult. < Per. khana, house.] 
Khar-tum', 1 kar-tum'; 2 kar-tum', v. A Nile 
city (pop. 23,083); political capital of the Sudan; 
unsuccessfully defended by Gordon against the 
Mahdi, 1884 and 1885. Khar-toum't. 
khe-dive', 1 ke-div'; 2 kg-div', n. A ruler of 
Egypt. [ < Turk, khidiv, < Per. khidiw, king.] 
Khi'va, 1 kl'va; 2 ki'va, n. 1. A khanate (24,000 
sq. m.; pop. 646,000) in vassalage to Russian 
Turkestan. 2. Its capital (pop. 5,000). 
Kho"ra-san', 1 ko"ra-san'; 2 ko"ra-san', n. A 
province (210,000 sq. m.), N. E. Persia. Kho"- 
ras-san't. 

Ki., abbr. Kings. 

Ki-ao"chow', 1 ki-au"<(hau'; 2 ki-ou"chou', n. 
Former German protectorate (200 sq. m.; pop. 
227,000), China; also, its capital, a seaport (pop. 
35,000), surrendered to British and Japanese 
after siege, Nov. 7, 1914; assigned to Japan by 
Peace Conference, 1918. 

kick, 1 kik; 2 kik. I*, vt. & vi. 1. To give a 
blow with the foot; excite; stir up; recoil, as a 
firearm. 2. To resist; object. II. n. 1. A 
blow with the foot. 2. The recoil of a firearm. 
3. [Slang, U. S.j An act of violent opposition. 
[< W. cicio, kick.]— kick'er, n. One who or 
that which kicks; an objector, 
kid, n. 1. A young goat. 2. Leather, or, in the 
plural, gloves or shoes made from goatskin. 
3. [Slang.] A child or infant; a half-grown boy. 
kid'dvl [kid'dies, pi.]. [< Ice. kidh, kid.] 

Kidd, 1 kid; 2 kid, William (1650-1701). A Brit¬ 
ish sea-captain and pirate; arrested in Boston and 
hanged in London. 

kid'nap", vt. [-naped" 1 or -napped" 1 , -napt 9 ; 
-nap"ing or -nap"ping.] To carry off (a person) 
as from home — kid'nap"er, n. kid'nap"pert. 
kid'ney, 1 kid'm; 2 kid'ny, n. 1. A glandular 
organ that secretes urine, or something re¬ 
sembling such an organ. 2. |i The affections or 
passions. Temperament. [JVIIIj., Ao. 
cwlth, womb, + Ice. nyra, kidney.] 

KI-ef', 1 ki-ef'; 2 ki-ef', n. A government (19,676 
sq m • pop. 4,988,000) of Ukraine; also, its cap¬ 
ital (pop. 610,200); cathedral and university; 
battle-ground of the Bolsheviki and the Ukrain¬ 
ians, Feb., 1918. Ki-eff't; Ki-ev't. 

Kiel, 1 kll; 2 kel. «. A fortified seaport (pop. 
205,330), Holstein province, Prussia; navy-yard; 
canal - university; scene of German naval mu¬ 
tiny, Nov., 1918; forts razed under Peace Treaty, 
1919. 


Ki"lau-e'a, 1 kriau-e'a; 2 ki*lou-e'a, n. An active 
crater on Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii Island. 
Kil"i-man-ja'ro, 1 kilT-man-ja'ro; 2 kil"i-man- 
ja'ro, n. Mountain of East Africa; 19,720 ft. high, 
kill, ) 1 kil; 2 kll, vt. 1. To deprive of fife or of 
kil p , y vigor, efficiency, or usefulness; neutral¬ 
ize; deaden. 2. To discard or suppress; can¬ 
cel, as matter set up in type. [ < Ice. kolla, 
hit on the head, < kollr, head.]— kiil'er, n. 
Kil-Iar'ney, 1 ki-lar'm; 2 ki-lar'ny, n. A town in 
Kerry county, Ireland; near which are the Kil- 
larney lakes, a resort of tourists. 

kiln, 1 kil; 2 kil, n. An oven or furnace for 
baking, burning, or drying industrial products, 
as burning bricks. [ < AS. cyln, < L. culina, 
kitchen.]— kiln'-dry", vt. To dry in a kiln. 

kil 'o-. From Greek chilioi, thousand: a com¬ 
bining form.— kil'o-gram, kil'o-li"ter, kil'o- 
me"ter, kil'o-stere. See metric system under 
metric.— kil'o-volt, n. Elec. One thousand 
volts.— kil'o-watt, n. Elec. One thousand 
watts.— kil'o-watt-hour", n. The energy re¬ 
sulting from an activity of one kilowatt for one 
hour.— kil'o-watt »me"ter, n. 

kilo. , kilog., abbr. Kilogram. — kilo., kilom., 
km., abbr. Kilometer. 

kilt, 1 kilt; 2 kilt, n. A short skirt, as of the 
Scottish Highlanders. [ < Dan. kilte, tuck up.] 
Kim'ber-ley, 1 kim'ber-h; 2 kim'ber-ly, n. A 
town (pop. 44,400), Cape of Good Hope province. 
South Africa; withstood four months’ siege by 
Boers, 1899 and 1900; diamond-mines, 
ki-mo'no, 1 ki-mo'no; 2 ki-mo'no, n. [-nos z , pi.] 
A Japanese loose robe fastened with a sash; imi¬ 
tated as a woman’s garment in Europe and Amer¬ 
ica. [Jap.] 

kin, 1 kin; 2 kin, n. 1. Relation; consanguinity. 

2. Collectively, relatives byblood. [ < AS.cyn.] 
-kin, suffix. A diminutive, as in lambfcfn. 
kind, 1 kednd; 2 kind, a. 1. Having gentleness, 
tenderness, or goodness of heart; humane; 
kindly. 2. Gentle or tractable, as an animal. 
[< AS. gecynde.]— klnd'«heart"ed, a.— kind'- 
ness, n. 

kind, n. 1. Essential or distinguishing quality; 
sort. 2. A class; species. [< AS. gecynd, < 
ge- (generalizing) + cennan, bring forth.] 
kin 'der-gar"ten, 1 kin'dar-gar"tn; 2 kin'der- 
gar"tn, n. A school for little children in 
which instructive diversions, object-lessons, 
and healthful games are prominent features. 
[G., < kinder, gen. pi. of kind, child, + garten, 
garden.]— kin'der-gart"ner, n. A kindergarten 
teacher. [G.] 

kin'dle,) 1 kin'dl; 2 kin'dl, v. [kin'dl(e)d p ; 
kin'dl p , ) kin'dling.] I. t. To set fire to; ig¬ 
nite; light; excite; inflame; brighten; illumi¬ 
nate. II. i. 1. To take fire. 2. To become ex¬ 
cited, roused, or illumined. [ < Ice. kyndill, 
candle, < L. candela, candle.] — kin'dler, n. 
kind'ly, 1 kaind'h; 2 kind'ly. I. a. [kind'li- 
er; kind'li-est.] 1. Having or manifesting 
kindness. 2. Having a favorable or grateful ef¬ 
fect; beneficial. II. adv. In a kind manner or 
spirit; good-naturedly.— kind'li-ness, n. 
kin'dred, 1 kin'dred; 2 kin'drgd. I. a. Of a 
like nature or character; related; congenial; 
akin. II. n. 1. Relationship; consanguinity. 
2. Collectively, relatives by blood; kin. [< 
AS. cynn, kin, + rseden, state.] 
kine||, 1 kain; 2 kin, n. Plural of cow. 
kin'e-, kin'es-, ki-ne'si-, ki-net'o-. From 
Greek kineo, move, kinesis, movement, ki. 
netos, moving; combining forms.— kin'e-ma-» 


:a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Ifl = feud; <fhin; _go; n = sin^; fhin, «iis. 
: wolf, dft; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, barn; 511, boy; go, gem; iyk; thin, this. 







king 

Kossuth 


338 


col"or, re. A method of producing moving pic¬ 
tures in the original colors by means of revolving 
color-screens.— kin"e-mat'ics, re. That branch 
of mechanics treating of the motion of bodies in 
space without reference to the action of forces.— 
kin"es-the'si-a, re. The perception of muscular 
movement. kin"aes-the'si-a:t. — kin"es-[or 
aes-]thet'ic, a.— ki-net'ic, a. Producing, con¬ 
sisting of, or depending upon motion.— kl-net'- 
Ics, re. That branch of dynamics treating of the 
production or modification of motion in bodies. 
— ki-net'o-graph, n. A camera for producing 
moving pictures, so arranged that a large number 
of separate exposures are made in very rapid 
succession. — ki-net'o-scope, re. A device by 
means of which the pictures taken by the ki- 
netograph are reproduced in such a way as to 
duplicate the movements of the original, 
king, 1 kiq; 2 king, n. 1. The sovereign male 
ruler of a kingdom; a leader; chief; head. 2. 
A playing-card bearing the semblance of a 
king. 3. In chess, the principal piece; in 
checkers, a piece that has reached the adver¬ 
sary’s king-row. 4. pi. [K-] The 11th and 
12th books of the Old Testament; called 
1 Kings and 2 Kings. [ < AS. cyng, contr. of 
cyning, < cynn, tribe.]— king'-bolt", re. A ver¬ 
tical central bolt attaching the body of a vehicle 
to the fore-axle and serving as a pivot in turning. 
—king'craft", n. The craft or calling of kings; 
kingly statesmanship. —king'dom, n. 1. The 
territory, people, or realm ruled by a king or 
queen. 2. Any separate field of independent au¬ 
thority or influence. 3. Nat. Hist. A primary 
division of natural objects; as, the animal, vege¬ 
table, and mineral kingdoms.— king'fish"er, n. 



A bird having a straight, 
deeply cleft bill with 
smooth edges, commonly 
feeding on fish, which it 
obtains by diving.— 
king'ly, a. [king'li-er; 
king'li-est.] Pertaining 
to or worthy of a king; 
regal, king' like*.— 
king'li-ness, n.— king's 
row", n. I n checkers, the 
row of squares nearest to 
either of the players, 
kingd., km. ,abbr. Kingdom. 

Kings'ley, 1 kiqz'li; 2 

kingg'ly, Charles (1819-1875). An 
clergyman; poet; novelist; Hypatia. 
kink, 1 kiijk; 2 kink. I 1 , vt. & vi. To form 
kinks; to be or become tw'isted or entangled. 
II. n. An abrupt bend, twist, loop, or tangle, 
as in a wire or rope. [ < Sw. kink, twist in a 
rope.]— kink'y, a. 


Belted Kingfisher. 
Vio 

English 


kins'folk", 1 kinz'fdk"; 2 klng'fok", n. pi. Rela¬ 


tives collectively; kin.— kin'ship, n. Rela¬ 
tionship. — kins'man, n . [kins'men, pi.] A 
blood relation.— kins'wo"man, re. fem. 
kl-osk', 1 ki-esk'; 2 ki-6sk', n. An open ornamen¬ 
tal summer-house in Persia and Turkey; now imi¬ 
tated in other countries, 
kip, 1 kip; 2 kip, n. Untanned calfskin. 

Kip'ling, 1 kip'lirj; 2 kip'ling, Rudyard (1865- 
). An Anglo-Indian author and poet. 
Klr-ghiz' Steppes, 1 kir-giz'; 2 k!r-glz'. A sterile 
region of Asiatic Russia, S. of Siberia. [ circe.] 

kirk, 1 kurk; 2 kirk, n. [Scot.] Church. [< AS. 
kir'mes, kir'mess, etc. Same as kermess. 
Ki"shi-nef', 1 kTShl-nef'; 2 kl'shi-ngf', n. A town 
(pop. 128,700) in S. W. Russia: massacre of Jews, 
1903. KI"shi-nev'f. 

kiss 1 , 1 kis; 2 kis, v. I. t. To touch with the 
lips in salutation; graze or touch slightly. II. 


i. To salute mutually w r ith the lips; touch 
gently; meet. [< AS. cyssan, kiss.] 
kiss, n. An affectionate salutation by contact 
of the lips; a gentle touch. [ < AS. coss, kiss.] 
kit 1 , 1 kit; 2 kit, n. A tub, pail, or box for pack¬ 
ing; a small pail; an outfit. [D., beaker.] 
kit 2 , n. 1. A small violin. 2. A guitar. [Abbr. 

of AS. cytere, < L. cithara; see guitar.] 
kit 3 , n. A kitten. 

kitch'en,) 1 kidh'en; 2 klch'en, n. A room or 
kich'en p , ) establishment for cooking food. [< 
L. AS coquina, < coquo, cook.] -or, n. —kitch'en* 
gar"den, n. A vegetable-garden.—kltch'en- 
ette", n. [Colloq., U. S.] A small kitchen; a 
part of a room used for light housekeeping. 
Kitch'en-er, 1 kicfh'en-ar; 2 klch'gn-er, of Khar¬ 
tum, Viscount (1850-1916). A British general 
and administrator in India and Egypt; Secre¬ 
tary of State for War, 1914; drowned, 
kite, 1 kait; 2 kit, n. 1. A hawk-like bird with 
long pointed wings 
and a forked tail. 2. 

A slender wooden - 

frame covered with 
light fabric, to be 
flow T n in the air. [<AS. 

cyta, the bird kite.] _ . ., . . . 

kith, 1 kith; 2 kith, „ Swallow-tailed Kite. Vi« 

One’s friends: in the phrase kith and kin. 
[ < AS. cyth, < cunnan, know.] 
kit'ten, 1 kit'n; 2 klt'n, n. A young cat or other 
feline animal. [ME. kiton, dim. of cat, n.l 
K. K.,abbr. Kitchener of Khartum.—K. K.K., 
abbr. Kuklux Klan. 

klep"to-nia'ni-a, \ 1 klep"to-me'm-e; 2 klgp"- 
elep"to-ma'ni-a, ) to-ma'ni-a, n. An insane or 
uncontrollable propensity to steal. [ < Gr. 
klepto, steal, -I- mania.]— klep"to-[or clep"to-] 
ma'ni-ae, n. 

Klon'dike, 1 klen'daik; 2 kldn'dlk, n. A tribu¬ 
tary of Yukon river, N. W. Canada; gold-fields. 
K. M., abbr. Knight of Malta.—kin., abbr. 

Kilometer.—km. 2 , abbr. Square kilometer, 
knack, 1 nak; 2 nak, re. 1. Skill in doing a thing; 

cleverness; adroitness. 2. A clever device, 
knag, re. [Dial, or Obs.] A knot or knob. nagt. 
knap 'sack", 1 nap'sak"; 2 nilp'silk", re. A case 
of leather or canvas worn strapped across the 
shoulders, for carrying light luggage. [ < D. 
knappen, eat, + zak, sack.] 
knarled, knar'ly, a. Same as gnarled, etc. 
knave, 1 nev; 2 nav, re. 1. A dishonest person; 
rogue. 2. A playing-card. 3. A familiar 
friend; chum. 4f. A boy; servant. [ < AS. 
cnafa, servant boy (G. knabe).] —knav'er-y, re. 
[-ies z , pi.] Deceitfulness in dealing; roguery.— 
knav'isli, a. -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
knead' 1 , 1 nld; 2 ned, vt. 1. To mix and work 
into a homogeneous mass. 2. To operate upon, 
fashion, mold, or make by or as by kneading. 
[ < AS. cnedan, knead.]—knead'er, re. 
knee, 1 nl; 2 ne, n. The joint of the human leg 
about midway between the hip-joint and the 
ankle; the carpal joint in quadrupeds, as the 
horse or cowq something like a bent human 
knee. [< AS. cneow, knee.]—knee'eap", n. 
Anat. The patella. knee'pan"J.—kneed, a. 
kneel, 1 nil; 2 nel, vi. [knelt or kneeled, 
kneeld 8 ; kneel'ing.] To make obeisance; 
support the body on the bent knee or knees. 
[< AS. cnedw, knee.]—kneel'er, re. 
knell, ) 1 nel; 2 ngl. I. vt. & vi. [Poet.] To 
knel p , ) summon by a knell; sound a knell; give 
a sad or warning sound. II. n. The tolling of 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but bOrn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdni 







339 


king 

Kossuth 


a bell to announce a death; an evil omen. [ < 
AS. cnyll, < cnyllan, knock.] 
knelt, imp. & pp. of kneel, v. 
knew, imp. of know, v. 

Knick'er-bock"er, 1 nik'or-bok'ar; 2 nlk'er-bdk'”- 
er, n. A descendant of one of the early Dutch 
settlers in New York State; a New Yorker. 
knick'er-bock"ers, 1 nik'ar-bek"arz; 2 nik'er- 
bok"er§, re. pi. Wide knee-breeches gathered 
below' the knee. 

knick'knack", 1 nik'nak"; 2 nic'nae", re. A tri- 
flingarticle; trinket; trifle. [Redup. of knack, re.] 
knife, 1 naif; 2 nif, re. [knives, pL] A blade, 



Knives. 

1. Saw»back fish»knife. 2. Pocket-knife: a, bolsters; b , 

heel; <?, kick; d y plate; e, rivet. 3. Hunting*knife. 4. Table-knife. 


commonly set in a handle, for cutting. [ < 
AS. cnlf, knife.] 

knight, 1 nait; 2 nit. I d . vt. To confer the 
honor of knighthood upon. II. re. 1. In 
medieval times, a gentleman bred to the pro¬ 
fession of arms. 2. [Gt. Brit.] The holder of 
a title next below that of baronet. 3. A 
champion. 4. A chessman bearing a horse’s 
head. [< AS. cniht, boy, < cyn, kin.]— 
knight errant, a medieval knight who went 
forth to redress wTongs or seek adventures.— 
knight'hood, re. 1. The character or dignity 
of a knight. 2. Knights collectively.— knight '- 
iy, a- Pertaining to a knight; chivalrous.— 
knight'li-ness, re.—knight 'ly, ado. 
knit, 1 nit; 2 nit, vt. & vi. [knit or knit'ted 11 ; 
knit'ting.] 1. To form (a fabric or garment) 
by a series of interlocked loops of yarn or 
thread. 2. Hence, to join or unite closely; 
draw together; contract; grow together. [< 
AS. cnittan, < cnotta, knot.] —knit'ter, n. — 
knit'ting, re. 1. The act of knitting. 2. The 
fabric produced by knitting. knit'ting*work"t. 
—knit'ting=nee"dle, ra. A long, blunt needle, 
used in knitting, 
knives, n. Plural of knife. 

knob, 1 neb; 2 nob, re. A rounded protuber¬ 
ance, bunch, or boss; a rounded handle, as of 
a door.— knobbed, a. Having knobs; knob¬ 
by.—knob'by, a. Full of knobs; also, hilly, 
knock, 1 nek; 2 nok. I 1 . vt.&vi._ 1. To give a 
blow to; strike a blow with; strike; rap, as on 
a door, for admittance; collide or cause to 
collide. 2. [Colloq., U. S.] To run down or 
decry. II. re. A stroke with something; a 
blow; rap. [< AS. cnucian, knock; imita¬ 
tive.]—knock'er, re. 1. One who knocks. 2. 
A hinged metal hammer fastened to a door for 
signaling for admittance.—knock '-kneed", a. 
Having the legs bent inw'ard at the knees, 
knoll, 1 nol; 2 nol, re. A small round hill; a 
mound; hilltop. [< AS. cnoll.] 
knoll, v. & n. Same as knell. 
knot, 1 net; 2 not, vt. & vi. [knot'ted° ; knot¬ 
ting.] To tie in a knot; form a knot in; se¬ 
cure as with a knot; form knots or joints, as 
in plants; gather in a knot. 


knot, re. 1. An intertwining of the parts of 
one or more ropes, cords, etc.,-so that they will 
not slip. See illus. on next page. 2. An 
ornamental bow. 3. A hard, gnarled portion 
of the trunk of a tree; a joint in a stem, as of 
grasses. 4. Naut. A division of a log-line; a 
nauticalmile. 5. A cluster; group. G.Abond 
of union. 7. A difficulty; problem. [ < AS. 
cnotta, knot.]—knot'ted, a. 1. Having knots; 
knotty. 2. Ornamented with knotw'ork.— 
knot'ty, a. [knot'ti-er; knot'ti-est.] Marked 
by knots; like a knot; difficult; intricate.— 
knot'ti-ness, n. 

knout, 1 naut; 2 naut, re. A whip used for¬ 
merly for flogging in Russia. [F., < Rus. 
knutu, knot.] 

know, 1 n5; 2 no, v. [knew; known; know'- 
ing.] I. t. To be certain of or acquainted 
with; have information of; recognize; under¬ 
stand. II. i. To have or get knowledge; 
acquire experience or information. [ < AS. 
cnawan, know.]— know'a-bI(e p , a. 
know'Ing, 1 no'ir); 2 no'ing, pa. Shrewd; cute; 
cunning; having perception or knowledge; 
done consciously or on purpose.— know'ing- 
iy, adv. 1. With knowledge. 2. Shrewdly; slyly, 
know!'edge, 1 nel'ej; 2 nol'gg, n. 1. That 
which is known; any object of knowing; in¬ 
formation; learning; scholarship. 2. Practi¬ 
cal understanding or skill in anything. 3. 
The act of knowing; cognition, 
known, 1 non; 2 non, pp. of know, v. 

Knox, 1 neks; 2 noks, Philander Chase (1853- 
1921). American statesman; Secretary of State, 
1909-13. 

Knt., Kt., abbr. Knight. 

knuck'Ie, ) 1 nuk'l; 2 nuk'l, n. 1. One of the 
knuck'l p , ) joints of the fingers. 2. The ankle- 
joint, as of a calf. [ < AS. cancel.) 
knurl, 1 nurl; 2 nftrl, n. A knot. —knurled, a. 
ko'balt, n. Same as cobalt. 

Ko'be, 1 ko'be; 2 ko'be, re. A seaport (pop. 

608,000), S. coast of Honshu Island, Japan. 
Koch, 1 kOH; 2 Icoh, Robert (1843-1910). A 
German physician and bacteriologist; discovered 
germs producing tuberculosis and cholera, 
ko'dak, 1 ko'dak; 2 ko'dak. I‘. vt. To take 
an instantaneous picture of. II. re. A port¬ 
able photographic camera with which suc¬ 
cessive instantaneous negatives are made; 
proprietary term invented as a trade-mark 
by the Eastman Kodak Company. 

K. of P., abbr. Knights of Pythias. 

Kon'go, 1 kerj'go; 2 kfin'go, re. A river of W. 
Africa; 3,000 m. from Lake Nyassa region to 
S. Atlantic ocean.—Belgian Kongo, a country 
in W. Africa; 909,654 sq.m.; pop. 11,000,000; un¬ 
der Belgian control. 

Ko'nig-gratz, 1 ku'niH-grets; 2 ku'nlH-grfits, re. 
A town in Bohemia; Prussians defeated Austri¬ 
ans, 1866 (battle of Sadowa). 

Ko'nlgs-berg, 1 ku'niHs-berH; 2 ku'nlHs-b6rH, re. 

A fortified city (pop. 260,900), N. E. Prussia, 
koo'miss, re. Kumiss, kou'miss or -mysj. 
kop'je, 1 kep'i; 2 kop'e, re. [S.-Afr. D.] A hillock. 
Ko-ran', 1 ko-ran' or ko'ran; 2 ko-ran' or ko'- 
ran, re. The Mohammedan sacred scripture. 
[< Ar. qoran, book.] 

Ko-re'a, 1 ko-rl'a; 2 ko-re'a, re. See Chosen. 
Kos"ci-us'ko, 1 kos"i-us'ko; 2 k6s"i-us'ko, Thad- 
deus (1746-1817). A Polish patriot; fought in 
American Revolution. 

ko'sher, 1 ko'ghar; 2 ko'sher, a. Permitted by the 
Jewish ceremonial law; clean; pure. [Heb.] 
Kos'suth,l kes'uth;2 kfis'uth,Louis (1802-1891). 
A Hungarian patriot; led insurrection, 1848. 


!•» = final- 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ©H; IG = fered; (fhin; go; rj = si ng\ thin, this. 
2; wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 


























































































341 


kotow 

lacerate 


ko-tow\ 1 ko-tau'; 2 ko-tow', re. A Chinese form 
of obeisance by kneeling and touching the fore¬ 
head to the ground before a superior. [Chin ] 
kow-tow'J.—ko-tow', vi. 

K. P., abbr. Knights of St. Patrick (Great Britain). 

kraal, 1 krai; 2 krai, re. 1. A village or group of 
native huts. 2. An enclosure for cattle. 
[S.-Afr. D.] 

Kra"ka-tau', 1 kra"ka-tau'; 2 krli"ka-tou', re. A 
volcano on Krakatau Island, Malay Archipel¬ 
ago; destructive eruption, 1883. Kra"ka-tao't. 

Kra'kow, 1 kra'kau; 2 kra'kow, re. An ancient 
city (pop. 176,000), W. Galicia; capital of Po¬ 
land, 1320-1609; now Austrian. Cra'cowf. 

Kr., abbr. Kreutzer. [Nicholas; Santa Claus. 

Krlss Krin'gle, 1 kris krip'gl; 2 kris krln'gl. St. 

Krii'ger, 1 krii'gar; 2 krii'ger, Stephanus J. 
Paulus (1825-1904). President of South=Afri- 
can Republic, 1881-1901. 

Krupp, 1 krup; 2 krup, re. 1. Alfred (1812-1887), 
founder of gun=works at Essen, Germany. 2. 
Friedrich Alfred (1854—1902), a German gun» 
maker; son of Alfred. 

K. T., abbr. Knight of the Thistle (Great Britain), 
Knights Templars. 


Ku'blai Khan, 1 ku'blai kan; 2 ky'bli kan (1214— 
1294). The great Khan of the Mongols; con-' 
quered China.— Ku'bla Khan, title of a poem 
by Coleridge. 

Ku'klux", 1 kiu'kluks"; 2 kQ'kluks", re. [U. S.] A 
secret society in the South after the Civil War, 
to prevent negro ascendency. Kuklux Klanf. 

Kul-tur', 1 kul-tur'; 2 kul-tqr', re. [G.] Materi¬ 
alistic development of a nation; formerly, culture. 

ku'miss, 1 ku'mis; 2 ku'mis, re. Fermented 
mare’s milk, used by the Tatar tribes of 
central Asia, or a drink made in imitation of 
it. [ < Tatar kumiz.] ku'mysj. 

Kur"di-stan', 1 kur"di-stan'; 2 kiir"di-stan', n. 
A region in N. W. Persia and Turkey in Asia. 

Ku'ril Islands, 1 kQ'ril; 2 ku'ril. See Chishima. 

Kwang'tung", 1 kwar)'tur)"; 2 kwang'tung", n. 
Province (99,970 sq. m.; pop. 23,700,000), S. E. 
China; capital, Canton. 

Ky., abbr. Kentucky (official). 

Kym 'ry, n. pi. Same as Cymry. 

Kyo'to, 1 kyo'to; 2 kyo'to, re. A city (pop. 
591,305), Honshu Island, Japan; capital of Japan 
till 1869. 


L 


L, 1, 1 el; 2 SI, n. [els, L’s, or Ls, 1 elz; 2 Sl§, 
pi.] The twelfth letter in the English alpha¬ 
bet. 

L., abbr. Late, Latin, Liberal, libra (L., pound). 
Licentiate, lithium. Lord, low.—1., abbr. Lati¬ 
tude, league, length, line, liter, 
la, 1 la; 2 la, re. Mus. The sixth tone of the 
diatonic scale. [It.] [rador. 

La., abbr. Louisiana (official).—Lab., abbr. Lab- 
La'ban, 1 le'ban; 2 la'ban, re. Father of Leah and 
Rachel, wives of Jacob. Gen. xxiv, 29. 
la'bel, 1 le'bel; 2 la'bSl. I. vt. [la'beled or 
la'belled; la'bel-ing or la'bel-ling.] To 
mark with a label; classify; designate. II. re. 
A slip, as of paper, affixed to something and 
bearing an inscription to indicate its charac¬ 
ter, ownership, etc. [OF., < OHG. lappa, rag.] 
la'bi-al, 1 le'bi-sl; 2 la'bi-al. I. a. Pertaining 
to, formed, articulated, or modified by the 
lips. II. n. One of the letters p, b, m,f , v, or 
w, formed by the lips. [ < L. labium , Up.]— 
la'bi-ate, a. Having lips or lipdike parts, as a 
calyx or corolla. 

la'bor, 1 le'bsr; 2 la'bor. I. vt. & vi. To cause 
to toil; fashion with toil; engage in manual 
labor; w r ork; roll or pitch, as a ship at sea. 
II. re. Physical or mental exertion for some 
end; toil; work; a task. [OF., < L. labor, 
labor.] la'bourf.— la'bored, pa. Performed 
laboriously; elaborate.—la'bor-er, n. One who 
performs physical or manual, especially unskilled, 
labor.—la-bo'ri-ous, a. Requiring much labor; 
toilsome; industrious, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Iab'o-ra-to"ry, 1 lab'o-ra-t6"ri; 2 lab'o-ra-t5"- 
ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] A building or room fitted 
up for conducting scientific experiments, 
analyses, or similar work. [ < LL. laborato- 
rium, < L. labor, work.] 

Ia'bor-ite, 1 le'bar-ait; 2 ia'bor-lt, n. [Colloq., 
Gt.Brit.] 1. A member of the Independent Labor 
party. 2. One who supports labor interests. 
La'bor par'ty. [Gt.Brit.] A federation of trade® 
unions, socialist societies, etc., formed to secure 
political representation of labor interests in the 
House of Commons. 


Lab"ra-dor', 1 lab'ra-dor'; 2 lab'ra-dor', n. A pe¬ 
ninsula between Hudson’s Bay and Atlantic ocean, 
la-bur'num, 1 la-bur'num; 2 la-bur'num, n. A 
European tree, w r ith pendulous racemes of yellow 
flowers and hard dark wood. [L.] 

Iab'y-rinth, 1 lab'i-rinth; 2 lab'y-rinth, n. A 
confusing network of paths or passages; 
maze; any perplexing combination. [< Gr. 1 * 
labyrinthos,< laura, lane.]— lab"y-rin'thin(e s , 
a. Like a labyrinth; mazy; involved. lab"y- 
rin'thalf; lab"y-rin'the-an,-thi-anf; lab"y- 
rin'thief; lab"y-rin'thi-calf. — lab"y-rin'- 
thal-ly, adv. Iab"y-rin'thi-cal-lyf. 
lac 1 , 1 lak; 2 lae, n. A resinous substance ex¬ 
uded from an East*Indian scalennsectand used 
in making varnishes, etc. Compare shellac. 
[ < Per. lak, < Sans. Idksha, lac*insect.] 
lac 2 , n. The sum of 100,000; 100,000rupees; a 
great number. [ < Hind, lak, < Sans, lalcsha, 
hundred thousand.] lakhf. 
lace, 1 les; 2 lag. I. vt. & vi. [laced 1 ; lac'ing.] 
To fasten with a lace or laces; trim with lace; 
interlace. II. n. 1. A delicate network of 
threads of linen, silk, cotton, etc., ornamented 
wdth figures or patterns; also, any ornamental 
cord or braid. 2. A cord or string for fastening 
together the parts of a shoe, etc.; any string. 
[< L. OF laqueus, < lacio, entice.]— lac'ing, 
1 les'ir); 2 lac'ing, n. 1. The act of fastening, 
as with a lace. 2. Same as lace, 2.— lace'wing", 
n. An insect with gauzy, lace*like wings. The 
larvae are known as 
aphisdions. 

Lac"e-dae'mon, 1 las"- 
i-dl'man; 2 lag"e-de'- 
mon, n. Same as Lacewing. l /z 
Sparta.— Lac"e-dae- a < adult insect; b, its eggs, glued 
mo'ni-an, a. u P on sta ndards. 

lae'er-ate, 1 las'ar-et; 2 lag'er-at, vt. [-AT"ED d ; 
-at"ing.] To tear raggedly, as the flesh; fig¬ 
uratively to afflict wdth grief; rend; harrow, as 
the feelings. [ < L. lacero, < lacer, mangled.] 
lac'er-a-bl(e p , a.— lac"er-a'tion, re. The act 
of rending or tearing; a jagged wound; a harrow¬ 
ing, as of the feelings. 



1:3 = final; i = bablH aisle; au = cmt; ell; Iu = feud; <fhin; go; o = sin^; thin, this, 
2:wQlf, dQ; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611, boy; go, fcem; ink; thin, tilia, 











lachrymal 

Landseer 


342 


lach'ry-mal, -mose, etc. See lacrimal, etc. 
lack, I lak; 2 lak. I 1 . vt. & vi. To be destitute 
of; be in want or need; be deficient; fail. II. 
n. The state of being in need; want; destitu¬ 
tion,; deficiency; failure. [Cp. D. lak, stain.] 
lack'a-day", 1 lak'a-de"; 2 lak'a-da", interj. 
An exclamation of grief, regret, or surprize. 
[Abbr. of alack a day.]— Iack"a-dai'si-cal, a. 
Affectedly sentimental. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
lack'er, v. & n. Same as lacquer. 
lack'ey, 1 lakh; 2 lS,k'y- I. vt. & vi. To wait 
on; attend or act as a lackey. II. n. An at¬ 
tending male servant; a footman; menial. [ < 
F. laguals.] lac'quayt; lac'queyt. 
la -con'ic, 1 la-ken'ik; 2 la-con'ic, a. Using or 
consisting of few words; short and forceful; 
concise; pithy. [< Gr. Lakonikos, < Lakon, 
an inhabitant of Lacedaemon in Greece.] la- 
con 'i-cal}.—la-con 'i-cal-ly, adv. 
lac'quer, 1 lak'ar; 2 lae'er. I. vt. To coat or 
varnish with lacquer. II. n. 1. A varnish of 
shellac dissolved in alcohol. 2. Lacquered 
woodwork, often inlaid. [Ult. < Per. lak; see 
lac 1 , n .] 

lac'ri-mal, 1 lak'n-mel; 2 lac'ri-mal, a. Per¬ 
taining to, secreting, or conveying tears. [ < 
L. lacrima, tear.]—lac'ri-mose", a. Shedding, 
or given to shedding, tears; tearful, 
la-crosse', 1 la-kres'; 2 la-eros', n. A game of 



Lacrosse-bat. 


ball of Indian origin, played by two sides, in 
which the object of each side is to force or 
carry the ball with a long, racket-like imple¬ 
ment called a crosse, between and past two 
goal-posts. [ < F. la crosse, the crutch.] 
lac'tate, 1 lak'tet; 2 lac'tat. I. vt. & vi. To 
change into or make like milk; secrete milk; 
suckle young. II. n. A salt of lactic acid. 
[< L. lac(t-), milk]— lac-ta'tion, n. The 
act of secreting milk or of suckling young.— lac'- 
te-al. I. a. Pertaining to or like milk; convey¬ 
ing a milk«like liquid, lac'te-an}; lac'te-ous}. 
II. n. Anal. One of the lymphatic vessels that 
take up and convey the chyle.— lac-tes'cent, a. 
Milk«like; becoming milky; secreting a milky 
juice.— lac-tes'cence, n. — lac'tic, a. Of, per¬ 
taining to, or derived from milk.— lac'tic acid, 
an acid contained in sour milk.— lac-toin'e-ter, 
n. An instrument for determining the density of 
milk.— lac'tose, n. A sugar contained in milk, 
milk" «su'gar}; sugar of milk}, 
la-cu'na, 1 la-kiu'na; 2 la-cu'na, n. [-N.® or -nas, 
pl\ A vacancy; gap. [L.] 
la-cus'tr!n(e, 1 ls-kus'trin; 2 la-eus'trin, a. Of 
or pertaining to a lake. [ < L. lacus, lake.] 
la-cus'trait; la-cus'trl-ant. 
lad, 1 lad; 2 lad.n. A boy or youth; companion; 

fellow. [< Ir. lath, stripling.] lad'diet [Scot.], 
lad'der, 1 lad'ar; 2 lad'er, n. A device of wood, 
rope, etc., for climbing and descending; usu¬ 
ally a series of rounds, supported at their 
ends by long side*pieces; any means of as¬ 
cending. [< AS. hlseder, ladder.] 
lade, 1 led; 2 lad, vt. [lad'ed 11 ; lad'ed^ or 
lad'en; lad'ing] 1. To put a burden on or 
in; load; oppress. 2. To dip up or out with a 
ladle or dipper. [ < AS. hladan, load.]— lad '- 
Ing, n. The act of loading; a load or cargo, 
la'die, 1 le'dl; 2 la'dl. I. vt. [la'dled; la'_ 
dling.] To dip up and pour with a ladle. II. 


n. A long»handled cup*shaped vessel for la¬ 
dling. [< AS. hlaedel, < hladan, load ] 
La'do-ga, 1 la'do-ga; 2 la'do-ga, n. A lake in N. 

W. Russia, largest in Europe (6,998 sq. m.). 
La-drone' Islands, 1 la-dron'; 2 la-dron'. 1. 

Same as Marianas. 2. A group in the China Sea. 
la'dy, 1 le'di; 2 la'dy, n. [la'dies 2 , pi.] 1. 
A woman of good breeding or family; gen¬ 
tlewoman. 2. [L-] [Eng.] The title of the 
wives of peers below the rank of duke, or 
of baronets or knights. 3. The mistress of a 
household. [ < AS. hlsefdie, for *hldfordie, 
fern, of hldford, lord; see lord, ra.]—la'dy-bird", 
n. A small black or reddish beetle, spotted 
with red, yellow, or black. Ia'dy-bug"j.—Lady 
day, the feast of the Annunciation.—la'dy- 
like", a. Like or suitable to a lady; gentle; deli¬ 
cate.—la'dy dove", n. A woman who is beloved; 
sweetheart.—la'dy-shlp, n. The rank or condi¬ 
tion of a lady; used as a title, with her or your. — 
la'dy’s*slip"per, n. One of several species of 
orchid, nam"' 1 
from the form 
the flower. 

La'dy-smith, 1 
di-smith; 2 1ft' 
smith, n. A to 
(pop. 6.000), 

W. Natal pr 
ince. South Afri 
besieged by Bo< 

1899-1900. 

La"fay-ette', 1 
fe-et'; 2 la"f 
Marquis 
(1757-1834). 

French gen 
and patriot; 

Americans 
Revolution. 

La Fon"taine', 1 la feh"ten'; 2 Hi f6n*tfin', Jean 
de (1621-1695). A French poet; Fables. 
lag, 1 lag; 2 l&g. I. vi. [lagged; lag'ging ] 
To move slowly; loiter. II. o. Long*de- 
layed; last. III. n. 1. A laggard. 2. Mech. 
Retardation of movement for any cause, 
la'ger, 1 la'ger; 2 la'ger, n. Beer containing few 
hops, formerly kept for some months before 
use. [G., orig. a store.] la'ger sheer"}:, 
lag'gard, 1 lag'ard;2 lag'ard. I. a. Falling be¬ 
hind; slow; tardy. II. n. One who lags; a loiter¬ 
er. [ < lag, c.] lag'ger}.—lag'gard-ly, adv. 
la-goon', 1 la-gun'; 2 la-goon', n. A body of 
shallow or still water; pool; lake. [< It. 
lagone, laguna, < L. lacus, lake.] la-gune'}. 
La"grange', 1 la"grun 3 '; 2 la"grahzh'. Joseph 
Louis, Cointe (1736-1813). A French mathe¬ 
matician. 

La Hague, 1 la heg; 2 la hfig (F. 1 la ag; 2 la ag). 

A cape, N. W. France, near Cherbourg. 
La-hore', 1 la-h6r'; 2 la-h5r', n. A fortified city 
(pop. 229,000), capital of Punjab province, Brit¬ 
ish India; also, a division of the province; 24,872 
sq. m.; pop. 4,580,000. 

la'ic, 1 le'ik; 2 la'ie. I. o. Same as lay, a. 

la'i-cal}. II. n. A layman, 
laid, pp. of lay, v. 

L'Aigle, 1 leg; 2 lftg, Forest of. A wooded region 
near Rethondes, E. of Compiegne, France, where 
the Germans signed the armistice terms of the 
Allies that ended the World War, Nov. 11, 1918. 
lain, pp. of lie, v. 

lair, 1 lar; 2 lar, n. The couch or den of a wild 
animal. [ < AS. leper, < ligan, lie.] 
laird, 1 lard; 2 lard, n. [Scot.] A lord; land- 
owner. 



1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh§t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 












343 


lachrymal 

Landseer 


3a'i-ty, 1 le'i-ti; 2 la'i-ty, n. The people as dis¬ 
tinguished from the clergy. [ < lay, a.] 
lake 1 , 1 lek; 2 lak, n. An inland body of water. 

[< AS. lacu, < L. lacus, lake.] 
lake 2 , n. A deep red pigment. [ < Per. F lak, < 
lak; see lac 1 .] 
lakh, n. Same as lac 2 . 

Lai'la Rookh, 1 la'la ruk; 2 la'la ruk. Heroine of 
Thomas Moore’s poem, Lalla Rookh. 

Lam., abbr. Lamentations. 

la 'ma, 1 la'ma; 2 lii'ma, n. A priest of the branch 
of Buddhism called Lamaism. [Tibetan.] 
La"marck', 1 la"mark'; 2 la"mark', Jean Bap¬ 
tiste P. A. de M.de, Chevalier de (1744-1829). 
A French naturalist; pioneer of the theory of 
evolution of species by adaptation to environ¬ 
ment.—La-marck'i-an, a. & n. —La-marck'- 
ism, n. La-marck'i-an-ismt. 

La"mar"tine', 1 la"mar"tin'; 2 la"mar"tin', Al¬ 
phonse M. L. de Prat de (1790-1869). A 
French poet, historian, and statesman, 
lamb, ) 1 lam; 2 lam, n. 1. A young sheep; 
lain 3 , ) also, its flesh. 2. Any gentle or inno- 
cent person. [< AS. lamb.] —lamb'kin, n. 
A little lamb. 

Lamb, Charles (1775-1834). An English essayist, 
humorist, and critic; Essays of Elia. 
lam'bent, 1 lam'bent; 2 lam'bent, a. Playing, 
with a soft, undulatory movement; gliding; 
flickering; gleaming. [< L. lamben(t-)s, ppr. 
of lambo, lick.] -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
lam'hre-quin, 1 lam'bri-kin; 2 lam'bre-kjn, n. 
A draped strip, as of cloth or leather, hanging 
from a window, doorway, etc. [F.] 
lame, 1 lem; 2 lam. I. vt. [lamed; lam'ing.] 
To make lame; cripple or disable. II. a. 
Crippled or disabled in a leg; halt. [< AS. 
lama, lame.] -iy> adv. -ness, n. 

Ia-mel'la, 1 la-mel'a; 2 la-mel'a, n. [-l^e, pi.] A 
thin plate or scale. [L. dim. of lamina.]— lam'- 
el-lar, a. Scale*like; composed of thin layers or 
scales, lam'el-latet; lam'el-lat"edt.—Iam"- 
el-la'tion, n. 

Ia-ment', 1 la-ment'; 2 la-ment'. I d . vt. & vi. 
To feel or express sorrow for; mourn; bewail. 
II. n. The expression of grief; lamentation. 
[ < L. p lamentor, < lamentum, w'ailing.]— 
lam'en-ta-bl(eP, a. To be lamented; mourn¬ 
ful.—lam'en-ta-bly, adv. —lam"en-ta'tion, 
n. The act of lamenting or bewailing; a wailing 
cry.—Ia-ment'er, n. 

Lam"en-ta'tions, n. pi. Bib. A lyrical book of 
the Old Testament (The Lamentations of Jere¬ 
miah) bewailing the destruction of Jerusalem by 
the Chaldeans. 

lam'i-na, 1 lam'i-na; 2 lam'i-na, n. [-n^e, pi.] A 
thin scale, sheet, or layer. [L.]— lam'i-nate. I. 
vt. & vi. To divide into laminae. II. a Con¬ 
sisting of or disposed in laminae, lam'el-lart; 
lam 'l-iiat"ed t.—Iam"i-na 'tion, n. 
lam 'mer-gei"er, 1 lam'ar-gai"ar; 2 Iam'er-gl"er, 
n. The great bearded vulture of the mountains 
of S. Europe and Asia and N. Africa. 
La"motte'=Fou"que\ 1 la"mot'=fu"ke'; 2 la"mot'« 
fu"ke', Friedrich II. K., Baron de (1777-1843). 
A German poet and romance writer;. Undine. 
lamp, 1 lamp; 2 lamp, n. A vessel in which oil 
is burnt through a wick; any similar device 
for furnishing artificial light or heat. [ < 
Gr ,^ +F lampas, < lampo, shine.]— lamp'black , 
n. Fine carbon deposited from smoke or flame, 
lam-poon', 1 lam-pun'; 2 lam-poon'. I. vt. To 
abuse or satirize in a lampoon. II. n. A 
personal satire in writing. [ < F. lampon, < 
tamper, drink.]— lam-poon 'er, n. 
lam'prey, 1 lam'pri; 2 lam'pry.w. An eeblike par¬ 



asitical fish. [ < L. F lambo , lick, + petra, rock.) 
Lan'cas-ter, 1 lao'kas-tar; 2 lan'eas-ter, n. A 
royal house of England (Plantagenet line); 
reigned 1399 to 1461; engaged with House of 
York in Wars of the Roses, 1455-1485.—Lan- 
cas'tri-an, a. & n. 

lance, 1 Ians; 2 lang. I. vt. [lanced 1 ; lanc'- 
ing.] To pierce with a lance; cut or prick 
with a lancet. II. n. A speardike weapon 
with a long shaft; also, a lancer. [F., < L. 
lancea, light spear.]—lan'ce-o-late, a. Shaped 
like the head of a 
lance or spear; taper¬ 
ing, as some leaves. 
lan'ce-o-lat"edt. 

_lanc'er tz. One 

who lances; a cavalry Lanceolate Leaf of the 
soldier armed with a Peacn. 

lance.—lance'wood", n. A tough, elastic wood 
from Cuba, used for carriage»shafts, etc. 
Lan'ce-lot, 1 lan'si-let; 2 lan'ce-lot, of the Lake. 

A famous knight of Arthur’s Round Table, 
lan'cet, 1 lan'set; 2 lan'get, n. 1. A surgeons’ 
two=edged cutting or bloodletting instru¬ 
ment having one or more small, keen blades. 
2. An acutely pointed window or arch. [ < F. 
lancette, dim. of lance, lance.] 

Ianch, v. & n. Same as launch. 
lan'cl-nate, 1 lan'si-net; 2 lan'ci-nat, vt. [-nat"ed; 
-nat"ing.] To shoot through, as a pain; pierce; 
dart.— Ian'ci-nat"ing, pa. 
land, 1 land; 2 land. I d . vt. & vi. To bring 
or come from water to the land; debark; go 
or come ashore, as from a vessel. IS. n. The 
solid surface of the earth as opposed to the 
oceans and seas; a continent; ground or 
soil; real estate. [< AS. land.]— no man’s 
land [Recent], in the World War (1914-18), 
the land between the first*line trenches of 
the opposing armies.— land'ed, a. Having an 
estate in land; consisting in land.— land'- 
ho!d"er, n. A landowner.— land'ing, n. The 
act or place of going or putting ashore; a plat¬ 
form dividing a flight of stairs.— land'la"dy, 
n. [-dies 2 , pi.] A woman who keeps an inn or 
boarding*house, or lets her property; also, the 
wife of a landlord.— land'locked", a. Sur¬ 
rounded and protected by land.— land'lord", n. 
A man who keeps an inn or hotel, or owns and 
lets real estate.— land 'mark", n. A fixed object 
serving as a boundary=mark to a tract of land, or 
as a guide to seamen, etc.— land'own"er, n. 
One who owns real estate.— land 'slide", n. The 
slipping of a mass of land from a higher to a lower 
level; the land that has slipped down, land'- 
slip"J. — Iands'man,ra. [-men, pi.] Onewholives 
on the land: opposed to seaman.— land'ward, 
adv. Toward the land, land'wards J. 
lan'dau, 1 lan'do; 2 lan'cla, n. A two*seated, 
four*wheeled carriage with 
a double top that can be 
removed or folded back. 

[ < Landau (German town).] 

—!an"dau-let', n. A small 
or one*seated landau. 

Lan'dor, 1 lan'der; 2 lan'dor,. 
WalterSavage (1775-' 

1864). An English poet, 
dramatist, and essayist, 
land'scape, 1 land'skep; 2 
land'scap, n. A stretch 
of country as seen from a 
single point; also, a pic¬ 
ture representing natural scenery. 

Land'seer, 1 land'slr; 2 land'ser, Sir Edwin 
Henry (1802-1873). An English animabpainter. 



1. A Landau with 
Lowered Top. 2. 
A Landau Closed. 


1* a = final* l = hablt; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; <fbin; go; rj = s \ng; Olin, this. 
2; wQlf, d«; book, boot; .full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink: dim. tills. 












Land's End 
laud 


344 


Land’s End. A cape in Cornwall; most westerly 
point of England. 

lane, 1 len; 2 lan, n. A narrow way, path, or 
street. [ < AS. lane.] 

Lan'franc, 1 lan'fraqk; 2 lan'franc, n. (1005- 
1089.) Benedictine prior of Bee; Archbishop of 
Canterbury; confidant of William the Conqueror, 
lang., abbr. Language. 

Lang'land, 1 lap'land; 2 lUng'land, William 
(1330?-1400?). Middle English poet; disciple of 
Wyclif; reputed author of Piers Plowman. Lang '- 
leyj. 

lang"syne', 1 lar)"sain'; 2 lang"syn', adv. [Scot.] 
Long since; long ago: also as a noun. See auld. 
Lang'ton, 1 lap'tan; 2 lang'ton, Stephen (1150?- 
1228). English patriot; Archbishop of Canter¬ 
bury; aided in securing Magna Carta from King 
John. 

lan'guage, 1 larj'gwij; 2 lan'gwag, n. 1. The 
expression of ideas by words; human speech; 
expression. 2. The words forming the means 
of communication among members of a single 
nation; tongue. [< F. langage, < L. lingua, 
tongue.] 

Lan"gue-doc', 1 lan"ga-d5k'; 2 lan*ge-doc', n. A 
former province in S. France, 
lan'guid, 1 laq'gwid; 2 lan'gwid, a. Wanting 
in energy; feeble; weak; listless; languishing. 
[< L. languidus, faint.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
lan'guish’, 1 larj'gwisTi; 2 lan'gwish, vi. 1. To 
become weak; pine; fail; fade. 2. To mani¬ 
fest sentimental or tender emotion. [ < F. 
languissant, ppr. of languir, < L. langueo, be 
weak.] -ment, n. — lan'guish-ing, pa. -ly, adv. 
lan'guor, 1 lap'gar; 2 lan'gor, n. Lassitude of 
body or depression of mind, as from exer¬ 
tion; weakness.— lan'guor-ous, o. -ly, adv. 

-I10SS 71 

La-nler', i la-nlr'; 2 la-ner', Sidney (1842-1881). 

An American poet and critic, 
lank, 1 larjk; 2 lank, a. Lean; shrunken; long, 
straight, and thin; languid. [< AS. hlanc, 
lank.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — lank'y, a. Thin; 
shrunken.— lank'i-ness, n. 
lan'tern, 1 lan'tarn; 2 lan'tern, n. 1. A trans¬ 
parent case for enclosing a light. 2. A tower, 
as on a roof or dome, to give light. [< L. F 
lanterna, < Gr. lampter,< lampo, shine.]— magic 
lantern, a device for throwing pictures upon a 
screen by means of a light placed behind lenses, 
lan'yard, 1 lan'yard; 2 lan'yard, n. A small 
rope for use on ship*board, or a cord for firing 
olebstyle cannons, f < F. laniere, thong.] 
La-oc'o-on, 1 le-ok o-en: 2 la-oc'o-on, n. A priest 
who warned the Trojans against the wooden 
horse of the Greeks, and in consequence was, 
with his two sons, destroyed by serpents; por¬ 
trayed in a marble group in the Vatican. 
La-od"a-mi'a, 1 le-ed"a-mai'a; 2 la-6d"a-mi'a, n. 
Gr. Myth. Wife of Protesilaus, the first Greek 
killed at Troy; expired with grief at his loss, after 
persuading the gods to grant him three additional 
hours of life: subject of a poem by Wordsworth. 
La-od"i-ce'a, 1 le-edT-si'a; 2 la-6d"i-ce'a, n. 1. 
Ancient Greek city in Phrygia, seat of one of the 
seven churches of the Apocalypse. 2. See La- 
takia. — La-od"l-ce'an, a. Of or pertaining to 
Laodicea; hence, indifferent or lukewarm, as in 
religion. Rev. iii, 14-22. 

Laon, 1 lan; 2 lan, n. French town; capital of 
Aisne department; taken by Germans, 1914; 
reoccupied by French, Oct., 1918. 
lap 1 , 1 lap; 2 l&p, v. [lapped 1 or lapt 8 ; lap'- 
ping.] I. t. To lay over, as one fold upon an¬ 
other; wrap around; infold; involve. II.». To 
lie partly over or by the side of something else. 


lap 2 , v. [lapped 4 , lapt 8 ; lap'ping.] I. t. To 
lick up or ripple against. II. i. 1. To take up 
liquid with the tongue. 2. To make a licking 
sound, as waves. [ < AS. lapian, lap.] 
lap 1 , n. That part of a substance which ex¬ 
tends over another. 

lap 2 , n. The upper part of the thighs or knees, 
when one is in a sitting posture; the clothing 
that covers this part. [ < AS. Iseppa.] — lap'* 
dog", n. A small dog fondled in the lap.— 
lap'ful, n. — lapsstone, n. A stone, held in 
the lap, on which a shoemaker hammers leather. , 
Lap., abbr. Lapland. 

la-pel', 1 la-pel'; 2 la-pSl', n. The part of the 
front of a coat which is folded back, 
lap'i-da-ry, 1 lap'i-de-ri; 2 l&p'i-da-ry. I. a. 
Pertaining to stones or the art of working in 
precious stones. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] One who 
cuts, engraves, and sets precious stones. [ < 
L. lapidarius, < lapi(d-)s, stone.] 

Lap'i-thae, 1 lap'i-fhl;2 lap'i-the, n. Gr. Myth. A 
wild Thessalian people; fought with theCentaurs. 
La "place', 1 la"plas'; 2 la'plac', Pierre Simon, 
Marquis dc (1749-1827). French astronomer; 
author of the nebular hypothesis; Alecanique 
Celeste .— La-pla'ci-an, a. 

Lap 'land, 1 lap'land; 2 lap'land, n. A region 
(150,000'sq. m.) in N. Norway, N. Sweden, and 
N. W. Russia; iron ores. —Lap'Iand-er, n. 

Lapp, ) 1 lap ;2 lap, n. A native of Lapland. [Sw.] 
Lap, ) Lap 'land-er|.—Lap'pish, a. & n. 
Lapp., abbr. Lappish. 

lap'pet, 1 lap'et; 2 lap'et, n. A small lap or 
flap used for ornamenting a garment, etc. 
lapse,) 1 laps; 2 laps. I. vi. [lapsed 4 , lapst 9 ; 
laps p , ) laps'ing.] 1. To pass slowly or by de¬ 
grees; glide; slip. 2. Law. To become the prop¬ 
erty of another, as by negligence; become void. 
II . n. A slipping or passing away; failure; mis¬ 
carriage; error. [ < L. lapsus, < labor, slip.] 
lap'streak", a. Built with planks overlap¬ 
ping and riveted together, as a boat, 
lap'wing", n. A plover=like wading bird. 

[ < AS. hied pan, leap, 

-f- *wincan, wink.] 
lar'board", 1 lar' 
bord"; 2 lar'bord". 

I. a. Being on or 
toward the left side 
of a ship as one faces 
the bow. II. n. The 
left-hand side of a 
ship: now’ disused. 

See port. [ < AS. 
hladan, lade, + bord, 
board.] 

lar'ce-ny, 1 lar'si-m; 

2 lar'ce-ny, n. 

[-nies z , pi.] The act 
of stealing; theft. 

See steal, v. 

[ < L. F latrocinium, 
freebooting.] — lar'- 
ce-nous, a. 

larch, 1 larcffi; 2 larch, n. A cone*bearing, 
deciduous tree of the pine family. [<Gr. oF 
larix, larch.] 

lard, 1 lard; 2 lard. I d . vt. To stuff or smear 
with lard; garnish; interlard. II. n. The 
semisolid oil of hogs’ fat after rendering. [ < 
L. F lardum, lard.]— lar'der, n. A pantry; the 
provisions of a household.— lard'y, a. Of the 
nature of or containing lard. 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art. ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 











345 


Land’s End 
laud 


La'res, 1 le'riz; 2 la'reg, n. pi. [lar, 1 lar; 2 liir, 
sing .] See Penates. 

large, 1 larj; 2 larg, a. [larg'er; larg'est.] 
Great as regards size, quantity, extent, capac¬ 
ity, etc.; big: broad. [F., < L. largus, abun¬ 
dant.] -iy,_ adv. -ness, n. 
lar'gess, 1 lar'jes; 2 lar'ges, n. A gift; gratuity; 

bounty. [ < F. largesse.] lar'gessej. 
lar'i-at, 1 lar'i-at; 2 lar'i-at, n. 1. A rope of 
horsehair for tethering animals. 2. A lasso. [ < 
Sp. la, the; reata, < reatar, tie.] 
lark, 1 lark; 2 liirk, vi. [Colloq.] To frolic. 
lark 1 , «. A small singing bird. [ < AS. laferce, 
lark.] 

lark 2 , n. A hilarious time; frolic. [ < AS. Idc, play.] 
lark'spur, 1 lark'spar; 2 liirk'spur, n. A showy 
herb, with clusters of usually blue flowers, 
lar'va, 1 lar'va; 2 lar'va, n. [lar'v.e or lar'- 
vas z , pi.] A caterpillar or grub; the first 
stage of an insect after leaving the egg. [L.] 
—lar'val, a. 

Sar'ynx, 1 lar'irjks; 2 lar'ynks, n. [la-ryn'ges z , 
pi.] The upper part of the windpipe. [ < 
Gr. larynx, gullet.]—la-ryn'ge-al, a. Pertaining 
to the larynx, la-ryn'ge-ant.—lar"yn-gi'tis, 
n. Inflammation of the larynx. 

La Salle, 1 la sal; 2 la sal, Sieur de (1643-1687). 

Robert Cavelier; explored the Mississippi. 
Ias-ear', 1 las-kar'; 2 las-ear', n. 1. An East* 
Indian native serving as a sailor, or an artillery¬ 
man, etc., of low grade. [Anglo=Ind.] 

Las Ca'sas, 1 las ka'sas; 2 las ca'sas, Bartolome 
de (1474-1566). A Spanish missionary to the 
Indians; called “ Apostle of the Indies.” 
las-civ'i-ous, 1 la-siv'i-us; 2 la-giv'i-us, a. 
Tending to produce -wanton desires; lustful. 
[Corr. < L. lascivus, wanton.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
lash 1 , 1 la^h; 2 lash, vt. & vi. 1. To strike with 
a lash; whip; ply the whip; figuratively, to 
censure or satirize severely. 2. To bind or 
tie with a rope or cord, as to a mast, etc. 
lash, n. 1. A thong on a whip*handle; a whip; 
stroke with or as with a w r hip. 2. A stroke of 
sarcasm. 3. An eyelash. [Perhaps < L. 
laxus, loose.] 

lass, 11ns; 2 las, n. A young woman; girl. [Fern, 
of LAD.] 

Las'sa, 1 las'a; 2 las'a, n. The Buddhist sacred 
city (pop. 25,000); capital of Tibet. Lha'saf. 
las'si-ttlde, 1 las'i-tiud; 2 las'i-tud, n. Disin¬ 
clination to exertion; languor; debility. [F., 
< L. lassiludo, < lassus, faint.] 
las'so, 1 las'o; 2 las'o. I. vt. To capture with 
a lasso. II. n. A long line, as of hide, with a 
noose, for catching horses and cattle. [ < 
Pg. lago, < L. laqueus, snare.] 

Iast d , 1 last; 2 last, to. To remain in existence; 
endure.—last'ing. I. pa. That continues; 
durable; permanent. II. n. A fabric used for the 
uppers of women’s shoes, etc. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 

last, a. Being at the end; latest; hindmost; 
final. [Contr. of latest.] 

last, adv. After all others in time or order; final¬ 
ly. [ < AS. leestan, < last, footprint.] last'lyt. 
last 1 , n. A wooden form on which to make a 
boot or shoe. [ < AS. last, footprint.] 
last 2 , n. The end; conclusion. 

Lat., abbr. Latin.—lat., abbr. Latitude. 
La"ta-ki'a, 1 la'ta-kl'a; 2 la"ta-ki'a, n. Syrian 
seaport (pop. 22,000); famous tobacco center, 
latch, / 1 ladh; 2 lach. I 1 , vt. To fasten with or 
lach p , f as with a latch. II. n. A catch for 
fastening a door, lid, shutter, etc. See illus. 
in next column. [ < AS. laeccan, seize.] 



the Latch*string 
passing through 
to the outside. 

Not visible or 
[ < L. laten(t-)s. 


latch'et, 1 lach'et; 2 lach'et, n. A lace or 
string that fastens a shoe or 
sandal. [ < OF. lacet, dim. 
of las, noose; see lace, n.] 
late, 1 let; 2 lat. I. a. [lat'- 
er or lat'ter; lat'est or 
last.] Coming after the ap¬ 
pointed time; tardy; recent; 
deceased. II. adv. After 
or beyond the usual, time; 
not long ago; recently. [ < 

AS. Ixt, late.]—late'ly, adv. “? or 'lat^ch 
Not long ago.—late'ness, n. 

—lat'er, adv. At a subse¬ 
quent time; hereafter, 
la'tent, 1 le'tent; 2 la'tent, a 
apparent; hidden; dormant, 
ppr. of lateo, lie hidden.] -ly, adv .—la 'ten-cy, n. 
lat'er-al, 1 lat'ar-al; 2 lat'er-al, a. Pertaining 
to, proceeding from, or directed toward the 
side. [< L. lateralis, < latus, side.]—iat'er- 
al-ly, adv. 

lat'est, 1 let'est: 2 lat'est, a. & adv., superl. of late, 
lath, 1 lath; 2 lath. l.vt. To cover or line with 
laths. II. n. A thin strip of wood serving to 
support a coat of plaster, etc. [Perhaps < 
AS. Ixtt, lath.]— lath'ing, n. 
lathe, 1 leth; 2 lath, n. A machine for shaping 
articles by turning. [ < Ice. lodh.] 
lath'er, 1 lath'ar; 2 lath'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
spread over with or form lather; become 
covered with lather. II. n. Foam or froth 
from soapsuds. [ < AS. leathor, lather.]— 
lath'er-y, a. 

Lat'i-mer, 1 lat'i-mar; 2 lat'i-mer, Hugh (1488?- 
1555). An English Protestant martyr; burned at 
the stake. 

Lat'in, 1 lat'in; 2 lat'in. I.a. 1. Pertaining 
to ancient Latium or ancient Rome, or their 
peoples. 2. Pertaining to the modern nations 
derived from the ancient Romans. II. n. 
1. The language of ancient Rome. 2. One of 
the people of ancient Latium or Rome. [F., 
< L. Latinus, < Latium (a country of Italy).] 
—Lat'in-ism, n. A Latin idiom.—Lat'in-ist, 
n. One versed in Latin,—La-tin'i-ty, n. Latin 
style or idiom.—Lat'in-ize, vt. & vi. [-ized; 
-iz'Tng.] To translate into Latin; make like 
Latin in form, style, etc. 

lat'i-tude, 1 lat'i-tiud; 2 lat'i-tud, n. Distance 
northward or southward from the equator; 
extent from side to side; range; scope. [ < L. p 
latitudo, < latus, broad.]—lat"i-tu'di-nal, a. 
lat"i-tu"di-na'ri-an, 1 lat"i-tiu"di-ne'ri-an; 


2 lat"i-tu"di-na'ri-an. I. a. Broad, tolerant, 
or lax in religious principles. II. n. One who 
is extremely tolerant or lax in religious prin¬ 
ciples; a freethinker; heretic, -ism, n. 
La'ti-um, 1 le'ghi-um; 2 !a'shi-um, n. An ancient 
country in Italy; home of the Latins. 

-latry, -olatry, suffixes. Denoting extravagant 
worship, devotion, etc. [ < Gr. lalreia, -worship.] 
lat'ter, 1 lat'er; 2 lat'er, a. Of more recent 
date; modern; second of two things. [Var. of 
later. ] -ly, adv. 

lat'tice, ) 1 lat'is; 2 lat'ig. I. vt. [lat'ticed 1 , 
lat'tis s , ) lat'tist 8 ; lat'tic-ing.] To furnish 
with a lattice; interlace like lattice bars. II. n. 
Openwork of crossed bars; a screen. See illus. 
on next page, lat'ticeswork"]:. [ < F. lat- 
tis, <" G. latte, lath.] 

laud, 1 led; 2 lad. I d . vt. To praise; extol. II. 
n. Praise in divine worship; a song of praise. 
[< L. laus (laud-), praise.] — laud'a-bl(e p , a. 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; ifhin; go; rj = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Laud 

leather 


346 


Worthy of approval; praiseworthy.—laud'a- 
bl(e-ness p , n. laud"a-bil'l-tyt.—laud'a-bly, 
adv. — lau-da'tion, n. — 
laud'a-to-ry. I. a. Eulogiz¬ 
ing. laud'a-tiv(c 8 t. II. n. 

[ries z , pi.] A panegyric. 

Laud, William (1573-1645). 

Archbishop of Canterbury; 
supporter of Charles I.; im¬ 
peached by the Long Parlia¬ 
ment and beheaded. * 
lau'da-num, 1 le'da-num; 

2 la'da-num, n. Tincture 
of opium: a narcotic or 
poisonous drug. [ < L. 
ladanum, a dark*colored 
resin.] 

laugh', ) 1 laf; 2 laf, v. I. t. 
laf p , ) 1. To move by 
laughter or ridicule. 2. To 
express with laughter. II. 
t. 1. To give vent to laugh¬ 
ter; be glad. 2. To be gay 
or lively. 3. To scoff; 
jeer; followed by at. 
laugh.]— laugh'a-bl(e p ,a. Provoking laughter, 
-ness, n.— laugh'a-bly, adv. — laugh'ing, ppr. 
& verbal n .— laugh'ing=gas", n. Nitrous oxid: 
an anesthetic with exhilarating effect when in¬ 
haled.— laugh'ingsstock", n. A butt for ridicule, 
laugh, n. An act or explosion of laughter; mer¬ 
riment; also ridicule. 

laugh'ter, ) 1 laf'tar; 2 laf'ter, n. A series of 
5 sf 



Lattice Window. 

[ < AS. hlehhan , 


laf'ter p , J spasmodic expulsions of breath, 
with jerky sounds, accompanied by move¬ 
ments of the facial muscles, provoked by 
mirthful feelings. 

launch, 1 landh or lendh; 2 lanch or lanch. I 1 . 
vt. & vi. To slide or move from the land into 
the water, as a boat; start, as on a career; set 
out; throw, as a dart. II. n. The act of 
launching; sliding of a ship from the stocks 
into the water; also, a large open boat. [ < 
F. lancer , < lance, lance.] 


laun'der, 1 lan'der or len'dor; 2 lan'der or 
lan'der, vt. To wash and iron, as articles of 
clothing. [Ult. < L. lavo, wash.]—laun'der- 
er, n.—laun'dress, n. A washerwoman.— 
laun'dry, n. [laun'dries 2 , pl.\ A place for 
washing and ironing clothes, 
lau're-ate, 1 le'ri-it;2 la're-at. I. a. Crowned 
with laurel. II. n. [Eng.] The poet officially 
invested with the title of laureate by the crown. 
[< L. laureatus, < laurus, laurel.] -ship, n. 
lau'rel, 1 le'rel; 2 la'rfil, n. An evergreen shrub 
with fragrant leaves, used, formerly, for mak¬ 
ing crowns or wreaths. See flower. 
Lau"sanne', 1 lo"zan'; 2 loafin', n. A Swiss city 
(pop. 67,860), on the N. shore of the Lake of 
Geneva. 

la'va, 1 la'va; 2 la'va, n. Melted rock, as from 
a volcanic crater. [It., stream.] 

La-va'ter, 1 la-vfl'tar; 2 la-va'ter, Johann Kaspar 
(1741-1801). A Swiss poet, mystic, and physiog¬ 
nomist. 

lav'a-to"ry, 1 lav's-t6"n; 2 lSv'a-to"ry. I. a. 
Washing. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] I. A place for 
washing. 2. Med. A wash; lotion. [< LL. 
lavaiorium, < L. lavo, wash.] 
lave, 1 lev; 2 lav, vt. & vt. [laved; lav'ing.] To 
wash; bathe oneself. [< F. laver, < L. lavo, 
wash.]— la'ver, n. A large basin to wash in. 
lav'en-der, 1 lav'en-dar; 2 l&v'en-der, n. 1. 
An aromatic shrub cultivated for its perfume 


and oil. 2. The color of lavender=flowers, a 
pale lilac. [ < It. lavanda, a washing.] 
lav'ish, 1 lav'idh; 2 lav'ish. Ib vt. To give out 
profusely; squander. II. a. Spending ex¬ 
travagantly; prodigal; superabundant. [< 
lave 2 , t>.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

La"voi"sler', 1 la'vwa'zye': 2 la'vwa'gye', An¬ 
toine Laurent (1743-1794). A French chem¬ 
ist; guillotined. 

law, 1 le; 2 la, n. 1. A rule of action or con¬ 
duct prescribed by authority; legislative 
enactment; a system of rules, as in law* 
courts. 2. The Divine will. 3. Legal science; 
jurisprudence. [< AS. lagu, law. < licgan, lie.] 
— law'ful, a. Permitted by law; legitimate; 
rightful; just, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— law'giv"er, 
n. One who makes or enacts a law or laws; a 
legislator. law'mak"ert.—law'giv"ing, a. & 
n. law'mak"ingt.—law'less. a. Unrestrained 
by law; unruly; rebellious; illegal; irregular; 
outlawed, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
lawn 1 , 1 len; 2 Ian, n. A piece of ground cov¬ 
ered with grass kept closely mown; a glade 
between woods. [ < F. lande, heath.] — 
Iawn':mow"er, n. A machine for clipping the 
grass of lawns.— l.stennis, n. See tennis. 
lawn 2 , n. Fine thin linen cambric. [Perhaps 
< F. Laon (town near Reims).] 

Law'rence, 1 le'rens; 2 la'renc, n. 1. Sir Ilenry 
(1806-1857), a British general in India; killed 
at Lucknow. 2. Janies (1781— 1813), an Ameri¬ 
can naval captain; killed in the “Chesapeake- 
Shannon ” fight. 3. John, 1st Lord (1811— 
1879), an English administrator; captured Delhi; 
governor«general of India, 
law 'suit", 1 le'siut"; 2 la'sut", n. An action in a 
court of law for the redress of wrongs. 


law'yer, 1 le'yar; 2 la'yer, n. One who is 
versed in law or who practises law. 

lax, 1 laks; 2 laks, a. Lacking tenseness or firm¬ 
ness; slack; flabby; yielding; loose; negligent. 
[< L. laxus, loose.]— lax'a-tiv(e 8 . I. a. Med. 
Gently purgative. II. n. A gently purgative 
medicine.— lax 'i-ty,ra. lax'nesst.—Iax'ly,adc. 

lay, 1 le; 2 la, v. [laid; lay'ing.] I. t. 1. To 
place, put, or set; deposit; cover. 2. To dis¬ 
pose methodically. 3. To impose, as a task. 
4. To spread over a surface. 5. To extrude 
and drop, as an egg. (». To attribute or as¬ 
cribe; impute. 7. To bring forward; present. 
8. To make ready, as a table for a meal. 9. 
To bet; stake. II. t. To extrude and drop 
eggs, as fowls. [ < AS. lecgan, < licgan, lie.] 

lay, 1 le; 2 IS, imp. of lie 1 , v. 

lay, a. Pertaining to the laity; non*profes- 
sional. [< Gr. LL+F laikos, < laos, people.] 

lay 1 , n. The manner in which something lies 
or is placed; a line of work; a layer; a bet.— 
lay'«fig"ure, n. A model to hang drapery upon, 
etc., for artists’ use. 

lay 2 , n. A song, ballad, or narrative poem. 
[< F. lai, song.] 

lay'er, 1 le'er; 2 la'er. I. vt. Hort. To propa¬ 
gate by bending a living 
shoot down under the 
ground so that it may 
strike root and become 
a separate plant. II. n. 

1. One who or that 
which lays. 2. A single 
horizontal thickness of Method of Layering. 



a course, stratum, or coat. 3. A shoot or 
twig laid in the ground to take root. See 
layer, v. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ftll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, n6t, or, wdn. 












347 


Laud 

leather 


lay'man, 1 le'man; 2 la'man, n. [lay'men, pi.] 
One of the laity. 

la'zar, 1 le'zar; 2 la'zar, n. One afflicted with a 
loathsome disease; a leper. [< Gr. Lazaros 
(.Luke xvi, 20).]—laz"a-ret'to, n. A pest=house 
or pest*ship for diseased persons. laz'a-ret"f. 
Laz'a-rus, 1 laz'a-rus; 2 laz'a-rus, n. Bid. (1) The 
brother of Martha and Mary; raised by Jesus 
from the dead. John xi. (2) A sick beggar in 
the parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus. Luke 
xvi, 20, etc. 

la'zy, 1 le'zi; 2 la'zy, a. [la'zi-er; la'zi-est.] 
Indisposed to exertion; indolent; slothful; 
slow. [< L. OF laxus, loose.]—la'zi-ly, adv .— 
la'zi-ness, n. 

lb., abbr. [lbs., pi.] [L.] Libra (pound).—L. C., 
abbr. Lord Chamberlain, Lord Chancellor, 
Lower Canada.—1. c., abbr. Left center, letter 
of credit, loco citato (L., in the place cited), lower 
case.—L. C. J., abbr. Lord Chief Justice.— 
1. c. m., abbr. Least common multiple.—L. D., 
abbr. Lady Day, Light Dragoons, Low Dutch.— 
Ldp., Lp., abbr. Ladyship, lordship, 
lea, 1 li; 2 le, n. A grassy field or plain. [ < AS. 

ledh, meadow.] 
lea., abbr. League, leave. 

leach, 1 lidh; 2 lech. I 1 . vt. & vi. To wash by 
draining, as wood=ashes; come away by 
draining. II. n. Wood*ashes, through which 
water passes, carrying away the soluble por¬ 
tions; also, the vessel in which ashes, etc., are 
leached. [ < AS. leccan, wet.] 
lead 1 , 1 lid; 2 led, v. [led; lead'ing.] 1. 1. To 
guide or indicate by going before; precede; con¬ 
duct; induce; control. II. i. 1. To act as a 
conductor. 2. To extend or reach, as a road, 
etc. [< AS. laedan, lead, < lidhan, go.]— 
lead'er, n. One who leads; a guide; chief; com¬ 
mander.— lead'er-ship, ».—lead'ing, a. & n. 
lead 2 , 1 led; 2 15d, v. I. t. [lead'ed; lead'¬ 
ing.] To cover, fasten, fit, etc., with lead; 
separate, as lines of type, with thin strips of 
lead. II. i. To clog or fill up with lead. 
lead 1 , 1 lid; 2 led, n. 1. Position in advance or 
at the head; priority. 2. The act of leading or 
conducting; guidance. 

lead 2 , ) 1 led; 2 led, n. 1. A soft, heavy, bluish® 
led 3 , ) gray metallic element; also, something 
made of this metal. 2. Graphite, black 
lead];. [ < AS. lead, lead.] 
lead'en, ) 1 led'n; 2 led'n, a. 1. Made of lead; 
led'en 3 , ) of the color of lead. 2. Heavy; dull; 

oppressive. [leaves. 

leaf 1 , 1 Ilf; 2 lef, vi. To put forth or produce 
leaf, n. [leaves, -pi.] A lateral appendage of 
the stem of a plant, commonly broad, flat, 
and thin, and of a green color; also, some¬ 
thing resembling this, as one of the folds form¬ 
ing a book, a hinged or sliding part of a table 
or door, or a thin sheet of metal. [ < AS. 
leaf.]— leaf'age, n. Leaves collectively; foliage. 
— leaf'less, a. Having no leafage.— leaf'let, 
n. A little leaf; also, a tract.— leaf'y, a. [leaf'- 
j-er; leafT-est.] Abounding in leaves.— 
leaf'i-ness, n. 

league,) 1 llg; 2 leg, vt. & vi. [leagued; 
leag 3 , ) leagu'ing.] To join in a league; com¬ 
bine. 

league 1 , n. An alliance, as of persons or states, 
for mutual support in a common cause: com¬ 
monly followed by with. [ < F. ligue, < L. 
ligo, bind.] 

league 2 , n. A measure of distance, varying 
from about 2.42 to 4.6 English statute miles. 


The marine league equals three geographic 
miles. [ < LL. OF lega, leuca, a Gallic mile.] 
lea'guer 1 , 1 ll'gar; 2 le'ger, n. 1§. A siege. 2\\. 
A military camp. 3j|. An old campaigner. 
[< D. leger, camp.] 

lea 'guer 2 , n. A member of a league. 

Le'ah, 1 ll'a; 2 le'a, n. The elder daughter of 
Laban; one of the wives of Jacob. Gen. xxix, 16. 

leak, 1 Ilk; 2 lek. I 1 , vt. & vi. To let a liquid, 
etc., enter or escape undesignedly; to pass in 
or out accidentally, as a liquid. II. n. 1. An 
opening that permits the unintentional en¬ 
trance or escape of a fluid, etc. 2. Leakage. 
[Cp. D. lek, G. leek, Ice. leki.] —leak'age, n. The 
act of leaking, the quantity that leaks, or an 
allowance for loss by leaking.—leak 'y, a. [leak'- 
i-er; leak'i-est.] Having a leak or leaks.— 
leak'i-ness, n. 

leal, 1 111; 2 lei, a. [Poet., Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 1. 
True*hearted; loyal; faithful. 2. True; actual.— 
land of the leal, land of the faithful; heaven.— 
lealGheart"ed, a. 

lean, 1 lin; 2 len, vt. & vi. [leaned or leant; 
lean'ing.] To bend or incline from an erect 
position; rest for support; depend; rely: with 
on or upon. [ < AS. hlinian.] 
lean, 1 lin; 2 len. I. a. Wanting flesh; not 
fat; lank; thin; slender. II. n. Flesh or 
muscle without fat; lean meat. [< AS. 
hlxne, lean.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Le-an'der, 1 11-an'dar; 2 le-an'der, n. Gr. Myth. 
The lover of Hero, who nightly swam the 
Hellespont to meet her, till drowned in the at¬ 
tempt, when she cast herself into the sea. 
leap, 1 lip; 2 lep. I. vt. & vi. [leaped or 
leapt; leap'ing.] To spring over or off the 
ground; jump; bound. II. n. The act of 
leaping; a bound; the space passed over in 
leaping. [ < AS. hlyp, < hledpan, leap.]— 
leap-frog", n. A boys’ game in which one puts 
his hands on the back of another and leaps over 
him.—l.syear, n. In the calendar, a year of 
366 days; every fourth year, in which February 
has 29 days.—leap'er, n. 

Lear, 1 Hr; 2 ler, n. Hero of Shakespeare’s King 
Lear, a tragedy of filial ingratitude, 
learn, ) 1 lurn; 2 lern, vt. & vi. [learned, 
lernP, C lernd p , or learnt; learn'ing.] To 
gain knowledge of or skill in; acquire knowl¬ 
edge or skill. [ < AS. leornian, learn.]— 
learn'ed, pa. Possessed of learning; erudite, 
-ly, adv.— learn'er, n.— learn'ing, n. Knowl¬ 
edge obtained by study or from instruction; 
scholarship. 

lease, 1 lls; 2 les. I. vt. [leased 1 , least 3 ; 
leas'ing.] 1. To grant the possession and 
profits of (lands or tenements) for a period; 
let. 2. To take possession of or hold under a 
lease. II. n. A contract for the letting of 
land, etc., for rent; also, such letting. [< F. 
laisser, leave, < L. laxo, loosen.]— lease'hold", 
n. A tenure held by a lease.— lease'hold"er, n. 
leash, 1 li^h; 2 lesh. I 1 , vt. To bind or hold by 
a leash. II. n. A line or thong for holding a 
hunting*dog, etc.; a brace and a half; three 
creatures of the same kind, as greyhounds; 
three in general. [ < L. F laxa, laxus, loose.] 
leas'ingH, 1 lis'ir); 2 les'ing, n. Lying, or a lie; 

falsehood. [ < AS. leasung, < leas, false.] 
least, 1 list; 2 lest. I .a.superl. Smallest in size, 
value, etc. II. adv. suptrl. In the lowest or 
smallest degree. [ < AS. laest, ult. < lees, less.] 
leath'er, \ 1 leth'er; 2 16th'er, n. The skin or 
leth'er 3 , ) hide of an animal, when tanned or 


1: d = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = cmt; oil; 10 = feud; cfhin; go; r) = sin< 7 ; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem: ink: thin, this. 










leave 

legation 


348 


dressed for use. [< AS. lether, leather.]— 
leath'ern, a. Made of leather.— leath'er-y, a. 
Resembling leather; tough. 
leave 1 , / 1 liv; 2 lev, v. [left; leav'ing.] 1. 1. 
leav p , S !• To withdraw or depart from; quit; 
abandon; refer. 2. To part from at death; be¬ 
queath. 3. To desist from. II. i. To go 
away; depart; discontinue. [< AS. Ixfan, 
leave.]— leav'er, n. 

leave 2 , vt. To grant leave to; permit: used 
with to. [ < AS. lefan, < leaf, license.] 
leave 3 , vi. [leaved; leav'ing.] To put forth 
leaves. 

leave, n. Permission or liberty to go or to be 
absent; a departure; parting. [< AS. leaf, 
license.] 

leav'en, ) 1 lev'n; 2 lev'n. I. vt. 1. To make 
lev'en 8 , ) light by fermentation. 2. To affect 
in character; imbue. II. n. Fermenting 
dough, or anything that causes fermentation; 
any influence that causes general change. [ < 
L Jlevo, raise.] 

leaves, 1 llvz; 2 levs, «. Plural of leaf. 
leav'ing, 1 liv'iri; 2 lev'ing, n. 1. The act of 
departure. 2 .pi. Things left; scraps; refuse; 
offal. 

Leb'a-non, 1 leb'a-nen; 2 leb'a-non, n. A moun¬ 
tain range in Syria; includes Mount Hermon 
(10,000 ft.). 

leeh'er-ous, 1 ledh'ar-us; 2 leeh'er-us, a. Sen¬ 
sual; lustful; licentious. [< OF. lecheor, < 
Old S. leccon, lick.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
lect., abbr. Lecture. 

lec'tor, 1 lek'tar; 2 lee'tor, n. A reader; specif., 
one who reads lessons in a church or lectures 
in a university. [L., reader, < lego, read.] 
lec'ture, 1 lek'dhur; 2 ISc'chpr. I. yt. & vi. 
[lec'tured; lec'tur-ing.] To deliver lec¬ 
tures to; reprimand; deliver a formal dis¬ 
course. II. n. A discourse read or pro¬ 
nounced, as for instruction; formal reproof. 
[F., < L. lego, read.]—lec'tur-er, n. 

led, imp. & pp. of lead 1 , v. 

Le'da, 1 li'da; 2 le'da, n. Gr.Myth. WifeofTyn- 
dareus; deceived by Zeus in the form of a swan, 
ledge, 1 lej; 2 ledg, n. A shelf, or a projecting 
part, as of rock, etc. [ < V of lie, v., recline.] 
ledg'er, n. The chief book of accounts among 
merchants, which shows the condition of each 
account. [ < V of lie, recline.] 

lee, 1 ll; 2 le. I. a. Naut. Pertaining to the 
side opposite to that from which the wind 
blows; as, a lee shore. II. n. The direction 
opposite that from which the wind comes; the 
side sheltered, or that gives shelter, from 
wind. [ < AS. hied, shelter.]—lee shore, the 
shore on the lee side of a ship.—lee tide, a tide 
running with the wind. 

Lee, n. 1. Henry, "Lighthorse Harry’’ (1756- 
1818), a cavalry officer in the American Revolu¬ 
tion. 2. Richard Henry (1732-1794), an Amer¬ 
ican patriot and orator; signed the Declaration 
of Independence. 3. Robert Edward (1807- 
1870), son of Henry; commander*in=chief of the 
Confederate armies, 1862-1865. 
leech 1 , 1 lidh; 2 lech, vt. To bleed with leeches; 
treat with medicine; heal. [ < AS. Ixcnan, < 
Ixce; see leech 1 , n.l 

leech 1 , to. A physician; doctor. [< AS. Ixce, 
perhaps < lac, medicine.] 

leech 2 , to. An aquatic worm used for drawing 
blood; bloodsucker. See illus. in next column. 
[ < AS. liece .] 

leech 3 , 1 ffdh; 2 lech, n. Naut. The edge of a 


square sail; after edge of a fore*and*aft sail. 

[ < Ice. Ilk .] 

Leeds, 1 lldz; 2 
leds, n. Bor¬ 
ough (pop. 

458,300), VV. 

Riding,York- 
shire, En¬ 
gland; exten¬ 
sive woolen 
III a n U f a C i Common leech. 2. Medicinal leech. 

tures. 

leek, 1 Ilk; 2 lek, n. A culinary herb allied to 
the onion. [ < AS. leac, leek.] 

leer, 1 Ur; 2 ler. I. vt. & vi. To look obliquely, 
slyly, or with a leer; allure. II. n. A sly 
oblique, malicious, or amorous glance. [ < 
AS. hleor, face.] 

lees, 1 Hz; 2 leg, n. pi. The settlings of liquor; 
sediment; dregs. [< F. lie, < LL. lia.] 

lee'ward, 1 li'ward or (Naut.) lu'ard; 2 le'ward 
or (Naut.) lu'ard. I. a. Pertaining to the 
direction in which the wind blows. II. n. The 
direction toward which the wind blows. III. 
adv. Toward the lee. 

Lee'ward Is'lands. 1. A group of W. Indian 

islands, including Porto Rico and the islands VV. 
of it. 2. A chain of islands W. of Trinidad. 3. 
A British federal island colony in the W. Indies, 
consisting of Dominica, St. Kitts, and others, 
lee'way", n. The drift of a vessel to leeward, 
left, 1 left; 2 left, imp. & pp. of leave, v. 
left, a. Pertaining to that side of the human 
body which is toward the north when facing 
sunrise: opposite to right. [ < AS. left, weak.] 
left, n. The left side or half of the body, 
left'shand", a. Situated on the left side.— 
left'sliaii(l"ed, a. 1. Having the left hand 
or arm stronger or more dexterous than the 
right. 2. Done with the left hand; turning or 
moving from right to left; adapted for use by 
the left hand, as a tool. 3. Hence, in gen¬ 
eral, clumsy; awkward. 

leg, 1 leg; 2 lSg, n. A limb of an animal used 
for supporting the body and for walking; 
something that encases or resembles such a 
limb; as, the 'leg of a stocking; the leg of a 
table; a support. [ < Ice. leggr, leg.] 

Leg., abbr. Legal, legate, legato (It., smoothly), 
legit (L., be reads), legunt (L., they read).—Leg., 
Legis., abbr. Legislative, Legislature. 

Ieg'a-cy, 1 leg'a-si; 2 lSg'a-cy, to. Something 
left by will; a bequest. [< L. legatum, < 
lego, bequeath.] 

le'gal, 1 U'gal; 2 le'gal, a. Pertaining to or ac¬ 
cording to law; lawful. [< F. legal, < L. 
legalis, < lex (.leg-), law.]—le-gal'i-ty, n. [-ties*, 
pi.] The condition of being legal; conformity to 
law.— le'gal-lze or -Ise, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] 
To give the authority of law to.—le'gal-ly, 
adv. According to law; lawfully, 
leg'ate, 1 leg'it; 2 leg'at, n. An ambassador; 
envoy. [ < L. legatus, < lego, send.]—leg'- 
ate-ship, n.— leg'a-tine, a. Of, pertaining to, 
or proceeding from a legate. 

Ieg"a-tce', 1 leg"a-ti'; 2 leg"a-te', n. The re¬ 
cipient of a legacy. 

le-ga'tion, 1 li-ge'iffian; 2 le-ga'shon, n. 1. 
The act of deputing or delegating. 2. A dip¬ 
lomatic mission, or the persons composing it; 
also, the official residence of the chief of a 
diplomatic mission. [< L. legatio(n~), < 
lego, send.] 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 









COMMON AMERICAN LEAVES. 

1. Horse*chestnut. 2. Black ash. 3. Sugar*mapie. 4. Honeydocust. 5. Shingle*oak. 6. Fragrant- 
crab. 7. Basswood. 8. Wild black cherry. 9. Shagbark hickory. 10. Box*elder. 11. Canoe^birch. 
12. Lombardy poplar. 13. American plum. 14. White elm. 15. Chestnut. 
























legator 

level 


350 


One who 


le-ga'tor, 1 h-ge'ter; 2 le-ga'tor, n. 

bequeaths a legacy; a testator, 
leg'end, 1 lej'end; 2 lSg'end, n. A narrative 
based chiefly on tradition; fable; myth; also, 
a motto or inscription, as under a picture. 
[< F. Ugende, < L. lego, read.]— leg 'end-a-ry, 
a Pertaining to or consisting of legends; fabulous. 
Le-gendre', 1 la- 3 dndr'; 2 le-zhandr', Adrian 
Marie (1752-1833). A French mathematician, 
leg'er, 1 lej'ar; 2 leg'er, a. Light and fine, as a 
line. [ < F. leger, < L. levis, light ] 
leg'er-de-main", 1 lej'ar-di-men ; 2 leg er-de- 
man", n. A deceptive performance that de¬ 
pends upon dexterity; sleight of hand. [ < F. 
leger, light, + de, of, + main, hand.] 
leg'ging, 1 leg'irj; 2 Rg'ing, n. A covering for 
the leg; long gaiter, leg'ginj. 

Leg'horn, 1 leg'hern; 2 16g'horn, n. A province 
(133 sq. m,; pop. 135,765) and its capital, a sea¬ 
port (pop. 108,600), W. Italy. Li-vor'noJ [It.], 
leg'i-ble, )1 lej'i-bl; 2 lSg'i-bl, a. That may 
leg'i-bl p , ) be read with ease, or discovered or 
discerned from evident indications. [< L. 
lego, read.]—leg"i-bil'i-ty, n. leg'i-bl(e-nessrt. 
—leg'i-bly, adv. 

le'gion, 1 li'jan; 2 le'gon, n. A body of Roman 
soldiers, of 4,500 to 0,000 men; a mihtary 
force; multitude. [OF., < L. legio(n~), < 
lego, gather.]—le'gion-a-ry. I. a. Pertaining 
to a legion. II. n. A soldier of a legion, 
leg'is-late, 1 lej'is-let; 2 lSg'is-lat, vt. & vi. 
[-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] [U. S.] To bring about 
by legislation; make or enact laws.—leg"is- 
la'tion, n. Enactment of laws.—leg'is-la - 
tiv (e 8 , a. Pertaining to legislation or to a legisla¬ 
ture; having power to legislate.—leg'is-la"tor, 
n. A lawgiver; member of a legislature. 
leg'is-la"ture,. 1 lej'is-le"chur; 2 leg is-la- 
chur, n. A body of men empowered to make 
laws for a state. [< L. lex (gen. legis), law, 
+ IX. latura, a bearing.] , 

le-git'i-mate, 1 li-jit'i-met; 2 le-gft'i-mat. I. 
vt. [-MAT*ED d ; -mat"ing.] To make legiti¬ 
mate. II. a. Having the sanction of law or 
custom; born in wedlock; genuine. [<. L. 
legitimus, lawful.] -ly,«d». -ness, n— le-git'I- 
ma-cy, n. The condition or quality of being 
legitimate.— le-gii"i-ma'tion, n. The act of 
making legitimate, 
leg'ume, 1 leg'yum; 2 lgg'yum, n 
seed*vessel or pod. [ < 

F. Ugume, < L. legumen, 

< lego, gather.]—le-gu'- 
mi-nous, a. Pertaining 
to the bean family; pro¬ 
ducing legumes, le-gu'- Legume of the Pea. 
mi-nosef. „ 

Leib'nitz, 1 laip'nits; 2 llp'nlts, Gottfried Wil¬ 
helm, Baron von (1646-1716). A German 
mathematician and philosopher.—Leib-nitz'- 
i-an, a. & «.—Leib-nitz'i-an-ism, n. 
Leicester, 1 lcs't9r;2 Ifes'ter, Earl of (1533-1588). 

Robert Dudley, favorite of Queen Elizabeth. 
Leigh'ton, 1 le'tan; 2 lc'ton, Frederick, Lord 
(1830-1896). A British painter; president of 
p avoI Apflflpmv 

Lein'ster, 1 len'star; 2 lgn'ster, n. A province in 
S. E. Ireland; 7,622 sq. m.; pop. 1,162,000. 
Leip'zlg, 1 laip'sik; 2 lip'sic, n. A historic uni¬ 
versity city (pop. 604,380), Saxony; the Allies 
defeated the French, Oct. 16-19, 1813. 
lei'sure, 1 li'jur or le 3 'ur; 2 le'zhur or lgzh'yr. 
I. a. Free from occupation; spare; unoccu¬ 
pied. II. n. Freedom from necessary occu¬ 
pation; spare time; opportunity. [< F. 


A 2«-valved 




loisir, < OF. letsir, be permitted, < L. licet, it 

is lawful.]— lei'sure-Iy. I. a. Done at leisure; 
deliberate; slow. II. adv. At leisure; deliber¬ 
ately.— lei'sure-li-ness, n. [Lake. 

Le'man, 1 ll'inan; 2 le'man, Lake. See Geneva, 
lent'tiling, 1 lem'ir); 2 16m'ing, n. Small Arctic 
rodent with a short tail and furry feet. [Nor.] 
Lem'nos, 1 lem'nes; 2 lem'nos, n. A Turkish 
island (180 sq. m.), N. E. Xgean sea. 
lent'on, n. An oval orange*like fruit, w’lth a 
bright*yellow thick skin and very acid pulp 
and juice; also, the tree that produces this 
fruit. [< Per. LL+F limun, lemon.]—lem"on- 
ade', n. A drink of lemon»juice, water, and sugar, 
le'niur, 1 ll'mur; 2 le'mur, n. A small noc¬ 
turnal mammal related to 
the monkeys. [ < L. lemures, 
ghosts.]— lem '- 
u-rine,a. lem'- 
u-roidf. 

lend, 1 lend; 2 
lgnd. [lent; 
lend'ing.] I. 
vt. 1. To grant 
the temporary 
use of, usual¬ 
ly without 
compensa¬ 
tion, or, finan¬ 
cially, at a 
stipulated rate 
of interest. 2. Lemur. /i# 

Figuratively, to furnish, afford, or provide, 
as assistance, etc.; put at another’s service. 
II. vi. To make a loan. [<AS. laenan, < Isen, 
loan.]—lend'er, a. 

length, 1 lerjth; 2 length, n. 1. Extension from 
end to end; the greatest dimension of a body; 
reach; extent. 2. Gram. & Pros. Quantity; 
the quality of a vowel as being long or short, 
accented or unaccented. [ < AS. length, < 
lang, long.] — length'wise, adv. In a longitu¬ 
dinal direction.— length'y, a. [length'i-er; 
length'i-est.] Having length; unduly long.— 
length 'i-ly, adv .—length 'i-ness, n. 
length'en, 1 legfh'n; 2 length'n, vt. & vi. To 
make or grow longer; draw out, as in pro¬ 
nunciation; extend the duration of; protract, 
le'ni-ent, 1 li'm-ent or lin'yent; 2 le'ni-Snt or 
len'y&nt, a. Not severe; inclined to clem¬ 
ency; merciful; mild. [< L. lento, soothe, < 
lenis, soft.] — le'ni-en-cy, n. Mildness, le'- 
ui-eneef.—le'ni-ent-ly, a. 

—len'i-tlv(e 8 , a. Having 
the power of soothing.—len'- 
i-ty, n. The state or quality 
of being lenient; forbearance. 

Le'nln, 1 lye'nin; 2 lyfi'nln. 

Nikolai Vladimir UlyanotT 
(1870- ). Russian revo- Cross«sectlons of 

lutionist; leader of the Bol- Common Forms 
sheviki, 1918- . of Lenses. 

lOIlS, 1 lenz, 2 1 ens, n. A Various types of lenses: 
piece of some transparent ”, convexo-concave m«- 
substance, bounded by two ,K i >lano *c°“ Te *; c > 
spherical ^surtaces, or by enneave; e, plano-concave; 
one spherical and one plane /, concavo-convex menis- 
surface, by which rays of ous ' 
light may be made to converge or to diverge. 
[< L. lens, lentil.] 

Lens, 1 Ians; 2 Ians, n. A town of N. E. France; 
seized by Germans, 1914; recovered by Cana¬ 
dians. 1618. 

lent, 1 lenx; 2 16nt, imp. & pp. of lend. 

Lent, n. An annual fast of forty days, imme- 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, last, whg,t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not* or, w6n, 












351 


legator 

level 


diately preceding Easter, observed by various 
churches. [< lenten.] —lent'en, a. [1- or 
L-] Pertaining to Lent; plain; spare; meager. 
[ < AS. lencten, < lang, long.] 
len-tic'u-lar, 1 len-tilc'yu-ler; 2 ISn-tic'yu-lar, 
a. Resembling a double=convex lens; shaped 
like a lentil. [ < L. lenticula, < lens, lentil.] 
len'ti-formt. 

len'til, 1 len'td; 2 len'til, n. A leguminous 
plant with pods containing edible seeds; the 
seed itself. [ < F. lentille, < L. lenticula, < 
lens, lentil.] 

Le'o 1 ,1 li'o; 2 le'o, n. The fifth sign of the zodiac; 
also, a constellation in the sign Virgo. See con¬ 
stellation. 

Le'o 2 , n. 1. One of 13 popes; especially (1) L. I., 
Saint, the Great (390?-461). (2) L. X., Gio¬ 

vanni de’ Medici (1475-1521); patron of the 
Renaissance. (3) L. XIII., Gioacchino Pecci 
(1810-1903); opponent of socialism and com¬ 
munism. 2. One of 6 emperors of the East; 
especially L. III., Flavius, the Isaurian (675?- 
741); defeated Saracens at Constantinople (719). 
Le'on, 1 li'en; 2 le'on (Sp. 1 le-on'; 2 le-on'), n. 1. 
A town (pop. 57,700) in Guanajuato state, Mex¬ 
ico. 2. A former kingdom of N. W. Spain. 3. 
A province (5,936 sq. m.; pop. 391,000) in N. W. 
Spain, part of the former kingdom; also, its 
capital (pop. 17,000). 

Le-on'i-das, 1 h-en'i-das; 2 le-on'i-das, n. Either 
of two kings of Sparta, especially L. I. ( —480 
B. C.), killed at Thermopylae. 

Ie'o-nin(e 8 , 1 ll'o-nin; 2 le'o-nm, a. Pertaining 
to or like a lion; fierce; powerful; majestic. 

[ < F. leonin, < L. leoninus, < leo, lion.] 
leop'ard, \ 1 lep'ord; 2 lep'ard, n. 1. A fero- 
Iep'ard p , ) cious carnivorous, catdike mammal, 
of Asia and Africa, of a paledawn color, spot¬ 
ted with dark brown or black. 2. Some similar 
animal, as the American jaguar. [< Gr. L+OF 
leon, lion, + pardos, pard.] 

Le-pan'to, 1 li-pan'to; 2 le-pan'to, n. 1. A seaport 
in Greece, at mouth of Gulf of Corinth; near here 
the Italian and Spanish fleets broke the power of 
the Turks in the Mediterranean, Oct. 7, 1571. 
2. L., Gulf of, same as Corinth, Gulf of. 
lep'er, 1 lep'er; 2 lep'er, n. One afflicted with 
leprosy. [< Gr. lepra, < lepo, peel.]— lep'- 
ro-sy, n. A chronic skimdisease with ulcerous 
spots and scaling off of dead tissue.— lep'rous, 
a. Pathol. Affected with leprosy; unclean. 
Lep"i-dop'ter-a, 1 lep"i-dop'ter-e; 2 lep"i- 
dop'ter-a, n. pi. Entom. An order of insects 
having four wings covered with minute scales 
and always undergoing a complete meta¬ 
morphosis through egg, caterpillar, pupa, and 
imago stages; butterflies and moths. [< Gr. 
,lepis (Jepid-), a scale, + pteron, wing.] — lep"- 
i-dop'ter,- -an, n.— lep"i-dop'ter-ous, a. 
Lep'i-dus, 1 lep'i-dus; 2 lep'i-dus, M. Emilius 
( -A. D. 13). A Roman triumvir with Antony 

and Octavius (Augustus). 

Le-sage', 1 le-sas'; 2 le-sazh', Alain Rene (1668— 
1747). A French novelist and dramatist; Gil Bias. 
Les'bos, 1 lez'bes; 2 leg'bos, n. Mitylene, the 
birthplace of Sappho: ancient name, 
le'sion, 1 ll^en; 2 le'zhon, n. A hurt; loss; in¬ 
jury. [ < L. F Isesioiri-), < Isedo, hurt.] 

Les Mi"se"ra'bles, 1 le mi"ze"ra'bl; 2 le mi"se"’- 
ra'bl. A novel of Parisian life, by Victor Hugo 
(1862). 

less, 1 les; 2 les. I. a. [least, superl.] Smaller, 
as in capacity; not so large or much; inferior. 
II. adv. In inferior or smaller degree; not 
so much. [ < AS. Ises, Isessa, less.] 

-less, suffix. A termination expressing deprivation 


or destitution, often equivalent to “without”; 
as, harmless. [ < AS. -leas, < leas, loose.] 
Iess-ee', 1 les-I'; 2 16s-e', n. One to whom a 
lease is granted; one holding property by 
lease. [ < OF. lesse, pp. of lesser, let.] 
less'en, 1 les'n; 2 les'n, vt. & vi. To make less; 

diminish; lower; shrink.—less'en-er, n. 
Les"seps', 1 le"seps'; 2 le"seps', Ferdinand de. 
Count (1805—1894). A French engineer; built 
the Suez canal, and projected the Panama canal, 
1869. [ferior. 

less'er||, 1 les'ar; 2 ISs'er, a. Less; smaller; in- 
Les'sing, 1 les'iq; 2 les'ing, Gotthold Ephraim 
(1729—1781). A German poet and critic, 
les'son, 1 les'n; 2 les'n, n. An exercise or task 
to be learned by a pupil; instruction; lecture; 
reproof; portion of Scripture. [ < F. leqon, < 
L. lectiotn-), a reading, < lego, read.] 
les'sor, 1 les'er; 2 les'or, n. One who grants a 
lease. [OF., < lesser; see lessee.] 
lest, conj. In order that. . . not; for fear that. 

[ < AS. thy Ises the, the less that.] 

Iet4,1 let; 2 let, vt. & vi. [let; let'ting.] 1. To 
• suffer; permit; give leave to. 2. To hire; rent; 

be leased or hired. [ < AS. Isetan, let.] 
let 2 j|, vt. [let or LET'TED d ; let'ting.] To 
hinder or impede in doing; obstruct; oppose; 
retard. [ < AS. lettan, < last, slow.] 
let, n. That which hinders; an obstacle. 

-let, suffix. A termination forming diminutives 
from French and English nouns; as, gim let, tab- 
lel. [< OF. let, -lette, < dim. -el (< ~L.-ellus) 4- -et.] 
le'thal, 1 li'thel; 2 le'thal, a. Causing death; 
deadly; fatal. [< L. lethalis, < lethum, prop. 
letum, death.] 

leth 'ar-gy, 1 leth'er-ji; 2 leth'ar-gy, «. [-gies z , 
pi.] A state of prolonged sleep; stupor or 
dulness; apathy. [< Gr. lethargia, drowsi¬ 
ness.]—le-thar'gic, a. Pertaining to lethargy; 
drowsy; stupefying, le-thar'gi-calt. 

Le'the, 1 ll'fhi; 2 le'the, n. Gr. Myth. The stream 
of Oblivion in the lower world, a drink of whose 
water brought forgetfulness.—Le-the'an, a. 
let'ter, 1 let'er; 2 let'er. I. vt. To inscribe 
letters upon. II. n. 1. A mark or character 
used to represent a sound in speech, writing, 
or printing; a written or printed communica¬ 
tion; a character of the alphabet; epistle; 
certificate. 2. pi. Literary culture; learning. 
[< L. F littera.] —let'tered, a. 1. Versed in let¬ 
ters; learned; literary. 2. Inscribed or marked 
with letters.—Iet'ter-ing, n. Letters collectively. 
Iet'ter-gram", n. A lengthy telegraphic message 
dispatched at a reduced rate, 
let'tuce, 1 let'is; 2 let'ic, n. A kitchen herb 
used as a salad. [ < L. OF lactuca, < lac, milk.] 
Lev., Levit., abbr. Leviticus. 

Le-vant', 1 li-vant'; 2 le-vant', n. The eastern 
Mediterranean and the coasts of Syria, Asia 
Minor, and Egypt. [F.]—le-vant'in (e 9 , a. 
lev-ee' 1 , 1 lev-I' or lev'!; 2 lev-e' or lev'e, n. 
[U. S.] An embankment beside a stream, to 
prevent overflow; wharf. [ < F. levee; see 
levy, n.] 

lev-ee' 2 , n. A morning reception; also, a gen¬ 
eral reception at any hour. [< F. lever, a 
rising, < lever, < L. levo, raise.] 
lev 'el, 1 lev'al; 2 lev'el. I. vt.&vi. [lev'eled 
or lev'elled, lev'eld 8 ; lev'el-ing or lev'- 
el-ling.] 1. To make level. 2. To aim or 
take aim at an object; point. II. a. Having 
a flat, even surface; horizontal. III. n. 1. A 
horizontal line, surface, plane, or position. 2. 
A device or instrument for ascertaining a 


1:a = final; l = habit; aisle; ail = out; ©II; 10 = feud; <jhin; go; O = sin 0 ; fhin, this. 
2; wQlf; dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611, bdy; go, gem; iuk; thin, this. 









lever 

lighthouse 


352 


A mechanical de- 



Levers. 

Three classes of levers, 
showing difierent positions 
of/, fulcrum; p , power; and 
u> y weight or resistance. 1. 
BelUcrank. 2. Pump-han¬ 
dle. 3. Tilt-hammer. 


horizontal line or plane. IV. adv. In a level 
line; steadily. [< L. OF libella, dim. of libra, 
balance.] -ness, re.—lev'el-er, lev'el-ler, n.— 
lev'el-ing, lev'el-ling, re. 
lev'er, 1 lev'ar; 2 lev'er, re 
vice, consisting often of 
a straight bar, turning 
freely on a fixed point or 
fulcrum, and serving to 
impart pressure or motion 
from a source of power to 
a resistance. [ < L. F 
levator, lifter.]— lev'er-age, 
n. The mechanical ad¬ 
vantage gained by use of a 
lever. 

lev'er-et, 1 lev'ar-et; 2 
16v'er-§t, re. A young or 
half'grown hare. [<OF. 
levret, < L. lepus, hare.] 

Le'vl, 1 ll'vai; 2 le'vl, re. The third son of Jacob, or 
the tribe descended from him, which included 
the priests, and of which all the members were 
priestly attendants.— Le'vlte, n. — Le-vit'i-crvl, 
a. Script. Pertaining to the Levites or to the 
book of Leviticus. 

le-vi'a-than, 1 li-vai'a-£han; 2 le-vi'a-than, re. 
A large aquatic but unidentified animal men¬ 
tioned in the Scriptures, f < Heb. livyathan.] 
Le-vit'i-cus, 1 h-vit'i-kus; 2 le-vit'i-cds, n. Bib. 
The third book of the Old Testament, containing 
ceremonial laws. 

lev'i-ty, 1 lev'i-ti; 2 lSv'i-ty, n. Lightness of 
humor or temperament; frivolity; flippancy. 
[< L . levitaU-)s, < Levis, light.] 
lev'y, 1 lev'i; 2 16v'y, vt. [lev'ied; lev'y-ing.] 
To exact by compulsion; collect by legal 
authority; make a levy. [ < F. lever, raise.] 
lev'y, n. [lev'ies 2 , pi.] 1. The act of levying 
or collecting compulsorily. 2. That which 
is levied, as money or troops. [ < F. levee, < 


LL. levala, tax, < L. levo, raise.] 
lewd, i liud; 2 lud, a. Lustful; carnal; licen¬ 
tious. [ < AS. Isewed, lay.] -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
Lew'es. 1 liQ'es; 2 lQ'fes, re. A borough, S. E. En¬ 
gland. De Montfort defeated Henry III., 1264. 
Lew'is, 1 liu'is: 2 lu'is, Meriwether (1774-1809). 
An American explorer; with William Clark as¬ 
cended the Missouri and, crossing to the Colum¬ 
bia river, reached the Pacific, demonstrating the 
resources of the Northwest (1803-1806). 

Lex., abbr. Lexicon.— Sexicog., abbr. Lexicogra¬ 
pher, lexicography. 

Iex"i-COgTa-pliy, 1 leksT-keg'ra-fi; 2 16ks"i- 
eog'ra-fy, re. The art or process ot compil¬ 
ing dictionaries. [ < lexicon -f- -graph.] — 

lex"i-cog'ra-pher, n. — Iex"i-co-graph'ic or 


-i-cal, a. 


lex'i-con, 1 leks'i-ken; 2 ISks'i-eon, n. A dic¬ 
tionary, as of Latin, Greek, or Hebrew. [ < 
Gr. lexikon, neut. of lexikos, of words.] 
Lex'ing-ton, 1 ieks'ip-tan; 2 lfeks'ing-ton, re. 1. A 
town in Middlesex county, Mass.; scene of first 
armed resistance to the British in the American 
Revolution, April 19, 1775. 2. A town, county 

seat of Lafayette county. Mo., surrendered to 
Confederates, Aug, 20, 1861. 

Ley'den, 1 lai'den; 2 li'd^n, re. A manufacturing 
and university city (pop. 61,400) of southern 
Holland; repelled Spaniards in memorable siege, 
1573-1574. Lei'dent. 

L. G., abbr. Life Guards, Low German.— 1. h., 
abbr. Left hand.—L. I., abbr. Light Infantry, 
Long Island.— Li., abbr. Lithium. 
li'a-bl(e p , 1 lai'a-bl; 2 ll'a-bl, a. Justly or legally 


responsible; answerable; exposed. [ < F. Her, 

< L. ligo, bind.]—ll"a-biri-ty, re. The state of 
being liable or responsible, or of being exposed to 
danger, accident, or injury. 

Li-ao"tung', 1 ll-au"turi'; 2 li-ou'tung', n. A pe¬ 
ninsula between the gulfs of Liaotung and Chosen 
(Korea); leased by Japan from China, 
li'ar, 1 lai'ar; 2 li'ar, re. One who utters false¬ 
hood, or is given to lying. [Liber (book). 
Lib., abbr. Librarian, library.—lib., abbr. [L.] 
li-ba'tion, 1 lai-be'slian; 2 li-ba'shon, re. Liq¬ 
uid poured out, as in honor of a deity; also, 
the act of so pouring liquid. [F., < L. liba- 
tio(n-), < libo, pour.] 

li'bel, 1 lai'bel; 2 li'bSl. I. vt. [li'beled or 
li'belled, li'beld 8 ; li'bel-inc. or label¬ 
ling.] To publish a libel concerning; defame; 
bring suit against (a ship or cargo). II. re. 
1. Anything tending to asperse or defame char¬ 
acter or reputation; slander. 2. A plaintiff’s 
w'ritten statement, as in a court of admiralty. 
[OF., < libellus, dim. otliber, book.]—11 'bel-ous,a. 
Iib'er-al, 1 lib'ar-al; 2 lib'er-al. I. a. Posses¬ 
sing a free and generous heart; bountiful; not 
bigoted; broad. II. re. A member of a party 
which advocates liberty of thought, speech, or 
action. [OF., < L. liberalis, < liber, free.] 
-ly, adv. —lib'er-al-Ism, re.—llb"er-al'i-ty, re. 
[-ties 2 , pl.) The quality of being liberal or gener¬ 
ous; a gift; donation.—lib'er-al-ize, -ise,rf. 
lib'er-ate, 1 lib'ar-et; 2 lib'er-at, vt. [-at"ed < *; 
-at"ing.] To set free; release from bondage. 
[ < L. liberatus, pp. of libero, < liber, free.l—lib"- 
er-a'tion, re. The act of liberating.—lib'er-a"- 
tor, re. 

Li-be'rl-a, 1 lai-bl'n-a; 2 li-bg'ri-a, re. A negro re¬ 
public (40,000 sq. m.; pop. 2,100,000) in W. 
Africa.—Ll-be'rl-an, a. & re. 
lib'er-tin(e 8 ,1 lib'ar-tin; 2 lib'er-tin. I. a. 1. 
Dissolute; licentious. 2||. Unrestrained. II. 
re. One who does not restrain his desires or 
appetites; a seducer. [ < L. libertinus, freed- 
man, < liber, free.]—lib'er-tln-lsin, re. Un- 
. restrained indulgence in licentious practises. 
Iib'er-ty, 1 lib'ar-ti; 2 lib'er-ty, re. [-ties 2 , pl.] 
1. The state of being free from the control of 
others; freedom; in a bad sense, undue free¬ 
dom; license. 2. Franchise; privilege. [ < F. 
liberte, < L. liberta(t-)s, < liber, free.]—Liberty 
bond [U. S.], an interest«bearing bond of 
several series authorized by Congress, 1917-18. 
li-bid'i-nnus, 1 h-bid'i-nus; 2 li-bfd'i-nus, a. 

Lustful; lew'd. [ < L. libidinosus, full of lust.] 
liTbra-ry, 1 lai'bre-ri; 2 li'bra-ry, re. [-ries 2 , 
pl.] A collection of books, pamphlets, etc., 
for reading or consultation; also, the place 
containing such a collection. [ < L. libraria, 

< librarius, belonging to books.]—li-bra'ri-an, 
re. One who has charge of a library. 

li'brate, 1 lai'bret; 2 li'brat, vt. & vi. [li'brat- 
ed; li'brat-ing.] To poise; balance; vibrate, 
as a balance. [< L. libro (pp. libratus), < 
libra, balance.]—li-bra'tion, re. 1. Balance; 
equipoise. 2. Oscillation. 

li-brct'to, 1 li-bret'to; 2 li-br5t'to, re. A book con¬ 
taining the words of an opera, or the words them¬ 
selves. [It., little book, < L. liber, book.]—II- 
bret'tlst, re. A writer of librettos. 

Lib'y-a, 1 lib'i-s; 2 Ub'y-a, re. The ancient Greek 
name for N. Africa; also a region of N. Africa, 
annexed by Italy, 1912.—Lib'y-an, a. & re.— 
Libyan Resort, a part of the Sahara desert E. of 
Fezzan and Tibesti. 
lice, 1 lais; 2 lie, re. Plural of louse. 
li 'cense, 1 lai'sans; 2 ll'^gns. I. vt. [li'- 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, Sr; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, nSt, or, wdn t 










353 


censed 1 ; li'cens-ing.] To grant a right or 
privilege to do; authorize; permit. II. n. 
Authority or liberty granted to do or omit an 
act; unrestrained liberty of action. [< L. 
licentia, < licet, it is allowed.] ll'cencef.—li'- 
cen-see, n. One to whom a license Is granted. — 
li'cens-er, ».— li-cen'tious, a. Exceeding the 
limits of propriety; wanton; lewd; loose; disso- 
lute, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

li-cen'ti-ate, 1 lai-sen'^lii-et; 2 ll-c&n'shi-at, n. 

A person licensed to exercise a profession, 
li'chen, 1 lai'ken; 2 ll'cen, n. Bot. A flowerless 
plant composed chiefly of loose cellular tissues, 
and commonly growing flat upon a surface, as 
of a rock. [L., < Gr. leichen, < leicho, lick.] 
—Ii'chen-ous, a. li 'chen-osej. 
lich'sgate", 1 li<5h'=get"; 2 llch'=gat", n. A 
churchyard gate covered 

lick, 1 lik; 2 lik. I*, vt. & vi. 

To pass the tongue over 

the surface of; lap, or make 

a lapping movement, as a 

flame. II. n. 1. A 9tro ^ e ~' r ^^gmnm3^^-~ 

of the tongue in licking or jDpKgjMi 

the like; lap. 2. fU. S.] A 

deposit of salt frequented 

by animals that lick it. [ < Lich=gate. 

AS. liccian, lick.] 

lic'o-rice, \ 1 lik'o-ris; 2 lie'o-rie, n. An annual 
lie 'o-ris s , S herb or its root, used in medicine 
and confection; also, the inspissated juice of 
the root. [ < Gr. OF glykys, sweet, -f rhiza, 

root] liq'uo-ricet. 

lid, 1 lid; 2 lid, n. A movable cover, closing an 
aperture, as of a receptacle; eyelid. [< AS. 
hlid.] —lid'ded, a. Having a lid; covered; as, 
heavy “lidded eyes. 

lie 1 , 1 leu; 2 li, vi. [lay; lain; ly'ing.] To rest 
or remain in a prone position; lay oneself 
down at full length; sleep; lodge; abide. [< 
AS. liegan, lie.] 

lie’. I. vi. [lied; ly'ing.] To utter falsehood 
with intention to deceive; give a deceitful im¬ 
pression. II. n. An untruth; falsehood; 
something that creates a false impression. 
[ < AS. leogan, lige, lie.] 

Lle'big, 1 11'biH; 2 le'biH, Justus, Baron von 
(1803-1873). A German chemist; founded agri¬ 
cultural chemistry. [ leof, dear.] 

lief, 1 Ilf; 2 lef, adv. Willingly; freely. [ < AS. 
liege, 1 llj; 2 leg. I. a. Bound by feudal ten¬ 
ure; sovereign. II. n. A vassal; a citizen; 
also, a liege lord. [OF., < MHG. ledic, free.] 
— llege'inan, n. A vassal. 

LF'ege', 1 ires': 2 li"ezh', n. A province (1,117 
sq. m.; pop. 888,000) in Belgium; also, its cap¬ 
ital (pop. 167,000); entered by Germans, 1914; 
evacuated, 1918. 

li'en, 1 ll'en or lin; 2 le'en or len, n. A legal 
claim on property, as security for a debt or 
charge. [F., band.] 

lieu, 1 liu; 2 lu, n. Place; stead: in the phrase 
in lieu of. [F.] 

Lieut., Lt., abbr. Lieutenant, 
lieu-ten'ant, 1 liu-[or Ief-]ten'ant; 2 lu-[or ISf-]- 
tSn'ant, n. 1. An officer who fills the place of 
a superior in his absence or acts for him under 
his direction; deputy. 2. A commissioned 
army officer next below a captain, or commis¬ 
sioned naval officer next below a commander: 
in compounds an officer of the grade next be¬ 
low that indicated by the second element, 


lever 

lighthouse 


as lieutenant* colonel. [F., < LL. locumten- 
en(t-)s, < L. locus, place, + teneo, hold.)— lieu- 
ten'an-cy, n. lieu-ten'ant-shipf. 
lieve, 1 llv; 2 lev, adv. Same as lief. 
life, 1 laif; 2 lif, n. [lives, pi.] 1. The state of 
being alive; vital principle; vitality. 2. Ani¬ 
mate existence. 3. Human affairs. 4. The 
means of sustaining life; the period of energy. 
[< AS. Ilf, life.]— life'sboat", n. A boat having 
air»chambers or the like, by which it is rendered 
specially buoyant, and sometimes self=righting. 
— l.sbuoy, n. A device, usually in the shape of 
a buoyant ring, for keeping a person in the water 
afloat. l.=preserverj. —1. insurance, n. In¬ 
surance on the life of oneself or of another upon 
payment of a yearly sum.— life'less, a. Desti¬ 
tute of life; dead; listless; dull; insensible.— life'- 
like", a. Resembling that which is living.— 
life'long", a. Lasting or continuing through 
life.— life'time", n. The whole period of a life. 
Iift d , 1 lift; 2 lift, v. 1. 1. 1. To raise or move to 
a higher point; elevate. 2. To raise to a 
higher state; exalt. 3. [Colloq.] To steal, as 
cattle. II. i. To rise, or appear to rise, as 
mist. [< Ice. lypta, < lopt, air.]— lift'er, n. 
lift, n. 1. The act of lifting or raising; that 
which is raised or hoisted. 2. That which 
lifts or assists in lifting or raising; an elevator; 
a hook for raising a window*sash, etc. 
lig'a-ment, 1 lig'a-ment or mant; 2 lig'a-ment, 
n. A band which connects related structures 
(as bones, etc.); a bond of union. [F., < L. 
ligamentum, < ligo. bind.]— lig"a-men'tous, a. 
lig'a-ture, 1 lig'a-chur; 2 lig'a-chur, n. Any¬ 
thing that serves for binding, tying, or con¬ 
necting. [F., < L. ligo, bind.] 
light 1 , 1 lait; 2 lit, vt. & vi. [light'ed 11 or lit; 
light'ing.] To set fire to or take fire; in¬ 
flame; kindle; furnish with a light; illuminate. 
[ < AS. lyhtan, < ledht, light.] 
light 2 , vi. [LIGHT'ED d or lit; light'ing.] 1. To 
descend and settle down, as a bird, after 
flight. 2. To happen or stumble, as by 
chance; alight: used with on or upon in both 
senses. [ < AS. lyhtan, < ledht, light.] 
light 1 , a. 1. Full of light; bright. 2. Of a faint 
or pale shade of color. [ < AS. liht.) 
light 2 , a. 1. Having little weight; easy to carry, 
handle, move, digest, etc. 2. Not important. 
3. Free from burden or encumbrance; cheer¬ 
ful. 4. Short in weight. 5. Characterized by 
levity or by looseness. 6. Easy or graceful. 
[< AS. ledht, light.]— light'=foot"ed,a. Nimble 
in running or dancing.— l.sheaded, a. 1. Silly; 
frivolous. 2.Dizzy;flighty.— l.=hearted,a. Free 
from care; gay.— l.sminded, a. Unsteady; foolish, 
light, n. 1. That which renders objects visible, 
or produces the sense of seeing; any source of 
light, as a candle, window, etc.; aspect; per¬ 
ception. 2. An aid to the solution of a puzzle 
or the like. [< AS. ledht, light.]— shining 
1., a genius; prodigy. [ledht, light.] 

light, adv. Lightly; cheaply. [< AS. leohte, < 
light'en 1 , 1 lait'n; 2 llt'n, vt.. To make light or 
lighter; illuminate; enlighten; emit or radiate, 
light'en 2 , vt. & vi. To relieve of weight or dis¬ 
tress; gladden; become less weighty, 
light 'er 1 , 1 lait'er; 2 lit'er, n. A bargedike ves¬ 
sel used in loading ships.— light 'er-man, n. 
light 'er 2 , n. One who or that which lights or 
illuminates. 

light'house", 1 lait'haus"; 2 lit'hous", n. A 
tower bearing lamps, erected to guide seamen 
by night. See illus. on next page. 


1:a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; in = feud; cfhin; go; r) = 8 mf 7 ; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; il}k; thin, this. 








lightly 

lip 


354 


light'ly, adv. With little weight, pressure, or 
effect; easily; with 
levity. 

light 'ness, 1 lait'nes; 

2 llt'nfis, n. The 
quality of being light, 
in any sense, 
light'ning, 1 lait'mr); 

2 lit'ning, n. Light 1. Lighthouse. 2. Flash* 
caused by the dis- light Lantern, showing 
charge of electricity, arrangement of Prisms, 
as from a cloud.— an( ^ Revolving*gear. 

light'ningshug", n. [U. S.] A fire*fly.— 
l.srod, n. A metallic conductor used to pro¬ 
tect buildings from lightning, 
light'sship", 1 lait'*^liip"; 2 llt'*shlp", n. A 
vessel having warning lights, signals, etc., 
moored as a guide to seamen in places where 
a lighthouse would be impracticable, 
light 'some, 1 lait'sam; 2 llt/som, o. Of a light 
or cheerful character; playful; airy, -ly, adv. 



■ness 7i. 

lig'ne-ous, 1 lig'm-us; 2 lig'ne-us, a. Com¬ 
posed of or like wood. [ < L. ligneus, < lig¬ 
num. wood.] 

lig'nite, 1 lig'nait; 2 llg'nit, n. A compact car¬ 
bonized vegetable substance used as coal.^ 

lig'num*vi"tae, 1 lig'num*vai"tl; 2 llg'num* 
vi"te, n. A small tropical American tree, 
with hard, heavy wood. [ < L. lignum, wood, 
-(- vita, life.] 

Li"gny', 1 ITnyl'; 2 li'nyi', n. A village, Namur 
province, Belgium; Napoleon defeated Bliicher, 


A strap*shaped 


June 16, 1815. 

Iig'ule, 1 lig'yul; 2 lig'yul, n. Bot. 
organ or part. 

Li Hung Chang, 1 II hup tfhap; 2 li 
hung chang (1822-1901). A Chi¬ 
nese statesman and diplomat. 

like, 1 laik; 2 Ilk, vt. [liked* ; lik'- 
ing.1 To incline favorably to¬ 
ward; be pleased with; please; 
choose. [< AS. lican, perhaps 
< lie, form.] 

like, a. Having resemblance; simi¬ 
lar; equal, or nearly equal; virtu¬ 
ally equivalent. [ < AS. gelic, < 
ge-, together, -f lie, body.] 

like, adv. In the manner of; simi¬ 
larly to. 

like, n. A like person or thing; counterpart; 
liking; inclination. 

like'11-hood, 1 laik'h-hud; 2 llk'li-hdod, n. The 
character of being likely; a probability, like'- 
li-nessL 

like'ly, 1 laik'li; 2 llk'ly. I. a. [like'li-er; 
like'li-est.] Apparently true or real; plaus¬ 
ible; probable; promising. II. adv. Probably. 

lik'en, 1 laik'n; 2 lik'n, vt. To represent as 



Ligule (l) of 
a grass. 


similar. 

like'ness, 1 laik'nes; 2 lik'ngs, n. Resem¬ 
blance; portrait; guise. 

like'wise", 1 laik'waiz"; 2 llk'wlg", adv. & conj. 


In like manner; moreover, 
lik'ing, 1 laik'ir); 2 llk'ing, n. Inclination; 

kindly feeling; preference, 
li 'lac, 1 lai'lak; 2 ll'lae. An ornamental flowering 
shrub having fragrant purplish flowers. [Sp.] 
Lll'lth, 1 lil'ith; 2 lll'lth, n. In the Talmud, 
legendary wife of Adam before Eve. 

Lil'li-put, 1 Ul'i-put; 2 lll'l-put, n. In Swift’s 
Gulliver’s Travels, a country inhabited by a race 
of pigmies.— Lil'll-pu'tian, a. & n. 


lilt, 1 lilt: 2 lilt. n. 1. A brisk, merry song; flowing 
melody. 2. Any rhythmic or buoyant movement, 
lil'y, llil'i; 2 lil'y, n. [lil'ies.p/.] An ornamental 
plant having a bulbous root 
and erect stem, with large, 
showy, erect or nodding 
flowers. [<Gr. L+A8 
leirion, lily.] — lil"i-a 'ceous, 
a. Of or pertaining to the 
lily. 

Li'ina, 1 li'ma; 2 li'ma, n. A 
department and province 
(13,310 sq. m.; pop. 298,000) in Peru; 
also, a city, the capital (pop. 175,000) 
of Peru. 

limb 1 , ) 1 lim; 2 lim, n. One of the 
llin 9 , ) jointed parts of the animal 
body, as a leg, arm, or wing; also, 
a branch of a tree. [ < AS. lim, 
limb.]— limbed, a. Possessing limbs: 
often used in compounds; as, strong* 
limbed. —Iimb'less, n. 
limb 2 , rc. An edge or part, Lily . 0 f.the.valley. 
as of a disk or surface. 



[< L . v limbus, edge.] 


a, flower; b , fruit. 


lim'ber 1 , 1 lim'ber; 2 lim'ber, vt. & vi. To at¬ 
tach or fasten the limber to, as a cannon: 
commonly with up. 

lim'ber 2 , vt. To make limber or pliant, 
lim'ber, a. Easily bent; pliant; limp. [< 
limp, a.]— lim'ber-ness, n. 
lim'ber, n. The fore part of a gun*carriage, 
having two wheels and a pole to wdiich horses 
are attached. [ < Ice. limar, limbs.] 
lim'bo, 1 lim'bo; 2 lim'bo, n. Eccl. 1. An 
indefinite region supposed by some to exist 
on the outskirts of hell, lim'bust. 2. A 
place of neglect or oblivion. 3. A prison; 
place of confinement. [ < L. limbus, eage.] 
lime, 1 laim; 2 lim, vt. [limed; lim'ing.] To 
apply lime to; catch with birdlime; ensnare. 
[< AS. Tlmian, < lim, glue.] 
lime 1 , n. A white earthdike calcium oxid 


produced by calcining limestone, sea*shells, 
etc., and used in building. [ < AS. lim, glue.] 
— linie'skiln", n. A kiln for burning lime from 
limestone or shells.—1. ‘light, n. A powerful 
light produced by burning lime; often thrown on 
the stage to make actors more prominent; hence, 
notoriety: publicity.— lime'stone", n. A rock 
composed of calcium carbonate.—l.=water, n. 
A saturated solution of lime in water: used in 
medicine. 

lime 2 , n. A small tree of the orange family, or 
its sour, lemondike fruit. [F., < Per. limu.\ 
lime 3 , n. The linden. [Corr. of linden.] 
Lim'er-ick, 1 lim'ar-ik; 2 lim'er-ik, n. 1. An Irish 
county (1,064 sq. m.; pop. 105,000); also, its capi¬ 
tal (pop. 47,000) . 2. [1-] A form of nonsense*verse. 
lim'it, 1 lim'it; 2 lim'it. I' 1 , vt. To set bounds 
to; confine; restrict. II. n. That which lim¬ 
its, or is limited, or has bounds; a check; dis¬ 
trict; period. [ < L , F limes (limit-), cross*path.] 
— lim'lt-a-bl (e p , a .— lim"i-ta'tion, n. The act 
of limiting; restriction; circumscription.—11m'1- 
ta"tiv(e s , a.— lim'lt-ed, pa. Confined to cer¬ 
tain limits.— lim'it-less, a. 
limn, 1 lim: 2 lim, vt. To draw or paint, as a 
picture: delineate. [ME. limnen, for enluminen, 
< OF. enluminer, < L. illumino, illuminate, p.] 
— lim'ner, n. A painter; artist. 

Li"inoges', 1 irmos'; 2 ll"m5zh', n. A manufac¬ 
turing town (pop. 92,000) in France; has cele¬ 
brated potteries. 

li"mou"sine\ 1 irmu"zin'; 2 li"'my"§in'. [F.] I. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rfile; but, bum; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n, 













355 


lightly 

HP 


a. Designating a type of motor*car having a 
landau*like carriage»body but with the top pro¬ 
jecting over the driver’s seat. 11. n. A motor* 
car with a limousine body. [ < AS. lemp.] 

limp 1 , 1 limp; 2 limp, vi. To walk lamely; halt, 
limp, a. Lacking stiffness; limber; flimsy. [Cp. 

Ice. limpa, weakness.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
limp, n. The step of a lame person; a halt, 
lim'pet, 1 lim'pet; 2 lim'pet, n. A small edible 
shell*fish, found clinging to rocks. [ < LL. OF 
lampreda, lampetra, lamprey.] 
lim'pid, 1 lim'pid; 2 lim'pid, a. Transparent; 
lucid; clear. [< L. limpidus, clear.]— lim¬ 
pid 'i-ty, n. lim'pid-nessf.—lim'pid-ly, adv. 
lin., abbr. Lineal, linear. 

linch'pin", 1 linch'pin"; 2 linch'pin", n. A pir 
through the end of an axle, to keep a wheel 
in place. [ < AS. lynis, axle, + pin.] 
Lin'coln, 1 lir)'kan;2 lin'eon. 1. Abraham (1809- 
1865); President of the United States through the 
Civil War; issued Proclamation of Emancipation 
Sept. 22, 1862, and Jan. 1, 1863; assassinated by 
John Wilkes Booth. See president. 2. The 
capital of the State of Nebraska; pop. 55,000. 
Lind, 1 lind; 2 llnd, Jenny (1820-1887). A Swe¬ 
dish singer; ‘‘the Swedish nightingale.” 
lin'den, 1 lin'den; 2 lin'den, n. A tree of soft 
white wood, with cordate 
leaves and cream*colored 
flowers. [ < AS. linden, 

< llnd, linden.] 
line 1 ,1 lean; 2 lin, v. [lined ; 
lin'ing.] I. t. To make 
lines upon; read out, line 
by line. II. i. To form 
in line, as for playing foot¬ 
ball; be in line. [< L. F 
lineo, < linea, line.] 
line 2 , vt. [lined; lin'ing.] 

To put a covering on the 
inside surface of. [Prob. 
orig. < line, linen.] «> the Ieaf ; b < * bract 

line, n. 1. A string or flowerBi c ‘ a bract 
cord; mark drawn by a 
pen or pencil; outline; lineament. 2. Bound¬ 
ary; limit; the outer defenses, pickets, or 
sentries of an army. 3. A course in which 
anything proceeds; a route, or a series of con¬ 
veyances following a route; a course or train 
of thought. 4. Kinship in direct descent; per¬ 
sons related. 5. A row, as of articles or 
words. 6. A stock of goods or a business of 
a particular kind. 7. Math. That which is con¬ 
ceived to have length without breadth or 
thickness. 8. A measure of length, one* 
twelfth inch. [ < F. ligne, < L. linea, linen 
thread, < linum, flax.]—lin'er, n. A vessel 
belonging to a regularly operating steamship 
line.—the line, the equator. 



American Linden. 


lin'e-age, 1 lin'i-ij; 2 lin'e-ag, n. Genealogy; 

pedigree. [ < L. linea, line.] 
lin'e-al, 1 lin'i-al; 2 lin'e-al, a. 1. In q direct 
line from an ancestor; hereditary. 2. Made 
with lines. [ < L. linealis; see line, n.] -ly ,adv. 
lin'e-a-ment, 1 lin'i-a-ment or -mant; 2 lin'e- 
a-ment, n. Distinguishing line or mark; a fea¬ 
ture. [< L. lineamentum, < lineo; see line 1 , u.] 
Iin'e-ar, 1 lin'i-ar; 2 lin'e-ar, a. Pertaining to 
or composed of lines. 

lin'en, 1 lin'en; 2 lin'gn, n. A fabric woven 
from the fibers of flax; articles made of linen. 
[ < AS. linen, < lin, < L. linum, flax.] 
ling, 1 lirj; 2 ling, n. Heath or heather. [ < Ice. lyng.\ 


-ling 1 , suffix. Used to form adverbs from nouns, 
as, sideling. [ < AS. -ling, -linga, -lunga.] 

-ling 2 , suffix. Used to form diminutives; as, lord- 
_ ling; duck ling. [ < AS. -ling.] 
lin'ger, 1 liq'gar; 2 lin'ger, vt. & vi. To pro¬ 
tract; drag; be long about going or coming; 
lag. [ < AS. lengan, put off, < lang, long.]— 
lin'ger-ing, pa. Protracted; slow; dilatory. 
lin"ge-rie', 1 lan" 3 a-ri'; 2 lan"zhe-re', n. Linen 
articles of dress collectively; women’s lace* 
_ trimmed linen or cotton underwear, etc. [F.] 
lin'gual, 1 lirj'gwal; 2 llp'gwal. I. a. Pertaining 
to the tongue or use of the tongue in utterance. 
II. n. A letter pronounced chiefly with the 
tongue, as d, s,z, dh,etc. [< h. lingua, tongue.] 
Iin'guist, 1 liq'gwist; 2 lm'gwist, n. An adept 
in languages. [ < L. lingua, tongue.]— lin¬ 
guistic or -ti-cal, a. — lin-guis'tics, n. The 
_ science of languages; comparative philology, 
lin'i-ment, 1 lin'i-ment or -mant; 2 lin'i-ment, 
n. Med. A liquid preparation for external 
use, in case of bruises, inflammation, etc. [F., 
< LL. linimenlum, < lino, smear.] 
lin'ing, 1 lain'ir); 2 lin'ing, n. A covering of 
the inner surface of a thing. 
link 1 , 1 lirjk; 2 link, vt. & vi. To join or connect 
by links; unite; be connected or joined. 
link 1 , n. 1. One of the loops of which a chain 
is made. 2. A single constituent part of a 
continuous series. 3. A connecting*rod which 
transmits power from one part of a machine 
to another. 4. Surv. A length of 7.92 inches, 
t < AS. hlence, link.] 

link 2 , n. A torch. [Corr. of lint,< D.lont, match.] 
links, n. pi. 1. A stretch of sandy country 
more or less covered with grass. 2. A course 
as laid out for the game of golf. [ < AS. hlinc, 
ridge.] 

Linn., abbr. Linnseus, Linnean. 

Lin-nae'us, 1 li-nl'us; 2 li-ne'us, n. (1707-1778). 
A Swedish botanist; devised the long*accepted 
system of botanical classification. Carl von 
Linnet.—Lin-ne'an, a. 

lin'net, 1 lin'et; 2 lin'et, n. A small singing 
bird, with a crimson*red breast and crown in 
the male. [ < AS. linete, < L. linum, flax.] 
li-no'le-um, 1 li-no'h-um; 2 li-no'le-um, n. A 
preparation of linseed*oil and cork used as a 
floor*covering. [< L. linum, flax, + oleum, oil.] 
li 'no-type, 1 lai'no-taip; 2 li'no-typ, n. 1. A 
line of type cast in one piece. 2. A machine 
for producing type cast in lines or bars for 
printing. [ < L. linea, line, + of, + type.] 
lin'seed", 1 lin'sld"; 2 lin'sed", n. Flaxseed. 

[< AS. lin, flax, + ssed, seed.] 
lin 'sey *wool 'sey, 1 lin'zi=wul'zi; 2 lin'§y*wbbl'- 
§y. I. a. Made of linen and wool mixed. II. 
n. A cloth of this mixture. [< OF. linsel, 
linen cloth, + wool.] 

lint, 1 lint; 2 lint, n. Raveled or scraped linen; 

also, downy feathers. [Prob. < AS. lin, flax.] 
lin'tel, 1 lin'tel; 2 lin'tel, n. Arch. A horizon¬ 
tal beam over a door or window. [OF., < 
LL. lintellus, < L. limes, boundary.] 
li'on, 1 lai'an; 2 li'on, n. 1. A large yellowish® 
brown carnivorous mammal, of the cat farri- 
ily, of Africa and Asia; a beast of prey. See 
next page. 2. A prominent and notable person. 
[F., < Gr. L leon, lion.]— li'on-ess, n. A she 
lion.—li'on-ize, vt. & vi. [-ized; -iz’ing,] To 
treat as a lion; pay social attentions to. li'on-iset. 
lip, n. The edge or border of the mouth; the 
mouth; speech; the edge of anything. [ < AS. 
lippa, lip.]— lipped, a. Having lips. 


1:»= final; i = habit; aisle; an = out; oil; iu = fewd; cfhin; go; i) = singr; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bflrn; oil. boy: go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








Lipari 

local 


356 


Lip'a-rl Islands, 1 lip'e-ri; 2 llp'a-ri. A group of 
volcanic islands, Messina province, Italy. 

Ilq., abbr. Liquid, liquor. [ing melted. 

liq"ue-fac'tion, n. Act of melting; state of be- 
liq'ue-fy, 1 lik'wi-fai; 2 llk'we-fy, vt. & vi. 
[-fied; -fy"ing.] To convert into or become 
liquid; melt. [ < L. liqueo, be fluid, ■+■ facio, 
make.]— liq'ue-fi"a-ble, a. 
li-ques'cent, 1 li-kwes'ent; 2 fi-kwSs'&nt, a. 
Melting, or having a tendency to melt. [ < 
L. liquescen(t-)s, ppr. of liquesco, < liqueo, be 
fluid.]— li-ques'cence, n. 
li-queur', 1 fi-kur'; 2 If-kfir', n. An alcoholic 
cordial sweetened and flavored with aromatic 
QllKqtqrU'PQ IF 1 

liq'uid, 1 lik'wid; 2 lik'wid. I. a. Flowing; 
not solid; limpid; clear; watery; mellifluous. 
II. n. 1. A flowing or fluid substance. 2. 
One of the letters l, m, n, r. [ < L. F liquidus, 
< liqueo. be fluid.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— liquid 
lire, flaming petroleum, ejected by high pressure. 
—1. measure, see measure.— liq 'ui-date, vt. 
[-DAT’ED d ; -dat"ing.] To deliver the amount 
of; settle; adjust; make more liquid, as a sound. 
—llq"ui-da'tion, n. — liq'ul-da"tor, ».— i 
H-quid'i-ty, n. The state of being liquid, 
liq'uid-nessf. 

liq'uor, 1 lik'ar; 2 lik'or, n. Any alcoholic or 
intoxicating liquid; liquid of any sort. [ < F. 
liqueur, < L. liquor, < liqueo, be fluid.] 
llq'uo-rlce, n. Same as licorice. 



Lion, ’/so 


Lls'bon, 1 liz'ban; 2 lls'bon, n. A commercial sea¬ 
port (pop. 435,360), capital of Portugal. 

Lisle, 1 HI; 2 HI, Claude Rouget de (1760-1836). 

A French poet; author of the Marseillaise. 
lisp, 1 lisp; 2 lisp. I‘. vt. & vi. To speak with a 
lisp, or timidly; to pronounce s and z as th; 
speak imperfectly. II. n. 1. The act or 
habit of lisping. 2. A childish or timid utter¬ 
ance. [ < AS. wlisp, lisping.] 

Iist ld , 1 list; 2 list, vt. & vi. To enroll; enlist. 
list 2d , vt. To cover with list or the like. 
list 3d , vt. & vi. To careen or cause to careen, as 
a ship. [ < AS. lystan, < lust, pleasure.] 
list 411 , vt. & vi. [Poet.] To listen to; listen. 

[< AS. hlystan, < hlyst, hearing.] 
list 5d , vt. To enclose, as a field, for combat. 
list 1 , to. A roll or catalog. [ < MHG. F liste, 
border, strip.] 

list 2 , n. The selvage of cloth; any outer edge; 

boundary. [ < AS. list, border of cloth.] 
list 3 , to. Naut. A careening. [ < AS. lust, pleasure.] 
list 4 , n. A barrier of a jousting*field; in the 


plural, the field itself. [ < OF. lisse, < LL. 
llcia, barrier, prob. < L. llcium, thread.] 
lis'ten, 1 lis'n; 2 lis'n, vi. To attend closely for 
the purpose of hearing; harken; heed. [< 
list 4 , ».]—lis'ten-er, n .—listening post (Mil.), 
a post from which soldiers can detect mining or 
other operations by an enemy, 
list'less, 1 list'les; 2 list'ISs, a. Inattentive; 
heedless of what is passing; languid. [< 
list 3 , n., 2.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Liszt, 1 list; 2 list, Franz (1811-1866). A Hun¬ 
garian composer and pianist, 
lit, imp. & pp. of light, v. 
lit., abbr. Liter, literally, literary, literature, 
lit'a-ny, 1 fit'a-m; 2 lit'a-ny, n. [-nies z , pi.] A 
supplicatory or responsive prayer. [< Gr. 
lilaneia, < lissomai, pray.] 

Lit. I)., Lltt. D., abbr. [L.] Literarum (Littera- 
rum) Doctor (Doctor of Letters). 
li'ter, 1 li'tar; 2 li'ter, n. A measure of capac¬ 
ity. See metric system, under metric. [ < 
F. litre, < Gr. litra, pound.] 11'tret, 
lit'er-al, 1 lit'er-al; 2 lit'er-al, a. Word for 
word; not metaphorical; exact; unimagina¬ 
tive. [ < L. litera, letter.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
lit 'er-a-ry, 1 lit'ar-e-ri; 2 lit'er-a-ry, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to, practised in, or devoted to literature, 
lit'er-ate, 1 lit'ar-it; 2 lit'er-at. I. a. Having 
a knowledge of letters. II. n. One versed in 
letters. [ < L. literatus, < litera, letter.] 
lit"e-ra'ti, 1 fit"i-re'tai; 2 lit"e-ra'ti, n.pl. [-tub, 
sing.] Men of letters; scholars. [L.] 
lit"e-ra'tiin, 1 lit"i-re'tim; 2 lit"e-ra'tim, adv. 

Letter for letter [LL., < L. litera, letter.] 
lit'er-a-ture, 1 lit'ar-a-dhur; 2 lit'er-a-dhur, n. 
Written or printed works, especially those of 
superior merit; acquaintance with letters; 
learning. [ < L. OF literatura, < litera, letffer.j 
Lith., abbr. Lithuanian. — lith., lit hog., abbr. 
Lithography. 

lith'arge, 1 lith'arj; 2 llth'arg, n. A metallic 
substance made by heating lead moderately 
in a current of air: used in glass*making, etc. 

[ < Gr. lithos, stone, + argyros, silver.] 
lithe, 1 laith; 2 lith, a. Bending easily or 
gracefully; supple. [< AS. lithe, soft.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.— lithe'some,a. Somewhat lithe, 
lis'somj. 

litli'i-um, 1 lifh'i-um; 2 llth'i-um, n. A soft 
metallic element, the lightest solid element. 
[< Gr. lithos, stone.]—Iith'ic, a. Of or per¬ 
taining (1) to lithium; (2) to stone, 
lith'o-graph, ) 1 lifh'o-graf; 2 llth'o-graf. IL 
lith 'o-graf p , \ vt. To produce by lithography. 
II. n. A lithographic print. [ < Gr. lith¬ 
os, stone, + -graphy.]— lith-og'ra-pher, n .— 
llth"o-graph'io, a. Produced by or used in lith¬ 
ography.—llth-og'ra-phy, n. The art of pro¬ 
ducing printed matter from stone on which a 
design has been made. 

Lith"u-a'ni-a, 1 lith'yu-S'm-a; 2 lith'yu-a'ni-a, 

n. An independent state formed from six former 
governments of Russia.—Lith"u-a'ni-an, a.&n. 
lit'i-gant, 1 lit'i-gant; 2 lit'i-gant. I. a. Dis¬ 
posed to litigate; engaged in litigation. II. n. 
A party to a lawsuit. 

lit'i-gate, 1 lit'i-get; 2 lit'i-gat, vt. & vi. [-gat"- 
ED d ;- gat"ing.] To engage in litigation. [< 
L. liligatus, pp. of litigo, strive.]—lit"i-ga'tion, 
n. The act of carrying on a suit in a law court.— 
Ht'I-ga"tor, n. A litigant.—li-tig'ious, a. In¬ 
clined to litigation, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
li'tre, n. Same as liter. «, 

lit'ter, 1 lit'ar; 2 lit'er, v. I. t. 1. To bring 
forth, as a fitter of young. 2. To scatter 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 











357 


Liparl 

local 


straw, etc., for bedding; disorder; confuse. 
_ II. t. To give birth to a litter of young, 
lit'ter, to. 1. A number of young animals at 
a birth. 2. Straw, hay, etc., used as bedding 
for animals. 3. A state of disorder. 4. A 
stretcher for carrying the sick or wounded. 
^ [ < L. F lectica, < lectus, bed.] 
lit'tie, 1 lit'l; 2 lit'l. I. a. [less; least; also 
(dial, or colloq.), lit'tler; lit'tlest.] Below 
the ordinary size or amount; diminutive; 
small; short; brief; petty. II. to. A small 
quantity, space, time, etc. III. adv. [less; 
least.] In a small degree; slightly. [< AS. 
liiel, < lyt, little.]—lit'tle-ness, to. 

Little Rock. The capital of the State of Arkansas; 
_ pop. 65,140. 

lit'to-ral, 1 lit'o-rel; 2 lit'o-ral, a. Pertaining 
to the shore. [ < L. litoralis, < litus, shore.] 
liturg., abbr. Liturgies. 

lit'ur-gy, 1 lit'ur-ji; 2 lit'ur-gy, to. [-gies z , pi.] 
Prescribed prayers, etc., for public worship; a 
ritual. [ < Gr. leitos, public, + ergon, work.] 

—li-tur'gic, a. li-tur'gi-calt.—li-tur'gi-cal- 

ly, adv. 

llv., abbr. Livre (F., book, pound [weight or coin]), 
live, 1 liv; 2 liv, v. [lived; liv'ing.] I. t. To 
continue in constantly; spend; pass; conform 
to. II. i. To be living; pass life (in a par¬ 
ticular manner); enjoy life; abide; subsist; 
survive. [< AS. lifian, live.]—liv'a-ble p , a. 
Worth living; fit for living in.—live, 1 laiv; 2 liv, 
a. Possessing life; alive; quick; alert; energetic. 
—llve'li-hood, to. Means of subsistence; reg¬ 
ular maintenance; living.—live'long", a. That 
lives long or is long in passing; whole; entire.— 
live'ly, a. [live'li-er; live'li-est.] Full of 
vital energy or animation; brisk; vivacious; 
active.—live'li-ness, to.— live'=oak", to. A dur 
able tree of the United States, of the oak family, 
—live wire [Colloq., U. S.j, a hustler. 
liv'er 1 , 1 liv'er; 2 liv'er, to. One who lives; a 
dweller. 

liv'er 2 , to. Anat. A large internal organ which 
secretes bile, and changes the blood that 
passes through it. [ < AS. lifer,_ liver.] 
Liv'er-pool, 1 liv'er-pul; 2 liv'er-pool, w. A sea¬ 
port city (pop. 803,120) of N. W. England, 
liv'er-wort", 1 liv'er-wurt"; 2 liv'er-wdrt", to. 

One of various lichendike plants, 
liv'er-y, 1 liv'ar-y; 2 liv'er-y, to. [-ies z , pi. 1 1. 
A uniform worn by servants or by members 
of any organization. 2. The keeping of 
horses and vehicles for hire. [ < L. LL+F libero, 
< liber, free.]—liv'er-ied, a. Dressed in livery, 
as a servant.—liv'er-y-man, to. [-men, pi.] A 
livery*stable keeper. — liv'er-yssta"ble, to. A 
stable where horses and vehicles are kept for hire, 
liv'id, 1 liv'id; 2 liv'id, a. Black=and*blue, as 
contused flesh; lead*colored; ashy=pale. [ < L. 
lividus, < liveo, be livid.]—li-vid'i-ty, to. 
liv'ing, 1 liv'iq; 2 liv'ing, to. Livelihood; a 
benefice. [See live, ».] 

Liv'ing-stone, 1 liv'iq-stan; 2 liv'ing-ston, Davi d 
(1813-1873). A Scot¬ 
tish explorer and mis- 
sionary in 
Africa. 

Liv'i-us,lliv'- 
i-us; 2 liv'i- 
us, Titus 
Patavinus 

(59 B. C.-A. , , , 

D. 17). A Roman historian; usually called Li v 'y. 

liz'ard, 1 liz'ard; 2 liz'ard, to. One of various 
reptiles, as the chameleon, etc., with a long 



North*American Lizard. 


scaly body, long tail, and four legs. [ < L. p 
lacerta, lizard.] 

L. L., abbr. Late Latin, Law Latin, Low Latin.— 

I. l.,a&frr. _[L.] Loco laudato (in the place quoted). 
11a 'ma, 1 ld'me; 2 la'ma, to. A South=American 

cameldike ruminant with woolly coat. [Peru.] 
Ua'no, 1 la'no or ( Sp .) lya'no; 2 la/no or ( Sp .) lya'- 
no, to. A flat treeless plain, as the wide grassy 
tracts of northern South America. [Sp. Am.] 

LL. B., abbr. [L.] Legum Baccalaureus (Bachelor 
of Laws).—LL. D., abbr. [L.] Legum Doctor 
(Doctor of Laws). 

Lloyd George, 1 leid jerj; 2 loydgorg, David (1863- 
). English statesman; premier, 1917- . 

Lloyd’s, 1 leidz; 2 loydg, to. An association of 
English underwriters of marine insurance, that 
distributes marine news. [meter double. 

L. M., abbr. Long meter.—L. M. D., abbr. Long 
Io, 1 16; 2 16, interj. Behold! observe! [ < AS. la.] 
loach, 1 lodh; 2 loch, to. A small fresh=water 
fish, like a minnow. [ < F. loche, loach.] 
Ioad d , 1 lod; 2 lod, vt. & vi. 1. To lay a burden 
on; lade; weigh down; encumber; freight. 2. 
To charge with ammunition. 3. To confer on 
abundantly.—load'er, to. 
load, to. 1. That which is laid upon anything, 
as for conveyance; a cargo; burden; a specific 
weight. 2. A charge, as for a gun. [ME. lode, 
lit. a carrying, < AS. lad; see lode.] 
load'star", load'stone", to. Same as lodestar, 

LODESTONE. 

loaf 1 , 1 lof; 2 lof, vt. & vi. To pass (the time) 
lazily or idly; lounge; loiter. [< G. laufen, 
run.]—loaf'er, to. An idler; lounger; vagrant, 
loaf, to. [loaves, pi.] A shapedmass, as of bread, 
cake,sugar, etc., for cutting. [ < AS. hlaf, loaf.] 

loam, llom; 2 lom. I. »£. To coat or smear with 
loam. II. to. Sand and clay, containing organic 
matter. [ < AS. lam, loam.]—loam'y, a. 

loan, 1 Ion; 2 ldn. I. vt. & vi. [U. S.] To lend. 

II. to. Something lent, as money; act of lend¬ 
ing. [ < AS. Ian, ioan.j 

loath, ) 1 loth; 2 loth, a. Strongly disinclined; 
loth, ) reluctant. [ < AS. lath, hateful.] 
loathe, 1 loth; 2 loth, vt. & vi. [loathed; 
loath'ing.] To regard with hatred and dis¬ 
gust; abhor; detest. [< AS. lathian, < lath, 
hateful.]—loath'ful, a. Abhorring.—loath'¬ 

ing, to. Extreme dislike or nausea; aversion.— 
Ioath'ly, a. Loathsome.—loath'some, a. Ex¬ 
citing aversion or disgust, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
loaves, 1 lovz; 2 lovg, to. _ Plural of loaf. 
lo'bate, 1 lo'bet; 2 lo'bat, a. Composed of 
lobes; lobedike. lo'bat"edJ. 
lob'by, 1 leb'i; 2 lob'y. I. vt. & vi. [lob'bied; 
lob'by-ing.] [U. S.] To try to carry (a bill) 
through a legislative body by outside influ¬ 
ence. II. to. [lob'bies z , pi.] 1. An ante¬ 
room, as of a legislative hall. 2. Men en¬ 
gaged in lobbying. [ < LL. lobia, < OHG. 
louba, arbor.]—lob'by-lst, to. 

lobe, 1 lob; 2 lob, to. A protuberance, espe¬ 
cially globular, as of the ear or of a leaf. [F., < 
Gr. lobos, prob. < lepo, peel.]—lobed, a. Lobate. 

Iob'ster, 1 leb'ster; 2 lob'ster, to. A large 
marine crustacean used as food. [ < AS. 
loppestre, < L. locusta, shellfish.] 
lo'cal, 1 lo'kel; 2 lo'cal. I. a. Pertaining to 
place or to a definite place. II. to. An ac¬ 
commodation or suburban train. [ < LL. 
localis, < L. locus, place.]—lo'cal-ism, to. A 
mode peculiar to a place; local custom; idiom; 
provincialism.—lo-cal'i-ty, to. [-ties z , pi.] A 
definite region in any part of space: geographical 


1: 3 = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II; *u = ferod; <5hin; go; o = sm^; fhin, this. 
2: wolf, d©; book, boot; full, rtjle, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, thia. 








locate 

lope 


358 


position; restriction to a particular place.— lo'- 
cal-i-za'[or sa'Jtion, n.— lo'cal-lze or -ise, vt. 
[-ized; -iz"ing.] To determine the exact place of. 
—lo'cal-ly, adv. 

lo'cate, 1 lo'ket; 2 lo'cat, vt. [lo'cat-ed 11 ; 
lo'cat-ing.] To place in a particular spot; 
designate or determine the place of. [ < L. 
locatus, pp. of loco, < locus, place.]— lo-ca'tion, 
n. A locating; exact position in space; place, 
loc. cit., abbr. [I,.] Loco citato (ih the place cited), 
loch, 1 1oh;2 16h, n. [Scot.] A lake, bay, or arm of 
the sea. [Gael., lake.] . 

lock 1 , 1 lok; 2 lok, v. I. t. To make fast with 
lock and key; shut in or out securely, as by a 
locked door. II. i. To become securely 
closed, as through a lock and key; be held 
fast. [< AS. lucan, fasten.]— lock'jaw", n. 
A spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the 
lower jaw.— lock'out", n. The closing of a fac¬ 
tory by employers to coerce employees.— lock '- 
smith", n. A maker or repairer of locks.— 1.* 
step, n. Mil. A marching*step in close file, in 
which the foot of each man moves forward at the 
same moment.—I.-stitch, n. A stitch made by 
two interlocking threads, as on some sewing- 
machines.— lock 'up", n. A place for the deten¬ 
tion of persons under arrest. 
lock 1 , n. 1. A device to fasten doors, drawers, 
etc.; grapple. 2. A spring 
mechanism for exploding 
the charge of a firearm. 3. 

An enclosure in a canal 
with floodgates, to control 
the water-level. [ < AS. 
loc, bar, < lucan, lock.] 
lock 2 , n. A tuft, as of hair. 

[< AS. locc.] 

Locke, 1 lok; 2 ldk, John 
(1632-1704). An English 
philosopher. 

Iock'er, 1 lok'ar; 2 lok'er, Tumbler-lock. 
n A closet or box fast- h, door-knob holes, 

ened with a lock SSSRKa»4S 

loek'et, 1 lok et, Z lok Ct, tumblers which swing inde- 
n A small case, SUS- pendentlj according to the 
pended to a chain, often wards in the kei " bit ' 
holding a portrait. [ < F. loquet, latch.] 
Io"co-nio'tion, 1 lo"ko-m5'^h9n; 2 lo"co-m6'- 
shon, n. The act or power of moving from 
one place to another — Io"co-i»o 'tor, o. Of 
or pertaining to locomotion. 

Io"CO-mo'tiv(e 8 , 1 lo"ko-m6'tiv; 2 lo"co-mo'tiv. 

1. a. Pertaining to locomotion; moving from 
one place to another. II. n. A self-propel¬ 
ling steam-engine on wheels, as on a railway. 
[ < L. locus, place, + motus, pp. of moveo, move.] 

lo'cust 1 , 1 lo'kust; 2 lo'cust, n. 1. One of vari¬ 
ous grasshoppers 
or allied insects, 
especially when 
destructive and 
migratory. 2. 

[U. S.] A cicada, 
as the seven¬ 
teen =year lo¬ 
cust. [<L. lo- 
custa, locust.] 
lo'cust 2 , n. A North-American tree of the bean 
family, with a rough bark and white flowers. 
lo-CU'tion, 1 lo-kiii'^han; 2 lo-cu'shon, n. A 
mode of speech. [ < L. locutio, speech.] 
lode, 1 lod; 2 lod, n. 1. A metal-bearing vein. 

2. A reach of water, as in a canal. [ < AS. 
lad, < tuhan, go.] 




Adult Seventeen-year Locust. 
V* 


lode'star", n. A guiding star; the pole-star, 
lode'stone", n. Magnetic iron ore. 
lodge, 1 lej; 2 lodg, v. [lodged; lodg'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To furnish with lodging. 2. To implant; 
infix, as an arrow. 3. To beat down, as grow¬ 
ing grain. II. i. 1 . To have or live in a tem¬ 
porary abode or habitation. 2. To fall or be 
beaten down and become fixed, as growing 
grain. 3. To reach a place and rest there, 
lodge, 1 lej; 2 lodg, n. A small house; a cabin; 
a local subdivision, as of a fraternal society. 
[< F. loge, < LL. lobia, gallery.]—lodg'er, n. 
One who lodges; one who occupies a room in a 
house but takes his meals elsewhere.—lodg'ing, 
n. A temporary abode.—Iodg'ment, n. The 
act of lodging; state of being lodged; a foothold 
gained and held, lodge 'men tf. 

Lo'di, 1 lo'di; 2 lo'di, n. A city (pop. 28,000), 
Milan province, Italy; Napoleon defeated Aus¬ 
trians, 1796. 

Lodz, 1 lodz; 2 lodz. n. Manufacturing town (pop. 
429,780), Petrokof government, Poland; entered 
by German troops. Dec 6, 1914; evacuated, 1918. 1 
loess, 1 lus or lo'es; 2 lus or lo'Os, n. Geol. A pale, 
yellowish clay or loam forming deposits along 
river-valleys, etc. [G.] 

Lo-fo'den, 1 lo-fo'den; 2 lo-fo'dOn, n. A group of 
islands (2,247 sq. m.) of N. W. Norway, 
loft, 1 left; 2 16ft, n. A low story under a roof; an 
elevated gallery in a large room. [ < Ice. loft.) 
loft'y, 1 left'i; 2 loft'y, a. [loft'i-er; loft'i- 
est.] Elevated, as in position, character, or 
quality; exalted; stately.— loft'i-Iy, adv. — 
loft'i-uess, n . 

log 1 , 1 leg; 2 log. I. vt. [logged, logd 8 ; log'- 
ging.] To cut down and get out, as logs. II. 
n. A bulky piece of timber cut down and 
cleared of branches. [ < Ice. lag, < liggja, 
lie.]— log cabin, log house, log hut, a small, 
rough house of logs. 

log 2 . I. vt. 1. To enter in a vessel’s log¬ 
book. 2. To show (a specified speed) by 
means of the log. 

II. n. A device 
for showing the 
speed of a vessel; 
record of the 
daily progress of 
a vessel. [ < Sw. 

I o g g .] — log's 
book", n. The 
book in which the 
official record of a 
voyage is entered. 

—1.setup, n. A 
triangular board 
weighted on one 
edge, and attached 
to a line (the log* 
line) that runs 
out from a reel attached to the stern of a ship, 
log., abbr. Logarithm. 

log'a-rithm, 1 leg'a-rithm; 2 log'a-rlthm, n. 
Math. The exponent of the power to which a 
fixed number, called the base, must be raised 
in order to produce a given number. [< Gr 
logos (< lego, speak) + arithmos, number.] 
log'ger-head", 1 leg'sr-hed"; 2 log'er-hed", n. 
1. A blockhead; dunce. 2. A large marine 
turtle. 3. An American shrike, 
log'gia, 1 loj'a; 2 log'ii, n. Arch. A covered gallery 
or portico. [It.] 

log'ic, 1 lej'ik; 2 log'ic, n. The science of cor¬ 
rect and accurate thinking or reasoning. [ < 
Gr. logike, < logos, speech, reason.] — log'i-cal. 



Ship’s Log in Use. 

a, tlie spindle, the log-line, and the 
log-chip. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; 1 = e; I = e; go, not, or, wta. 























359 


locate 

lope 


a. Relating to or of the nature of logic, -ly, adv. 
—lo-gi'eian, n. One versed in logic, 
log'wood", 1 leg'wud"; 2 log'wood", n. A Cen¬ 
tral* American tree or its wood: used as a dye¬ 
stuff. 

-logy, suffix. Derived from Greek -logia (< logos, 
speech, < lego, say). 

Lo'hen-grin, 1 15'en-grin; 2 lo'en-grin, n. The 
hero of several German medieval romances and 
of an opera by Wagner. 

loin, 1 loin; 2 loin, n. The part of the body be¬ 
tween the lower rib and hip*bone. [ < F. 
longe, < L. lumbus, loin.] 

Loire, 1 lwar; 2 lwar, n. Longest river in France; 
543 m. to Bay of Biscay. 

loi'ter, 1 lei'ter; 2 loi'ter, vi. To Unger idly 
by the way; lag; idle. [ < D. leuteren, loiter.] 
loll, 1 lei; 2 161, vt. & vi. To hang out the 
tongue; hang loosely out, as the tongue; lean 
at ease. [ < MD. lollen, sit over the fire.] 
Lol'lard, 1 lel'ard; 2 lol'ard, n. One of Wyclif’s 
party of English religious reformers (1350-1450). 
lol'ly-pop, n. [Eng.] Taffy; candy, ioi'li-popj. 
Lom'bard, 1 lom'bard; 2 lom'bard, n. One of the 
ancient Teutonic race who established a kingdom 
in northern Italy (568-774), the modern Lom¬ 
bardy. — Lombard street, a street in London 
formerly occupied mainly by Lombard bankers; 
hence, the “ money*market.” 
lo'ment, 1 lo'ment; 2 lo'ment, n. A legume 
divided into small cells, with 
a seed attached to the under 
suture. [ < L. lomentum, a 
cosmetic.] 

Lo'mond, 1 lo'mand; 2 lo'mond, 

Loch. A lake in Stirlingshire 
and Dumbartonshire, Scotland. 

Lon., Lond., abbr. London.— 

Ion., long., abbr. Longitude. 

Lon'don, 1 lun'dan; 2 lon'don, 
n. A metropolis (pop. 7,476,- 
170), capital of England and of 
British Empire; on Thames 
river, 60 m. from the sea. 

Lon 'don-der"ry , 1 lun'dan-derT; 

2 lon'don-der"y, n. A county 
(816 sq. m.; pop. 99,845) in 
Ulster, Ireland; also, its capital 
(pop. 41,000), a seaport; resisted 
a siege by James II., 1689. 
lone, 1 Ion; 2 Ion, a. Standing French Honey- 
by itself; solitary; single; un- suckle, 

married. [Shortened from alone.]— lone'- 
ly, a. [lone'li-er; lone'li-est.] Deserted 
by human beings; given to solitude; secluded; 
lonesome.— lone 'li-ness, n.-Ione'some, a. 
Sad because of loneliness; secluded, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

long, 1 lerj; 2 long, vi. To have an eager crav¬ 
ing or desire. [ < AS. langian, long, perhaps 
< lang, long.] 

long, a. Having length; lasting; extended, as 
in space or time. [ < AS. lang, long.] 
long, adv. To, at, or through a great extent or 
period, f < AS. lange, < lang, long.]— long'* 
boat", n. A large ship’s boat, often from 30 to 
40 feet long.— long'hand, n. Ordinary writing 
with the words spelled in full, as distinguished 
from shorthand.— 1. dived, a. Having a long life. 
— long primer, a size of printing*type, between 
small pica and bourgeois. 

This line is set in Long Primer. 

— Iong'shore"man, n. One who loads and un¬ 
loads vessels; a stevedore.—l.*sighted, a. See¬ 
ing far or to a great distance; sagacious; far* 


sighted.—I.ssufferlng, a. Enduring injuries for 
a long time; patient.—l.=winded, n. Continu¬ 
ing for a long time in speaking or writing, 
lon-gev'i-ty, 1 len-jev'i-ti; 2 lon-gev'i-ty, n. 

Length of life. [< L. longus, long ,-\-sevum, age.] 
Long'fel-low, 1 lep'fel-o; 2 long'fel-o, Henry 
Wadsworth (1807-1882). An American poet; 
Evangeline-, Hiawatha. 

long'Ing, 1 lorj'ir); 2 long'ing, n. An eager 
craving.—long'ing-Iy, adv. 
long'ish, 1 leq'i^h; 2 long'ish, a. Rather long. 
Lon-gi'nus, 1 len-jai'nus; 2 lon-gi'nus, Dionysius 
Cassius (213?—273). Greek Platonic philosopher. 
Long Island. An island (1,682 sq. m.; pop. 2,623,- 
760) S. of Connecticut, from which it is separated 
by Long Island Sound; part of New York State, 
lon'gi-tude, 1 len'ji-tiud; 2 lon'gi-tud, n. Dis¬ 
tance east or west on the earth’s surface; 
length. [F., < L. longitudo (-din-), < longus, 
long.]—lon"gi-tu'di-nal,a. Pertaining to longi¬ 
tude or length; running lengthwise, -ly, adv. 
Long'street, 1 leg'strit; 2 long'stret, James 
(1821—1904). An American soldier in Mexican 
War; Confederate general in Civil War; diplomat; 
U. S. Minister to Turkey, 
look*, 1 luk; 2 look, v. I. t. To influence or ex¬ 
press by the looks or presence. II. i. To gaze 
for the purpose of seeing; apply the mind; 
consider; face; appear; seem; expect; watch. 
[< AS. locian, look.]—look'er*on", n. A spec¬ 
tator.—look'ingsglass", n. A mirror.—look'- 
out", n. The act of watching; a place for obser¬ 
vation; person set to watch, 
look, n. A glance of the eye; cast of counte¬ 
nance; aspect; appearance. 

Lookout Mountain. A mountain in Tennessee; 

battle, Nov. 24^1863, American Civil War. 
loom, 1 lum; 2 loom, vi. To rise gradually into 
view. [< L . OF lumino, < luceo, shine.] 
loom, n. 1. A machine for weaving. 2. The 
shaft of an oar._ [ < AS. geldma, tool.] 
loon 1 , 1 lun; 2 loon, n. A stupid person. [< 
OD. loen.] 

loon 2 , n. A short=tailed, web=footed diving wa- 
ter*bird. See bird. [ < Ice. lomr.] 
loop, 1 lup; 2 loop. I‘. vt. & vi. To fasten by a 
loop; make or form into loops. II. n. A fold 
or doubling, as of a string, to form an eye; 
noose; curve. [Prob. < Gael, lub, bend.]— 
loop'er, n. A bodkin*like instrument for mak¬ 
ing loops; a caterpillar.—loop'hole", n. A nar¬ 
row opening through which small arms are fired; 
also, a means of escape, or place of observation. 
Loos, 1 los; 2 los, n. A town in N. E. France, 
where British defeated Germans, Sept., 1915. 
loose, I lus; 2 loos. I. vt. [loosed 1 ; loos'ing.] 
To free from anything that binds or restrains; 
release; unbind; disengage. II. a. [loos'er; 
loos'est.] 1. Not fastened, confined, or com¬ 
pact. 2. Lax, as in pow T er, principle, etc.; 
slack; dissolute. 3. Indefinite; vague. [< 
AS. leas, loose.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — loos'en, 
vt. & vi. To free from tightness or restraint; be¬ 
come less tighL_firm, or compact, 
loot, 1 lut; 2 loot. I d . vt. & vi. To plunder, 
as a city; sack; pillage. II. n. Booty; plun¬ 
der. [ < Hind, lut, < Sans, lotra, plunder.] 
lop 1 , 1 lep; 2 lop, vt. [lopped 1 , lopt^; lop'- 
ping.] To cut off, as the top of anything. [A 
use of lop 2 , ».] 

lop 2 , vt. & vi. [lopped 1 ; lop'ping.] To permit 
to droop or hang down, as the ears of some 
dogs. [Var; of lap 1 , t.] — lop'sid"ed, a. In¬ 
clined to one side; full of idiosyncrasies, 
lope, 1 lop; 2 lop. [U. S.] I. vt. & vi. To gallop 



1:0 = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II: Iu = feud; tfhin; go; O = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wplf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bdrn; oil, boy; go, gem; i®k; thin. this. 






loq. 

lumber 


360 


slowly and steadily with a swinging motion. 
II. A slow, easy gallop. [ < AS. hleapan, leap.] 
loq., abbr. [L.] Loquitur (speaks), 
lo-qua'eious, 1 lo-kwe'^hus; 2 lo-kwa'shus, a. 
Talkative; chattering. [< L. loquax .] -ly, 
adv. -ness, re.— lo-quac'i-ty, n. 

lord, 1 lord; 2 lord. I d . vi. To bear rule with 
lordly sway; domineer. II. n. 1. One having 
power and authority; a ruler. 2. [L-] The 
Supreme Being; Jehovah; also, Christ; the 
Savior. 3. [Gt. Brit.] A title of nobility or 
office. [ < AS. hlaford, < hlaf, loaf, + weard, 
guardian.] —lord'ly, a. Pertaining to or like a 
lord; imperious; arrogant; pompous.— lord'II- 
ness, re.—lord 'ship, n. The state of a lord; title 
of address given to noblemen and judges; juris¬ 
diction of a lord; sovereignty; supremacy. 

lore, 1 lor; 2 lor, n. Learning in any branch of 
knowledge; erudition. [< AS. lar, learning.] 

Lo're-lei, 1 lo'ra-lai; 2 lo're-11, n. Folk-lore. A 
siren of the Rhine, who lured boatmen to ship¬ 
wreck by her singing. 

lor"gnette', 1 lor"nyet'; 2 16r"nySt', n. A pair 
of eyeglasses provided with an ornamental han¬ 
dle into which they fold when not in use. [F.] 

lorn, 1 lorn; 2 lorn, a. Forlorn; lonely; lost. 
[ < AS. loren, pp. of lebsan, lose.] 

Lor"raine', 1 lo’ren'; 2 lo’ran', n. A former duchy 
and later a department of E. France; ceded to 
Germany in 1870; restored to France, 1919. 
lor'ry, 1 ler'i;21dr'y, n. 1. A four*wheeled platform 
wagon. 2. A motortruck for carrying heavy loads. 
Io'ry, 1 lo'ri; 2 lo'ry, n. An Australian parrot with 
brilliant scarlet plumage. [ < Malay lurL] 

Los An'ge-les, 1 los an'ji-liz; 2 los an'ge-leg. A 
county in S. California (4,202 sq. m.; pop. 790,- 
630), and its manufacturing capital; pop. 576,670. 

lose, 1 luz; 2 lo§, vt. & vi. [lost; los'ing.] To 
part with, as by accident; forfeit; mislay; be 
deprived of; miss; squander; waste; ruin; de¬ 
stroy. [ < AS. losian, < los, loss, < leosan, 
lose.]— los'er, n. 

loss, 1 los; 2 los, re. The act or state of losing; 
that which is lost; damage; failure; waste. 
[< AS. los, < lebsan, lose.] 

lost, 1 lost; 2 lost, pa. 1. Not to be found or re¬ 
covered; not gained, used, or enjoyed; missed; 
wasted. 2. Ruined, especially in a moral or 
spiritual sense. 3. Bewildered; perplexed. 

lot, 1 let; 2 lot, vt. & vi. [lot'ted' 1 ; lot'ting.] 
To divide or draw by lot; allot; apportion, 
lot, n. 1. That which comes to one without his 
planning; chance; fortune; share; decision by 
chance. 2. A parcel of land. [ < AS. hlot, 
< hleotan, get by lot.] 
loth, 1 loth; 2 loth, a. Loath. 

Lo-tlialre', 1 lo-fhar'; 2 lo-thar', n. An emperor of 
the West (795-855); defeated by his brothers at 
Fontenay, 841. 

Lo-tha'ri-o, 1 lo-fhe'n-6; 2 lo-tha'ri-o, n. A 
gay deceiver; libertine. [ < a character in an 
old play.] 

lo'tion, 1 lo'^han; 2 lo'shon, re. A liquid 
for use as a wash. [ < L. lotio, a washing.] 
lot'ter-y, 1 let'ar-i; 2 lot'er-y, re. [-ies z , pi .j 
A distribution of prizes as determined by 
chance or lot. [ < F. loterie, < lot, lot.] 
lo'tus, 1 lo'tus; 2 lo'tus, n. 1. Any of various 
Old World plants of the water*lily family. 2. 
The lotus*tree. [< Gr. lotos.] — io'tusseat"- 
er, re. One fabled to have lived in indolent enjoy¬ 
ment from eating the fruit of the lotus*tree.— 
l.dree, re. Class. Myth. A tree whose fruit pro¬ 
duced dreamy forgetfulness in the eater. 


Lou., abbr. Louisiana. 

loud, 1 laud; 2 loud, a. Making a great noise; 
clamorous; turbulent; vulgarly showy. [< 
AS. hlad .]—loud 'ly, adv. loud?.—loud 'ness, re. 
lough, 1 Ioh; 2 Ioh, n. [Ir.] A loch. [< Gael, loch.] 
Lou 'Is, 1 lu'is; 2 lu'is, re. Any one of several kings 
of France, especially (1) L. IX., Saint (1215— 
1270); defeated by Saracens at Mansourah, 1249. 
(2) L. XI. (1423-1483), patron of learning and 
encourager of manufactures. (3) L. XIV., “ Le 
Grand Monarque” (1638-1715); engaged in wars 
with England, Austria, and Spain. (4) L. XVI. 
(1754-1793), dethroned and guillotined. 
Lou'is-burg, 1 lu'is-burg; 2 lq'is-burg, re. A vil¬ 
lage in Cape Hreton district. Nova Scotia. Can¬ 
ada; site of a fortress captured by the American 
colonists from the French, June 17, 1745, and by 
the British, July 26, 1758. 

Lou"l-si-an'a, 1 luT-zi-an'a; 2 Ui’i-§i-an'a. re. A 
Gulf State (48,720 sq. m.; pop. 1,798,509) of the 
United States; capital. Baton Rouge; purchased 
from France, with much other territory, 1803. 
Lou"is' Plii"lippe', 1 lff’i' fl"llp'; 2 luT' fi’llp' 
(1773-1850). “The citizen king” of the French 
from 1830 until his abdication in 1848. 
Lou'Is-vtlle, 1 lu'is-[or-i-)vil; 2 lu'is-[or-i-]vIl, re. A 
commercial city (pop. 234,890), Jefferson county, 
Kentucky. 

lounge, 1 launj; 2 loung. I. vi. [lounged; 
loung'ing.] To pass time in a lazy or idle 
manner; loaf; loll. II. re. The act of loung¬ 
ing; a lounging*place; couch; sofa. [Etym. 
conjectural.]—loung'er, n. 

Lourdes, 1 lurd; 2 lurd, re. A town in S. W. France. 
The shrine and grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes 
are frequented by pilgrims, 
louse, 1 laus; 2 lous, re. [lice, pi.] A small 
parasitic insect which sucks the blood of 
mammals. [ < AS. lus, louse.]—lous'y, a. In¬ 
fested with lice. 

lout, re. An awkward fellow; clown. [Perhaps 
< Ice. lutr, bent.]—lout'lsh, a. Clumsy; awk¬ 
ward. -ly, adv. -ness, re. 

Lou"vaIn', 1 Iff’van'; 2 lu’van'.re. A university city 
in Belgium (pop. 40,070); destroyed by the Ger¬ 
mans, 1914. 

lov'a-l»l(e p , 1 luv'a-bl; 2 lov'a-bl, a. Worthy of 
love; amiable.—Iov'a-bl(e-ness p , re. lov"- 
a-bil'i-tyt.—lov'a-bly, adv. 
love, ^1 luv; 2 lov, v. [loved; lov'ing.] I. t. 
luv p , \ 1. To regard with affection; delight in. 
2. Tocaress: achild’suse. II. i. Tofeeltender 
or passionate affection. [ < AS. lufian, love.] 
love, re. 1. Devoted affection or attachment; 
tender feeling; fondness; courtship. 2. One 
who is beloved. [ < AS. lufe, < lufian, love.] 
—love'less, a. -ly, adv. -ness, re. — love'* 
lorn", a. Forsaken by or pining for a lover.— 
lovo'Iy, a. [love'li-er; love'li-est.] Possess¬ 
ing qualities that inspire love; charming.—love'- 
li-ness, re.—lov'er, re. One who loves; one who 
is in love.—lov'ing, pa. Affectionate, -ly, adv. 
low, 1 16; 2 16. I. vi. To bellow, as cattle. II. 

re. The bellow of cattle. [ < AS. hlowan, moo.j 
low. I. a. Of little height; deep; depressed; 
soft; cheap; moderate; inferior; weak; de¬ 
spondent; vulgar; base. II. adv. In a low way 
or position; cheaply; humbly; softly. [ < Ice. 
lagr; cp. lie, recline.]—low'iand. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to a low or level country. II. n. pi. Lands 
that lie low; level land.—lowly. I. a. [low'li- 
er; low'li-est.] Lying low; humble. II. adv. 
In a manner appropriate to humble life; cheaply; 
meanly.—low 'li-ness, re. A lowly state or con¬ 
dition.—low'ness, re. 

Low Countries, The. The Netherlands. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2-art. ape. fat, fare, fast, whatf,, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n. 







361 


lumber 


Low'ell, 1 lo'el; 2 lo'el, James Russell (1819— 
1891). An American poet and essayist; U. S. 
minister to Spain, 1877-1880, and to England, 
1880—1885; Vision of Sir Launfal. 
low'er 1 , 1 lo'ar; 2 lo'er, vt. & vi. To lessen or 
bring down; make or become lower; humble; 
sink.— low'er-most", a. superl. Lowest. 
low'er 2 , 1 lau'ar; 2 low'er. I. vi. To look 
angry or sullen; scowl. II. n. A scowl; a 
gloomy aspect. [Ult. < leer, r.]— lower¬ 
ing, pa. -ly, adv. 

Low'er Cal"i-for'ni-a. A peninsula and territory 
of Mexico (58,328 sq. m.; pop. 52,000); capital, 
La Paz. 

loy'al, 1 lei'al; 2 loy'al, a. Bearing true alle¬ 
giance, as to a government or friends. [F., < 
L. legalis, legal.] — loy'al-ist, n. One who ad¬ 
heres to and defends his sovereign or state.— 
loy'al-ly, adv.— loy'al-ty, n. Devoted alle¬ 
giance. 

Lo-yo'la, 1 lo-yo'la; 2 lo-yo'la, Ignatius (1491— 
1556). A Spanish soldier and priest; founder of the 
Societyof Jesus (the Jesuits).— Lo'yo-lism,n. 
loz'enge, 1 lez'enj; 2 loz'eng, n. 1. A rhombus 
with all sides equal, having two acute and 
two obtuse angles. 2. A small medicated or 
sweetened tablet. [OF., < losenge, flattery, 
gravestone.] 

L. P. M., abbr. Long particular meter. —L. P. S., 
abbr. Lord Privy Seal. —L. S., abbr. Linnean 
Society, locus sigilli (L., the place of the seal).— 
1. s., abbr. Left side. —L. (or £) s. d., abbr. [L.] 
Librae, solidi, denarii (pounds, shillings, pence). : — 
Lt., abbr. Lieutenant. —1. t., abbr. Long ton. 
lub'ber, 1 lub'ar; 2 lub'er, n. An awkward, 
ungainly fellow; landsman on shipboard. [ < 
W. llob, a dunce.]—lub'ber-Iy, a. & adv. 
Lub'bock, 1 lub'ak; 2 lub'ok, Sir John (1834- 
1913), Lord Avebury. An English financier, 
scientist, archeologist, and author. 

Iu'bri-cate, 1 liu'bri-ket; 2 lu'bri-cat, vt. [-cat"- 
ED d ; -cat"ing.] To supply with a lubricant, 
as bearings, to lessen friction. [ < L. lubrico, 
make slippery.] —lu'bri-cant, n. —lu"bri-ca'- 
tion, n. —lu'bri-ca"tor, n. [(39-65.) 

Lu'can, 1 liu'kan; 2 lu'ean, n. A Roman poet 
Lu-ca'ni-a, x liu-ke'm-a; 2 lu-ca'ni-a, n. An an¬ 
cient country in S. E. Italy. 

Luc'ca, 1 luk'ka; 2 luc'ea, n. A province (555 
sq. m.; pop. 347,169), central Italy; also, its cap¬ 
ital (pop. 79,110). 

lu-cerne' 1 , 1 liii-surn'; 2 lu-Qern', n. A tall 
herb used for for¬ 
age. See ALFALFA. 

[ < F. luzerne, lu¬ 
cerne.] lu-cern'f. 

Lu-cerne' 2 , 1 lu- 
sern'; 2 lu-cern', 
n. A Swiss canton 
(580 sq. m.; pop. 

176,190); also, its 
capita! city (pop. 

43,700), situated 
on the picturesque 
Lake of L. 
lu'cid, 1 liu'sid; 2 Lucerne. 

lu'cid, a. 1. Easily understood; sane; clear; 
shining; translucent. 2. Bot. & Entom. 
Smooth and shining. [< L. lucidus, <,luceo, 
shine.] -i-ty, n. -nessf. -ly, adv. 

Lu'ci-fer, 1 liu'si-far; 2 lu'gi-fer, n. 1. The 
morning star. 2. Satan. 3. [1-] A friction® 
match. IucifersmatchJ. [L.,light=bringing, 
< lux, light, + fero, bear.] 

Lu-cl'na, 1 liu-sai'na; 2 lu-d'na, n. Rom. Myth. 
The goddess presiding over childbirth. 


luck, 1 luk; 2 luk, n. That which happens by 
chance; fortune or lot. [Cp. D. luk, G. gliick.] 
—luck'less, a. Having no luck.—luck'y, a. 
[luck'i-er; luck'i-est.] Favored by fortune; 
successful; auspicious.—luck'i-ly, adv. —luck'- 

i- ness, n. 

Luck'now, 1 luk'nau: 2 luk'now, n. A division of 
the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India 
(12,040 sq. m.; pop. 5,857,000); also, a city (pop. 
260,000), its capital; scene of a notable siege dur¬ 
ing the Indian mutiny, 1857-1858. 
lu'cra-tiv(e 8 , 1 liu'kra-tiv; 2 lu'cra-tiv, a. 

Highly profitable, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
lu 'ere, 1 liu'kar; 2 lu'cer, n. Money; gain. 
[F., < L. lucrum, gain.] 

Lu-cre'ti-a, 1 liu-krl'Shi-a; 2 lu-ere'shi-a, n. A 
Roman lady whose suicide w r hen dishonored by 
Sextus Tarquinius led to the expulsion of the 
Tarquin kings. 

Lu-cre'ti-us, 1 liu-kri'Shi-us; 2 lu-ere'shi-us, Titus 
L. Cams (95-51? B. C.). A Roman poet and 
philosopher. 

lu"cu-bra'tion, 1 liu"kiu-bre'khan; 2 lu"cu- 
bra'shon, n. Close study; literary composi¬ 
tion. [ < L. lucubratio, -work by candlelight.] 
Lu-cul'lus, 1 liu-kul'us; 2 lu-eul'us, Lucius 
Licinius (110?-57? B. C.). A Roman consul, 
proverbial for his wealth and luxury.—Lu-cul'- 

ii- an, a. 

lu'di-crous, 1 liu'di-krus; 2 lu'di-crus, a. Cal¬ 
culated to excite laughter; droll; ridiculous. 

[ < L. ludicrtis, < ludo, play.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
luff, ) 1 luf; 2 luf. I 1 , vt. & vi. To steer closer 
luf p , ) to the wind. II. n. The act of sailing a 
ship close to the wind; the rounded part of a 
vessel’s bow. [< D. loeven, < loef, the 
weather=gage.] 

lug, 1 lug; 2 lug, v. [lugged; lug'ging.] To 
pull with exertion or move heavily; drag. 
[ < Sw. lugga, pull.] 

lug 1 , n. A square sail bent to a yard and having, 
no boom. lug'ssail"t.—lug'ger, n. Naut. 
A small two® or three®masted vessel with lug® 
sails, used in fishing. llugg, forelock.] 

lug 2 , n. The lobe of the ear; the ear. [< Sw. 
lug'gage, 1 lug'ij; 2 lug'ag, n. Anything bur¬ 
densome or heavy to carry; baggage. [< 
lug, w.] 

lu-gu'bri-ous, 1 liu-giu'bri-us; 2 lu-gu'bri-us, 
a. Doleful; solemn; sad. [< L. lugubris, < 
lugeo, mourn.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Luke, 1 luk; 2 luk, Saint. One of the four evangel¬ 
ists; companion of the Apostle Paul on his mis¬ 
sionary journeys and during his imprisonment, 
luke'warm", 1 liuk'werm"; 2 luk'warm", o. 
Moderately warm; tepid; indifferent, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

lull, ) 1 lul; 2 lul. I. vt. & vi. To soothe to rest; 
lul p , ) become calm; quiet; abate. II. n. An 
abatement, as of noise; calm. [Imitative.] 
lull'a-by, 1 lul'a-bai; 2 lul'a-by, n. [-bies z , ph] 
A cradle®song. [ < lull.] 
lum'bar, 1 lum'bar; 2 lum'bar, a. Pertaining 
to or situated near the loins. [ < L. lumbus, 
loin.]—lum-ba'go, n. Rheumatic pain in the 
back or loins. 

lum'ber 1 ,1 lum'bar; 2 lum'ber, vt. To fill with 
lumber; deal in lumber; encumber; heap in 
disorder.—1 uni 'ber-ing, n. Felling and shap¬ 
ing timber. 

lum'ber 2 , vi. To move heavily; rumble. [< 
Sw. lomra, < ljumm, heavy rumble.]—lum '- 
ber-ing, a. Clumsily huge; rumbling, 
lum'ber, n. Timber sawed into boards; arti¬ 
cles laid aside as useless; rubbish. [Prob. 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Iff = feud; <fhin; go; U = sing; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, d{>; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611, boy; go, gem; i©k; thin, this. 








luminary 

Maccabeus 


362 


orig. • pawnshop,’ < Lombard, the Lombards 
having been pawnbrokers.]— lum'ber-man, n. 
A worker or dealer in timber, lum'ber-erf. 
lu'mi-na-ry, 1 liu'mi-ne-ri; 2 lu'mi-na-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi.] Any body that gives light. [ < 
L. lumen, light, < luceo, shine.]— lu"mi-nif'er- 
ous, a. Producing or conveying light.— lu'mi- 
nous, a. 1. Giving or emitting light; shining. 2. 
Bright; lucid. -ly,adr. — lu"mi-nos'I-ty,n. The 
quality of being luminous, lu'mi-nous-nesst. 

lump, 1 lump; 2 lump. I 1 . vt. 1. To throw 
into a lump; heap. 2. To take in the gross. 
II. n. A shapeless mass of inert matter; 
swelling. [ < Sw* Norw. lump, stump.]— 
lump'ish, a. Like a lump; stupid. -Iy, adv. 
-ness, n. —lump'y, a. [lump'i-er; lump'i-est.] 
Full of lumps; gross. 

Lu'na, 1 liQ'na; 2 IQ'na, n. Rom. Myth. Goddess 
of the moon and of months, 
lu'na-cy, 1 liu'ne-si; 2 lu'na-cy, n. [-cies z , pi. 

Mental unsoundness; insanity. [< lunatic. 
lu 'nar, 1 liu'nar; 2 lu'nar, a. Pertaining to or 
measured by revolutions of the moon; lunate. 
[< L. lunaris, < luna, the moon.]—lu'nate, a. 
Crescent-shaped. Iu'nat-edf.—lu'na-tic. I. 
a. Affected with lunacy; crazy; insane. II. n. 
An insane person.—lu-na'tion, n. The interval 
between two returns of the new moon, 
lunch, 1 lundh; 2 lunch. I 1 , vi. To take lunch. 
II. n. A light meal between the chief meals, 
as between breakfast and dinner. [Var. of 

LUMP.] [LUNCH. 

Iunch'eon, 1 luncfh'an; 2 lunch'on, n. Same as 
Lun'dy’s Lane, 1 lun'diz; 2 lun'dyg. A region 
near Drummondsville, Ont., where the Americans 
fought the British, 1814, 

lu-nette', 1 fiu-net'; 2 lu-ngt', n. Something 
having the shape of a half-moon, as a fortified 
work, mural opening, etc. [F., < L. luna, 
moon.] 

lung, 1 lur); 2 lung, n. Either of the two organs 



Posterior View of Human Lungs. 

a, a, Bummit; 6, 6, basefc, trachea; d , right bronchus; e, division 
to the upper lobe; /, division to the lower lobe; g y left bronchus; h, 
division to the upper lobe; t, division to the lower lobe; j, left branch 
of the pulmonary artery; Ar, right branch of the pulmonary artery; l , 
left auricle; w, left superior pulmonary vein; n, left inferior pulmo¬ 
nary vein; o % right superior pulmonary vein; p , right inferior pul¬ 
monary vein: q , left ventricle; r, inferior vena cava; 8, right ven¬ 
tricle. 

of respiration in air-breathing creatures. [ < 
AS. lungcn, lung.] 

lunge, l lunj; 2 lung. I. vi. [lunged; lung'- 
ing ] To make a lunge; thrust. II. n. A 
long sudden thrust. [ < F. allonger, lengthen.] 
Lu"per-ca'li-a, 1 liu"par-ke'h-8; 2 lu"per-ca'li-a, 
n. A Roman festival celebrated on Feb. 15, in 
honorofarusticdeity, Lu-per'cus. Lu'per-calf. 


lu'pine, ) 1 fiu'pin; 2 lu'pin. a. Of or pertain- 
lu'pin 3 , ) ing to a wolf; like a wolf; wolfish, 
lurch, 1 lurdh; 2 Kirch, vi. To roll to one side, 
as a ship at sea; sway. [For lurk.] 
lurch, n. A swaying or rolling, 
lurch 'er, 1 lurch'ar; 2 lhrch'er, n. 1. A lurking 
thief; a poacher. 2. A cross-bred dog that 
hunts by scent and in silence, 
lure, 1 liur; 2 lur, vt. & vi. [lured; lur'ing.] 
To entice, as a bird; attract; allure, 
lure, n. A snare; decoy; bait; enticement. [< 
OF. leurre, < MHG. luoder, bait.] 
lu'rid, 1 liu'rid; 2 lu'rid, a. Giving a ghastly or 
dull-red fight; dismal. [< L. luridus, lurid.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

lurk', 1 lurk; 2 lurk, vi. To fie hidden in am¬ 
bush or in wait, as for attack; hide. [Perhaps 
< Sw. lurka, lurk.] 

lus'cious, 1 lusk'us; 2 lush'us, a. Rich, sweet, 
and delicious; excessively sweet. [< lusty.] 
-Iy, adv. -ness, n. 

lush, 1 lu^h; 2 lush, a. Full of juice or succu¬ 
lence; fresh and luxuriant. [Abbr. of lus¬ 
cious.] 

Lu"si-ta'ni-a, 1 liG"si-te'm-a; 2 lu'si-ta'ni-a, n. 
1. The ancient name of W. Hispania; now poetic 
name for Portugal. 2. A British passenger-ship, 
sunk by a German submarine. May 7, 1915, with 
loss of 1,134 lives.—Lu"si-ta'ni-an, a. & n. 
lust, 1 lust; 2 lust. I d . vi. To have passionate 
or inordinate desire. II. n. Vehement or 
covetous affection or desire; inordinate desire 
for carnal pleasure. [ < AS. lust.] —lust 'ful, 
a. Having carnal or sensual desire, 
lus'ter, / 1 lus'tar; 2 liis'ter, n. 1. Brilliancy 
lus'tre, ) or sheen; gloss; brightness. 2. A 
chandelier. [ < F. lustre, < L. luceo, shine.] 
—lus 'trous, a. Having luster; shining, 
lus'truin, 1 lus'trum; 2 liis'trum, n. A puri¬ 
fication. [< L. luo, wash.]—lus'tral, o. Per¬ 
taining to purification. — lus-tra'tion, n. 
lust'y, 1 lust'i; 2 lust'y, a. [lust'i-er; lust'i- 
est.] Full of vigor and health; robust.— 
lust'i-ly, adv. —lust'i-ness, n. 
lute d , vt. To seal up crevices in with lute. 
lute 1 , n. A guitar-like musical instrument. 

[ < Ar. 8P+OF al 'ad, < al, the, + 'ad, lute.] 
lute 2 , n. A composition used to exclude air, 
as around pipe-joints. [ < L. F lutum, mud.] 
Lutli., abbr. Lutheran. 

Lu'ther, 1 liu'fhar; 2 lu'ther, Martin (1483- 
1546). A German monk; leader of the Protestant 
Reformation; excommunicated by Leo X. (1520) 
and proscribed by the Diet of Worms (1521); 
translated the Bible into German.—Lu'ther-an. 

1. a. Pertaining to Martin Luther, or to his 
doctrines. II. n. A follower of Luther. 

luxe, 1 liiks; 2 lviks, n. Superfine quality; luxury: 

usually with de; as, edition de luxe. [F.] 
Lux'eni-burg, 1 luks'em-burg; 2 luks'em-burg, n. 
Grand duchy between Belgium, France, and Ger¬ 
many; 998 sq. m.; pop. 263, 800;overrun by the 
Germans in 1914. 

lux-u'ri-ant, 1 lug-3u'n-ant; 2 lug-zhu'ri-ant, 
a. Superabundant in growth; profuse; super¬ 
fluous. [< L. luxurio, abound.] -ly, adv .— 
lux-u'ri-ance, n. lux-u'ri-an-cyf. 
lux -11 'ri-ate, 1 lug- 3 u'n-et; 2 lug-zhu'ri-at, vi. 
[-at"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To grow profusely. 

2. To live sumptuously; glory or revel, 
lux-u'ri-ous, 1 lug- 3 u'ri-us; 2 liig-zhu'ri-us, a. 

Pertaining or administering to luxury; volup¬ 
tuous. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
lux'u-ry, 1 luk'^hu-ri; 2 luk'shu-ry, n. [-ries z , 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; not, Sr; full, rQle; but, burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prfiy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; 1= e: go, not, or, won,’ 





















363 


luminary 

Maccabeus 


pi] A free indulgence in the pleasures that 
gratify the senses; anything productive of 
great pleasure; delicacy. [< L. luxuria, < 
luxus, extravagance.] 

Lu-zon', 1 lu-zon' or ( Sp.) lu-thon'; 2 lu-zon' or 
( Sp .) lu-thon', n. The largest (40,969 sq. m.; 
pop. 3,799,000) of the Philippine Islands; capital, 
Manila. 

Iv., abbr. Leave, livres. 

-ly 1 , suffix. Like; of the nature of; pertaining to; 
used to form adjectives from nouns; as manfy, 
god ly. t < AS. -lie, form.] 

-ly 2 , suffix. In a (specified) manner; used to form 
adverbs from adjectives, or (rarely) from nouns; 
as bright/^, longingij/. [< AS. -lice, < lie, form.] 
ly-ce'um, 1 lai-si'um; 2 ly-ge'um, n. [-ums z 
or -a, pi] 1. fU. S.j An association for in¬ 
struction, as by lectures, books, etc.; a 
classical school. 2. [L-] A grove near Athens 
where Aristotle taught. 

Ly-cur'gus, 1 lai-kur'gus; 2 ly-eur'gus, n. 1. A 
semimythical Spartan lawgiver (c. 820 B. C.). 2. 

An Attic orator; supporter of Demosthenes. 

Lyd 'i-a, 1 lid'i-a; 2 lyd'i-a, n. 1. The first Christian 
convert at Philippi. Acts xvi, 14. 2. An ancient 
maritime province of W. Asia Minor.— Lyd'i- 
an, a. & n. 

lye, 1 lai; 2 ly, n. A solution derived from a 
substance containing alkali, or leached from 
ashes. [ < AS. leak, lye.] 

Ly'ell, 1 lai'el; 2 li'el, Sir Charles (1797-1875). 
An English geologist. 

ly'ing 1 , 1 lai'irj; 2 ly'ing, pa. Being in a hori¬ 
zontal position; prostrate; resting. See lie 1 , 
vi .— ly"ing=in', ». The confinement of women 
during childbirth; parturition: used also adjec- 
tively. 

ly'ing 2 , pa. Addicted to, conveying, or constitu¬ 
ting falsehood; mendacious; false. See lie 2 , vi. 
lymph, ) 1 limf; 2 lymf, n. 1. A transparent, 
lymf p , ) colorless, alkaline fluid, consisting of 
a plasma resembling that of the blood and of 
corpuscles like the white blood=corpuscles. 
2. The virus of a disease, used as in vaccina¬ 
tion. [ < L. lympha, clear water.] 
lym-phat'ic,l lim-fat'ik; 21im-fat'ie. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to, containing, or conveying lymph; 
absorbent. II. n. A vessel that conveys 
lymph into the veins; an absorbent vessel. 


lynch*, 1 lindh; 2 lynch, vt. To punish for im¬ 
puted crime by lynchdaw. f < Charles 
Lynch, of Virginia.]— lynch'daw", n. Summary 
punishment, as by a mob, without trial by law. 
lynx, 1 liqks; 2 lynks, n. 1. A wikbeat with 
short tail, tufted 
ears, and rela¬ 
tively long limbs. 

2. [L-] A north¬ 
ern constellation. 

[L., < Gr. lynx, 
lynx.] — lynx's 
eyed", a. Having 
acute sight. 

Ly"ons', 1 iron'; 2 
ly"oh', n. A sea¬ 
port city (pop. 

524,000) of S. E. 

France.— Gulf of 
L., an inlet of the 
Mediterranean 
sea, S. France, 
lyr., abbr. Lyric. Lynx. V 26 

lyre, 1 lair; 2 lyr, n. 1. Mus. An ancient harp¬ 
like stringed instrument. 2. [L-] The con¬ 
stellation Lyra. See constellation. [F., 
< GrV lyra, lyre.] 

Iyr'ic, 1 lir'ik; 2 Iyr'ic, a. 1. Belonging to a 
lyre; adapted for singing to a lyre. 2. Char¬ 
acterizing emotional verse of songdike form. 
[< Gr . lyrikos, < lyra, lyre.] lyr'i-calt. 

Iyr'ic, n. A lyric poem, song, or verse, 
lyr '1st, 1 lair'ist; 2 lyr'ist, n. One who plays 
the lyre; a lyric poet. [< Gr. lyristes, < 
lyra, lyre.] 

Lys, 1 lls; lys, n. A river in France and Belgium; 

scene of German defeat by Allies, April, 1918. 
Ly-san'der, 1 lai-san'dar; 2 ly-san'der, n. A 
Spartan general who took Athens, 404 B. C. 
Lys'i-as, 1 lis'i-as; 2 lys'i-as, n. (458-378 B. C.) 

A Greek orator; a native of Syracuse. 

-lysis, -lytic, suffixes. Indicating loosing, dissolv¬ 
ing, etc.; as, hydro lysis, electro lytic. [< Gr. 
lyd, loose.] 

Lyt'ton, 1 lit'an; 2 lyt'on, n. 1. Earl of (1831 — 
1891), Edward Bulwer-Lytton; an English poet 
and diplomat; Lucile. 2. Lord (1803-1873), 
Edward Lytton Bulwer, an English poet and 
novelist; Pelham, etc. 



M 


M, m, 1 em; 2 8m, n. [ems, M’s, or Ms, 1 
emz; 2 Sms, pi] 1. A letter: the thirteenth 
in the English alphabet. 2. Same as em. 

M., abbr. Majesty, Master, Member, middle, mille 
(F., one thousand), Monday, monsieur.—m., 
abbr. Manipulus (L., a handful), married, mas¬ 
culine, mensura (L., measure, by measure), 
meridiem, meridies (L„ noon), meter, mile, mill, 
minim, minute, month, moon. — m. 2 , abbr. 
Square meter.—m. 3 , abbr. Cubic meter, 
ma, 1 ma; 2 ma, n. Mama; mother. 

M. A., abbr. [L.] Magister Arlium (Master of 
Arts). _ [Madam, 

ma’am, 1 mam or mam; 2 mam or mam, n. [Colloq.] 
Mab, 1 mab; 2 mab, n. Eng. Folklore. The queen 
of the fairies. Queen Mab f. 

Mac-, prefix. [Scot, or Ir.] Son: abbreviated Me, 
M r , or M’. [< Gael, mac.] 

Mac., Macc., abbr. Maccabees, 
mac-ad'am-ize or -ise, 1 mak-ad'am-aiz; 2 i 
mac-ad'am-iz, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To pave 
with small broken stone. [ < McAdam, a 


Scottish engineer (1756-1836).]— mac-ad'am, 
n. Broken stone for macadamizing or a roadway 
made therefrom.—mac-ad"am-i-za'[or -sa']- 
tion, n.— mac-ad 'am-iz"er or -is"er, n. 
mac"a-ro'ni, 1 mak"a-r6'm; 2 mac"a-r6'ni, n. 
1. An edible Italian paste of flour made into 
slender tubes. 2. An exquisite or fop.— 
mac"a-ro'uic, a. 

mac"a-roon', 1 mak"a-run'; 2 mac"a-rbbn', n. 
A small cake of pounded almonds, white of 
egg, and sugar. 

Ma-cau'lay, 1 ma-ke'li; 2 ma-ca'ly, Lord (1800- 
1859). Thomas Babington Macaulay, an En¬ 
glish historian, essayist, and statesman, 
ma-caw', 1 ma-ke'; 2 ma-ea'.n. A large trop¬ 
ical American parrot. [ < Braz. macao.] 
Mac-beth', 1 mak-beth'; 2 mae-beth', n. King of 
Scotland ( -1057); hero of Shakespeare’s tragedy 
of that name. 

Mac"ca-be'us, 1 mak"a-bi'us; 2 m5.e"a-be'us, 
Judas ( -160 B. C.). A Jewish patriot: hie 


l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; an = out; ell; 10 = feud; <5hin; go; D = singi; fliin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cQre, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, this. 










Macdonald 

maiden 


364 


family, known as The Maccabees, led a religious 
revolt against the Syrians (175-164 B. C.).— 
Mac"ca-be'an, a. 

Mac-don'aid, 1 mak-den'ald; 2 mae-d6n'ald, Sir 
John Alexander (1815-1891), Canadian states¬ 
man; organized the first government of Canada. 
mace 1 , 1 mes; 2 mag, n. A club*shaped staff 
of authority, used in legislative bodies; an 
officer who carries it; a flat*headed billiard*cue. 
[OF., < LL. matia, mallet.] 
mace 2 , n. An aromatic spice made from the 
covering of the nutmeg*seed. [< Gr. L+F 
maker , an East»Indian spice.] 

Mac"e-do'ni-a, 1 masT-do'm-a; 2 mag'e-db'ni-a, 
n. An ancient country of N. Greece; seat of em¬ 
pire under Alexander the Great: ceded to Greece 
by Turkey, 1913 .— Mac"e-do'ni-an, a. & n. 
mac'er-ate, 1 mas'ar-et; 2 mag'er-at, vt. [-at"- 
ED d ; -at"ing.] To reduce to a soft mass by 
soaking. [ < L. maceratus, pp. of macero, 
soften.]— mac"er-a'tion, n. 
mach., machin., abbr. Machinery, machinist, 
ma-che'te, 1 ma-Che'te; 2 mii-che'te, n. A heavy 
knife or cutlas used both as an implement and a 
weapon by the natives of tropical America. [Sp.] 
Mach"i-a-vel'li-an, 1 makT-a-vel'i-an; 2 mac"i- 
a-vel'i-an, a. Of or pertaining to the Florentine 
politician Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), or 
to the system of political trickery taught by 
him. 

mach"i-na'tion, 1 mak"i-ne'ban; 2 mac"i- 
na'shon, n. The act of contriving a secret or 
hostile plan; also, such a plan; plot. [Ult. < 
L. machina, machine.] —inach'I-nate, vt. & vi. 
ma-chine', 1 ma-£hin'; 2 ma-ghin', n. 1. Any 
combination of mechanism for utilizing or ap¬ 
plying power. 2. One who acts in a mechani¬ 
cal manner. 3. [U. S.] An organization of 
persons, as within a political party to control 
patronage. [F., < L. machina, < Gr. me- 
chane, engine.]— ma-chin'er-y, n. The parts of 
a machine, or a number of machines and kindred 
appliances collectively.— ma-chin'ist, n. One 
who makes or repairs machines. 

Mack'en-sen August von (1849- ). German 

fleld*marshal; drove Russians from Galicia and 
Poland, 1915. 

Mac-ken'zle, 1 ma-ken'zi; 2 ma-ken'zi, n. A dis¬ 
trict in Saskatchewan (563,200 sq. m.; pop. 
41,000) and river (length 1,100 m. to Arctic 
ocean) in N. W. Canada. 

mack'er-el, 1 mak'ar-el; 2 m&k'er-Sl, n. An 
Atlantic food*fish, 
steebblue above 
with blackish 
bars, and silvery 

beneath. [ < L.° Mackerel Vis 

macula, spot.] JviacKerei. /is 

Mc-Kln'ley, 1 ma-kin'h; 2 ma-kln'ly, n. 1. 
William (1844-1901), a President of the United 
States. See president. 2. A mountain in W. 
Alaska, 20,464 ft.; highest peak in N. America, 
mack'in-tosh, 1 mak'in-te^h; 2 milk'in-tosh, 
n. A waterproof overgarment or cloak. [ < 
Mackintosh, the inventor.] 
mac'ro-, mac'r-, 1 mak'ro-, mak'r-; 2 m&e'ro-. 
mae'r-. From Greek makros, long, large; com¬ 
bining forms.— mac'ro-cosm, n. The great 
world; the universe: opposed to microcosm. 
ma'cron, 1 me'kran; 2 ma'eron, n. A straight line 
O placed over a vowel to show that it is long; 
as, a: opposed to breve ( v ). 

mad, 1 mad; 2 mSd. I d . vt. & vi. To madden; 
act madly; rave; rage. II. a. [mad'der; 
mad'dest.] 1. Disordered in mind; insane. 





2. Uncontrollably excited by strong feeling, 
as desire, terror, or grief; infatuated; dis¬ 
tracted. 3. [Archaic or Colloq.] Angry; en¬ 
raged. 4. Reckless; rash. 5. Having hydro¬ 
phobia. [ < AS. gemad, ge- (generalizing) + 
mad, mad.]— mad'house", n. A lunatic asy¬ 
lum.— mad 'ly, adv.— mad'man, n. A lunatic; 
maniac. —mad 'ness, n. Insanity. 

Mad., Madin., abbr. Madam. 

Mad"a-gas'car, 1 mad"a-gas'kar; 2 mad'a-gas'- 
ear, n. An island (228,000 sq. m.; pop. 3,512,700) 
off E. South Africa; French colony.— Mad"a- 
gas'can, a. & n. 

mad'am, 1 mad'am; 2 mad'am, n. My lady; 
mistress: a title of respectful address. [ < L F 
mea, my, + domina, dame.] 
ma"dame', 1 ma'dam'; 2 ma'dam', n. [mes'- 
dames', pi.] Madam: the original French form, 
mad'cap", 1 mad'kap"; 2 mad'cap". I. a. 
Wild; rattlebrained. II. n. One who acts 
wildly or rashly. 

mad 'den, 1 mad'n; 2 m&d'n, vt. & vi. To drive 
or become mad; inflame with passion; enrage. 
—mad'den-lng, pa. 

mad 'der, 1 mad'ar ; 2 mad'er, n. An Old World 
perennial herb, or 
the extract from 
its root, used in 
dyeing red. [ < 

AS. mxdere, mad¬ 
der.] 

mad'der, a. Comp. 
of mad, a. 

made, 1 med; 2 mad, to 

pp. of make, r. —ss v 3 

Ma-dei'ra, 1 ma-di'- 
ra; 2 ma-de'ra, n. 

l. A Portuguese is¬ 

land, one of a group 
(the Madeira Is- 
lands) in the 
Atlantic, W. of 
Morocco (315 sq. Madder. 

m. ; pop. 169,000); place of detention of Charles 
of Austria, 1921; capital, Funchal. 2. A wine 
there made. 3. A river of Brazil, 2,500 m. (with 
tributaries) to the Amazon.—Ma-dei'ran, a. 

ma"de-moi-selle', 1 ma"da-mwa-zel' or mad"- 
i-mo-zel'; 2 ma"de-mwa-§61' or mad"e-mo-§Sl', 

n. [F.] Miss: title of unmarried women. 
Mad'i-son, 1 mad'i-san; 2 mad'i-son. 1. James 

(1751-1836). A President of the United States. 
See president. 2. The capital of the State of 
Wisconsin; pop. 38,378. 

Ma-don 'na, 1 ma-den'a; 2 ma-d6n'a, n. The Vir¬ 
gin Mary; a painting or statue of the Virgin. [It., 
= madam.] 

Madr., abbr. Madras. 

Ma-dras ', 1 ma-dras'; 2 ma-dras', n. A province and 
presidency (141,726 sq. m.; pop. 41,405,000) of 
India, or its capital, a seaport city (pop. 519,000). 
mad're-pore, 1 mad'ri-por; 2 mad're-por, n. A 
branched reePcoral. [ < It. madrepora, coral, < 
L. mater, mother, 4- Gr. poros, soft stone.] 
Ma-drid', 1 ma-drid'; 2 ma-drid', n. A cathedral 
city (pop.652,000), capital of Spain and of Madrid 
province (3,084 sq. m.; pop. 963,000). 
mad'ri-gal, 1 mad'n-gal; 2 mad'ri-gal, n. A 
shepherd’s song; pastoral song; love*ditty; 
vocal composition set to a pastoral lyric. [F.j 
Mae-ce'nas, 1 ml-sl'nas; 2 me-ge'nas, C. Clinius 
(73?-8 B. C.). A Roman statesman; patron of 
letters; friend of Horace. 

Mael'strom, 1 merstram; 2 mai'strom. n. 1. A 
famous whirlpool or current off the N. W. coast 



1: artistic, firt; fat, fSre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, 6r; full, rflle; but, b©m; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n, 









365 


Macdonald 

maiden 


of Norway. 2. [m-] Figuratively, any resistless 
movement or influence. 

inae'nad, 1 ml'nad; 2 me'nad, n. A bacchante. [ < 
Gr. L maina(d-)s, < mainomai, rave.] 
Mae'ter'linck, 1 ma'tar-lirjk, 2 ma'ter-link, Mau¬ 
rice (1862- ). A Belgian poet; The Blue Bird. 

Ma'fi-a, 1 ma'fi-a; 2 ma'fi-a, n. A Sicilian anar¬ 
chistic secret society. [Sicilian.] MaFfi-at. 
Mag., abbr. Magazine.— mag., abbr. Magnitude. 
inag"a-zine ', 1 mag"e-zin'; 2 mag"a-zin', n. 1. 
A house, storeroom, or receptacle in which 
anything is stored. 2. The chamber of a re¬ 
peating rifle. 3. A periodical, containing stor¬ 
ies, sketches, etc., and often illustrated. [< 
Ar.QF akhmaztn, pi. of makhzan, storehouse.] 
Mag'da-len, 1 mag'da-len; 2 mag'da-len, n. 1. 
See Mary, 2: by confusion with the unnamed 
penitent of Luke vii, 36-50, represented as a 
fallen woman raised to saintship. 2. [m- or M-] 
A reformed prostitute. [< Magdala, a town in 
Galilee.] Mag'da-lenef. 

Ma-gel'lan, 1 ma-jel'an; 2 ma-gel'an, Fer-nan'do 
(1470?—1521). A Portuguese navigator; discov¬ 
ered, in 1520, the Strait of Magellan (length 
200 m.; width 2\ to 11 m.), between South Amer¬ 
ica and Tierra del Fuego.— Mag"el-lan'ic, a . 
Mag-gio're, 1 mad-jo're; 2 mad-go're, n. A lake 
in N. Italy and Switzerland; 40 by 2 miles, 
mag'got, 1 mag'at; 2 mag'ot, to. The larva of a 
fly; a grub; whim. [< W. maceiad, < magu, 
breed.]—mag'got-y, a. Infested with maggots; 
flyblown; whimsical. 

Ma'gi, 1 me'jai; 2 ma'gi, n. pi. [Ma'gus, sing], 
The priestly caste of the Medes and Persians; 
specif., the “wise men” of Matt, ii, 1. [L., pi. 
of Magus, < Gr. Magos.] —Ma'gi-an. I. a. 
Pertaining to the Magi. II. n. One of the Magi, 
mag'ic, 1 maj'ik; 2 mag'ie. I. a. 1. Of the 
nature of magic; possessing supernatural 
powers; sorcerous. 2. Magical. II. n. 1. 
Any pretended or supposed supernatural art; 
necromancy. 2. Sleight of hand. [ < Gr. 
magikos, magical, of the Magi.]—mag'I-cal, a. 
Pertaining to or produced by or as by magic, -ly, 
adv. —ma-gi'cian, n. An expert in magic arts; 
a sorcerer; wizard. 

mag"is-te'ri-al, 1 maj"is-tl'ri-al; 2 mag"is-te'- 
ri-al, a. Pertaining to a magistrate or magis¬ 
tracy; authoritative; judicial; dictatorial. [< 
L. magister , master.] -ly, adv . -ness, n . 
mag'is-trate, 1 maj'is-tret; 2 mag'is-trat, n. 
One clothed with public civil authority; a 
judicial officer. [< L. F magister , master.]— 
mag'is-tra-cy, n . [-cies z , pi .] The office of a 
magistrate; magistrates collectively. 

Mag'na Car'ta, 1 mag'na kcir'ta; 2 mag'na 
ear'ta. The Great Charter of English liber¬ 
ties. delivered June 19, 1215, by King John, 
at Runnymede, on the demand of the English 
barons. [L.] Mag'na Char'tat. 
mag-nan'i-mous, 1 mag-nan'x-mus; 2 mag- 
nan'i-mus, a. Elevated in soul; scorning 
what is mean or base; unselfish. [ < L. mag- 
nus, great, + animus, soul.]— mag"na-nim'i- 
ty, 7i.—mag-nan 'i-mous-ly, adv. 
mag'nate, 1 mag'net; 2 mag'nat, n. A person 
of rank or importance; a noble. [< L. LL 
magnus, great.] v 

mag-ne'si-a, 1 mag-ni'^hi-a; 2 mag-ne shi-a, n. 
Chem. A light, white, earthy powder, used in 
medicine as an antacid or laxative. [ < Gr. 
Magnesia (district in Thessaly).]— inag-ne'- 
sium, n. A light, silver*white metallic element, 
mag'net, 1 mag'net; 2 mag'net, n. A body 
with a peculiar form of polarity, capable of 


exerting and being acted on by magnetic 
force, and attracting to itself magnetizable 
substances, as iron and steel. [ < Gr. magnes, 
< Magnesia, Magnesia (district in Thessaly).]— 
mag-net'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to a magnet or 
magnetism. 2. Possessing personal magnetism, 
mag net'i-calt. — mag'net-ism, n. 1. That 
quality or agency to which magnetic force is due. 
2. The sympathetic personal quality that at¬ 
tracts or interests.— mag'net-ize or -ise, vt. & 
vi. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To develop or acquire mag¬ 
netic properties; attract by sympathetic personal 
influence.— mag'net-i"za-[or -sa-]ble p , a. 
inag-nif'i-cent, 1 mag-nif'i-sent; 2 mag-nif'i- 
?ent, a. Grand or majestic, as in quality or 
character; splendid. [< L. magnus, great, -{- 
facia, make.] mag-nif'ict; mag-niFi-calj. — 
mag-nif'i-cence, to. 

mag'ni-fy, 1 mag'm-fai; 2 mag'ni-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] 1. To increase the apparent size of, 
as by a microscope; enlarge; exaggerate. 2. To 
exalt; extol; glorify. [ < L. p magniflco, < mag¬ 
nus, great; and see -fy.] —mag'ni-fi"a-bl(e p , a. 
That can be magnified.—mag'ni-fi"er, n. 
mag'ni-tude, 1 mag'ni-tiud; 2 mag'ni-tud, n. 

1. Great size or extent; grandeur; importance. 

2. The property of having size or extent. [ < 
L. magnitudo, < magnus, great.] 

mag-no'li-a, 1 mag-no'h-a; 2 mag-no'li-a, n. 
An ornamental tree or shrub, with evergreen 
leaves and large, handsome flowers. [ < Mag- 
nol, a French botanist.] 

Ma'gog, 1 me'geg; 2 ma'gbg, n. See Gog and 
Magog. 

mag'pie, 1 mag'pai; 2 mag'pl, n. A crow*like 
bird with black=and=white plu¬ 
mage : capable of being taught to 
speak. 

ma-guey', 1 ma-gwe'; 2 ma-gwe', 
n. The American aloe. [ < Mex. 
maguei .] 

Mag'yar, 1 med'yer or mag'yar; 2 
mad'yar or mag'yar, 
n. 1. A Hungarian. 

2. The Hungarian 
language.—Mag'yar, 
a. Hungarian. 

Ma"ha - bha 'ra - ta, 1 
ma"ha-ba'ra-t8; 2 
ma"ha-ba'ra-ta, 77. An Magpie. Vu 
ancient Hindu epic: assigned to 500 B. C. [Sans.l 
ma"ha-ra'ja, 1 ma"ha-rd'ja; 2 ma"ha-ra'ja, n. A 
great Hindu prince or religious teacher. [Sans.] 
ma"ha-ra'jah|. 

Mah'di, 1 ma'di; 2 ma'di, n. The Mohammedan 
messiah, esp., Mohammed Ahmed (1843-1885), 
who led a revolt in the Sudan, 1883. [Ar.] 
ma-hog'a-ny, 1 ma-hog'e-m; 2 ma-hog'a-ny, 
n. [-nies z , pi.] A large tropical American tree, 
with hard, reddish wood. [ < S. Am. mahogoni.] 
Ma-hom'ed-an, Ma-hom'et, Ma-hom'et-an, 
etc. Same as Mohammedan, etc. 
ma-hout', 1 ma-haut'; 2 ma-hout', tj. [E. Ind.] 
The keeper and driver of an elephant. [ < Hind. 
mahaut.] 

maid, 1 med; 2 mad, to. 1. Any unmarried wo¬ 
man ; virgin; girl; maiden. 2. A female servant, 
maid servant!. [ < AS. msegih, maiden.] 
maid'en, 1 med'n; 2 mad'n. I. a. Pertaining 
to or suitable for a maiden; initiatory; un¬ 
used; untried. II. to. A maid; virgin. [< 
AS. msegden, < mxgth, maid.] —maid 'en-hair", 
to. A very delicate and graceful fern. See illus. 
on next page.— maid'en-head, to. Maiden¬ 
hood.— maid'en-hood, to. The state of being 



1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = oTOt; oil; lu = feud; <5hin; go; I) = smg; Chin, this. 
2: wplf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







mail 

man 


366 


a maiden or virgin.— maid'en-ly, a. Befitting 
a maiden; gentle; modest. 
mail 1 , 1 mel; 2 mal, vt. [U. S.] To send by 
mail, as letters; place in a mail-box; post. 
mail 2 , vt. To put a coat of mail on. 
mail 1 , to. 1. The governmental system for 
handling letters, etc.; con¬ 
veyance that carries such 
matter; mail-bag. 2. 

Matter conveyed by post. 

[ < LL. P mala, bag.] 
mail 2 , ». Armor consisting 
of chains, rings, or scales. 

[ < L. F macula, spot, net.] 

maim, 1 mem; 2 mam. I. 
vt. To deprive (a person or 
animal) of any part of the 
body; mutilate; disable. 

II. n. A crippling; muti¬ 
lation; maiming. [< OF. mehaigner, maim.] 

main, 1 men; 2 man, a. First or chief in size, 
importance, extent, etc.; principal; concen¬ 
trated; undivided. [ < L. OF magnus, great.] 
main 'deck", n. The gun-deck of a wardship, or the 
upper deck of a merchantman.— main 'land, n. 
A principal body of land; a continent, as distin¬ 
guished from an island.— main'mast", n. The 
principal mast of a vessel.— main'sail", n. A 
sail bent to the main-yard or one carried on the 
mainmast.— main'spring", to. 1. A principal 
spring of a mechanism, as of a watch. 2. The 
most efficient cause or motive.— main'stay", n. 
1. Naul. A rope frdm the mainmast-head forward 
to support the mast. 2. A chief support or de¬ 
pendence.— m.syard, n. The lower yard on the 
mainmast.— main'ly, adv. For the most part. 

main, to. 1. The ocean; hence, a considerable ex¬ 
panse, as of land. 2. A chief conduit-pipe or con¬ 
ductor, as for water. 3. Violenteffort;strength: 
chiefly in the phrase might and main. [< AS. 
msegen, power, < mseg, I am able.] 

Maine, 1 men; 2 man, n. 1. A State of the N. E. 
United States (33,040 sq. m.; pop. 768,014); cap¬ 
ital, Augusta. 2. A United States battleship, 
blown up in Habana harbor, Feb. 15, 1898. 
main-tain', 1 men-ten'; 2 man-tan', v. I. t. 

1. To hold or keep in any particular state. 2. 
To supply with means of support. 3. To up¬ 
hold by reason or argument; vindicate; make 
good. 4. To hold possession of. II. i. To assert; 
affirm. [ < L. F manus, hand, + teneo, hold.] 
—main-tain'a-b!(e p , a. —main'te-nance, n. 
The act of maintaining; means of support. 

Main"te-non\ 1 man"ta-non'; 2 man’te-non', 
Marquisede (1635-1719). Francoised’Aubigne; 
secretly married to Louis XIV. of France. 
Mainz, 1 maints; 2 mints, n. A city of S. W. Hesse 
(pop. 107,930); occupied by the French since 
1918. Ma"yence'f. 

maiz(e p , 1 mez; 2 maz, to. A tall and stout cul¬ 
tivated grass, for food and forage; also, its 
grain; Indian corn: called in U. S. simply 
corn. See illus. in next column. [ < Sp. maiz, 
< W. Ind. mahiz.] 

Maj., abbr. Major. 

maj'es-ty, 1 maj'es-ti; 2 m&j'Ss-ty, to. [-ties z , 
pi.] 1. Exalted dignity; stateliness; grandeur. 

2. [M-] A title given to reigning monarchs. 
[< L. majesta{t-)s, < majus, neut. compar. of 
magnus, great.]— ma-jes'tic, a. Having or ex¬ 
hibiting majesty; stately; royal; august.— ma- 
jes'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

ma-jol'i-ca, ) 1 ma-jel'i-ka or ma-y5'li-ca; 2 
ma-io'li-ca, ) ma-jol'i-ca or ma-yo'll-ca, to. 



a, section of frond. 


a white enamel. 
1. Greater in 


Earthenware coated with 
[< Maiolica, for Majorca.] 

ma'jor, 1 me'jar; 2 ma'jor. I. a. 
number, quantity, or extent; 
principal. 2. Mus. Normal. 

II. to . 1 . Mil. An officer next 
in rank above a captain. 2. 

Law. One who is of age. 3. 

Mus. The major key. [F., < L. 
major, compar. of magnus, great.] 

—ma"jor-do'mo, to. A steward, 
as of a royal household.—ina'- 
jorsgen'er-al, to. Mil. An officer 
ranking below a lieutenant-gen¬ 
eral and above a brigadier-general. 

—major key {Mus.), a key or 
mode,characterized by the use of 
the major third, producing a 
cheerful or inspiring effect.— 
major tone {Mus.), a whole tone 
or step. 

Ma-jor'ca, 1 ma-jer'ka; 2 ma-jor'- 
ca, to. One of the Balearic Isles; 

1,352 sq. m.; pop. 252,000.— 

Ma-jor'can, a. & n. 

ma-jor'i-ty, 1 ma-jer'i-ti; 2 ma- 
jor'i-ty, to. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. The greater 
part; excess. 2. Legal 
age. 3. Rank or com¬ 
mission of a major. 

[< L.ll major, 

greater.] 

make, 1 mek; 2 mak, v. 

[made;mak'ing.] 1. 1 . 

1. To bring into being; produce; create; pre¬ 
pare; manufacture. 2. To compose; deliver; 
utter. 3. To bring about; accomplish. 4. To 
force; induce. 5. To cause to appear. 6. To 
procure; gain. 7. To traverse. 8. Naut. To 
arrive at. 9. To reckon. II. i. 1. To proceed 
or tend: with at or toward. 2. To have effect; 
contribute: with for or to. 3. To show oneself; 
act or appear. 4. To gain by advances; rise, 
as the tide; form, as ice. [< AS. macian, 
make.]—make'-be-lieve". I. a. Pretended 
unreal. II. to. A mere pretense; sham.—mak'- 
or, n. —make'slilft", n. A temporary resource 
in an emergency.—make'shift", a. 



m 


Maize or Indian Corn. 

1. Maize Plant. 2. Ear of Maize. 


make, 1 mek; 2 mak, to. Structure; shape; 
construction; product. 

mal-, prefix. Bad; ill; evil; wrong; defective; im¬ 
perfect: signifying also simple negation, and 
forming words directly from Latin and mediately 
through French: opposed to ben-, bene-, eu-, ev-. 
[< F. mat-, < L. viale-, < malus, bad.] 

Many compounds of mal- are self-explaining, 
the prefix simply adding the meaning “defective” 
or “evil”; as maZadaptation; wiaZnutrition. 

Mal., abbr. Malachi, Malayan. 

Ma-lac'ca, n. A British settlement on the W. 
coast of the Malay Peninsula; about 700 sq. m.; 
pop. 149,050. See Malakka. 


Mal'a-chl, 1 mal'a-kai; 2 mal'a-cl, to. A minor 
Hebrew prophet, or the book containing his 
prophecies. 

mal'a-chite, 1 mal'a-kait; 2 mal'a-clt, to. 
Mineral. A light-green native carbonate of 
copper. [ < Gr. L malache, < malakos, soft.] 
mal"a-col'o-gy, to. The branch of zoology that 
treats of mollusks. [< Gr. malakos, soft, + 

-LOGY.] 

mal"ad-min"is-tra'tion, to. Bad manage¬ 
ment, as of public affairs.— mal"ad-min'is- 
ter, vt. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 










367 


mail 

man 


inal"a-(lroit', 1 mal'Vdreit'; 2 mal"a-dr6it', a. 

Clumsy or blundering, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
mal'a-dy, 1 mal'a-di; 2 mal'a-dy, to. [-dies 2 , 
pi.] A disease or disordered condition; sick¬ 
ness; illness. [< F. maladie, disease.] 
Mal'a-ga, 1 mal'a-ga; 2 mal'a-ga, to. 1. A province 
in S. Spain; 2,812 sq. m.; pop. 527,250. 2. Its 
capital, a seaport city, famous for its wines; pop. 
141,050. [Madagascan. 

Mal"a-gas'y, 1 mal"a-gas'x; 2 mal"a-gas'y, a. & to. 
Ma-lak'ka, 1 ma-lak'a; 2 ma-lak'a, to. A peninsula 
in S. E. Asia; the most southern part of Asia. 
See Malacca. Ma-lay' Pe-nin'su-Iat. 
mal 'a-pert, 1 mal'a-purt; 2 mal'a-pert. I. a. 
Bold or forward; impudent; saucy. II. n. A 
saucy person. [OF.] 

maI-ap"ro-pos', 1 mal-ap"ro-po'; 2 mal-ap"- 
ro-po', a. Out of place; not appropriate. 
[< mal— b apropos.] 

ma-la'ri-a, 1 ma-le'n-a; 2 ma-la'ri-a, to. 1. 
Any foul or unwholesome air, as from decom¬ 
position. 2. A disease caused by parasites 
which invade the red corpuscles of the blood; 
chills and fever; malarial fever. [< It. 
mal' aria, bad air.]—ma-la'ri-al, a. Caused by 
or affected with malaria.—ma-la'ri-ous, a. 
Containing or producing malaria. 

Ma-lay', 1 ma-le'; 2 ma-la'. I. a. Of or pertaining 
to the Malays. II. to . 1 . A member of the dom¬ 
inant race in Malaysia. 2. The language of the 
Malays.—Malay Archipelago, an island group 
in the Indian and Pacific oceans, S. E. of Asia.— 
M. Peninsula, same as Malakka, 1.—Ma¬ 
lay'an, a. —Ma-lay'sia, to. Malakka and the 
adjacent islands. 

mal'con-tent, 1 mal'kan-tent; 2 mal'con-tent. 

I. o. Discontented, as with state affairs. 

II. n. A dissatisfied person. 

male, 1 mel; 2 mal. I. a. Pertaining to the sex 
that begets young; masculine. II. to. A male 
person or animal; plant with only staminate 
flowers. [OF., < L. masculus, male.] 
maI"e-dic'tion, 1 mal"i-dik'Ahan; 2 mal"e-dic'- 
shon, to. An invocation of evil; imprecation; 
curse. [ < L. male, evil, + dico, speak.] 
mal"e-fac'tor, 1 mal"i-fak'tar; 2 m&l"e-f&e , tor, 
to. One who commits a crime; a criminal. 
[L., < male, ill, + facio, do.] 
ma-lev'o-lent, 1 ma-lev'o-lent; 2 ma-lev'o- 
lent, a. Having an evil disposition toward 
others; ilbdisposed. [ < L. malus, bad, + 
volo, wish.]—ina-lev'o-Ience, to. 
mal-fea'sance, 1 mal-fi'zans; 2 mal-fe'§anc, to. 

Unlawful or wrongful action. [F. malfaisance.] 
maI"for-ma'tion, to. A defective formation, 
mal'ice,) 1 mal'is; 2 mal'ig, to. A disposition 
mal'is 8 , ) to injure another; evil intent; spite; 
ill will. [F., < L. malitia, < malus, bad.]— 
ma-li'cious, a. Harboring malice or enmity; 
due to malice; spiteful; malevolent, 
ma-lign', 1 ma-lain'; 2 ma-lin'. I. vt. To 
speak evil of, falsely and maliciously. II. a. 
1. Having an evil disposition toward others; 
ill disposed; malevolent. 2. Tending to injure; 
pernicious. [< L. F malignus, malign.] -ly, 
adv. —ma-lig'nant. I. a. Having extreme male¬ 
volence; tending to do great harm; virulent; hein¬ 
ous. II. to. One who has evil intentions.—ma-Iig'- 
nan-cy, to. The state or quality of being malign, 
ma-lig'nancef.—ma-lig'nant-ly, ad^.—ma¬ 
lign'er, to.— ina-lig 'ni-ty, to. Violent animosity; 
evil nature; destructive tendency; virulence. 
Marines', 1 ma"lln'; 2 ma"liin', «. A city of N. 
Belgium; pop. 60,000; destroyed in reprisal by 
Germans in 1914. 


mal'i-son, 1 mal'i-san; 2 mal'i-son, «. A maledic¬ 
tion: curse. [OF.] 

mal'kin ||, 1 mel'kin; 2 mal'kin, to. 1. A kitchen* 
maid; slattern. 2. A cat. [ME. dim. of Moll.] 
inaw'kinf. , 

mall, 1 mel; 2 mal, vt. Same as maul. 
mall 1 , 1 mel; 2 mal, to. 1. A maul. 2. A war* 
hammer. [ < OF. mal ( < L. malleus ), hammer.] 
mall 2 , 1 mal or mel; 2 mal or mal, to. A level 
shaded walk. [ < mall 1 , as in pall*mall.] 
mal'lard, 1 mal'erd; 2 mal'ard, to. The com¬ 
mon wild duck; for¬ 
merly, its drake. [ < 

OF. malard, < male, 
male.] 

mal'le - a - bl(e p , 1 

mal'i-e-bl; 2 mal'- 
e-a-bl, a. Capable 
of being hammered Mallard. V 26 
or rolled out without breaking; pliant.— 

mal"le-a-bil'i-ty, to. 

mal'let, 1 mal'et; 2 mSl'et, to. A wooden ham¬ 
mer. [OF., dim. of mal, hammer,] 
mal'low, ^1 mal'o, -oz; 2 mal'o, -6§, to. A 
mal'lows, j trailing weed with roundish leaves, 
small pale*pink flowers, and flat, diskdike 
fruit. [< Gr. L+AS malakos, soft.] 
mal-prac'tise, 1 mal-prak'tis; 2 mal-prae'tis, 
to. Improper or illegal treatment, as in medi¬ 
cine or surgery. 

malt, 1 melt; 2 malt, I d . vt. & vi. To convert 
into or become malt. II. to. Grain that has 
been artificially germinated by moisture and 
heat. [ < AS. mealt, < mellan, melt.] 

Mal'ta, 1 mel'ta; 2 mal'ta, to. A fortified British 
island in the Mediterranean sea (95 sq. m.; pop. 
228,000); capital, Valetta; ancient Mel'i-ta.— 
Mal-tese', a. & n. 

mal-treat' d , 1 mal-trlt'; 2 mal-tret', vt. To use 
ill; treat unkindly; abuse.—ma!-treat'ment, to. 
mal"ver-sa'tion, 1 mal"var-se'£han; 2 mal"ver- 
sa'shon, to. Misconduct, as in public office. [ < 
L. p male, bad, + versalio(,-n ), turning.] 

mam. , abbr. Mammal, mammalogy. 

ina-ina', ) 1 ma-ma' or ma'mo; 2 ma-ma' or 

mam-ma ' 1 ,3 ma'ma, to. Mother. [Repetition 
of infantile syllable ma.] 

Mam'e-luke, 1 mam'i-liuk; 2 mam'e-luk, n. 1. 
A member of a celebrated cavalry corps, origi¬ 
nally slaves, which dominated Egypt from 1254 
to 1811. 2. [m-] A male servant in Turkey. [< 
Ar. mamluk, slave.] 

mam'ma 2 , 1 mam'a; 2 mam'a, to. [mam'mjE, 
pi.] Anat. The milk*secreting organ of a mam¬ 
mal; abreast, udder, or bag. [L., breast.] 
mam'mal, 1 mam'el; 2 mam'al, to. A verte¬ 
brate animal whose female suckles its young. 
[< LL. mammalis, < L. mamma, breast.]—• 
Mam-ma'li-a, to. pi. Zool. A class of animals 
whose females have milk*secreting mammae to 
nourish their young. 

Mam'mon, 1 mam'an; 2 mam'on, to. The Sy¬ 
rian god of riches; worldliness personified; spirit 
of avarice. [LL., < Syr. GR mamona, riches.] 
mam'moth,lmam'8€h;2mam'oth. I.a. Huge; 
colossal. II. to. A very large extinct elephant 
with enormous tusks. [< Rus. mamantu.] 

man, 1 man; 2 man, vt. [manned, mand 8 ; 
man'ning.] 1. To supply with men. 2. To 
supply with strength or courage. [< AS. 
mannian, < man, man.] 

man, to . [men, pi.] 1 . A human being; the hu¬ 
man race; any one, indefinitely. 2. An adult 
male of the human kind. 3. A figure, disk, 



l:a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ell: Iu = feud; <fhin; go;. 0 = sinff; thin, this. 
2: wolf, dg; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









man. 

manuscript 


368 


[ < AS. man, < 


etc., as in chess or checkers. 

V man, think.] 
man., abbr. Manege, manual. 
man'a-cl(e p , 1 man'a-kl; 2 m&n'a-cl. I. vt. 
[-cl(e)d p ; -cling.] To put manacles on. II. n. 
A handcuff. [< L. F manicse (pi.), handcuff.] 
man'age, 1 man'ij; 2 m&n'ag, v. [man'aged; 
man'ag-ing.] 1. 1. To control, direct, or con¬ 
duct; guide; contrive. II. i. To carry on or 
regulate business or affairs.— man'age-a- 
bl(e p , a. Capable of being managed; tractable; 
docile, -ness, n. — man'age-a-bly, adv.— 
nian'age-ment, n. 1. The act of managing, 
controlling, or conducting. 2. Managers or direc¬ 
tors collectively.— man'a-ger, n. 

Ma-nas'sas, 1 ma-nas'as; 2 ma-nas'as, n. A town 
in N. E. Virginia; scene of the two battles of Bull 
Run, July 21, 1861, and Aug. 29-*30, 1862. 
Ma-nas'seh, 1 mo-nas'a; 2 ma-nas'e, n. Bib. 1. 
A son of Joseph. Gen. xli, 51. 2. A king of 

Judah; son of Hezekiah; restored idolatrous wor¬ 
ship. 2 Kings, xii. 

Man'ches-ter, 1 man'tfhes-tar; 2 man'ches-ter, n. 
A borough and city in northwestern England (pop. 
730,550); center of cotton trade. 

Man-chu'ri-a, 1 man-dhQ'n-a; 2 man-chu'ri-a, n. 
A N. E. division of China (363,310 sq. m.: pop. 
about 20,000,000); capital, Mukden. Man- 
choo'ri-af.—Man-chu', n. One of a race that 
conquered China in 1643 and established the 
dynasty overthrown in 1912. Man-choo't. — 
Man-chu', a. 

Man'da-lay, 1 man'da-le; 2 man'da-la, n. A 
town, capital of Upper Burma, British India; 
pop. 138,299. 

man"da-rin', 1 man"da-rin'; 2 man"da-rin', n. 

1. A Chinese official, either civil or military. 

2. A Chinese orange. [Ult. < Sans, mantrin, 
counselor.] 

man'date, 1 man'det; 2 man'dat, n. An authori¬ 
tative requirement; a command; order; charge. 
[< L. manus, hand, + do, give.]— man'da-ta- 
ry, n. One to whom a charge is given.— nian'- 
da-to-ry, a. Expressive of positive command, 
man'di-ble, 1 man'di-bl; 2 man'di-bl, n. The 
lower jaw*bone, as of birds or insects. [ < 
LL. mandibula, jaw, < L. mando, chew.]— man- 
dib'u-lar, a. 

man'do-lin, ) 1 man'do-lin; 2 man'do-lin, n' 
man'do-line, ) A stringed musical instrument 
with an almond* Mandolin, 

shaped body. [< 

Qr.L+ p pandoura, a 
musical instrument with three 
strings.] 

man'drake, 1 man'drek; 2 
man'drak, n. A common 
woodland plant with narcotic 
qualities; the May*apple. [< Gr. mandrag- 
oras.] 

mapi'drel, 1 man'drel; 2 m&n'drel, n. A shaft 
or spindle on which an object may be fixed for 
rotation. [ < Gr. L+p mandra, stall.] 
man'drill, 1 man'dril; 2 mSn'drfl, n. A large 
and ferocious West*African baboon. [ < 
man + drill, a West*African baboon.] 
mane, 1 men; 2 man, n. The long hair growing 
on and about the neck of some animals. [< 
AS. manu.] 

ma-nege', 1 ma-nS 3 '; 2 ma-nezh', n. The art of 
training and riding horses; a school of horseman 
ship. [F.] 

ma'nes, 1 me'niz; 2 ma'nes, n. pi. Rom. Antiq. 
The spirits of the dead. [L.] 



ma-neu'ver, ) 1 ma-nu'var; 2 ma-nu'ver, vt. & 
ina-na'ii'vre,) vi. [-vered, -verd 8 , -vred; 
-ver-ing, -vring.J 1. To put through evolu¬ 
tions; perform military or naval evolutions. 
2. To intrigue. 

ma-neu'ver, )n. 1. A movement, as of 

ma-noeu 'vre, ) troops. 2. Any dexterous or 
artful proceeding. [< L. F manus, hand, + 
opera, work.] 
man'ful, 1 man'ful; 2 man'ful, a. Having a 
manly spirit; sturdy; brave. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
man"ga-nese', 1 man"ga-nis'; 2 man"ga-nes', 
n. A hard, brittle, metallic element, used in 
making glass and paints. [ < L. F+IT magnes, 
MAGNET.] 

mange, 1 menj; 2 mang, n. An itchdike skin* 
disease, as of dogs. [ < L. OF manduco, chew.] 
man'gel*wur"zel, 1 marj'gl*wur"zl; 2 man'gl* 
wfir"zl, n. A large*rooted beet fed to cattle. 
[G.] 

man'ger, 1 men'jar; 2 man'ger, n. A feeding* 
box, as for horses. [ < F. mangeoire, < mon¬ 
ger, eat.] 

man'gl(e pl , 1 marj'gl; 2 man'gl, vt. [max'* 
gl(e)d p ; man'gling.] To disfigure or mutilate, 
as by cutting; lacerate. [< L. AS mancus, 
maimed.] 

man'gl(e p2 , vt. To smooth with a mangle. 
man'gl(e p , n. A machine for smoothing fab¬ 
rics by pressing them 
between rollers. [ < 

D. mangel, < Gr. 
manganon, a war* 
engine.] 

man'go, 1 mar)'go; 2 
man'go, n. [-goes 2 
or gos 2 , pi] 1. The 
edible fruit of a 
tropical tree allied 
to the sumac. 2. 

The tree producing 



Mangle. 


a, a, adjusting pressure^screws; 
, r . d y doffer-roll for delivering cloth; 

the truit. inilll ?•, pressure^rolls, covered with wool 

3. A pickled to absorb moisture; s, steam-pipe 
green muskmelon. ll.l!. e . a, i n ,L interDal cjlinder; *• re * 


[ < Malay mafigga.] 


ceiving»table. 


man'grove, 1 map'grov; 2 m&n'grov, n. A 
tropical tree which grows in muddy places on 
low coasts. [ < Malay manggi*manggi, man¬ 
grove.] 

mail 'gy, 1 men'ji; 2 man'gy, a. [man'gi-er; 

man'gi-est.] Affected with the mange; squalid. 
Man-hat'tan, 1 man-hat'an; 2 man-hiit'an, n. 
A borough of New York city, consisting of Man¬ 
hattan Island and adjacent islands; 22 sq. m.; 
pop. 2,284,103.—Man-hat'tan-ese, a. & n. 
man'hood, 1 man'hud; 2 miin'hdod, n. 1. 
Manly qualities collectively. 2. The state of 
being a man. 

ma'ni-a, 1 me'm-a; 2 ma'ni-a, n. 1. Mental 
unsoundness; raving insanity. 2. A desire; 
craze. [< Gr. mania, madness.] —ma'ni-ac. 

1. a. Maniacal. II. n. A person wildly or vio¬ 
lently insane; a madman. —ma-ni'a-cal, a. 
Insane; raving; mad. -iy* adv. 

nian'I-eure, 1 man'i-kiQr; 2 man'i-eQr, n. 1. 
One whose business is the care and treatment of 
the hands and flnger*nails. inan'i-our"lstt. 

2. The care or treatment of hands and finger* 
nails. [< L. manus, hand, + cura, care.]— 
man'l-oure, vt. 

man'i-fest, 1 man'i-fest; 2 man'i-fest. I d . vt. 
To make plain to sight or understanding; re¬ 
veal. II. a. Plainly apparent to sight or 
understanding; evident; plain; clear. III. n. 


1: cirtktf*, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh§.t, gll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not. Or. woi^ 











369 


man. 

manuscript 


An invoice of a cargo for custom-house pur¬ 
poses; way-bill. [< L. manifestus, mani¬ 
fest.] -ly, adv. —man"i-fes-ta'tion, n. The 
act of manifesting or making plain; a revelation. 
man"i-fes'to, 1 man"i-fes'to; 2 man"i-fes'to, 
n. [-toes 2 , pi.] A public official proclama¬ 
tion. [It.] 

man'i-fold, 1 man'i-fold; 2 man'i-fdld. I d . vt. 
To make more than one copy of at once. II. 
a. Of great variety; numerous. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

man'i-kin, 1 man'i-kin; 2 man'i-kin, n. 1. A 
model of the human body, showing its struc¬ 
ture, as for artists’ use. 2. A little man; 
dwarf. [ < MD. F manneken, dim. of man, man.] 
Ma-nil'a, 1 ma-nii'e; 2 ma-nil'a, n. 1. A province 
of central Luzon, P. I.; 24 sq. m.; pop. 283,613. 
2. A manufacturing city, capital of Luzon and of 
the Philippine Islands; coextensive with the 
province. 3. [m-] A cigar made in Manila. 4. [m-] 
The fiber of a tall perennial herb related to the 
banana, of which the fine grades are made into 
textile fabrics and the coarser into ropes, bagging, 
paper, etc. Ma-nil'la}. — Manila Bay, an inlet 
of the China sea in W. Luzon, P. I.; length, 25 
m.; scene of Commodore Dewey’s victory over 
the Spanish fleet, May 1, 1898. 
man'i-oc, 1 man'i-ek; 2 man'i-oc, n. The 
product of the cassava-plant, from which tapi¬ 
oca is derived. [< Pg. (Braz.) mandioca .] 
ua-nip'u-Iate, 1 ma-nip'yu-let; 2 ma-nip'- 
yu-lat, vt. & vi. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To 
operate on or work with, or as with, the hands; 
manage. [ < LL. manipulatus, pp. of manip- 
ulo, < L. manipulus, handful.]— ma-nip"u-la'- 
tion, n.— ma-nip'u-la"tor, n. 

Manit., abbr. Manitoba. 

Man"i-to'ba, 1 man"i-to'ba; 2 man"i-to'ba, n. A 
province, W. Canada; 251,832 sq. m.; pop. 553,- 
860; capital, Winnipeg.—Man"i-to'ban, a. & n. 
man"kind', 1 man"kaind'; 2 man"kind', n. 
The whole human species; also, men as dis¬ 
tinguished from women. [man. 

man'like", 1 man'laik"; 2 man'lik", a. Like a 
man'ly, 1 man'll; 2 man'ly, a. [man'li-er; 
man'li-est.] Possessing the characteristics 
of a true man, as strength, frankness, and in¬ 
trepidity.—man'Ii-ness, n. 
man'na, 1 man'a; 2 man'a, n. 1. Bib. Hist. 
Food on which the Israelites subsisted in 
the wilderness; spiritual nourishment. 2. A 
sweetish substance obtained from the stems 
of a species of ash. [ < Gr. manna, < Heb. 
man, manna.] 

man'ner, 1 man'ar; 2 man'er, n. 1. The -way 
of doing anything; usual practise; habit; 
method. 2. Appearance; bearing; mien. 3. pi. 
Behavior. [ < F. maniere, < main, hand.]— 
man'ner-Ism, n. Adherence to one manner, 
style, or peculiarity.—man 'ner-ist, raan'- 

ner-ly. I. a. Well-behaved; polite. II. adv. 
With good manners; politely. 

Man'ntng, 1 man'ir): 2 man'ing. Henry Edward 
(1808-1892). English cardinal; author; reformer, 
man'nish, 1 man'i^h; 2 man'ish, a. Resem¬ 
bling a man; aping manhood; masculine; as a 
woman or boy. 

ma-noeu 'ver, ma-noeu 'vre. Same as maneuver. 
man'*of*war', n. [men'=of=war', pi.] An 
armed vessel belonging to a military marifie. 
man'or, 1 man'ar or -or; 2 man'or, n. A landed 
estate. [ < F. manoir, < L. maneo, dwell.] 
—ma-no'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a manor, 
man'sard, 1 man'sard; 2 man'sard, n. A roof 


with a double pitch on all sides; also an attic. 
[< Mansard, a French architect.] man'sard 
roof}. 

manse, 1 mans; 2 mans, n. A parsonage; land¬ 
holder’s residence. [OF., < LL. mansa, < 
L. maneo, dwell.] 

man'sion, 1 man'^han; 2 man'shon, n. A 
large or handsome dwelling. [OF., < L. 
mansio(,n~), dwelling ] 

man 'slaugh"ter, 1 man'sle"tar; 2 man'sla"ter, 
n. The killing of man by man; especially, 
such killing without malice. 

man'tel, 1 man'tl; 2 man'tl, n. The facing 
about a fireplace, including the shelf above 
it; the shelf. [OF., cloak, shelf.] man 'tel s 
piece"}. 

man'tel-et, 1 man'tl-et; 2 man'tl-6t, n. 1. A 


small mantle or short cloak. 2. Mil. A mov¬ 
able roof or shield to protect troops. [OF., 
dim. of mantel; see mantle, n.] 
man-til'la, 1 man-til'a; 2 man-tfl'a, n. A 
woman’s light cape or head-covering of lace. 
[Sp.] 

man'tls, 1 man'tis; 2 man'tis, n. [man'tis-es, 
man'tes, pi.] An insect 
which assumes a position 
as of prayer when waiting 
for its insect prey. [ < Gr. 
mantis, prophet, locust.] 
man'tl(e p , 1 man'tl; 2 man'¬ 
tl, v. [man'tl(e)d p ; man'- 
tling.] I. t. To conceal. 

II. i. To overspread; be¬ 
come covered. 
man'tl(e p , n. A loose sleeveless cloak; that 
which clothes, covers, or conceals. [ < L. AS 
mantellum, cloak.] 

Man'tu-a, 1 man'cfhu-a; 2 man'chy-a, n. 1. A 
province in Lombardy, Italy; 903 sq. m.; pop. 
360.409. 2. Its capital, a cathedral city; pop. 

34,507. 

man'tu-a-mak"er, n. A dressmaker, 
man'u-al, 1 man'yu-al; 2 man'yu-al. I. a. 
Done, made, or used by the hand. II. n. 1. 
A compact volume; handbook. 2. A key¬ 
board, as of an organ. 3. Mil. Systematic ex¬ 
ercise in the handling of some weapon. [ < 
L. F manus, hand.] [ufacturing. 

manuf., abbr. Manufactory, manufacturer, man- 



Mantis 


man"u-fae'to-ry, 1 man"yu-fak'to-ri; 2 man"- 
yu-fae'to-ry, n. [-ries 2 , pi.] A place where 
anything is manufactured. [ < L. manus, 
hand, + factory.] 


man"u-fac'ture, 1 man"yu-fak'dfiur; 2 man"- 
yu-fae'chur. I. vt. & vi. [-tured; -tur-ing.] 
To make, as by hand or machinery. II. n. 
The production of goods by industrial art or 
processes; manufactured articles collectively. 
[< L. manus, hand, + facto, make.]— man"u- 
fac'tur-er, n. 

man"u-mit', 1 man"yu-mit'; 2 man"yu-mit', 
vt. [-mit'ted 11 ; -mit'ting.] To free from 
bondage, as a slave; emancipate; liberate. [ < 
L. manus, hand, + miuo, send.]— man"u-mis'- 
slon, n. 

ma-nure', 1 ma-niur'; 2 ma-nur'. I. vt. [ma¬ 
nured'; ma-nur'ing.] To fertilize. II. n. 
Any substance, as dung, applied to fertilize 
soil. [< F. manoeuvrer; see maneuver.] 
man'u-script, 1 man'yu-skript; 2 man'yu- 
seript. I. a. Written by hand. II. n. Mat¬ 
ter written by hand: abbreviated MS. [ < L. 
manus, hand, + scribo, write.] 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II; 10 = feud; <fhin; go; l) = sin^; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; fljll, rule, cur®, bfit, bQrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







many 

marshal 


370 


man'y, 1 men'i; 2 mSn'y. I. a. [more; most.] 
Constituting a large number; numerous. II. 
n. Any large number; the masses; crowd; 
multitude: often the many. [< AS. menigu, 
< manlg, many.] Many followed by a, an, or an¬ 
other indicates a, great number thought of singly; as, 
many a man; many a time. Many is used as a pred¬ 
icate adjective in inverted construction (now only 
colloquially): as, many Is the time. It is also used 
in numerous self*explaining com pounds; as, many* 
armed, many*hued, many*sided. 
map, 1 map; 2 map. I. vt. [mapped 1 ; map'- 
ping.] To make a map of; plan in detail. II. 
n. An outline of any region, as of the earth’s 
surface; a chart. [ < L. F mappa, napkin.] 
ma'ple, 1 me'pl; 2 ma'pl, n. A deciduous tree 
of many varieties, con¬ 
fined to the north tem¬ 
perate zone. [ < AS. 
viapol .] — ma 'pie *sir"- 
up, n. A sirup obtained 
by boiling down sugar* 
maple sap, or by melting 
maple* sugar. m. *mo- 
lass’esf. — rn.ssugar, n. 

Sugar obtained by evap¬ 
orating the sap of the 
sugar»maple. 
mar, 1 mar; 2 mar. I. vt. Leaf of Red Maple. 
[marred; MARKING.] To n, staminate flowers; ft, pia- 
do physical harm t o; tillata flower9 ; c ; the fruit - 
impair; spoil. II. n. A blemish; injury. [< 
AS. myrran, injure.] 

Mar., abbr. March.—mar., abbr. Maritime. 
Ma"ra-cai'bo, 1 ma"ra-kai'bo; 2 ma'ra-erbo, n. A 
seaport city in Venezuela; pop. 50,000. 
Ma"rat', 1 ma"ra'; 2 ma"ra', Jean Paul (1743- 
1793). A French revolutionary leader; killed by 
Charlotte Corday. 

Mar'a-thon, 1 mar'a-fhen; 2 mar'a-thdn, n. 1. A 
plain in Attica, Greece, scene of decisive battle 
of the same name, 490 B. C. See Miltiades. 2. 
A race of 26 miles 385 yards, in commemoration 
of the legendary run of the messenger who 
brought to Athens the news of the victory at 
Marathon, and fell dead on his arrival, 
rna-raud ' d , 1 ma-red'; 2 ma-rad', vt. & vi. To 
pillage; plunder; rob. [< F. marauder, < 
maraud, rogue.]—ma-raud'er, n. A plunderer; 
robber. 

mar'bl(e p , 1 mar'bl; 2 mar'bl. I. vt. [mar'- 
bl(e)d p ; mar'bling.1 To color in imitation 
of marble, as book*edges. II. a. Made of or 
like marble; without feeling; cold. III. to. A 
stone composed of calcium carbonate or the 
like, valuable for building or ornamental pur¬ 
poses; a small ball made of this stone; a piece 
of sculpture. [OF., < L. marmor, < Gr. 
marmaros, < marmaird, sparkle.] 
march 1 , 1 mardh; 2 march, vt. & vi. To move or 
cause to move with measured steps, as a sol¬ 
dier. [ < F. marcher, < LL. marcus, hammer.] 
march 1 , n. Movement together, as of soldiers; 
the distance marched; progress; music suit¬ 
able for marching troops. 

March 2 , n. The third month of the year, hav¬ 
ing 31 days. [OF., < L. Martius, < Mar(t-)s, 
Mars.] [mearc, border.] 

march 3 , n. A boundary; frontier. [< AS. 
March, Peyton Conway (1864- ). American 

general; Chief of Staff in World War, 1917-18. 
March., abbr. Marchioness, 
mar 'ch ion-ess, 1 mar'^han-es; 2 mar'shon-Ss, 
n. The wife or widow of a marquis, 
mar-co'ni-gram, 1 mar-ko'm-gram; 2 mar-co'ni- 


gram, n. A wireless message sent by the Marconi 
system. 

Mar'cus Au-re'll-us, 1 mar'kus e-rl'li-us; 2 mar'- 
cus o-re'li-us. Roman emperor and philosopher. 

See Antoninus. 

mare, 1 mar; 2 m&r, n. The female of the horse. 
— mare’s nest, a seemingly important discovery 
that turns out to be worthless or fraudulent, 
marg., abbr. Margin, marginal. 

Mar'ga-ret, 1 mfir'ga-ret; 2 mar'ga-rfit, n. 1. M. 
of Anjou (1430-1482); wife of Henry VI. of En¬ 
gland. 2. M. of France, or Valois (1553-1615); 
daughter of Henry II., and wife of Henry IV., of 
France. 3. M. of Navarre (1492-1549); sister of 
Francis I. of France; queen of Navarre, 
mar'ga-rin, linar'ga-rin;2 mar'ga-rin, n. Any imi¬ 
tation of butter whether containing butter or not. 
[< Gr. margaros, pearl-oyster.] mar'ga-rinet. 
mar'gin, 1 mar'jin; 2 mar'gin, n. 1. A bound- 
ing*line; border; verge; brink; edge, marge! 
[Poet.]. 2. The difference between the cost of 
an article and its selling*price. [ < L. OF margo, 
brink.] 

mar'gi-nal, 1 mar'ji-nal; 2 mar'gi-nal, a. Per¬ 
taining to or constituting a margin; placed on 
the margin.— mar"gi-na 'li-a, n. pi. Mar¬ 
ginal notes. 

mar'grave, 1 mar'grev; 2 mar'grav, n. A Ger¬ 
man nobleman corresponding to the English 
marquis. [F.]—inar'gra-vlne, n. The wife or 
widow of a margrave. 

inar'gue-rite, 1 mar'ga-rlt; 2 mar'ge-rlt, n. A 
daisy; oxeye daisy. [F. ult. < Gr. margaros, 
pearl-oyster.] 

Ma-ri'a The-re'sa, 1 ma-rai'a ta-rl'sa; 2 ma-rl'a 
te-re'sa (1717-1780). Empress of Germany; wife 
of Emperor Francis I.; last of the Ilapsburgs. 
Ma"rie', 1 ma"ri'; 2 ma*rg', n. 1. M. Antoinette 
(1755—1793), queen of France; wife of Louis 
XVI..executed by the Jacobins. 2.M.deMedlcl 
(1573-1642), second wife of Henry IV. of France 
and niother of Louis XIII. 
mar'i-gold, 1 mar'i-gold; 2 mar'i-gold, n. A 
plant with golden*yellow flow T ers, of the aster 
family. 

ma-rlne', 1 ma-rin'; 2 ma-rln'. I. a. Pertain¬ 
ing to the sea; pelagic; nautical. II. n. 1. A 
soldier serving on a war*vessel. 2. Shipping, 
or shipping interests generally. [ < L. F mari- 
nus, < mare, sea.] 

mar'i-ner, 1 mar'i-nar; 2 mar'i-ner, n. One 
who navigates a ship; a sailor. 
mar"i-o-nette', 1 marT-o-net'; 2 maF'i-o-ngt', 

n. A puppet. 

mar'i-tal, 1 mar'i-tal; 2 mar'i-tal, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to a husband or to marriage. [ < L. mari- 
talls, < maritus, husband.] 
mar'i-time, 1 mar'i-tim; 2 mar'i-tlm, a. Sit¬ 
uated on or near the sea; pertaining to the sea; 
marine. [F., < L. maritimus, < mare, sea.] 
Ma'rl-us, 1 me'ri-us; 2 ma'ri-us, Caius (157-86 
B. C.). A Roman general; sev.en times consul, 
mar'jo-ram, 1 mar'jo-rem; 2 mar'jo-ram, n. A 
perennial culinary herb with oblong spikes of 
flowers. 

mark', 1 mark; 2 mark, r. I. t. 1. To make a 
mark or marks on; designate. 2. To produce 
by marking. 3. To give marks to. 4. To 
pay particular attention to; heed; regard. II. 
i. To pay special attention.— mark'er, n. 
mark 1 , n. 1. A visible trace or impression, pro¬ 
duced by drawing, stamping, etc., as a line. 2. 
A character used to fix a student’s grade. 3. 
A token; badge. 4. A target; goal. 5. Dis¬ 
tinction; eminence. [ < AS. mearc, mark.] 



1: artistic, art; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g6; not, 5r; full, rflle; but, born* 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t- all; are, «et. prgy. fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdnj 






371 


many 

marshal 


mark 2 , n. A German coin, worth normally 
about 24 cents. [ < AS. marc, weight.] 

Mark 3 , n. 1. One of the four evangelists. 2. The 
gospel narrative written by him. 

Mark An'to-ny, 1 an'to-ni; 2 an'to-ny (83-30 
B. C.). A Roman general and triumvir with 
Octavius and Lepidus; in Shakespeare’s Julius 
Cxsar and Antony and Cleopatra. See Actium. 
mar 'ket d , 1 mar'ket; 2 mar'k&t, vt. & vi. To 
take or send to, buy, sell, or deal in a market, 
mar'ket, n. 1. A place where merchandise is 
exposed for sale; traffic; sale. 2. A place 
where things can be bought or sold. [ < AS. 
market, < L. mercatus, pp. of mercor, trade.]— 
mar'ket-a-bl(e p , a. Salable; in demand, 
marks'man, 1 marks'man; 2 marks'man, n. 
[marks'men, pZ.] An expert shot; one who 
shoots at a mark.— marks'man-ship, n. 
Mark Twain, 1 twen; 2 twan. Pseudonym of 
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910), Amer¬ 
ican author and humorist; Huckleberry Finn. 
marl, 1 marl; 2 marl, n. An earthy deposit 
containing lime, clay, and sand, used as a 
fertilizer. [< L. OF marga, marl.]—mar-la'- 
ceous, a. Resembling or containing marl.— 
marl'y, a. Resembling or of the nature of marl; 
abounding in marl._ 

Marl'bor-ough, 1 marl'bur-o; 2 marl'bor-o, Duke 
of (1650-1722) . John Churchill, an English gen¬ 
eral; defeated French at Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704. 
mar'line, )1 mdr'lin; 2 mar'lin, n. A small 
mar 'lin 8 , j rope of two strands loosely twisted 
together: used for winding ropes, cables, etc. 
[< D. marren, bind, + lijn, line.]—mar'line- 
spike", n. A sharp*pointed iron pin used as 
in splicing ropes. mar'ling-spike"f; mar'llu- 
spike"J. 

mar'ma-Iade, 1 mdr'ma-led; 2 mar'ma-lad, n. 
A preserve made by boiling the pulp of bitter 
or acid fruits with sugar to the consistency of 
jam. [ < Pg. OF marmelada, < marmelo, quince.] 
Mar'mi-on, 1 mar'mi-an; 2 mar'mi-on, Lord. The 
hero of a romantic martial poem of this name by 
Sir Walter Scott. 

Mar'mo-ra, 1 mar'mo-ra; 2 mar'mo-ra, Sea of. A 
sea between Europe and Asia, communicating by 
the Bosporus with the Black Sea, and by the 
Dardanelles with the Aegean sea; 160 by 50 m. 
mar-mo're-al, 1 mdr-mo'ri-al; 2 mar-mo're-al, a. 
Pertaining to, made of, or resembling marble. [ < 
L. marmor; see marble.] mar-mo're-anj. 
mar'mo-set, 1 mar'mo-zet; 2 mar'mo-set, n. A 
small South=American monkey with soft, 
woolly hair; a squirrebmonkey. [OF., puppet.] 
mar'mot, 1 mdr'mat; 2 mar'mot, n. 1. A 
stout, short*tailed, burrowing rodent. 2. A 
prairie*dog. [ < L. F mus montanus, mountain 
mouse.] 

Marne, 1 marn; 2 marn, n. A river in N. France; 
325 m. to Seine; scene of German defeats. Sept., 
1914 and July-Aug., 1918. _ 

ma-roon', 1 ma-run'; 2 ma-roon', vt. To put 
ashore and abandon, as on a desolate coast.— 
ma-roon 'er, n. One who is marooned, 
ma-roon', a. Having the color maroon. [< 
It. F marrone, chestnut.] 
ma-roon' 1 , n. A dulbred color. 
ma-roon' 2 , n. 1. A negro living wild in the 
mountains of some West*Indian islands. 2. 
A marooner. [ < Sp. F cimarron, wild.] 
mar'plot", 1 mdr'plet"; 2 mar'plot", n. One 
who, by meddlesome interference, spoils a de- j 
sign or plan. 

marque, 1 mark; 2 mark, n. A license of reprisal 
upon an enemy, as at sea in war time: in the 


phrase letters of marque. [F., < MHG. marc, 
border.] 

mar-quee', 1 mfir-kl'; 2 mar-ke', n. A large 



Marquee. 

field=tent. [ < F. marquise, canopy.] 
Mar-que'sas Is'lands, 1 mar-ke'sas; 2 mar-ke'¬ 
sas. A group in the S. Pacific ocean; 480 sq. m.; 
pop. 3,425.— Mar-que'san, a. & n. 
mar'quet-ry, 1 mdr'ket-ri; 2 mar'kSt-ry, n. 
Art. Inlaid work of wood often interspersed 
with stones, ivory, etc. [ < F. marqueterie.] 
mar'ket-ryf. 

Mar"quette', 1 mar"ket'; 2 mar"k6t', Jacques 
(1636-1675). A French Jesuit; Canadian ex¬ 
plorer and missionary. 

inar'quis, 1 mdr'kwis; 2 mar'kwis, n. The 
title of a nobleman next in rank below a duke. 
[ < F. marquis, < LL. marchensis, < marcha, 
border.] mar'quessf.—mar'quis-ate, n. The 
rank or dignity of a marquis.— mar"quise', n. 

1. Marchioness. 2. An ornamental hood over a 
house door. [F.] 

mar'rlage, 1 mar'ij; 2 m&r'ag, n. 1. The act of 
marrying, or the state of being married; a 
wedding; a nuptial celebration. 2. Figura¬ 
tively, any close union.— mar'riage-a-bl(e p , 
a. Fitted by age, physical condition, etc., for 
marriage. 

mar-roon't, n. See maroon. 
mar'row, 1 mar'o; 2 mar'o, n. A soft vascular 
tissue found in the central cavities of bones; 
essence; pith. [< AS. mearg, marrow.]— 
mar'rowsbone", n. 1. A bone containing mar¬ 
row. 2. pi. [Humorous.] One’s knees. —mar'- 
row-fat, n. A large rich kind of pea. —mar'- 
row-less, a. Destitute of marrow. —mar'row-y, 
a. Full of marrow. 

mar'ry, 1 mar'i; 2 mar'y, vt. [-ried; -ry-ing.] 
To unite in wedlock; espouse; wed. [< L. F 
marito, < maritus, husband.] 

Mars, 1 marz; 2 mars, n. 1. The fourth planet 
’ from the sun, and next outside the earth in 
orbit. 2. Rom. Myth. The god of war and of 
fertility. [L., < Old L. Mavors, Mars.] 
Mar"seil-lais', ^ 1 mar"sa-lez'; 2 mar"- 

Mar"seil-laise', fern., ) se-la§', I. a. Of or 
pertaining to Marseilles, or to its inhabitants. 
II. n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Marseilles. 

2. fern. The national hymn of the French re¬ 
public. [F.] 

Mar-seilles', 1 mar-selz'; 2 mar-selg', n. A com¬ 
mercial and seaport city in S. France; pop. 551,- 
000. Mar-sellle'f. [F.] 
marsh, 1 rndr^h; 2 marsh, n. A tract of low wet 
land; swamp. [< AS. mersc, < mere, pool.]— 
marsh'y, a. Pertaining to or like a marsh; wet; 
boggy.— marsh'i-ness, n. 
mar'shal, 1 marshal; 2 mar'shal. I. vt. & vi. 
[mar'shaled or -shalled; mar'shal-ing or 
-shal-ling.] To arrange in order; array; 


1: a = final; l = hablG aisle; au = out; ell; iu = feud; <5hin; go; r) = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wqlf. do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bdrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 



























Marston Moor 
matrimony 


372 


lead; manage; discipline; train; come to¬ 
gether; assemble. II. n. 1. An officer au¬ 
thorized to regulate ceremonies, preserve or¬ 
der, etc. 2. [U. S.] An official of the United 
States courts; also, the head of the police 
force or fire department in some cities. 3. A 
military commander. [ < OF. mareschal.] 
mar'shal-shipt. 

Mar's ton Moor, 1 mar'stan; 2 mar'ston. A place 
in Yorkshire, England, where Cromwell defeated 
the Royalists, July 2, 1644. 
mar-su'pi-al, 1 mar-siu'pi-al; 2 mar-su'pi-al. 
1. a. 1. Having a marsupium. 2. Of or per¬ 
taining to the Marsupialia, or of the nature of 
a marsupium or pouch. II. n. A mammal, as 
an opossum, having a marsupium.— Mar- 
su"pi-a'li-a, n. pi. Mam. An order of mam¬ 
mals having a marsupium, like the kangaroos, 
etc. [< L. marsupium; see marsupium.] 
mar-su'pi-um, 1 mar-siu'pi-um; 2 mar-su'pi- 
um, n. [-pi-a, p£.] An external pouch of cer¬ 
tain mammals, for carrying young. [L.] 
Mar'sy-as, 1 mfir'si-es; 2 mar'sy-as, n. A Phryg¬ 
ian satyr and flute*player; musical rival of Apollo, 
mart, 1 mart; 2 mart, n. A place of public 
traffic; market. [Contr. < market.] 
mar'ten, 1 mdr'ten; 2 mar'ten, n. A weasel* 
like, fur*yielding carnivore. [ < F. marte.) 
Mar't ha, 1 mar'tha; 2 mar'tha, n. Bib. Friend of 
Jesus and sister of Lazarus and Mary. Luke x, 38. 
mar'tial, 1 mdr'&hal; 2 mar'shal, a. Pertaining 
to or connected with war or military opera¬ 
tions. [ < L. Mar(t-)s, Mars, god of war.] 
mar'tin, 1 mar'tin; 2 mar'tin, n. A bird of the 
swallow variety, having a tail less forked. 

[ < Martin , man’s name.] 
mar"ti-net', 1 mar"ti-net'; 2 mar"ti-nSt', n. A 
strict disciplinarian. [ < Martinet, a French 
general.] 

mar'tin-gale, 1 mar'tin-gel; 2 mar'tin-gal, n. 
1. A forked strap for holding down a horse’s 
head by connecting the head*gear with the 
belly*band. 2. Naut. A vertical spar under 
the bowsprit used in guying the stays. [F.] 
mar'tin-gait. 

Mar"tl-nique', 1 mar"ti-nlk'; 2 maPti-mk', n. An 
island in the French West Indies; 385 sq. m.; pop. 
193,090; capital. Fort de France, 
mar'tyr, 1 mar'tar; 2 mar'tyr. I. vt. To pun¬ 
ish with death because of one’s Christian faith, 
or for adherence to any cause; persecute; tor¬ 
ture. II. n. One who submits to death rather 
than forswear his religion, or who suffers for 
any object or cause. [ < Gr. martyr, witness.] 
— mar'tyr-dom, n. The condition or fate 
of a martyr.— mar"tyr-ol'o-gy, n. [-gies z , pi.] 
A historical record of martyrs, 
mar'vel, 1 mar'vel; 2 mar'vSl. I. vt. & vi. 

[-VELED or -VELLED, -VELD 8 ; -VEL-ING Or-VEL- 

ling.] To wonder at or about; be affected 
with wonder, astonishment, surprize, etc. II. 
n. That which excites wonder; a prodigy. 

[ < OF. mervetlle, < L. mirabilia, < miror, won¬ 
der.]— mar'vel-ous, a. Of a character to excite 
astonishment or amazement, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Ma'ry, 1 me'n; 2 ma'ry, n. 1. Either of two queens 
of England: (1) M. 1. (Tudor) (1516-1558), 
daughter of Henry VIII.; (2) M. II. (Stuart) 
(1662-1694), daughter of James II. and wife of 
William III., who reigned jointly with her. See 
England. 2. M. Magdalene, a devoted dis¬ 
ciple of Jesus. Luke viil, 2; John xx, 1-18. 3. M. 
Queen of Scots (Stuart) (1542-1587), daughter 
of James V. of Scotland; beheaded by Queen 


Elizabeth.— The Virgin Mary, Mary, the moth¬ 
er of Jesus. 

Ma'ry-land, 1 mer'i-land; 2 mgr'y-land, n. A 
middle Atlantic State of the United States; 12,- 
327 sq. m.; pop. 1,449,661: capital, Annapolis. ‘ 
mas., masc., abbr. Masculine. 

Ma"sa-ryk', 1 md*sa-r'ik': 2 ma"sa-ryk', Thomas 
G. (1850- ). A Czecho'Slovak statesman; 

first President of Czechoslovak Republic, 
mas'cot, 1 mas'kat; 2 mas'cot, n. [Colloq.] A 
person, animal, or thing thought to bring good 
luck by Its presence. [ < F. mascoUe, < Pr. mas- 
cotto, witchcraft.] 

mas'cu-line, / 1 mas'kiu-lin; 2 mas'cu-lin, a. 
mas'cil-lin s , (1. Distinctively manly or man¬ 
like. 2. Being of the male gender, natural or 
grammatical. [ < L. masculinus, < masculus, 
< mas, a male.]— mas"cu-lln'l-ty, n. 
mash 1 , 1 ma^h; 2 mash, vt. To reduce to a soft 
state, as by bruising.— mash'er, n. 
mash, 1 malh; 2 mash, n. A mass of something 
beaten or soaked into a soft state, as bran and 
water. 

mask 1 , 1 mask; 2 mask, vt. & vi. To conceal with 
or as with a mask; put on or wear a mask, 
mask, n. 1. A cover or disguise, as for the fea¬ 
tures; protection. 2. A subterfuge. 3. A cast 
of the face taken just after death. 4. A play, 
formerly in vogue, in which actors wore 
masks; masquerade. 5. A masker. [< Ar. 
bp +f maskharat, buffoon.]— mask'er, n. One w ho 
wears a mask, mas'querj. 
ma'son, 1 me'san; 2 ma'son, n. 1. One who 
lays brick and stone in building; also, a stone* 
cutter. 2. [M-] A member of the order of 
Freemasons. [ < F. magon, < OHG. mezzo, 
mason.]— Ma-son'lc, a. Pertaining to Masons 
or to Freemasonry.— ma'son-ry, n . [-ries z , 
pl.\ 1. The art or work of building w ith brick or 
stone. 2. [M-] Freemasonry, 
masque, mas'quer. Same as mask, masker. 
mas"quer-ade', 1 mas"kar-ed'; 2 m&s"ker-ad'. 

I. vi. [-AD'ED d ; -ad'ing.] To wear a disguise. 

II. n. 1. A social party composed of persons 

masked and costumed. 2. A false show or 
disguise. 3. A form of dramatic representa¬ 
tion formerly in vogue. [F.] — mas"quer- 
ad 'er, n. (mass. 

mass 1 , 1 mas; 2 mas, vt. & vi. To form into a 
mass 1 , n. 1. An assemblage of things that col¬ 
lectively make one quantity; also, the prin¬ 
cipal part of anything. 2. The quantity of 
matter in a body, as indicated either by its 
weight or by the amount of force necessary to 
move it. [ < F. masse, < L. massa, < Gr. 
maza, barley cake.]— the masses, the common 
people; populace. — mass'»meet"lng, n. A 
public meeting to which every one is privileged to 
go.— mass'y, a. Consisting of a mass or masses: 
massive; big.— mass'l-ness, n. 
mass 2 , n. 1. The celebration of the eucharist in 
the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Alus. A 
musical service rendered with the mass. [< 
AS. massse, < LL. missa, dismissal.] 

Mass., abbr. Massachusetts (official). 
Mas"sa-chu 'setts, 1 mas"a-<5hQ'sets; 2 mas'a- 
chu'sOts, n. A State of the E. United States; 
8,266 sq. m.; pop. 3,852,356; capital, Boston, 
mas'sa-cre, 1 mas'a-kar; 2 mas'a-ker. I. vt. 
[-cred; -cring.] To kill with fury and in 
great numbers. II. n. The indiscriminate 
killing of human beings, as in savage warfare; 
reckless slaughter. [F., < LG. matsken, hew.] 
mas-sage', 1 ma-sa 3 '; 2 ma-sazh', n. A system 
of remedial treatment consisting of manipula- 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rOle; but, b©rn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh&t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit. Ice; I = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n.’ 







373 


Marston Moor 
matrimony 


tion of a part or of the whole of the body with 
the hands. [F., < masser (< Gr. masso ), 
knead.]—mas-sage', vt.— mas"seur', n. One 
who gives massage, mas-sag'istf. — mas"- 
seuse', n. fem. 

mass'ive, ) 1 mas'iv; 2 mas'iv, a. Constituting 
mass'iv 8 , f a large mass; ponderous; massy, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

mast 1 , 1 mast; 2 mast, n. A spar of round tim¬ 
ber or tubular metal set up in a vessel to sus¬ 
tain the yards, sails, etc. [ < AS. msest, mast.] 
—mast'head", n. 1. The head or top of a mast. 
2. A sailor acting as lookout at the topmast=head. 
mast 2 , n. The fruit of the oak, beech, and other 
trees; acorns and the like. [ < AS. msest , mast.] 
mas'ter, 1 mas'tar; 2 mas'ter. I. vt. 1. To 
bring under control; overpower; subdue; rule. 
2. To understand thoroughly. II. a. Having 
the mastery; chief. III. n. 1. A male person 
who has authority or control over persons or 
things; a teacher; ship’s commander; an owner. 
2. An adept in an art, profession, etc. [ < L. OP 
magister, < mag in magnus, great.] — mas 'ter- 
dom, n. Power of mastery; dominion. — mas'- 
ter-ful, a. Having the characteristics or force of 
a master; arbitrary; showing mastery. — mas'- 
ter-ful-ly, adv .—mas'ter*key", n. A key that 
will unlock two or more locks of a set.—mas'- 
ter-ly,a. Characteristic of a master; befitting a 
master. — mas'ter-piece", n. A work showing 
the hand of a master; an admirable production. 
—mas'ter-ship, n. The state or character of 
a master; masterly skill; preeminence. — mas'- 
ter-y, n. Dominion; superiority; victory, 
mas'tic, 1 mas'tik; 2 mas'tie, n. 1. A small 
Mediterranean evergreen tree; also, a valu¬ 
able resin obtained from it. 2. A quick*dry- 
ing cement. [F.] 

mas'ti-cate, 1 mas'ti-ket; 2 mas'ti-cat, vt. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To crush or grind 
(food) for deglutition; chew. [Ult. < Gr. 
mastizo, chew.]—mas"ti-ca'tion, n. —mas'ti- 
ca"tor, n. —mas'ti-ca-to"ry, a. 
mas'tiff, 1 mas'tif; 2 mas'tif, n. One of an old 
British breed of large watch*dogs. [ < OF. 
mestif, mongrel.] 

mas'to-don, 1 mas'to-den; 2 mas'to-don, n. 
An extinct elephant of great size. [ < Gr. 
maslos, breast, + odous (.odont-), tooth.] 
mas'toid, 1 mas'toid; 2 mas'toid, a. Breast*like 
as, the mastoid process, a prominence of 
the temporal bone for the attachment of mus¬ 
cles. [ < Gr. mastos, breast, + eidos, form.] 
mat, 1 mat; 2 mat. I.vt.&vi. [mat'ted^mat'- 
ting.] To knot, interweave, or felt into a 
mat; be tangled. II. n. 1. A flat article 
woven or plaited, or made of some perforated 
or corrugated material, to be laid on a floor, as 
for wiping the feet. 2. A border, as of card¬ 
board, for a picture. [ < L. A8 matta, mat.] 
mat"a-dor' or -dore', 1 mat"a-dor'; 2 mata¬ 
dor', n. In bullffighting, the man who kills 
the bull with a thrust of a sword. [Sp.] 
match 1 , ) 1 madh; 2 mach, v. I. t. 1. To put 
mach p , ) with another, or put together as 
mates or companions. 2. To set up as com¬ 
petitors. 3. To suit. 4. To marry; as, an ill* 
matched pair. II. i. To be of the same size or 
character; tally.—match'less, a. That can 
not be matched; peerless. 
match 1 , n. 1. One equal in appearance, qual¬ 
ity, or strength; a suitable mate; one of a pair. 
2. A contest as of skill or strength. 3. A mar¬ 
riage. [ < AS. gemsecca, companion.] 


match 2 , n. A splinter of soft wood tipped with 
a combustible composition that ignites by 
friction; also, a fuse: slow* (or quick*) match. 
[< Gr.° F myxa, nozle of a lamp.]—match'* 
lock", n. Formerly, a musket fired by pressing a 
lighted match against the powder in the pan. 
match'*inak"er, n. 1. One who makes 
matches for lighting, etc. 2. One who makes 
or plans marriages.—match'*mak"ing, o. 
mate 1 ,1 met; 2 mat, v. [mat'ed* 1 ; mat'ing.] I. 
t. To join, as mates. II. i. To be united or 
associated, as mates.—mate 2 , vt. [mat'ed^; 
mat'ing.] In chess, to checkmate. [<Per. LL+F 
mat, confounded.] 

mate 1 , n. 1. A companion or associate; com¬ 
rade; husband; wife; match. 2. An officer of 
a merchant ship ranking below a captain. [ < 
AS. gemaca, mate.] 
mate 2 , n. In chess, a checkmate, 
ma-te'ri-al, 1 ma-ti'ri-el; 2 ma-te'ri-al, a. 1. 
Pertaining to matter; physical. 2. Affecting 
the physical nature; corporeal; sensuous; sen¬ 
sual. 3. Pertaining to the subject»matter; 
essential; important. [ < L. materia, matter.] 
ma-te'ri-al, n. That of which anything is 
composed or may be constructed.—ma-te'- 
ri-al-ism, n. 1. The denial of any immaterial 
part in man or in the universe. 2. Undue regard 
for material interests.—ma-te'ri-al-ist,n.—ma- 
te"rl-al-is'tic, a. —ma-te'ri-al-ize or -Ise, vt. 
& vi. To render actual and observable; realize; 
assume a material form.—ma-te"ri-al-i-za'[or 
-sa']tion, n. —ma-te'ri-al-ly, adv. In a mate¬ 
rial and important manner.—ma-te'ri-al-ness, 
n. ma-te"ri-al'i-tyt. 

ma-ter'nal, 1 ma-tur'nsl; 2 ma-ter'nal, a. 
Pertaining to a mother; motherly. [< L. 
malernus, < mater, mother.]—ma-ter'nal-ly, 
adv.— ma-ter'ni-ty,«. [-ties 2 , pi.] The condi¬ 
tion of being a mother, 
math., abbr. Mathematical, mathematics. 
math"e-mat'i-cal, I ma€h''i-mat'i-kel; 2 
math"e-mat'i-cal, a. Pertaining to or of the 
nature of mathematics; rigidly exact. [ < Gr A 
mathematikos, < manthanb, learn.] -ly, adv. — 
math"e-ma-ti'cian, n. One versed in mathe¬ 
matics. 

math"e-mat'ics, 1 mafh"i-mat'iks; 2 math"e- 
mat'ies, n. The science that treats of quan¬ 
tity, especially by the use of symbols. 
Ma-til'da, 1 ma-til'da; 2 ma-tll'da, n. 1. Either of 
two queens of England: (1) (1080-1118) daugh¬ 
ter of Malcolm III. of Scotland and wife of Henry 
I.; (2) (1103-1152), wife of Stephen. 2. Em¬ 
press M. (1102-1167), daughter of Henry I. and 
Matilda; mother of Henry III. 
mat'in, 1 mat'in; 2 mat'in. I. a. Of or belong¬ 
ing to the morning. II. n. pi. Morning ser¬ 
vice or worship. [ < F. matin, morning.]— 
mat'in-al, a. —mat"i-nee', n. An entertain¬ 
ment or reception held in the daytime. [F.] 
mat'ri-ces, 1 mat'n-siz; 2 mat'ri-ces, n. Plural of 

MATRIX. 

mat'ri-cide, 1 mat'n-said; 2 mat'ri-Qld, n. 
The killing of one’s mother; also, one who 
kills his mother. [ < L. mater, mother, + 
csedo, kill.]—mat'ri-ci"dal, a. 
ma-tric'u-late, 1 ma-trik'yu-let; 2 ma-trie'yq- 
lat. I.vt.&vi. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To ad¬ 
mit or gain admittance to membership, as in 
a college, by enrolment. II. n. One who is so 
enrolled. [< LL. matricula, dim. of matrix, 
public register.]—ma-tric"u-Ia'tion, n. 
mat'ri-mo-ny, 1 mat'n-mo-m; 2 mat'ri-mo- 
ny, n. The state or condition of being mar- 


pa = final; l = habit; aisle; au = tmt; ell; lu = f eud; cfhin; go; O = sm0; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bffrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iuk; thin, this. 








matrix 

measure 


374 


ried; marriage. [ < L. matrimonium, < mater 
mother.] — mat"rl-mo'nl-al, a. Pertaining to 
matrimony; connubial, -ly, adv. 
ma'trix, 1 me'tnks; 2 ma'triks, n. [matri¬ 
ces, pi.] That which contains and shapes 
something; the womb; a mold. [ < L. matrix, 
breeding animal.) 

ma'tron, 1 me'tran; 2 ma'tron, n. A married 
woman; mother; housekeeper. [< L. ma- 
trona, < mater, mother.]— ma'tron-age, n. 1. 
The condition of being a matron. 2. Matrons 
collectively.— mat'ron-al, a. Pertaining to a 
matron.— ma'tron-ly, a. Like a matron:elderly. 
Matt., abbr. Matthew. 

matte, 1 mat; 2 mat, n. Metal. An impure 
metallic product containing sulfur obtained in 
smelting various metals, as copper. [F.] 
mat'ter, 1 mat'ar; 2 mat'er. I. vi. To be of 
concern or importance; signify. II. n. 1. 
That which makes up the substance of any¬ 
thing; the material of which a thing is com¬ 
posed; essence; substance. 2. That which has 
extension, inertia, weight, etc. 3. An indefi¬ 
nite or small amount. 4. A subject, as for dis¬ 
cussion. 5. Something of importance, (i. A 
condition of affairs; case; difficulty; trouble. 
7. Pus. [ < F. matiere, < L. materia, stuff ] 
Mat'ter-horn, 1 ma'tar-hern; 2 ma'ter-horn, n. 

A mountain in the Swiss Alps, 14,780 ft. high. 
Mat'thew, 1 math'yu; 2 math'yu, n. 1. One of 
the twelve apostles; author of the first gospel. 

2. The gospel narrative written by him. 
mat'ting, 1 mat'ir); 2 m&t'ing, n. A coarsely 

woven fabric used as a floor=covering, etc. 
mat'tock, 1 mat 
like tool having 
of points. [ < 

W. matog, hoe.) _ , .. , 

mat'tress, 1 mat'res; 2 mat'rgs, Mattock. 
n. A cloth sack or tick stuffed with hair, 
straw, etc., used as a bed. [ < Ar. LL+OF matrah, 

< taraha, throw down.] 

mat'u-rate, 1 mat'yu-ret; 2 mat'yu-rat, vt. & 
vi. [-RAT"ED d ; -ratting.] To cause to sup¬ 
purate; form pus. [< L. maturatus, pp. of 
maturo, mature.] — mat"u-ra'tIon, n. The 
formation of pus; process of ripening.— inat'u- 
ra"tiv(e 8 , a. 

ma-ture', 1 ma-tiur'; 2 ma-tur', v. [ma¬ 
tured'; ma-tur'ing.] I. t. 1. To cause to 
ripen or come to maturity. 2. Med. To 
bring to the point of suppuration. II. i. 1. 
To become ripe; develop fully. 2. To become 
due, as a note. [ < F. maturer, < L. maturo, 

< maturus, ripe.]— ma-tu'ri-ty, n. 1. The 
state or condition of being mature, ma-ture '- 
nessf. 2. Full development, as of body or mind. 

3. The time at which a thing matures, 
ma-ture', a. 1. Fully or highly developed; 

ripe. 2. Com. Due and payable, 
ma-tu'ti-nal, 1 ma-tiu'ti-nel; 2 ma-tu'ti-nal, 
a. Pertaining to the morning; early. [< L. 
malulinalis, < malutinus, early.] 

Maude, 1 mod; 2 mad, Frederick Stanley (1864- 
1917). British general; captured Bagdad, 
March, 1917; died of cholera, 
maud'lin, 1 med'lin; 2 mad'lin, a. Made fool¬ 
ish by liquor; foolishly, tearfully affectionate, 
mau'gref, 1 me'gsr; 2 ma'ger, prep. In spite 
of; notwithstanding. [Of 1 .] mau'gerf. 
maul, 1 mel; 2 mal. I. «f» To pound with or 
as with a maul; handle roughly; abuse. II. n. 
A heavy mallet. [OF., < L. malleus, hammer.] 
Mau'na Lo'a, 1 mau'na lo'a; 2 mou'na lo'a. An 


/ok; 2 mat 6k, ». 
blades instead 
AS. mattoc, < 


A pickax* 


active volcano on Hawaii Island; 13,675 ft. high, 
maun'der, 1 men'dar; 2 man'der, vt. & vi. To 
talk incoherently; grumble; drivel. [< OF. 
mendir, < L. mcndico, beg.] 

Mau'rlce, 1 me'ns; 2 ma'ric, n. 1. (1521-1553.) 
An elector of Saxony; secured religious liberty. 
2. M. of Nassau (1567-1625), a prince of Or¬ 
ange; son of William the Silent; Dutch command¬ 
er; defeated Spanish and Austrians. 
Mau-rl'tius, 1 mo-riSh'us; 2 ma-rish'us, n. A 
British island of the Indian ocean, east of Mada¬ 
gascar; 720 sq. in.; pop. 377,000; capital, Port 
Louis. Isle of FranceJ- 

mau"so-le'um, 1 me"so-lI'um; 2 ma"so-le'- 
um, n. A large, stately tomb. [L.] 
mauve, 1 mov; 2 mdv, n. A delicate purple 
color or dyestuff. [F., < L. malva, mallow.] 
maw, 1 me; 2 ma, n. 1. The craw of a bird. 
2. The stomach. 3. The air=bladder of a fish. 
[< AS. maga, stomach.]— maw'^worm", n. A 
parasitic intestinal worm. 

mawk'lsh, 1 mek'igh; 2 mgk'ish, a. Provoking 
disgust; sickening or Insipid. [< Ice. madhkr, 
maggot.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. {Maximum. 

Max., abbr. Maxim, Maximilian.— max., abbr. 
max-H'la, 1 maks-il'a; 2 maks-Il'a, a. A jaw« 
bone. [L.]— max'U-Ia-ry, a. max'il-lari. 
maxim, 1 maks'im; 2 m&ks'im, n. 1. A brief 
statement of a practical principle or proposi¬ 
tion. 2. A self=evident truth; axiom. [< 

L. F maximus, superl. of magnus, great.] 
Max'i-ma-list, 1 maks'i-ma-list; 2 maks'i-ma-list, 

n. One belonging to a Russian revolutionary 
party of 1917-19. 

Max"i-mil'i-an, 1 maksT-mil'i-an; 2 maksT-mil'- 
i-an, n. 1. Either of two emperors of Germany; 
(1) M. I. (1459-1519), warred with France; (2) 

M. II. (1527-1576), made peace with the Turks. 
2. M. Ferdinand Joseph (1832-1867), an Aus¬ 
trian archduke; emperor of Mexico; executed. 

max'i-mum, 1 maks'i-mum; 2 m&ks'i-mum, n. 
{-ma, pi.] The greatest possible quantity, 
amount, or degree. [L., neut. s. of maximus, 
greatest.]— max'l-mal, a. 
may, 1 me; 2 ma, v. [might, imp.] 1. To have 
permission or ability. 2. To be contingently 
possible. [ < AS. mseg, be strong.] 

May, n. 1. The fifth month of the year, con¬ 
taining 31 days. 2. Figuratively, the spring¬ 
time of life. 3. [m-] English hawthorn.— 
May'=day", n. The first day of May.— Mays 
pole, n. A pole decorated 
with flowers or ribbons, etc., 
around w'hich dancing took 
place on May*day. 
may'be, 1 me'bl; 2 ma'be, 
adv. Perhaps; possibly. 

May'flow"er, the, 1 me'- 
flau"ar; 2 ma'flow*er. A 
ship of 180 tons, which 
sailed from Plymouth, En¬ 
gland, Sept. 6, 1620, and 
arrived off Cape Cod, Nov. 

9, 1620, with 103 Pilgrims 
on board. 

may"on-nalse\ 1 me"en-ez'; 2 ma"6n-a§', n. A 
sauce or salad»dressing made with raw r yolk of 
eggs, olive*oil, lemon*juice, and condiments, or a 
cold dish of which it forms an element. [F.] 
may'or, 1 me[sr; 2 ma'or, n. The chief magis¬ 
trate of a city, borough, or municipal corpo¬ 
ration. [ < F. maire, < L. major, compar. of 
tnagnus, great.]— may'or-al-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
The office or term of a mayor. 

Maz"a-rin', 1 maz"a-rin'; 2 maz^a-rin', Jules 
(1602-1661). A French cardinal and statesman. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police: obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn- 
21 art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 











375 


matrix 

measure 


mazes, 1 mez; 2 maz, vt. To astonish; amaze; 
confuse; perplex. [Cp. Norw. masa, pore over 
something, Ice. masa, chatter.] 
maze, n. An intricate network of paths or pas¬ 
sages; a labyrinth; perplexity.—ma'zy, a. 
Of the nature of a maze; Intricate.— maz 'i-ly, 
adv. —maz'i-ness, n. 

Ma-zep'pa, 1 ma-zep'a; 2 ma-z6p'a, n. A Cossack 
chief; lashed naked on a horse and turned adrift, 
hut survived; hero of a poem by Byron. 
Maz-zi'ni, 1 mat-sl'nl; 2 mat-si'ni, Giu-sep'pe 
(1805-1872). An Italian patriot and writer; 
aided Garibaldi to unite Italy. 

M. C., abbr. Master Commandant, Master of Cere¬ 
monies, Member of Congress, Member of Council. 
Mc-Clel 'lan, 1 ma-klel'an; 2 ma-elel'an, George 
Brinton (1826-1885). A United States general 
in the Civil War. 

Mc-Clure', 1 ma-klur'; 2 ma-clyr', Sir Robert 
John Le Me-su'ri-er (1807-1873). An Irish 
admiral who first made the northwest passage. 
M. D., abbr. [L.] Medicinx Doctor (Doctor of Med¬ 
icine).— m. d., abbr. Main droite (F., right 
hand), months [after] date.—Md., abbr. Mary¬ 
land (official).—Mdlle., afc&r. [F.] Mademoiselle. 
—Mdm., abbr. Madam.—mdse., abbr. Mer¬ 
chandise. 

me, 1 ml; 2 me, pron. The person speaking; 
myself, regarded as a grammatical object; me 
being the objective case of 7. [ < AS. me, me, 
used as dat. and accus. of ic, I.] 

M. E., abbr. Methodist Episcopal, Middle En¬ 
glish, Military Engineer, Mining Engineer.— 
Me., abbr. Maine (official). 
mead 1 , 1 mid; 2 med, n. 1. A liquor of fer¬ 
mented honey and water. 2. [U. S.] A drink, 
made of sirup of sarsaparilla and carbonated 
water. [ < AS. medu, mead.] 
mead 2 ,1 mid; 2 med, n. [Poet.] A meadow. 
Meade, 1 mid; 2 med, George Gordon (1815— 
1872). A United States general; defeated Lee at 
Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863. 
mead'ow, ) 1 med'o; 2 med'o, n. A tract of 
ined'ow 8 , ) low or level land, producing grass 
for hay. [ < AS. msed, meadow.] 
mea'ger, / 1 mi'gar; 2 me'ger, a. Wanting in 
mea 'gre, ) flesh; thin; emaciated; scanty; in¬ 
adequate. [ < OF. megre ( < L. macer) , lean.] 
meal 1 , 1 mil; 2 mel, n. Coarsely ground grain; 

unbolted wheat*flour. [ < AS. melu.] 
meal 2 , n. The portion of food taken at one 
time; a repast. [ < AS. msel.] 
meal'ie, 1 mll'i; 2 mel'i, n. [S. Afr.] An ear of 
maize: used mostly in the plural, 
meal'y, 1 mil'i; 2 mel'y, o. Resembling or 
having the qualities of meal; farinaceous; 
farinose.—meal'y*mouthed", a. Afraid to 
express opinions plainly; indefinite; insincere.— 
meal'i-ness,». 

mean, 1 min; 2 men, v. [meant; mean'ing.] 
1. 1. 1. To aim at and desire. 2. To purpose. 
3. To signify or indicate. II. i. To be 
minded. [ < AS. mxnan, mean.] 
mean 1 , a. 1. Low in grade, quality, or condi¬ 
tion; lowly; inferior; poor; shabby. 2. Ig¬ 
noble in mind, character, etc.; base; petty; 
slight or contemptible. [ < AS. mxne, wicked.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

mean 2 , a. Intermediate as to position, size, 
degree, etc.; medium; average. [< L. OF me- 
dianus, middle.] 

mean, n. 1. The middle state between two ex¬ 
tremes; hence, moderation; medium. 2. A 
quantity having an intermediate value be¬ 
tween extremes. 3. pi. Instrumentality (of¬ 


ten with singular construction; as, a means) ; 
also, property; wealth. 

me-an'der, 1 nn-an'dar; 2 me-an'der. I. vt. 
To flow circuitously; wind. II. n. A tor¬ 
tuous or winding course; hence, a maze; per¬ 
plexity. [ < Gr. L Maiandros (a river in Asia 
Minor).] 

mean'ing, n. That which is intended; ob¬ 
ject; intention; aim; acceptation; import.— 

mean'ing-ly, adv.— mean'ing-less, a. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

meant, 1 ment; 2 mgnt, imp. & pp. of mean, v. 
mean'time", ) I. n. Intervening time or oc- 
mean'while",) casion. II. adv. In the inter¬ 
vening time, 
meas., abbr. Measure. 

mea'sles, ( 1 ml'zlz; 2 me'§ls, n. An acute in- 
mea'sls p , ) fectious eruptive disease; also, a 
disease of swine and cattle, caused by lar¬ 
val tapeworms. [ < D. maselen, measles.]— 

mea'sly, a. 

mea'sure, )1 mes'ur; 2 mgzh'ur, v. [mea'- 
me'sure 9 , ) sured; mea'sur-ing.] I. t. 1. To 
take the dimensions of; weigh; judge. 2. To 
be capable of expressing the measure of. 3. 
To apportion. II. i. To take the measure of 
something; to show, on measurement, a (cer¬ 
tain) extent. — mea 'sur-a-bl (e, a. Capa¬ 
ble of computation; moderate.— mea'sur-a-bly, 
adv. — mea'sured, pa. Ascertained, adjusted, 
or proportioned by rule; uniform; rhythmical; 
guarded, -ly, adv. — mea'sure-less, a. Inca¬ 
pable of measurement; unlimited; immense.— 
mea'sure-ment, n. 1. The act of measuring; 
mensuration. 2. The result of measuring.— 
mea'sur-er, n. 

mea'sure, n. 1. The extent of anything. 2. 
A standard or system of measurement. 3. An 
instrument or vessel of measurement. 4. A 
quantity measured. 5. Moderation. 6. A 
relative extent. 7. A specific act or course; 
specifically, a legislative bill. 8. Division of 
time, as in music; meter, as in verse. 9. Geol. 
Related strata. [ < F. mesure, < L. mensura, 
measure.] See also metric system under metric. 

Apothecaries’ Fluid Measure 

(used in compounding medicines). 

60 minims (HI) = 1 fluid dram (f 3 ). 

8 fluid drams = 1 fluid ounce (f 5 ). 

16 fluid ounces = 1 pint (O.). 

8 pints = 1 gallon (C.). 

Cubic Measure 

(used in measuring things which have three di¬ 
mensions, length, breadth, and thickness). 
1728 cubic inches(cu.in.) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft.). 

27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd.). 

24f cubic feet = 1 perch (P.). 

Dry Measure 

(used in measuring dry articles). 

2 pints (pt.) = 1 quart (qt.). 

8 quarts = 1 peck (pk.). 

4 pecks = 1 bushel (bu.). 

Note. —In the United States, a bushel con¬ 
tains 2150.42 cu. in.; in Great Britain, 2218.2. 

See bushel in the vocabulary. 

Liquid Measure 

(used in measuring liquids). 

4 gills (gi.) = 1 pint (pt.). 

2 pints = 1 quart (qt.). 

4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal.). 

Note. —In the United- States, a gallon con¬ 
tains 231 cu. in.; 31 gallons are considered a bar- 


1; a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; <fhin; go; rj = singq thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








measure 

mellow 


376 


rel (bbl.), and 63 gallons a hogshead (hhd.); but 
barrels and hogsheads are made of various sizes. 

See barrel, gallon, and hogshead in the 
vocabulary. 

Long or Linear Measure 

(used in measuring lengths and distances). 

12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.). 

3 feet = 1 yard (yd.). 

5J yards or 16 ) feet = 1 rod (rd.) or pole (p.). 
40rods = 1 furlong (fur.). 

8 furlongs =• 1 mile (mi.). 

320 rods or 5280 feet = 1 mile. 

3 miles = 1 league. 

Mariners’ Measure 

6 feet = 1 fathom. 

120 fathoms = 1 cable length (or cable). 

7 5 cable lengths = 1 mile. 

5280 feet = 1 statute mile. 

6085 feet = 1 nautical or geographical 

mile. 


Measure of Angles or Arcs 

60 seconds (") = 1 minute (') 

60 minutes = 1 degree (°) 

90 degrees = 1 right angle or quadrant (L). 
360 degrees = 1 circle. 

Paper Measure 

24 sheets = 1 quire. 

20 sheets = 1 quire of outsides. 

25 sheets = 1 printers’ quire. 

20 quires = 1 ream. 

2 I 5 quires = 1 printers’ ream. 

2 reams = 1 bundle. 

4 reams = 1 printers’ bundle. 

10 reams = 1 bale. 

60 skins = 1 roll of parchment. 

Note.—A short ream = 480 sheets; a long 
ream = 500 or 516 sheets. 

Square Measure 

(used in measuring the area of surfaces). 

144 square inches = 1 square foot (sq. ft.). 

9 square feet = 1 square yard (sq. yd.). 

2 $ 5XS IT or ]- >■“I-*:«*> • 

160 square rods =1 acre (A.). 

640 acres = 1 square mile (sq. mi.). 

Note. —A perch (P.) is a square rod, and a 
rood (R.) = 40 sq. rd. 


Time Measure 


60 seconds (sec.) 
60 minutes 
24 hours 
7 days 

365 days ) 

12 months) 

366 days 
100 years 

Note. —One montl 
30 days. 


= 1 minute (min.). 

= 1 hour (hr.) 

= 1 day (da.). 

= 1 week (vvk.). 

= 1 common year (yr.). 

= 1 leap year. 

= 1 century, 
is commonly reckoned 


as 


Wood Measure 

(used in measuring wood and other merchandise). 
16 cubic feet = 1 cord foot. 

8 cord feet or 128 cubic feet = 1 cord (cd.). 

Note.—A cord of wood, as generally piled, is 
8 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 4 ft. high. 


meat, 1 mit; 2 met, n. 1. The flesh of animals 
used as food. 21|. Victuals; nourishment. [< 
AS. mete, meat.]—meat'y, a. 1. Full of or re¬ 
sembling meat. 2. Having strength; nourishing; 
pithy. 

Mec'ca, n. Same as Mekka. 
mech., abbr. Mechanical, mechanics. 


me-chan'lc, 1 mi-kan'ik; 2 me-ean'ie. I. a. 1. 
Pertaining to mechanics; mechanical. 2. Ma¬ 
terialistic. II. n. 1. One exercising a me¬ 
chanical employment. 2. An unintelligent 
workman. [< Gr. L+OF mechanikos, < me- 
chane, machine.]— me-chan'i-cal, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to mechanics; in accordance with the 
laws of mechanics. 2. Produced by a machine. 
3. Operated by mechanism. 4. Materialistic, 
as a theory. 5. Having inventive or constructive 
talent; doing the work of a mechanic; also, auto¬ 
matical. -iy, adv. -ness, n. — mechanical 
powers, the mechanical contrivances that enter 
into the composition or formation of all machines 
—the lever (with its derivatives, as the balance, 
wheel and axle, and pulley) and the inclined 
plane (with its modifications, the screw and the 
wedge).— mech"a-ni'clan, n. One who under¬ 
stands the science of mechanics.— me-chan'Ics, 
n. The branch of physics that treats of the phe¬ 
nomena caused by the action of forces on mate¬ 
rial bodies; the science of machinery.— meeh'a- 
nism, n. 1. The parts of a machine collectively; 
machinery in general. 2. A system which con¬ 
stitutes a working agency.— meeh'a-uist, n. A 
mechanician. 

med., abbr. Medical, medicine, medieval, 
med'al, 1 med'al; 2 med'al, n. A small disk of 
metal, bearing a device, usually commemora¬ 
tive or honorary. [ < OF. medaille, < L. 
metallum, metal.] — med 'al-ist, n. 1. A col¬ 
lector or designer of medals. 2. The recipient of 
a medal awarded for services or merit, med 'al- 
listj. — me-dal'lion, n. 1. A large medal; also, 
a subject painted, engraved, etc., and set in a 
circular or oval frame. 2. A coin. , 

med 'die, ) 1 med'l; 2 med'l, vi. [med'dled, 
nied'l p , ) med'ld p ; med'dling.] To interfere 
in the concerns of others impertinently and 
without request. [ < OF. medler, mesler, < L. 
misceo, mix.]— med'dler, n .— med 'die-some, 
a. Given to meddling, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Me-de'a, 1 mi-di'a; 2 me-de'a, n. Gr. Myth. 
Daughter of the king of Colchis; aided Jason to 
obtain the Golden Fleece; murdered her own 
children; heroine of tragedies by various Greek 
and Roman poets. 

Me'di-a, 1 ml'di-a; 2 me'di-a, n. An ancient 
country; seat of the Medo«Persian empire; now 
N.1V. Persia.—Mede, a. & n. —Me'di-ail, a. &n. 
me"di-a?'vai. Same as medieval. 
me'di-an, 1 ml'di-an; 2 me'di-an, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to the middle; situated in the middle 
plane. [ < L. medianus, < medius, middle.] 
me'di-al}.—me'di-al-ly, adv. 
me'di-ate, 1 ml'di-et; 2 me'di-at. I. vt. & vi. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To interpose between 
parties in order to harmonize or reconcile 
them. 2. To be intermediate. II. a. 1. 
Acting as an intervening agency. 2. Occur¬ 
ring as a result of means. 3. Intermediate. 
[< LL. mediatus, pp. of medio, divide in the mid¬ 
dle.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —me"di-a'tion, n. 
The act of mediating; intercession; interposition. 
—me'di-a"tor, n. —me"di-a-to'ri-al, a. Per¬ 
taining to a mediator or mediation, me'di-a- 
to-ryt. 

Med'i-ei, 1 med'i-tnn; 2 med'i-chi, n. A family of 
Florentine bankers who became rulers of Tus¬ 
cany, patrons of the arts, literature, etc. Among 
its members were (1) Catherine de M. (1519- 
1589), queen of Henry II. of France; brought 
about the massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day; 
(2) Cosmo de M. (1389-1464); (3) Cosmo de 
M. (1519-1574); (4) Lorenzo de M. (1448- 
1492). “the Magnificent.” See also Marie, 2.— 
Med"i-ee'an, a. 


1 : artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; 1 = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 







377 


measure 

mellow 


med'1-clne,) 1 med'i-sin; 2 mgd'i- C In, n. 1. 

med'i-cln 8 , ) A substance possessing curative 
or remedial properties. 2. The healing art. 
[ < ~L. OF medicina,tem. of medicinus, of a physician.] 
— med'I-ca-bl (e p , a. Capable of relief by medi¬ 
cine: curable.— med'i-cine=man", n. Among 
savages, a witch-doctor or exorciser, who pro¬ 
fesses to cure disease by sorcery.— ined'i-cal, a. 
1. Pertaining to medicine or the practise of medi¬ 
cine. 2. Having curative properties, -ly, adv. — 
med'i-ca-ment, n. 1. Any substance for the 
alleviation of disease. 2. Healing agency.— 
med'l-cate, vt. [-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] 1. To 
treat medicinally. 2. To tincture or impregnate 
with medicine.— med"i-ca'tion, n. The proc¬ 
ess of medicating; medical treatment.— med'1- 
ca-tlv(e s , med'i-ca-to-ry, a. Medicinal: heal¬ 
ing.— me-dic'i-nal, a. Adapted to cure or miti¬ 
gate disease, -ly, adv. 

me"di-e'val, 1 ml"di-i'vel; 2 me"di-e'val, a. Be¬ 
longing to or descriptive of the middle ages. [< 
L. medius, middle, + sevum, age.] me"dl-ae'valt. 

Me-di'na, 1 me-di'na; 2 me-di'na, n. A holy city 
in Hejaz, Arabia, 210 m. N. W. of Mekka; the 
goal of the Hegira, and place of Mohammed’s 
death, burial, and tomb. 

me'di-o"cre, 1 mI'di-o"ker; 2 me , di-o"cer, a. 
Of only middle quality; ordinary; common¬ 
place. [ < L. mediocris, < medius, middle.]— 
me"di-oc'ri-ty, n. [-tiesz, pi.] Commonplace 
ability or condition; a commonplace person. 

Medtt., abbr. Mediterranean. 

med '1-tate, 1 med'i-tet; 2 mSd'i-tat, vt. & vi. 
[-TAT r/ ED d ; -tat"ing.] To plan in the mind; 
think with a view to planning or acting; con¬ 
template; cogitate. [< L. meditatus, pp. of 
meditor, consider.]— med"i-ta'tIon, n. 1. The 
act of meditating. 2. A theme treated in a medi¬ 
tative manner.— med'i-ta-tiv(e 8 , a. -ly, adv. 

Med"i-ter-ra'ne-an sea, 1 medT-te-rg'm-an; 2 
med'i-te-ra'ne-an. An arm of the Atlantic ocean 
between Europe and Africa; 2,100 m. long by 250 
to 700 m. wide. 

me 'di-uni, 1 mi'di-um; 2 me'di-um. I. a. In¬ 
termediate in quantity, quality, or degree; 
middle; mediocre. II. n. [me'di-ums z or me'- 
di-a, pi.] 1. Anything that acts or serves in¬ 
termediately. 2. One who claims to be con¬ 
trolled by the spirit of some deceased person. 
3. Any substance, as the air, in which some¬ 
thing may move or be conveyed. [L., neut. s. 


of medius, middle.] 

med'lar, 1 med'lar; 2 mSd'lar, n. 
A small, spreading European tree of 
the rose family, or its fruit. 

med'ley, 1 med'h; 2 med'ly, 
n. A mingled and confused 
mass of ingredients; a jum¬ 
ble; especially, a composi¬ 
tion of parts of songs run to¬ 
gether. [ < OF. medler, med¬ 
dle.] 

me-dul'la, 1 mi-dul'a; 2 me- 
dul'a, n. [-L.E, pi.] The inner 
portion; marrow; pith.— 

med'ul-la-ry, a. me-dul'larj. 



Me-du'sa, 1 mi-diu'sa; 2 me-du'sa, 


Leaves, Flow¬ 
er, and Fruit 
(a) of the 
Common 
Medlar. 


n. 1. Gr. Myth. The Gorgon 
whose head was cut off by 
Perseus. See Gorgon; Perseus. 

2. [m-] [-s,®, pi.] A jelly-fish, 
meed, 1 mid; 2 med, n. A well-deserved re¬ 
ward; recompense. [< AS. med, meed.] 
meek, 1 mik; 2 mek, a. I. Of gentle and long- 
suffering disposition. 2. Submissive. 3. Hum¬ 


ble; lowly, [< Ice. mju/cr, meek.] -ly, adv- 
-ness, n. 

meer'schaum, 1 mir'sihem; 2 mer'sham, n. 1. 
A soft, light mineral used for carving into 
tobacco-pipes. 2. A pipe made of this mineral. 
[G., < meer, sea, -+- schaum, foam.] 
meet, 1 mlt; 2 met, v. [met; meet'ing.] I. t. 
1. To come to (a person or thing moving 
toward the same point from a different direc¬ 
tion). 2. To be or act in conformity with. 3. 
To pay; satisfy. 4. To encounter. 5. To re¬ 
fute. II. t. To come together; assemble. [< 
AS. metan, < mot, meeting.] 
meet, 1 mit; 2 met, a. Suitable, as to an occa¬ 
sion; adapted; fit. f < AS. msete, measured, 
fit, < metan, measure.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
meet, n. An assembling together, as of hunts¬ 
men; also, the company or the rendezvous.— 
meet'ing, n. 1. A coming together. 2. An 
assembly of persons. 3. A junction. 4. A duel.— 
meet'Ing*house", n. A house used for public 
worship, especially among the Friends, 
meg'a-phone, 1 meg'a-fon; 2 meg'a-fon, n. 



Megaphone as used aboard a Yacht. 


An appliance for enabling persons to converse 
from a distance, without a connecting wire, as 
at sea. [ < Gr. megas, great, + phone, sound.] 
me'grim, 1 mi'grim; 2 me'grim, n. 1. A head¬ 
ache confined to one side of the head. 2. pi. 
Dulness; depression of spirits. [< F. migraina. ] 
Mek'ka, lmek'a; 2mek'a, n. A holy city of Hejaz, 
Arabia; the birthplace of Mohammed; goal of 
Mohammedan pilgrimages; taken by the Grand 
Sherif, June 21, 1916. See Kaaba. 

Me"kong', 1 me"ker)'; 2 me"kong', n. A river in 
Tibet, Siam, and French fndo-China; 2,600 m. 
mel'an-chol-y, ) 1 mel'an-kel-i;2m§l'an-e61-y. 
mel'an-col-y p , S I. a. 1. Morbidly gloomy; 
sad; dejected. 2. Suggesting, inducing, or pro¬ 
moting sadness; doleful. II. n. Low spirits; 
despondency. [ < Gr. melas (melon-), black, 
+ cholS, bile.]— mel"an-chol'lc, a. Of melan¬ 
choly temperament or character. 
Me-lanch'thon, 1 mi-larjk'than; 2 me-l&ne'thon, 
Philip (1497-1560). A German Lutheran re¬ 
former and scholar. Me-lanc'thonf. 

Mel'bourne, 1 mel'barn; 2 mG'burn, n. A city, 
capital of Victoria, S. E. Australia; pop. 743,000. 
Mel-chis'e-dec, 1 mel-kiz'i-dek; 2 mel-cis'e-d 6 c, 
n. Bib. A priest; king of Salem. Gen. xiv, 18. 
me"Iee', 1 me"le'; 2 me"le', n. A general hand- 
to-hand fight; an affray. [F.] 
me'Iio-rate, 1 mll'yo-ret; 2 mel'yo-rat, tt. & vi. 
[-RAT /r ED d ; -rat"ing.] To make better; ame¬ 
liorate. [< LL. meliorates, pp., < L. me- 
lior, better.]— me"llo-ra'tlon, n.— me'lto-ra- 
tlv(e s , a. 

mel-lif'lu-ous, 1 me-lif'lu-us; 2 mg-llf'ld-us, a. 
Flowing like honey or as with honey; smooth¬ 
ly flowing; dulcet. [ < L. mel, honey, + fluo, 

flow.] mel-Ilf'Iu-entt.—mel-lif'lu-ence, n. 
A flow of sweetness.— mel-lif'lu-ous-ly, adv. — 
inel-Iif'lu-ous-ness, n. 

mel'low, 1 mel'o; 2 mel'o. I. vt. & vi. To 
make or become mellow; ripen; soften; II. a. 


1*a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = feud; (fhin; go; o = ein^; thin, tilis. 
giwQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; i©k; thm, this. 









melodeon 

mermaid 


378 


1. Soft by reason of ripeness. 2. Of a rich or 
delicate quality. 3. Companionable; jolly; 
tipsy. [ < AS. meant (mearw -), soft.] -ness, n. 

me-lo'de-on, 1 mi-lo'di-an; 2 me-16'de-on, n. 
A small reed*organ or harmonium. 

me-lo'di-ous, o. Agreeable to the ear; pro¬ 
ducing melody; tuneful, me-lod'icj. 

meI'o-dra"ma, 1 mel'o-drd"ma; 2 mSl'o-dra"- 
ma, n. A drama with a romantic story or 
plot, and startling situations, f < Gr F . melos, 
song, + drama; see drama.] — meI"o-dra-mat'- 
Ic, a.— mel"o-dra-mat'l-cal-ly, adv. 

mel'o-dy, 1 mel'o-di; 2 mdl'o-dy, n. [-dies 2 , 
pi.} 1. An agreeable succession of sounds; a 
rhythmic succession of simple tones. 2. A 
tuneful poem or song arranged to music. 3. 
Mus. The air. [ < Gr F . melos, song, + ode, 
ode.] — mel'o-dlst, n. A composer or singer of 
melodies. 

mel'on, 1 mel'en; 2 mgl'on, n. A trailing plant 
of the gourd family, or its fruit. [F.] 

Mel-pom 'e-ne, 1 mel-pom'i-nl; 2 m61-p0m'e-n6, n. 
Gr. Myth. The muse of tragedy. 

melt, 1 melt; 2 mSlt, v. [melt , ed^ or molt'en; 
melt'ing.] 1. 1. 1. To reduce from a solid to 

a liquid state; dissolve. 2. To soften the feel¬ 
ings of. II. i. 1. To be changed to a liquid. 

2. To be softened. 3. To blend. [ < AS. 
meltan, melt.]— melt'er, n. 

met'ton, 1 mel'tan; 2 mgr ton, n. A heavy woolen 
cloth used for making overcoats. [< Melton• 
Mowbray, Eng.] 

Mem., abbr. Member, memorandum. 

mem'ber, 1 mem'ber; 2 mSm'ber, n. 1. A 
limb or other functional organ of an animal 
body. 2. A part or element of a whole. [ < 
L. F membrum, part, limb.]— mem'ber-shlp, n. 

1. The state of being a member. 2. The members 
of an organization, collectively. 

mem'brane, 1 mem'bren; 2 mSm'bran, n. 
Anat. A thin sheetdike structure serving as 
a cover, connection, or lining. [F., < L. 
membrana, < membrum, member.]— mem"bra- 
na'ceous, mem'bra-nous, a. Pertaining to or 
like membrane. 

me-inen'to, 1 mi-men'to; 2 me-mSn'to, n. 
Something to awaken memory; a souvenir. 
[< L. memento, 2d per. sing, imper. of memini, 
remember.] 

mem'oir, 1 mem'wer; 2 mSm'wor, n. 1. A me¬ 
morial addressed to a society. 2. A narrative or 
record of a person’s life. [ < F. mtmoire, < L. 
memoria, memory.] 

mem"o-ran'dum, 1 mem"o-ran'dum; 2 mgm"- 
o-r&n'dum, n. [-da or -dums 2 , pi.] Something 
to be remembered; hence, a brief note of things 
to be remembered. [L., a thing to be remem¬ 
bered.] 

me-mo'ri-al, 1 mi-mo'n-al; 2 me-mo'ri-al. I. 
a. Commemorating the memory of a de¬ 
ceased person or of any event. II. n. 1. 
Something designed to keep in remembrance 
a person, event, etc. 2. A presentation of 
facts; memoir.— me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. One 
who writes or presents a memorial.— me-mo'rl- 
al-lze or -ise, vt. 1. To present a memorial to. 

2. To commemorate. 

mem'o-ry, 1 mem'o-n; 2 mgm'o-ry, n. [-ries 2 , 
pi.] 1. The act, process, or faculty of repre¬ 
senting in consciousness an act, experience, or 
impression, with recognition that it belongs to 
time past; remembrance; recollection; remi¬ 
niscence. 2. That which reminds. [ < L. OF 
memoria, < memor, mindful.] — mem"o-ra- 


bil'i-a, n. pi. Things worthy of record, or an 
account of them.— mem 'o-ra-ble, a. Worthy to 
be remembered. —mem 'o-ra-bly, adv .—mem '- 
o-rize, vt. [-rized: -riz'ing.] 1. To commit to 
memory. 2. To hold in remembrance. 

Mem'plils, 1 mem'fis; 2 mgm'fis, n. 1. An ancient 
city (now ruined); former capital of Egypt. 2. 
A city (pop. 162,350) in Tennessee; seat of Chris¬ 
tian Brothers College (R. C.), founded 1871. 

men, n. Plural of man. 

men'ace, 1 men'is; 2 mgn'aQ. I. vt. & vi. 
[men'aced 1 ; men'ac-ing.] 1 . To express a 


determination to inflict injury or loss upon; 
make threats. 2. To become threatening. 
II. n. A threatening; threat. [F.,<L. mina- 
cite, threats.]— men'ac-lng-Iy, adv. 
me"nage\ 1 m 6 *na 3 '; 2 me"nazh', n. 1. The per¬ 
sons of a household taken collectively. 2. House¬ 
hold management. [F.] 

me-uag'er-ie, 1 mi-naj'er-i; 2 me-n&g'er-i, n. 
A collection of wild animals kept for exhibi¬ 
tion. [F.] 

Men'al Strait, 1 men'ai; 2 mfin'I. A channel 
between the Island of Anglesey arid Carnarvon¬ 
shire, Wales; spanned by a suspension and a 
tubular bridge. 

Me-narn', 1 mi-nfim'; 2 me-nam', n. The chief 
river of Siam; 750 m. to the Gulf of Siam. 
mend d , 1 mend; 2 m£nd, vt. 1. To restore or 
repair; patch up. 2. To make right again. 

3. To change for the better. [For amend.] — 
mend'er, n. 

men-da'clous, 1 men-de'^hus; 2 mSn-da'shus, 
a. 1. Addicted to lying; falsifying. 2. Char¬ 
acterized by deceit. [ < L. mendax (mendac -), 
lying.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.—men-dac'l-ty, n. 
Lying; falsity. 

Men'del, 1 men'del; 2 mSn'dei, Gregor Johann 
(1822-1884). An Austrian botanist; abbot of 
Briinn; discoverer, through his experiments on 
garden peas, of Mendel’s Law, governing the 
inheritance of contrasting parental characters by 
offspring.—Men-de'll-an, a. —Men 'del-ism, n. 
The theory of heredity as put forth by Mendel. 
Men-de 'U-an-lsm t. 

Men'dels-solin *B ar-thol 'dy, 1 men'del-s5n»bar- 

tol'dl; 2 men'd61-son*bar-t51'dy, Felix (1809- 
1847). A German composer, 
men'di-canty 1 men'di-kant; 2 mgn'di-cant. 
I. a. Reduced to beggary; begging. II. n. 
A beggar. [ < L. mendicants, ppr. of men- 
dico, beg.]— men'dl-can-cy, men-dtc'l-ty, n. 
Men"do-cl'no, 1 men"do-srno; 2 men"do-ci'no. n. 
A cape on the Pacific coast, California: its most 
westerly point. 

Men"e-la'us, 1 men'i-le'us; 2 mgn'e-ia'us, n. In 
the Iliad, king of Sparta and husband of Helen; a 
Greek leader at the siege of Troy, 
men-ha'den, 1 men-he'dn; 2 mSn-ha'dn, n. 
A shaddike fish, 
abundant on the N. 

E. _ coast of the 
United States. [Am. 

Ind.] 

me'nl-al, 1 ml'm-al; 

2 me'ni-al. I. a. 1 . 



Menhaden. 


Pertaining to servants. 2. Servile. II. n. 
One doing servile work. [OF., utl. < L. man- 
sfo(n-), mansion ]— me 'ni-al-ly, adx. 

men"in-gi'tis, 1 men"m-jai'tis; 2 mgn"in-gl'- 
tis, n. Inflammation of the enveloping mem¬ 
branes of an organ, especially those of the 
brain. [L.] 

me-nis'ous, 1 mi-nis'kus; 2 me-nls'cus, n. [-ci, 
or -cus-ES, pi.] A crescent*shaped body; a 


1; artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ftll; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; S = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 





379 


melodeon 

mermaid 


lens convex on one side and concave on the 

other. [L., < Gr. meniskos, mene, moon.] 
men 'sal §, a. Monthly. [< L. mensis, month.] 
men"su-ra'tion, 1 men"ifhu-re'ifhan; 2 mgn"- 
shq-ra'shon, n. 1. The act, art, or process of 
measuring. 2. The branch of mathematical 
science that has to do with measurement. [ < 
LL. mensuratus, pp., < mensura, measure.] — 
men'su-ra-ble, a. That can be measured.— 
men"su-ra-bil'i-ty, n. 

-ment, suffix. A termination used to form from 
verbs nouns denoting result, condition, action, or 
agency; as, achieverae/H. [< L. -mentum.] 
men'tal, 1 men'tal; 2 men'tal, a. 1. Pertaining 
to the mind. 2. Effected by Or due to the mind. 
[F., < L. men(t-)s, mind.] -ly, adv. —men¬ 
tal 'I-ty, n. Mental activity; intellectuality, 
men'turn, 1 men'gihan; 2 men'shon. I. vt. To 
refer to or name without description. II. n. 
The act of mentioning; allusion. [F., < L. 
mentio(n-), < memini, remember ]— men'- 
tlon-a-bl(e p , a. That may be or is fit to be men¬ 
tioned. 

men'tor, 1 men'tar; 2 men'tor, n. An elderly 
monitor or adviser. [ < Gr. Mentor, tutor of 
Telemachus.] 

men'u, 1 men'yu or (.F.) ma-nii'; 2 men'yu or ( F .) 
me-nii', n. A bill of fare or the dishes included in 
it. [F.] 

Meph"is-toph'e-les, 1 mefTs-tef'i-lIz; 2 meris- 
t6f'e-le§, n. A familiar spirit, who plays the part 
of tempter in Goethe’s Faust; a fallen archangel 
of older legends.— Meph"is-to-phe'li-an, a. 
me-phit'ic, 1 mi-fit'ik; 2 me-flt'ie, a. Poisonous; 
pestilential; foul; noxious. [< LL. mephilicus, 
< L. mephitis, pestilential exhalation.] 
mer., abbr. Meridian, meridional.— mere., abbr. 
Mercurial, mercury. 

mer'can-tile, (1 mur'kan-til; 2 mer'ean-til, a. 
mer'can-til 8 , ^Pertaining to or characteristic 
of merchants; commercial. [ < L. mercan{t-)s; 

See MERCHANT.] 

mer'ce-na-ry, 1 mur'si-ne-ri; 2 mer'ce-na-ry, 
I. a. 1. Influenced by desire for gain or re¬ 
ward. 2. Serving for pay or profit. II. «. 
[-ries z , pi.] A hired soldier in foreign service. 

. [< L. mercenarius, < merces, reward, hire.]— 
mer'ce-na-rl-ly, adv. 

mer'cer, lmur'sar;2mer'£er,n. [Eng.] l.Adeal- 
er in cloth or silks. 2. A dealer in small wares. 

[ < F. mercier, < L. (mere-), merchandise.] 
mer'cer-ize, 1 mur'sar-aiz; 2 mer'cer-iz, vt. 
[-ized; -jz"ing.] To treat cotton fabrics, as with 
caustic soda or potash, so as to increase their 
color*absorbing qualities and impart to them a 
silky gloss. [< John Mercer, inventor of the 
process.]—mer"cer-i-za'tion, n. 
mer'chant, 1 mur'chant; 2 mer'chant, n. A 
person who buys and sells commodities as a 
business. [< L. F mercan(t-)s, buyer, ppr. of 
mercor, trade.]—mer'chan-dise, n. Commodi¬ 
ties traded in by merchants.—iner'chant-a- 
bl(e p , a. That can be bought or sold.—mer'- 
chant-man, n. Naut. A trading=vessel. 
Mer"c!er', 1 mar"sye'; 2 mer"cye'. Desire Joseph 
(1851- ), Belgian cardinal; champion of Bel¬ 

gian people during German occupation of Bel¬ 
gium, 1914-18. 

mer'ei-ful, a. 1. Full of mercy; compassionate. 2. 

Characterized by mercy, -ly , adv. -ness, n. — 
mer'ci-less, a. Having or showing no mercy, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

iner'eu-ry, 1 mur'kiu-ri; 2 mer'eu-ry, n. 1. A 
silver*white metallic element, liquid at ordi¬ 
nary temperatures; quicksilver. 2. The quick¬ 
silver in a thermometer or barometer, as indi¬ 


cating temperature, etc. 3. [M-] The planet 
of our system nearest the sun. 4. Rom. Myth. 
[M-] The god of commerce; patron of heralds, 
messengers, merchants, and thieves. 5. A 
messenger.—mer-cu'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining 
to the god Mercury; hence, lively; volatile. 2. 
Of or relating to quicksilver, 
mer'ey, 1 mur'si; 2 mer'ey, n. [mer'cies z , pl.\ 
1. The act of treating an offender with less 
severity than he deserves. 2. The act of re¬ 
lieving suffering. 3. An act of clemency, etc. 
4. Unrestricted power; full control. [< F. 
merci, < L. merces, reward, LL. pity.] 
mere, 1 mir; 2 mer, a. Such (as is mentioned) 
and no more; nothing but. [ < L. merus, un¬ 
mixed, bare.]—mere'ly, adv. Without includ¬ 
ing anything else; only; solely, 
mere, n. 1. A pond; pool. 2. [Scot.] The sea. 
[< AS. mere.] 

mer"e-tri'eious, 1 mer"i-tri^h'us; 2 m£r"e- 
trish'iis, a. Deceitfully or artificially attrac¬ 
tive; vulgar; tawdry. [< L. meretricius, < 
mereo, gainfl -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
merge, 1 murj; 2 merg, vt. & vi. [merged; 
merg'ing.] To sink the identity or individu¬ 
ality of; be absorbed into something else. 
[< L. mergo, dip.]— mer'ger, n. 
me-rid'i-an, 1 mi-rid'i-an; 2 me-rid'i-an. I. a. 

1. Pertaining to or passing the highest point 
attained by the sun in its daily course. 2. 
Pertaining to the highest or culminating 
point. II. n. 1. Noonday; hence, the high¬ 
est or culminating point of anything. 2. 
Astron. A great circle or a plane parallel to 
the earth’s axis. [ < L. meridianus, < medi- 
us, middle, + dies, day.]—me-rld'i-o-nal, a. 1. 
Of or pertaining to the meridian. 2. Relating to 
soutnern climates or people. 

me-ringue', 1 ma-raq'; 2 me-rang', n. The 
beaten white of eggs sweetened and used to 
garnish pastry; also, pastry so garnished. [F., 
< Mehringen, in Germany.] 
me-ri'no, 1 mi-ri'no; 2 me-ri'no. I. a. 1. Per_ 
taining to 
merino sheep 
or their wool. 

2 . Made of 

merino wool. 

II. n. 1. A 
superior breed 
of sheep, origi- 
n a tin g in 
Spain, and 
having very 
fine, closely 
set, silky wool. 

2 . A f ab ric 
made of this 
wool or resembling one so made; also, a kind 
of knitted goods. [Sp., moving from pasture 
to pasture, < merino, shepherd.] 

mer'it, 1 mer'it; 2 mer'it. I d . vt. To earn a 
right t®, either as a reward or as a punish¬ 
ment. II. n. 1. The state or fact of deserv¬ 
ing or meriting; desert. 2. That which de¬ 
serves consideration, reward, or esteem. [ < 
L. meritum, < mereo, deserve.]— mer"i-to'rl- 
ous, a. Deserving of reward; praiseworthy, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

Mer'lin, 1 mur'lin; 2 mer'lin, n. In Arthurian and 
medieval romances, a Welsh magician, 
mer'maid, 1 mur'med; 2 mer'mad, n. A fa¬ 
bled marine creature; a lovely woman to the 
waist, and ending in the tail of a fish. [ < 



1:d = final; I = habit; aisle; an = out; eil; iu = feud; tffiin; go; i) = sin^; fhin, this, 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Merrimac 

metric 


380 


mere 1 , n„ + maid.] — mer'man, n. A fabled 
marine creature, half man, half fish. 

Mer'rl-mac, 1 mer'i-mak; 2 mer'i-mac, n. 1. A 
Confederate ironclad which engaged indecisively 
the Federal “Monitor” in Hampton Roads, 
March 9, 1862. 2. A river in New Hampshire 
and Massachusetts: length, 110 m. 
mer'ry, 1 mer'i; 2 mer'y, a. [mer'ri-er; mer'- 
ri-est.] 1. Inclined, to mirth and laughter; 
full of fun; jovial; mirthful. 2. Exhilarating; 
enlivening. [ < AS. merige, pleasant.] —mer'- 
ry*an"drew, n. A clown or buffoon.— ni.sgo* 
round, n. A revolving ring of hobby*horses or of 
boat*like vehicles on which people ride for amuse¬ 
ment.— mer'ry-make", vi. — mer'ry-mak"er, 
n.— mer'ry-mak"ing, n. A merry social enter¬ 
tainment; frolic. — mer'ri-ly, adv .— mer'rl- 
ment, n. The act of making merry; mirth, 
me'sa, 1 me'sa; 2 me'sa, n. A high, broad, and 
flat table*land usually with precipitous cliffs de¬ 
scending to the surrounding plain. [Sp.] 
me"sal"li"ance', 1 me"za"ll"ans'; 2 me"§a"ll"ahc'. 

n. [F.] A marriage with an inferior; misalliance, 
mes-cal', 1 mes-kal'; 2 mes-cal', n. A spineless 
cactus of the southwestern United States or a 
drink made from its juice. [ < Mex. maxcalli.] 
mesh, 1 me^h; 2 mesh. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To net; 
make into a mesh or network. 2. To entan¬ 
gle; to become engaged, as gear*teeth. II. n. 
1. One of the open spaces between the cords of 
a net or the wires of a sieve; (pi.) such cords 
or wires collectively. 2. Anything that en¬ 
tangles or involves; a trap. [< AS. wax, mesh.] 
mes'mer-ism, 1 mez'mar-izm; 2 mg§'mer-i§m, 
n. 1. The production of an abnormal condi¬ 
tion resembling sleep, by the control of the 
mind of the operator over that of the subject: 
now identified with hypnotism. 2. Personal 
magnetism. [< F. Mesmer (1733-1815), Swiss* 
Ger. phys.] — mes-mer'ic, a. Pertaining to, 
caused by, or resembling mesmerism, mes- 
mer'i-calj. — mes'mer-ist, n. 1. A professional 
mesmerizer. 2. A believer in mesmerism.— 
mes'mer-ize, -ise, vt. [-ized; -iz*ing.] To con¬ 
trol or influence by mesmerism, hypnotize; fas¬ 
cinate.— mes'mer-iz"[or -is"]er, n. One who 
mesmerizes. 

Mes"o-po-ta 'ml-a, 1 mes"o-po-te'mi-a; 2 mSs"o- 
po-ta'mi-a, n. 1. The country between the rivers 
Tigris and Euphrates. 2. A division of Turkey in 
Asia; 143,250 sq. m.; pop. 2,849,280. See Hag- 
dad. —Mes"o-po-ta'mi-an, a. 
mes"o-tho'rax, 1 mes''o-fhoTaks; 2 mSs"o- 
tho'raks, n. The middle segment of the 
thorax. [ < Gr. mesos, middle, -f- thorax.] 
mes-qul'te, 1 mes-ki'ta; 2 mfis-ki'te, n. Either of 
two shrubs or small trees of the bean family of 
the southwestern United States. [< Sp. mez- 
qulle, < Mex. Ind.] mes-quit'f. 
mess 1 , 1 mes; 2 m6s, v. I. f. 1. To provide 
meals for. 2. To make into messes. II. i. 
To belong to a mess. 

mess 1 , n. 1. A quantity of food sufficient for 
a particular occasion. 2. A number of per¬ 
sons who habitually take their meals to¬ 
gether, as on board ship. [ < OF. mes, dish.] 

—mess'mate", n. 

mess 2 , ra. [Colloq.] A state of disorder; especially, 
aconditionof unclean confusion.—mess'I-ness,n. 
mes'sage, 1 mes'ij; 2 mSs'ag, n. A communi¬ 
cation, as of information, sent in any way. [F., 
< L. missus, pp. of mitlo, send.] 
mes'sen-ger, 1 mes'en-jar; 2 mSs'en-ger, n. 1. 
One sent with a message or on an errand of 
any kind. 2. A forerunner; herald. 


Mes-si'ah, 1 me-sai'a; 2 me-si'a, n. The 
Anointed One; the Christ. [< Heb. GR Ma- 
shlach, anointed.] Mes-si'asf. — Mes-si'ah- 
ship, n. —Mes"si-an'Ic, a. 
mes'sieurs, 1 mes'yarz or ( F .) me"syu'; 2 mgs'- 
yers or (F.) me"syd', n. pi. Sirs; gentlemen: 
in English in the contracted form Messrs. (1 
mes'rz; 2 mes'rg), as plural of Mr. [F.] 
Mes-si'na, 1 me-sl'na; 2 me-si'na, n. 1. A prov¬ 
ince in Sicily; 1,254 sq. m.; pop. 537,348. 2. Its 
capital, a commercial city; pop. 150,000; devas¬ 
tated by an earthquake, Dec. 28, 1908.—Strait 
of Messina, a strait between Italy and Sicily; 
20 m. long by 2^ to 12 m. wide. 

Mes"sines', 1 me"sln'; 2 me"sin', n. Village in W. 
Belgium, and ridge near same blown up by Brit¬ 
ish in German defeat, June, 1917. 

Messrs., MM., abbr. [F.] Messieurs (gentlemen), 
mes'suage, 1 mes'wij; 2 mgs'wag, n. Law. A 
dwelling*house with its belongings. [ < OF. 
mesuage, < "L. mansio(n-), mansion.] 
met, imp. & pp. of meet, v. 

met-, ) prefix. Used (1) in words of Greek origin 
meta-, >- to mean “between, with, after, over, re- 
ineth-, ) versely”; (2) [Chem.] to denote resem¬ 
blance, etc. [< L. meta-, < Gr. meta-, < meta, 
between, after, reversely.] 
met., metaph., abbr. Metaphor.—Met., Metrop., 
abbr. Metropolitan. 

met'al, 1 met'al; 2 mgt'al, n. 1. An elementary 
substance, usually hard, heavy, lustrous, mal¬ 
leable, tenacious, and a good conductor, as 
iron, gold, tin, etc. 2. Something composed 
of one or more of the metallic elements. 3. 
The constituent material of anything. [ < 
L of metallum, < Gr. metallon, metal.]— me-tal '- 
lie, a. 1. Being, containing, or having character¬ 
istics of a metal. 2. Pertaining to a metal. — 
met"al-Hf'er-ous, a. Yielding metal. — met'al- 
lur"gy, n. The art of economically extracting 
metals from ores.— met"al-lur'glc, met"al- 
lur'gi-cal, a. —met'al-lur"gist, n. 
metal., metall., abbr. Metallurgy. 
met"a-mor'pho-sis, ) 1 met"a-mer'fo-sis; 2 

met"a-mor 'fo-siS p , ) mgt"a-mor'fo-sIs, n. 
[-ses z , pi.] 1. A passing from one form or 
shape into another; especially, the series of 
marked external changes through which an 
individual passes, as the larva, pupa, and 
imago of an insect. 2. Chemical decomposi¬ 
tion. [L., < Gr. metamorphosis, < meta, over, 
+ morphi, form.]— met"a-mor'pliism, n. 1. 
The changes taking place in rocks and due to 
heat, moisture, pressure, etc. 2. Any metamor¬ 
phosis. — met "a-mor 'phose, vt. [-phosed ; -phos- 
ing.] To change the form of; transmute, 
met'a-phor, 1 met'a-far; 2 mgt'a-for, n. A fig¬ 
ure of speech in which one object is likened to 
another by speaking of it as if it were that 
other. [ < Gr. metaphora, < meta, over, + 
phero, bear.]— met"a-phor'i-cal, a. Relating 
to or abounding in metaphor; figurative, met"- 
a-phor'lcj.—met"a-phor'l-cal-ly, adv. 
met"a-phys'ics,) 1 met"a-fiz'iks; 2 m6t"a- 
met"a-fys'ics p , ) fy§'ics, n. 1. Ontology. "2. 
Philosophy in the wide sense. 3. The prin¬ 
ciples of philosophy as applied to the methods 
of any particular science. 4. Mental science 
in general; psychology. 5. In popular use, 
abstruse and bewildering discussion. [ < Gr. F 
meta ta physika, description of those of Aristotle’s 
w’orks which came after physics; meta, after; 
physika, physics.]— met"a-pliys'i-cal, a. -ly, 
adv.— met"a-phy-si'cian, n. One skilled in 
metaphysics. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2= art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, nil; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; 1 = e; 1 = e; go, not, or, w6n. 






381 


Merrimac 

metric 


mete, 1 mit; 2 met. I. vt. [met'ed* 1 ; met!; 
met'ing.] To allot or distribute by measure; 
apportion. II. to. 1. A boundarydine; limit. 
2. Measure. [ < AS. met, measure, < metan, 
measure.] 

me'te-or, 1 ml'ti-or; 2 me'te-or, to. 1. A lumi¬ 
nous phenomenon, produced by a small mass 
of matter from the celestial spaces striking 
the air. 2. A small particle of matter moving 
in celestial space, me'te-or-oidt. [< Gr. 
meteoron, < mcta, beyond, + aeird, raise.]— 
me"te-or'ic, a. 1. Relating to meteors. 2. 
Meteorological. 3. Transitorily brilliant.— me'- 
te-or-ite, to. A fallen meteor; a mass that has 
fallen upon the earth from space. me"te-or'o- 
litej. — me"te-o-rit'ic, a. Pertaining to me¬ 
teorites. —me"te-or-ol'o-gy, to. 1. The phe¬ 
nomena of the atmosphere, especially those that 
relate to weather. 2. The character of the weather 
and of atmospheric changes. (< meteor + 
-ology.] — me"te-or"o-log'i-cal, a. — me"te- 
or-ol'o-gist, to. A specialist in meteorology, 
meteor., abbr. Meteorological, meteorology, 
me'ter, ) 1 ml'tar; 2 me'ter, to. 1. Pros. Mea- 
me'tre, ) surement by feet and lines. 2. Mus. 
Measurement by time in rhythmic construc¬ 


tion. 3. An instrument or machine for mea¬ 
suring fluids, gases, etc. 4. Any person or 
thing that measures. 5. The fundamental 
unit of length in the metric system: about 39 
inches. See metric. [ < F. metre, < L. 
metrum, < Gr. metron, measure.] 

-»meter, suffix. Indicating (1) that by which a 
thing is measured, as calorimeter, voltmeter; (2) a 
measure in poetry, as hexa meter, pentameter. [< 
L. metrum, < Gr. metron, measure.] 
i Meth., abbr. Methodist. 

me-thinks', 1 ml-£hir)ks'; 2 me-thinks', v. 
impers. [me-thodght'.] It seems to me. 

meth'od, 1 meth'od; 2 meth'od, to . 1 . A gen¬ 
eral or established way or order of doing. 2. 
Suitable and convenient arrangement. 3. 
Orderly procedure. [ < Gr. methodos, < 
mela, after, -f hodos, way.] —me-thod 'i-cal, a. 
1. Given to or characterized by orderly arrange¬ 
ment. 2. Arranged with method, me-thod'tcf. 

— me-thod'i-cal-ly, adv. — meth'od-ize, v. 
[-ized; -iz"ing.] I. t. To subject to method; 
regulate. II. i. To act methodically, meth'- 
od-iset. 

Meth'od-ist, - 1 meth'od-ist; 2 meth'od-ist, to. 
A member of any branch of the Protestant 
Christian church that has grown out of the 
religious movement begun by John Wesley.— 
meth'od-ism, to . 1 . The state of being method¬ 
ical. 2. [M-] The doctrines, polity, and worship 
of the Methodists.—meth"o-dis'tic, meth"o- 
dis'ti-cal, a. 1 . Given to methodism. 2. [M-] 
Relating to the Methodists. _ 

me-thought', 1 ml-thet'; 2 me- 
thot', imp. of METIIINKS, v. 

Me-thu'se-lah, 1 mi-thiu'si-lo; 

2 me-thu'se-la, to. Son of 
Enoch; a Hebrew patriarch; 
lived 969 years. Gen. v, 27. 

Cubic Centime- 
lus,2me-tie yu lus.a. Care ter (perspective 
ful about trivial matters; 
finical; particular. [< L. 
meticulosus, < metus, fear.] 

— me-tic'u-lous-ly, adv. 
i melon., abbr. Metonymy. 

me-ton'y-my, 1 mi-ten'i-mi; 2 mS-ton'y-my, 
to. A figure of speech that consists in the 
naming of a thing by one of its attributes, as 



view) = 1 gram 
weight of water 
= .061 cubic inch 
= .27 fluid dram. 


“the crown” for “the king” or “the royal 
power.” [ < Gr P 1, metonymia, < meta, after, 
+ onyma, name.] 

met'o-pe, 1 met'o-pl; 2met'o-pe, to. Arch. A slab, 
often sculptured, between triglyphs in a Doric 
frieze. [ < Gr. mela, between, + ope, hollow.] 

me'tre, to. Same as meter. 

met'ric, 1 met'rik; 2 met'ric, a. 1. Pertaining 
to measure or meter. 2. Pertaining to the 
meter as a unit of measurement or to the 
metric system. —met'ri-cal, a. 1. Relating 
to meter: rhythmical. 2. Pertaining to measure 
or the meter. 

The Metric System. 

This is a system of weights and measures de¬ 
pending upon the meter, in which the original 
factors are derived from the meter. The system 
includes measures of length, of which the meter 
is the unit; measures of surface, of which the 
are is the unit; measures of capacity, of which 
the liter is the unit: and weights, of which the 
gram is the unit. Ascending in value from each 
unit the measure is multiplied by. ten, and bears 
a Greek prefix indicating its value, as decameter, 
which is 10 meters; hectometer, which is 100 me¬ 
ters; kilometer, which is 1000 meters; and myria- 
meler, which is 10,000 meters. Similarly descend¬ 
ing in value the terms bear Latin prefixes in¬ 
dicating their relation to the unit, as decimeter, 
which is 1 /io of a meter; centimeter, which is 1 /ioo 
of a meter; and millimeter, which is Viooo of a 
meter. The following tables show the various 
units with corresponding factors in other sys¬ 
tems. The metric system has been legalized by 
the United States and Great Britain, is in use in 
almost every civilized nation, and is the accepted 
standard among scientific men of all nations. 


Measures of Length. 


Metric Denomination 

Equivalent in 

and Value. 

Common Use. 

myr'i-a-me"ter.. 

10,000 m 

6.214 miles 

kil'o-me"ter.... 

1,000 m 

5 0.62137 mile (3,280 
( feet, 10 inches) 

hec'to-me"ter... 

100 m 

328 feet, 1 inch 

dec'a-me"ter.... 

10 m 

393.7 inches 

me'ter. 

1 m 

39.37 inches 

dec'i-me"ter.... 

x /io m 

3.937 inches 

cen'ti-me*ter... 

Vioo m 

0.3937 inch 

mil'li-me"ter.... 

Viooo m 

0.03937 inch 


Note. In the United States the value of the 
meter is legalized at 39.37 inches, while in Great 
Britain and France its exact value is given as 
39.37079 inches. 

Factors for Conversion: One inch = 0.0254 
meter; one foot = 0.3048 meter; one mile = 1609.35 
meters. Abbreviations*: cm = centimeter, dm 
= decimeter, km = kilometer, m = meter, mm = 
millimeter. 


Measures of Capacity. 


Metric Denomination and 
Value. 

Equivalent in 
Common Use. 

Name. 

Liter. 

Cubic 

Measure. 

Dry 

Measure. 

kil'o-li"ter 
(stere) . 

1,000 

1 m 3 

1.308 cu. yds. 

hec'to-li'ter... 

100 

1 /io m 3 

( 2 bush., 3.35 
1 pecks 

dec'a-li"ter... 

10 

10 dm 3 

9.08 qts. 

li'ter. 

1 

1 dm 3 

0.908 qt. 

dec'i-li ff ter_ 

*/10 

1 /io dm 3 

6.1022 cu. in. 

cen'ti-li"ter.. . 

VlOO 

10 cm 3 

0.6102 cu. in. 

mil'li-li'ter... 

l /lOOO 

1 cm 3 

0.061 cu. in. 


l*a = final; i = habit; aisle; an = out; ell; iu = feud; <hin; go; r) = sing; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, do’; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 





























metrol. 

mildew 


382 


Measures of Capacity.— Continued. 


Metric Denomination and 
Value. 

Equivalent in 
Common Use. 

Name. 

Liter. 

Cubic 

Measure. 

Liquid 

Measure. 

kil'o-li"ter 




(stere) . 

1,000 

1 m 3 

264.17 gals. 

hec'to-li"ter... 

100 

1 /io m 3 

26.42 gals. 

dec'a-U"ter... 

10 

10 dm 3 

2.64 gals. 

li'ter. 

1 

1 dm 3 

1.0567 qts. 

dec'i-li"ter.... 

1 /io 

1 /10 dm 3 

0.845 gill. 

cen'ti-li"ter... 

VlOO 

10 cm 3 

0.338 fl. oz. 

mil'li-li"ter... 

1 /lOOO 

1 cm 3 

0.27 fl. dr. 


Factors for Conversion: One cubic inch = 
0.0164 liter: one bushel = (U. S.) 35.24 or (Brit¬ 
ish) 36.35 liters; one quart (dry measure) = 
1.1011 liters; one peck = (U. S.) 8.81 or (British) 
9.09 liters; one cubic yard = 765 liters; one fluid 
dram = 0.00369 liter; one fluid ounce = 0.0296 
liter; one gill = 0.1183 liter; one quart (liquid 
measure) = 0.9463 liter; one gallon standard (231 
cubic inches) = 3.785 liters; one gallon imperial 
(277 cubic inches) = 4.543 liters. Abbrevia¬ 
tions*: cl = centiliter, cm 3 = cubic centimeter, 
dal = decaliter, dl = deciliter, dm 3 = cubic deci¬ 
meter, lil = hectoliter, 1 = liter, in 3 = cubic meter, 
ml = milliliter, mm 3 = cubic millimeter. 

Measures of Surface. 


Metric Denomination and 
Value. 

Equivalent in 
Common Use. 

hec'tare. 

10,000 m 2 
100 m 2 

1 m 2 

2.471 acres 

119.6 square yards 
1,550 square inches 

are. 

cen'tare. 


Factors for Conversion: One square inch = 
0.06452 square meter; one square yard = 0.836 
square meter; one acre = 4,047 square meters. 

Abbreviations*: a = are, ha = hectare, m 2 = 
square meter. 

Weights. 


Metric Denomination and Value. 

Equivalent in 
Common Use. 

Name. 

Gram. 

Water at 
Maximum 
Density. 

Avoirdupois 

Weight. 

mii'lier' 

(tonneau) 

1,000,000 

1 m 3 

2,204.6 pounds 

quin'tal.... 

100,000 

1 hi 

220.46 pounds 

myr'i-a- 
gram.... 

10,000 

10 1 

22.046 pounds 

kil'o-gram.. 

1,000 

1 1 

2.204 pounds 

hec'to-gram 

100 

1 dl 

3.527 ounces 

dec'a-gram. 

10 

10 cm 3 

0.353 ounce 

gi am. 

1 

1 cm 3 

15.432 grains 

dec'i-gram.. 

V 10 

1 /io cm 3 

1.543 grains 

cen'ti-gram. 

VlOO 

10 mm 3 

0.154 grain 

mil'li-gram. 

VlOOO 

1 mm 3 

0.015 grain 


Factors for Conversion: One grain = 0.0648 
gram; one avoirdupois ounce = 28.3495 grams; 
one troy ounce = 31.103 grams; one pound = 
453.59 grams. Abbreviations* : eg = centigram, 
dg = decigram, g = gram, kg = kilogram, mg = 
milligram, q = quintal, t = tonneau (millier). 

* Officially adopted abbreviations by Interna¬ 
tional Congress of Metric Weights and Measures, 
metrol., abbr. Metrology, 
met'ro-nome, 1 met'ro-nom; 2 met'ro-nom, n. 
An instrument for indicating and marking exact j 
time in music by means of an adjustable pendu- I 
lum. [< Gr. metron, measure, -|* nomos, law.] j 


me-trop'o-lis, 1 mi-trep'o-lis; 2 me-trop'o-lis, 
n. [-lis-es, pi.] 1 . A chief city. 2. The seat of a 
metropolitan bishop. [ < Gr. metropolis, city, < 
meter, mother, + polls, city.]— met"ro-pol'i- 
tan. I. a. Pertaining to a metropolis. II. n. 
1 . An archbishop who exercises a limited author¬ 
ity. 2. A citizen of a metropolis. 

-metry, suffix. Denoting the process, science, or 
art of measuring. [ < Gr. -metria, measurement, 
< metron, measure.] 

met'lie, / 1 met'l; 2 mSt'l, n. The stuff or ma- 
met'I p , C terial of which a thing is composed; 
especially, constitutional temperament or 
disposition. [A var. of metal.] — inet'tle- 
some, a. Having courage or spirit; ardent; fiery, 
met'tied f. 

Metz, 1 mets; 2 mets, n. A fortified city, capital 
of Lorraine; pop. 69,000; surrendered by the 
French to the Germans, Oct. 29, 1870, and by 
them back to France, June 28, 1919; shelled by 
United States troops. Sept., 1918. 
mew 1 , 1 miu; 2 mu, vi. To cry as a cat. [Imit.] 
mew 2 , vt. To shut up or in; immure; confine. 
mew 1 , n. The ordinary plaintive cry of a cat. 
mew 2 , n. A European sea*gull. [ < AS. maew.] 
mewl, 1 miul; 2 mill. I. vi. To cry as an in¬ 
fant. II. n. An infant’s cry or crying, 
mews, 1 miuz; 2 mu;;, n. pi. A set of stables in 
London in which the royal horses were for¬ 
merly kept; hence, any city stable. 

Mex., abbr. Mexican, Mexico. 

Mex'i-co, 1 meks'i-ko; 2 meks'i-co, n. 1 . A federal 
republic in S. North America; 767.198 sq. m.; pop. 
15,501,684. 2. A state in the same; 9,230 sq. m.; 
pop. 1,080,000. 3. The capital of the republic; 
ancient capital of the Aztecs; pop. 471,000. 
—Gulf of M., an inlet of the Atlantic ocean; 
nearly enclosed by the United States, Mexico, 
and Cuba; 1,000 by 800 m.—Mex'i-can, a. & n. 
Mey 'er-beer, 1 mai'er-ber; 2 my'er-ber, Giacomo 
(1791-1864). A German composer; The Hugue¬ 
nots, etc. 

mez'za-nine, 1 mez'a-nin; 2 mfiz'a-nin, n. A low 
story between two higher ones, esp. between 
the ground floor and the story above it. [F.J 
Inez 'zo-tint, 1 mez'o-tint; 2 m£z'o-tint, n. A 
method of copperplate engraving, producing 
an even gradation of tones, like a photograph. 

[ < It. mezzo, middle, + Unto, painted.] 
in. f., abbr. Mus. [It.] Mezzo forte (moderately 
loud). — mfd., abbr. Manufactured. — mfg., 
abbr. Manufacturing.— Mfr., abtir. [Mfrs., pi.] 
Manufacturer.— Mg., abbr. Magnesium.— mg., 
abbr. Milligram (see metric system). —Mgr., 
abbr. Manager; monsignor.— M. II. G., abbr. 
Middle High German.— M. II. It., abbr. Mem¬ 
ber of the House of Representatives, 
mi, 1 ml ; 2 me, n. 1. The third note of the dia¬ 
tonic scale. 2. The note E. [It.] 
mi-as'ma, 1 mi-az'me; 2 mi-iig'ma, n. [-ma-ta, 
pi.] Polluting exhalations; malarial poison. 
[< Gr. miasma, pollution.] ml'asmj.—mi- 
as'mal, a. Abounding in miasma. —mi"as- 
mat 'ic, a. Pertaining to or produced by miasma. 
Mlc., abbr. Micah. 

mi'ea, 1 mai'ka; 2 mi'ea, n. A silicate that 
cleaves in thin, tough, transparent to trans¬ 
lucent scales; isinglass. [L., mica, crum.j— 
mi-ea'ceous, a. 

Mi 'call, 1 mai'ka; 2 mi'ea, n. 1 . A Hebrew proph¬ 
et contemporary with Isaiah. 2. The book con¬ 
taining his prophecies. 

Mi-caw 'her, 1 mi-ke'bar;2 mi-ca'ber, n. In Dick¬ 
ens's novel, David Copper field, an unpractical opti¬ 
mist, always waiting for "something to turn up." 
mice, 1 mais; 2 mlc, n. Plural of mouse. 


1 : 

2 : 


Urt 1S ine ^ g on pr ^- y: 5J fc > P° lic fi obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, bOrn; 

art, ape, tat, fare, fast, what, all: me. get. prey, fern: hit. Ice: 1 = e: I = e: go, not, or, w6n. 














































383 


metrol. 

mildew 


Mich., abbr. Michaelmas, Michigan (official). 
Ml'chael, 1 mai'kel; 2 ml'eel, n. Bib. An arch¬ 
angel (Rev. xii, 9); in Paradise Lost, expels Adam 
and Eve from Paradise.—Mich 'ael-mas, 1 mik'- 
el-mas; 2 mlc'61-mas, n. The feast of St. Michael; 
Sept. 29; one of the quarterly rent*days in En¬ 
gland. 

Mi"chel-an'ge-Io, 1 mai"kel-an'ji-lo; 2 mUefil- 
an'ge-lo, Bu-o"nar-rot'ti (1475-1564). An 
Italian sculptor, painter, and poet. 

Mich'i-gan, 1 mi3h'i-gan; 2 mich'i-gan, n. A 
north*central State of the United States; 57,980 
sq. m.; pop. 3,668.412; capital, Lansing. — Lake 
M., one of the Great Lakes of N. America, lying 
between Michigan and Wisconsin; 300 m. by 75 m. 
mi'cro-, 1 mai'kro-; 2 ml'cro-. A combining form. 
[< Gr. mikros, small.]— mi'cro-phone, n. An 
apparatus for magnifying faint sounds by means 
of electrical devices.— ml'cro-cosm, n. 1. The 
world or universe on a small scale; hence, man. 2. 
A little community.— mi"cro-cos'mic or-cos'- 
mi-cal, a. — mi-crom'e-ter, n. 1. An instru¬ 
ment for measuring very small angles or dimen¬ 
sions. 2. A caliper or gage arranged to allow of 
minute measurements. — mi"cro-or'gan-Ism, 
n. A microscopic organism, as a microbe or bac¬ 
terium.— mi'cro-scope, n. An instrument for 
assisting the eye in observ¬ 
ing minute objects, or fea¬ 
tures of objects, that would 
be invisible without such 
aid.— mi"cro-scop'ic, a. 

1. Pertaining to the micro¬ 
scope; adapted for minute 
observation. 2. Made with 
the microscope. 3. Ex¬ 
ceedingly minute. ini"oro- 
scop ' i - cal}. — mi"cro - 
scop'i-cal-ly, adv. —mi¬ 
cros 'co-py, n. The art of 
examining objects with the 
microscope. — mi - cros' - 
co-pist, n. 

mi'crobe, 1 mai'krob; 2 
ml'crob, ». A micro¬ 
scopic organism; a bac¬ 
terium. — mi-cro'bi-al, 
a. mi-cro'bic:}. 
micros., abbr. Microscopy, 
mid, 1 mid; 2 mid, o. Mid¬ 
dle: sometimes treated as 
an adjective, but properly 
part of a compound word. 



Microscope. 

1. Compound microscope; 
rt, arm; 6, base; d> dia¬ 
phragm; dt y draw*tube for 
focusing; e , eye-piece; f, 
fine-adjustment screw; m, 
mirror, o, object-glass; ;>, 
pillar; 8, stage; 8s> substage; 
t, tube. 2. Diagram of the 
tubes of a binocular micro¬ 
scope; additional tube; 
d y d, draw-tubes; l y l, lenses; 
p, small prism; t t ordinary 

[ < AS. mid; cp. L. medius, tube - 
middle.]—mid'day". I. a. Pertaining to the 
middle of the day. II. n. Noon, 
mid., abbr. Middle, midshipman. 

Mi'das, 1 mai'das; 2 mi'das, n. Gr. Myth. A king 
of Phrygia who was granted the pow r er of turning 
everything that he touched into gold, 
mid'die, ) 1 mid'l; 2 mid'l. I. a. 1. Occupying 
mid 'l p , ) a position equally distant from the 
extremes; mean. 2. Occupying any interme¬ 
diate position. II. n. 1. The part equally 
distant from the extremities. 2. Something 
that is intermediate. [ < AS. middel, middle, 
< mid, mid.]— inid'dle=aged", a. Being be¬ 
tween youth and old age. — middle ages, the 
period in European history from the downfall of 
Rome, A. D. 476, to about A. D. 1500.— mid '- 
dle-man, n. One who acts as an agent; one who 
buys in bulk from producers and resells, 
mid 'dling, ) 1 mid'lir); 2 mld'ling, a. 1. Of 
mid'ling p , ) middle rank, condition, quality, 
etc.; medium. 2. In tolerable health, -iy, adv. 
midge, 1 mij; 2 midg, n. A gnat or small fly. [< 
AS. mycge.]— midg'et, n. A very small dwarf. 


Mid'i-an, I mid'i-an, 2 mid'i-an, n. Bib. A no¬ 
madic tribe of N. W. Arabia. Ex. ii, 15.—Mid'- 
i-an-ite, n.—Mid'i-an-it"ish, a. 
mid'land, 1 mid'land; 2 mid'land. I. a. In 
the interior country. II. n. The interior of a 
country, especially of England, 
mid'night", 1 mid'nait"; 2 mld , nit ,/ , n. The 
middle of the night; 12 P. M. 
mid'riff, 1 mid'rif; 2 mid'rif, n. Anat. The dia¬ 
phragm. [ < AS. midrif, < mid (see mid) -j- 
brif, belly.] 

mid'ship", 1 mid'^hip"; 2 mid'ship", a. At or 
pertaining to the middle of a vessel’s hull.— 
mid'ships". I. n. -pi- The midship timbers. 
II. adz ’. Naut. Amidships. 
mid'ship"man, 1 imd'ship"man; 2 mid'shlp"- 
man, n. [-men, pi.] 1. [U. S.] A student at 
the Naval Academy at Annapolis or at sea 
prior to becoming an ensign. 2. A petty 
officer in the British navy, 
midst, 1 midst; 2 midst. I. to. The central part; 

middle. II. adv. In the middle. [ < AS. rnidd.] 
mid 'sum"mer, n. The middle of summer, 
mid 'way". I. a. Being in the middle of the way 
or distance. II. n. The middle. III. adv. 
Half=way. 

mid 'wife", n. [mid'wives", pi.] A woman who 
assists at childbirth. [ < AS. mid, with, -f- wif, 
wife.]— mid'wife"ry, n. 
mid'win"ter, n. The middle of winter, 
mien, 1 min; 2 men, n. The external appear¬ 
ance or manner of a person; carriage; bearing. 

[ < F. mine, < It. mina, < menare, conduct.] 
miff, 1 mif; 2 mif. [Colloq.] I Kvt. To cause to be 
slightly vexed or displeased. II. n. A huff, 
might, 1 mait; 2 mlt, imp. of may , v. 
might, n. Ability to do anything requiring 
force or power; strength. [< AS. miht, < 
magan, have power.]— might'y, a. [might'i-er; 
might'i-est.] 1. Possessed of might; powerful; 
strong. 2. Of unusual bulk, consequence, etc. 
[< AS. mihlig, < miht, might.]— might'i-Iy, 
adv.— might'i-ness, n. 

mi"gnon-ette', 1 min"yan-et'; 2 mln"yon-gt', n. 
A North*African plant, bearing „ 
small flowers, and widely culti¬ 
vated for its fragrance. [F.] 
mi 'grate, 1 mai'gret; 2 ml'grat, vi. 

[mi'grat-ed^ ; mi'grat-ing.] To 
remove from one country, region, 
etc., to another, especially in 
companies. [ < L. migratus, pp. 
of migro, remove.]— mi-gra'tion, 
n. The act of migrating.— mi'- 
gra-to-ry, a. Pertaining to migra¬ 
tion; roving, mi'grant}:, 
mi-ka 'do, 1 mi-ka'do; 2 mi-ka'do, 
n. The sovereign of Japan. 

[Jap., ‘ exalted gate’.] Mignonette, 

mil., milit., abbr. Military, militia. 

Mil'an, 1 mil'an; 2 mil'an, n. 1. A province in 
Lombardy, Italy; 1,221 sq. m.; pop. 1,833,949. 

2. Its capital; pop. 663,059. 

milch, 1 mildh; 2 milch, a. Giving milk, as a 
cow. [ < AS. meolce, < meolc, milk.] 
mild, 1 maild; 2 mild, a. 1. Moderate in action 
or disposition. 2. Expressing kindness; calm. 

3. Moderate in effect or degree. 4. Not of 
strong flavor. [ < AS. milde, mild.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

mil'dew, 1 mil'diu; 2 mil'du. I. vt. & vi. To 
taint, or become tainted, with mildew. II. n. 
1. Any one of various fungi that attack 
plants. 2. A decayed condition; any mold, as 



l:a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = <mt; ell; iu = feud; tfhin; go; o = Bing ; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; fijll, rffle, cure, but, bffrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iQk; thin, this. 











mile 

minister 


384 


on walls or clothing. [ < AS. meledeaw .] 

iiiil'dcw-y, a. 

mile, 1 mail; 2 mil, n. 1. A measure of distance: 
5,280 feet. See measure. 2. A measure of 
surface: 640 acres. [ < AS. mil, < LL. milia, 
< L mille (sc. passuum, ot paces), thousand.]— 
mile'age n. 1. The length of anything measured 
in miles. 2. Compensation per mile for expenses 
of travel.—mile-post", m.sstone, n. A post 
or stone marking distance from a given point. 

Mi-le'tus, 1 mi-ll'tus; 2 mi-le'tus, n. A ruined 
city in Ionia: once the seaport of Ephesus. 

mil'i-tant, 1 mil'i-tant; 2 mil'i-tant, a. 1. 
Pertaining to conflict with opposing powers 
or influences. 2. Of a warlike or combative 
tendency. [< L. militan(t-)s, ppr., < miles 



of their young. 2. The sap of certain 
plants. 3. One of various emulsions. (< 
AS. meolc, milk.]— milk'er, n. — milk'man, n. 
[-men, pi.) 1. One who delivers milk from door 
to door. 2. A man who milks cows.— milk'sop", 
n. An effeminate boy or man.— milk'weed", n. 
One of several plants having a milky juice.— 
milk'y, a. [milk'i-er; milk'i-est.] 1. Contain¬ 
ing or like milk. 2. Yielding milk.— Milky Way, 
(Astron.), a luminous band encircling the heavens, 
composed of distant stars and nebula; invisible 
separately to the naked eye.— mil'ki-ness, n. 
mill, ) 1 mil; 2 mil, vt. 1. To grind in a mill, or 
mil p , ) subject to some similar process. 2. To 
indent the edge of (a coin). 
mill 1 , «. 1. A machine for grinding, or any one 
of various machines that transform raw mate¬ 
rial into some other form. 2. A building 
fitted up for grinding grain, reducing ores, 
etc. [ < LL. AS molina, < L. molo, grind.]— 
mill'-dam", n. 1. A barrier thrown across a 
watercourse to raise its level sufficiently to turn a 
mill-wheel. 2. The pond formed by such a bar¬ 
rier.— m. =pond, n. —m.«race, n. The sluiceway 


through which the w'ater runs to a mill-wheel.— 
mill'stone", n. One of a pair of thick heavy stone 
disks for grinding something, as grain. —m.swheel, 
n. The water-wheel that drives a mill.— mlll'- 
w right", n. One who plans, builds, or fits out mills, 
mill, / n. A thousandth part; in the United 
niil p , ) States, the thousandth part of a dollar, 
or the tenth part of a cent. [ < L. mille, 
thousand.] [losopher. 

Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873). An English phi- 
Mil-lals', 1 nn-le'; 2 mi-la', Sir John Everett 
(1829-1896). An English painter, 
mill'board", 1 mil'bord"; 2 mil'bord", n. Heavy 
pasteboard used for the covers of books, 
mil'le-na-ry, 1 mil'i-ne-n; 2 mll'e-na-ry. I. a. 
Pertaining to a thousand. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] 

1. The space of a thousand years; the Millen¬ 
nium. 2. A millenarian. [ < LL. millenarius, 

< milleni, a thousand each, < L. mille, thou¬ 
sand.]— mil"le-na'ri-an. I. a. Pertaining to a 
thousand; relating to the Millennium. II. n. 
One who believes in a millennium. 

mil-len'ni-um, 1 mi-len'i-um; 2 mi-12n'i-um, 
n. 1. A period of a thousand years. 2. [M-j 
The thousand years of the kingdom of Christ 
on earth, based on Rev. xx, 1-5. [ < L. mille, 

thousand, + annus, year.]—mii-Ien 'ni-al, a. 
mil'le-ped, 1 mil'i-ped; 2 mil'e-pgd, n. A 
myriapod; wood-louse. [< L. mille, thou¬ 
sand, 4- pcs, foot.] 

mil'le-pore, 1 mil'i-por; 2 mll'e-por, n. A 
coraHike animal, with numerous cavities in 
the enclosing structure. [ < L. mille, thou¬ 
sand, + porus, pore.] 

mill 'er, 1 mil'ar; 2 mll'er, n. 1. One who keeps 
or tends a mill, particularly a grist-mill. 2. 
A pale moth, with floury wings. 

Mllle"rand', 1 mirran'; 2 miPran', Alexandre 
(1859- ). French statesman; President cl 

France, 1920- . 

mil'let, 1 mil'et; 2 mll'fit, n. A grass culti¬ 
vated for forage and as a cereal. 

[F.] 

Mll"let', 1 mrye'; 2 mi'ye', Jean 
Francois (1814-1875). A French 
painter of peasant life. 
mil'li-, 1 mil'i-; 2 mfl'i-. A com¬ 
bining form. [ < L. mille, one 
thousand.] — inil"lier', n. A 
metric ton, 1,000 kilograms. [F.] 

— mil '11-gram, n. A mass 
(weight) of one-thousandth of a 
gram. — mil 'li-li"ter, n. The 
thousandth part of a liter.— mil'- 
li-ine"ter, n. A lineal measure 
of one-thousandth of a meter. 

See metric system. . , .... 

mil'li-ner, 1 mil'i-nar;2 mll'i-ner, “’ tt 6ingle Bp * elet - 
n. A person employed in making, trimming, 
or selling bonnets, women’s hats, etc. [Prob. 

< Milan , in Italy.]— mil 'li-ner-y, n. [-ies z , 
pi.) 1. The articles made or sold by milliners. 

2. The occupation or establishment of a milliner, 
mil'lion, 1 mil'yan; 2 mll'yon, n. 1. A thou¬ 
sand thousand; 1,000,000; a cardinal number. 
2. An indefinitely great number. [F., aug¬ 
mentative of mille (< L. mille), thousand.]— 
mil"lion-aire\ n. A person whose possesslonsare 
valued at a million or more.— mil 'liontli, a. & n. 

Mi'lo, 1 mai'lo; 2 mi'lo, n. 1. A renowned Greek 
athlete, about 520 B. C. 2. An Island in the 
Cyclades group; the ancient Melos. — Venus of 
Milo, a famous statue found in the Island in 1820 
milt 1 , 1 milt; 2 milt, n. The spleen. [< AS 
milte, spleen.] [< mjolk, milk. 

milt 2 , n. The sperm of a fish. [ < Sw. mjolke 



Ripe Millet. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fire; fast; get, pr§y; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rtlle; but. burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, n6t, or, w6n, 















385 


mile 

minister 


Mil-ti'a-des, 1 mil-tai'a-dlz; 2 mil-tl'a-de§, n. An 
Athenian general; defeated the Persians at 
Marathon, 490 B. C. 

Mil'ton, 1 mil'tan; 2 mil'ton, John (160S-1674). 
An English poet; Paradise Lost.— Mil-ton'ic, a. 
Mil-to'ni-ant. 

Mil-wau'kee, 1 mil-we'ki; 2 mil-wa'ke, n. A com¬ 
mercial city and port on Lake Michigan in S. E. 
Wisconsin; pop. 457,147. 

mime, 1 maim; 2 mim, n. 1. A mimic play or 
farce. 2. An actor in a mime; a mimic. [F., 

< L. mimus, < Gr. mimos, actor, drama.]— 
mi-met'ic, n. 1. Quick to mimic; imitative. 2 
Relating to mimicry.—mim'ic. I. vt . [mim'- 
iCKED t ; mim'ick-ing.] 1. To imitate, as for ridi¬ 
cule. 2. To copy closely. II. a. Of the nature 
of mimicry. III. n. 1. One who is given to 
mimicry. 2. A copy; imitation.—mim'ic-ry, n. 
[-bies z , pi.] The act of imitating, especially for 
sport; also, a thing produced as a copy. 

mim'e-o-graph, 1 mim'i-o-graf; 2 mim'e-o- 
graf, to. An apparatus in which a thin fibrous 
paper coated with paraffin is used as a stencil 
for reproducing copies of written or type¬ 
written matter. [ < Gr. mimeomai, mimic, 

-GRAPH.] 

Mi-mo'sa, 1 mi-mo'sa; 2 mi-mo'sa, n. A large 
genus of tropical American herbs, shrubs, or 
trees of the bean family, with clusters of small 
flowers. [ < L. mimus; see mime.] 

min., abbr. Mining, minute.—min., mineral., 
abbr. Mineralogy. 

min'a-ret, 1 min'a-ret; 2 min'a-rgt, n. A 
slender tower 
characteristic 
of mosques, 
built of sev¬ 
eral stories, 
each sur¬ 
rounded by a 
balcony, from 
which is 
sounded the 
stated sum¬ 
mons to 
prayer. [Ult. 

< Ar. manara, Minarets of the Mosque of 

< minar, light- Suleiman, Constantinople, 
house.] 

min'a-to-ry, 1 min'a-to-ri; 2 rmn'a-to-ry, a. 
Threatening, as with destruction or punish¬ 
ment. [ < L. minatus, pp. of minor, threaten.] 

mi-na'clous*. 

mince, 1 mins; 2 min?, v. [minced*; minc'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To chop into small bits. 2. To 
utter with primness. 3. To lessen. II. i. To 
show affectation. [ < AS. minsian, make 
less.]—minc'ing-ly, adv. 

mince, 1 mins; 2 mm?, n. 1. Same as mince* 
meat. 2. An affectation.—mince'smeat", 
n. 1. Meat chopped very fine. 2. A mixture 
of chopped meat, fruit, spices, etc., used in mince 
pie.—m. pie, a pie made of mince*meat. 

mind d , 1 maind; 2 mind, v. I. t. 1. To pay at¬ 
tention to. 2. To regard with care or con¬ 
cern. 3. To obey. 4. To have charge of. II. 

i. To pay attention; be obedient or inclined. 

mind, n. 1. That which thinks, feels, and 
wills; the subject of all conscious states; soul; 
spirit. 2. Any mental state or activity; in¬ 
clination; determination. 3. The intellect, as 
distinguished from the feelings and the will. 
[< AS. gemynd, < munan, think.]—mind 'ed, a. 
1. Disposed. 2. Having a (specified kind of) 


mind. —mind'ful, a. Keeping in mind; heed¬ 
ful; having knowledge (of), -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

mine, 1 main; 2 min, v. [mined; min'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To obtain by digging out of the earth. 

2. To undermine. 3. To make by digging in 
the earth. II. i. 1. To dig or lay a mine; en¬ 
gage in mining. 2. To burrow. [ < F. miner, 
< LL. mino, open a mine, drive.]— min'er, n.— 
min'ing, n. The business or work of a mine, 
mine, n. 1. An excavation for digging out ore 
or the like. 2. Any deposit of such material 
suitable for excavation. 3. A cavity for an 
explosive charge. 4. Any productive source 
of supply. [sive of I. [ < AS. min.] 

mine, pron. Belonging to me; of me: posses- 
min'er-al, 1 min'ar-al; 2 mm'er-al. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to or resembling minerals; inorganic. 
II. n. 1. A substance of definite chemical 
composition, neither animal nor vegetable, 
and commonly solid. 2. Any inorganic sub¬ 
stance. [OF., < LL. miner ale, < mino; see 

mine, ».]— min"er-al'o-gy, n. 1. The science of 
minerals. 2. A work on minerals.— min"er-al- 
og'i-cal, a. Pertaining to mineralogy.— min"- 
er-al 'o-gist, n. One versed in mineralogy. 

Ml-ner'va, 1 mi-nur'va; 2 mi-ner'va, n. Rom. 
Myth. Goddess of wisdom; identified with the 
Greek Athena. 

Ming, 1 miq; 2 ming, n. In Chinese history, a dy¬ 
nasty founded in 1368 by Hung*Wu and lasting 
until the Manchu conquest in 1644. 
inin'gl(e p , 1 miq'gl; 2 min'gl, vt. & vi. [min'- 
gl(e)d p ; min'gling.] 1. To unite together or 
with something else; become mixed. 2. To 
join intimately; blend. [Freq. < AS. men- 
gan, mix.] 

min'i-a-ture, 1 min'i-a-dhur; 2 min'i-a-chur. 

1. a. Much smaller than reality. II. «. 1. 
A small and delicate painting, as a portrait. 

2. Reduced size; any small copy or model. [F.] 
min'im, 1 min'im; 2 min'im, n. 1. An apoth¬ 
ecaries’ fluid measure; roughly, one drop. 
See measure, n. 2. Mus. A half note. 3. 
An extremely small creature; a pigmy. [< 
F. mintme, < L. minimus, least.] 

min'i-mum, 1 min'i-mum; 2 min'i-mum, n. 
[-ma, pi.] The least possible quantity, 
amount, or degree: used also adjectivally.— 
min'i-mal, a. Of or pertaining to the minimum; 
smallest; least.— min'i-mize, vt . [-mized; -miz"- 
ing.] To reduce to the smallest possible amount 
or degree. 

min'ion, 1 min'yan; 2 min'yon, n. 1. A servile 
favorite. 2. Print. A size of type*body, be¬ 
tween nonpareil and brevier: about 7*point. 

This line is set in minion. 

3. A minx. [ < F. mignon, darling.] 
min'is-ter, 1 min'is-tar; 2 min'is-ter, v. I. t. 

To supply, as something needed. II. i. 1. 
To give attendance or service. 2. To per¬ 
form a rite of worship. 3. To contribute, 
min'is-ter, n. 1. The chief of an executive 
department of a government; also, the repre¬ 
sentative of a foreign government. 2. A 
clergyman. 3. A servant; agent. 4. One who 
promotes or dispenses. [ < F. ministre, < L. 
minister, assistant.]— min"is-te'ri-al, a. Per¬ 
taining to a minister or to ministry, -ly, adv .— 
min'is-trant. I. a. Ministering. II. n. One 
who ministers. —min"is-tra'tion, n. 1. The act 
of performing service as a minister. 2. Any relig¬ 
ious ceremonial. — min'is-try, n. [-tries 2 , pi.] 
1. Ministers collectively, either of state or of the 



1:»= final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = fewd; <fhin; go; rj = sing; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot: full. rule. cure. but. bftra: oil. boy; eo, gem; ink; thin, this. 










miniver 

missal 


386 


gospel. 2. An executive department of govern¬ 
ment. 3. The act of ministering. 

min'i-ver, 1 min'i-ver; 2 min'i-ver, to. 1. The 
Siberian squirrel, or its fur. 2. A mixture of furs 
used for trimming in the middle ages. [< OF. 
menu ver, little spotted.] 

mink, 1 mir)k; 2 mink, to. A small amphibious 
carnivore valued for its fur. [ < Sw. manic, 
mink.] 

Minn., abbr. Minnesota (official). 

Min"ne-ap'o-lls, 1 minT-ap'o-lis; 2 mIn"e-&p'o- 
11s, to. A manufacturing city of E. Minnesota; 
pop. 380,580. 

Min"ne-so'ta, 1 minT-so'ta; 2 min"e-so'ta, n. A 
State in the N. central United States; 84,682 
sq. m.; pop. 2,387,125; capital, St. Paul. 

min'now, 1 min'o; 2 min'o, n. One of various 
small fishes. [ < AS. myne, minnow, < min, 
less.] 

mi'nor, 1 mai'nar; 2 mi'nor. I. a. 1. Less in 
number, quantity, or extent. 2. Of secondary 
consideration. 3. Mus. In the minor key; 
solemn and plaintive. II. n. 1. One below 
the age when full civil and personal rights can 
be exercised. 2. A minor term. 3. Mus. The 
minor key. [ < L. minor, less.]— minor key 
(.Mus.), a key or mode characterized by the use 
of the minor third, producing a plaintive or 
mournful effect. See third, n.— mi-nor'i-ty, n. 
[-ties z , pi.] 1. The smaller in number of two 
parts or parties. 2. The state of being a minor. 

Mi-nor'ca, 1 mi-ner'ke; 2 mi-nor'ca, n. An island 
of the Balearic group; Spanish possession; 335 
sq. m.; pop. 38,000. 

Mi 'nos, 1 mai'nes; 2 ml'nds, n. Gr. Myth. A king 
and lawgiver of Crete. See Minotaur. 

Min'o-taur, 1 min'o-ter; 2 min'o-tar, n. A mon¬ 
ster, half bull and half man, kept by Minos in a 
labyrinth at Crete; killed by Theseus. 

Min. Plen., abbr. Minister Plenipotentiary. 

min'ster, 1 min'star; 2 min'ster, n. A monas¬ 
tery church; cathedral. [< LL. AS monasteri- 
um, monastery.] 

min'strel, I min'strel; 2 min'strel, n. 1. A 
wandering musician; anciently, a troubadour; 
later, a mountebank. 2. A singer of negro 
melodies, etc., with blackened face. 3. Poet. 
A lyric poet. f< L. op minister, attendant; 
see minister.]— min'strel-sy, n. [-sies z , pi.] 
1. The occupation of a minstrel. 2. Ballads or 
lyrics collectively. . 


mint d , 1 mint; 2 mint, vt. 1. To make and 
stamp as money by authority. 2. To fabri¬ 
cate in any way.—mint'age, to. The act of 
minting or coining. 
mint 1 , n. 1. A place for the legal 
manufacture and issue of 
coin. 2. An abundant sup¬ 
ply, as of money. [ < AS. 
mynet, coin.] 

mint 2 , n. Any one of several 
aromatic herbs of the mint 
family, as spearmint or 
peppermint. [< AS. minte, 

< Gr A mtntha, mint.] 
min'u-end, 1 min'yu-end; 2 
mln'yy-Snd, n. Arith. The _ 
number from which another Peppermint, 
is to be subtracted. [ < L. ?• a si . n .^ e flower: a 
minuenaus, to be lessened.] 
min"u-et', 1 min"yu-et'; 2 mln"yu-et', n. An 
old*time stately dance in triple measure. [ < 
F. menuet, < menuet, dim. of menu , small.] 
mi'nus, 1 mai'nus; 2 ml'nus, a. 1. Math. (1) 
Less: indicated by a dash (—). (2) Negative. 



2. [Colloq.] Deprived of; lacking. [L., neut. 
s. of minor, less.] 

min'ute, 1 min'it; 2 min'it, vt. [-UT-ED d ; -ut- 
ing.] To make a minute or brief note of. 
mi-nute', 1 mi-niut'; 2 mi-nut', a. 1. Exceed¬ 
ingly small. 2. Attending to small things; 
very exact. [ < L. minutus, little.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, ra. 

min'ute, 1 min'it; 2 min'it, n. 1. The 60th 
part of an hour; hence, a moment. 2. The 
60th part of a degree. 3. A memorandum. 
4. pi. Official records of a deliberative body. 
[F., < LL. minutum, < L. minutus; see minute, 
a.] —min'utesman", n. A man ready for ser¬ 
vice at a minute’s notice; specifically applied to 
certain militiamen during the American Revolu¬ 
tion. 

mi-nu'ti-a, 1 mi-niu'^hi-s; 2 mi-nu'shi-a, n. 
[-ti-je, pi.] A small or unimportant detail: 
commonly used in the plural. [L., smallness.] 
minx, 1 mirjks; 2 minks, to. A saucy girl. 
Mi"ra"beau', 1 mrra"bo'; 2 mi"ra"b5', Comte de 
(1749-1791). Gabriel Honore de Riqueti, a French 
statesman and writer. 

mir'a-cl(e p , 1 mir'a-kl; 2 mlr'a-cl,n. 1, A su¬ 
pernatural event; any wonderful or amazing 
thing. 2. A medieval dramatic representation 
of religious subjects. mir'a-clesplay"{. [F., 
< L. miraculum, < mirus, wonderful.] — mi- 
rac'u-lous, a. 1. Supernatural. 2. Surpassingly 
strange; wonderful, -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
mi-rage', 1 ml-ra 3 '; 2 mi-razh', to. An optical 
illusion, as of a sheet of water in the desert, or 
ships seen inverted in the air. [F., < mirer, 
look at, < L. mirus, wonderful.] 
mire, 1 mair; 2 mlr. I. vt. [mired; mir'ing.] 1. 
To fix, stall, or sink in mud. 2. To defile. II. 
to. Wet, yielding earth; deep mud. [< Ice. 
myrr, bog.]—mir'y, a. 

Mir'i-am, 1 mir'i-am; 2 mir'i-am, to. Bib. The 
sister of Moses and Aaron. Ex. xv, 20. 
niirk, mirk'i-ly, etc. Same as murk, etc. 
mir'ror, 1 mir'ar; 2 mlr'or. I. vt. To give an 
image of. II. to. 1. An object having a nearly 
perfect reflecting surface. 2. Whatever re¬ 
flects or clearly represents. [ < L. OF miror, 
wonder at.] 

mirth, 1 murth; 2 mirth, to. Social merriment; 
jollity. [ < AS. mirigth, < mirige, merige, pleas¬ 
ant.]— mirth'ful, a. Merry, -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
— mirth'less, a. Lacking mirth or merriment, 
-ly, adv. -ness, to. 

mis-', prefix. Less: used with negative or depre¬ 
ciatory force; as, misuse, misprize. It is some¬ 
times accented. [< OF. mes-, F. mes-, mi-, < L. 
minus, less.] 

mis- 2 , prefix. Wrong; wrongly: used as a prefix 
to nouns, verbs, and participles; as, misconduct. 
It never has the primary accent. [< AS. mis-, 
wrong; allied with miss, p.] 


The following are self«explaining: 


mis’ap-ply' 

mis-ap" pre-hend' 

mis-ap"pre-hen'sion 

mis"be-get' 

mis"be-got'ten 

mis"be-have' 

mis"be-lief' 

mis"be-lieve' 

mis-cal'cu-late 

mis-cal'cu-la'tion 

mis-charge' 

mis-choose' 

mis"con-ceive' 

mis"con-cep'tion 


mis"con-jec'ture 

mis"con-struc'tion 

mis"con-strue' 

mis-count' 

mis-date' 

mis-deal' 

mis-deem' 

mis" de-mean' 

mis"di-rect' 

mis"di-rec'tion 

mis-doubt' 

mis"em-ploy' 

mis'em-ploy'ment 

mis-fire' 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 











387 


miniver 

missal 


mis-got'ten 
mis-gov'ern 
mls-gov'ern-ment 
mis-han'dle 
mis-judge' 
mis-judg'ment 
mis-match' 
mis-mate' 
mis-name' 
mis-place' 
mis"pro-nounce' 
mis"pro-nun"ci-a'tion 
mis"quo-ta'tion 
Mis., abbr. Missouri. 
mis"ad-ven'ture, n. An unlucky chance; mis¬ 
fortune. 

mis"al-Ii'ance, 1 mis"a-lai'ans; 2 mis"a-H'anc, n. 
An undesirable alliance, as marriage with one of 
inferior station or character. me"sal"li"ance't. 
mis'an-thrope, 1 mis'an-throp; 2 mis'an- 
throp, n. One who entertains aversion to or 
distrust of his fellow men. [ < Gr. misan- 
thropos, hating mankind, < raised, hate, + 
anthropos, man.] mis-an'thro-pistt.—inis"- 
an-throp'ic, inis"an-throp'i-cal, a. Hating 
mankind.— inis"an-throp'i-cai-Iy, adv. —mis- 
an'thro-py, n. Hatred or distrust of mankind. 
mis"ap-pro 'pri-ate d , vt . To appropriate wrong¬ 
ly. —mis"ap-pro"pri-a'tion, n. 
misc., abbr. Miscellaneous, miscellany, 
mis-call', vt. To give a wrong or bad name to. 
mis-car'ry, vi. 1. To fail of an intended effect. 

2. To bring forth prematurely. 3. To go 
wrong.— mis-car'riage, n. 1. A premature 
birth. 2. Failure to reach an expected conclusion. 

3. Improper behavior. 

mis"ce-ge-na'tion, 1 misT-ji-ne'ifiian; 2 mis"- 
e-ge-na'shon, n. Mixture of races, especially 
black and white. [ < L. misceo, mix, + genus, 
race.]— mis"ce-ge-net'ic, a. 
mi s"cel-l a 'ne-ou s, 1 mis"e-le'ni-us; 2 mis"e- 
la'ne-iis, a. Consisting of several kinds; va¬ 
riously mixed. [ < L. miscellaneus, < misceo, 
mix.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — mis'cel-la-ny, n. 
[-nies z , pi.] 1. A collection of literary composi¬ 
tions on various subjects. 2. Any miscellaneous 
collection. [mishap, 

mis-chance', n. An instance of ill luck; a 
mis'chief, 1 mis'dhif; 2 mis'chif, n. 1. Any 
occurrence attended with evil or injury. 2. 
A prank. 3. A prankish person. [ < OF. 
meschef, < L. minus (see minus) + caput, head.] 
— mis 'chief *mak"er, n. One who causes mis¬ 
chief.— m.onaking, a. — mis'chie-vous, a. 1. 
Inclined to mischief. 2. Injurious, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

mis'ci-ble, 1 mis'i-bl; 2 mis'i-bl, a. Such as 
can be mixed. [ < L. misceo, mix.] —mis"ci- 
bii'i-ty, n. 

mis"con-duct' d , vt. & vi. 1. To conduct badly; 

behave improperly. 2. To mismanage, 
mis-con'duet, n. 1. Improper conduct; bad 
behavior. 2. Mismanagement, 
mis'cre-ant, 1 mis'kri-ant; 2 mis'cre-ant, n. A 
vile wretch. [ < OF. mescreant, unbelieving.] 
mis-deed', n. A wrong or improper act. 
mis"de-mean'or, 1 mis"di-min'ar; 2 mis"de- 
men'or, n. 1. Misbehavior. 2. Law. Any of¬ 
fense less than a felony. mis"de-mean'ourt. 
mis-do', vt. & vi. To do badly ; bungle in doing. 

—mis-do'er, n. —mis-do'ing, n. 
mi'ser, 1 mai'zar; 2 rnl'ger, n. One who saves 
and hoards avariciously. [ < L. miser, wretch¬ 
ed.] —mi'ser-Iy, a. Of or like a miser. 
mis'er-a-bl(e p , 1 miz'er-a-bl; 2 mis'er-a-bl, a. 


1. Wretched or grievously unhappy. 2. Of 
mean quality. 3. Producing or exhibiting 
misery. [OF., < L. miserabilis, wretched.]— 

mis'er-a-bly, adv. 

MIs"e-re're, 1 miz"e-ri'rl; 2 mis"e-re're, n. 1. The 
51st psalm; from the opening words in the Latin 
version, miserere mei, Domine (Have mercy upon 
me, O God!). 2. A musical setting of this psalm. 
3. [m-] A prayer for mercy, 
mis'er-y, 1 miz'er-i; 2 mig'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 
Extreme distress or suffering; wretchedness; 
also, a cause of wretchedness. [ < OF. mis¬ 
eries < L. miseria, < miser, wretched.] 
mis-fit'. I d . vt. To fail to make fit; fit badly. 

II. n. Something that fits badly, 
mis-for'tune, n. 1. Adverse or ill fortune. 

2. An unlucky chance; calamity. 
mis-giv(e' p , v. I. t. To cause to fail some¬ 
what in confidence, self=approval, etc. II. i. 
1. To be apprehensive. 2. To fail.—mis- 
giv'ing, n. A feeling of apprehension. 

mis-guide' d , vt. To guide amiss; lead astray. 
—mis-gui 'dance, n. 

mis-hap', n. An unfortunate accident; mis¬ 
fortune. 

mls"in-form', vt. To give false or erroneous 
information to.—mis-in"for-ma'fcion, n. 
mis"in-ter'pret d , 1 mis"m-tur'pret; 2 mis"in- 
ter'pret, vt. To interpret wrongly.—mis"- 
ln-ter"pre-ta't!on, n. 

mis-Iay', vt. 1. To lay in a wrong place or in 
a place not remembered. 2. To attribute 
wrongly. 

mis-lead', vt. [mis-led'; mis-lead'ing.] To 
direct wrongly; lead astray or into error, 
mis'le-toe, n. Same as mistletoe. 
mis-man 'age, vt. To manage badly, im¬ 
properly, or unskilfully, -ment, n. 
inis-no'mer, 1 mis-no'mer; 2 mis-no'mer, n. A 
name wrongly applied; an inapplicable desig¬ 
nation. [ < L , OF minus-, mis- 1 ,-]- nomino, name.] 
mis-og'a-iny, 1 mis-eg'a-mi; 2 mis-og'a-my, n. 
Hatred of marriage. [ < Gr. mised, hate, + 
gamos, marriage.]—mis-og'a-mist, n. 
mis-og'y-ny, 1 mis-ej'i-m; 2 mis-og'y-ny, n. 
Hatred of women. [ < Gr. mised, hate, + 
gyne, woman.]—mis-og'y-nist, n. 
mis-print'. I d . vt. To print erroneously. II. 

n. An error in printing. 
mis-rep"rc-sent' d , vt. & vi. 1. To make wrong 
representations; give a wrong impression. 2. 
To act unfaithfully in behalf of.—mis-rep"- 
re-sen-ta'tion, n. 

mis-rule', n. 1. Bad or unjust rule or govern¬ 
ment. 2. Disorder or confusion. 
miss 1 , 1 mis; 2 mis, v. I. t. 1. To fail to hit, 
find, or attain; come short of. 2. To feel the 
loss or absence of, as friends, etc. 3. To pass 
over or by; fail to attend, keep, or observe. 

4. To avoid or escape by chance. II. i. 1. 
To fail to hit the mark, as a shot or a marks¬ 
man; be unsuccessful. 2. To fail to attain, 
secure, receive, or succeed in something: fol¬ 
lowed by of or in. [ < AS. missan.] 
miss 1 , 1 mis; 2 mis, n. The act of missing. 
miss 2 , n. 1. [M-] A title prefixed to the name 
of a girl or an unmarried woman. 2. A young 
girl. [Contr. of mistress.] 

Miss., abbr. Mission, missionary, Mississippi, 
mis'sal, 1 mis'al; 2 mis'al, n. R. C. Ch. The 
book containing the service for the celebra¬ 
tion of mass. [ < LL. missale, < missa, 
mass 2 .] 


mis-quote' 

mis-read' 

mis"re-port' 

mis-send' 

mis-spell' 

mis-spend' 

mis-state' 

mis-state'ment 

mis-time' 

mis"trans-late' 

mis-treat' 

mis-tri'al 


l:a = final; l = habit^ aisle; au = out; eil: iu = fe«d; cfhin; go; rj = sin^; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








misshape 

mohair 


388 


mis-shape' 1 , vt. To shape ill; deform.— mis- 
shap'en, pa. Shaped amiss; deformed, 
mis'sile, ) 1 mis'll; 2 mls'il. I. a. Such as 
mls'sil 8 , ) may be thrown or hurled. II. n. 
Any object, especially a weapon, intended to 
be thrown. [ < L. missilis, + missus, pp. of 
mitto, send.] 

mis'sion, n. 1 . The act of sending on some 
service. 2. Service on which one is sent, or 
the persons sent to perform it. 3. The des¬ 
tined end of one’s efforts. 4. The work of 
spreading religious teaching. 5. A missionary 
field. [F., < L. missio(n~), < missus, pp. of 
mitto, send.]—mls'slon-a-ry. I. a. Pertaining 
to missions. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. A person sent 
to some place to teach and do charitable work. 
2 , ^ messenger. 

Mis"sis-sip'pl, 1 mis'i-sip'i; 2 mis"i-sip'i, n. 1. A 
river in the central United States; to the Gulf of 
Mexico; with the Missouri, 4,700m. long. 2. A 
State in S. central United States; 46,865 sq. m.; 
pop. 1,790,620; capital, Jackson.— Mls"sis-slp'- 
pi-an, a. & n. 

mis'sive, ) 1 mis'iv; 2 mis'iv. I. a. Sent or 
mis'si V s , j designed to be sent. II. n. That 
which is sent, especially a letter. [< L. LL+F 
missus, pp. of mitto, send.] 

Mls-sou'rl, 1 mi-su'ri; 2 mi-su'ri, n. 1. A river in 
N. central United States; 3,000 m. long from the 
Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi, near St. 
Louis. 2. A State in central United States; 
69,420 sq. m.; pop. 3,404,055; capital, Jefferson 
City.— Mis-sou'ri-an, a. & n. 
mist, 1 mist; 2 mist. I d . vt & vi. To cover or 
cloud with mist; be misty. II. n. 1. A super¬ 
abundance of moisture in the atmosphere. 2. 
Vapor condensed on a surface. 3. Anything 
that dims or darkens. [ < AS. mist, darkness.] 
mis-take', 1- mis-tek'; 2 mls-tak', v. [mis¬ 
took'; mis-tak'en.] I. t. 1. To understand 
wrongly. 2. To take or choose wrongly. II. 
i. To be wrong. [ < Ice. mistaka, < mis-, 
mis- 2 , + taka, take.]— mls-tak'»-bl(e p , a.— 
mis-tak'en, pa. 1. Characterized by mistake; 
incorrect; wrong. 2. Being in error; wrong in 
opinion or judgment. 3. Misunderstood.— mls- 
tak'en-ly, -dv. 

mis-take', n. An error in action, judgment, 
perception, or impression; a blunder. 

Mis'ter, 1 mis'tar; 2 mls'ter, n. Master; a 
title of address for a man: written Mr. [Corr. 
of master, n.] 

mls'tle-toe,) 1 mis'l-to; 2 mls'l-to, n. An 
mis'tl-toe p , j evergreen 
parasitic shrub, with yel¬ 
lowish-green leaves and 
inconspicuous flowers, 
succeeded by glutinous 
white berries. 

mis-took', 1 mis-tuk'; 2 mis¬ 
took', imp. & obs. pp. of 

MISTAKE, V. 

mis'tress, 1 mis'tres;2mis'- 

trSs, n. 1 . A woman in Mistletoe, 
authority. 2. [M-] A title a > male flower; b, female 
of address given to a mar- flower, 

ried woman: written Mrs. and pronounced 
missis. 3. A woman who unlawfully fills the 
place of a wife. 4. A woman skilled in some¬ 
thing. 5. A sweetheart. [ < LL. OF mag- 
istrix, fern, of L. magister, master, n.] 
mis-trust', 1 mis-trust'; 2 mls-triist'. I*. vt. 
1. To regard with suspicion. 2. To appre¬ 


hend. II. n. Lack of trust.—mis-trust'- 
ful, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
mist'y, 1 mist'i; 2 mlst'y, a. [mist'i-er; mist'- 
i-est.] Overspread with mist; dimmed by 
mist; hazy; obscure. — mist'l-ly, adv .— 
mlst'1-ness, n. 

mis-un"der-stand vt. To understand wrong¬ 
ly; also, to fail to understand.—mis-un"der- 
stand'Ing, n. 1. A misapprehension. 2. A dis¬ 
agreement. 

mfs-use', ) 1 mis-yuz'; 2 mls-yug', vt. To use 
mis-uze' p , C wrongly or improperly; subject to 
ill treatment. 

mls-use', 1 mis-yus'; 2 mls-yus', n. 1. Ill treat¬ 
ment; abuse. 2o Erroneoususe. mis-u'sagej. 
mite 1 , 1 mait; 2 mlt, n. A minute insect, as a 
cheese*mite or itch-mite. [ < AS. mite, mite.] 
mite 2 ,n. 1. A very small amount or particle. 2. 
Any very small coin or sum of money; as, the 
widow’s mite. Mark xii, 42. [ < D. mijt, mite.] 
mi'ter, 1 mai'tar; 2 ml'ter, v. I. t. 1. To con¬ 
fer a miter upon. 2. To adorn with a miter. 
3. Mech. To make or join with a miter-joint. 
II. i. To form a miter-joint, 
mi'ter, n. 1. A head-dress, especially one 
worn by popes, bishops, etc., 
and consisting of a tall orna¬ 
mental cap terminating in two 
peaks. 2. Mech. The junction 
of two bodies at an angle; a 
slanting joint, mi 'tersjoint"J. 

[F., < L. miira, < Gr. mitra, tur¬ 
ban, belt.] ml'trej.—mi'tral, a. 

Pertaining to or resembling a 
miter. Miter. 

Mith"rl-da'tes, 1 mith'n-de'tlz; 2 mlth'ri-da'tCs. 
n. “The Great,” king of Pontus ( —63 B. C.); 
defeated by Pompey. 

mit'i-gate, 1 mit'i-get; 2 mlt'i-gat, vt. [-gat"- 
ED d ; -gat"ing.] To render less harsh or pain¬ 
ful; assuage. [ < L. mitis, mild, + ago, make.] 

—mlt'l-ga-bl(e p ,a.—mit"I-ga'tlon,n.—mlt'- 
l-ga"tlv(e s , a. 

ml"trail"leuse', 1 mrtra'yuz'; 2 mUtra^yus', n. 
A breech*loading machine-gun of grouped bar¬ 
rels for the rapid firing of small missiles. [F.] 
mitt, 1 mit; 2 mlt, n. 1. A glove that does not 
extend over the fingers. 2. A mitten. [Abbr. 
of mitten.] 

mit'ten, 1 mit'n;2mlt'n,n. 1. Acoveringforthe 
hand, encasing the four fingers together and the 
thumb separately. 2. A mitt. [ < F. mitaine ] 
Mit"y-Ie'ne, 1 mit'i-li'nl; 2 mlt"y-le'ne, n. An 
island in the .Ugean sea: 675 sq. m.; pop. 182,170; 
the ancient Lesbos. Myt"i-Ie'nej. 
mix, 1 miks; 2 mlks, t'f. & vi. [mixed 1 or mixt; 
mix'ing.] 1. To unite promiscuously; mingle; 
blend. 2. To associate. [< AS. miscian, 
mix.]— mix'or, n.— mix'ture, n. 1. The act of 
mixing. 2. Something resulting from mixing. 
3. Something added as an ingredient. 

Miz'pah, 1 miz'pa; 2 miz'pa, n. Bib. A sacred spot 
in Gilead. Gen. xxxi, 49. [Heb., watch-tower.] 
miz'zen, 1 miz'n; 2 miz'n, n. Naut. A tri¬ 
angular storm-sail sometimes set on the 
mizzenmast. —miz'zen-mast, n. The mast 
next abaft the mainmast. 

ml., abbr. Milliliter.— M. L. A., abbr. Modern 
Language Association.— M. L. G., abbr. Middle 
Low German.— Mile., abbr. [F.] Mademoiselle. 
—MM., abbr. [Their] Majesties, Messieurs. — 
mm., abbr. Millimeter.— mm. 2 , abbr. Square 
millimeter.— mm. 2 , abbr. Cubic millimeter.— 




1: artistic, Art; fat, fAre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 









389 


misshape 

mohair 


Mme., abbr. [Mmes., pi.] [F.] Madame.— Mn., 
abbr. Manganese. 

mne-inon'ic, 1 m-men'ik; 2 ne-mon'ie, a. 
Aiding the memory. [ < Gr. mnemonikos, < 
mnaomai, remember.]— mne-mon'ics, n. The 
science of artificial memory. 

Mne-mos'y-ne, 1 m-mes'i-nl; 2 ne-mds'y-n6, n. 
Gr. Myth. The goddess of memory; mother of 
the Muses. 

M. O., abbr. Money order.— Mo., abbr. Missouri 
(official), Monday. — mo., abbr. [mos., pi.] Month. 
Mo'ab, 1 mo'ab; 2 mo'ab, n. Bib. A territory E. 
oi the Dead Sea.— Mo'ab-ite, a. & n .— Moabite 
stone, a tablet of the 9th century B. C., found in 
1868, recording the revolt of the Moabites against 
Israel.— Mo'ab-it"ish, a. 
moan, 1 mdn; 2 mdn. I. vt. & vi. To lament; 
utter a low, mournful sound. II. n. A feeble 
or suppressed groan. [ < AS. msenan, moan.] 
moat, 1 mot; 2 mot. I d . vt. To surround with 
a moat. II. n. A ditch on the outside of a 
fortress wall. [ < OF. mote, embankment.] 
mob, 1 meb; 2 mob. I. vt. [mobbed; mob'- 
bing.] To assail or impede, as by a disor¬ 
derly crowd. II. n. 1. A turbulent or law¬ 
less crowd. 2. The lowest class of people. 
[Abbr. of L. mobile, orig. mobile vulgus, fickle 
crowd.]— mob'ber, n .— mob'bish, a. -ly, adv. 
mo'bile, ) 1 mo'bil; 2 mo'bil, a. 1. Character- 
mo'bil 3 , ) ized by ease or freedom of motion; 
hence, fickle. 2. Movable. [F., < L. mobilis, 
movable.]— mo-bil'i-ty, n. The state of being 
mobile. — mo'bil-ize, vt. & vi. [-ized; -iz’- 
ing.] To make or become ready for active ser¬ 
vice, as soldiers, or (rarely) a fleet.— mo"bil-i- 
za'tion, n. 

Mo-bile', 1 mo-bll'; 2 mo-biT, n. A seaport city 
in S. W. Alabama; pop. 60,780. 
moc'ca-sin 1 , 1 mek'a-sm; 2 moc'a-sin, n. A 
foot-covering made of soft leather or buck¬ 
skin: worn by Indians. [< Algonkian maw- 
cahsun, shoe.] 

moc'ca-sin 2 , n. A dark-colored, obscurely 
blotched, venomous snake of the southern 
United States. [Appar. < moccasin 1 .] 
mo'cha 1 , 1 mo'ko; 2 mo'ca, n. A choice coffee, 
properly that brought from Mocha in Arabia. 
Mo'cha 2 , 1 mo'ka; 2 mo'ca, n. A fortified seaport 
in S. W. Arabia; pop. 5,000. 
mock 1 , 1 mek; 2 mok, v. I. t. 1. To mimic in 
derision. 2. To deceive by false show. II. i. 
To manifest ridicule or scorn; jeer. [< OF. 



mocquer.] 

mock, a. Merely imitating the reality; sham, 
mock, n. An act of mocking; a jeer; mockery. 
—mock'er, n.— mock'er-y, n. [mock'er-ies z , 
pi.] 1. Derisive or contemptuous mimicry. 2. 
A false show; sham. 3. A butt. 4. Labor in vain. 
—mock'ing-ly, adv .— mock'ing*bird", n. A 
bird common in the 
southern United 
States, noted for 
its rich song and ex¬ 
traordinary power 
of mimicry. 
mod.,a65r. Moderato 
(It., Moderate), 
modern. 

mode, 1 mod; 2 
mod, n. 1. Man¬ 
ner of being, 
doing, etc.; way; 
style. 3. Gram. The manner in which the 
action expressed by a verb is stated: denoted 
by the form of the verb. 4. Mus. A method 


Mocking*bird. l /i 
method. 2. Prevailing 


of dividing an octave by placing the steps and 
half steps of which it is composed in certain 
arbitrary relations, as in the Greek, Grego¬ 
rian, major, and minor modes, etc. [F., 
< L. modus, manner.]— mo'dal, a. Of or de¬ 
noting a mode.— mo-dal'i-ty, n. 
mod'el, 1 med'el; 2 mod'Sl, v. [-eled or 
-elled, mod'eld 3 ; -el-ing or -el-ling.] I. t . 
To form as a model; shape. II. i. I. To 
make a model. 2. To assume a form like a 
model. III. n. 1. An object representing ac¬ 
curately something to be made or already ex¬ 
isting; whatever constitutes a pattern or 
example; a plaster or clay original of a statue, 
etc. 2. That which is taken as a pattern; a 
person who poses as a copy for a painter or 
sculptor. 3. That which strikingly resembles 
something else. [ < L. OF modulus, measure.] 
—mod'el-er, n. mod'el-lert. 

Mo'de-na, 1 mo'de-na; 2 mo'de-na, n. 1. A prov¬ 
ince in N. Italy; 1,003 sq. m.; pop. 373,506. 2. 
Its capital, a cathedral city; pop. 76,584. 
mod'er-ate, 1 mod'ar-et; 2 mod'er-at, vt. & vi. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at'Tng.] To allay; lessen; make or 
become less intense or violent. [ < L. modern - 
tus, pp. of modero, regulate.] 
mod'er-ate, 1 med'ar-it; 2 mod'er-at, a. 1. 
Keeping or kept within reasonable limits or 
control. 2. [Colloq.] Characterized by ha¬ 
bitual deliberateness, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— 
mod"er-a'tion, n. The act of moderating or 
the quality or state of being moderate.— mod 'er- 
a"tor, n. 1. One who restrains or regulates. 2. 
The presiding officer of a meeting, 
mod'ern, 1 med'orn; 2 mod'ern. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to the present or a recent period; not 
ancient. II. n. A person of modern times or 
modern views. [ < LL. F modernus, modern.] 
— mod'ern-ism, n. A modern practise, style, 
idiom, or system.— mod'ern-ist, n .— mod'ern- 
ize or -ise, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To render mod¬ 
ern.— mod"ern-i-za '[or -sa']tion, n. 
mod'est, 1 med'est; 2 mod'Sst, a. 1. Re¬ 
strained by a sense of propriety or humility. 
2. Characterized by reserve, propriety, or 
purity; decorous; chaste. [< L. modestus, 
moderate, modest.] -ly, adv. — mod'es-ty, n. 
Decent reserve and propriety; decorum, 
mod'l-cum, 1 med'i-kum; 2 mod'i-cum, n. 
[mod'i-ca, pi.] 1. A moderate amount; a 
little. 2. A small thing or person. [L., < 
modus, measure.] 

mod'i-fy, 1 med'i-fai; 2 mod'i-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] 1. To make somewhat different; 
limit or restrict; vary. 2. To make more 
moderate or less sweeping. [ < L. F modus, 
measure, + facio, make.]— mod"i-fi-ca'tion, n. 
1. A modifying; qualification. 2. A modified 
form. 

mod'ishll, 1 mod'igh; 2 mod'ish, a. Conformable 
to the mode, fashion, or usage; conventional, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

mod'u-late, 1 mej'u-let; 2 moj'u-lat, vt. & vi. 
[-LAT w ED d ; -lat"ing.] 1. To vary in tone, in¬ 
flection, pitch, etc. 2. Mus. To change to a 
different key. [ < L. modulatus, pp. of mo- 
dulor, measure.]— mod"u-la'tion, n. — mod'u- 
la"tor,». 

Mo-gul', 1 mo-gul'; 2 mo-gul', n. Same as 
Mongol. — the Great or Grand Mogul. 1. 
The former emperor of Delhi. 2. [g- m-] Any 
Imposing or pretentious personage, 
mo'hair, 1 mo'har; 2 mo'har, n. 1. The hair of 
the Angora goat. 2. A dress-fabric made 


1:3 = final; i = habltq aisle; au = out; ©11; IO = feud; cfhin; go; n = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wolf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; 611, boy; go, gem; i©k; thin, this. 










Moham. 

monorail 


390 


therefrom. [ < F. moire, prob. < Ar. muk- 
hayyar, goat’s-hair cloth.] 

Moham., abbr. Mohammedan. 

Mo-ham'med, 1 mo-ham'ed; 2 mo-ham'ed, to. 1. 
(570-632.) An Arabian religious and military 
leader; founder of Islam; author of the Koran. 
2. One of fivesultansof Turkey, especially M. II., 
“the Great,” who took Constantinople in 1453. 
Ma-hom'etJ.—Mo-ham'rae-dan. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to Mohammed or to his religion and in¬ 
stitutions. II. to. A follower of Mohammed or 
of his religion.— Mo-ham 'me-dan-Ism, «. The 
religion founded by Mohammed; Islam, 
moi'e-ty, 1 mei'i-ti; 2 mdi'e-ty, to. [-ties 2 , pi.] 

I. A half. 2. A small portion. [ < F. moitie.] 
moil, 1 moil; 2 moil. I. vt. & vi. 1. To soil, or 

be soiled; defile. 2. To weary, or be wearied; 
toil. II. to. A soiling; defilement. [< OF. 
moiller, wet.] 

moist, 1 moist; 2 moist, a. Having slight 
sensible wetness; damp. [ < OF. moiste, < L. 
musteus, dew.]—inois'ten, vt. & vi. To make or 
become moist.—moist'ness, to.— mois'turc, n. 
Slight sensible wetness. 

ino'lar, 1 mo'lar; 2 mo'lar. I. a. 1. Grinding, 
or fit for grinding. 2. Pertaining to a molar. 

II. to. A tooth with flattened crown; a double 
tooth. [ < L. molar is,, belonging to a mill.] 

mo-las 'ses, 1 mo-las'ez; 2 mo-las'§§, to. A vis¬ 
cid dark liquor drained off from crystallizable 
sugar. [< L. ep mellaceus, honeydike.] 
mold', ) 1 mold; 2 mold. I d . vt. To form in a 
mould, ) mold. II. to. 1. A form or matrix for 
shaping any fluid or plastic material; a pat¬ 
tern; model; also, form; character. 2. Arch. 
A molding. [ < F. moule , < L. modulus, dim. 
of modus, measure.]— mold 'a-bl(e p , a. mould'- 
a-blcf.—mold'er, mould 'er, n. 
mold 2 , ) I d . vt. To cover with mold. II. n. 
mould, ) 1. Earth that is fine and soft, and rich 
in organic matter. 2. The constituent mate¬ 
rial of anything. [ < AS. molde, earth.] 
mold 3 , ) I d . vt. & vi. To become, or cause to 
mould, ) become, moldy. II. n. Any fungous 
growth on food, clothing, etc.; mustiness; de¬ 
cay. [ < Ice. mygla, < mugga, mist.] 
mold 'er, ) vt. & vi. To crumble, or cause to 
mould 'er,) crumble. [Freq. of mold 2 , ».] 
mold'ing, \n. 1. The act of shaping with a 
mould 'ing,) mold. 2. Anything made in a 

mold. 3. A more or less ornamental strip on 
some part of a structure. 

mold'y, ) a. [mold'i-er; molo'i-est.] Cov- 
mould'y, (ered with mold; hence, old; musty. 

—mold'i-ness, n. mould'i-nesst. 
mole 1 , 1 mol; 2 mol, n. 1. A small permanent 
spot on the 
skin; a birth¬ 
mark. 2. A 
stain or spot. 

[< AS. mm, 
spot.] 

mole 2 , n. A 
worm*e a t i n g 
mammal hav¬ 
ing velvety fur, 

minute eyes, Mole and Its Burrow. Vis 
very broad fore 

feetadaptedfordigging.andformingextensive 
underground excavations.—mole'shill", to. 
A small heap or ridge of earth raised by a mole 
in burrowing.—mole'skin", n. The skin of a 

mole, a cloth resembling it, or a garment made 
of the cloth. [Of AS. origin.] 


mole 3 , n. A jetty or breakwater, partially en¬ 
closing an anchorage or harbor. [ < F. m6le 
(< L. moles), great mass.] 

mol'e-cule, 1 mel'i-kiul; 2 mol'e-cul, to. 1. 
The smallest part of a substance that can 
exist separately; the structural unit of phys¬ 
ics. 2. Any small particle. [ < F. molecule, 
dim. < L. moles, mass.]—mo-Iec'u-lar, 1 mo- 
lek'yu-lar; 2 mo-lgc'yii-lar, a. 1. Pertaining to 
or consisting of molecules. 2. Resulting from the 
action of molecules.* 

mo-Jest' d , 1 mo-lost'; 2 mo-l£st', vt. To annoy 
or harm; disturb injuriously. [< L. molesto, 
< moles, burden.]—mol"es-ta'tlon, n. 
Mo"Iiere', 1 mo'Myar'; 2 mo'lyer', n. Pseudonym 
of Jean Baptiste Poquelin (1622-1673), a French 
dramatist. 

mol'li-fy, 1 mol'i-fai; 2 m51'i-fy, v. [-fied; 
-fy"ino] I. t. 1. To reduce the violence or 
asperity of. 2. To make soft or tender. 3. 
To mitigate. II. %. To grov mild, soft, or 
tender. [< L. F mollis, soft; and see -fy.]— 
mol"li-fi-ea'tion, to.— mol'li-fi"er, n. 
niol'lusk, 1 mel'usk; 2 mol'usk, n. An inver¬ 
tebrate animal, as a bivalve, snail, slug, cut¬ 
tlefish, or the like. [ < L. F molluscus, soft.]— 
mol-lus'can, a. & to.— mol-lus'cous, a. 
■mol'ly*cod"d!e, n. [Slang.] Same as milksop. 
Mo'loch, 1 mo'lok; 2 mo'loc, n. 1. A Phenician 
god to whom human sacrifices were offered. 2. 
Hence, any system involving merciless sacrifice. 
Mo"lo-ka'l, 1 mo"lo-ka'I; 2 mo"io-ka'|, n. An 
island of the Hawaiian group; 261 sq. m.; pop. 
2,500; has a leper colony. 

molt, ) 1 molt; 2 molt. I d . vt. To cast or 
moult, ) slough off, as hair, feathers, etc. II. 
to. The molting process or season. [ < ME. 
mouten, < L. muto, change.] 
mol'ten, 1 mol'tn; 2 mol'tn, pa. 1 . Reduced 
to the fluid state by heat; melted. 2. Made 
by molding; cast. [Pp. of melt, ».] 

Molt'ke, 1 molt'ke; 2 molt'ke. 1. Count Ilclniutb 
Karl Bernhard von (1800-1891). A Prussian 
fleld«marshal; strategist. 2. Count Ilelmuth 
Johannes Ludwig von (1848-1916). A Prussian 
field-marshal; chief of of the General Staff, 1914. 
mol. wt., abbr. Molecular weight, 
mo'ment, 1 mS'ment or ment; 2 mS'ment, to. 
1. A very small period of time; an instant. 2. 
The present time. 3. Consequence or impor¬ 
tance. 4. Momentum. [F., < L. momentum, 
movement.] - ino'men-ta-ry, a. Lasting but a 
moment.—mo'mcn-ta-ri-ly, adv. 1. For a 
moment. 2. From moment to moment, mo'- 
ment-lyj. — mo'men-ta-ri-ness, to. — mo- 
men'tous, a. Of great importance; weighty. 
-l.v, adv. -ness, to. 

mo-meu'tum, to . [-ta, pi] 1 . The impetus of 
a moving body. 2. Mech. The quantity of 
motion in a body as measured by the product 
of its mass by its velocity. [ < L. momentum, 
movement, balance, alteration.] 

Mon., abbr. Monastery, Monday.—mon., abbr. 
Monetary. 

mon'a-chisni, 1 men'e-kizm; 2 mon'a-eI?m, 
to. The monastic manner of life. [< Gr. 
monachos, monk.] 

Mon'a-co, 1 mon'a-ko; 2 m5n'a-co, to. A princi¬ 
pality on the Mediterranean, S. E. France; 8 
sq. m.; pop. 23.000. 

mon'ad, 1 men'ed; 2 mon'ad, to . 1 . An inde¬ 
structible unit; a simple substance. 2. Biol. 
A minute simple single*cclled organism. 3. 
Chem. An atom, radical, or element with a 



1:artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rfile; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n» 










391 


Moliam. 

monorail 


combining power of one. [ < Gr. LL monas 
(monad-), unit.] 

Xnon'arcb, 1 men'erk; 2 mon'are, n. A sover¬ 
eign, as a king or emperor; originally, the sole 
ruler of a nation. [< Gr. LL+F monos, alone, 
+ archo, rule.] —mo-nar'chal, a. —mo-nar'- 
chi-cal, a. Pertaining to a monarch or mon¬ 
archy. mo-nar'chi-alf; mo-nar 'chief. — mo- 
nar'chi-cal-ly, adt. — inon'arch-ist, n. An 
advocate of monarchy.— mon'areh-y, n. [-ies z , 
■pi.] 1. Government by a monarch; sovereign 
control. 2. A government or territory ruled by a 
monarch. 

jnon'as-ter-y, 1 men'as-ter-i; 2 mon'as-ter-y, 
n. [-ies z , pi.] A dwelling=place occupied in 
common by persons under religious vows of 
seclusion. [ < Gr. LL monasterion, < monos, 
alone.]—mo-nas'tic, a. 1. Pertaining to relig¬ 
ious seclusion. 2. Characteristic of monasteries. 
mon"as-te 'ri-al t; mo-nas'ti-cal t.-mo-nas'- 
ti-cism, n. The monastic life. 

Mon'day, 1 mun'di; 2 mon'dy, n. The second 
day of the week. [ < AS. mona, moon, + 
dseg, day.] 

mon'ey, ) 1 mun'i; 2 mon'y, n. [-eys z or -ies z , 

mun'ey p , ) pi.] 1. Any thing that serves as a 
common medium of exchange in trade, as coin 
or notes. 2. Wealth; property. 3. A system 
of coinage. [ < OF. moneie, < L. moneta, 
mint.]—mon'e-ta-ry, a. Pertaining to money 
or finance; consisting of money; pecuniary.— 
mon'eyed, a. 1. Possessed of money; wealthy. 
2. In the form of money, mon'iedt- 

mon'e-tize, 1 mun'i-taiz; 2 mon'e-tlz, vt. 
[-tized; -tiz"ing.] 1. To legalize as money; 
to give a standard value to, as a metal. 2. To 
coin into money, mon'e-tiset.—mon"e- 
ti-za'[or-sa']tion, n. 

mon'ger, 1 murj'gar; 2 mon'ger, n. A dealer or 
trader: chiefly in.compounds, and when figurative 
implying discredit; as, cheesemonger, scandal- 
mower. [ < AS. mangere, < mangian, trade.] 

Mon-go'li-a, 1 mon-go'li-a; 2 mon-go'li-a, n. A 
principal division of China; 1,367,600 sq. m.; pop. 
2,600,000.—Mon 'gol. I. a. Of or pertaining 
to Mongolia or the Mongols. II. n. A member of 
the former conquering race inhabiting Mongolia, 
now tributary to China.—Mon-go'li-an. I. a. 
1. Same as Mongol. 2. In a wider sense, of or 
pertaining to the yellow peoples of Asia. II. n. 
1. A Mongol. 2. A Chinaman; a member of one 
of the yellow races. 

mon'goos, 1 morj'gus; 2 mon'goos, n. [mon'goos- 



es, pi.] An 
ichneumon 
of India 
able to kill 
veno m ous 
snakes 
with safety 
t o itself. 

[< Mar¬ 
athi, mangnz.] 


Indian Mongoos. 
mon 'goose, -gooz, 


1 /l8 


... _„_, or -gousf. 

uan'grel, 1 muri'grel; 2 mon'grel. I. a. Of 
mixed breed or origin. II. n 1. The progeny 
of crossed breeding. 2. Any incongruous 
mixture. [ < AS. mengan, mix.] 
no-ni'tion, 1 mo-ni^h'an; 2 mo-msh'on, re. 1. 
Friendly counsel; admonition. 2. Indication; 
notice. [F., < L. monitio, < monitus, pp of 
moneo, warn ] — mon'i-tiv(ea, a. Conveying 
monition; admonitory. mon'I-to-ryt. 
non'i-tor, 1 men'i-tar; 2 mon'i-tor, re. 1. One 
who advises or cautions. 2. A senior pupil 
placed in charge, as of a class. 3. An ironclad 
having a low, flat deck, sharp stern, and one 


or more turrets carrying heavy guns; specif., 
the first vessel of the type, “The Monitor.” 
See Merrimac. [L., < monitus, pp. of 
moneo, warn.]—mon"i-to'rl-aI, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to a monitor, or to instruction by monitors. 
2. Monitory. 

monk, ) 1 mupk; 2 monk, re. 1. Formerly, a 
munk p , ) religious hermit. 2. A member of a 
monastic order. [ < AS. munuc, < Gr. LL mo- 
nachos, living alone.]—monk'lsh, a.—monk’s's 
hood", re. A plant of the genus Aconitum, having 
the upper sepal arched at the back like a hood, 
mon'key, ) 1 muri'ki; 2 mon'ky. I. vt. & vi. 
mun'keyp, ) To ape; play pranks; meddle. II. 
re. 1. A mammal using the feet as hands; an 
ape, marmoset, baboon, or lemur, especially 
one of the smaller arboreal forms. 2. One of 
various small articles or contrivances.— 
mon'key=bread", re. See <pa — — 
baobab .—ni o n ' k e yjs 
wrench", re. A wrench hav- v 
ing a movable jaw for grasp- ” ** 
ing a nut, bolt, or the like. Monkey=wrench. 
mon'o-, 1 mon'o-; 2 mon'o-. A combining 
form. [ < Gr. monos, single, one.]—mon"o- 
chro-mat'ic, a. Of one color.—mon 'o-chrome, 
re. Painting in a single color, or different shades 
of a single color.—mon'o-cle, re. An eyeglass 
for one eye.—mo-noc'u-lar, a. 1. One*eyed. 2. 
Of or pertaining to one eye.—mon'o-dy, re. A 
composition with a single motive; also, a solo of 
a somber character.—mo-nog'a-my, re. 1. The 
principle or practise of single marriage. 2. Zool. 
The habit of having but one mate. [+ Gr. gamos, 
marriage.] — mo-nog'a-mist, re. — mo-nog'a- 
mous, a. mon"o-gam'icJ.—mon'o-gram, re. 
A character consisting of two or 
more letters interwoven into one. 

[+ Gr. gramma, letter.]—mon'o- 
graph, mon'o-grafp, re. A de¬ 
scription or systematic exposition 
of one thing. [+ Gr. graphs, Monogram, 
writing.] — mon'o-lith, re. A single block 
of stone, especially when large or standing 
alone. [+ Gr. lithos, stone.]—mon"o-Ilth'ic, a. 
—mon'o-log, mon'o-logue, re. That which is 
spoken by one person alone; especially, a dra¬ 
matic soliloquy. [ + Gr. lego, speak.]—mon"o- 
ma'ni-a, re. 1. Mental derangement confined 
to one idea. 2. The unreasonable pursuit of one 
idea.—mon"o-ma'ni-ac, re.—mon"o-met'al- 
Ism, re. The theory or system of a single metallic 
standard (usually gold) in coinage. mon"o- 
met'al-IIsmt.—mon"o-met'aI-ist or -met'- 
al-list, re.—mo-no'mi-al, re. Alg. An expres¬ 
sion consisting of a single term.—mo-no'mi-al, 
a. —mon"o-pet'a-lous, a. Bot. Having corol¬ 
las of a single petal.—mon'o-plane", re. An 
aeroplane with one pair of wings, 
mo-nop'o-ly, 1 mo-nep'o-li; 2 mo-nop'o-ly, re. 
[-lies 2 , pi.] 1. The exclusive right or privi¬ 
lege of engaging in a particular traffic; espe¬ 
cially, such control as allows prices to be 
raised. 2. A combination controlling a monop¬ 
oly. 3. Exclusive possession of anything. [ < 
Gr. monopolion, < monos, alone, + poled, sell.]— 
mo-nop'o-list, re. One who possesses a monop¬ 
oly.—mo-nop'o-lize or -lise, vt. 1. To secure a 
monopoly of. 2. To assume exclusive control of; 
engross.—mo-nop"o-li-za'[or -sa'Jtion, re.— 
mo-nop'o-liz"er or -lis"er, re. 
mon'o-rail, re. Railroad. A single rail for cars 
which travel along it suspended or over it, bal¬ 
anced by means of gyroscopes or by straddling. 
—mon 'o-syI"Ia-bl (e p , re. A word of one syllable. 
—mon"o-syI-lab'ic, a.— mon'o-the"ism, re. 
The doctrine that there is but one God. [ + Gr. 



1: 8 = final; i = habit^ aisle; au = oret; ©II; IQ = feud; <5hin; go; o = 8iregr; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611, boy; go, fcem; iQk; thin, this. 










Monroe 

morrow 


theos, god.] — mon"o-the'Ist, n.— mon"o-the- 
Is'tic, a. — mon'o-tone, n. 1. Sameness of ut¬ 
terance or tone. 2. Monotony of style. 3. Mus. 
A single tone unvaried in pitch. [ + Gr. tonos, 
tone.]— mo-not'o-nous, a. 1. Not varied in 
inflection, cadence, or pitch. 2. Tiresomely uni¬ 
form. -ly, adv. -ness, ».— mo-not'o-ny, n. 
Tiresome uniformity.— mon'o-type, n. A ma¬ 
chine which automatically casts and sets single 
types. Compare linotype. 

Mon-roe', 1 man-ro'; 2 mon-ro', James (1758- 
1831). Fifth President of the United States; 
enunciated the Monroe Doctrine that European 
powers shall not intervene in American affairs or 
add to their American territory. See president. 

Mons., abbr. Monsieur. 

mon-sieur', 1 ma-syu'; 2 mo-syCl', n. [mes¬ 
sieurs', pi] A French title of respect, equiv¬ 
alent to Mr. and sir. 

Monsig., abbr. Monsignor. 

mon-si 'gnor, 1 men-sl'nyer; 2 m6n-si'ny6r, n. 
R. C. Ch. A title of honor of certain prelates and 
other officials, as of the Papal court. Jit., my lord.] 

mon-soon', 1 mon-sun'; 2 mon-soon', n. 1. A 
wind that blows steadily along the Asiatic 
coast of the Pacific. 2. A trade=wind. [ < It. 
monsone, ult. < Ar. mawsim, season.] 

mon'ster, 1 men'star; 2 mon'ster, n. 1. A 
fabulous animal, compounded of various 
brute=forms. 2. Anything hideous or abnor¬ 
mal. 3. A very large person or thing. [ < L. F 
monstrum, < moneo, warn.]— mon-stros'i-ty, 
n. [-ties 2 , pb] 1. Anything unnaturally huge or 
distorted. 2. The character of being monstrous. 
— mon'strous, a. Deviating greatly from the 
natural; huge; hideous, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Mont., abbr. Montana (official). 

Mon-taigne', 1 mon-ten'; 2 mon-tan', Michel 
Eyquem de (1533-1592). A French philosopher 
and essayist. 

Mon-ta'na, 1 mon-ta'na; 2 mon-ta'na, n. A State 
in the W. United States; 146,997 sq. m.; pop. 
548,889; capital, Helena. 

Mont-calm', 1 ment-kam'; 2 m6nt-eam', Joseph 
Louis, Marquis de (1712-1759). A French 
general: fell in defense of Quebec against Wolfe. 

mon'te, 1 mon'ti; 2 mon'te, n. A Spanish gam¬ 
bling game of cards. 

Mon'te Car'lo, 1 mon'ti kar'lo; 2 mon'te ear'io. 
A town in Monaco; gambling-resort; pop. 9,600. 

Mon"te-ne'gro, 1 men"ti-nrgro; 2 m6n"te-ne'gro, 
n . A district of the Kingdom ofthe Serbs, Croats 
and Slovenes in the Balkan peninsula, Europe; 
5,603 sq. m.; pop. about 238,420; capital, Cet- 
tinje.— Mon"te-ne'grin, a. & n. 

Mon"te-rey', 1 men"ti-re'; 2 m6n"te-re', n. A 
city in N. W. Mexico; captured by United States 
troops Sept. 24, 1846. 

Mon'te Ro'sa, 1 mon'ti ro'za; 2 mbn'te r5'§a. 
A mountain in the Alps, Switzerland; 15,217 ft. 

Mon"tes-quieu', 1 men"tes-kifl'; 2 m6n"t6s-ku', 
Baron (1689-1755), Charles de Secondat. A 
French jurist and writer. 

Mon"te-vid'e-o, 1 men"ti-vid'i-o; 2 m5n"te-vid'- 
e-o, n. 1. A department of Uruguay; 256 sq. m.; 
pop. 387,900. 2. A seaport city, capital of Uru¬ 
guay; pop. 361,950. 

Mon"te-zu'ma, 1 mon"ti-zu'ma; 2 mon'te-zy'ma, 
n. (1470?—1520). Aztec emperor of Mexico; de¬ 
throned by Cortez. 

Mont-gom'er-y, 1 ment-gum'a-ri; 2 mdnt-gom'- 
e-ry, n. The capital of the State of Alabama; 
pop. 43,460. 

month, 1 munfh; 2 month, n. 1. One of the 
12 parts into which the calendar year is di¬ 
vided. 2. Astron. The time of the revolution 


39 % 


of the moon. [ < AS. monath, month, < 
mona, moon.]—month'ly. I. a. 1. Continuing 
a month, or done in a month. 2. Happening once 
a month. II. n. [month'lies 2 , pi.] A periodical 
published once a month. III. adv. Once a month. 
Mont-pe'II-er, 1 mont-pi'li-ar; 2 mOnt-pe'li-er, n. 

A city, capital of Vermont; pop. 7,630. 
Mon"tre-aI', 1 men"tn-el'; 2 m6n"tre-al', n. A 
city and river-port in Quebec province, Canada; 
pop. 607,063. 

Mon-trose', 1 men-troz'; 2 mdn-tro§', Marquis 
of (1612-1650). James Graham, royalist leader 
in Scotland; executed. 

mon'u-ment, 1 men'yu-ment or -mant; 2 
mon'yu-ment, n. 1. Something erected to- 
perpetuate the memory of a person or of an 
event. 2. A notable structure, deed, etc., 
worthy to be considered as a memorial of 
some event or person. [F., < L. monumen- 
tum, < moneo, remind.]—nion"u-men'tal, a. 
I. Pertaining to or like a monument. 2. Serving 
as a monument; memorial; impressive; conspicu¬ 
ous. 3. [Colloq.] Spectacular; excessive, -ly, adv. 
-mony, suffix. Used to form nouns from other 
nouns or from adjectives or verbs; as, parsi¬ 
mony, testimony. [ < L. -monia, -monium.] 
mood 1 , 1 mud; 2 mood, n. Gram. & Mus. Same 
as mode. [Form of mode, n.] 
mood 2 , n. 1. Temporary or capricious state of 
the mind. 2. The state of being moody. [ < 
AS. mod, mood.]—mood 'y, a. [mood'i-er; mood'- 
i-est.] Given to capricious moods.—mood '1-ly, 
adv. —mood 'i-ness, n. 

Mood'y, 1 mud'i; 2 mood'y, Dwight L. (1837— 
1899). An American evangelist, 
moon, 1 mun; 2 moon, n. 1. A celestial body 
revolving around the earth; also, a satellite 
revolving about any planet. 2. A lunar 
month: 27 days, 8 hours. [< AS. mona, 
moon.]—moon'beam", n. A ray of moonlight. 
—moon'light". I. a. Pertaining to the light 
of the moon; illuminated by moonlight. II. n. 
The light of the moon.—moon'shine", n. 1. 
Moonlight. 2. Something visionary or unreal; 
pretense; nonsense.—moon'shin"er, n. [U.S.j 
An illicit distiller.—moon'shin"y, a. Like 
moonshine; visionary.—moon'stone", n. A 
whitish feldspar with changeful luster, valued as a 
gem.—moon'struck",a. Lunatic.—moon'y, a. 
1. Moonstruck. 2.JAke the moon or moonlight, 
moor, 1 mur; 2 moor, v. I. t. To secure (a 
floating object) in a particular station either 
by means of anchors, or by fastening to some 
object on shore. II. i. To tie up; lie at an¬ 
chor. [ < D. marren, moor.]—moor'age§, n. 
A mooring-place.—moor'Ing, n. 1. The act of 
mooring. 2. The place where a vessel is moored. 
3. Anything by which an object is fastened. 
moor 1 , n. [Gt. Brit.] A tract of waste land, or 
a tract kept for hunting. [ < AS. mor, moor.] 
—moor'land, n. A moor or marsh. 

Moor 2 , n. 1. A member of the mixed Mauri- 
tanian-Arab race inhabiting Morocco and the 
southern Mediterranean coast. 2. Any dark- 
skinned person. [ < L. Maurus, < Gr. Mau- 
ros, perhaps < mauros, dark.] 

Moore, 1 mur; 2 moor, Thomas (1779-1852). An 
Irish poet; Lalla Rookh. 

moor'ish 1 , a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling 
a moor. 2. Barren; empty. 

Moor'ish 2 , a. Pertaming to the Moors, 
moose, 1 mus; 2 moos, n. [moose, pi.] The 
American form of the elk, found in northern 
North America. See illus. on next page. 
[< Algonkian musu, lit. ‘wood-eater.’] 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fAre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, g6t, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n t 






393 


Monroe 

morrow 



moot, 1 mut; 2 moot. I d . vt. To debate; argue. 
II. a. Still open to discussion; intended 
merely for discussion. III. n. 1. Anglo* 
Saxon Hist. The meeting of freemen and 
cultivators of the soil. 2. 

Hence, discussion. [< AS. 
mol, meeting.) 
mop, 1 mop; 2 
mop . I. vt. 

[mopped* ; mop'- 
ping.] To rub 
or wipe with a 
mop. II. n. 

1. A piece of 
cloth, or the 
like, attached 


to a 
used 


handle: 
for wash- 


Moose. Vho 


ing floors, etc. 2. Any loosely tangled bunch 
or mass, as of hair. [< F. mappe, napkin; 
see map, n.J-mop 'board", n. A board skirting 
the lower edge of the wall of a room, 
mope, 1 mop; 2 mop, v. [moped*; mop'ing.] I. 
t. To make dull or spiritless. II. i. To con¬ 
duct oneself in a listless, melancholy manner. 
[ = D. moppen, pout.) — mope, n. One who 
mopes.—niop'ish, a. Like a mope; dejected. 
Mor., abbr. Morocco, 
mo-raine', 1 mo-ren'; 2 mo-ran', n. A ridge or 
heap of earth and stones collected by a glacier on 
its surface or deposited on adjacent ground. 
[F.] 


mor'al, 1 mor'al; 2 mor'al. I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to action with reference to right and wrong. 
2. Conformed to right conduct; virtuous; 
chaste. II. n. 1. The lesson taught by a 
fable or the like. 2. pi. Conduct or behavior; 
ethics. [F., < L. moralis, < mos ( mor -), 
manner, pi. mores, morals.)—mor'al-ist, n. 1. 
A teacher of morals. 2. One who practises moral¬ 
ity without religion.—mo-ral'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. The doctrine of man’s moral duties; 
ethics. 2. Moral conduct; virtue.—mor'al-ize, 
v . [-ized; -iz'Tng.) I. t. To apply to a moral 
purpose; render moral. II. i. To make moral re¬ 
flections. mor'al-iset.—mor'al-iz"[or -is")er, 
n. —nior'al-ly, adv. 

mo-rale', 1 mo-ral'; 2 mo-ral', n. State of 
mind, as of soldiers, with reference to confi¬ 
dence, courage, fidelity, etc. [F.] 
mo-rass',1 mo-ras'; 2mo-ras', n. A tract of low* 
lying, soft, wet ground; marsh. [ < D. moeras.] 
Mo-ra'vi-a, 1 mo-re'vi-a; 2 mo-ra'vi-a, n. A 
Czecho-Slovak state; 8,584 sq. m.; pop 2,622,- 
720.—Mo-ra'vi-an, a. & n. 
mor'bid, 1 mer'bid; 2 mor'bid, a. 1. Being in 
a diseased or abnormal state. 2. Caused by a 
diseased condition. 3. Of or pertaining to 
disease; pathological. [< L. morbidus, < 
morbus, disease.)—mor'bld-ly, adv. —mor'bid- 
ness, n. mor-bid 'i-ty f. 
mor-blf'lc, 1 mer-bif'ik; 2 mor-bif'ic, a. Pro¬ 
ducing disease. [< L. morbus, disease, -\-facio, 
make.] mor-bif'i-calf.—mor-bif'i-cal-ly, adv. 
mor'dant, 1 mor'dant; £ mor'dant. I. a. 
Biting; pungent; fixing. II. n. A substance 
for fixing a dye. [F., < L. mordens, ppr. of 
mordeo, bite.) 

more, 1 mor; 2 mor. I. a. compar. [Positive 
wanting; most, superl .] 1. Greater in 

amount, degree, number, rank, etc. 2. Added 
to some former number. II. n. 1. A greater 
quantity, amount, etc. 2. Something that 
exceeds something else. III. adv. 1. To a 


greater extent or degree. 2. In addition. [ < 
AS. mare, adv., < mara, more.) 

More, 1 mor; 2 mor, Sir Thomas (1478-1535). A 
lord chancellor of England; author; beheaded 
by Henry VIII.; Utopia. [S. Greece. 

Mo-re'a, 1 mo-ri'a; 2 mo-re'a, n. A peninsula in 
mo-reen', 1 mo-rln'; 2 mo-ren', n. A heavy 
watered woolen fabric, as for hangings. 
[Prob. < F. moire; see mohair.} 
more-o'ver, 1 mor-6'var; 2 mbr-6'Ver, adv. 
Beyond what has been said; further; besides, 
likewise. 

mor"ga-nat'ic, 1 mer"ga-nat'ik; 2 mor"ga- 
nat'ie, a. Noting a legitimate marriage be¬ 
tween a male member of certain royal fami¬ 
lies of Europe and a woman of inferior rank, 
in which the titles and estates of the husband 
are not shared by the wife or their children. 
[ < LL. morganaticus, < OHG. morgangeba, morn¬ 
ing gift.) 

morgue, 1 merg; 2 morg, n. A place where 
corpses of the unknown dead are exposed for 
identification. [F.] 

Mo-ri'ah, 1 mo-rai'a; 2 mo-rl'a, n. Bib. A hill; 

site of the temple at Jerusalem. 2 Chron. iii, 1. 
mor'i-bund, 1 mer'i-bund; 2 mor'i-bund, a. 

Dying. [ < L. moribundus, < morior, die.] 
Mor'mon, 1 mer'man; 2 mor'mon, n. One of a 
sect organized in 1830, accepting the Book of 
Mormon, and, until 1890, practising polyg¬ 
amy. [ < Mormon, a character in the Book 
of Mormon.)—Mor'mon-ism, n. The system 
of Mormon doctrine and practise, 
morn, 1 morn; 2 morn, n. 1. The morning. 2. 

[Scot.] The morrow. [ < AS. morgen .] 
morn. ,abbr. Morning. 

mor n'ing, 1 mern'ir); 2 morn'ing. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to or occurring in the early part of 
the day. II. n. The early part of the day; 
hence, any early stage. [ < morn.] — morn'- 
ingsglo"ry, n. A twining plant with funnel* 
shaped flowers of various colors. 

Mo'ro, 1 mo'ro; 2 mo'ro, n. [Mo'ros, pi.] A mem¬ 
ber of one of the Mohammedan tribes of the 
southern Philippine Islands. 

Mo-roc'co, 1 mo-rek'o; 2 mo-roe'o, n. 1. A sul¬ 
tanate in N. W. Africa; 231,500 sq. m.; pop. 
6,000,000: under French and Spanish control. 
2. [m-] Leather made from goatskin, or some¬ 
times from sheepskin, and tanned with sumac, 
mo'ron, 1 mo'ron; 2 mo'ron, n. A type of feeble* 
minded person, of higherintelligencethananidiot. 
mo-rose', 1 mo-ros'; 2 mo-ros', a. Having a 
surly temper; sullen and austere. [< L. 
morosus, particular, fretful.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
morph., morphol., abbr. Morphology. 
Mor'pheus, 1 mer'fius; 2 mor'fus, n. Sleep. 

[< L. Morpheps, god of dreams.) 
mor'phin, mer'fm or -fin; 2 mor'fin or 
mor'phine, )-fin, n. Chem. A bitter narcotic 
contained in opium and used for the purpose 
of alleviating pain. [ < F. morphine. < L. 
Morpheus; see Morpheus.) mor'phl-af. 
mor-phol 'o-gy, 1 mer-feFo-ji; 2 mor-fol'o-gy, 
n. That branch of biology which treats of form 
and structure: thence widely extended to other 
sciences. [ < Gr. morphe, form, -logy.] — 
mor"pho-log'i-cal, a. —mor-phol'o-gist, n. 
mor'ris, 1 mor'is; 2 mor'is, n. An old-fash¬ 
ioned rustic dance in England. [ < Sp. F Mo- 
risco, Moorish.) mor'ricef. 
mor'row, 1 mer'o; 2 mor'o. I. a. Next suc¬ 
ceeding, as a day. II. n. 1. The first day 
after the present or after a day specified. 2. 


1: 9 = final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = out; ell; Ifl = feud; dhin; go; rj = sin 0 ; thin, this. 
2 : wolf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611, boy; go, fcem; ipk; thin, this. 










Morse 

mow 


394 


Formerly, morning; as, good morrow. [ < AS. 
morgen, morning.] 

Morse, 1 mors; 2 mors, Samuel Finley Breese 
(1791-1872). An American inventor; constructed 
first practical telegraph, 1832-1835. 
mor'sel, 1 mor'sel; 2 mor'sel, n. 1. A bit of 
food; bite. 2. A small piece of anything. 
[OF., < LL. moTsellum, < L. mordeo, bite.] 
mor'tal, 1 mor'tal; 2 mor'tal. I. a. 1. Subject 
to death; hence, pertaining to humanity; hu¬ 
man. 2. Causing death; deadly; fatal. 3. In¬ 
curring the penalty of eternal death, as a sin. 
II. n. Whatever is mortal or subject to 
death; a human being. [< L. mortalis, < 
mor(t-)s, death.]—mor-tal'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.) 

1. The quality of being mortal. 2. Death. 3. 
The death=rate. 4. Humanity.—mor'tal-ly, 
adv. 1. Fatally. 2. Extremely. 

mor'tar 1 , 1 mor'tar; 2 mor'tar, n. 1. A vessel 
in which substances are crushed or pounded. 

2. A short piece of ordnance with a large bore. 
[ < L. AS mortartum, mortar.] 

mor'tar 2 , n. 1. A mixture of sand and slaked 
lime used for joining bricks, etc. 2. Loosely, 
a cement. [< L. OF mortarium, mortar.] 
mort'gage, 1 mer'gij; 2 mor'gag. I. vt. 
[-gaged; -gag-ing.] 1. To make over (prop¬ 
erty) by mortgage. 2. To pledge; plight. 
II . n. A conditional lien upon property as 
security for the payment of money. [F., dead 
pledge.]— mort"ga-gee ', n. The person to whom 
a mortgage is given.— mort'ga-gor, n. A per¬ 
son who gives a mortgage, mort'gag-erf. 
mor'ti-fy, 1 mer'ti-fai; 2 mor'ti-fy, v. [-fted; 
-fy"ing.] I. t. 1. To affect with humiliation 
or vexation. 2. To subdue or reduce by fast¬ 
ing, etc., as the passions. 3. To destroy the 
organic texture and vital function of, as a 
part of the body. II. i. 1. To lose vitality, 
as living flesh; gangrene. 2. To be subdued. 
[< LL . mortifico, kill.]— mor"ti-fi-ca'tion, n. 

1. The state of being mortified, especially the 
death of one part of an animal body while the 
rest ]s alive. 2. That which mortifies. 

mor'tise, ) 1 mer'tis; 2 mbr'tis. I. vt. [-tised 1 ; 
mor'tis 8 , ) -tis-ing.] 1. To cut or make a mor¬ 
tise in. 2. To join by a tenon and mortise. 
II. n. A space hollowed out, as in a timber, 
to receive a tenon or the like. [ < F. mortaise, 
mortise.] mor't!ce|. 

mort'main", 1 mert'men"; 2 mort'man", n. Law. 
The condition of lands or tenements held inalien¬ 
ably, as by an ecclesiastical corporation. [ < L. OF 
mortua manus, dead hand.] 
mor'tu-a-ry, 1 mer'dhu-e-ri; 2 mor'chu-a-ry, 
a. Pertaining to the burial of the dead; also, 
relating to or reminiscent of the dead. [ < L. 
morluarius, belonging to the dead.] 
mo-sa'ic 1 , 1 mo-ze'ik; 2 mo-§a'ic. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to inlaid work. II. n. Inlaid work 
composed of bits of stone, glass, etc., forming 
a pattern or picture. [ < Gr. LL mouseios, < 
mousa, muse.] 

Mos'cow, 1 mes'ko; 2 mds'eo, n. 1. A government 
in central European Russia; 12,847 sq, m.; pop. 
3,662,900. 2. Its capital, and ancient capital of 
Russia; pop. 1,817,100; burned on its capture by 
Napoleon, Sept. 14, 1812. 

Mo-selle', 1 mo-zel'; 2 mo-§gl', n. 1. A river in N. 
E. France; flows 320 m. to the Rhine at Coblenz. 

2. A former department of France, partly ceded to 
Germany in 1870; returned to France by Treaty 
of Versailles, 1919. 3. A wine from this vicinity. 

Mo'ses, 1 mo'zez; 2 mo'§6§, n. A Hebrew lawgiver 


and seer; led the Israelites out -of Egypt. Ex. 
ii.—Mo-sa'ic 2 , a. Of or pertaining to Moses or 
his writings. 

Mos'lein, 1 mez'lem; 2 mog'ISm, a. & n. Mo¬ 
hammedan. [Ult. < Ar. muslim, < salama, 
submit.] 

mosque, 1 mesk; 2 mosk, n. A Mohammedan 
temple of worship. [ < Ar. 8P+F masjid, < 
sajada, pray.] 

mos-qui'to, 1 mas-ki'to; 2 mos-ki'to, n. [-toes, 

pl.] A two*winged insect 
having (in the female) a 
long proboscis, capable of 
puncturing the skin and 
extracting blood. [Sp. 
dim. of mosca, fly.] 
moss’, 1 mos; 2 mos,?!. To 
cover with moss, 
moss', n. A delicate cryp- 
togamous plant which 
grows on the ground, on 
rocks, etc. [Cp. AS. meos, 
moss.] — mossMroop"er, 
n. One of the marauders Mosquito. s /i 
who infested the mossy i. Adult of Cuicx mos* 
marshes between England guito. 2. Larva, a «wig- 
and Scotland prior to their r lf,r ” 3 - Mouth-parta of 
union; hence, a bandit or the female mo8< i u,to - 
undisciplined soldier.—moss'y, a. Overgrown 
with, abounding in, or like moss.—mos'sl- 
ness, n. 

moss 2 , n. A bog; peat*bog. [< AS. mos.] 
most, 1 most; 2 most. I. a. Consisting of the 
greatest number, amount, orquantity. Il.adr. 
1. In the highest degree. 2. Mostly. [<AS. 
mwst, most.]— most'ly, adv. For the most part, 
-most, suffix. Added to adverbs and prepositions 
to form their superlatives, as outmost, inmost. 
[< AS. -mest, a superlative form.] 
mote, n. A minute particle. [ < AS. mot, atom.] 
moth, 1 moth; 2 moth, n. A nocturnal lepidop- 
terous insect resembling a butterfly; specifi¬ 
cally, one whose larvae destroy woolen fabrics 
or furs, as the clothes»moth. [< AS. 
moththe, moth.]— moth'seat"en, a. Eaten by 
moths; hence, used up or worn out. moth'yj. 
moth'er 1 , 1 muth'ar; 2 moth'er, vt. 1. To act 
as a mother toward. 2. To bring forth. 
moth'er 2 , vi. To become mothery, as vinegar, 
moth'er, a. 1. Native; vernacular. 2. Hold¬ 
ing a maternal relation. 

moth'er 1 , n. 1. A female parent. 2. That 
which has given birth to anything. 3. An 
abbess; an elderly woman. [< AS. modor, 
mother.]— moth 'er-hood, n. The state of being 
a mother.— moth'erdndaw", n. The mother 
of one’s spouse. — m.=of=pearl, n. The hard, 
iridescent internal layer of certain shells, as the 
pearUoysters. — moth'er-less, a. Having no 
mother. — motli'er-ly, a. Resembling or per¬ 
taining to a mother. 

mot h 'er 2 , n. 1. A stringy substance that forms 
in fermenting vinegar. 2. Dregs; lees. [< 
MD. modder, mud.]— moth'er-y,a. 
mo"tif\ 1 mo"tif'; 2 mO'tif', n. The leading fea¬ 
ture in literary or artistic work, esp. music. [F.] 
mo'tile, 1 mo'til; 2 mo'til, n. 1. Having the 
power of spontaneous motion, as certain 
molecules. 2. Causing motion. [ < L. motus, 
pp. of moveo, move.]— mo-til 'i-ty ,». The power 
of motion. 

mo'tion, 1 mo'^han; 2 mo'shon. I. vt. & vi. 
To make a gesture; guide by gesture. II. n. 

1. Change of position; a movement; gesture. 

2. A combination of parts in a mechanism, to 



1 : artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, bum; 
8 ; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n* 








395 


Morse 

mow 


produce a particular result. 3. A formal 
proposition. [F., < L. motio(n~), motion.] — 
mo'tlon*pic"ture, re. A moving picture. See 
move, v.— mo'tion-less, a. 
mo'tive, ) 1 mo'tiv; 2 mo'tiv. I. a. Having 
mo'tiv 8 , ( power to move; causing motion. II. 
to . 1 . That which incites to motion or action. 
2. A predominant idea; design. [< LL. 
molivus, causing to move.l 
mot'ley, 1 met'li; 2 mot'ly, a. 1. Variegated 
in color. 2. Composed of heterogeneous ele¬ 
ments. [< OF. mattele, clotted.] 

Mot'ley, 1 met'h; 2 mot'ly, John Lothrop (1814- 
1877). An American historian, 
mo'tor, 1 mo'tar; 2 mo'tor, v. I. t. To con¬ 
vey in an automobile. II. i. To travel or 
drive in an automobile.—mo'tor-ing, to. 
The act of riding or driving in an automobile. — 
mo'tor-ist, re. One who motors, 
mo'tor, re. 1. One who or that which produces 
motion, as a machine, nerve, etc. 2. An au¬ 
tomobile or motor-car. [LL., one who 
moves.]— mo'torsboat", =bus, *car, scycle, re. 
A boat, omnibus, car, or bicycle propelled by 
motor. —m.!inan,n. One who operates a motor, 
as on an electric car. 

mot'tie, ) 1 mot'l; 2 mot'l, vt. [mot'tled, 
mot'l p , f motld p ; mot'tling.] To mark with 
spots of different colors or shades; blotch. 

[< MOTLEY.] 

mot'to,lmet'o; 2mot'o,re. An expressive word 
or pithy sentence enunciating some guiding 
principle, rule of conduct, or the like. [It.] 
mould, moult, etc. See mold, etc. 
mound, 1 maund; 2 mound, n. A heap <pr pile 
of earth, either natural or artificial; hillock. 
[< AS. mund, hand, protection.] — mound'* 
build"crs, re. pi. The race that built the Indian 
mounds in that part of the United States east 
of the Mississippi, probably ancestors of the 
existing red Indians. 

mount 11 , I mount; 2 mount, v. I. t. 1. To as¬ 
cend. 2. To attach to something, as for exhibi¬ 
tion; hence, to equip. 3. To set on horseback. 
4. To lift; exalt. II. i. 1. To ascend. 2. To 
get on horseback. 3. To amount. [ <L. LL+F 
mon(.t-)s, mountain.]—mount'ing, n. 1. The 
act of mounting; elevation. 2. A mount, as of a 
picture. 3. The act of preparing for use, etc. 
mount 1 , n. An elevation of the earth’s surface; 

a mountain. [< L. aS mon(t-)s, mountain.] 
mount 2 , to. 1. That upon or by which any¬ 
thing is mounted. 2. A saddle-horse, 
moun'tain, 1 maun'tm; 2 moun'tin, to. 1. A 
lofty, rocky elevation, high above the sur¬ 
rounding country. 2. Something of great 
magnitude. [ < L. OF montana, neut. pi. of 
montanus, mountainous.]—moun"tain-ecr', to. 
1. An inhabitant of a mountainous district. 2. 
One who climbs mountains.—moun 'tain-ous, a. 

1. Full of or abounding in mountains. 2. Huge, 
moun'te-bank, 1 maun'ti-bapk; 2 moun'te- 

bank, to . 1 . A vender of quack medicines, as 
at country fairs. 2. Any charlatan. [ < It. 
montambanco .] 

Mount Ver'non, 1 vur'nan;2 ver'non. The home¬ 
stead and burial-place of George Washington; 15 
m. from Washington, D. C., on the Potomac, 
mourn, 1 morn; 2 morn, v. I. t. 1. To grieve 
or sorrow for. 2. To utter in a lamenting 
manner. II. i. 1. To express grief or sorrow. 

2. To wear mourning. [ < AS. murnan, 
mourn.]—mourn'er, to. One who mourns; one 



who attends a funeral.—mourn'ful, a. 1. In¬ 
dicating or expressing grief. 2. Oppressed with 
grief. 3. Exciting sorrow, -ly, adv. -ness, to.— 
mourn'ing, to. 1. The act of expressing grief. 
2. The outward manifestation of grief, as in 
somber dresi. 

mouse,) 1 mauz; 2 mou§, vt. & vi. [moused; 

mouz p , ) mous'ing.] 1. To hunt for by sly and 
patient search; prowl about. 2. To catch 
' mice.—mous'er, to. 

mouse, 1 maus; 2 mous, to. [mice, pi.] A small 
rodent; espe¬ 
cially, the com¬ 
mon house® 
mouse. [< AS. 

7TOMS.] 

mous-tache', to. 

See MUSTACHE. 

mouth, 1 mauth; 

2 mouth, vt. & 
vi. 1. To use 
the mouth up¬ 
on. 2. To enun¬ 
ciate in an un¬ 
natural man¬ 
ner; rant. 3. 

To grimace, as 
for insult. — 
mouth'er, to. 

mouth, 1 mauth; 

2 mouth, to. 1. 

The orifice at 
which food is 
taken into the 
body; also, any 
opening or 

orifice resem- TT . ,, 

bling or likened Harvest-mouse. Vs 

to this. 2. A wry face. [ < AS. muth, mouth.] 
—mouth'ful, to. 1. The amount taken into the 
mouth at one time. 2. A small quantity.— 
mouth'*or"gan, to. A reed-instrument played 
by the breath.—mouth'piece", to. 1. That part 
of any instrument, tool, etc., that is applied to 
the mouth. 2. One who speaks for others. 

move, 1 muv; 2 mov, v. [moved; moy'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To cause to change place or posture. 2. 
To incite to an action. 3. To stir the feelings 
of. 4. To offer for consideration, as in a de¬ 
liberative body. II. i. 1. To change place; 
change one’s residence; pass; go. 2. To take 
action. 3. To make progress. [ < L. OF moveo, 
move.]—mov'a-bl(e p . I. a. Capable of being 
moved. II. to. Anything that can be moved; in 
the plural, movable goods; chattels.—mov'a- 
bly, adv. —mov'er, to.— moving picture, the 
rapidly changing series of pictures thrown on a 
screen by a kinetoscope. mo'tion*pic"tureJ. 

move, to. 1. The act of moving; movement. 

2. An act in the carrying out of a plan. 3. In 
games, the changing of the place of a piece.— 
move'ment, to . 1 . Any change of place or posi¬ 
tion. 2. One of a series of motions, actions, etc. 

3. Mech. A particular arrangement of related 
parts accomplishing motion. 4. Mus. Natural 
pace or speed of a composition. 

mow 1 , 1 mo; 2 mo, vt. & vi. [mowed; mown; 
mow'ing.] To cut down, as grass; cut off or 
down in general; cut grass from. [< AS. 
mawan, mow.]—mow'er, to. One who mows; a 
mowing-machine.—mow'ing=ma-chine", to. A 
two-wheeled vehicle with a revolving axle that 
actuates a series of moving knives for cutting 
standing grass, forage, etc. See illus. on next page. 


1: a = final; i = hablt£ aisle; au = out; ©il; IQ = feud; <fhin; go; o = Bing; fhin, this. 
2 : wolf, dfi; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 












mow 

muse 


396 


To store or place in a 
To make 


mow 2 , 1 mau; 2 mow, vt. 
mow, as hay. 

mow 3 , 1 mo or mau; 2 m5 or mow, vi. 
faces; mock. 

mow 1 , 1 mau; 2 mow, n. 

Hay or grain stored in 
a barn; also, the place 
of storage. 

mow 2 , 1 mo; 2 mo, n 
grimace. [ < 

MD. F mouwe, 
a pout.] 

M o " /. a m - 
bique', 1 mo"- 
zam-bik'; 2 
mo " zam - bik', Mowing-Machine. 

71. 1. A prOV- c > crank*wkeel for driving the knife; f, 

iiipp in N" Por- finger-liar; t, internal gear; lifting-lever; 
tuSiese East 'eading.wheel; f, track-cearer. 

Africa; 295,000 sq. m.; pop. 3,120,000. 2. Its 

capital, a seaport city; pop. 363,000.— Mozam¬ 
bique channel, a channel separating Mada¬ 
gascar from the E. coast of Africa; breadth 250 



to 550 m. 

Mo"zart', 1 mo"zart'; 2 mo"zart', Wolfgang 
Amadeus (1756-1791). An Austrian composer. 
M. P., abbr. Member of Parliament, Methodist 
Protestant, Metropolitan Police, Municipal Po¬ 
lice.— M. P. C., abbr. Member of Parliament in 
Canada.—m. p. h., abbr. Miles per hour.— 
M. It., abbr. Master of the Rolls.— Mr., abbr. 
Mister (master).— Mrs., abbr. Missis (Mistress). 
— m. s., abbr. Months [after] sight. — MS., 
abbr. [MSS., pi.] Manuscript.— m. s. 1., abbr. 
Mean sea-level.— Mt., abbr. [Mts., pi.] Mount, 
mountain.—mth., abbr. Month, 
much, 1 mudh; 2 much. I. a. Great in quan¬ 
tity or amount. II. n. 1. A considerable 
quantity. A remarkable or important 
thing. III. adv. 1. In a great degree. 2. For 
the most part. [ < AS. micel , much.] 
mu'ci-lage, 1 miu'si-hj; 2 mu'ci-lag, n. An ad¬ 
hesive solution of vegetable gum in water. [F., 
< E .muceo, be moldy.]— mu"ci-Iag 'i-nous, a. 
muck, 1 muk; 2 muk, n. 1. Moist manure 
containing decomposed vegetable matter. 2. 
A nasty mess. [ < Ice. myki, dung.]— muck'* 
rak"er, n. One who exposes real or apparent 
dishonesty, immorality, or the like; also, one who 
spreads scandal.— muck'srak"ing, a. & n. — 
rnuck'y, a. 

mu'cous, 1 miu'kus; 2 mu'cus, a. Secreting 
mucus; pertaining to or resembling mucus, 
mu'cus, n. 1. A viscid animal substance. 2. 

A gummy substance in plants. [L.] 
mud, 1 mud; 2 mud, n. Wet and sticky earth; 
mire. [< MLG. mudde, mud.]—mud'dy. 
I. vt. [mud'died; mud'dy-ing.] 1. To make tur¬ 
bid or dirty. 2. To confuse; muddle. II. a. 
[mud'di-er; mud'di-est.] 1. Bespattered with 
mud; turbid; mentally confused. 2. Consisting 
of mud.—mud'di-ly, adv. —mud'di-ness, n. 


mud 'die, ) 1 mud'l; 2 mud'l. I. vt. & vi. [mud'- 
mud'I p , )dled; mud'dling.] 1. To make 
turbid. 2. To confuse, or be confused. 3. 
To waste. 4. To mix. II. n. A muddy or 
confused condition. [ < mud.] — mud'dler, n. 
mu-ez'zln, 1 miu-ez'm; 2 mQ-6z'in, n. In Mo¬ 
hammedan countries, a public crier who calls the 
faithful to prayer. [Ar.] niou-ez'zint ; mu- 
ed'dinf. [act) clumsily; blunder, 

muff', 1 muf; 2 miif, vt. & vi. To perform (some 
■ muff 1 , n. A sleeve-like covering, open at both 
ends, into which the hands are thrust to keep 
them warm. [ < D. mo/.] 


muff 2 , n. 1. A bungling action; in ball-playing, 
a failure to catch the ball. 2. A bungler, 
muf'fiu, 1 muf'in; 2 muf'in, n. A light spongy 
cake eaten hot with butter. [ < muff 1 , n.] 
muf'fle, (1 muf'l; 2 muf'l. I. vt. [muf'fled, 
muf'l p , ) muf'ld; muf'fling.] To wrap up so 
as to conceal or to deaden sound. II. n. 1. 
Something used for muffling. 2. A clay oven. 
[< MI). moJTel, kind of mitten.]—muf'fler, n. 
1. Anything used for wrapping up or muffling. 2. 
I n automobiles, a chamber or series of chambers to 
minimize noise and prevent dust, sl'lenc-erf. 
muf'tl, 1 muf'ti; 2 muf'ti, n. 1. A Mohammedan 
priest or expounder of the law. 2. [Colloq. Brit.] 
Citizens’ dress worn by a military or naval offi¬ 
cer. [Ar.] [handle and no lip. 

mug, 1 mug; 2 mug, n. A drinking-cup with a 
niug'gy, 1 mug'i; 2 mug'y, a. [mug'gi-er; 
mug'gi-est] Warm, moist, and close. [< 
Ice. mugga, fog.] 

Muk-den', 1 milk-den'; 2 muk-d^n', n. A city in 
S. Manchuria; pop. 158,132; Japanese defeated 
Russians, Feb. 20-March 15,1905. Mouk-den'J. 
mu-lat'to, 1 miu-lat'o; 2 mu-l&t'o, n. One 


[< Sp. 


n. 



Black Mulberry. 

!, the fruit; b, a lobed leaf. 


born of white and negro parentage. 
mulato, = muleto, dim. of mulo. mule.] 
mul'ber"ry, 1 mul'ber"i; 2 mul'b£r"y, 
[-ries z , p(.] A tree whose 
leaves are valued for silk¬ 
worm culture; also, its 
berry ■•like fruit. [< 

AS. mul-, < Gr. L moron, 
mulberry, + berry, n .j 
mulch, 1 mulch; 2 
mulch. I 1 , vt. To 
cover with mulch. 

II. n. Any loose! 
material, as straw, 
placed about the 
stalks of plants to 
protect their roots. 

[Cp. AS. molsnian, molder.] 
mulct, 1 mulkt; 2 mulct. I d . vt. To fine; also, 
to fine unjustly. II; n. •' A fine, or similar 
penalty. [ < L. mulcta; of Sabine orig.] 
mule, 1 miul; 2 mul, n. 1. The offspring of a 
jackass and a mare. 2. Any hybrid or cross. 
3. A spinning-machine. [F., < L. mulus, 
mule.]— mu"Ie-teer',». A mule-driver.— niul'- 
ish, a. Resembling a mule; stubborn, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. [wine, 

mull, 1 mul; 2 mQl, vt. To heat and spice, as 
mull, n. A thin, soft, cotton dress-goods, 
mul'len, 1 mul'en; 2 miil'gn, n. A tall, stout, 
woolly weed of the figwort family. [ < AS. 
molegn, mullen.] mul'leinf. 
mul'let, 1 mul'et; 2 mul'^t, n. A food-fish, 
usually greenish or copper-colored, with sil¬ 
very sides. 

mul"ii-ga-taw'ny, 1 mulT-ga-te'm; 2 mQri-ga- 
ta'ny, n. A strongly flavored soup of meat and 
curry. [< Tamil milagv*lannlr, pepper-water.] 
mul'lion, 1 mul'yan; 2 mul'yon, n. Arch. A 
division-piece between window-lights or pan¬ 
els. [ < F. moiynon, stump.] 
mul'ti-, 1 mul'ti-; 2 miil'ti-. A combining 
form. [< L. multus, many.]—mul"ti-cel'- 
lu-lar, a. Many-celled. —miul"ti-fa'rl-ous, a. 
Having great diversity or variety.— mul'tl- 
form, a. Having many forms, shapes, or appear¬ 
ances. — mul'tl-form"l-ty, n.— mul"ti-inll"- 
lion-aire', n. One who is worth many millions. 
— mul'ti-ped. I. a. Having many feet. II. n. 
A many-footed animal. —mul'ti-plex, a. 1. 


1 : artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police] obey, go; not, 6 r;_ full, rGle; but, burn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, j}ll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w 6 n. 









397 


mow 

muse 


Made up of many parts; manifold. 2. Designat¬ 
ing a system of telegraphy or telephony in which 
a plurality of messages may be sent at once over 
the one wire. 

mul'ti-ply, 1 mul'ti-plai; 2 mtil'ti-ply, v. 
[-plied; -ply"ing.] I. t. 1. Math. To per¬ 
form the operation of multiplication upon. 
2. To make more numerous. II. i. 1. To be¬ 
come greater in number, etc. 2. Math. To 
be engaged in multiplication.— mul'ti-pl(e p . 
I. a. Containing or consisting of more than one; 
manifold. II. n. Math. A resultant of multi¬ 
plying a quantity by whole numbers.— mul'ti- 
pli"a-bl(e p , a. That may be multiplied, mul'- 
ti-pli-ca-bl(e p t.—mul'ti-pli-cand", n. Math. 
A number multiplied, or to be multiplied, by 
another. — mul'ti-pli-cate, a. Consisting of 
many or more than one.— mul"ti-pli-ca'tion, 
n. 1. The process of multiplying. 2. Arith. The 
process of finding the sum of a number repeated 
as many times as there are units in another num¬ 
ber.— mul'ti-pll-ca"tiv(e s , a .— mul"t!-plic'i- 
ty, n. The condition of being manifold or vari¬ 
ous.— mul'ti-pli"er, n. One who or that which 
multiplies or increases in quantity; the number 
by which another number is multiplied.—inul"- 
tl-po'lar, a. Having three or more poles, 
mul'ti-tude, 1 mul'ti-tiud; 2 mul'ti-tud, n. 1. 
The state of being many or numerous. 2. A 
large gathering; concourse. 3. A large num¬ 
ber of things.— mul"ti-tu'di-nous, a. Con¬ 
sisting of a vast number, -ness, n. 
mum, 1 mum; 2 mum. I. a. Saying nothing; 
silent. II. n. Silence. III. interj. Be silent! 
hush! [Imitative.] 

mum'ble, ) 1 mum'bl; 2 mum'bl, v. [mum'- 
mum'bl p , J bl(e)d p ; mum'bling.] I. t. 1. To 
utter in low, indistinct tones; mutter. 2. To 
chew slowly II. i. 1. To mutter. 2. To eat 
with lips partly closed. [Freq. of mum, be 
silent (imitative).]— mum 'bier, n. 
mum'mer, 1 murn'ar; 2 mum'er, n. One who 
makes sport in a mask.— mum'mer-y, n. 
[-ies z , pi.) 1. A masked performance. 2. Hypo- 
, critical parade of ritual. [< OF. mommerie, < 
momer, mask.] 

mum'my, 1 mum'i; 2 mum'y, n. [mum'mies z , 
pi.] Archeol. A body embalmed in the ancient 
Egyptian manner. [ < Ar. OF mumiya, < 
mum, wax used in embalming.] [lant. 

mump'isli, a. Sullen; sulky; morose; petu- 
mumps, 1 mumps; 2 mumps, n. pi. An epi¬ 
demic inflammation and swelling of the paro¬ 
tid glands. 

munch 1 , 1 munfih; 2 munch, vt. & vi. To chew 
noisily and with deliberation. [ < F. manger, 
eat.] 

Miinch'hau-sen, 1 miinH'hau-zen; 2 miinH'hou- 
§6n, Baron (1720-1797). A Hanoverian noble¬ 
man, whose extravagant stories of adventure 
formed the basis of the Tales of Munchausen, 
collected by Rudolph Eric Raspe. 
mun'dane, 1 mun'den; 2 mun'dan, a. Per¬ 
taining to the world; worldly. [ < L. F mun- 
dus, world.] 

Mu'nich, 1 miu'mk; 2 mu'nie, n. A university 
city, capital of Bavaria; pop. 630,710. Miin'- 
chenf [G.]. „ y .. . 

mu-nic'i-pal, 1 miu-msi-pal; 2 mu-ms l-pal, 
a. 1. Pertaining to a town or city or its local 
government. 2. Pertaining to the internal 
government of a state or nation. [F., < L. 
municipals, < munus, duty, + capio, take.]— 
mu-nic"i-pal 'i-ty, n. [-ties*, pi.] An incor¬ 
porated borough, town, or city. 


mu-nif'i-cent, 1 miu-nif'i-sent; 2 mu-nif'i- 
Sent, o. Extraordinarily generous or bounti¬ 
ful. [ < L. munus, gift, -f- facio, make.] -ly, 
adv. —mu-nif'i-cence, n. Extraordinary lib¬ 
erality ; bountifulness. 

mu'ni-ment, 1 miu'm-ment or -mant; 2 mu'ni- 
ment, n. 1. That which supports or defends, 
as a deed. 2. Anything specially guarded. 
[OF., < L. munio, fortify.] 
mu-ni'tion, 1 miu-nlsh'an; 2 mu-msh'on, n. 
Ammunition and all necessary war=material. 
[F., < L. munitiotgi-), < munio, fortify.] 
Mun'ster, 1 mun'star; 2 mfin'ster, n. A province 
in S. Ireland; 9,481 sq. m.; pop. 1,035,495. 
mu'ral, 1 miu'ral; 2 mu'ral, a. 1. Pertaining 
to or supported by a w r all. 2. Resembling a 
wall. [F., < L. muralis, < murus, wall.] 
Mu"rat', 1 mu"ra'; 2 mii"ra', Joachim (1771- 
1815). French marshal; king of Naples fr. 1808. 
mur'der, 1 mur'dar; 2 mur'der. I. vt. 1. To 
kill (a human being) with premeditated mal¬ 
ice. 2. To put to death in a barbarous man¬ 
ner. 3. To spoil; mar; destroy. II. n. The 
wrongful and intentional killing of one human 
being by another. [ < AS. morthor, < morth, 
death.] — mur'der-er, n. One who commits 
murder.—mur'der-ess, n. fern .—mur'der-ous, 
a. 1. Pertaining to murder; destructive. 2. 
Given to murder. 3. Characterized by murder. 
mu"ri-at'ic, 1 miu"ri-at'ik; 2 mu"ri-at'ic, a. 

Pertaining to chlorin, as muriatic acid. 
Mu-ril'lo, 1 miu-ril'o or ( Sp .) mu-rll'yo; 2 mu-ril'o 
or (• Sp.) mu-ril'yo, Bartolome Esteban (1618- 
1682). A Spanish painter, 
murk'y, 1 murk'i; 2 mfirk'y, a. [muhk'i-er; 
murk'i-est.] Darkened, thickened, or ob¬ 
scured; hazy; obscure.—murk'i-ly, adv. — 
murk'l-ness, n. 

Mur'man, 1 mur'man; 2 mur'man, n. A region 
of N. E. Lapland, Russia, on the Arctic Ocean, 
mur'mur, 1 mur'mur; 2 mfir'mur, v. I. t. To 
utter in a low, half=articulate tone. II. i. 1. 
To speak complainingly in an undertone; mut¬ 
ter; mumble. 2. To make a murmur. [ < 
L. murmuro , < murmur, murmur (imitative).] 
mur'mur, n. 1. A complaint uttered in a 
half*articulate voice. 2. A low sound con¬ 
tinually repeated.— mur 'mur-er, n.— mur '- 
mur-ous, a. Giving forth murmurs; murmuring. 
—mur'mur-ing, pa. -ly, adv. 
mur'rain, 1 mur'in; 2 mur'in, n. A malignant 
epizootic contagious fever affecting domestic 
animals; any plague. [< OF. marine, < L. 
morior, die.] 

Mur'ray, 1 mur'i; 2 mur'y, n. The chief river of 
Australia; length, 1,700 m. to Indian ocean. 
Mus., abbr. Museum, music, musical. 
mus'cl(e p , 1 mus'l; 2 mus'l, n. Anat. 1. An 
organ composed of contractile fibers, by the 
action of which bodily movement is effected. 
2. The tissue of the muscular organs. 3. 
Muscular strength. [F., < L. musculus, mus¬ 
cle.]—mus'cu-Iar, a. 1. Pertaining to muscles. 
2. Possessing strong muscles; powerful.—mus"- 
cu-lar'i-ty, n. 

Mus 'co-vite, 1 mus'ko-vait; 2 mus'co-vlt. I. 
a. Belonging to Muscovy or Moscow; hence, 
Russian. II. n. An inhabitant of Russia, 
inuse, 1 miuz; 2 mu§, v. [mused; mus'ing.] I. 
t. To meditate upon; ponder. II. i. 1. To 
cogitate. 2. To indulge in reverie. [ < OF. 
muser, perhaps lit. ‘sniff about,’ < muse, muz¬ 
zle.] — muse, n. Contemplative thought.— 
mus'ing-ly, a. Thoughtfully. 


1* d = final; 1 = habit; aisle-, au = out; ell; IQ = feud; tfhin; go; o = Bing ; thin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, &em; ijik; thin, this. 









Muse 

Naiad 


398 


Muse, n. 1. [M- or m-] The inspiring power of 
poetry. 2. Class. Myth. One of the nine 
goddesses presiding over poetry, art, and 
science. [F., < Gr. L Mousa, Muse.] 
mu-se'um, 1 iniu-zi'um; 2 mu-ge'um, n. A 
place devoted to works of nature, art, curios¬ 
ities, etc.; also, the collection itself. [L., < Gr. 
mouseion, temple of the Muses, < Mousa, Muse.] 
mush, 1 mu^h; 2 mush, n. 1 . [U. S.] Thick 
porridge, made by boiling meal or flour in 
water or milk. 2. Anything soft and pulpy. 
[Prob. mash, n.] — rnusb'y, a. Soft; easily 
moved; effeminate. 


mush'room, 1 mu^h'rum; 2 mush'room. I. a. 
1. Pertaining to or made of mushrooms. 2. 
Sudden in growth and rapid in decay. II. n. 
Bot. A large, rapidly growing fungus, con¬ 
sisting of an erect stalk and a capdike expan¬ 
sion : certain poisonous varieties are called! oad- 
stools, but the distinction is not scientifically 
correct. [ < OF. mouschron, < mousse, moss.] 
mu'sic, 1 miu'zik; 2 mu'gic, n. 1. The art of 
rhythmic combination of tones. 2. A compo¬ 
sition executed according to musical rule. 
3. Any pleasing succession of sounds. [ < Gr. F 
mousike, Muses’ art.]—mu'si-cal, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to music. 2. Capable of producing music. 
3. Melodious, -ly, adv. —inu"si-cale', n. [F.] 
An informal concert or private recital, niu'si- 
calt.—mu-si'cian, n. One skilled in music, 
musk, 1 musk; 2 musk, n. 1. A soft, reddish* 
browm powdery substance of a penetrating 
odor, obtained from the male musk-deer. 2. 
The odor of musk. [ < F. muse, musk.]— 
musk'sdeer", n. A small deer of central and 
eastern Asia, having (in the males) a musk*se- 
creting gland.—musk'meI"on, n. The juicy, 
edible, gourd*like fruit of a trailing herb; canta¬ 
loup.—niusk'=ox", n. An American arctic ru¬ 
minant combining the characteristics of the sheep 
and ox and exhaling a strong odor of musk.— 
musk'rat", n. A North=American aquatic ro¬ 
dent, yielding a valu¬ 
able fur and secreting 
a substance with a 
musky odor. — 
musk'y, a. Like 
musk; smelling of 
musk. 

mus'ket, 1 mus'ket; 

2 mus'kgt, n. A 
former smooth=bore 
military hand*gun. 

[ < OF. mousQuet, 
gun, hawk, < It. moschetto, lit. hawk,’ < L. 
musca, fly.]—mus"ket-eer', n. A soldier armed 
with a musket; hence, a foot*soldier.—mus'ket- 
ry, n. 1. Muskets collectively. 2. The science of 
firing small arms. 



American Muskrat 


mus'lin, 1 muz'hn; 2 mu.s'lin, n. 1. A fine 
cotton fabric for dress*goods. 2. A plain light 
cotton cloth. ( < F. mousseline, ult. < Syriac 
Mosul, Mosul (city in Mesopotamia).] 
mus-qul'to, 1 mus-kl'to; 2 mus-ki'to, n. Same 
as MOSQUITO. 

muss, 1 mos; 2 mus. [Colloq., U. S.] I*, vt. To 

disarrange; mess. II. n. A mess; disturbance, 
mus'sel, 1 mus'l; 2 mus'l, n. A small bivalve 
mollusk. [< L. Aa musculus, a small fish, mus¬ 
cle.] 

Mus'sul-man, 1 mus'ul-man; 2 mus'ul-man. 

I. a. Belonging or relating to the Moslems. 

II. n. [-mans, pi.) A Moslem. [< Turk. 
musulman, ult. < Ar. muslim, Moslem.] 


must 1 , 1 must; 2 must, vi. [Auxiliary.] 1 . To 
be necessitated or obliged. 2. To be neces¬ 
sary. [ < AS. moste, pret. of motan, may.] 
musH vt. & vi. To make or become musty. 
must 1 , n. Mustiness; mold. 
must 2 , n. 1 . The expressed unfermented juice 
of the grape. 2. Unfermented potato*pulp. 

[ < L.as mustum, neut. s. of mustus, new.] 
mus-tache', 1 mus-ta^h'; 2 mus-tagh', n. The 
growth of hair upon the upper lip of men. 
[< Gr. IT+F mystax. < maslax, mouth.] 
mus'tang, 1 mus'taq; 2 mus'tang, n. The 
half*wild horse of the American plains. [ < 
Sp. mesteho, wild.] 

mus'tard, 1 mus'tord; 2 mus'tard, n. 1 . 
Either of two species of the mustard family 
(white or black), both annual herbs with yel¬ 
low flowers and pods of roundish seeds. 2. 
The pungent seed of the mustard. [ < L. OF 
mustum; see must 2 , n.] 

mus'ter, 1 mus'tar; 2 mus'ter. I. vt. & vi. To 
summon and gather together; be assembled. II. 
n. 1. An assemblage, especially of troops for 
parade or review. 2. A muster-roll. [< OF. 
moslrer, < L. monstro, show, < moneo, admon¬ 
ish.]— inus'ter:roll", n. A return of all troops 
at a muster; hence, any similar return.— to pass 
muster, to be acceptable or accepted, 
must'y, 1 must'i; 2 must'y, a. [must'i-er; 
must'i-est.] 1. Having a moldy odor; ill* 
flavored; stale. 2. Without life or flavor. [ < 
moist.]— must 'i-ness,n. 
mu 'ta-bl(e p , 1 miu'ta-bl; 2 mu'ta-bl, a. Capa¬ 
ble of changing; liable to change; fickle; un¬ 
stable. [ < L. mutabilis, < muto, change.]— 
mu'ta-bl(e-ness p , mu"ta-bil'i-ty, n.— mu- 
ta'tion, n. 1. The act of changing. 2. Modifica¬ 
tion; change. 

mute, 1 miut; 2 mut. I. a. Uttering no 
sound; silent; dumb. II. n. I. One who is 
silent; a person who refuses or is unable to 
speak. 2. A sound formed by the narrowing 
or stopping of the oral passage. 3. A letter 
(as b in dumb) that is not sounded. [ < L. F 
mutus, apparently < mu, sound made with closed 
lips.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
rnu'ti-late, 1 miu'ti-let; 2 mu'ti-lat, vt. [-lat"~ 
ed j ; -lat"ing.] To deprive of a limb or essen¬ 
tial part; maim; disfigure. [< L. mutilatus, 
pp. of mutilo, maim.]—mu"tl-la'tlon, n. The 
act of mutilating; a mutilated condition.—inu'- 
tl-la"lor, n. 

mu'ti-ny, 1 miu'ti-m; 2 mu'ti-ny. I. vi. 

* [-nied;-NY- iNG.] To rise against constituted 
authority, as in the army or navy. II. n. 
[-nies z , pi.) Rebellion against constituted 
authority. [ < F. mutin, mutineer, < meute, 
sedition.]—mu"ti-neer'. I. vi. To engage in 
mutiny. II. n. One who takes part in mutiny.— 
mu'ti-nous, a. Disposed to mutiny; seditious, 
-ly, adv. 

mut'ter, 1 mut'ar; 2 mut'er. I. vt. & vi. 1. To 
utter with imperfect articulation, or in low, 
sullen tones. 2. To murmur. II. n. An im¬ 
perfect utterance; murmur. [ME. muteren 
(imitative).J—mut'ter-er, n. 
mut'ton, 1 mut'n; 2 mut'n, n. The flesh of sheep 
as food. [ < F. mouton, sheep.] — mut'ton: 
chop". I. a. Shaped like a mutton*chop: said 
of whiskers. II. n. A piece of mutton from the 
rib, for broiling or frying, 
mu'tu-al, 1 miu'dhu-ol; 2 mu'chq-al, a. 1. 
Pertaining reciprocally to both of two; recip¬ 
rocally related. 2. Joint; common. [< L. F 


1 : artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or. wdn. 











399 


Muse 

Naiad 


mutuus, < muto, change.]—mu"tu-al 'i-ty, ra. 
The state of being mutual. — mu'tu-al-ly, 
adv. 

mu'tuie, 1 miu'tiul; 2 mu'tul, n. Arch. One of 
a series of impending blocks under a Doric 
corona. See Doric. [ < L. mutulus, mutule.] 
mu-zhik', 1 mu-gik'; 2 mu-zhlk', n. A Russian 
peasant. t< Rus. muzhiku.] mou-jik'J. 
muz'zle, ) 1 muz'l; 2 muz'l. I. vt '. [muz'zled, 
inuz'l p , ) muz'ld p ; muz'zling.] 1. To fasten 
the mouth of to prevent eating or biting. 2. 
To silence. II. n. 1. The snout of an animal. 
2. A guard for an animal’s snout. 3. The front 
end of a firearm. [ < L. OF morsus, a bite.] 
m. v., abbr. Mus. [It.] Mczza voce (with half the 
power of the voice).— M. W., abbr. Most Wor¬ 
shipful, Most Worthy. 

my, 1 mai; 2 my, pron. Belonging to me: the 
possessive case of the pronoun I in the singu¬ 
lar. [ < AS. min, of me, < me, me.] 
My-ce'nae, 1 mai-sl'nl; 2 my-ce'ne, n. An an¬ 
cient city of Greece: destroyed 468 B. C. Its 
ruins were excavated 1876-1877.—My"ce- 
nae'an, a. 

my-col'o-gy, 1 mai-kel'o-ji; 2 my-col'o-gy, n. 
The science of fungi. [ < Gr. my/ces, fungus, 
+ -OLOGY.] 

my-o'pi-a, 1 mai-o'pi-a; 2 my-o'pi-a, n. Near* 
sightedness, my'o-pyj.—my-op'ic, a. 
myr'i-a-, 1 mir'i-a-; 2 mtfr'i-a-. A combining 
form. [< Gr. myrios, numberless.]—inyr'i- 
a-gram, myr'i-a-li"ter, myr'l-a-me"ter, etc. 
In the metric system, 10,000 grams, liters, or 
meters. See metric system. 
myr'i-ad, 1 mir'i-ad; 2 myr'i-ad, n. 1. A vast 
indefinite number. 2. Ten thousand. 


myr'i-a-pod, 1 mir'i-a-pod; 2 myr'i-a-pod, n. 
small vermiform 
creature with nu¬ 
merous legs; centi- 
ped. [< Gr. myrios, 
numberless, + pous 
{pod-), foot.] 

Myr'mi-don, 1 mur'- 

mi-dan; 2 myr'mi- 1* A Round Myriapod, /* 
don, n. 1 . One of a 2 - A Flat Myriapod. Vs 
warlike people of ancient Thessaly, followers 
of Achilles. 2. [m-] A reckless servitor, 
myrrh, 1 mur; 2 myr, n. 1 . An aromatic gum 



resin from some Asiatic and Abyssinian trees 
or shrubs. 2. Any shrub or tree that yields 
the gum. [ < Gr. I ' +A3 myrrha, < Ar. murr, 
bitter.] 

myr'tl(e, 1 mur'tl; 2 myr'tl, n. A tree or 
shrub 6 to 20 feet high, with glossy evergreen 
leaves, white or rose=colored flowers, and 
black berries. [Ult. < Per. murd, myrtle, j 
my-seif', 1 mcii-self'; 2 my-self', pron. I; me: 

emphatic form of I and me, and reflexive of me. 
My-sore', 1 mai-sor'; 2 my-s0r', n. 1. A native 
state of S. India; 29,475 sq. m.; pop. 5,806,193. 
2. Its capital, a trade*center; pop. 71,306. 

Myst., abbr. Mysteries. 

mys'ter-y 1 , 1 mis'tar-i; 2 mys'ter-y, n. [-ies z , 
pZ.] Something unknown, unexplained, or 
incomprehensible. [ < GrA mysterion, mys¬ 
tery.]—mys-te'ri-ous, a. Involved in or im¬ 
plying mystery, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
mys'ter-y 2 , n. [-ies z , pi.] A medieval dra¬ 
matic performance; miracle*play. [ME. mis- 
lerie, for mister, trade.] 

mys'tlc, ^1 mis'tik, mis'ti-kol; 2 mys'tic, 
mys'ti-cal, ) mys'ti-cal, a. 1. Secret; dark. 
2. Pertaining to mystics or mysticism. 3. 
Betokening a hidden meaning. [ < Gr. F mys- 
lilos, < myd, close the lips or eyes.]—mys'tic, n. 
One who relies chiefly upon meditation in acquir¬ 
ing truth.—mys'ti-cal-iy, adv.— mys'ti-cism, 
n. 1 . The quality of being mystical. 3 . Tlieol. 
The doctrine and belief that man may attain to 
an immediate consciousness or knowledge of God. 
—mys"ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of mystifying. 
—mys'ti-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy'Tng.] 1. To confuse 
designedly; perplex. 2. To make obscure, 
myth, 1 mith; 2 myth, n. 1. A fictitious narra 
tive for a time received as historical; an imag¬ 
inary person, object, or event. 2. An unprov¬ 
ed tradition; popular fable. [< Gr. mythos, 
word, legend.]—myth't-cal, a. 1. Pertaining 
to myth; legendary. 2. Fictitious, myth'icf.— 
myth'i-cal-ly, adv— my-thol'o-gy,«. [-giesv 
pi.] 1. The myths and legends of a race. 2. The 
scientific collection and study of myths.— 
myth"o-log'i-cal, a. Pertaining to mythology; 
fabulous. myth"o-!og'lcJ. — myth"o-log'i- 
cal-Iy, adv. —my-thol'o-glst, n. 
myth., abbr. Mythological, mythology. 
Myt"i-le'ne, n. Same as Mitylene. 



.N, n, 1 en; 2 en, n. [ens, N’s, or Ns, 1 enz; 
2 £ng, pi.] A letter: the fourteenth in the 
English alphabet. 

-n, suffix. Same as -en. 

N., abbr. Navy, Neptune, new, nitrogen, Norse, 
North, northern.—n., abbr. Natus (L., born), 
neuter, nominative, noon, note, noun, number.— 
N. A., abbr. National Academician, North 
America, North*American. — Na., abbr. [L.] 
Natrium (sodium). 

Na'a-man, 1 ne'a-man; 2 na'a-man, n. Bib. A 
Syrian captain of the host; cured of leprosy by 
Elisha. 2 Kings v. 

nab, 1 nab; 2 nab, vt. [nabbed; nab'bing.] 
[Colloq.] To catch or seize suddenly. [ < Sw. 
nappa, grasp.] 

na'bob, 1 ne'beb; 2 na'bob, n. An Anglo* 
Indian who has amassed wealth; any luxuri¬ 
ous rich man. [ < Hind, nawwab, < Ar. naib, 
deputy.] 


i Na'both, 1 ne'befh; 2 na'both, n. Bib. The owner 
of a vineyard coveted by Ahab; stoned to death 
by plot of Jezebel. 1 Kings xxi. 
na'cre, 1 ne'kar; 2 na'cer, n. Mother*of*pearl. 

[F.] —na'cre-ous, a. Pearly. 

N. A. D-, abbr. National Academy of Design, 
na 'dir, 1 ne'dar; 2 na'dlr, n. The point of the 
celestial sphere directly beneath where one 
stands; the lowest possible point. [F.] 
nag, 1 nag; 2 nag, vt. & vi. [nagged; nag'- 
ging.] To scold or urge continually. [ < AS. 
gnagan, gnaw.] 

na>?, n. A horse, especially a small horse; pony. 

[ < D. negge, diminutive horse.] 

Nab., abbr. Nahum. 

Na'hum, 1 ne'hum;2 na'hum, n. 1. A Hebrew minor 
prophet. 2. The book containing his prophecies. 
Na'iad, 1 ne'yad; 2 na'yad, n. [Na'ia-des z , pi.] 
1. Class. Myth. A water*nymph. 2. [n-] A 


l:d = final; l = hablt^ aisle; au = crat; oil; Iu = fe«d; tfhin; go; I) = sin^; fhin, this. 
2 :wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







nail 
N. B 


400 


plant of the pondweed family. [ < Gr. 



F. naive , fern. of naif, < L. nativus, native.] — 
na-ive'Iy, adv. — na"ive"te', 1 na"Iv" , t€'; 2 na"- 
Iv"t§', n. The state of being naive, 
na'kcd, 1 ne'ked; 2 na'kgd, a. 1. Having no 
clothes on; nude; bare. 2. Defenseless; desti¬ 
tute. 3. Without concealment; plain; evi¬ 
dent. [ < AS. naced, nude.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
name, 1 nem; 2 nam. I. vt. [named; nam'- 
ing.] To give a name to; call by name; nom¬ 
inate; affirm. II. n. 1. The appellation by 
which a person or thing is known. 2. A title. 
3. General reputation. [ < AS. nama, name.] 
— name'less, a. 1. Having no name or reputa¬ 
tion. 2. Not fit to be named. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— name'ly, adv. That is to say; to wit.— name'- 
sake", n. One who is named after another. 

Nan'ey, 1 nan'si; 2 nan'ey, n. A manufacturing 
city of E. France; pop. 119,949; Charles the 
Bold of Burgundy defeated by Swiss, Jan. 5,1477. 
nan-keen', 1 nan-kin'; 2 nan-ken', n. A buff* 
colored Chinese cotton fabric, nan-kin 'J. 
Nan"king', 1 nan'kip'; 2 nan'king', n. A treaty 
port on Yangtze river, China; pop. 376,291. 
Nan'sen, lnan'sen; 2 nan'sfin, Fridtjof (1861- ). 

A Norwegian arctic explorer and naturalist. 
Nantes, 1 nants; 2 nants, n. A cathedral city of 
W. France; pop. 170,535.—edict of Nantes, an 
order granting freedom of conscience to Protes¬ 
tants, issued by Henry IV. of France in 1598 and 
revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV. 

Na-o'mi, 1 ne-0'mi; 2 na-o'mi, n. Bib. Ruth i, 2. 
nap, 1 nap; 2 nap. I. vi. [napped 1 ; nap'ping.] 
To take a nap; be off one’s guard. II. n. A 
short sleep; doze. [ < AS. hnappian, nap.] 
nap, n. The short fibers on the surface of flan¬ 
nel, etc., forming a soft surface. [< AS. 
noppe.] 

Nap., abbr. Napoleon. 

nape, 1 nep; 2 nap, n. The back of the neck, 
especially its upper part. [ < Ice. hnappr, 
button.] 

na'per-y, 1 ne'per-i; 2 na'per-y, n. [-iesz, p?.] 
Household linen collectively. [F. napperie, 
< nappe, < L. LL mappa, a cloth.] 

Napli'ta-Ii, 1 naf'ta-lai; 2 naf'ta-11, n. Bib. Son 
of Jacob; ancestor of the tribe of that name. 
Gen. xxx, 8. 

naph'tha, ) 1 naf'fhs; 2 naf'tha, n. A light, 
naf'tha p , S colorless, volatile, inflammable oil, 
now distilled chiefly from petroleum. [L., < 
Gr. naphtha, < Ar. nafth ] 

Na'pier, 1 nep'yor; 2 nap'yer, n. 1. Sir Charles 
James (1782—1853), a British general in the 
Peninsular war and in India. 2. John (1550- 
1617), a Scottish mathematician; invented loga¬ 
rithms. 3. Robert Cornells, Lord N. of Mag- 


dala (1810-1890), a British general in the Indian 
mutiny and in Abyssinia. 

nap'kin, 1 nap'kin; 2 nap'kin, n. A small cloth, 
as of linen, for use at table, etc. [ < F. nappe, 
< L. mappa, cloth.] 

Na'ples, 1 ne'plz; 2 na'plg, n. 1. A province in S. 
Italy; 351 sq. m.; pop. 1,360,324. 2. Its capital, 
a seaport city; pop. 697,917. 

Na-po'le-on, 1 na-po'li-an; 2 na-po'le-on, n. 1. 
N. I. See Bonaparte. 2. N. II. (1811-1832), 
son of Napoleon I. and Maria Louisa of Austria: 
never ascended throne. 3. N. III. (1808-1873), 
nephew of Napoleon I., emperor of the French, 
1852-1871; died in England. 4. [n-] A former 
French gold coin, worth 20 francs.—Na-po"le- 
on'lc, a. 

Nar-cls'sus, 1 nar-sis'us; 2 nar-gls'us, n. 1. Gr. 
Myth. A youth who fell in love with his own 
image reflected in a pool and pined away, but 
was changed by the gods into a flower. 2. A 
genus of flowering plants, including the daffodil 
and jonquil, or a plant or flower of this genus. _ 
nar-cot'ic, 1 nar-ket'ik; 2 nar-edt'ic. I. a. 
Having the quality of causing narcosis or 
stupor. nar-cot'l-cal£. II. n. A substance, 
as opium, that induces sleep, and in large 
doses produces coma and death. [ < Gr. nar- 
kotikos, < narke, torpor.]— nar-cot'i-cal-ly, adv. 
— nar-co'sis, n. Narcotic poisoning. — nar'- 
eo-tism, n. The influence or effect of narcotics; 
narcotic stupor.— nar'eo-tize, vt. 
nard, 1 nard; 2 nard, n. Spikenard. [Per.] 
nar'ghi-Ie, 1 nar'gi-le; 2 nar'gi-le. n. Same as 
hooka. [Turk.] nar'gi-lej; nar'gi-lehf. 
nar-rate', 1 na-ret'; 2 na-rat', vt. & vi. [-rat'- 
ED d ; -rat'ing.] To tell or relate, as a story, 
in orderly fashion. [ < L. narro (pp. narra- 
tus), relate.]— nar-ra'tion, n.— nar-ra'tor, n. 
liar 'ra-tive, /_ I. o. Pertaining to narration. 
nar'ra-tiv 8 , s II. n. An orderly continuous ac¬ 
count of an event or series of events, 
nar 'row, 1 nar'o; 2 nar'o. I. vt. & vi. To make 
or grow narrow. II. a. 1. Having compara¬ 
tively little distance from side to side. 2. Lim¬ 
ited. 3. Illiberal; bigoted. III. n. A narrow 
passage; a strait. [< AS. nearu, narrow.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

nar'whal, 1 nar'hwal; 2 nar'hwal, n. 

arctic whale* 
like animal, 
having in the 
male a long 
straight tusk: 
valued for its 

oil and ivory. “ , , , , 

[< Sw. nar- Narwhal. Vm 

Aral, narwhal.] nar'whalej. 

N. A. S., abbr. National Academy of Sciences, 
na'sal, 1 ne'zal; 2 na'gal. I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to the nose. 2. Pronounced through or with 
the aid of the nose. II. n. 1. A nasal sound 
or letter, as m. 2. Something in the nose, or 
a nose-piece. [F., < L. nasus, nose.] -ly, 
adv. —na-sal'i-ty, n. 

nas'cent, 1 nas'ent; 2 nas'ftnt, a. Beginning to 
exist or develop. [ < L. nascen(f-)s, ppr. of 
nascor, be born.] 

Nase'by, 1 nez'br, 2 nag'by, n. A village In North¬ 
amptonshire,England ; Cromwell defeated Charles 
I., June 14, 1645. 

Nash'ville, 1 naSh'vil; 2 nash'vll, n. A citv, cap¬ 
ital of Tennessee; pop. 118,340; scene of Con¬ 
federate defeat, Dec. 15 and 16, 1864. 

Nas'sau, n. 1. 1 nd'sau; 2 na'sou. A former Inde¬ 
pendent German duchy: now part of the Prussian 


A large 



1 : artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prgy; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, burn- 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdm! 












401 


nail 
N. B. 


province of Hesse*Nassau. 2. 1 nas'e; 2 nas'a. 
A seaport, capital of the Bahama Islands; pop. 
9,000. 

nas=tur'tium, 1 nas-tur's(hum; 2 nas-thr'- 
shQm, n. 1. A plant of the geranium family 
with rich flowers. 2. A rich reddish=orange 
color like that of nasturtium=flowers. [L.] 
nas'ty, 1 nas'ti; 2 nas'ty, a. [nas'ti-er; nas'- 
ti-est.] 1. Filthy or offensively dirty. 2. 
Morally filthy; indecent. [< dial. Sw. nas- 
kug, filthy.]—nas'ti-ly,adi’.—nas'tl-ness, n. 
Nat., abbr. National.—nat., abbr. Natural, nat¬ 
uralist. 

na'tal, 1 ne'tal; 2 na'tal, a. Pertaining to one’s 
birth; dating from birth. [F., < L. natalis, 

< nascor, be born.] 

Na-tal', 1 na-tal'; 2 na-tal', n. A British province 
of the Union of South Africa; 35,290 sq. m.; pop. 
1,194,100. 

na"ta-to'ri-al, 1 ne"ta-to'ri-al; 2 na"ta-to'ri-al, a. 
Swimming, or adapted for swimming. [LL. 
natatorius, < nato, < no, swim.] na'ta-to-ryf. 
Nath., abbr. Nathanael. 

Na'than, 1 ng'Chan; 2 na'than, n. A Hebrew 
prophet; rebuked David. 2 Sam. xii. 
Na-than'a-el, 1 na-fhan'i-el; 2 na-than'a-61, n. 
Bib. An early disciple of Jesus. John i, 45. 

Na-than'i-elf. 

Nat. Hist., abbr. Natural History, 
na'tion, 1 ne'^han; 2 na'shon, n. 1. A people 
as an organized body politic. 2. A race; tribe. 
[F., < L. nalio(n-), < nascor, be born.] 
na'tion-al, 1 na^h'an-al; 2 nash'on-al, a. 1. 
Belonging to the whole nation. 2. Pertaining 
to a nation. 3. Patriotic. -ly, adv .—na'- 
tlon-al-ism, n. 1. Devotion to the nation as a 
whole. 2. A system demanding conduct of all 
Industries by the nation. 3. Demand for national 
Independence. 4. A national custom, trait, etc.— 
na'tion-al-ist, n. —na"tion-al'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
■pi.] 1. The quality of being national. 2. A 

nation.—na'tion-al-ize or-ise, vt. [-ized; -iz'- 
ing.] —na"tion-aI-i-za'tion, n. 
na'tive, ) 1 ne'tiv; 2 na'tiv. I. a. 1. Born or 
na'tiv 8 , ) produced in the country in which 
one lives; indigenous. 2. Pertaining to one’s 
birth or to its place. 3. Inborn. 4. Occurring 
in nature in a pure state. II. n. 1. One born 
in, or any product of, a given country or 
place. 2. Stock common to a country. [ < L. 
nativus, < nalus; see nature.]— na-tiv'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi .] 1. The coming into life or the world; 
birth. 2. [N-] Specif., the birth of Christ. 3. 
A horoscope. 

nat. ord., abbr. Natural order, 
nat'ty, 1 nat'i; 2 nat'y, a. [nat'ti-er; nat'ti-est.] 
[Colloq.] Neatly fine; spruce. [Dim. of neat 1 , a.] 
—nat'tl-ly, adv. —nat'ti-ness, n. 
nat'u-ral, 1 nadh'u-ral; 2 nach'u-ral. I. a. 1. 
Pertaining to one’s nature; also, indigenous. 
2. Derived from or produced by nature. 3. 
Pertaining to nature; normal. 4. Coming 
within common experience. 5. Unaffected. 
6. Animal. 7. Illegitimate. 8. Mus. Not 
sharped nor flatted. II. n. 1. Mus. A natu¬ 
ral note. 2. A born fool. [F., < L. naturalis, 

< nalura, nature.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— nat'- 

u-ral-ist, n. One versed in natural sciences, as a 
zoologist or botanist.—nat"u-ral-Fza'tion or 
-sa'tion, n.— nat'u-ral-ize or -ise, vt. 1. To 
make natural; habituate. 2. To explain by natu¬ 
ral laws. 3. To confer the rights of citizenship 
upon. _ 

na'ture, I ne'dhur; 2 na'chyr, n. 1. The exist¬ 
ing universe, including all things. 2. The 
characteristics or constitution received or de- | 


rived from birth or origin. 3. Spontaneity. 
[F., < L. natura, < natus, pp. of nascor, be born.] 
naught, 1 net; 2 nat. I. a. Of no value or ac¬ 
count. II. n. 1. Not anything. 2. A cipher. 
III. adv. Not in the least. [ < AS. nawiht, < 
ne, not, + awiht; see aught, n.] — naugh'ty, 
a. [naugh'ti-er; naugh'ti-est.] 1. Perverse 
and disobedient. 2. Unfavorable or unfit. [< 
naught, n .] — naugh'ti-ly, adv. — naughti¬ 
ness, n. 

nau'se-a, 1 ne'i£hi-a;2 na'she-a, n. Sickness of the 
stomach, producing dizziness and an impulse 
to vomit. [L., < Gr. nausia, < naus, ship.] 
—nau'se-ate, vt. & vi. [-AT"EDd; -at"ing.] To 
affect with or feel nausea or disgust.— nau 'seous, 
a. Nauseating; disgusting, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
naut., abbr. Nautical. 

nau'ti-cal, 1 no*ti-kal; 2 na'ti-eal, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to ships, seamen, or navigation. [ < Gr. 
nautikos, < naus_, ship.] -ly, adv. 
nau'ti-lus, 1 ne'ti-lus; 2 na'ti-lus, n. [-li, 
-lus-es 2 , pi.] 1. A small mollusk of southern 
seas. 2. A cuttlefish with a papery shell, 
pa'persnau'ti-lusf. [L.,< Gr. nautilos, sailor.] 
nav., abbr. Naval, navigation, 
na'val, 1 ne'vel; 2 na'val, a. 1. Pertaining to 
ships and a navy. 2. Having a navy. [ < L. 
navalis, < navis, _ship.] 

Na"va-ri'no, 1 na"va-ri'no; 2 na"va-ri'no, n. A 
fortified seaport in S. W. Greece; pop. 3,000; 
British, French, and Russian allies defeated 
Turkish fleet, Oct. 20, 1827. 

Na-varre', 1 na-var'; 2 na-var', n. A former king¬ 
dom of S. W. Europe, divided in 1512 between 
France and Spain. — Na"var-rese', a. & n. 
nave 1 , 1 nev; 2 nav, n. The main body of a 
cruciform church, between the aisles. [OF., 
< L. navis, ship.] 

nave 2 , n. The hub of a wheel. [ < AS. nafu.] 
na'vel, 1 ne'vl; 2 na'vl, n. The depression on 
the abdomen where the umbilical cord was at¬ 
tached. [ < AS. nafela, dim. of nafu, nave.] 
navig., abbr. Navigation, navigator, 
nav'i-gate, 1 nav'i-get; 2 nav'i-gat, vt. & vi. 
[-GAT"ED d ; -ga'F'ing.] 1. To traverse or jour¬ 
ney by ship. 2. To direct a ship; steer. [< 
L. navis, ship, + ago, drive.]— nav'i-ga-bl(ep, a. 
Fit to be navigated; capable of navigation.— 
nav"i-ga-bil'i-ty, n. nav'i-ga-ble-nessf.— 

nav'i-ga-bly, adv.— nav"i-ga'tion, n. 1. The 
act of navigating. 2. The art of ascertaining the 
position and directing the course of vessels at 
sea.— nav'i-ga"tor, n. 

nav'vy, 1 nav'i; 2 nav'y, n. [nav'vies 2 , pZ.] 
Eng.] A laborer on canals, railways, etc. 
Abbr. < navigator.] 

na'vy, 1 ne'vi; 2 na'vy, n. [na'vies 2 , pi.] 1. 
The entire marine military force of a coun¬ 
try; also, the shipping engaged in commerce. 
2. A fleet of ships, f < L. OF navis, ship.] 
nay, 1 ne; 2 na. I. n. A negative vote or 
voter; a negative; denial. II. adv. 1. No: 
indicating negation. 2. Not only’ so. [ < Ice. 
ne, not, + ei, ever.] 

Naz'a-reth, 1 naz'a-refh; 2 naz'a-reth, n. Bib. A 
city of N. E. Palestine; scene of Christ’s child¬ 
hood; pop. 15,000; captured by the British from 
the Turks, Sept. 22, 1918.—Naz"a-rene\ I. a. 
Of or pertaining to Nazareth. II. n. An inhabi¬ 
tant of Nazareth; applied specif, to Christ, as The 
Nazarene, or disparagingly to the early Christians. 
N. B., abbr. New Brunswick, North Britain, 
North British, nola bene (L., note well). — Nb., 
abbr. [L.] Niobium. — N. C., abbr. New Church, 
North Carolina (official).—n. d., abbr. No date. 


1 ; a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = £mt; ell; Ifl = feud; tfhin; go; n = sing; thin, ttiis. 
2: wQlf, dg; bdok, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bftrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











neap 

netting 


402 


—N. Dak., abbr. North Dakota (official).— 
N. E., abbr. New England, northeast, north¬ 
eastern.—N. E. A., abbr. National Education 
Association. [nep, scant.] 

neap, 1 nip: 2 nep, o. Low; lowest. [< AS. 
Ne"a-pol'i-tan, 1 nTa-pel'i-tan; 2 ne"a-p61'i-tan. 

1. a. Of or pertaining to Naples, Italy. II. n. 
A native or resident of Naples. 

Hear, 1 nir; 2 ner. I. vt. & vi. To come nearer 
to; approach. II. a. 1. Not distant; nigh. 

2. Closely related; familiar. 3. Closely 
touching one’s interests. 4. In riding or driv¬ 
ing, placed on the left. 5. Miserly; close. 
III. adv. 1. At little distance. 2. Nearly; al¬ 
most. 3. In a close relation. IV. prep. Close 
by. [ < AS. neara, compar. of neah, near.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —near'ssight"ed, a. Short* 
sighted. 

neat 1 , 1 nit; 2 net, o. 1. Characterized by strict 
order and tidiness. 2. Well proportioned; trim; 
spruce. 3. Clever. [< L. F nilidus, shining.] 
neat, n. 1. Bovine cattle collectively. 2. A 
single bovine animal. [ < AS. neat , < neotan, 
use.]— neat 2 , a. Pertaining to bovine animals, 
neb, 1 neb; 2 nSb, n. 1. The beak or bill, as of a 
bird. 2. The tip, as of a pen; nib. [<AS. neb.] 
Neb. (official), Nebr., abbr. Nebraska. 
Ne-bras'ka, 1 m-bras'ka; 2 ne-bras'ka, n. A State 
in N. central United States; 76,808 sq. m.; pop. 
1,296,372; capital, Lincoln. 
Neb"u-chad-rez'zar, 1 neb*yu-kad-rez'ar; 2 
neb"yu-cad-r6z'ar, n. Bib. A king of Babylon; 
(604-561 B. C.) destroyed Jerusalem, 586 B. C., 
and carried the Jewish people into captivity. 
Dan. i, 1. Neb"u-chad-nez'zart. 
neb'u-la, 1 neb'yu-la; 2 nfib'yq-la, n. [-l,e, 
pi.] Any luminous cloudffike object in the 
sky. [L.] — neb'u-lar, a. Pertaining to a 
nebula.— neb"u-los'i-ty, n. A misty or nebu¬ 
lous appearance.— neb'u-lous, a. 1. Having its 
parts confused or mixed. 2. Like a nebula, 
nec'es-sa-ry, 1 nes'e-se-ri; 2 nes'6-sa-ry. I. a. 
1. Being such in its nature or conditions that 
it must exist, occur, or be true. 2. Essential. 

3. Compulsory. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] An es¬ 
sential requisite; a necessity. [ < L. necessa- 
rius, necessary.]—ne-ces'si-tate, vt. [-tat"ed; 
-tatting.] To make necessary; compel.—ne- 
ees'si-tous, a. Extremely needy, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —nc-ces'si-ty, n. [-ties 21 , pi.] 1. The 
quality of being necessary. 2. Something that is 
necessary. 3. Poverty. 

neck, 1 nek; 2 nSk, n. 1. The part of an animal 
that connects the head with the trunk. 2. A 
similar part, as of a bottle or garment. [ < 
AS. hnecca, neck.]—neck 'scloth", ». A folded 
cloth worn round the neck and collar; a cravat. 
Cp. stock, 9.—neck'lace, n. An ornament worn 
round the neck.—neck'tle, n. Any bow or tie 
worn under the chin. 

nec'ro-, 1 nek'ro-; 2 ngc'ro-. A combining 
form. [ < Gr. nekros, dead body.]—nec-rol'- 
o-gy, n. [-giesz, pi.] A list of persons who have 
died.—nec'ro-inan"cer, n. One who practises 
necromancy.—nec'ro-man"cy, n. 1. Divina¬ 
tion by means of pretended communication with 
the dead. 2. The black art; magic.—nec"ro- 
man'tic, a. Relating to necromancy.—ne- 
crop 'o-lls, n. [-lis"esz, pi.] A city of the dead; 
a cemetery.—ne-cro'sls, n. The death of a 
part, as of a bone; mortification; gangrene.— 
ne-crot'lc, a. 

nee'tar, 1 nek'tar; 2 nge'tar, n. 1. Gr. Myth. 
The drink of the gods. 2. Any delicious 
drink. [L., < Gr. nektar, drink of the gods.] 


—nec'tar-in (es. I. a. Sweet and delicious. 
II. n. A variety of the peach.—nec'ta-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi.] The organ or part of a plant that 
secretes honey. [don Press, Oxford). 

N. E. D., abbr. New English Dictionary (Claren- 
nee, 1 ne; 2 na, a. Born: used to note the 
maiden name of a married woman. [F., < L. 
natus, pp. of nascor, be born.] 
need 11 , 1 nld; 2 ned, v. I. t. To be in want of; 

require. II. i. To be necessary or required, 
need, n. 1. A lack of something requisite or 
desirable; hence, indigence. 2. A situation of 
want or peril. [ < AS. nyd, need.]— need 'ful, 
a. Needed; requisite; necessary, -ly, ado. -ness, 
n. — need'less, a. Useless, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
need'i-Iy, need'i-ness. See needy. 
nee 'dice 1 ', 1 nl'dl; 2 ne'dl, n. 1. A small, slen¬ 
der, pointed instrument containing an eye to 
carry thread through a fabric in sewing. 2. 
The rod used in knitting, etc. 3. A straight 
wire, as in a compass. [ < AS. nsedl, needle.] 
— nee'dle-ful, n. As much thread as may be 
conveniently used in a needle at one time.— nee'- 
dle-wo"inan, n. A seamstress, 
needs, 1 nldz; 2 ned§, adv. Necessarily; indis¬ 
pensably. 

need 'y, 1 nld'i; 2 ned'y, a. [need'i-er; needi¬ 
est.] Being in need, want, or poverty; neces¬ 
sitous.— need 'i-ly, adv .— need'i-ness, n. 
ne’er, 1 ner; 2 ner, adv. Never: a contraction, 
ne-fa'ri-ous, 1 m-fe'ri-us; 2 ne-fa'ri-us, a. 
Wicked in the extreme; heinous. [< L. ne, 
not, + for, utter.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
neg., abbr. Negative, negatively, 
ne-ga'tion, 1 m-ge'^han; 2 ne-ga'shon, n. 1. 
Negative statement; denial. 2. Absence of 
anything affirmative. [< L. negatio(n~), < 
nego, deny.] 

neg'a-tive, ) 1 neg'a-tiv; 2 nSg'a-tiv. I. vt. 
neg'a-tiv s , ) [-tiv(e)d 8 ; -tiv-ing.] To contra¬ 
dict; veto. II. a. 1. Containing or charac¬ 
terized by denial or refusal. 2. Expressing 
negation. III. n. 1. Something expressing 
negation. 2. The side of a question that de¬ 
nies. 3. The right to veto. 4. Phot. A pic¬ 
ture having the lights and shades reversed. 
5. Gram. A particle employing or expressing 
denial. [ < L. negativus, < nego; see nega¬ 
tion.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
neg-lect', 1 neg-lfkt'; 2 ngg-lSet'. I d . vt. 1. To 
fail to treat with attention. 2. To ignore. 3. 
To fail to perform through carelessness or 
oversight. II. n. 1. The state of being neg¬ 
lected. 2. Habitual want of attention. [ < L. 
negligo (pp. neglectus ), < nec, not, + lego, gather.] 
— neg-lect 'ful, a. Exhibiting neglect, -ly, adv. 
neg"Ii-gee', 1 neg"li- 3 e'; 2 n£g"li-zhe'. I. a. 
Appearing careless in dress. II. n. Uncere¬ 
monious attire. [ < F. negligee, neglected.] 
neg 'li-gent, 1 neg'li-jent; 2 neg'li-ggnt, a. 1. 
Apt to omit what ought to be done; neglect¬ 
ful. 2. Unconventional. -ly, adv. —neg'li- 
gence, n. 1. The act of neglecting. 2. An act 
of neglect. 3. Disregard for appearances.—neg'- 
Ii-gl-bl(e p , a. That may be disregarded, 
ne-go'ti-ate, 1 m-go'^hi-et; 2 ne-go'shi-at, v. 
|-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] I. t. 1. To treat for by 
bargain, conference, etc. 2. To transfer for a 
value received, as a note. II. i. To treat or 
bargain with others. [ < L. negotiatus, pp. of 
negotior, traffic.]— ne-go'tI-a-bl(e p , a. That 
may be negotiated.— ne-go"ti-a-bll'l-ty, n.— 
ne-go"tI-a'tion, n. The act of negotiating.— 
nc-go'ti-a"tor, n. —ne-go'ti-a-to-ry, a. 


1 : artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rflle; but, bum- 
2: art, ape, fit, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fgrn; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n,‘ 







403 


neap 

netting 


ne'gro, 1 nl'gro; 2 ne'gro, n. [-groes z , pf.] [N- 
or n-] A male member of any one of the black 
races of Africa, or of their descendants. [Sp. < 
L.niger, black.]—ne'gress, [N- or n-1 n. fern. 
Neh., abbr. Nehemiah. 

Ne"he-mi'ah, 1 nl"hi-mai'a; 2 ne"he-mi'a, n. Bib. 

1. A Hebrew statesman and historian. 2. The 
book attributed to him, recounting the rebuilding 
of Jerusalem. 

n. e. 1., abbr. [L.] Non est inventus (is not found), 
neigh, 1 ne; 2 ne. I. vi. To utter the cry of a 
horse. II. n. A whinny. [ < AS. hnaegan, neigh.] 
neigh'bor, 1 ne'bar; 2 ne'bor. I. vt. To adjoin 
or border on; live or be near to. II||. a. 
Neighboring. III. n. 1. One who lives near 
another. 2. One who is near; a friend. [< 
AS. neahgebur, < neah, nigh, + gebur, inhabi¬ 
tant.] neigh'hour t.—n igh'bor-hood, n. 1. 
The region near where one is or resides; vicinity. 

2. The people in the vicinity. 3. Nearness.— 
neigh'bor-ing, a. Adjacent.—neigh'bor-ly, a. 
Appropriate to a neighbor; sociable.—neigh 
bor-li-ness, n. 

nei'ther, 1 ni'thar or nai'thar; 2 ne'ther or ni'ther. 
I. a. Not either. II. pron. Not the one nor the 
other. III. conj. 1. Not one nor the other. 2. 
Not at all. 3. Nor yet. [< AS. neither.\ 
Nel'son, 1 nel'san; 2 nel'son, Horatio, Viscount 
(1758-1805). An English admiral; defeated 
French at Aboukir Bay (Battle of the Nile), Aug., 
1798, Danes off Copenhagen, April 2, 1801, and 
the French and Spanish off Trafalgar, 1805, where 
he was killed. 

nem. con., abbr. [L.] Nemine contradicente (no 
one contradicting, i. e., unanimously). 

Nem ; e-sis, 1 nem'i-sis; 2 nem'e-sfs, n. 1. Gr. 
Myth. The goddess of chastisement and 
vengeance. 2. [n-] Hence, retributive jus¬ 
tice; retribution. [L., < Gr. Nemesis, < 
nemo, distribute.] 

ne'o-, ne-, 1 nl'o-, ni-; 2 ne'o-, ne-. From Greek 
neos, new, recent: combining forms, frequent in 
self»explainin_g compounds; as, Aeo=American, 
etc.—Ne"o-lith'ic, a. Of or pertaining to the 
later stone age, with polished implements, spin¬ 
ning, weaving, pottery, agriculture, etc.: opposed 
to Paleolithic. —ne-ol'o-gy, n. 1. The using of 
new words or new meanings. 2. The origination 
or adoption of new views or ideas; rationalism. 

3. A new word or phrase, ne-ol'o-gismf.— 
ne"o-log'i-cal, a. ne"o-log'ict. 

ne'o-phyte, 1 m'o-fait; 2 ne'o-fyt, n. 1. A 
recent convert. 2. A novice. [ < Gr. neos, 
new, + vhyo, produce.] 

Nep., abbr. Neptune. 

neph'ew, ) 1 nef'yu; 2 nef'yu, n. The son of a 
net 'ew p , J sister or a brother. [ < F. neveu, < 
L. nepos (nepot -), grandson, nephew.]—nep'o- 
tisni, 1 nep'o-tizm; 2 nep'o-tism, n. Favoritism 
extended toward nephews or other relatives. 
Ne'pos, I ni'pes; 2 ne'pos, Cornelius. A Roman 
author of the 1st century, B. C. 

Nep'tune, 1 nep'dhun; 2 nep'chun, n. 1. Rom. 
Myth. The god of the sea. 2. The most re¬ 
mote planet of the solar system. 3. The 
ocean. [ < L. Neptunus, sea*god.] 

Ne're-id, 1 ni'n-id; 2 ne're-id, n. [Ne-re'i- 
des or Ne're-ids z , pi.] Gr. Myth. One of the 
eeamymphs. [ < Gr. L Nereis, < Nereus, Ne- 
reus, a sea=god.] 

Ne'ro, 1 nl'ro; 2 ne'ro, Claudius Caesar Drusus 
Gernianicus (37-68). Roman emperor; notori¬ 
ous for his cruelty.—Ne-ro'ni-an, Ne-ron'ic, a. 
nerve, > I nurv; 2 nerv. I. [nerved, 

nerv 9 , )nervd 8 ; nerv'ing.] To imbue with 
nerve or vigor; supply with resolution. II. n. 


1. Anat. A corddike structure, composed of 
delicate filaments, by which sensations or vo¬ 
litions are transmitted to or from the brain, 
etc. 2. A tendon. 3. Anything likened to a 
nerve, as a rib or vein of a leaf or of an insect’s 
wing. 4. Active strength or vigor; coolness; 
intrepidity. 5. pi. Nervous excitability. [ < 
L. F nervus, sinew.]— nerve'less, a. Destitute of 
nerve or force. -!y, adv. -ness, n .— ner'vin(es. 
I. a. Pertaining to the nerves. II. n. Any med¬ 
icine acting on the nerves, 
ner'vous, 1 nur'vus; 2 ner'vus, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to or affected by the nerves. 2. Easily 
disturbed or agitated. 3. Abounding in 
nerve=force. [ < L. nervosus, sinewy.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.— nervous prostration, same as 
neurasthenia. 

nes'cience, 1 ne^h'ens; 2 nesh'eng, n. The 
state of not knowing; ignorance. . [ < L. LIi 
nescio, be ignorant.]— nes'clent, a. & n. 

-ness. A suffix added to adjectives and participles 
to form abstract nouns expressing quality or 
state; as, darkness, indebtedness. [< AS. -nes, 
-nis, -ness, etc.] 

nest d , 1 nest; 2 nest, v. I. t. 1. To place in a 
nest. 2. To supply with nests. 3. To place 
one inside another. II. i. 1. To build a 
nest. 2. To hunt for nests. [ < AS. nistan, 
< nest, nest.] 

nest, n. 1. The habitation prepared by a bird 
for the rearing of its young. 2. The bed or 
home of insects, etc. 3. Any cozy place of 
abode. 4. A haunt; den. 5. A set of similar 
things fitting into each other. [ < AS. nest.] 
—nest'segg", n. 1. An egg kept in a nest to 
attract a fowl. 2. Something laid by as a basis 
for accumulation. 

nes'tle, ) 1 nes'l; 2 nSs'l, v. [nes'tled, nes'- 
nes'tl p , ) tld p ; nes'tling.] I. t. 1. To place 
in a nest; shelter. 2. To cuddle; fondle. II. j. 

I. To lie cozily and snugly. 2. To build a 
nest. 3. To cuddle. [ < AS. nestlian, < nest, 
nest.] — nes'tling. I. a. Recently hatched. 

II. n. A bird too young to leave the nest. 

Nes'tor, 1 nes'tar; 2 nes'tor, n. 1. An aged Greek 

chief at the siege of Troy; renowned for his wis¬ 
dom. 2. Hence, th,e oldest or wisest member of 
any company or association. 
net 1 , 1 net; 2 net, v. [net'ted^ ; net'ting.] I. 
t. 1. To catch in a net; ensnare. 2. To form 
into a net. 3. To restrain with a net. II. i. 

1. To make network. 2. To use nets. 
net 2d , vt. To earn or yield as clear profit, 
net, a. Free from everything extraneous; ob¬ 
tained after deducting all expenses. [F., < 
L. nitidus, shining, < niteo, shine.] 

net, n. 1. An open fabric, woven or tied with 
meshes, for the capture of fishes, birds, etc. 

2. Some openwork fabric, as lace. 3. Any¬ 
thing constructed with meshes. 4. That 
which entangles. [< AS. nef.]— net.'work", 
n. 1. A fabric of openwork; netting. 2. A sys¬ 
tem of crosslines. 

Neth., abbr. Netherlands. 

neth'er, 1 neth'ar; 2 ngth'er, a. Situated at 
the lowest part; especially, pertaining to the 
parts beneath the heavens or the earth. [ < 
AS. neothera, under.]— neth'er-most", a. superl. 
Lowest. 

Neth'er-lands, 1 neth'ar-landz;2 ngth'er-landg, n. 
A kingdom of W. Europe; 13,196 sq. m.; pop. 
6,841,155; capitals, Amsterdam and The Hague: 
often loosely termed Holland. 
net'ting, 1 net'iq; 2 n6t'ing. n. 1. A fabric of 


1 : a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = <mt; ell; 10 = feud; <5hin; go; D = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dfi; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, this. 








nettle 

nine 


404 


openwork; a net. 2. The act or operation of 
net*making. 

net'tie, ) 1 net'l; 2 ngt'l. I. vt. [net'tled; 

net'tl p , Jnet'tling.] To prick or sting. II. 
n. 1. A common herb, with minute stinging 
hairs. 2. A condition of irritation. [ < AS. 
netle, nettle.]—net 'tie sfe"ver, n. An eruptive 
skin*disease. n.=rashf. 

neur-, neu'ri-, neu'ro-, 1 niur-, niu'n-, niu'- 
ro-; 2 nur-, nu'ri-, nu'ro-. From Greek neuron, 
a nerve: combining forms.—neu'ral, a. Of 
or pertaining to the nerves or a nerve.—neu¬ 
ral 'gi-a, n. An acute, paroxysmal pain along 
the course and over the local distribution of a 
nerve.—neu-ral'gic, a. —neu"ras-the'ni-a, n. 
Palhol. Derangement of the nervous system 
with depression of vital force; nervous prostra¬ 
tion.—neu"ras-then'ic, a. & n. —neu-ri'tis, n. 
Inflammation of a nerve.—neu-ro'sis, n. 1. 
Pathol. Disease of the nerves. 2. A nerve* 
change, the physical basis of conscioushess. Cp. 
psychosis. —neu-rot'ic. I. a. Affecting or re¬ 
lating to the nerves or nervous diseases. II. n. 
A person affected with disease of the nerves; 
also, the disease itself. 

neut., abbr. Neuter. 

neu'ter, 1 niu'tar; 2 nu'ter. I. a. 1. Neither 
masculine nor feminine. 2. Neutral. II. n. 

I. An animal of no apparent sex, as a worker 
bee. 2. A neuter noun. [L., < ne, not, + 
uler, either.] 

neu'tral, 1 niu'tral; 2 nu'tral. I. a. 1. Re¬ 
fraining from interference in a contest. 2. 
Having no decided character. 3. Neuter. 

II. n. One that refrains from interfering be¬ 
tween belligerents. [ < L. neutralis, < neu¬ 
ter, neuter.] -ly, adv. —neu-tral'i-ty, n. [-ties z , 
pi.] The state of being neutral.—neu'tral-ize, 
-ise, vt. 1. To declare to be neutral. 2. To make 
neutral or of no effect.—neu"tral-i-za'[or -sa']- 
tion, n. 

Nev., abbr. Nevada (official). 

Ne-va'da, 1 m-va'da; 2 ne-va'da, n. A State of the 
W. United States; 109,821 sq. m.; pop. 110,700; 
capital, Carson City. 

nev'er, 1 nev'er; 2 nSv'er, adv. Not at any 
time. [< AS. ne, not, + sefre, ever.]— nev'- 
er-more", adv. Never again. [yet. 

nev"er-the-Iess', conj. & adv. None the less; 

new, 1 niu; 2 nu, a. 1. Recently come into 
existence or use; lately made. 2. Lately dis¬ 
covered. 3. Renewed. 4. Changed. 5. 
Another; different. [< AS. nlwe, new.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n .—New Jerusalem, the city of 
God; heaven. Rev. xxi, 2.—new style, see 
style 1 , n .—New Testament, see testament. — 
New World, the western hemisphere.—New '* 
year", n. The first day oi January: usually a 
festival and legal holiday. New-year’s day*. 

New T Am'ster-dam. New York City: name dur¬ 
ing the Dutch occupation. 

New'ark, 1 niu'ark; 2 nu'ark, n. A manufacturing 
city of N. E. New Jersey; pop. 414,524. 

New' Bruns'wick, 1 brunz'wik; 2 brung'wik. A 
provinceinE.Canada; 27,985sq.m.; pop.388,090. 

New'cas-tle=on»Tyne, 1 niu'kas-l*en*tain; 2 nu'- 
c&s-l*on«tyn, n. A borough and seaport in 
Northeastern England; pop. 275,960. 

new'el, 1 niu'el; 2 nu'81, n. 1. A post from 
which the steps of a winding stair radiate. See 
illus. in next column. 2. A post at the end of a 
stair* or hand*rail. [< LL. OF nucalis, of a nut, 
< L. nux, nut.] 

New En'gland. A part of the United States com¬ 
prising the States of Maine, New Hampshire, 



Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
Connecticut.— New-En'gland-er, n. 

New 'found-land", 1 niu'f end-land"; 2 nu'fund- 

land", n. 1. A British island 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 

Canada; 42,734 sq. m.; pop. 

260,920; capital, St. Johns. 

2. One of a breed of large 
dogs from Newfoundland. 

See dog. 

New' Guin'ea, 1 gin'i; 2 gin'e. 

An island of the Malayan 
archipelago, N. of Australia; 

87,786 sq. m.; pop. about 
1,000,000: divided between 
Great Britain, Holland, and 
Germany. 

New Hampshire, 1 hamp'- 

Shlr; 2 hamp'shlr. A State 
of the eastern United States; 

9,341 sq. m.; pop. 443,083; 
capital, Concord. 

New Ha'ven, 1 he'vn; 2 ha'- 

vn. A city, county*seat of New Haven county, 
Connecticut; pop. 162,537; seat of Yale Univer¬ 
sity. 


Newel of Stone in 
a Winding Stair. 


New Jer'sey, 1 jur'zi;2 jer'gy. A State of theN. E. 
United States; 8,224 sq. m.; pop. 3,155,900; 
capital, Trenton. 

New M., abbr. New Mexico. 


New 'man, 1 niu'man; 2 nu'man, John Henry, 
Cardinal (1801—1890). An English divine, writer, 
and philosopher. 

New Mex'i-co, 1 meks'i-ko; 2 meks'i-eo. A State 
of the S. W. United States; 122,634 sq. m.; pop. 
360,350; capital, Santa Fe. 

New Or'le-ans, 1 er'h-snz; 2 or'le-ang. A seaport 
of Louisiana; cotton*center; pop. 387,219; cap¬ 
tured by Federal fleet under Farragut, May 1, 
1862. 


New 'port, 1 niu'port; 2 nu'port, n. A seaport and 
countyseat of Newport county, Rhode Island; 
summer resort; pop. 30,255. 

news, 1 niuz; 2 nug, n. [Plural in form, but sin¬ 
gular in use; as, the latest news is —.] 1. Fresh 
information concerning something that has 
recently taken place. 2. Anything new. [ < 
new, a., representing F. nourelles.] —new s'hoy", 
n. A boy who sells or delivers newspapers.— 
news'mon"ger, n. A gossip.— news'pa"per, n. 
A publication issued for general circulation at 
frequent intervals.—news'y, a. [Colloq.] Full 
of news. 

New South Wales. A state of the Commonwealth 
.of Australia; 309,460 sq. m.; pop. 2,002,630; 
capital, Sydney. 

newt, 1 niut; 2 nut, n. One of various small 
aquatic salamander*like amphibians. 

New Test., abbr. New Testament. 

New'ton, 1 niu'tan; 2 nu'ton, Sir Isaac (1642- 
1727). An English philosopher and mathemati¬ 
cian; discovered the law of gravitation.—NeW'v 
to'ni-an, a. 

New York, 1 yerk; 2 york. 1. A State of the N. E. 
United States; 49,204 sq. m.; pop. 10,384,829; 
capital, Albany. 2. A seaport city and metropolis 
in this State; 320 sq. m.; pop. 5,620,048; as now' 
constituted (including Brooklyn and other sub¬ 
urbs of the original city) known as Greater New 
York.—NewsY’ork'er, n. 

New Zea'land, 1 zl'land; 2 ze'land, Dominion of. 
A British dominion in the South Pacific ocean 
103,581 sq. m.; pop. 1,164,405; capital, Welling¬ 
ton.—New-Zea'land-er, n. 

next, 1 nekst; 2 nekst. I. a. 1. Being only one 
step removed. 2. Nearest in place. II. adv. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fSre; fast; get, prgy; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rQle; but, burn* 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w'6n| 

















405 


nettle 

nine 


Immediately succeeding. III. prep. Nearest 
to. [ < AS. nehst, superl. of neah, nigh.] 

Ney, 1 ne; 2 ne, Michel (1769-1815). A French 
marshal under Napoleon I.; shot by the govern¬ 
ment of the restoration. 

N. F., abbr. Newfoundland, New French, Norman 
French.—N. G., abbr. National Guard, New 
Granada, Noble Grand.—n. g., abbr. [Slang.] No 
good.—N. H., abbr. New Hampshire (official). 
—N.H. G ,,abbr. New High German.—Nl .,abbr. 
Nickel. 

Nl-ag'a-ra, 1 nai-ag'a-ra; 2 nl-ag'a-ra, n. A river 
between Ontario province, Canada, and New 
York State, flowing from Lake Erie to Lake On¬ 
tario; length, 36 m.; in its course occur the 
JV. Falls, height, 167 ft., width, over 4,000 ft. 
nib, 1 nib; 2 mb. I. vt. [nibbed; nib'bing.] 
To furnish with a nib. II. n. A projecting 
part; beak or neb; point of a pen. [ < AS. neb.\ 
nib'ble, )1 nib'l; 2 nib'l. I. vt. & vi. [nib'- 
nib'l p , ) bled, nib'ld p ; nib'bling.] To bite 
off small bits of; eat little bits. II. n. The 
act of nibbling; a little bite. [Freq. of nip 1 , a.] 
—nib'bler, n. 

Nl-cae'a, 1 nai-sl'a; 2 ni-ce'a, n. An ancient town 
in Asia Minor; the modern village of Iznik; 
Council of Nicsea, held here A. D. 325, promul¬ 
gated the Nlcene Creed.—Ni'cene, a. Of or 
pertaining to Nicaea. 

Nicar., abbr. Nicaragua._ 

Nic"a-ra'gua, 1 nik"a-ra'gwa; 2 nie"a-ra'gwa, n. 
A republic of Central America; 49,200 sq. m.; 
pop. ‘746,000; capital, Managua.—NIc"a-ra'- 
guan, a. & n. 

nice, 1 nais; 2 nig, a. [nic'er; nic'est.] 1. 
Refined and scrupulous in tastes or habits. 
2. Requiring careful consideration. 3. Acute. 
4. Accurate. [F., < L. nescius, ignorant, < 
ne, not, + scto, know.] -iy, adv. -ness, n .— 
nl'ce-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] 1. The quality of being 
nice. 2. Something that is nice; subtlety; delicacy. 
Nice, 1 nls; 2 nig, n. A Mediterranean winter re¬ 
sort and seaport of S. E. France; pop. 142,940. 
niche, 1 nicfii; 2 nich, n. A recessed space or 
hollow. [F.] 

Nlch'o-las, 1 nik'o-las; 2 nle'o-las. 1. Saint. ( 
-340). Bishop; patron of children. See Santa 
Claus. 2. N. II. (1868-1918), Czar of Russia, 
1894-1917; abdicated; murdered by Bolsheviki. 

Nlc'o-lasf. 

nick 11 , 1 nik; 2 nlk, vt. To make a nick in. 
nick 21 , vt. & vi. To hit, fit, or suit exactly; tally. 
[A use of nick 1 , n.] 

nick 1 , n. 1. A slight cut or indent; notch. 2. 

A score or tally. [A form of nock, n.] 
nick 2 , n. A point of time; critical moment, 
nick'el, 1 nik'el; 2 nik'el, n. 1. A hard, ductile 
metal. 2. A U. S. five*cent piece. [Sw., abbr. 
of kopparnickel, mineral containing nickel.] 
nick'nack", 1 nik'nak"; 2 nik'nak", n. Same 

as KNICKKNACK. 

nick'name", 1 nik'nem"; 2 nik'nam". I . vt. 
To give a nickname to. II. n. A familiar 
name given in derision or compliment. [ME. 
an ekename, nekename; see an, eke, and name.] 
nic'o-tin, ) 1 nik'o-tin or -tin; 2 nic'o-tin or 
nic'o-tine, ) -tin, n. A poisonous alkaloid con¬ 
tained in the leaves of tobacco. [ < Jean 
Nicot, who introduced tobacco into France.] 
niece, 1 nis; 2 neg, n. The daughter of a brother 
or sister. [OF.] 

Ni'ger, 1 nai'jar; 2 nl'ger, ra. A river of W. Africa; 

length, 2,600 m. to Atlantic ocean, 
nig'gard, 1 nig'ard; 2 nig'ard. I. a. Sordidly 
parsimonious. II. n. A parsimonious per¬ 


son. [< Ice. hndggr, stingy.]— nig'gard-Iy, 
a. & adv. —nig'gard-li-ness, n . 
nig'ger, 1 nig'ar; 2 nig'er, n. A negro: now 
vulgar. [ < F. negre, negro.] 
nigh, 1 nai; 2 ni. I. a. [nigh'er; nigh'est or 
next.] 1. Being close by. 2. [Colloq.] On 
the left: used of a team. II. adv. 1. Near. 
2. Almost. III. prep. Close to. [ < AS. 
neah, nigh.] 

night, 1 nait; 2 nit, n. 1. The period during 
which the sun is below the horizon. 2. Eve¬ 
ning. 3. A condition of darkness or gloom. 
4. Death. [ < AS. niht, night.]— night'cap", 
n. A head*covering for sleeping in.— night'- 
fall", n. The close of day.— night'gown", n. 
A loose gown for bed or bedroom wear, n.s 
dresst; n.^robet; night'shirt"t.—night'ly 
I. a. Pertaining to night or to every night; oc¬ 
curring at night or every night. II. adv. By 
night; every night.— night'mare", n. An op¬ 
pressive condition in sleep, usually with bad 
dreams.— n.=rider, n. [Recent.] [So. U. S.] One 
of a band of masked mounted men who travel at 
night to intimidate.— night'sh^de", n. A flow¬ 
ering plant, yielding medic- * 
inal poisons. 

night'in-gale 1 , 1 nait'in- 
gel; 2 nlt'in-gal, n. A 
small Old World migra¬ 
tory bird, noted for the 
melodious night*song of 
the male. [ < nihtegale, < 
niht, night, + galan, sing.] 

Night'in-gale 2 ,1 nait'in-gel; 

2 nlt'in-gal, Florence 
(1820-1910). An English Deadly Nightshade, 
philanthropist and author; «, flowering branch; &, 
by her work in Crimean flower; c, fruit, 
war, founder of modern military hospital service, 
ni'hil, 1 nai'hil; 2 ni'hil, n. Nothing. [L.j 
nilf.—ni'kil-ism, n. 1. The doctrine that 
nothing exists or can be known. 2. Originally, in 
Russia, a form of social doctrine that denied au¬ 
thority of any kind; later, a revolutionism bent 
on the overthrow of all existing institutions.— 
ni'hil-ist, n. —ni"hil-is'tic, a. —ui-hil'i-ty, n. 
Nothingness. 

Nile, 1 nail; 2 nil, n. A river of E. Africa; flows 
about 4,000 m. from Victoria Nyanza to the Med¬ 
iterranean.— Battle of the Nile, fought near the 
mouth of the river Aug. 1, 1798; Nelson defeated 
French fleet.— Ni-lot'ic, a. 
nim'bl (e p , 1 nim'bl; 2 nim'bl, a. [nim'bler; 
nim'blest.] Light and quick in motion or 
action; agile. [ < AS. numvl, < niman, take.] 
— nim'ble-ness, n.— nim'bly, adv. 
nlm'bus, 1 nim'bus; 2 mm'bus, n. [nim'bus- 
es z or nim'bi, pi .] 1. A dark, heavy, rain* 
bearing cloud. 2. Art. A halo of light en¬ 
circling the head. [ < L. nimbus, rain*cloud.] 
Nim'rod, 1 nim'red; 2 nim'rod, -n. Bib. Grand¬ 
son of Ham; a mighty hunter. Gen. x, 8. 
nine, 1 nain; 2 nln. I. a. Consisting of one 
more than eight. II. n. 1. The sum of eight 
and one. 2. A symbol representing nine 
units, as 9 or IX. 3. The nine players form¬ 
ing one side in a basebalbgame. [ < AS. 
nigon, nine.]— nine'fold", a. Nine times as 
many.— nine'pins, n. pi. A game similar to 
tenpins, in which nine large wooden pins are em¬ 
ployed.— nine'teen". I. a. Consisting of nine 
more than ten. II. n. The sum of ten and nine; 
also its symbols, 19 or XIX.— nine'teenth". 
I. a. 1. Ninth in order after the tenth. 2. Being 
one of nineteen equal parts. II. n. One of nine¬ 
teen equal parts of anything.— nine'ti-eth. I. a. 



1 :» = final; i = habit; aisle; au = <wt; oil; Iu = fe«d; cfhin; go; rj = s mg; fhin, this. 
2 : wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cilre, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








Nineveh 

noose 


406 


1. *Tenth in order after the eightieth. 2. Being 
one of ninety equal parts. II. n. One of ninety 
equal parts of anything.— nine'ty. I. a. Con¬ 
sisting of nine times ten. II. n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The 
sum of ten and eighty; also its symbols, 90 or 
XC.— ninth. I. a. 1. Next in order after the 
eighth. 2. Being one of nine equal parts. II. 
n. One of nine equal parts.— ninth'ly, adv. 

NIn'e-veh, 1 nin'i-va; 2 nin'e-ve, n. An ancient 
city on the Tigris river; capital of Assyria; de¬ 
stroyed by the Medes and Babylonians about 
600 B. C. —Nln'e-vlte, n. 
nin'iiy, 1 nin'i; 2 nin'y, n. [nin'nies 2 , ph] A 
simpleton; dunce. [Cp. It. ninno, Sp. nino, 
child.1 

Ni'nus, 1 nai'nus; 2 nl'nQs, n. Reputed founder of 
Nineveh, 2182 B. C.; husband of Semiramis. 
Ni'o-be, 1 nai'o-bl; 2 nl'o-be, n. Gr. Myth. A 
Grecian mother, whose children were slain by 
Apollo and Artemis, with whom she had boast¬ 
fully compared them, she herself being turned 
into stone. 

nip 1 ,1 nip; 2 nip. I. vt. [nipped 1 , nipt 3 ; nip'- 
ping.] 1. To cut, bite, or pinch slightly and 
suddenly. 2#To bite or sting, as by frost. 
II. n. 1. The act of compressing sharply; a 
pinch. 2. A biting, pinching, or clipping off. 
[ME. nippen; cp. D. knippen, nip.] 
nip 2 .1. vi. To take a drink. II. n. A small dram- 
nip'per, 1 nip'er; 2 nip'er, n. 1. One who nips. 

2. One of various tools for nipping; pincers or 
tongs. 3. An incisor, as of a horse. 

nip'ple, / 1 nip'l; 2 nip'l, ». 1. The cone* 

nip'I p , ) shaped process of the breast; a pap; 
teat. 2. A protuberance to receive a percus- 
sion*cap. 3. A small tubular pipe*fitting. 
[Dim. of NIB, NEB.] 

Nlr-va'na, 1 nir-va'na; 2 nir-va'na, n. In Sanskrit 
literally a “blowing out”; in Buddhism, the loss 
of all personal consciousness by absorption into 
the divine. Nir-wa'naJ. — Nir-va'nic, a. 
nit, 1 nit; 2 nit, n. The egg of a louse or other 
insect; a small speck. [< AS. hnitu.] 
ni'ter, 1 nai'tar; 2 ni'ter, n. A crystalline white 
salt; saltpeter; potassium nitrate. [ < F. 
nitre, < L. nitrum, < Gr. nitron , soda.] ni'tref. 
nl'ton, 1 nai'tan; 2 nl'ton, n. The emanation 
of radium viewed as an element; symbol Nt, 
atomic weight 222.4. 

nitr-, j 1 naitr-, nai'tri-, nai'tro-; 2 nltr-, nl'- 
ni'tri-, > tri-, nl'tro-. Combining forms. [< 
ni'tro-, ) NL. nitrum, niter (< L. nitrum; see 
niter).] Indicating in chemistry the presence 
of nitrogen in some form.— ni 'trate, n. A salt of 
nitric acid.— nl'tric, a. Pertaining to or ob¬ 
tained from niter.— nitric acid, a colorless, 
highly corrosive liquid, used for dissolving met¬ 
als. aqua fortisf. — nl'tri-fy, vt. & vi. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] — ni"tri-fi-ea'tlon, n. — ni'trite, n. A 
salt of nitrous acid.— ni'tro-gen, n. An odor¬ 
less, colorless, gaseous element forming four* 
fifths of the volume of the air.— ni'tro-gen-ize, 
vt. To treat or combine with nitrogen.— ni- 
trog'e-nous, a. Pertaining to nitrogen.— ni"- 
tro-glyc'er-in, n. A light*yellow oily explosive 
liquid made by treating glycerin with nitric acid. 
— ni'trous, a. Pertaining to or derived from 
niter.— nitrous acid, an acid containing less 
oxygen than nitric acid. 

Nizh'ni Nov"go-rod ', 1 nl 3 'nl nev"go-red'; 2 
nizh'ni nov"go-r£)d'. A city of central Russia, 
capital of the government of this name; pop. 
112,300; famed for its fairs. 

N. .1., abbr. New Jersey (official).— N. 1., abbr. 
North latitude.— n. 1., abbr. [L.] Non licet (it 
is not permitted), non liquet (it is not clear), non 


lonqe (not far).— N. M., N. Mex. (official), abbr . 
New Mexico. 

no, 1 no; 2 no. I. a. Not any; not one; none. 
II. n_ 1. A negative reply. 2. A negative 
vote or voter.— no one, not anyone; nobody. 
no 1 , adv. 1. Nay; not so; not: opposed to yes. 
2. Not: used at the end of a sentence or 
clause; as, whether or no. 3. [Scot.] Not. 
[ < AS. nd , < ne, not, + a, ever.] 
no 2 , adv. Not in any wise; in no case or re, 
spect; not; as, no faster. 

N. O., abbr. Natural order, New Orleans. —No.. 

abbr. North, Numero [Nos., pi.] (L., number). 
No'ah, 1 n5'a; 2 no'a, n. Bib. A righteous man, 
saved in the ark, together w’ith his family, at the 
time of the deluge. Gen. vi, vii.— No-a'elii-au, 
No-ach'ic, a. 

nob, 1 nob; 2 nob, n. 1. [Humorous.] The 
head. 2. A knob. [Form of knob ] 

No-bel', 1 no-bel'; 2 no-btT, Alfred Bernard 
(1833-1896). A Swedish chemist and manufac¬ 
turer of explosives; originator of dynamite, 
founded by his will the Nobel Prizes, which are 
paid annually to those whose work in science, 
literature, and furtherance of the world’s peace, is 
considered of most benefit to humanity, 
no'ble, 1 no'bl; 2 no'bl. I. a. [no'bler; no'- 
blest.] 1. Exalted in character or quality. 
2. Aristocratic. 3. Imposing; magnificent. 
4. Precious. II. n. A nobleman; peer.— no- 
bil'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The state of being 
noble, as in character or rank. 2. The peerage; 
aristocracy. [F., < L. nobilis, well known, < 
nosco, know.]— no'ble-nian, n. [-men, pi.] A 
man of noble rank; peer.— no'ble-wo"nian, n. 
fem. — no'ble-ness, n .— no'bly, adv. In a noble 
manner. 

no'bod-y, 1 no'bed-i; 2 no'bod-y, n. [-ies 2 , pi. j 

1. No person. 2. [Colloq.] A person of no 
estimation. 

noc'turn, 1 nek'turn; 2 noc'tfirn, n. 1. Eccl. 
A service held at night. 2. Same as noc¬ 
turne. [ < F. nocturne, < L. nocturnus, 
nightly.]— noc-tur'nal, a. 1. Pertaining to 
night; occurring at night; seeking food by night. 

2. Relating to a nocturn.— noc'turne, n. 1. 
Art. A night*seene. 2. Mus. A dreamy, senti¬ 
mental composition; serenade. 

nod, 1 nod; 2 nod, v. [nod'ded^ ; nod'ding.] I. 
t. 1. To incline or bend forward, as the head. 
2. To signify by a nod. 3. To effect by means 
of a nod. II. i. To incline the head or top. 
2. To be drowsy. [Cp. dial. G. notteln, shake.] 
nod, n. A forward and downward motion of 
the head or top. 

nod'die, ) 1 ned'l; 2 nod'l, n. The head: used 
nod'l p , ) contemptuously, 
node, 1 nod; 2 nod, n. I. A knot or knob; 
swelling. 2. Bot. The joint of a stem. 3. 
Math. A point at which a curve cuts or 
crosses itself. 4. The point where the orbit 
of a heavenly body intersects the ecliptic. 
[F., < L. nodus, knot.]— no'dal, a. Pertaining 
to a node.— no'dose, a. Having nodes or knots; 
knobby.— no-dos'l-ty, n. Knottiness.— nod'- 
ule, n. A little knot, lump, or node.— nod'u- 
lar, a. 

noise, 1 noiz; 2 noig. I. vt. [noised; nois'ing.] 
1. To spread by rumor or report. 2. To dis¬ 
turb with noise. II. n. 1. .A sound of any 
kind, especially a disturbing sound. 2. 
Clamor; discussion. [< F. noise, quarrel.] — 
noise'less, a. Causing or making no noise; 
silent, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— nois'y, a. [nois'i- 
er; nois'i-est.] 1. Making a loud noise. 2. 


1 : artistic. Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, Sr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, {ill; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 





407 


Nineveh 

noose 


Characterized by noise.— nois'i-ly, adv. — nois'- 
i-ness, n. 

noi 'some, 1 nei'sam; 2 noi'som, a. Very offen¬ 
sive, particularly to the sense of smell; also, 
noxious. [ < -noy, suffix of annoy.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

nol. pros., abbr. [L.] Nolle prosequi (to be un¬ 
willing to prosecute).— nom., nomin., abbr. 
Nominative. 

nom'ad, 1 nem'ed or no'mad; 2 nom'ad or no'- 
mad. I. a. Nomadic. II. n. A rover; one 
of an unsettled, wandering race. [ < L. 
noma(d-)s, < Gr. noma(d-)s, roving, < nemo, 
graze.]— no-mad 'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to nomads; 
roaming. 2. Unsettled. 

nome, 1 nom; 2 nom, n. A province or prefecture 
of ancient Egypt or modern Greece. [F„ < Gr. L 
nomos, province.] 

no'men-cla"ture, 1 no'men-kle"(ffiur; 2 no'- 
men-cla"chur, n. A system of names, as used 
in any art or science. [ < L. nomenclatura, 
list of names.] 

nom'i-nal, 1 nem'i-nal; 2 nom'i-nal, a. Per¬ 
taining to a name; existing in name only; in¬ 
considerable. [ < L. nominalis, < nomen, 
name.] -ly, adv. — nom'i-nal-ism, n. Philos. 
The doctrine that abstract conceptions have no 
real existence. 


nom'i-nate, 1 nem'i-net; 2 nom'i-nat, vt. 
[-N.vr ,/ ED d ; -nat"ing.] To name; designate as 
a candidate. [ < L. nominatus, pp. of nomino, 
< nomen, name.]— nom"i-ua'tion, n. 1. The 
act of nominating. 2. The power of appoint¬ 
ment.— nom'i-na-tiv(e 3 . I. a. Gram. Nam¬ 
ing or being the subject of a sentence. II. n. The 
case of the subject of a finite verb; the nominative 
case.— nom'i-na"tor, n. One who nominates. 
—nom"I-nee', n. One who receives a nomina¬ 


tion. 

-nomy. A suffix, denoting “the science of”; as, 
astro nomy. [< Gr. -nomia, < nomos, law, < 
nemo, distribute.] 

non-, prefix. Not. [ < L. non, < ne, not, + 
oinom, unum, acc., one.] Non- is the Latin 
negative adverb adopted as an English prefix. 
It denotes in general simple negation; as, 
“non®attendance,” lack of attendance, etc. 
Compare un-. 

Numerous compounds of non- are seffiexplain- 
ing, as the following: 


non"*ap-pear'ance 
non*cel'lu-lar 
non*com'ba-tant 
non"=com-mis'sioned 
non"=com-pli'ance 
non"*com-pli'ant 
non"*ef-fi'cient 
non"=e-lec'tric 
non"=es-sen'tial 
non"*ex-is'tent 
non"*in-duc'tive 
no ruin'ter-course 
nomin" ter-fer'ence 
non=in"ter-ven'tion 
nonde'gal 
nomlu'mi-nous 
nommet'al 
non"*me-tal'lic 


nomnat'u-ral 

non"*par-tic'i-pat"ing 

non»par'ti-zan 

nompay'ment 

non"=per-form'ance 

non"»re-cur'rent 

non"»re-sis'tance 

non"*re-sis'tant 

non"=sec-ta'ri-an 

non"»sub-scrib'er 

nomtech'ni-cal 

nomu'nion 

non=u'nion-ism 

non*u'nion-ist 

non»us'er 

nomven'om-ous 

nomvo'cal 

non*vol'a-tile 


-non"scom-mit'taI, a. Not having or express¬ 
ing a decided opinion, -ly, adv. — non"*con-duc'- 
tor, n. Something that offers resistance to the 
passage of some form of energy; as, a non-con¬ 
ductor of heat or electricity.— non"scon-form '- 
1st, n. One who does not conform to established 
usage; a dissenter.— non"=con-form'i-ty, n.— 
nonsres'i-dent. I. a. Not resident in a place. 


II. n. One not permanently residing in a par¬ 
ticular place. —non*res'i-dence, n. 
non'age, 1 non'ij; 2 non'ag, n. The period of 
minority. 

non"a-ge-na 'ri-an, 1 nen"a-ji-ne'ri-an; 2 
non"a-ge-na'ri-an. I. a. Pertaining to the 
nineties. II. n. A person between the ages 
of ninety and a hundred, f < L. nonagenarius, 
of ninety.] 

nonce, 1 nens; 2 non<;, n. Present time or oc¬ 
casion. [ME. the nones, misdivision of then 
ones .]— nonce'sword", n. A word coined for an 
occasion. 

non"cha-lance', 1 nen"iffia-lans'; 2 non"gha- 
lanp', n. A state of mind indicating jaunty 
indifference or unconcern. [F., < nonchalant, 
ppr. of OF. nonchaler, neglect.]— noncha¬ 
lant', a. 

non'de-script, 1 non'di-skript; 2 non'de- 
seript, a. Indescribable; odd. [ < non- + 
L. descriptus, pp. of describo; see describe.]— 

non'de-script, n. 

none, 1 nun; 2 non. I. a. Not one; no one; no. 
H. pron. Not one; no one; no part: used as 
sing, or pi. III. adv. In no respect. [ < AS. 
ne, not, + an, one.] 

non-en'ti-ty, 1 nen-en'ti-ti; 2 non-en'ti-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The negation of being; non* 
existence. 2. A person or thing of no ac¬ 
count; a nobody, [non- ; and see entity.] 
no-nil'lion, 1 no-nil'yan; 2 no-nll'yon, n. A 
cardinal number: In the French and Ameri¬ 
can numeration denoted by 1 followed by 
thirty ciphers; in the English system, 1 with 
fifty*four ciphers. 

non"pa-reil', 1 nen"pa-rel'; 2 non"pa-rel'. I. 
a. Of unequaled excellence. II. n. 1. Some¬ 
thing of unequaled excellence. 2. The size of 
type in which this paragraph is printed. See 
type. 3. One of various birds. [F., < non, 
not (< L. non; see non-) , + pareil, equal, ult. < 
L. par, equal.] 

non 'plus, 1 nen'plus; 2 non'plus. I. vt. [non'- 
plused* or -plussed 1 , non'plust 8 ; non'- 
plus-ing or -plus-sing.] To bring to a stand 
by disconcerting. II. n. A perplexity. [ < 
L. non, not, + plus, more.] [not prosecute). 

non pros., abbr. [L.] Non prosequitur (he does 
non'sense, 1 non'sens; 2 non'sSn?, n. 1. That 
which is without sense, or without good sense; 
absurdity. 2. [Colloq.] Things of no impor¬ 
tance.— non-sen 'si-cal, a. 
non seq., abbr. [L.] Non sequitur. 
non seq'ui-tur, 1 non sek'wi-tur; 2 non sek'wi- 
tur. An irrelevant conclusion. [L., literally, it 
does not follow.] 

non'suit", 1 non'siut"; 2 non'sut". Law. I d . 
vt. To order the dismissal of the suit of. II. 
n. 1. The abandonment of a suit. 2. A 
judgment dismissing a suit. [ < OF. non suit, 
he does not follow.] _ [simpleton. 

noo'dle 1 , 1 nu'dl; 2 noo'dl, n. [Colloq.] A 
noo'dle 2 , n. A strip of dried dough, for serving 
in soup, etc. [ < G. nudel, macaroni.] 
nook, 1 nuk; 2 nook, n. A narrow and retired 
place. [ < Gaek nine, nook.] 
noon, 1 nun; 2 noon, n. That time of day when 
the sun is in the meridian; midday. [ < AS. 
non, < L. nona, fern, of nonus, ninth.]—noon'- 
day". I. a. Pertaining to midday. II. n. The 
middle of the day.—noon'ing, n. A time of 
rest taken at noon.—noon'tide". I. a. Oc¬ 
curring at noon. _II. n. Noon, 
noose, 1 nus; 2 noos. I. vt. [noosed 1 , noost 8 ; 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; cfhin; go; T) = Bing; thin, this. 
2: wplf, do; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






n. o. p. 
nugget 


408 


noos'ing.] 1. To capture with a noose; en¬ 
snare; hang. 2. To tie in or provide with a 
noose. II. n. A slip*knot. [Prob. < L. OF+F 
nodus, knot.] 

n. o. p., abbr. Not otherwise provided for. 

nor, 1 ner; 2 nor, conj. And not; likewise not. 
[Contr. of ME. nother, var. of neither, neither.] 

Nor., abbr. Norman, North. 

Nor'folk, 1 ner'fak; 2 nor'fok, n. 1. A county in 
E. England; 2,055 sq. m.; pop. 504,280. 2. A 

seaport city in S. E. Virginia; pop. 115,780; a na¬ 
val station and coaling*point. 

no'rl-a, 1 no'ri-a; 2 no 7 ri-a, n. A water*raising 
apparatus consisting of a 
large wheel having buckets 
on its rim: used in the 
Levant, Spain, etc. fSp., 

< Ar. na'ora.] 

nor'mal, 1 ner'mal; 2 nor'- 
mal. I. a. 1. Conformed 
to a type or standard. 2. 

Model. 3. Geom. Perpen¬ 
dicular. 4. Physics. Aver¬ 
age; mean. II. n. 1. A usual’or accepted rule 
or process. 2. Average or mean value. [ < L. 
normalis, < norma, rule.]—normal school, a 
school for the training of pupils to become 
teachers.—nor-mal'cy, n. The normal or reg¬ 
ular state or condition. 

Nor'man, 1 nor'man; 2 nor'man. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to Normandy, or to the Normans. II. 
n. A native of Normandy. [OF., < Dan. 
Normand, < nord, north, + mand, man.]— 
Norman Conquest, the subjugation of England 
by William of Normandy in the 11th century. 

Nor'man-dy, 1 ner'man-di; 2 nor'man-dy, n. An 
ancient duchy and later a province of N. France; 
on English Channel. 

Norse, 1 ners; 2 nors. I. a. Pertaining to 
Scandinavian countries, or to their peoples or 
languages. II. n. The Scandinavian lan¬ 
guages, especially the Icelandic. [ < Ice. 
Norskr, < nordhr, north.]—Norse'man, n. An 
ancient Scandinavian. North 'man|. 

north, 1 north; 2 north. I. a. 1. Lying toward 
or in the north. 2. Issuing from the north. 
II. n. I. One of the four cardinal points of 
the compass: opposed to south. 2. Any region 
north of a given point. III. adv. Toward the 
north; northerly. [ < AS. north.] — north"- 
east', n. That point of the horizon lying mid¬ 
way between north and east; any region lying 
toward that point.— north"east', a. & adv. — 
north"east'er, n. A gale or storm coming 
from the northeast.— north"east'er-Iy, a.— 
north"east'ern, a. — north w east'ward, -ly, 
adv. Toward the northeast.— north'most", a. 
north 'ern-mostj. — north'ward, a. Directed 
or lying toward the north.— north'w ard, 
north'wards, adv. In a northerly direction.— 
north 'ward-ly, a. & adv. —north"west', «. 
That point of the compass lying midway between 
north and west; any region situated toward that 
point.— north"west', a. & adv. — north"west'- 
er, n. A gale from the northwest.— north"- 
west'er-Iy, a.— north"west'ern, a. —north"- 
west'ward, -ly, adv. Toward the northwest. 

North, Frederick, Lord (1732-1792). A British 
prime minister under George III., who caused the 
American Revolutionary War. 

North., abbr. Northern. 

North Cape. A cape on Magero Island, Norway; 
the most northerly point in Europe. 

North Car"o-li'na, 1 kar"o-lai'na; 2 ear"o-U'na. 
A S. E. State of the United States; 52.426 sq. m.; 
pop. 2,559,123; capital, Raleigh. 


North Da-ko'ta, 1 da-ko'ta; 2 da-ko'ta. A N. 
central State of the United States; 70,837 sq. m.; 
pop. 645,680; capital, Bismarck, 
north 'er, n. A north wind or gale.— north '- 
er-ly, a. & adv. — north'ern. I. a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to the north. 2. Directed toward or 
coming from the north. II. n. A northerner.— 
north'ern-er, n. One residing in the north, 
north'ing, 1 nerth'ir) or nerth'ir); 2 north'ing or 
north'ing, n. 1. Surv. & Naut. Difference of lati¬ 
tude measured toward the north. 2. Astron. 
North declination. [past New York city. 

North Itiv'er. That part of the Hudson flowing 
North Sea. The body of w r ater between Great 
Britain and the continent of Europe, extending 
N. from the English Channel to the Arctic ocean; 
600 by 350 m.; often called the German ocean. 
North"west' Ter'ri-to-ry. J. A region N. of the 
Ohio river, between Pennsylvania and the Missis¬ 
sippi, ceded to the United States by Great Brit¬ 
ain in 1783; now’ divided into five States. 2. pi. 
Part of the Dominion of Canada, Wi. of Hudson 
Bay; 1,242,224 sq. m.; pop. 18,500. 

Norw., abbr. Norway, Norwegian. 

Nor'way, 1 ner'we: 2 nor'wa. n. A kingdom of N. 
Europe, occupying the W,. part of the Scandi¬ 
navian peninsula; 124,643 sq. m.; pop. 2,691,885; 
capital, Christiania. 

Nor-\ve'gi-an, 1 ner-wl'ji-an; 2 nor-we'gi-an, 
n. 1. A native of Norway. 2. The’language 
of Norway. 

Nor'wich, n. 1 ner'ich; 2 nor'ich. 1 . A city and 
county borough in the E. of England; pop. 
120,650. 2. 1 nor'wich; 2 nor'wich. A city of 

S?E. Connecticut; pop. 29,685. 

Nos., abbr. [L.] Numeros (numbers), 
nose, 1 noz; 2 no§, v. [nosed; nos'ing.] 1 . 1 . 1 . 
To perceive by smell. 2. To touch with the 
nose. 3. To discover by prying. 4. To utter 
nasally. II. i. To explore pryingly; snuff, 
nose, n. 1. That part of the face of an animal 
containing the nostrils and the organ of smell. 
2. The power of smelling. 3. That which re¬ 
sembles a nose; a ship’s prow; a spout, nozle, 
etc. [< AS. nosu, nose.]—nose'gay", n. A 
bouquet. 

nos-tal 'gi-a, 1 nes-tal'ji-a;2 n6s-tal'gi-a, n. Pathol. 
Severe or morbid homesickness. [ < Gr. nostos, 
return, + algos, pain.]—nos-tal'gic, a. 
nos'tril, 1 nes'tril; 2 nos'tril, n. One of the an¬ 
terior openings in the nose. [ < AS. nosthyrl, 
< nosu, nose, + thyrl, hole.] 
nos'trum, 1 nes'trum; 2 nos'trum, n. 1. A 
favorite remedy; patent medicine; quack 
recipe. 2. Anything savoring of quackery. 
[L., ours, < nos, we.] 

not, 1 net; 2 not, adv. In no manner, or to no 
extent: used in negation, prohibition, or re¬ 
fusal. [ < AS. nawiht: see naught.] 
no'ta-ble 1 , 1 no'ta-bl; 2 no'ta-bl. I. a. 
no'ta-bl p , ) Worthy of note; remarkable; 
conspicuous. II. n. One who or that which 
is worthy of note; distinguished or eminent. 
[F., < L. notabilis, notable.] -ness, n. —no"ta- 
bil'I-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] 1. Notableness. 2. 
A person of distinction.— no'ta-bly 1 , adv. 
not'a-bI(e 2P , 1 net'a-bl; 2 not'a-bl, a. Emi¬ 
nently careful or thrifty and skilful, as in 
housekeeping: obsolescent.— not'a-bly 2 , adv. 
no'ta-ry, 1 no'ta-ri; 2 no'ta-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] 
An officer empowered to administer oaths, 
etc. [ < L. notarius, < nota; see note, n.]— 
no-ta'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a notary, 
no-ta'tton, 1 no-te'ffian; 2 no-tii'shon, n. 1* 
The process of designating by figures, etc. 2. 



1 : artistic. Art; fat, f5re; fast; get, pr§y; hit, police; obey, go; not, 6r; full, rQle; but, burn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 








409 


n. o. p. 
nugget 


Any system of signs, figures, etc., especially 
arithmetical characters. [< L. notatio(n-)\ 
see note, ra.] 

notch, > 1 ne(fh; 2 nock. I‘. vt. 1. To make a 
noch p , ) notch in. 2. To adjust the notch of 
(an arrow). 3. To record by means of 
notches. II. n. 1. A nick or mark cut in any¬ 
thing. 2. [Local, U. S.] A narrow, short de¬ 
file. [Form of nock.] 

note, 1 not; 2 n5t. I. vt. [not'ed^ ; not'tng.] 
1. To take notice or note of. 2. To set down, 
as in writing. 3. To annotate. II. n. 1. An 
outward sign. 2. A character used to indicate 
something; an annotation; memorandum. 3. 
A communication or brief letter. 4. Notice; 
observation. 5. High importance; distinc¬ 
tion. 6. Mus. (1) A character indicating the 
length of a tone, and its position in the scale. 
(2) Any musical sound. (3) A key. 7. A 
sound; especially, a melodious sound; tone. 
8. Com. A signed promise by one party to 
another to pay a certain sum. [F., < L. nota, 

< notus, pp. of nosco, know.]—note'=book", n. 
A book in which to enter memoranda.—not'ed, 
a. Well known by reputation or report, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. —note'wor"thy, a. Worthy of 
note; remarkable.—note'wor"thi-ly, adv. — 
note'wor"thi-ness, n. 

noth'nig, 1 nufh'nr, 2 noth'ing. I. n. 1. Not 
any being or existence; no thing. 2. A state 
of non*existence. 3. A trifle. II. adv. In no 
degree; not at all.—noth'ing-ness, n. 1. 
Non*existence. 2. Worthlessness, 
no'tlce, ) 1 nd'tis; 2 no'tig. I. vt. [no'ticed*, 
no'tis 8 , (no'tist 8 ; no'tic-ing.] 1. To take 
cognizance of. 2. To refer to. 3. To make 
remarks upon. 4. To notify. II. n. 1. The 
act of noticing or observing. 2. Intelligence. 
3. Respectful treatment. 4. An order com¬ 
municated. [F., < L. notitia, celebrity.]— 
no'tice-a-bl(e p , a— no'tice-a-bly, adv.— no'- 
ti-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"ing.] 1. To give notice to; 
inform. 2. To publish — no"ti-fi-ca'tion, n. 
1. The act of notifying. 2. Notice given, 
no'tion, 1 no'^hen; 2 nS'shon, n. 1. A mental 
apprehension; an idea; opinion. 2. [Colloq.] 
Intention; any small convenience. [F., < L. 
notus, pp. of nosco, know.]—no'tion-al, a. 
no"to-ri'e-ty, 1 nd"to-rai'i-ti; 2 n5"to-rI'e-ty, 
n. ■ [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The character of being 
notorious. 2. Common knowledge or talk. 
3. One who or that which is notorious. [ < L. F 
nofomts,making known, <.nosco, know'.] no- 
to'ri-ous, a. Being publicly known as the sub¬ 
ject of unfavorable remark, -ly, ado. -ness, n. 
Not'tlng-ham, 1 net'io-om; 2 not'Ing-am, n. 

1. A midland county of England (pop. 641.130). 

2. A city and county borough (pop. 262,660) in 
that county. 

not"with-stand'ing, 1 net"with-stand'nj; 2 
not"with-stand'ing. I. adv. & conj. In spite 
of the fact; nevertheless. II. prep. With¬ 
out regard to; despite. 

nought, 1 net; 2 not, a. & n. Same as naught. 
noun, 1 naun; 2 noun, n. Gram. A word used 
as the name of a thing; a substantive. [OF., 

< L. nomen, name.] 

nour'ish 1 , 1 nur'i^h; 2 niir'ish, v. _ I. t. 1. To 
furnish material to sustain (a living organ¬ 
ism). 2. Hence, to support. 3. To furnish 
with knowledge; educate. II. i. To promote 
growth and repair waste. [<C F. nournr, < 
L. nutrlo, nurse.]—nour'ish-ment, n. 1. Nu¬ 


triment. 2. The act of nourishing. 3. That 
which sustains or promotes growth. 

Nov., abbr. November. 

No'va Sco'tia, 1 no'va sko'Sha; 2 no'va seo'sha. 
A maritime province of E. Canada; 21,428 sq. m.; 
pop. 524,580; capital, Halifax. 

No'va Zem'bla, 1 zem'bla; 2 zem'bla. Group of 
Russian islands in Arctic ocean; 34,500 sq. m. 
nov'el, 1 nev'el or nov'l; 2 nov'el or nov'l. I. a. 
Of recent origin; new, strange, or unusual. 
II. n. A fictitious tale, assuming to portray 
real life and actual emotions. [OF., < L. 
novellus, dim. of novus, new.]— nov'el-lst, n. A 
writer of novels.— nov"el-ette', n. A short novel. 
— nov'el-ty, n. [-ties 2 ,pL] 1. The quality of be 
ing novel. 2. Something novel. 3. An innovation. 
No-vein 'ber, 1 no-vem'bar; 2 no-vem'ber, n. 
The eleventh month of the year. [ < L. 
November, ninth month of the Roman year, < 
novem, nine.] 

nov'iee, ) 1 nev'is; 2 nov'ig, n. 1. A beginner; 
nov'is 3 , J tyro. 2. Specifically, one who enters 
a religious house on probation. [F., < L. 
novicius, new.]— no-vi 'ti-ate, n. The state of 
being a novice; a period of probation, 
now, 1 nau; 2 now. I. n. The present time or 
moment. II. adv. 1. At once. 2. At or dur¬ 
ing the present time. 3. Recently. 4. 
Things being so. [ < AS. nu, now.]— nowa¬ 
days", adv. In the present time or age.— now 
and then, occasionally; from time to time, 
no'where", adv. In no place or state, 
no'wise", adv. In no manner or degree, 
nox'ious, 1 nek'^hus; 2 noc'shus, a. Causing, 
or tending to cause, injury; pernicious, as to 
health or morals. [< L. noxius, < noceo, hurt.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

noz'I(e p , } 1 nez'l; 2 noz'l, n. A spout for dis- 
noz'zle, ) charge of liquid, as from a hose. 

N. P., abbr. New Providence, nisi prius (L., unless 
sooner), Notary Public.— N. S., abbr. New Se¬ 
ries, New Style. Nova Scotia.— n. s., abbr. Not 
specified.— N. S. W., abbr. New South Wales.— 
N. T., abbr. New Testament, Northern Terri¬ 
tory.— n. u., abbr. Name unknown, 
nub'bin, 1 nub'in; 2 nub'in, n. [Colloq., U. S.] 
An imperfectly developed ear of maize. [Dim. 
of nub, var. of knob.] 

Nu'bi-a, 1 niu'bi-a; 2 nu'bi-a, n. A desert region 
of N. Africa, S. of Egypt, between the Red Sea and 
the Sahara; 280,000 sq. m.—Nu'bi-an, a. & n. 
nu'bil(e p , 1 niu'bil; 2 nu'bil, a. Of suitable age 
to marry. [ < L. nubilis, < nubo, wed.] 
nu'cle-us, 1 niu'kh-us; 2 nu'cle-iis, n. [-cle-i, 
pi.] A center of development; central mass; 
kernel. [L., dim. of nux ( nuc -), nut.]—nu'- 
cle-ar, a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a 
nucleus.—nu'cle-ate, n. Having a nucleus. 
nu'cle-at"edt.—nu-cle'o-lus, n. dim. 
nude, 1 niud; 2 nud, a. Destitute of clothing; 
naked; undraped; bare. [ < L. nudus, naked, 
bare.] -ly, adv. —nu-da'tlon, n. The act of 
making nude.—nu'di-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The 
state of being nude; a naked part; anythingunclad. 
nudge, 1 nuj; 2 niidg. I . vt. [nudged; nudg'- 
ing.] To touch or push gently, as with the 
elbow. II. n. The act of nudging. [Form 

of KNOCK.] 

nu'ga-to-ry, 1 niu'gs-to-ri; 2 nu'ga-to-ry, a. 
1. Having no power; inoperative. 2. Having 
no worth or meaning. [ < L. nugatorius, < 
nugx, trifles.]— nu'ga-to-ri-ly, adv.— nu'ga-to- 
ri-ness, n. 

nug'get, 1 nug'et; 2 nug'St, n. A lump, as of 
precious metal. [Dim. of nug, lump.] 


1 : d = final; i = habit; aisle; au = o«t; eil; lu = feud; tfhin; go; r) = sm 0 ; fhin, this. 
2: wQif, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 








nuisance 

oblige 


410 


nui'sauce, 1 niu'sans; 2 nu'sanc, re. 1, That 
which annoys, vexes, or harms. 2. That which 
by its use or existence works annoyance or 
damage to another. [F., < LL. nocentia, hurt.] 
nul(l p , 1 nul; 2 nul. I. vt. To make void; 
annul. II. a. 1. Of no legal force or effect; 
void. 2. Having no existence. 3. Of no avail. 
III. re. Something that has no force or no 
meaning; a cipher. [< L. nullus, no, none.] 
nul 'li-fy, 1 nul'i-fai; 2 nul'i-fy, vt. [-fied ; -fy"- 
ing.] To deprive of force or effect; annul. 
[< LL. nullifico, < L. nullus (see null), + facio, 
make.]—nul"li-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of nulli¬ 
fying.—nul'li-fi"er, re.—nul'll-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. The state of being null. 2. A nonentity. 
Num., Numb., abbr. Numbers.—num., abbr. 
Numeral. 

numb, I 1 num; 2 num. I. vt. To deprive of 
num 8 , ) the power of sensation; benumb. II. 
a. Benumbed. [ < AS. numen, pp. of niman, 
take.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
num'ber, 1 num'ber; 2 num'ber. I. vt. 1. To 
enumerate; count. 2. To reckon. 3. To 
designate by number. 4. To amount to. II. 
n. 1. A numeral. 2. A collection of units. 3. 
The science of numerals. 4. One of a num¬ 
bered series. 5. Poetic measure. [ < F. reorei- 
brer, < L. numero, number.]—nuin'ber-less, 
a. 1. Very numerous. 2. Having no number.— 
nu'mer-a-bl(e p , a. That may be numbered.— 
nu'mer-al. I. a. 1. Used In expressing a num¬ 
ber. 2. Pertaining to number. II. n. A sym¬ 
bol or word used to express a number. — nu'- 
mer-a-ry, a. Pertaining to numbers.—nu 'mer- 
ate, vt. & vt. [-at"ed<>; -at"ing.] To enumerate; 
count.—nu"mer-a'tion, n. 1. The art of read¬ 
ing or naming numbers. 2. Enumeration.—nu'- 
mer-a"tor, n. 1. In a vulgar fraction, the term 
that denotes how many of the parts of a unit are 
taken. 2. One who counts.—nu-mer'i-cal, a. 
1. Pertaining to number. 2. Numerable, -ly, 
adv. —nu'iner-ous, a. Consisting of a great 
number of units; many. 

Nu-mid'i-a, 1 niu-mid'i-e; 2 nu-mid'i-a, n. An 
ancient kingdom and Roman province in N. 
Africa; the modern Algeria.— Nil-mid'i-an, a. 
nnmls., abbr. Numismatics, numismatology. 
nu"inis-mat'ic, 1 niu"mis-mat'ik; 2 nu"mis- 
mat'ic, a. Pertaining to coins or medals. [ < 
L. numisma, < Gr. nomisma, coin, custom.] nu"- 
mls-mat'l-calt. — nu"mls-mat'ics, n. The 
science of coins and medals, 
num'skull", ) 1 num'skul"; 2 num'skul", n. A 
num 'skul" p , ) blockhead; dunce. [ < numb, + 

SKULL 1 .] 

nun, 1 nun; 2 nun, n. A woman devoted to a 
religious life, and living in a convent. [ < 
LL.as nunna, nonna, nun, mother.]—nun'ner-y, 
re. [-ies 2 , pi.] A convent for nuns, 
nun'cl-o, 1 nun'^hi-o; 2 nun'shi-o, n. 1. An 
ordinary ambassador of the Pope to a foreign 
court. 2. Any messenger. [It., < L. nuntius, 
messenger.] 

nun'cu-pa"tiv(e 9 , 1 nur)'kiu-pe"tiv; 2 nun'cu- 
pa"tiv, a. Law. Oral as distinguished from 
written. [ < L. nuncupo, call by name.] 

nun-cu'pa-to-ryf. 


nup'tial, 1 nup'^hel; 2 nup'shal, a. Pertaining 
to marriage or the marriage ceremony. [ < 
L. nuptialis, < nuptus, pp. of nubo, marry.]— 
nup 'tials, n. pi. The marriage ceremony or state. 

Nu'rem-berg, 1 niu'rem-burg; 2 nu'rem-berg, n. 
A manufacturing city of N. Bavaria; pop. 352,- 
680; noted for its toys. Nurn'oergt [G.J. 

nurse, 1 nurs; 2 nurs, v. [nursed 1 , nurst 8 ; 
nurs'ing.] I. t. 1. To care for, as during ill¬ 
ness. 2. To suckle. 3. To promote the devel¬ 
opment or growth of. II. i. 1. To take care 
of a sick person; suckle a babe. 2. To be 
suckled at the breast. 

nurse, n. One who nurses; one who or that 
which fosters and promotes. [ < F. nourrice, 
< L. nulrix, < nutrio, feed.] —nurs'cr-y, n. 
[-ies 2 , pi.] 1. A playroom for children. 2. A 
place where trees, shrubs, etc., are raised for sale 
or transplanting.— nurs'er-y-nian, n. [-men, pi.] 
One who has a nursery for trees, etc. —nurs'ling, 
n. An infant. 

nur'ture, 1 nur'diur; 2 nflr'chur. I. vt. [nur'- 
tured; nur'tur-ing.] 1. To give nourish¬ 
ment to. 2. To bring or train up. II. n. The 
act of nurturing; that which nourishes or fos¬ 
ters. [OF., < LL. nutritura, < L. nutrio, feed.] 

nut, 1 nut; 2 nut. I. vi. [nut'ted* 1 ; nut'ting.J 
To gather nuts. II. n. | 

1. A fruit consisting of a 
kernel or seed enclosed 
in a woody shell. 2. A 
small block of metal hav¬ 
ing an internal screw* 
thread. [ < AS. hnutu, 
nut.] — nut'crack"er, n. 

1. A device for cracking 
nuts. 2. One of certain 
crow*like birds. — nut'* 
gall", n. Bol. A gall.— 
nut 'meg, n. The aromatic 
kernel of the fruit of various 
trees; also, the tree itself. —nut'shell", n. The 
shell of a nut.— nut'ty, a. 1. Abounding in nuts. 

2. Having the flavor of nuts. 

nu'tri-out, 1 niu'tri-snt; 2 nu'tri-ent. I. a. 

1. Giving nourishment. 2. Conveying nu¬ 
trition. II. n. Something that nourishes. 
[< L. nutrio. feed.]— nu'tri-men t, n. 1. Food. 

2. That which promotes development.— nu¬ 
trition, n. 1. The process by which growth is 
promoted and waste repaired in living organisms. 
2. Nutriment. — nu-trl'tious, a. Nourishing, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n.— nu'tri-tlv(e 8 , a. 1. Hav¬ 
ing nutritious properties. 2. Pertaining to nu¬ 
trition. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

N. YV., abbr. Northwest, northwesters.— N. YV. 
T., abbr. Northwest Territory. —N. Y., abbr. 
New York (official). 

ny-an'za, 1 m-an'ze; 2 ny-Sn'za, n. A sheet of 
water; lake; also, a river feeding a lake. [Afr.] 
ny-as'saf. 

nymph, ) 1 nimf; 2 nymf, re. 1. Myth. An 

nyrnf p , \ inferior female divinity inhabiting a 
grove, forest, spring, etc. 2. [Poet.] A dam¬ 
sel. 3. A pupa or chrysalis, nym'phaj. [ < 
Gr .^nymphe, nymph, bride.]— nymph'al, nym- 
plie'an, a. 

N. Z., N. Zeal., abbr. New Zealand. 



A Hexagonal 
Lock*, Jam*, or 
Check *nutabovea 
Square Nut. 2. A 
Thumb*, Finger*, 
or Wing*nut. 


1 : artistic, Art; fat, f5re; fust; get, pr6y; hit, police; obey, g5; not, 6r; full, rflle; but, burn- 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6ni 















411 


nuisance 

oblige 


O 



Red Oak. 


O, o, 1 6; 2 5, n. [oes, 0’s, or Os, 1 oz; 2 5§, pi.] 

1. A letter: the fifteenth in the English alpha¬ 
bet. 3. An oval or circle. 

O, 1 5; 2 5, interj. 1. An exclamation used in 
address or as expressive of a wish or emotion. 

2. Same as oh. [ < AS. ea.\ 

O., abbr. Ohio, oxygen.— o., abbr. [L.] Octarius 
(a pint). 'Ice. alfr, elf.] 

oaf, 1 of; 2 of, n. A changeling; simpleton. [< 
O-a'hu, 1 o-a'hu; 2 o-a'hu, n. An island of the 
Hawaiian group; 600 sq. m.; pop. 82,000; capital, 
Honolulu. 

oak, 1 ok; 2 5k, n. 1. A hard=wood, acorn* 
bearing tree much 
valued for the manu¬ 
facture of timber. 2. 

The wood of the oak. 

[< AS. ac, oak.]— oak'- 
en, a. Made of oak. 

Oak'land, 1 ok'land; 2 
ok'land, n. A city, 
county=seat of Alameda Ssjai 
county, Cal.; pop. 

216,261. 

oak'um, 1 Sk'um; 2 5k'- 
iim, n. Hemp*fiber 
obtained by untwist¬ 
ing old rope: used in 
calking,etc. [<AS.a-, 
out, + cemban, comb.] 
oar, 1 5r; 2 5r. I. vt. To propel with an oar; 
use as an oar; II. n. A bladed wooden im¬ 
plement for propelling a boat. [ < AS. dr, 
oar.]—oars'man, n. One who nnvs. 
o'a-sis, 1 5'a-sis or o-e'sis; 2 5'a-sfs or o-a'sis, n. 
[o'a-ses z , pi.] A fertile spot in a waste or desert. 
[< Gr. Oasis (fertile spot in Libyan desert).] 
oat, 1 ot; 2 ot, n. A cereal grass or its edible 
grain. [ < AS. ate, oat.]—oat'en, a. Made 
of oats.—oat ineal", n. The meal of oats; also, 
porridge made of it. 

oath, 1 5th; 2 5th, n. 1. A solemn attestation 
in support of a declaration, by an appeal to 
God or something holy. 2. A blasphemous 
use of the name of the Deity or of any sacred 
name. [ < AS. ath, oath.] 

Ob, 1 ob; 2 ob, n. 1. Gulf of, an inlet of the Arctic 
ocean in W. Siberia. 2. A river in VV. Siberia; 
flows 2,000 m. to Arctic ocean. O'biJ. 

Ob-, prefix. Toward; to; against; facing; reversely; 
over; near; before; up; out; upon; about: as, ob¬ 
ject, o&lique. [ < L. ob, toward, for, against.] 
Ob., Obad., abbr. Obadiah. — ob., abbr. [L.] 
Obiit (he died), obiter (by the way). 

0 "ba-di'ah, 1 o"b9-dai'9; 2 o"ba-dI'a, n. Bib. 1. 
A Hebrew minor prophet. 2. The book contain¬ 
ing his prophecies, 
obdt., obt., abbr. Obedient, 
ob'du-rate, 1 eb'diu-ret; 2 ob du-rat, a. 1. 
Unmoved by feelings of humanity or pity. 2. 
Perversely impenitent. 3. Unyielding. [ < 
L,. ob, to, + durus, hard.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— 
ob'du-ra-cy, n. Obstinacy; obdurateness, 
o-be'di-ent, 1 o-bi'di-ent; 2 o-be'di-5nt, a. 
Complying with or submitting to a behest, 
law, etc.; dutiful. [OF., < L. oboedien(t-)s, 
ppr. of obxdio, obey.]— o-be'di-ence, n— o-be - 
di-ent-ly, adv. _ 


o-bei'sance, 1 o-bi'sans; 2 o-be'sang, n. A 
courteous bowing or a bending of the knee. 
[ < F. obeissance, < obeir, obey.] 
ob 'e-lisk, 1 eb'i-lisk; 2 ob'e-lisk, n. 1. A square 
shaft with pyramidal top, usually monumen¬ 
tal. 2. The dagger=sign (f) used as a mark of 
reference. [ < Gr. L obelis/cos, pointed pillar.] 
O'ber-on, 1 o'bar-en; 2 o'ber-on, n. King of the 
fairies; husband of Titania: in Shakespeare’s 
Midsummer Night's Dream. 
to-bese', 1 o-bls'; 2 o-bes', a. Very corpulent. 

[ < L. obesus, fat.]— o-bes'i-ty, n. o-bese'nesst. 
o-bey', 1 o-be'; 2 o-be', v. I. t. 1. To do the 
bidding of. 2. To comply with or carry into 
effect. 3. To be controlled by. II. i. To yield 
obedience. [< L. F ©6, near,-]- audio, hear.] 
ob-fus'cate, 1 eb-fus'ket; 2 ob-fus'eat, vt. 1. 
To obscure, perplex, or confuse, as the mind. 
2f. To cloud or darken. [L. LL ob, to, + fuscus, 
tawmy.]— ob"fus-ca'tion, n. 

O-bit'u-a-ry, 1 o-bich'u-e-ri; 2 o-bich'u-a-ry. I. 
a. Pertaining to death. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] A 
published notice of a death. [ < LL. obitu- 
arius, < L. obitus, death.] 
obj., abbr. Object, objection, objective. 
ob-ject' d , 1 eb-jekt'; 2 ob-ject', v. I. t. To al¬ 
lege as a reason against something. IF. i. To 
declare oneself opposed to something.— ob¬ 
jection, n. 1. The act of objecting. 2. An im¬ 
pediment raised.— ob-jcc'tion-a-bl(e p , a.— ob- 
jec'tion-a-bly, adv.— ob-jec'tiv(e s . I. a. 1. 
Belonging to an object. 2. External; outward. 

3. Gram. Denoting the case of the object of a 
transitive verb or of a preposition. II. n. 1. 
The objective case. 2. An objective point.— ob¬ 
jective point, a goal or ultimate object of exer¬ 
tion.— ob-jec'tiv(e-ly s , adv. — ob"jec-tiv'i-ty, 
n. ob-jec'tive-nessj. — ob-jec'tor, n. 

ob'ject, 1 eb'jekt; 2 ob'ject, n. 1. Anything 
that comes within the cognizance of the 
senses. 2. That which is affected by an ac¬ 
tion. 3. A purpose; aim. 4. Gram. A noun, 
clause, etc., to w r hich the action of the verb 
is directed. [ < L. ob, before, + jacio, throw.] 
ob-jur'gatc, 1 eb-jur'get; 2 ob-jfir'gat, vt. 
]-GAT"ED d ; -gat'Tng.] To rebuke severely. 
[< L. ob, against, + jurgo, scold.]— ob"jur-ga'- 
tion,n.—ob-jur'ga-tiv(e s , ob-jur'ga-to-ry, a. 
obi., abbr. Oblique, oblong. 

Ob-late', 1 eb-let'; 2 ob-lat', a. Flattened at 
the poles. [ < L. ob, out, + latus, borne.]—; 
ob-la'tion, n. 1. Anything offered in worship. 
2. Eccl. The elements of the eucharist, as offered 
on the altar in some churches, 
ob'li-gate, 1 eb'li-get; 2 ob'li-gat, vt. [-gat"- 
ED d ; -gat"ing.] 1. To bind by some require¬ 
ment. 2. To hold to the fulfilment of duty. 
[< L. ob, about, + Hffo, bind.]— ob"Ii-ga'tion, 
n. 1. The act of obligating. 2. The constraining 
power of conscience. 3. A requirement imposed. 

4. A legal bond bearing a penalty.— ob'li-ga-to- 
ry, a. Of a nature to impose obligation. 

o-blige', 1 o-blaij'; 2 o-blTg', vt. [o-bliged'; 
o-blig'ing.] 1. To constrain in any manner. 
2. To place under necessity. 3. To render 
indebted. [ < L. p obligo, bind.]— o-blig'er, 
n. ob"li-gor't (LawL— o-blig'ing, pa. Dis¬ 
posed to do favors, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 


l-a = final* 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; tu = fe«d; <fhin; go; r) = sin?; thin, this. 
2 :wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rjjle, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink: thin, this. 











oblique 

odometer 


ob-lique', 1 eb-lik'; 2 Sb-lik'. I. vi. [ob¬ 
liqued' 1 ; ob-liqu'ing.] To deviate from the 
perpendicular or from a right line. II. a 1. 
Neither perpendicular nor horizontal; slant¬ 
ing; acute or obtuse. 2. Evasive; indirect. 
[F.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —ob-liq'ui-ty, n. 
[-ties z , pl.) 1. Oblique quality; inclination. 2. 
Deviation from right principles. 
ob-Iit'er-ate, 1 ob-lit'ar-et; 2 ob-lft'er-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To blot or wipe out. 
2. To utterly efface. [ < L. ob, over, -f litera, 
letter.]— ob-iit"er-a'tlon, n. 
ob-liv'i-on, 1 eb-liv'i-an; 2 ob-liv'i-on, n. 1. 
The state of being utterly forgotten. 2. The 
act of forgetting completely. [F., < L. ob- 
liviotn-), < obliviscor, forget.]— ob-liv'i-ous, a. 
Forgetful; abstracted; inducing forgetfulness, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

ob'long, 1 eb'leo; 2 ob'long. I. a. Longer 
than broad. II. n. A figure having greater 
length than breadth; especially, a long rec¬ 
tangle. [ < L. ob, before, + longus, long ] 
ob'lo-quy, 1 ob'lo-kwi; 2 6b'lo-kwy, «. 1. The 
state of one who is under odium or disgrace. 

2. Vilification. [ < L. ob, against, -f- loquor, 
speak.] 

ob-nox'ious, 1 ob-nok'^hus; 2 ob-nok'shus, a. 
1. Of a character to give offense or excite 
aversion. 2. Liable, as to penalty. [ < L. 
obnoxius, liable.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
o'boe, 1 o'bei; 2 o'boi, n. A wooden flutedike 
windnnstrument. [It.] 
obs., abbr. Observation, observatory, obsolete, 
ob-scene', 1 ob-sin'; 2 ob-sen'. a. 1. Offensive 
to chastity or decency. 2. [Poet.] Foul. [ < 
L. obscenus, ilPomened.] -ly, adr.— ob-scen 'i- 
ty, n. Obscene quality of thought, speech, or 
representation, ob-scene'ness J. 

ob-scure', 1 eb-skiur'; 2 ob-scur'. I. vt. [ob¬ 
scured'; ob-scur'ing.] To dim, darken, or 
hide from view. II. a. [ob-scur'er; ob- 
scur'est.] 1. Presenting obstructions to 
clear vision. 2. Not clear to the mind. 3. 
Faintly marked. 4. Little known; lowly. [< 
L.f obscurus, dark.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — ob"- 
scu-ra'tion, n. The act of obscuring; obscurity. 
— ob-scu'ri-ty, n. [-ties*, pl.) The state of 
being obscure. 

ob'se-quies, 1 ©b'si-kwiz; 2 ob'se-kwi§, n. pl. 
Funeral rites. [ < L. LL+OF ob, upon, + sequor, 
follow.] 

ob -se'qui-ous, 1 eb-sl'kwi-us; 2 5b-se'kwi-us, 
a. Sycophantic; cringing. [< L . F obsequio- 
sus, < obsequor, follow.] 

ob-scrvc', )1 eb-zurv'; 2 6b-§erv', vt. [ob- 
ob-serv' s , $ served', ob-servd' 8 ; ob-ser v'- 
ing.] i. To take notice of; note. 2. To 
scrutinize carefully. 3. To celebrate; comply 
with. 4. To remark incidentally. [ < L. p ob, 
before, + servo, keep.] —ob-serv'a-bl(e p , a. 1. 
That can be observed; manifest. 2. Notable. 

3. Customary.— ob-serv'a-bly, adv. — ob-ser '- 
vance, n. The act of observing, as a custom. —ob- 
ser'vant, a. 1. Carefully attentive; habitually 
noting. 2. Strict in observing rules. —ob"ser-va'- 
tion, n. 1. The act or habit of observing. 2. 
Scientific scrutiny of a natural phenomenon. 3. 
Experience acquired by observing. 4. An inci¬ 
dental remark.— ob-ser'va-to-ry , n. [-riesz, 
pl.) 1. A building or dome designed for syste¬ 
matic astronomical observations. 2. A tower 
built for the view.— ob-serv'er, n. — ob-serv'- 
ing, pa. Observant, -ly, adv. 

ob-ses'sion, 1 eb-se^h'an; 2 ob-s6sh'on, n. A 


413 


vexing or haunting, as by an evil spirit or some 
morbidly dominant idea. [ < L. obsessio, 
siege, < ob, before, -f sedeo, sit.]—ob-sess', vt. 
ob-sid'i-an, 1 eb-sid'i-an; 2 ob-sid'i-an, n . A 
glassy volcanic rock, usually black. [< Obsius, 
the discoverer.] 

ob'so-Iete, 1 eb'so-llt; 2 6b'so-let. I. a. Gone 
out of use; of a discarded type or fashion. II. 
n. An obsolete word or form of expression. 
[< L. obsoletus, pp. of obsolesco, decay.] — ob'- 
so-lete-ness, n. —ob"so-les'cent, a. Growing 
obsolete.— ob"so-les'eence, n. 
ob'sta-d(e p , 1 eb'sta-kl; 2 ob'sta-cl, n. That 
which stands in the way of progress; a hin¬ 
drance. [F., < L. ob, before, + sto, stand.] 
obstet., abbr. Obstetrics. 

ob-stet'rics, n. The branch of medical science 
relating to midwifery.— ob-stet'ri-cal, a. 
Relating to midwifery, -ly, adv .— ob"ste-tri'- 
cian, n. A practitioner of midwifery, 
ob'.sti-nate, 1 ob'sti-mt; 2 ob'sti-nat, a. 1. 
Persistently and unreasonably resolved in a 
purpose or opinion; stubborn. 2. Hard to con¬ 
trol or cure. [ < L. OF ob, before, + sto, stand.] 
-ly, adv .— ob'sti-na-cy, n. Stubbornness, 
ob-strep 'er-ous, 1 eb-strep'ar-us; 2 ob-strep'- 
er-us, a. Making a great disturbance; clamor¬ 
ous. I < L. ob, before, strepo, roar.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

ob-struct' d , 1 eb-strukt'; 2 ob-struct', vt. 1. To 
fill with impediments; block or stop up. 2. 
To hinder or retard the progress of. [ < L. ob, 
before, + struo, build.] — ob-struct'er, ob- 
struc'tor, n.— ob-struc'tion, n. 1. A hindrance; 
obstacle. 2. The act of preventing progress.— ob- 
struc'tiv(e s , a. Tending to obstruct, -ly, ado. 
-ness, n. 

ob-tain', 1 eb-ten'; 2 6b-tan', .v. I. t. 1. To 
bring into one’s own possession; get. 2. To 
attain by effort. II. i. 1. To have place. 2. 
To succeed; prevail. [< L. p obtineo, < ob, 
before, + teneo, hold.]—ob-tain 'a-bl(e p , a .— 
ob-tain'ment, n. 

ob-trude', 1 eb-trud'; 2 ob-trud', vt. & vi . [ob- 
TRUD'ED d ; ob-trud'ing.] To thrust or be 
pushed into undue prominence. [ < L. ob , 
before, + trudo , thrust.]— ob-trud'er, n .— ob- 
tru'sion, n . The act of obtruding.— ob-tru'- 
siv(e s , a . Tending to obtrude; obtruding, -ly, 
adv . -ness, n. 

ob-tuse', 1 eb-tius'; 2 5b-tus', a. 1. Math. 
Greater than a right angle; exceeding 90°. 2. 
Rounded at the extremity. 3. Dull; stupid; 
insensible. [ < L. obtusus, pp. of obtundo, < 
ob, against, -I- tundo, beat.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ob-verse', 1 ob-vurs'; 2 ob-vers', a. Noting the 
face of a medal or coin. [ < L. ob, toward, + 
verto, turn.]—ob'verse, n. The obverse side, as 
of a coin; an opposite face, 
ob'vi-ate, 1 ob'vi-et; 2 ob'vi-at, vt. [-at" ED d ; 
-at"ing.] To meet or anticipate, so as to dis¬ 
pose of or remove; prevent. [< LL. obvio, 
meet.]—ob"vl-a'tlon, n. 

ob'vi-ous, 1 eb'vi-us; 2 ob'vi-us, a. Imme¬ 
diately evident; manifest. [< L. obvius, in 
the way, < ob, before, + via, way.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

oe-, prefix. Assimilated form of ob- before c. 
oe., abbr. Ocean. 

oc-ca'slon, 1 e-ke' 3 an; 2 o-ca'zhon. I. vt. To 
cause or bring about. II. n. 1. A particular 
event. 2. Opportunity for some action; a 
favoring condition; need; exigency. [F., < 
L. occasioin-), occasion.]—oc-ca'sion-al, a. 1. 


1; artistic, Art; fat, fAre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 






413 


ottilque 

odometer 


Occurring at irregular intervals. 2. Belonging to 
some special occasion. -iy, adv. 

Oc'ci-dent, 1 ek'si-dent; 2 oc'gi-dent, re. 1. 
The countries lying west of Asia and the 
Turkish empire. 2. [o-.] The west. [F., <L. 
Occidents, ppr. of occido, fall, set, < ob, before, 
+ cado, fall.]— Oc"ci-deu'tal, a. Belonging to 
the West. 

ocVi-put, 1 ek'si-put; 2 oc'ci-put, re. The lower 
back part of the head. [L.]— oc-cip'i-tal, a. 1. 
Pertaining to the occiput. 

2. Pertaining to the occipital 
bone.— occipital bone, the 
hindmost bone of the skull. 

©c-clude', 1 e-klud'; 2 6- 
clud', vt. [oc-clud'ed; oc- 
clud'ing.] To shut up or 
close, as pores or open¬ 
ings. [ < L. occludo, < ob, 
before, + claudo, close.]—- 
oc-clu'sion, re. 
oc-cult', 1 e-kult'; 2 6- Occipital Bone, 
cult', a. 1. Concealed from observation or 
knowledge; mysterious; mystical. 2. Not 
immediately known; perceivable only by in¬ 
vestigation. [ < L. occultus, pp. of occuio, 
hide.] -ly, adv. —oc'cul-ta'tion, re. Conceal¬ 
ment, as of one heavenly body by another.— 
oc-eult'ism, re. The science of the occult or 
supernatural. 

oc'cu-py, 1 ek'yu-pai; 2 oc'yu-py, vt. [-pied; 
-py"ing.] 1. To use or employ in an exclusive 
manner. 2. To be in possession of. 3. To 
give occupation to. [ < L. F occupo, < ob, to, 
+ capio, take.]—oc'cu-pan-cy, re. The act of 
occupying; a taking possession; also, the time 
during which anything is occupied.—oc'cu- 
pant, n. One who occupies; a tenant, oc'eu- 
pi"erf.—oc"cu-pa'tion, n. 1. One’s regular, 
principal, or immediate business. 2. The state 
of being busy. 3. Occupancy, 
oc-cur', 1 e-kur'; 2 o-eur', vi. [oc-curred'; oc¬ 
cur'ring.] 1. To be found here and there; 
happen. 2. To present itself to the mind. [ < 
L. ob, upon, + cutto, run.]—oc-cur'rence, n. 
An event; the happening of an event, 
o'cean, 1 o'^han; 2 o'shan, n. 1. The great 
body of salt water that covers about two* 
thirds of the earth’s surface. 2. Any one of the 
greater tracts of water that cover the globe; as, 
the Atlantic ocean. 3. Any unbounded expanse. 
[< Gr. L+OF okeanos, ocean.]—o"ce-an'lc, a. 
0"ce-an'i-a, 1 o"Shi-an'i-o; 2 o"she-an'i-a, n. 
Those islands of the S. Pacific not in Asia or Ameri¬ 
ca. 0"ce-an'i-eaf.—0"ce-an'i-an, a. & n. 
o'ce-lot, 1 o'si-let; 2 o'ce-lot, n. A small American 
leoparcblike cat. [< Mex. ocelotl.] 
o'cher, ) 1 o'kar; 2 o'ker, n. A native yellow 
o'chre, ) earth, of iron and clay, used as a pig¬ 
ment and as a paint. [ < Gr. <ochra, yellow 
ocher.]—o'cher-ous, a. o'chre-ousf. 

-ock, suffix. A diminutive suffix. [ < AS. -uc.] 
o’clock', 1 o-klok'; 2 o-clok'. Of the clock: a 
contraction. 

O’Con'nell, 1 o-ken'el; 2 o-eon'el, Daniel (1775- 
1847). An Irish patriot; leader of Roman Catholic 
emancipation. 

Oct., abbr. October. 

oct-, I 1 ekt-, ek'ta-, ek'ti-, ek'to-; 2 oct-, 
oc'ta-, ) oc'ta-, oe'ti-, oc'to-. Combining 
oe'ti-, ) forms. [< Gr. oktd or L. onto, eight.] 
oc'to-, ) — oc'ta-gon, n. Geom. A figure with 
eight sides and eight angles.—oc-tag'o-nal, a. 
Eight*sided.—oc"ta-he'dral, a. Having eight 
equal plane faces.—oc"ta-lie'dron, n. Geom. A 




solid bounded by eight plane faces.—oc-tan'- 
gu-lar, a. Eight*angled. 
oc'tave, 1 ok'tiv; 2 oe'tav. I. a. 1. Composed 
of eight. 2. Mus. Pertaining to an octave. 
II n. 1. Mus. An interval of seven degrees; a 
note at this interval. 2. Any interval of eight, 
oc-ta'vo, 1 ek-te'vo; 2 oe-ta'vo. I. a. 1. 
Folded into eight leaves. 2. Denoting a cer¬ 
tain size of page (commonly 6 x 9}4 inches): 
8vo. II. n. A book of such leaves or pages. [L.] 
oc-ten'ni-al, a. 1. Recurring at intervals of eight 
years. 2. Occupying periods of eight years, 
oc-tet', 1 ek-tet'; 2 oe-tet', re. Mus. A composition 
for eight parts or eight performers, 
oc-til'lion, n. A cardinal number; in the French 
and American systems, represented by a figure 1 
with 27 ciphers annexed; in the English system 
by a figure 1 with 48 ciphers. 

Oc-to'ber, 1 ©k-td'ber;2 oe-to'ber, n. The tenth 
month of the year. [L., eighth (month) (as 
numbered in the Roman calendar), < octo, eight.] 
oc"to-ge-na'ri-an. I. a. Being eighty or from 
eighty to ninety years of age. II. re. A person of 
between eighty and ninety years.—oc'to-pus, 
re. [-pi, pi.] An 
eight*armed cuttle¬ 
fish; a devibfish.— 
oc"to-roou', re. A 
person having one* 
eighth negro blood. 

—oc'tu-ple, a. 1. 

Consisting of eight 
parts. 2. Multi¬ 
plied by eight, 
oc'u-lar, 1 ek'yu- Edible Octopus. V 24 

lor; 2 oc'yu-lar. I. a. Pertaining to or 
connected with the eye. II. re. The lenses 
forming the eyepiece of an optical instrument. 
[ < L. oculus, eye.] -ly, adv. — oc'u-list, re. One 
skilled in treating diseases of the eye. 
o'da-lisk, 1 o'da-lisk; 2 o'da-lisk, re. A female 
slave in an Eastern harem. [< Turk, odalik.] 
o'da-likj; o'da-lisqnej. 

O. Dan., abbr. Old Danish. 

odd, /1 od; 2 od, a. 1. Not even; leaving a 
od p , ) remainder when divided by two. 2. 

Marked with an odd number. 3. Left over 
after a division. 4. Additional to any round 
number. 5. Occasional. 6. Peculiar. [ < 
Ice. oddi, triangle.] -ly, adv. -ness, re.—odd'i- 
ty, re. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. Singularity. 2. An eccen¬ 
tricity. 3. Something odd or peculiar, 
odds, 1 edz; 2 od§, re. pi. & sing. 1. Advantage 
or excess. 2. An allowance as handicap. 

ode, 1 od; 2 od, re. A brief poem characterized 

by exalted feeling. [ < Gr. ode, song, < aeido, 
sing.] _ [550 m. to the Baltic sea. 

O'der, 1 o'dar; 2 o'der, re. A river in Germany; 
O-des'sa, 1 o-des'o; 2 o-des'a, re. A Ukrainian 
seaport on the Black Sea; pop. 631,040; taken 
by German forces March 13, recaptured by 
Ukrainians March 27, 1918. 

O'din, lo'din; 2o'din, re. NorseMyth. Chief of the 
gods; god of war, and founder of art and culture, 
o'di-um, 1 o'di-um; 2 o'di-um, n. 1. The qual¬ 
ity that makes odious. 2. A feeling of ex¬ 
treme repugnance or of disgust. [L., < odi, 
hate.]—o'di-ous, a. 1. Exciting extreme repug¬ 
nance or disgust. 2. Regarded with aversion, 
-iy, adv. -ness, re. 

o-dom'e-ter, 1 o-dem'i-ter; 2 o-dom'e-ter, re. An 
appliance for measuring distance traveled; as a 
mechanical registering attachment to the wheel 
of a vehicle. [ < Gr. hodos, way, + metron, mea¬ 
sure.]—o-dorn 'e-try, re. Mechanical measure¬ 
ment of distance. 


1: a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = fered; ifliin; go; D = sire#; fliin, Hiis. 
£ wolf, dp; book, boot; full, rqle, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, ttii£s 















odor 

omniscience 


414 


o'dor, 1 o'dar; 2 o'dor, to. 1. That which is per¬ 
ceptible to the sense of smell; scent. 2. Re¬ 
gard or estimation. [OF., < L. odor, olor, < 
oleo, smell.) o'dourj.—o"dor-if'er-ous, a. Dif¬ 
fusing an odor.—o'dor-less, a. Having no odor, 
-ly, adv. -ness, to.— o'dor-ous, a. Having an 
odor; fragrant, -ly, adv. -ness, to. 

Od'ys-sey, 1 ed'i-si; 2 od'y-sy, to. An epic poem 
attributed to Homer, describing the wanderings 
of Ulysses (Gr. Odysseus) after the siege of Troy. 
—Od"ys-sey'an, a. 

O. E., abbr. Old English; omissions excepted. 
CEd'i-pus, 1 ed'i-[or i'di-]pus; 2 ed'i-[or e'di-]pus, 
to. Gr. Myth. Son of Laius, king of Thebes: killed 
his father by mistake in fulfilment of an oracle; 
guessed the riddle of the sphinx and endured 
many vicissitudes. His story forms the theme of 
several Greek tragedies. [of over. 

o'er, 1 or; or, adv. & prep. [Poet.] A contraction 
oe-soph 'a-gus, to. Same as esophagus, 
of, 1 ov; 2 ov, prep. 1. Associated or connected 
with. 2. From or out from. 3. Directed to¬ 
ward or exerted upon. 4. Concerning; about. 
O. F., abbr. Odd Fellow; Old French, 
off, 1 of; 2 of. I. a. Farther; aside from; also, 
noting interruption. II. adv. 1. Away. 2» 
Entirely to an end; utterly. III.prep. 1. From: 
noting deviation, distance, separation, or re¬ 
moval; as, off the key, off the table, off one’s 
hands, off shore. 2. Extending away or out 
from; as, off Broadway. 3. Of or on: noting 
material; as, to dine off bread and cheese. IV. 
interj. Begone! away!—off color, unsatis¬ 
factory in color; hence, inferior.—off'scour"ing, 
n. That which is scoured off; something vile or 
despised; refuse.—off"set', vt. [off"set'; off"- 
set'ting.) To set off or against; balance.—off'- 
set", n. 1. A sum or value set off against another 
sum as an equivalent. 2. Anything that is set off, 
as to one side, or that continues out of line; also, 
the part that is so out of line. 3. Bot. A short 
lateral branch that takes root where it rests on the 
soil.—off'shoot", «. Something that branches 
off from the parent stock or is regarded as a side 
issu6 

off., abbr. Official, officinal, 
of'fal, 1 of'el; 2 6f'al, to. Worthless parts of a 
butchered animal; rubbish. [ < off -£■ fall, to.] 
Of'fen-bach, 1 ef'en-baH; 2 of'fen-baH, Jacques 
(1819-1880). A naturalized French composer, of 
German birth. 

of-fend' d , 1 e-fend'; 2 o-f£nd', v. I. t. 1. To 
affront. 2||. To sin against. II. i. 1. To 
transgress laws. 2. To displease. [< L. ob, 
before, + fendo, strike.1—of-fend'er, n. —of¬ 
fense', to . 1 . Any sin. 2. That which provokes. 
3. Umbrage. 4. Assault or attack. [OF.] of- 
fence'^-of-fen'siv(e 8 . I. a. 1. Serving or 
intended to give offense. 2. Disagreeable. 3. 
Serving as a means of attack. 4. Injurious. II. 
to. Aggressive methods, operations, or attitude, 
-ly, adv. -ness, to. 

of'fer, 1 of'ar; 2 of'er, v. I. t. 1. To present 
for acceptance. 2. To proffer. 3. To sacri¬ 
fice. II. i. 1. To present itself. 2. To make 
an attempt. [ < L. A8 ob, toward, + fero, 
bear.]—of'fer, to. The act of offering; a proffer 
or proposal.—of'fer-ing, to. 1. The act of mak¬ 
ing an offer. 2. That which is offered; sacrifice; 
a contribution at a religious service.—of'fer-to- 
ry, to. [-ries z , pi.] Eccl. Verses or words said or 
sung during the collection of offerings; hence, the 
offering. 

offg., abbr. Officiating. 

off'hand", a. & adv. Without preparation; un¬ 
ceremonious or unceremoniously. 


of'fice, 1 lof'is; 2 of'ig, to . 1 . A particular duty, 
of‘fis s , j charge, or trust. 2. A function, or the 
right to exercise it. 3. A service or duty. 4. A 
place where business is carried on. 5. Eccl. 
Liturg. A prescribed service. [F.]—of'fice* 
seek"er, of'ficediold"er, to. One who seeks or 
holds an office under government.—of'fi-cer. 
1. vt. 1. To command as an officer. 2. To appoint 
officers for. II. n. One chosen to office, as in a 
company.—of-fi'eial. I. a. 1. Pertaining to an 
office.—2. Authoritative. II. to. One holding a 
public office, -ly, adv. -ness, ra.—of-fi 'ci-ate, 
vi. [-at"ed<i; -at'Tng.] To act as an officer, agent, 
or leader.—of-fi'eious, a. Intermeddling with 
what is not one’s concern, -ly. adv. -ness, n. 
off'ing, 1 ef'ip; 2 of'ing, to. That part of the 
visible sea off shore but beyond anchorage, 
off'ish, a. Inclined to be distant in manner. 
off'seour"ing, off"set', off'shoot. See off. 
off'spring", to. A child or children; a de¬ 
scendant or descendants; issue. [< AS. of, 
from, + springan, spring.] 

O. Fries., abbr. Old Friesian. 

oft, 1 oft; 2 oft. [Poet.] I. a. Frequent. II. 

adv. Often. [ < AS. oft.] 
oft'en, 1 ef'n; 2 of'n, adv. On frequent or nu¬ 
merous occasions; repeatedly.—oft'en-times", 
adv. At frequent times. oft'times"J. 

O. Gael., abbr. Old Gaelic. 

o'gle, 1 o'gl; 2 o'gl. I. vt. & vi. [o'gled; o'- 
gling.] To look, or look at, as in coquetry or 
admiration. II. to. An amorous or coquettish 
look. [ < AID. ceghelen, < oogen, eye, < oog, 
eye.] 

o'gre, ) 1 o'gar; 2 o'ger, to. A demon fabled 
o'ger 8 , ) to devour human beings. [F., < L. 8P 
Orcus, abode of the dead.]— o'gre-lsh, a. o'- 
grisht.—o'gress, n. fem. 
oil, 1 5; 2 6, interj. 1. An ejaculation evoked 
by sudden emotion. 2. Same as O, interj. 

O. H. G., abbr. Old High German. 

O-hi'o, 1 o-hai'o; 2 o-hl'o, n. 1. A river in E. 
central United States; length, 936 miles to the 
Mississippi at Cairo, Ill. 2. A N. E. central State 
of the United States; 41,040 sq. m.; pop. 5,759,- 
394; capital, Columbus. 

ohm, 1 om; 2 om, ». The unit of electrical re¬ 
sistance, equivalent to the resistance of 400 
feet of common iron telegraph*wire. [ < Dr. 
G. S. Oh.n, German electrician.]—ohm'ic, a. 
-old, suffix. Like; resembling; having the form of; 
as, o void, celluloid, hydroid. [< F. -oide, < L. 
-oides, < Gr. -o-eidSs, -odes, < eidos, form.] 
oil, 1 oil; 2 oil. I. vt. 1. To smear, lubricate or 
treat with oil. 2. To anoint. 3. To render 
smooth and pleasing. II. to. A greasy or 
unctuous liquid, usually of vegetable or ani¬ 
mal origin, insoluble in water. [< L. OF oleum, 
oil.—oil'scake", n. The mass of compressed 
seeds, etc., from which oil has been expressed.— 
oil'cloth", n. 1. Coarse cloth coated with white 
lead ground in oil, and ornamented. 2. Naut. A 
tarpaulin.—oil'skin", n. Cloth made water¬ 
proof with drying oil or a garment of such mate¬ 
rial.—oil'stone", n. A smooth stone, used when 
moistened with oil, for sharpening tools, etc.— 
oil'well, to. A well or boring for petroleum, 
oil'y, 1 eil'i; 2 oil'y, a. [oil'i-er; oil'i-est.] 
Pertaining to, containing, or smeared with 
oil; smooth in speech or manners.—oil'i-Iy, 
adv.— oil 'i-ness, n. 

oint'ment, 1 eint'ment or -mant; 2 oint'ment, 
n. A fatty preparation, with which some 
medicine has been incorporated: used as an 
external remedy. [< L. OF unguo, smear.] 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, burn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ah; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 





415 


O. Ir., abbr. Old Irish.— O. K., abbr. 

[Origin unknown.] 

o"keh', 1 


All correct. 

•2 o"ke'. [Am. Ind.] Literally, 
It is so and in no other way:” used by Presi¬ 
dent Wilson. [Choctaw.] y 

O-khotsk1 o-ketsk'; 2 o-kotsk', Sea of. An inlet 
of the N. Pacific ocean in E. Siberia 
Okla., abbr. Oklahoma (official) 

0"kla-ho'ma, 1 6"kl9-ho'm 9 ; 2 o"kla-ho'ma, n. 
A State in S. central United States; 70,057 so m • 
pop. 2,028,283; capital, Oklahoma City " 
o'kra, 1 o'tore; 2 o'kra, n. A herb of African origin 
or its mucilaginous pods, used in soups. [W. Ind ] 
»ol, suffix. Che?n. A termination denoting- (l) 
Properly, an alcohol; as, phenoZ. (2) Loosely an 
oil. [Abbr. of alcohol; or < L. oleum, oil ] ’ 
Ol., abbr. Oleum (L„ oil), Olympiad. 

O'laf, 1 o'laf; 2 o'laf, Saint (995-1030). King and 
patron saint of Norway, who Christianized the 
country. O-la'usJ. 

-olatry, suffix. See -latry. 

old. 1 old; 2 old, a. 1. Having existed for a long 
time; aged. 2. Having some specified age. 3. 
Having been used or known for a long time. 
4. Antiquated; worthless. 5. Familiar; cus¬ 
tomary. [< AS. eald, old.]— old'en. I. vt. 
& vi. To render old; grow old. II. a. Old; ^ 
ancient.— old maid, a single and elderly woman- 
spinster.— old style, see style.— old =world, a. 
1. Of or pertaining to the Old World or eastern 
hemisphere. 2. Prehistoric; antique. 

Old Test., O. T., abbr. Old Testament. 

-ole, suffix. Forming diminutives, as nucleoZe. 
o"le-ag'i-nous, 1 o"li-aj'i-nus; 2 o"le-ag'i-nus, 
a. Pertaining to oil; oily. [ < L. LL oleum, oil.] 
o"Ie-an 'der, 1 o"li-an'd 9 r; 2 o"le-an'der, n. An 
Old World evergreen or¬ 
namental shrub with leath¬ 
ery leaves and clusters of 
pink or white flowers. [ < 

F. oleandre, < L. rhododen¬ 
dron (See RHODODENDRON).] 

o"le-as'ter, 1 6"li-as't 9 r; 2 
o"le-as'ter, n. An orna¬ 
mental shrub or small tree; 
the wild olive. [L., < olea 
( < Gr. elaia), olive.] 
o"le-o-mar 'ga-rin or -rlne, 

1 o"li-o-mdr'ga-rin; 2 o"le- Oleander, 
o-mar'ga-rin, n. Artificial butter, variously 
made from animal fats, o'le-oj. 
ol-fac'to-ry, 1 el-fak'to-n; 2 ol-fae'to-ry. I. a. 
Pertaining to the sense of smell. II. n. [-ries z , 
pZ.] [TDolloq.] The organ of smell. [< L. 
olfaciorium, smelling*bottIe.] 
ol'i-gar"chy, 1 el'i-gar"ki; 2 ol'i-gar"ey, n. 
[-chies z , pi] A form of government in which 
supreme power is restricted to a few. [ < Gr. 
oltgos, few, + archo, rule.]— ol'i-gareh, n. A 
ruler in an oligarchy. —ol"i-gar'chic, a. oI"i- 
gar'chalf; ol"i-gar'chi-cal.]:. 
ol'ive, ) 1 el'iv; 2 ol'fv. I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
ol'iv 9 , ) the olive. 2. Having a dull greenish* 
yellow color. II. n. 1. An evergreen tree 
with leathery leaves and an oily fruit. 2. The 
fruit of the olive*tree. 3. A dull yellowish* 
green color. [F., < L. oliva, < Gr. elaia, 
olive*tree.]— ol"i-va'ceous, a. 01ive*green. 
Ol'i-vet, 1 el'i-vet; 2 ol'i-vet, n. An eminence east 
of Jerusalem. Matt, xxi, 1. Mount of Olivest. 
ol"la po-drl'da, 1 el"a po-drl'da; 2 ol"a po-dri'da. 

1. A dish of meat and vegetables stewed together. 

2. Any heterogeneous mixture. [Sp.] 

-ology, suffix. A suffix used in English words de¬ 
rived from the Greek, denoting (1) a science, as 


odor 

omniscience 



philology; (2) (rarely) a collection, as anth ology. 
P, ) < L- -ologia,< Gr. -ologia, < lego, speak; (2) 

oi y < m L ;^r-oiyS r p 1 7r i “- < 

!P US ’ o-hm'pus; 2 o-lym'pus, n. Gr. Myth. 
he home of the gods, on the summit of the 
mountain of that name in Thessaly.— O-lym'nl- 
Interval of four years be"wee“two 
successive celebrations of the Olympic earner- 
the Greeks reckoned time by these.— O-lym'pi- 
an. i. a . Pertaining to the great gods of 

oSrt 0 h- t0 h the ° lymplc games - nfn. I. 

One of the higher gods of the Greek mythology 
2. A contestant in the Olympic games.— O-Iym'- 
J* IC .» Pertaining to Mount Olympus or the 
O where at hletic games were held, 

u. M., abbr. Old measurement. Order of Merit, 
-oma, suffix. Pathol. A suffix denoting a tumor or 
morbid growth; as, sarcoma. [< Gr -ImaT 

° T\r 1 h" h ^’ 1 6,m9 'he; 2 o'ma-ha, n. A city of E 
Nebraska pop. 191,600. y 

°-mari', l o-man'; 2 o-mfin', n. A sultanate in 
^ . . Arabia, under British influence* 82 non 

sq. m.; pop. 500,000. ’ sj ,000 

O'mar, 1 o'mar; 2 o'mar, n. 1. (582-644) Mo- 
calif; captured Jerusalem; destroyed 
library at Alexandria. 2. O. Khayyam (1 kai 
2 ky-yara'). “the tent*maker ”(1025?- 
11^3), a Persian poet, mathematician andastron 
omer 3. O. Pasha (1806?-1871)?TiXhom 
mander*in*chief in the Crimean war 
Om"dur-man', 1 enUdur-mcin'; 2 onUdur-miin' 
n. A town in the Egyptian Sudan, on the Nile 
near Khartum; Kitchener defeated the Khalifa 
successor of the Mahdi, Sept. 2,1898. See Mahdi’ 
0 -ni e ga, 1 o-ml'gs; 2 o-me'ga, n. The twenty* 
fourth and last letter in the Greek alphabet 

ire’at o.] SUra ' Y ' the end< t< Gr -« mega, 
om'e-Iet, 1 em'i-Iet; 2 om'e-Iet, n. A dish of 

r e 5^ anc ^ F 11 ^tc., beaten together and fried 

[ < F. omelette, < L. lamella, thin plate ] 

o'men, 1 o'men; 2 o'men. I. vt. & vi.' To serve 

“ fn n ,T e T ; pre8 ^ u -n. A phenomenon 
or incident regarded as a prophetic sign 1L 1 
— om l-nous, a. Of the nature of an evil omen- 
ill*omened. - om'i-nous-Iy, ad^.-om'i-nous- 
ness, 

o-mit', 1 o-mit'; 2 o-mit', vt. [o-mit'ted^ ; o- 
Wting.] 1. To leave out; drop; discard. 

2. I o leave unperformed. < L oft bv 4- 
mitto send.l-o-mis'sl-ble, a. That ’may be 
omitted; subject to omission.—o-mis'sion « 

neglected 01 ° f omltting - Anything omitted or 

om'ni-, 1 em'm-; 2 om'ni-. From Latin omnis, 
all: a combimng form.— om-nif'ic. a All- 
creating. 1 

om'ni-bus, 1 em'm-bns; 2 om'ni-btfs. I. a. 
Covering a full collection of objects. II. n. 

A long four*wheeled passenger*vehicle with 

o?fora a ilT S ^ SldeS ‘ [F ” < L - °mnibus, to 

om-nip'o-tence, 1 em-nip'o-tens; 2 om-mp'o- 
tenc, n. Lnlimited and universal power. [ < 

L. omnis, all, -f potens, powerful.]— orn-nin'o- 
tent, a. Almighty, -ly, adv. 

om^ni-pres 'ence, 1 6m"m-prez'ens; 2 6m"ni- 
pre§ enq, n. The quality of being everyw-here 
present at the same time; ubiquity. f< L. 
omnis, all, + prassen(t-)s; see present, a 1—orn"- 

ni-pres'ent, a. 

oni-nis'cience, 1 em-ni^h'ens; 2 om-nish'6nc f 
n \ infinite knowledge. [ < L. omnis, all, 4- 
scien(t-)s, knowing; see science.] — om-nis'- 


1;a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = owt; ell; 10 = feud; tfhin; eo; n = sina- fhin „ 
2: w^lf, dg; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin,’ this* 


















omnivorous 

Orangeman 


clent, a. Knowing all things; all*knowing. -ly, 
adv. 

om-niv'o-rous, 1 em-niv'o-rus; 2 Sm-mv'o- 
rus, a. Eating food of all kinds indiscrimi¬ 
nately; hence, greedy. [< L. omnivorus, < 
omnis, all, + voro, eat.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
on, 1 en; 2 on. I. adv. 1. In a position or con¬ 
dition of adherence. 2. In such a position as 
to cover or overspread. 3. Forward; ahead. 
4. In the proper channel or place. II. prep. 
1. In or into contact with the top of; by 
means of. 2. Close behind. 3. Directed 
toward. 4. In the act of. 5. Comprised in. 
6. In reference to. 7. In a state of. [ < AS. 
on, an, related to in, prep.] 

O. N., abbr. Old Norse. 

once, ) 1 wuns; 2 wonc, adv. 1. One time. 2. 
onse p , ) During some past time. 3. At any 
time. [ < AS. anes, < an, one.]— at once. 
1. Simultaneously. 2. Immediately, 
one, 1 wun; 2 won. I. a. 1. Being a unit; 
single. 2. Being a thing thought of indefi¬ 
nitely. 3. This; that. 4. The same. II. n. 

I. A single unit; a symbol (1 or I) represent¬ 
ing this number. 2. (1) A single thing or 
person. (2) A person conceived and spoken of 
indefinitely; in this use often classed as an 
indefinite pronoun. [ME. one, on, < AS. 
an, one.]— all one, of the same or of no conse¬ 
quence.— at one, in harmony; the same.— one'- 
ncss, n. Singleness; unity.— one"self', pron. 
One’s own personality: the reflexive of one, n., 
2 (2).— one'=sid"ed, a. Of or pertaining to but 
one side;, hence, partial; unfair; inadequate. 

O-ne'ga, 1 o-nl'ga; 2 o-ne'ga, n. A lake in N. 

Russia; 3,763 sq. m.; length, 145 m. 
on'er-ous, 1 en'or-us; 2 on'er-us, a. Burden¬ 
some or oppressive. [ < L. F onerosus, < onus, 
burden.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
on'ion, 1 un'yan;2 on'yon, n. An underground 
edible coated bulb of the lily family: remark¬ 
able for its strong odor. [ < L F . unio(n-), union.] 
on'ly, 1 on'li; 2 on'ly. I. a. Alone in fts class. 

II. adv. 1. Without another; singly. 2. For 
one purpose alone. [ < AS. senlice.] 

onomat., abbr.. Onomatopoeic. 
on"o-mat"o-p<e'ia, 1 on"o-mat"o-pI'ya;2on"- 
o-mat"o-pe'ya, n. Philol. The formation of 
words in imitation of natural sounds; as, crack, 
splash, bowwow; a word so formed.— on"o- 
mat"o-pce'Ic,-i-cal,a.on"o-mat"o-po-et'lct. 
on'rush", n. An onward rush; onset, 
on'set", n. An impetuous attack; assault, 
on'slaught", n. A violently hostile assault. 
Ont., abbr. Ontario. 

Gn-ta'ri-o, 1 en-te'ri-5; 2 on-ta'ri-5, n. 1. A lake 
between New York State and Ontario province, 
Canada; 190 by 55 m. 2. A province in S. Can¬ 
ada; 553,662 sq. m.; pop. 2,929,054; capital, 
Toronto. 

on'to-, 1 on'to-; 2 on'to-. A combining form. 
[ < Gr. on, being.]— on"to-log'i-cal, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to ontology; metaphysical. on"to-Iog'ict. 
— on-tol'o-gy, n. The science of being; the 
study of the essential nature and relations of all 
that is real; metaphysics. [sibility. [L.] 

o'nus, 1 5'nus; 2 o'nus, n. A burden or respon- 
on'ward, 1 en'werd; 2 on'ward. I. a. Moving 
or leading forward or ahead. II. adv. 1. In 
the direction of progress; forward. 2. On in 
time, on 'ward sf. 

on'yx, 1 on'iks; 2 5n'yks, n. A variety of quartz 
consisting of layers of different colors. [< 
Gr. onyx, nail.] 


416 


o'o-, o-, 1 o'o-, 5-; 2 o'o-, o-. Combining forms. 
[< Gr. bon, egg.]—o'o-Iite, n. A granular vari¬ 
ety of limestone.—o-ol'o-gy, n. The branch of 
ornithology thattreats of eggs, 
ooze, / 1 uz; 2 ooz. I. vt. & vi. [ooz(e)d 8 ; 
ooz p , j ooz'ing .] To leak or discharge gradu¬ 
ally; percolate. II. n. 1. Slimy mud, or wet, 
spongy soil. 2. A gentle flow. [ < AS. wos , 
juice, + wase, mud.]—ooz'y, a. Containing 
ooze; miry. 

o. p., abbr. Opposite prompt [side], out of print. 
— Op., abbr. Opera, opus_( L„ work).— op., abbr. 
Opposite, optime (L., best), 
o-pae'i-ty, 1 o-pas'i-ti; 2 o-pag'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pl.\ 1. The state of being opaque; obscurity. 
2. That which is opaque. [ < L. opacita{t-)s , 

< opacus, shady.] 

o'pal, 1 o'pal; 2 o'pal, n. A mineral of hydrous 
silica, variously colored, and often transpar¬ 
ent. [ < F. opalc, < L. opalus, < Gr. opal- 
lios, opal.]— o"pal-es'cence, n. An iridescent 
play of pearly colors, as in an opal. — o"pal-es'- 
cent, a. o'pal-in(e s t. 

o-paque', 1 o-pek'; 2 o-piik', a. Impervious to 
light; not translucent. [F., < L. opacus, 
shady.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. [open. 

ope», 1 op; 2 op, vt. & vi. [Archaic & Poetic.] To 
o'pen, 1 o'pn; 2 o'pn. I. vt. & vi. 1. To set or 
become open; unlock; disclose. 2. To spread 
out; expand. 3. To make free or accessible. 
4. To start; begin. II. a. 1. Affording ap¬ 
proach; unenclosed; expanded. 2. Ready to 
receive. 3. Having openings; spread apart. 
4. Not frost*bound. [< AS. open, akin to 
up.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.—o'pen-lug, n. 1. A 
beginning. 2. An aperture. 
o'pen*ses"a-me, 1 o'pn»ses"a-mi; 2 o'pmses"- 
a-me, n. A magical conjuration for opening 
secret doors and gaining an entrance. [From 
incident in ‘Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.’] 
op'er-a, 1 ep'ar-a; 2 5p'er-a, n. The musical 
form of drama. [It., < L. opera, work.]— 
opera bouffe, a farcical comic opera. [F.]— 
op"er-at 'ie, a. Pertaining to or of the nature of 
the opera.—op'er-a =glass", n. A double tele¬ 
scope of small size, with a tube for each eye. 
op'er-ate, l’ep'ar-et; 2 5p'er-at, v. [-at"ed^ ; 
-at"ing.] I. t. 1. To put in action; run. 2. 
To conduct the affairs of. 3. To accomplish. 
II. %. 1. To act continuously. 2. To effect 
any result. 3. To work. [ < L. operatus, pp., 

< opus, work.]— op"er-a'tlon, n. 1. The act of 
operating. 2. A mode of action. 3. A single act. 
4. A series of acts; process. 5. Surgical treat¬ 
ment, as for removal of a part. 6. Math. The 
effecting of a change in value or form.—op'er- 
a-tiv(e s , a. 1. Exerting power or force. 2. 
Working efficiently. 3. Surg. Connected with 
operations, -ly, adv. —op'er-a"tor, n. 

O-phe'll-a, 1 o-fl'li-a; 2 o-fe'li-a, n. In Shake¬ 
speare’s Hamlet, the heroine, in love with Hamlet, 
whose feigned madness wrecks her reason: she is 
drowned while gathering flowers, 
o-phid'i-an, 1 o-fid'i-an; 2 o-ffd'i-an, n. A 
serpent; snake. 

O'plilr, 1 o'far; 2 o'fir, n. Bib. A region, possibly 
in S. Arabia, from which Solomon obtained gold 
and gems. 1 Kings x, 11. 
oph-tlial'mi-a, / 1 ef-fhal'mi-o; 2 of-th51'mi-a, 
of-thaI'mi-a p , ) n. Inflammation of the eye, 
its membranes, or its lids. [ < Gr. ophthalmos, 
eye ] opli-thal'niyf.—opli-thal'mic, a. Per¬ 
taining to the eye or to ophthalmia, 
o'pi-ate, 1 o'pi-et; 2 o'pi-at. I. o. Consisting 
of opium; tending to induce sleep. II. n. 1. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, bdrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, n6t, or, w6n. 







417 


omnivorous 

Orangeman 


Medicine containing opium. 2. Something 
inducing sleep. 

0-pine'||, 1 o-pain'; 2 o-pln', v. [o-pined'; o-pin'- 
ing.] I. t. To hold as an opinion. II. i. To 
conjecture. [ < F. opiner, < L. opinor, think.] 

O-pin'ion, 1 o-pin'yon; 2 o-pin'yon, n. 1. A 
conclusion or judgment neld with confidence, 
but falling short of positive knowledge. 2. 
Reputation. [F., < L. opinio(n~), < opinor, 
think.]— o-pin'ion-at"ed, a. Unwarrantably 
attached to one’s own opinion, o-pin'ion-a"- 
tiv(e s t. 

O'pi-Uin, 1 o'pi-um; 2 o'pi-iim, n. A milky 
exudation from the unripe capsules of the 
poppy: used in medicine as a sedative. [F., 
< L. opium, < Gr. opion, < opos, juice.] 

O-por'to, 1 o-por'to; 2 o-por'to, n. A city of N. W. 
Portugal; capital of district of same name; pop. 
194,000; wine=trade center; Wellington defeated 
French, May 12, 1809. 

O-pos'sum, 1 o-pes'um; 2 o-pos'um, n. An 
American pouch* 
bearing quadruped, 
having the foot 
adapted for grasp¬ 
ing and the tail 
prehensile. [N. Am. 

Ind.] 

opp., abbr. Opposed, 
opposite. 

op-po'nent, 1 e-pd'- 

nent; 2 o-pd'nent. 

I. a. Acting against 
something; oppos- Murine Opossum and 
ing. II. n. One who A oung. */4 

opposes another; an antagonist. [< L. ob, 
before, + pono, place.] 

op"por-tune % 1 ep"ar-tiun'; 2 op"or-tun', a. 
Meeting some requirement; especially season¬ 
able. [ < L. ob, before, + portus, harbor.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n.— op"por-tu'n!st, n. One 
who governs his course by opportunities or 
circumstances,,rather than by fixed principles. 
—op"por-tu'nisrn, n .— op"por-tu'ni-ty, n. 
[-ties z , pi.} A fit or convenient time; favorable 
occasion. 

op-pose', 1 o-p5z'; 2 6-pd§', vt. & vi. [op¬ 
posed'; op-pos'ing.] 1. To act in opposition 
to; offer resistance. 2. To object. 3. To 
stand opposite. [ < F. opposer, < L. ob, 
before, 4- F. poser; see pose 1 , v .]— op-pos'a- 
bl(e p , a. 1. That may be opposed, as a person, 
plan, etc. 2. That may be placed opposite, as the 
thumb to the fingers.— op-pos'er, n.~ op'po- 
sit(e s . I. a. 1. Situated in front of or over 
against. 2. Having contrary tendency. 3. Rad¬ 
ically different. II. n. One who or that which is 
in opposition or marked contrast, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n .— op"po-si'tion, n. 1. The act of op¬ 
posing. 2. The state of being opposite or op¬ 
posed. 3. An obstacle; obstruction. 4. Astron. 
The relative position of two bodies that are 180° 
apart. 

op-press \ 1 e-pres'; 2 o-pres', vt. 1. To impose 
hardships upon unjustly. 2. To weigh down; 
depress. [< L. opprimo (pp. oppressus), < 
ob, against, + premo, press.]— op-pres'sion, n. 
1. Subjection to unjust hardships; tyranny. 2. 
Mental depression; languor. 3. A sense of weight 
or of constriction.— op-pres'siv(e 3 , a. Charac¬ 
terized by oppression; tyrannical; depressive, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n.— op-pres'sor, n. 

op-pro 'bri-uin, 1 e-pro'bri-um; 2 o-prd'bri- 
iim, n. 1. Ignominy. 2. Reproach mingled 
with disdain. 3. A cause of disgrace. [L.. < 


ob, upon, + probrum, disgrace.]— op-pro 'bri- 
ous, a. Consisting of contemptuous abuse; con¬ 
tumelious. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
op-pugn', 1 e-piun'; 2 o-pun', vt. 1. To op¬ 
pose. 2. To assail wfith argument. [< L. F 
ob, against, + pugna, fight.] 
opt., abbr. Optative, optical, optician, optics. 
op'ta-tlv(e s , 1 ep'to-tiv; 2 op'ta-tiv. I. a. 
Expressing desire or choice. II. n. Gram. 
The mode expressing wish, as in the Greek. 
[ < LL. optativus, < L. optatus, pp. of opto, wish.] 
op'tic, 1 ep'tik; 2 op'tie. I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
the eye or vision. 2. Optical. II. n. An eye. 
[< Gr.v oplikos, < opsomai, shall see.]— op'ti- 
cal, a. Pertaining to optics or to the eyesight; 
assisting vision, -ly, adv .— op-ti'cian, n. One 
who makes or deals in optical goods.— op'tics, n. 
The science that treats of light, vision, and sight, 
op'ti-mism, 1 ep'ti-mizm; 2 op'ti-mism, n. 
1. The doctrine that everything is ordered for 
the best. 2. Disposition to look on the 
brightest side of things. [< L. p optimus, 
best.]— op'ti-mist, n. A believer in optimism; 
one who hopes for the best.— op"ti-mis'tic, a. 
op"ti-mis'ti-calt.—op"ti-mis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 
op'tion, 1 ep'^hen; 2 op'shon, n. The right of 
choosing; choice. [F., < L. optio(n-), choice.] 
— opTion-al, a. Depending on choice; elective, 
op'll-lent, 1 ep'yu-lent; 2 op'yu-lent, a. 1. 
Possessing much wealth. 2. Exuberant; pro¬ 
fuse. [F., < L. opulen(t-)s, < opes, riches.]— 
op'u-lence, n. 1. Wealth. 2. Luxuriance, 
or, 1 or; 2 or, conj. 1. Either; else: a disjunc¬ 
tive, often preceded by either. 2. Also; alias. 

[ < AS. aivther, < a, ever, + hwxther, whether.] 
-or, suffix. A termination used to form (1) nouns 
of agency; as, actor, competitor; (2) comparatives 
of Latin origin; as, junior; (3) abstract and con¬ 
crete nouns of Latin origin; as, honor, terror. 
[Def. 1 (a) < OF. -or, F. -eur, < L. -or, termina¬ 
tion after t, s, of nouns of agency; ( b) < OF. -eor, 
F. -eur, < L. -ator. Def. 2 < L. -or, compar. suf¬ 
fix. Def. 3 < OF. -or, F. -eur, < L. -or, -os.] 
Or., abbr. Oregon, oriental. 
or'a-cl(c p , 1 or'a-kl; 2 or'a-cl, n. 1. The seat 
of the worship of some ancient divinity, as 
of Apollo at Delphi, where prophecies were 
given out. 2. A prophecy thus given. 3. The 
deity whose prophecies were given. 4. An 
infallible authority. [F., < L. oracutum, < 
oro, pray.]—o-rac'u-lar, a. 1. Pertaining to 
an oracle; authoritative. 2. Enigmatical. 3. 
Prophetic. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
o'ral, 1 5'ral; 2 o'ral, a. 1. Consisting of spoken 
words. 2. Pertaining to the mouth. [*< L. os 
(or-), mouth.]—o'ral-Iy, adv. By word of mouth, 
or'ange, 1 or'inj; 2 or'ang. 1. a. 1. Pertaining 
to an orange. 2. Reddish*yellow. II. n. 1. 
A large juicy fruit, with a reddish=yellow 
rind; also, the tree that bears it. 2. A red- 
dish=yellow color. [F., ult. < Per. narang, 
orange.]—mock Lor"ange, n. The syringa. 
—O'sage orange, a handsome spreading tree, 
with inedible fruit resembling an orange: exten¬ 
sively used for hedges. [ < the Osage mountains 
of Arkansas.] 

Or'ange, n. 1. William of, see William. 2. A 
river in South Africa; 1,300 m. to the Atlantic 
ocean. 3. A former principality of Europe; be¬ 
came part of France in 1713. 

Or'ange Free State. A province of the Union of 
South Africa; 50,389 sq.m.; pop. 528,174; capital, 
Bloemfontein; a Boer republic until 1900. 
Or'ange-man, 1 er'inj-man; 2 or'ang-man, n. 1. 
Formerly an Irish adherent of William of Orange*, 



1: a = final; i = habit£ aisle; au = owt; oil; Iu = fe«d; tfhin;. go; i) = eing; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; £o, gem; ink; thin, this. 









orang-utan 

orthoepy 


418 


the champion of Protestantism. 2. A member of 
a secret society founded in 1795 for the purpose 
of upholding the Protestant ascendancy. 

1 o-rag'*u-tan", -tag"; 2 


\ O' 


r&ng'*u- 


o-rang'*u-tan", 
o-rang'-ou-tang", 

tan", -tang", re. A large red* 
haired anthropoid ape of 
Borneo and Sumatra. [ < 

Malay (2d form F., < Malay) 

Orang-utan, < orang, man, 4- 
utan, woods.] < 

or at., abbr. Orator, 
or'a-tor, 1 er'a-ter; 2 Sr'a- 
tor,, re. 1. One who de¬ 
livers an oration. 2. An 
eloquent public speaker. 

[< L. orator, < oratus, pp. 
of oro, pray, plead.] — 
o-ra'tion, n. 1. An 
elaborate public speech. 2. 

A graduation speech. — 
or"a-tor'i-cal, a. Pertaining to oratory; 
displaying oratory.— or"a-to'ri-o, re. Mus. 

A sacred composition, usually semidramatic.— 
or'a-to-ry, n. 1. The art of public speaking; 
eloquence. 2. Eloquent language. 3. A private 
chapel. 



Orang *utan. 

V36 


orb, 1 orb; 2 orb. I. vt. 1. To surround; encir¬ 
cle. 2. To shape into an orb. II. re. 1. A 
rounded mass; a sphere or globe. 2. A circle 
or orbit; anything circular. [< L. F orbis, 
circle.]— orbed, pa. 1. Spherical. 2. Encircled. 
3. Having orbs or eyes.— or-bic'u-lar, a. 1. 
Having the form of an orb or orbit. 2. Well 
rounded.— or'bit, re. 1. The path in space along 
which a heavenly body moves about its center of 
attraction. 2. The cavity of the skull containing 
the eye.— or'bit-al, a. 


or'chard, 1 er'dhard; 2 or'chard, n. A collec¬ 
tion of fruit*trees; also, the enclosure for same. 
[ < AS. ort- for vryrt, herb, + geard, garden.] 
or'ehes-tra, 1 er'kes-tra; 2 or'c&s-tra, re. 1. A 
band of musicians; also, the instruments on 
which they play. 2. In theaters, the place 
immediately before the stage. [ < Gr. orches¬ 
tra, < orcheomai, dance.]— or'ches-tral, a .— 
or"ches-tra 'tion, n. The arrangement of music 
for an orchestra. 


Or'chis, 1 er'kis; 2 or'cis, re. A genus of terres¬ 
trial tuber*bearing plants having dense spikes 
of small flowers. [L.j—or'chid,n. Any plant 
of the orchis family. 

ord., abbr. Ordained, order, ordinance, ordinary. 

— ord., ordn., abbr. Ordnance, 
or-dain', 1 or-den'; 2 or-dan', vt. 1. To give 
formal orders for. 2. To appoint and conse¬ 
crate; especially, to invest with ministerial 
functions. [ < L. p ordino, set in order.]— or¬ 
dain'er, re. 

or'de-al, 1 er'di-al; 2 or'de-al, re. 1. A trying 
course of experience. 2. A medieval form of 
trial, as by fire or poison. [ < AS. ordel .] 
or'der, 1 er'dar: 2 or'der. I. vt. 1. To give a 
command to. 2. To give instructions for. 3. 
To put in order. 4. To regulate. II. re. 1. 
Methodical and harmonious arrangement. 
2. Working condition. 3. A command. 4. 
Established use. 5. A body of persons united 
by some common bond. 6. An honor con¬ 
ferred. 7. pi. The clerical office. 8. A style of 
architecture. 9. Zool. & Bot. A group supe¬ 
rior to a genus. [ < L. ordo, order.]— or'der- 
ly. I. a. 1. Having regard for arrangement; 
systematic. 2. Peaceful. 3. Characterized by 


order. 4. Pertaining to orders. II. re. A soldier 
or non*commissioned officer, commonly a ser¬ 
geant, detailed to carry orders for superior offi¬ 
cers.—or'der-li-ness, re. The quality of being 
orderly. 

or'di-nal, 1 er'di-nal; 2 or'di-nal. I. a. 1. De¬ 
noting position in an order or succession. 2. 
Pertaining to an order, as of plants. II. re. 
That form of the numeral that shows the or¬ 
der in a series, as fifth. [F., < LL. ordinalis, 
< L. ordo ( ordin -), order.] 

or'di-nance, 1 or'di-nans; 2 or'di-nang, re. 1. 
A law of a municipal body. 2. Eccl. A relig¬ 
ious rite. [OF., < L. ordinan(t-)s, pp. of 
ordino; see ordain.] 

or'di-na-ry, 1 er'di-ne-ri; 2 or'di-na-ry. I. o. 

1. Of common occurrence or use. 2. Method¬ 
ical; normal. 3. Commonplace. II. re. [-ries z , 
pl.\ That w’hich is usual or common; a table 
d’hote; one who exercises jurisdiction of his own 
right. [< L. ordinarius, < ordo (ordin-), order.] 
—or'di-na-ri-ly, adv. 

or'di-nate, 1 er'di-mt; 2 or'di-nat, a. Char¬ 
acterized by order; regular. 
or"di-na'tion, re. 1. The rite of consecration 
to the ministry. 2. The state of being or¬ 
dained, regulated, or settled. 3. Array. 4. 
Natural or proper order. [F., ult. < L. ordino, 
order.] 

ord 'nance, 1 erd'nans; 2 ord'nanc, re. Miscel¬ 
laneous weapons and appliances used in war; 
especially, artillery. [A form of ordinance.] 
or'dure, 1 or'jur; 2 or'jur, re. Excrement; 

feces. [OF., < ord, foul, nasty.] 
ore, 1 or: 2 or, re. A natural substance, some¬ 
times forming fart of a rock, containing 
metal. { < AS. ser, ore.] 

Ore. (official), Oreg., abbr. Oregon, 
o're-ad, 1 o'ri-ad; 2 o're-ad, re. Class. Myth. A 
mountain nymph. [< Gr. oros, mountain.] 
Or'e-gon, 1 er'i-gen; 2 or'e-gon, re. A Pacific State 
of the United States; 96,699 sq. m.; pop. 783,390; 
capital, Salem. 

0"rel-la'na, 1 o"rel-yfi'na; 2 5"r§l-ya'na, Fran¬ 
cisco (15007-1545). A Spanish explorer with 
Pizarro; discovered the course of the Amazon. 
O-res'tes, 1 o-res'tlz; 2 o-res'te§, re. Son of Aga¬ 
memnon, whose murder he avenged by killing 
his mother, Clytemnestra; subject of plays bj 
ASschylus and Euripides, 
org., abbr. Organic, organized, 
or'gan, 1 or'gan; 2 or'gan, re. 1. One of several 
musical wind*instruments; a pipe*organ, reed® 
organ, or hand*organ. 2. Any part of an or¬ 
ganism performing some definite function. 3. 
A newspaper published in the interest of some 
party. [ < L. organum, < Gr. organon, in¬ 
strument.] — or-gan'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to or¬ 
ganisms or animals and plants. 2. Organized; sys¬ 
tematized. 3. Constitutive, or-gan'l-calj:.— 
or'gan-isni, re. 1. An organized or living being. 

2. The state of being organized; also, any organ. 
—or'gan-ist, re. One who plays the organ. 

or'gan-dy, 1 or'gan-di; 2 or'gan-dy, re. [-dies z , pi.) 
A fine translucent muslin dress®goods, often fig¬ 
ured. [ < F. organdi, book®muslin.] or'gan-diet. 
or'gan-ize, 1 er'gan-aiz; 2 or'gan-iz, v. [-ized; 
-iz"ing.] I. t. 1. To bring into systematic re¬ 
lation. 2. To prepare for transaction of busi¬ 
ness. 3. Biol. To furnish with organs. II. i. 
To unite in a society. [ < L. organum; see 
organ] or'gan-isef. — or"gan-i-za'tion or 
-sa'tion, re. 1. The act of organizing. 2. A 
number of individuals systematically united. 3. 
Any combination of parts. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh£t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 









419 


orang-utan 

orthoepy 


or'gies, 1 er'jiz; 2 6r'gi§, n. pi. [or'gy, .sinq.] 
1. Wild or wanton revelry. 2. The rites in 
honor of certain ancient deities, as Bacchus. 
[F., < L orgia. < Gr. orgia, secret rites. 1 
o'ri-el, 1 o'ri-el: 2 d’ri-gl, n. A window built 
out from a wall and rest¬ 
ing on a bracket, or like 
support. [<OF oriol, < 

LL. oriolum, prob < L 
aureolus; see aureola. 
o'ri-ent, 1 o'n-ent; 2 o'ri- 
Snt. I. vt. & vi. To 
orientate. II. a. 1. [0-] 

Oriental. 2. Resembling 
sunrise; bright. 3. As¬ 
cending. III. n. 1 . [0-1 T . 

The East, especially those R 
countries in Asia east of 
the Mediterranean 2. 

The eastern sky. IF., < 

L orien(t-)s, ppr. of orlor, 
rise.]— o"ri-en'tal. I. a. 

1 . [O-] Pertaining to the 
Orient. 2. Magnificent. 3||. 

Eastern. II. n. IO-] 
adv. —0"ri-en'tal-ist, n. One versed in Ori 
ental languages or learning. —0"ri-en'tal-lsm, 
n. —o'ri-en-tate, vt. & vi. [-tat"ed; -tat"ing.] 
To place, face, or point toward the east.— o"ri- 
en-ta'tion, ». 
or'i-fice 



Oriel. 

An inhabitant of Asia. -iy. 


or 


i-nce, l 
i-fis s , J; 


1 er'i-fis; 2 or'i-fi?, n. A small open¬ 
ing into a cavity; an aperture. [F., 

< LA 1 ' os {or-), mouth, + facia , make.] 
or'i-flamme, 1 er'i-flam; 2 or'i-flam. n. 1. The 

early royal standard of France. 2. Any royal flag 
or glorious symbol. [F one fiambe (“Chanson de 
Roland”), golden flag.] 
orig., abbr. Origin, original, originally. 

Or'i-gen, 1 er'i-jen; 2 or'i-gen, n. (182?-251?) An 
Alexandrian father of the Greek Church. 
or'i~gin, 1 er'i-jin; 2 or'i-gm, n 1. The com¬ 
mencement of the existence of anything. 2. 
A primary source; cause. 3. Parentage. [< 
L.#' origo ( origin -)* < orlor, rise.]— o-rig'i-nal. 

1. a. 1. Pertaining to the beginning of a thing. 

2. Not copied or imitated 3. Able to produce 
mental works. 4. New and novel. II. n 1. The 
first form of anything. 2. The language in which 
a book is first written. 3. A person of unique 
character.— o-rfg"i-nal'i-ty, «.— o-rig'i-nal- 
ly, adv .— o-rig'i-nate, v. f-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] 
1,1 To be the producing cause of create. II. t. 
To arise from some origin or source.— o-rig"i- 
na'tion, n. A beginning.— o-rig'i-na"tor, n. 

0"ri-no'co, 1 o"ri-no'ko; 2 
o"ri-no'eo, n. A river in 
Venezuela; 1,550 m. to 
the Atlantic ocean. 
o'ri-o!e, 1 o'ri-ol; 2 5'ri- 

61, n. 1. A black=and=yellow 
bird of the Old World, related 
to the crows. 2. One of vari¬ 
ous black=and=yellow Ameri¬ 
can birds. 

O-ri'on, 1 o-rai'en; 2 o-ri'on, n. 

1. A constellation noted for 
its group of three bright stars 
in a line. 2. Gr. Myth. A 
hunter of gigantic size. [L., 

< Gr. Orion.] 

or'i-son, 1 er'i-zon; 2 or'i-§on, n. 

prayer. [ < L. p oratio(n-) ; see oration.] 
0"ri-za'ba, 1 o"rI-zd'ba:2 o'Ti-za'ba, n. A volcano 
in E. Mexico; 18,300 ft. high. 

Ork'ney Is'lands, 1 erk'm; 2 ork'ny. An island 



Baltimore 
Orioie. Vs 

A devotional 


group of N. Scotland; 376 sq. m.; pop. 26,000; 
capital, Kirkwall. 

Or'le-ans, 1 er'li-anz; 2 or'le-ang, n. A city of 
N. W. France; captured by the Germans. Oct. 11, 
recovered by the French, Nov. 10, and retaken by 
the Germans, Dec. 5, 1870; pop. 72,000. 
or 'mo-lu, 1 er'mo-lu: 2 or'mo-lu, n. Gilded bronze 
or an alloy in imitation of it. [ < F. or moulu, 
ground gold.] 

Or'muz, 1 er'muz, 2 or'muz, n. 1. An island in the 
Persian Gulf; site of a once populous city. 2. 
Gulf of O., a strait connecting the Persian Gulf 
with the Arabian Sea. Or'must, 
or'na-ment, 1 er'na-ment or -mant; 2 or'na- 
ment. IV vt. To embellish with ornaments; 
adorn. IS. n. 1. An elegant or beautified 
part; something applied or worn for decora¬ 
tion. 2. Ornamentation in the abstract. 3. 
Anything considered as a source of honor. [ < 
F. ornement, < L. ornamenlum, < orno, adorn.] 
— or"na-men'tal, a. Serving to adorn, -ly, 
adv. —or"na-men-ta'tion, n. 
or-nate', 1 or-net'; 2 or-nat', a. Ornamented; 
artistically finished. [ < L. orno, adorn.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. * 

ornitli., abbr. Ornithological, ornithology. 
or"ni-thol'o-gy, 1 er"m-€hol'o-ji; 2 6r"ni-thol'- 
o-gy, n. 1. The branch of zoology that treats 
of birds. 2. A treatise on this subject. [ < 
Gr. ornis ( ornith -), bird, 4- -logy.] — or"ni-tho- 
log'ic or -l-cal, a. -log'i-cal-ly, adv. — or"- 
ni-tliol'o-gist, n. One versed in ornithology, 
o'ro-tund, 1 o'ro-tund; 2 o'ro-tund, a. Full, 
clear, rounded, and resonant: said of the voice 
or utterance. [ < L. os (or-), mouth, + rotun¬ 
das. round.] 

or'phan,) 1 er'fan; 2 or'fan. I. a. 1. Having 
or'fan p , ) lost one or (morq commonly) both 
parents: said of a child. 2. Pertaining to one 
so bereaved. IS. n. A child deprived of its 
parents by death. [ < Gr. orphanos, bereft.] 
—or'phan-age, n. 1. The state of being an 
orphan. 2. An orphan asylum. 


Or'pheus, 1 er'fius or -fi-us; 2 or'fus or -fi-us. n. 
Gr. Myth. A Thracian musician and hero, in¬ 
ventor of the lyre; charmed wild beasts and 
moved trees by his music. Compare Euridice. 
or're-ry, 1 or'i-ri; 2 or'e-ry, n. 


philosophical ap¬ 
paratus for exhibit¬ 
ing the relative 
motions and posi¬ 
tions of the mem¬ 
bers of the solar 
system. [ < the 
Earl of Orrery .] 


[-ries z , p?.] A 



Orrery. 

turning of the crank 


or'ris, 1 er'is; 2 or'is, 


causes the balls to revolve, in 
imitation of the natural mo¬ 
tions of the planets they represent. 

n. Any one of the several species of Iris 
having a scented root. fCorr of iris, -3.] 
or'ricef. [land of N W. Spain. 

Or"te-gal', 1 er"te-gal'; 2 6r"te-ga,r, n. A head- 

or"tho-dou 'ti-a, 1 or"tho-den'ti-9; 2 or"tho-don'- 
ti-a. n. Mechanical treatment for correcting 
irregularity and faulty positions of the teeth.— 
or"tho-don't!st, n. 

or'tho-dox, 1 er'fho-deks; 2 or'tho-doks, a. 1. 
Correct or sound in doctrine; Trinitarian. 2. 
Approved; accepted. [ < Gr. orthos, right, + 
doted, think.]— or'tho-dox"y, n. 1. Belief in es¬ 
tablished doctrine. 2. Acceptance of a Trinita¬ 
rian church creed. 

or'tho-ep"y, 1 er'€ho-ep"i; 2 or'tho-ep"y, n. 
1. The art of correct pronunciation. 2. Pro¬ 
nunciation in general. [ < Gr. orthos, correct, 
+ epos, word.]— or"tho-ep'ic, a. Pertaining to 


1: a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; tfhin; go; 0 = singr; thin, this. 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 
























orthography 

outride 


420 


orthoepy. or"tbo-ep'i-calt.—or'tho-ep"ist,n. 
An authority on pronunciation, 
or-thog'ra-phy, ) 1 er-theg'ra-fi; 2 or-th5g'ra- 
or-thog'ra-fy p , ) fy, ». 1. A mode or system 
of spelling. 2. The science that treats of let¬ 
ters and spelling, f < Gr. orthos, straight; and 
see-GRAPHY.]— or-thog'ra-ptaer, n. One versed 
in orthography.— or"tbo-graph'ic, a. or"tho- 
graph'i-calf.—or"tho-grapb'i-cal-ly, adv. 
or'to-lan, 1 or'to-lan; 2 or'to-lan, n. An Old 
World bunting or 
some bird resem¬ 
bling it. 

-ory, suffix. A suffix 
of English nouns 
and adjectives, of 
Latin origin, signify¬ 
ing, in nouns, place; 
as, dormitory; in 
adjectives, relating 
to or like; as, ama¬ 
tory. [< L. -orius, 

-oria, -orium, adj. 
termination; -orium. Ortolan. 1 /s 

noun termination.] 

O. S., abbr. Old Saxon, Old School, Old Series, Old 
Side, Old Style, Outside Sentinel. 

O'sa-ka, 1 5'za-ka; 2 o'sa-ka, n. Commercial sea¬ 
port (pop.1,253,000),S.VV. Honshu Island. Japan, 
os'cil-late, 1 es'i-let; 2 os'i-lat, v. [-lat ,, ed‘ 1 ; 
-lat"ing.] I. t. To cause to swing to and 
fro. II. i. 1 . To vibrate, as a pendulum. 2. 
To fluctuate; waver. [< L. oscillo, < oscil- 
lum, swing) — os"cil-la'tion, n. The act or 
state of oscillating.— os'cil-la"tor, n. — os'cll- 
la-to-ry, a. 

os'cu-late, 1 es'kiu-let; 2 os'cu-lat, vt. & vi. 
[-lat ,, ed <1 ; -lat"ing.] 1 . To kiss. 2. Geom. 
To touch, as two curves. [ < L. osculor, kiss, 
< osculum, dim. of os. mouth.)— os"cu-la'tion, 
».—os'cu-la-to-ry, a. 

-ose. Same as -ous. 

o'sier, 1 6 ' 3 ar; 2 o'zher. I. a. Consisting of 
twigs of willow or the. like. II. n. 1. Any one 
of various species of willow. 2. A shoot of 
wallow used in basket-making. (F.J 
O-si'ris, 1 o-sai'ris, 2 o-si'ris. n Egypt. Myth. The 
most popular of the Egyptian gods; husband of 
Isis; god of light, health, and agriculture. 

-osity, suffix. Of Latin origin, signifying fulness, 
plenty”; as verbosity. (< -ose+- -ty 4 .| 

Os'man, 1 os'man; 2 os'man, n. 1. O. Pasha 
(1832-1900), a Turkish general: defender of Plev¬ 
na, 1877. 2. O. Digna (1836-1900), a Sudanese 

sheik; largely responsible for General Gordon’s 
fate. 3. Same as Othman.—O s-man'II, n. A 
member of the dominant race In Turkey, a Turk¬ 
ish subject of the sultan of Turkey. 

OS'prey, 1 es'pri; 2 os'pry, n. A dark-brown, 
hawk-like bird that preys upon fish. 

Os 'sa, 1 os a; 2 6s'a. « Gr. Myth. A mountain in 
Thessaly, on which Pelion was plied by giants 
who wished to see into Olympus. See Olympus; 
Pelion. 

os'se-ous, 1 es'i-us; 2 Ss'e-us, a. Pertaining to 
or containing bones. [ < L. oseus, bony, < 
os, bone.) 

Os'sian, 1 ©Sh’an: 2 fish’an, n. 1. A hero and bard 
of Gaelic legend of the 3rd century. 2. A cycle 
of poems by James Macpherson, purporting to 
be a translation from the Gaelic of Ossian, pub¬ 
lished 1760-1763. 

OS'si-fy, 1 es'i-fui; 2 5s'i-fy, v. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] 1. 1. To convert into bone; harden like 
bone. II. i. To be changed into bone. [ < 
L. os foss-1, bone, + -fy.) — os"si-fi-ca'tion, n. 



1. A changing into bone. 2. The state of being 
ossified. 

Os-tend', 1 es-tend'; 2 6 s-tend', n. A seaport and 
watering-place in Belgium: pop. 45,970; entered 
by Germans, Oct. 15, 1914; and used as sub¬ 
marine base (1914-18) till the harbor was 
blocked by the British, who sank the war-ship 
“Vindictive” in the fairway, May 9, 1918. 

os-ten'si-bl(e p , 1 es-ten'si-bl; 2 os-ten'si-bl, a. 
Offered as real or as having the character 
represented; seeming.—os-ten'si-bly, adv. — 
os-ten'siv(e s , a. Exhibiting; showing. 

OS"ten-ta'tion, 1 es"ten-te'shan; 2 os"t£n-ta'- 
shon, n. The act of displaying vauntingly; 
pretentious parade. [ < L. ostento, freq. of 
ostendo. exhibit.)—os"tert-ta'tious, a. 1. Given 
to ostentation; pretentious. 2. Marked by vain 
display, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

OS"te-ol 'o-gy, 1 es"ti-el'o-ji: 2 os"te-ol'o-gy, n. 
The science that treats of the bones of the 


skeleton and the properties of the osseous tis¬ 
sue. [ < Gr. osteon, bone, + -logy.) 

Os"te-op'a-thy, 1 es"ti-ep'e-£hi; 2 6s"te-5p'a- 
thy, n. The treatment of disease without 
drugs or knife, as by the manipulation of 
bone, cartilage, ligament, or muscle. 

Os'ti-a, 1 es'U-a; 2 Os'ti-a, n. An ancient city and 
port of Rome at the mouth of the Tiber. 

os'tier, n. Same as hostler. 

os-tra'ce-an, 1 os-tre'si-an; 2 Ss-tra'ce-an, n. 
A bivalve; oyster. 

os'tra-cize or -cise, 1 es'tra-saiz; 2 os'tra-clz, 
vt. [-cized; -ciz"ing.] To subject to ostra¬ 
cism. [ < Gr. ostrakizo, < ostrakon, shell, 
voting-tablet.]— os'tra-cism, n. 1. Exclu¬ 
sion from intercourse or favor, as in society. 2 . 
Gr. Antig. Banishment by popular vote. 

os'trich, 1 es'trich; 2 os'trich, n. A large, two* 
toed bird of Africa and Arabia, noted 
for its beautiful plumes and its speed 
in running. [< Gr. L+OF strouthion , 
ostrich.) 

Os'tro-goth, 1 es'tro-gefh; 
n. A member of the E., 
branch of the Goths, | 
which established a < 
kingdom in Italy (493- 
555). See Visigoth. 

O. T-, abbr. Old Testa¬ 
ment. 

O-thel'Io, 1 o-fhel'o; 2 
o-thel'o, n. In Shake¬ 
speare’s tragedy of this : 
name, a Moorisn general 
of Venice, w'ho kills his 
wife, Desdemona, in a 
jealous rage. 

oth'er, 1 uth'ar; 2 oth'- 
er. I. a 1 . Not the 
same. 2. Additional, 
remaining one of two things; alternate. 91. 
pron. 1. A different person or thing. 2. The 
opposite one. III. adv. Othenvise. *[< AS. 
other, other.]— oth'er-wise". I. a. Different. 
II. adv. 1. In a different manner. 2. In other 
respects. III. conj. But for the cause named. 

Oth'man, 1 oth'man, 2 oth'man, n. The name of 
several rulers of Turkey or Moslem califs. O. I. 
(1259-1326) founded the Ottoman Empire. 

O'tho, 1 o'tho; 2 o'tho, n. 1. Marcus Salvius 
(32-69), emperor of Rome. 2. One of several 
emperors of Germany, especially: O. I. (912- 
973), “the Great”; pacified Italy. 

o-tol'o-gy, 1 o-tel'o-ji; 2 o-t61'o-gy, n. The science 
of the ear and its diseases. [< Gr. ous (6t~), ear.) 
—o-tol'o-gist, n. 



Ostrich. Vis 
3. Second; noting the 


1 ; artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, ah; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 
















421 


orthography 

outride 


O-tran'to, 1 o-tran'to; 2 o-tran'to, n. 1. A sea¬ 
port town of S. E. Italy; pop. 2,400; sacked by 
the Turks in 1480. 2. Strait of ()., a strait be¬ 
tween the Adriatic and Mediterranean seas, 40 
m. wide. 

ot'tar, ot'to, n. Same as attar. 

Ot'ta-wa, 1 et'a-wa; 2 ot'a-wa, n. 1. A city in 
Ontario province, capital of the Dominion of 
Canada; pop. 171,140. 2. A river in Quebec prov¬ 
ince, Canada; 600 m. to St. Lawrence river. 


ot'ter, 1 et'ar; 2 ot'er, n. A weaseMike, web* 
footed, aquatic carnivore; valued for its dark* 
brown fur. [ < AS. oter, otter.] 

Ot'to-man, 1 et'o-man; 2 ot'o-man. I. a. 
Pertaining to the Turks. II. n. 1. A Turk. 
2. [o-] A low cushioned seat without back; a 
carpet*covered foot*rest. [< Turk. F 'Oth- 
man, Osman I.] 

ou"b!i-ette', 1 u"bli-et'; 2 u"bli-St', n. A medieval 
dungeon or pit with an entrance only through the 
top. [F., < oublier, forget.] 

Oudh, 1 aud; 2 oud, n. A province of British 
India; 24,158 sq. m.; pop. 12,558,000; part of 
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh; capital, 
Lucknow. 

ought, 1 et; 2 ot, v. 1. To be under moral obli¬ 
gation to be or do. 2. To be fitting or imper¬ 
ative. [ < AS . ahte, pret. of agan, owe.] 
ought 1 , n. & adv. Aught; anything. 
ought 2 , n. A cipher; naught. 
ounce 1 , 1 auns; 2 oung, n. 1. A unit of weight; 
Vie of a pound avoirdupois. 2. One*sixteenth 
of a pint. [ < L. F uncia, twelfth part.] 
ounce 2 , n. 1. A feline carnivorous mammal of 



Ounce. 


central Asia. 2. 

The jaguar. [ < 

F. once, prob. < 

Per. yuz, panther, 
lynx.] 

our, 1 aur; 2 our, 
poss. pron. Per¬ 
taining to us: ours 
when not fol¬ 
lowed by a noun. 

[< AS. Ure, < ure, of us, akin to us, us.]— 
our-self', pron. Myself.— our-selves', pron. 
pi. We or us. 

-our, suffix. Same as -or. 

ou-rang', 1 u-rar)'; 2 u-rang', n. The orang*utan. 
-ous, suffix. Used: (1) To denote possession or 
presence of a quality in any degree. (2) Chem. 
To denote a compound in which the element to 
which it is affixed has a less valence than in com¬ 
pounds whose names end in -ic. [< OF. -ous, 
F. -cux, < L. -osus; or directly < L. -ws.] 
ou'sel, n. Same as ouzel. 
oust* 1 , 1 aust; 2 oust, vt. To turn out from pos¬ 
session. [ < OF. ouster, F. oter, draw.] 
out, 1 out; 2 out. I. n. 1. An outside place. 
2. A person or thing that is out or omitted. 
II. adv. l.*In a condition of issuance, or as of 
having issued. 2. Not in harmony or prac¬ 
tise. 3. Completely; thoroughly. 4. Not at 
home. 5. To the uttermost. III. prep. 
From the inside of. [ < AS. ut, out.] 

In numerous self*explaining compound verbs 
out adds the sense of surpassing or exceeding, 
usually meaning “more than,” “beyond,” “in 
excess”; as: 

out-bid' out"ma-neu'ver 

out-climb' • out-march' 

out-dis'tance out-num'ber 

out-flank' out-play' 

out-face' out-rank' 

out-gen'er-al out-reach' 


out-shine' 

out-stay' 

out-vote' 

out-watch' 

out-wear' 

out-weigh' 


In the following compounds out conveys the 
sense of “ forth”; “away”; “exterior”; as: 
out-crop' out-curve' out-flow' out'land 
— out'=and=out", a. Thoroughgoing; unqual¬ 
ified. — out'bound", a. Outward bound.— 
out"break', vi. To burst out; break forth. 
— out'break", n. A sudden and violent break¬ 
ing forth.— out'build"ing, n. A smaller build¬ 
ing appurtenant to a main building and generally 
separate from it.— out'burst", n. A bursting 
out; a violent manifestation.— out'cast". I. a. 
Rejected as unworthy or useless. II. n. One 
who is rejected and despised.— out-class' 1 , vt. 
To exceed in skill or powers.— out'come", n. 
The consequence or visible result.— out'cry", 
n. A vehement or loud cry.— out-do', vt. To 
exceed in performance; surpass.— out-grovv', vt. 
1. To surpass in growth. 2. To grow out of or 
away from.— out'growth", n. An excrescence. 
— out'house", n. An outbuilding.— out'ing, 
n. The act of going out; a holiday excursion.— 
out-last' d , vt. To last longer than; survive.— 
out'ly"ing, a. 1. Situated apart; extrinsic. 2. 
Outside the boundary.— out'post", n. A de¬ 
tached body of troops posted to guard against 
surprize.— out-pour'. I. vt. & vi. To pom- out; 
flowfreely. II. n. Afreeoutflow.— out-stretch'*, 
vt. To stretch or spread out.— out there [Re¬ 
cent], on the battle*front or firing*line. 
out'door", 1 aut'ddr"; 2 out'dor", a. 1. Being 
or done in the open air. 2. Outside of certain 
public institutions.— out'doors". l.n. [Col- 
loq.] The world beyond the house. II. adv. Out 
of the house. out'=of=doors"J. 
out'er, 1 aut'er; 2 out'er, a. 1. External. 2. 
Farther from a center.— out'er-most", a. — 
out'field", n. In baseball, etc., players who oc¬ 
cupy the outer part of the field; the place itself, 
out'fit, n. A fitting out or equipment, 
out-go', 1 aut-go'; 2 out-go'. 3. vt. & vi. To 
go farther than; excel in any way; go out¬ 
ward; come to an end. II. n. That which 
goes out; cost or outlay. —out'go"ing, a. & n. 
out-land'ish, 1 aut-land'i^h; 2 out-land'ish, a. 

1. Of strange or barbarous aspect or action. 

2. Remote, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

out'law", 1 aut'le"; 2 out'la". I. vt. 1. To put 
out of the protection of the law. 2. To de¬ 
prive of legal force. II. n. 1. One who is 
outlawed. 2. A freebooter.—out 'law"ry, n. 
The state of being proscribed, 
out'lay", 1 aut'le"; 2 out'la", n. A laying out 
or disbursing; hence, that which is disbursed, 
out'let", 1 aut'let"; 2 out'let", n. A passage or 
vent for escape or discharge, 
out'line", 1 aut'lain"; 2 out'lin". I. vt. To 
draw the outline of. II. n. 1. A sketch show¬ 
ing the principal features of a thing. 2. The 
bordering line that serves to define a figure. 
out-liv(e /p , 1 aut-liv'; 2 out-liv', vt. & vi. To 
live beyond or longer than (another); survive. 
out'Iook", 1 aut'luk"; 2 out'look", n. 1. The 
expanse in view; hence, the prospect of a 
thing. 2. Distance of view; hence, foresight, 
out'put", 1 aut'put"; 2 out'put", n. The quan¬ 
tity put out or produced in a specified time, 
out'rage, 1 aut'rej; 2 out'rag. I. vt. [out'- 
raged; out'rag-ing.] 1. To commit outrage 
upon. 2. To grossly violate the rights of. II. 
n. An act of shocking violence or cruelty. 
[F., < outre, beyond, < L. ultra, beyond.]—out- 
ra'geous, a. 1. Of the nature of an outrage; 
atrocious. 2. Heedless of authority or decency, 
out-ride', 1 aut-raid'; 2 out-rid', v. I. t. To 


1: a = final; l = habiV aisle; au = o«t; oil; Iu = feud; tfhin; go; r) = sin#; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, r||le, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







outrigger 

own 422 


ride faster than. II. i. 1 . To ride abroad. 
2. To ride beside a carriage as an attendant. 
—out'rid"er, n. A mounted servant who rides 
in advance of a carriage. 

out'rig"ger, 1 

part built 


aut , rig // 9r; 2 out'rfg"er, n. A 



out; specifi¬ 
cally: (1) A 
bracket- for 
projecting a 
rowlock. (2) 

^on tVi vancl Polynesian Canoe with Outrigger, 
for balancing a canoe. (3) A spar for extend¬ 
ing a sail. . „ ,, 

out'right", 1 aut'rait"; 2 out'rlt". I. a. Free 
from reserve or restraint. II. adv. 1. With¬ 
out reservation or limitation. 2. Without 
delay. 

out'set", 1 aut'set"; 2 out'sgt", n. A first en¬ 
trance on any business, journey, or the like; 
a setting out. 

OUt'side", 1 aut'said"; 2 out'sid". I. a. 1 . 
Pertaining to the outside; exterior; extrane¬ 
ous. 2. Reaching the limit. 3. Foreign. II. 
n. 1 . The external part of a thing; superficial 
appearance. 2. The extreme. III. adv. 
Without.— out"sid'er, n. One who is out¬ 
side; an intruder. 

out'skirt", 1 aut'skurt"; 2 out'skirt", to. A 
place on the skirts or border; outer verge. 

out'span", 1 out'span"; 2 out'span", vt. & vi. fS. 
Afr.] To unyoke or unharness draft=animals. 

out'spo"ken, 1 aut'spo"kn; 2 out'spo"kn, a. 
Bold or free of speech. 

out-stand', 1 out-stand'; 2 out-stand', i>. I§. 

t. To withstand. II. t. 1. To stand out; pro¬ 
ject. 2. To stand over; remain unpaid.— 

out-stand 'ing, a. 

OUt-strip n , 1 out-strip'; 2 out-strip', vt. To 
leave behind in a race; outrun; hence, to go 


beyond; escape. 

out'ward, 1 out'ward; 2 out'ward, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to the exterior; external. 2. Tend¬ 
ing to the outside. 3. Extrinsic, -ly, adv. 
-ness, to. 

out'ward, \adv. 1. Away from an inner 
out'wards, ) place. 2. On the surface. 3. 

Away from port or home, 
out-wit', 1 out-wit'; 2 out-wit', vt. [out- 
wit'ted^ ; out-wit'ting.] To excel or defeat 
in a contest of wits. 

out'work", 1 aut'wurk"; 2 out'wfirk", to. Any 
outer defense; bulwark. 

ou'zel, 1 u'zl; 2 u'zl. to. One of various European 
thrushes, as the blackbird, 
o'va, ra. Plural of ovum. 

o'val, 1 d'val; 2 d'val. I. o. Having the figure 
of the longitudinal section of an egg. II. n. 
A figure or body of such form or outline. [ < 
F. ovale, < LL. ovalis, < L. ovum, egg.] 
o'va-ry, 1 6'va-ri; 2 o'va-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] An 
organ or part where an egg or seed is devel¬ 
oped. [ < L. ovum, egg.]— o-va'ri-an, a. 
o'vate, 1 o'vet; 2 o'vat, a. Egg*shaped: said or 
leaves. [ < L. ovatus, < ovum, egg.] 
O-va'tion, 1 o-ve'^han; 2 o-va'shon, n. Any 
spontaneous expression of popular homage. 
[< L. ovatio(n-), < ovo, triumph.] 
ov'en, 1 uv'n; 2 ov'n, n. A chamber in which 
substances are artificially heated: used for 
baking, annealing, etc. [ < AS. ofen, oven.] 
o'ver, 1 o'var; 2 o'ver. I. vt. To jump over; 


vault. II. a. Outer. III. n. In cricket, that 
part of the game during which one bowler 
bowls six (or five) consecutive balls. IY r . adv. 
1. So as to pass from one of two sides or places 
to the other. 2. In width. 3. From one side 
or purpose to another. 4. So as to invert or 
transpose. 5. So as to overflow. 6. In a posi¬ 
tion beyond; completely. 7. Once again. 8. 
Excessively. 9. At an end. V. prep. 1. 
Higher than; above; in superiority to; in ex¬ 
cess of. 2. Notwithstanding. 3. Across. [ < 
AS. ofer.] — over the top (Recent], above and 
outside of the parapet of a flrst*line trench into 
the open: soldiers’ slang. 

Over is an element in a large number of self* 
explaining compounds, with the general meaning 
of “too,” “too much,” etc.; as: 


o"ver-bold' 
o"ver-bur'den 
o"ver-cap'i-tal- 
izc 

o"ver-con'fl- 

dent 

o"ver-dose' 

o"ver-drive' 

o"ver-eat' 

o"ver-es'ti-mate 

o"ver-feed' 

o"ver-has'ty 

o'ver-heat' 


o"ver-in-dulge' 

o'ver-is'sue 

o"ver-load' 

o"ver-man' 

o'ver-mas'ter 

o"ver-nice' 

o"ver-pay' 

o"ver-praise' 

o"ver-pro-duce' 

o"ver-rate' 

o"ver-ripe' 

o"vcr-scru'pu- 

lous 


o"ver-sleep' 

o"ver-stay' 

o"ver-stock' 

o"ver-strain' 

o"ver-sub- 

scribe' 

o"ver-sup- 

ply' 

o"ver-tax' 

o"ver-tire' 

o"ver-train' 

o"ver-val'ue 

o"ver-work' 


Over is also an element In many compounds, 
as in the following list, with the meaning “above,” 
“surmounting,” “covering”: 
o"ver-flood' o"ver-lie' o"ver-span' 

o"ver-lean' o"ver-pass' o'ver-weave' 

—o'ver-alls", to. pi. Loose coarse outer trousers 
worn by workmen for protection.—o"ver-arcb'‘, 
vt. & vi. To arch over.—o"ver-aw(e' p , vt. To 
overpower or restrain by awe.—o"ver-bal'ance, 
I ( . vt. 1. To exceed, as in weight or importance. 
2. To cause to lose balance. II. n. Excess of 
weight or value.—o"ver-bear', v. I. t. 1. To 
overpower; repress. 2. To crush down; over¬ 
power. II. i. To bear too much fruit.—o"ver* 
bear'ing, pa. 1. Arrogant; dictatorial. 2. 
Overwhelming; crushing.—o"ver-bid', vt. & vi. 
To outbid.—o 'ver-board", adv. Over the side of 
or out of a boat or ship.—o"ver-cast', vt. 1. To 
cover, as the sky with clouds. 2. To sew (an 
edge) with long wrapping stitches.—over¬ 
charge'. I. vt. I. To charge more than is justly 
due. 2. To load with too heavy a charge. 3. To 
overburden. II. n. An excessive charge of any 
kind.—o'ver-coat", n. An extra outdoor coat; 
a greatcoat; topcoat.—o"ver-conie', vt. & vi. 
To obtain the mastery over or the control of; 
vanquish; defeat.—o"ver-do', v. I. t. To do 
excessively; exaggerate; overtax; exhaust. II. i. 
To labor too assiduously.—o"ver-grow', v. 1. 1. 
1. To cover with herbage. 2. To grow too rapidly 
for. II. i. To increase unduly.—o'ver-hand", 
a. 1. Baseball. With the hand well upward. 2. 
Made by overcasting, as a seam.—o"ver-hang'. 

I. vt. & vi. To project or hang over; menace. 

II. n. An overhanging portion; also, the amount 
of projection.— o"ver-haul', vt. To haul over; 
inspect.— o"vcr-he(a)d' s , adv. 1. Aloft. 2. So 
as to be submerged.— o"ver-hear', vt. To hear, 
as by accident or design.— o"ver-joy', vt. To 
overcome with joy.— o'ver-land", a. & adv. Over 
the land; by land. —o"ver-Iap'‘, vt. & vi. 1. 
To lie or be folded partly upon. 2. To lap over. 
— o"ver-lay\ vt. To spread something over 
the surface of; overcast; cloud. —o"ver-match'. 
I 1 , vt. To be more than a match for. II. n. One 
who or that which is superior in strength, skill, 
etc.— o"ver-much', a. & adv. Exceeding what 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 








423 


outrigger 

own 


is necessary or proper; too much.— o"ver-night', 
adv. During or through the night.— o'ver-plus, 
n. That which remains after a certain part has 
been used or set aside; surplus.— o"ver-shad'- 
ow, vt. 1. To throw a shadow over. 2. To cast 
into the shade.— o'ver-siioe", n. A shoe worn 
over another: usually of india*rubber or felt.— 
o"ver-shoot', v. I. t. 1. To shoot over or be¬ 
yond. 2. To go beyond; overstep. II. i. To 
shoot or fly beyond the mark.— overshot wheel, 
a watemvheel for power, with 
buckets that are filled at the top, 
the weight and impetus of the 
water turning the 
wheel. — o"ver- 
spread', vt. 1. To 
spread over. 2. To 
lie spread or scatter¬ 
ed over. — o " v e r - 
state '<>, vt. To ex¬ 
aggerate.— o 'ver- 
time". I. n. Time 
beyond the usual or 
specified hours. II.- 
adv. Beyond the 
stipulated time. — 
o'ver-tone", n. Mus. A higher accompanying 
tone produced at the same time as the funda¬ 
mental tone.— o"ver-top'% vt. 1. To mount 
above the top of; tower over. 2. To exceed in 
eminence.— o"ver-wrought', a. Excessively 
excited; overstrained. 

o"ver-draw', vt. 1. To draw against (an ac¬ 
count) beyond one’s credit. 2. To draw or 
strain excessively. 3. To make an exagger¬ 
ated representation of.— o'ver-draft", n. 

o"ver-due', a. 1. Remaining unpaid after the 
time when due. 2. Not taking place at the 
usual time. 



Overshot Wheel. 


o"ver-flow', v. I. t. To flow over; spread 
over; flood; overwhelm. II. i. To run over 
the edge; hence, to abound, 
o'ver-flow", n. 1. That which flows over; a flood; 

profusion. 2. A passage or outlet for liquid. 
o"ver-look n , vt. 1. To look down upon. 2. To 
superintend; oversee. 3. To look over; con¬ 
done. 4. To fail to see; slight. 
o"ver-pow 'er, vt. 1. To gain supremacy or 
victory over; subdue. 2. To overwhelm by 
intensity or energy. 

©"ver-reach' 1 , v. I. t. 1. To obtain an ad¬ 
vantage over, as by trickery. 2. To stretch 
out too far, as a limb. 3. To overshoot (a 
mark). 4. To extend over. II. i. To strike 
the hind against the fore foot: said of a horse. 
o"ver-ride', vt. 1. To- overcome, as if by 
trampling under the feet. 2. To set aside or 
disregard arbitrarily. 3. To ride to excess. 
o"ver-ru!e\ v. I. t. To control by superior 
power. II. i. To hold sway. 
o"ver-run', v. I. t. 1. To run or spread over; 
infest or ravage. 2. To run beyond; exceed 
or go beyond. 3. Print. To carry over 
(type) to another line. II. i. To pass just, 
prescribed, or usual limits. 
o"ver-see', v. 1. i. 1. To overlook; super¬ 
intend. 2. To fail to see; neglect. 3. To see 
too well. II. i. 1. To see over things. 2. 
To act as overseer.— o"ver-se'er, n. 
o"ver-set', v. I. t. I. To capsize; upset. 2. 
To cause the downfall of. 3. To set too much 
of. II. i. To fall over. 

o'ver-sight", n. 1. An error due to inatten¬ 


tion. 2. Watchful supervision; superinten¬ 
dence. [exceed. 

o"ver-step' t ,_ vt. To step over or beyond; 
o'vert, 1 o'vurt; 2 o'vert, a. Open to view; 
outwardly manifest; in law, done with crim¬ 
inal intent. [OF., pp. of ovrir, < L. operio, 
open.] 

o"ver-take\ vt. 1. To come up with by fol¬ 
lowing; catch. 2. To take by surprize. 
o"ver-t browI. vt. I. To throw over; throw 
down; upset. 2. To overcome the power of; 
defeat. II. n. The act of overthrowing; de¬ 
struction ; demolition. 

o'ver-ture", 1 o'ver-dhur"; 2 o'ver-chur", n. 1. 
A proposal for consideration; offer. 2. A 
musical composition introductory to an op¬ 
era, etc. 

o"ver-turn', v. 1. 1. 1. To cause to fall; upset. 
2. To destroy the power of. II. i. To turn 
over; capsize. 

o'ver-turn", n. 1. The act of overturning; an 
upset; overthrow. 2. A subversion or de¬ 
duction. 

o"ver-ween'ing, pa. Characterized by pre¬ 
sumptuous pride or conceit. 
o"ver-wheIm', vt. 1. To whelm or submerge 
completely. 2. To overcome with effusive¬ 
ness or profusion. 

Ov'id, 1 ev'id; 2 ov'id, Publius Ovidius Naso 

(43 B. C.—A. D. 17). A Roman poet; banished 
by Augustus; died in exile, 
o'vi-form, 1 o'vi-ferm; 2 o'vi-form, a. Having 
the form of an egg or ovum; egg*shaped. [ < 
L. ovum, egg, + -form.] 

o'vine, ) 1 o'vin or -vain; 2 o'vin or -vm, a. Of 
o'vin 8 , ) or pertaining to a sheep; sheepdike. 

[ < L. ovis, sheep.] 

O-vlp'a-rous, a. Producing eggs; propagating 
by eggs. [ < L. ovum, egg, + pario, produce.] 
o"vi-pos'i-tor, 1 o"vi-pez'i-tar; 2 o"vi-p6§'i-tor, n. 
The tubular organ at the extremity of the ab¬ 
domen, as in many insects, by which the eggs 
are deposited: sometimes modified as a sting, 
as in bees and wasps. [ < L. ovum, an egg, + 
pono (pp. posilus), place.] 

©'void, 1 o'veid; 2 o'void, a. Egg=shaped. [ < 
L. ovum, egg, + -oid.] 

o'vule, 1 o'viul; 2 o'vul, n. A rudimentary 
seed; small ovum. 

o'vum, 1 o'vum; 2 o'vum, n. [o'va, pi.] Biol. 
A nucleated cell, formed in the ovary; an egg, 
in the widest sense. 

owe, ) 1 o; 2 o, t. [owed (formerly ought or 
ow p , (own); ow'ing.] I. t. 1. To be under 
obligation for. 2. To be indebted for. II. i. 
To be indebted; be due. [ < AS. agan, have.] 
—ow'ing, pa. 1. Due; yet to be paid: used 
passively. 2. Attributable.— owing to, attrib¬ 
utable to; on account of; in consequence of; a 
prepositional phrase. 

owl, 1 aul; 2 owl, n. A nocturnal bird having 
large eyes and a circular facial disk of radi¬ 
ating feathers. See bird. [ < AS. ule.] — 
owl'et, n. A small or young owl.— owl'ish, a. 
Like an owl; grave; stupid. 
own 1 , 1 5n; 2 5n, vt. To have the rightful title 
to; possess. [< AS. agnian, < dgen; see 
own, a.\ 

own 2 , v. I. t. I. To admit to be true; ac¬ 
knowledge; confess. 2. To avow the owner¬ 
ship of; recognize. II. i. [Colloq.] To ac¬ 
knowledge. [ < AS. unnan, give.] 
own, a. 1. Belonging to oneself; individual. 
2. Being of the nearest degree; real. 3. In- 


1:» = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; dhin; go; g = sin#; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 















owner 

palseo- 

timately related. [< AS. agen, orig. pp. of 
agan, have.] 

own'er, n. One who has the right to or pos¬ 
session of a thing, -less, a. — own'er-ship, 
n. The state of being a proprietor or owner, 
ox, 1 eks; 2 oks, n. [ox'en, pi.] An adult cas¬ 
trated male of a domestic bovine quadruped; 
in the plural, domestic cattle. [ < AS. oxa, 
ox.]— ox 'eye" dai'sy, an erect perennial weed 
with oblong leaves and solitary white flowers 
with yellow centers, white'weed J. 

OX-al'Ic, 1 eks-al'ik; 2 oks-al'ic, a. Chem. Per¬ 
taining to or derived from sorrel. [ < Gr. L 
oxalis, < oxys, sharp, acid.]— oxalic acid, a 
white crystalline poisonous compound, found in 
the vegetable kingdom as in sorrel, or made arti¬ 
ficially, as by decomposing sugar with nitric acid. 
Oxf., abbr. Oxford. 

Ox'ford, 1 eks'fard; 2 oks'ford, n. A city, county 
town of Oxfordshire, England; pop. 57,050; seat 
of Oxford University (first charter granted 
1248). —Oxford shoe, or O. tie, a low laced 
shoe tied at the instep.— Ox'ford-shire, n. A 
county of southern central England.— Ox-o'- 
ni-an. I. a. Of or pertaining to Oxford, or its 
university. II. n. A student or graduate of Ox¬ 
ford University. 

ox'id, / 1 eks'id; 2 oks'id, n. Chem. Any 
ox'ide, ) binary compound of oxygen, as iron* 
rust. [< Gr. oxys, acid.]— ox"i-da'tion, n. 


424 


The act of uniting with oxygen; also, the state of 
being so united.— ox'i-dize, v. [-dized; -diz’- 
ing.] 1.2. To cause the oxidation of; rust. II. 
i. To unite with oxygen. 

diset. 

Oxon., abbr. [L.] Oxonia (Ox¬ 
ford) .Oxoniensis (of Oxford). 
ox'y-gen, 1 eks'i-jen; 2 oks'- 
y-g6n, n. A colorless, 
tasteless, and inodorous 
gaseous element, existing 
in large quantity in both 
the air.and water. [ < Gr. 
oxys, sharp, acid, H— gen.] 

—ox'y-gen-ate d , vt. To 
treat with oxygen, ox'y- 
gen-izc or -iset.—ox"y- 
gen-a'tion, n. 

oys'ter, 1 eis'tar; 2 oys'ter, 
n. • A bivalve found in 
salt water. [ < Gr. L+OF 
ostreon, oyster.]— oys'ter*plant", n. Salsify, 
oz., abbr. [oz. or ozs., pi.} Ounce. 

O'zark mountains, 1 o'zark; 2 5'zark. A range 
in Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, 
o'zone, 1 o'zon; 2 o'zon, n. Chem. A colorless 
gas with a pungent odor like that of chlorin. 
[< Gr. ozo (ppr. ozbri), smell.]— o'zo-nize or 
-nise, vt. & vi. To treat with, or be converted 
into, ozone. 


ox'i-datej; ox'i- 



Oyster with the 
Right Mantle*flap 
Removed. 

a, shell; b, hinge; c, anus; 
d, liver; e, heart; /, adduc¬ 
tor; g, stomach sac; h, gills. 


P 


P, P» 1 pi; 2 pe, n. [pees, P’s, or Ps, 1 piz; 2 peg, 
pi.] A letter: the sixteenth in the English 
alphabet. 

P., abbr. Pastor, phosphorus, post, president, 
prince.—p., abbr. Page, part, participle, past, 
piano (It., soft), pint, pipe, pole, population.— 
P./A., abbr. Power of Attorney, private account 
C bookkeeping ).—p. a., abbr. Participial adjec¬ 
tive.— Pa., abbr. Pennsylvania (official), 
pab'u-luin, 1 pab'yu-lum; 2 pab'yti-lum, n. 
Any substance affording nutriment; aliment. 
[L., fodder, < pasco, feed.] 
pace, lfpes; 2 pag, v. [paced 1 ; pac'ing.] I. t. 
To walk with regular steps; measure by 
strides. II. i. 1. To move with even steps. 
2. To move, as a horse, by lifting both feet on 
the same side at once.— pac'er, n. 
pace, n. 1. A step in walking. 2. A measure of 
length, usually 3 feet. 3. Gait. 4. Rate of 
speed. 5. The movement of a horse in which 
both feet on the same side are lifted and 
moved forward at once, alternating with the 
two on the other side. [ < F. pas, step.] 
pa-clia', n. Same as pasha. 
pach'y-dcrni, 1 pak'i-durm; 2 p&e'y-derm. I. 
a. Thick*skinned. pach"y-der'ma-tousJ. 
II. n. One of a former division of hoofed 
mammals, including the elephant, etc. 
pa-cif'ic, 1 pa-sif'ik; 2 pa-gif'ic, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to peace; peaceable; calm. 2. [P-] Per¬ 
taining to the Pacific ocean, as relatively free 
from storms. [ < L. p pax, peace, + facio, 
make.] pa-cif'i-calf.—pa-clf'i-cal-ly, adv. 
Pa-cif'lc o'cean. An ocean between the Ameri¬ 
can continents and Asia and Australia, extending 
from the Arctic to the Antarctic ocean; 70,000,- 
000 sq. m.; 11,000 m. wide at the equator, 
pac'i-fism, 1 pac'i-fism; 2 pac'i-fism, n. The advo¬ 
cacy of peace or of peaceful methods as opposed 
to war or militarism.— pac'i-fist, n. One who 


supports the policy of pacifism; also used attribu- 
tively. pa-clf'1-cistj. 

pac'i-fy, 1 pas'i-fai; 2 pag'i-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] 1. To bring into a peaceful state. 2. To 
assuage the anger of; calm. [ < F. pacifier, < 
L. pacifico, < pax ipac-), peace; and see -fy.] 
pa-clf'i-catej.—pac"i-fi-ca'tion, n. Concil¬ 
iation. — pac'i-fi-ca"tor, n. A peacemaker. 
pae'i-fi"ert.—pa-cif'i-ca-to"ry, a. 

pack 1 , 1 pak; 2 phk, v. I. t. 1. To dispose in 
compact shape; stow away. 2. To fill com¬ 
pactly; compress tightly. 3. To send away. 
4. To load with a pack. 5. To carry on the 
back. 6. To make fluid*tight. 7. In water* 
cure treatment, to envelop (a person) in a 
wet sheet with dry outer wrappings. II. i. 
1. To stow things, as for carrying. 2. To 
form into a pack. 3. To allow of being put 
into compact shape. 4. To leave in haste.— 
pack'ing, n. 

pack, n. 1. A bundle or large package; a col¬ 
lection of anything; heap. 2. A full set of 
things, as cards. 3. A number of dogs or 
wolves that hunt together; any gang or band. 
4. A large area of floating broken ice. 5. In 
water*cure, a wrapping of sheets.— pack'- 
age, n. The act of packing; that which is 
packed; something w'rapped up; a packet or par¬ 
cel.—pack'=an"i-mal, n. An animal used to 
carry packs or burdens, as a paok'diorse" or 
pack'miule".—pack'er, n. One who packs, 
or a device for packing.—pack'et, n. 1. A small 
package; parcel. 2. A steamship for conveying 
malls, passengers, and freight at stated times.— 
pack'man. n. [-men, pi .] A pedler.— p.«saddle, 
n. A pad or saddle for a pack»animal.— pack'- 
ttaread", n. Twine used for doing up packages. 

Pac. oc., abbr. Pacific ocean. 

pact, 1 pakt; 2 pact, n. An agreement; com¬ 
pact. [ < L. pactum, agreement.] 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, gS; not, or; full, rQle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, w'h^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n, 







425 


Pac-to'lus, 1 pak-to'lus; 2 pae-to'lus, n . A stream 
in Lydia, traditional source of Croesus’ gold, 
pad, 1 pad; 2 pad, v. [pad'dedcI; pad'ding.] I. 1. 

1. To stuff with pads; furnish with pads. 2. 
To put up in pads. II. i. 1. To wear pads. 2. 
To lengthen literary productions by padding. 

pad, n. 1. An elastic cushion serving to pro¬ 
tect from jarring. 2. A - number of sheets of 
paper glued at the edges; tablet. 3. A large 
floating leaf of an aquatic plant. [Vr. of pod.] 
pad'ding, n. 1. The act of forming a pad. 

2. That of which a pad is made. 3. Matter 
put in, as in a book, merely to fill space. 

pad'die,) 1 pad'l; 2 pad'l, v. [pad'dled; pad'- 
pad'l p , ) dling.] I. t. 1. To propel with a pad¬ 
dle. 2. To beat with a paddle. II. i. 1. To 
ply a paddle. 2. To dabble, as in water. 
[Var. of patlle , freq. of pat, r.] —pad'dle^wheel", 
n. A wheel with floats for propelling a vessel, 
pad 'die, £ n. An oardike bladed implement, 
pad 'l p , ) used without a rowlock to propel a 
boat; any similar implement; a flipper, 
pad'dock, 1 pad'ek; 2 p&d'ok, n. An enclosure 
for exercising horses. [ < AS. pearroc , park.] 
Pad 'dy 1 ,1 pad'i; 2 pad'y, n . [-dies, pi .] An Irish¬ 
man: a nickname for Patrick, 
pad 'dy 2 , n. Rice in the husk, whether gathered or 
growing. [Anglo=Ind.] 

Pa"de-rew'ski, 1 pa"de-rev'slu or -res'kl; 2 pii"de- 
rev'ski or -rgs'ki, Ignace Jan (1859- ). A 

Polish patriot; prime minister, 1918-19; pianist; 
composer. 

pad'lock". Ib vt. To fasten or provide with 
a padlock. II. n. A detachable lock, de¬ 
signed to hang on the object fastened. [< 
pad, n ., 4- lock 1 , n .] 

pa'dre, 1 pa'dre; 2 pa'dre, n. Father: a title given 
to a priest. [Sp., Pg., & It., < L. pater , father.] 
pa-dro'ne, 1 pa-dro'ne; 2 pa-dro'ne, n . [-dro'nes 
or -dro'ni, pi .] Master; a proprietor; employer; 
an Italian labor contractor. [It.] 

Pad'u-a, 1 pad'yu-a; 2 pad'yu-a, n . A university 
city, capital of the Italian province of the same 
name; pop. 105,135. 

p. se., abbr . [L.] Partes xquales (equal parts), 
pae'an, 1 pl'an; 2 pe'an. n . Gr . Antiq . A choral 
ode, essentially a song of joy. [L., < Gr. 
paian , < Paian , Apollo.] 

Paes'tuni, 1 pes'tum; 2 pes tum, n. An ancient 
Greek city in S. Italy; has extensive ruins, 
pa'gan, 1 pe'gan; 2 pa'gan. I. a. Pertaining 
to pagans; heathenish. II. n. 1. A worshiper 
of false gods; a heathen; idolater. 2. An irre¬ 
ligious person. [ < F. paien, < L paganus, 
peasant.]— pa'gan-ism, n. — pa'gan-ize, vt. 
page 1 , 1 pej; 2 pag, vt. [paged; pag'ing.] To 
mark the pages of, as a book, with numbers. 
— pag'ing, n. [page or belbboy. 

page 2 , vt. [U. S.] To notify or summon, as by a 
page 1 , n. A male attendant, usually a lad. [F.] 
page 2 , n. One side of a leaf, as of a book. [F., 
< L. pagina, < pango, fasten.] 
pag'eant, 1 paj'ent; 2 pag'ent, n. 1. An im¬ 
posing exhibition or parade. 2. A theatrical 
spectacle. [ < LL. pagina, scaffold, < L. 
pagina, leaf, slab.]— pag'eant-ry, n. Pageants 
collectively. 

pag"i-na'tion, 1 papi-ne'iShan; 2 pag"i-na'shon, 
n. The numbering of the pages, as of a book; 
paging. [ < L. pagina ; see page.] 
pa-go'da, 1 pa-go'da; 2 pa-go'da, n . In the 
Orient, a sacred tower, profusely adorned. 
See illus. in next column. [Sp.,< Per. but, idol, 

-f kadah , temple.] 


owner 
palseo- 

pald, 1 ped; 2 pad, imp. & pp. of pay, vt. 
pail, 1 pel; 2 pal, n. A conical or cylindrical 
vessel for carrying liquids, etc., properly hav¬ 
ing a bail.— pail'ful, «. [pail'fuls, pi .j 



Pagoda. 

pain, 1 pen; 2 pan. I. vt. To cause pain to; 
hurt; distress. II. n. 1. Any distressing or 
afflicting sensation or emotion; suffering. 2. 
pi. Care, trouble, or exertion expended on 
anything. 3. Punishment; penalty. [<L. OF 
poena, < Gr. poine, a fine.]— pain'ful, a. 1. 
Giving pain; distressing. 2. Requiring care; ar¬ 
duous. -ly, adv. -ness, n. — pain'less, a. Free 
from pain; causing no pain, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— pains'tak"ing. I. a. Taking pains. II. n. 
Diligent and careful endeavor, -ly, adv. 
paint d , 1 pent; 2 pant, v. 1. 1. 1. To coat with 
paint; adorn with colors. 2. To make, as a 
picture, by employing pigments. 3. To de¬ 
pict in language; portray. II. i. 1. To prac¬ 
tise the painters’ art. 2. To color the face 
artificially. [ < L. pingo, paint.] 
paint, n. 1. A color or pigment, either dry or 
mixed with oil, water, etc. 2. A cosmetic, 
paint 'er 1 , n. One whose occupation is painting, 
paint'er 2 , n. A rope with which to fasten a 
boat by its bow. [ther.] 

palnt'er 2 , n. [U. S.] The puma. [Corr. of pan- 
paint'ing, n. 1. The act, art, or employment 
of laying on paints with a brush. 2. The art 
of representing objects on a surface by means 
of pigments. 3. A picture, 
pair, 1 par; 2 par. 1. vt. & vi. To bring to¬ 
gether as mates or as antagonists; mate; suit; 
match. II. n. 1. Two persons or things of a 
kind associated; a couple; brace. 2. A single 
thing having two like or correspondent parts. 

[ < F. paire, < L. par, < par, equal.] 
pa-ja'mas, 1 pa-ju'maz; 2 pa-ja'mag, n. pi. 1. 
Loose trousers. 2. A loose bifurcated gar¬ 
ment for night*wear. [ < Hind, paejama, < 
pae, leg, + jama, garment.] [federate, 

pal, 1 pal; 2 pal, n. [Slang.] A mate; chum; con- 
Pal., abbr. Palestine.— pal., abbr. Paleontology, 
pal'ace, 1 pal'is; 2 pal'ag, n. A royal residence; 
any stately building. [ < L. F Palatium, Pala¬ 
tine Hill, at Rome.]— pa-la'tlal, a. Of, like, 
or befitting a palace; magnificent; stately, 
pal'a-din, 1 pal'e-din; 2 pftl'a-dln, n. Any one 
of the twelve peers of Charlemagne; a para¬ 
gon of knighthood. [F.] 
pa-lae'o-. Same as paleo-. 


l:a = final; I = hablt£ aisle; au = out; eil; lu = fewd; tfhin; go; o = sin^; fhin, this, 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this, 





























palanquin 

panorama 


426 


pal"an-quln', 1 pal"an-kln'; 2 pal"an-kln', n. 
An Oriental convey¬ 
ance borne on the 
shoulders of men by 
poles. (F., ult. < 

Sans, palyanka. bed.] 
pal"an-keen't. 
pal'ate, 1 pal'it; 2 
pal'at, n. 1. The 

™° u th. original Native Palanquin 
2. The sense of taste; Q f Hindustan, 

relish. [ < OF. palat 

(< L. palatum), palate.]—pal'at-a-bl(e p , a. 
1 . Agreeable to the palate; savory. 2. Accept¬ 
able. -ness, n.— pal'a-ia-bly, adv.— pal'a-tal. 

1. a. 1. Pertainin ' to the palate. 2. Produced 
by or with the help of the palate. II. n. 1. A 
bone of the palate. 2. Any sound produced 
chiefly by the palate. 

pa-lav'er, 1 ps-lav'ar or -la'var; 2 pa-lav'er or 
-la'ver. I. vt. & vi. To flatter; cajole; talk 
much and idly. II. n. Empty talk, espe¬ 
cially that intended to flatter. [ < L. PQ para¬ 
bola, comparison.] [close with pales. 

pale 1 , 1 pel; 2 pal, vt. [paled; pal'ing.] Toen- 
pale 2 , vt. & vi. To make or turn pale; blanch, 
pale, a. 1. Of a whitish appearance; pallid. 

2. Of a very light shade of any color. [OF., < 
L. pallidus, pale.] -ness, n. —pal'ish, a. Some¬ 
what pale. 

pale, n. 1 . Originally, a pointed stick; a fence; 
a stake; a paling. 2. Boundary or limit, or 
that which it encloses; enclosure. [ < F. pal, 
< L. palus, palum, ult. < pango, fasten.] 
pa'le-o-,) 1 pe'h-o-, pe'li-; 2 pa'le-o-, pa'le-. 
pa'le-, \ From Greek palaios, ancient, old: 
combining forms.—pa"le-o-lith'ic, a. Of or 
pertaining to the older or rude stone age, whose 
relics (weapons, etc.) are chipped, but not polished. 
—pa"le-on-tol 'o-gy, n. The branch of biology 
that treats of the ancient life of the globe, plant, or 
animal.—pa"le-on-tol 'o-gist, n. 

Pa-ler'mo, 1 pa-lur'mo; 2 pa-ler'mo, n. A city, 
capital of Palermo province, Sicily; pop. 345,891. 
Pal'es-tine, 1 pal'es-tain; 2 pal'fes-tln, n. A coun¬ 
try in S. W. Syria; 11,000 sq. m.; capital, Jeru¬ 
salem. Holy Land?. 

pal'et, ) 1 pal'et; 2 pal'St, n. 1. A thin tab- 
pal'ette, ) let, with a hole for the thumb, upon 
which artists lay their colors for painting. 2. 
An arrangement of colors placed on the tab¬ 
let. 3. A pallet: see pallet 1 . [F.] 
pal'e-tot, 1 pal'i-to; 2 pal'e-to, n. A loose over¬ 
coat for man or woman. [F.] 
pal'frcy, 1 pel'fri; 2 pal'fry, n. A saddle*horse, 
especially for a woman. [ < F. palefroi.] 
pal'imp-sest, 1 pal'imp-sest; 2 pftl'imp-sSst, n. 
A parchment, etc., written upon twice, the first 
writing erased to make room for the second. [ < 
Gr.L pallmpseslos, < palin, again, + psad, rub.] 
pal'ing, 1 pel'm; 2 pal'ing, n. One of a series 
of upright pales forming a fence; also, such 
pales collectively. 

pal"in-gen'e-sls, 1 palTn-jen'i-sis; 2 parin-gSn'e- 
sis, n. 1. A rebirth; regeneration. 2. The meta¬ 
morphosis of an insect. [ < Gr. palin, again, + 

GENESIS.] 

pal"i-sade', 1 pal"i-s§d'; 2 pal"i-sad'. I. vt. 
[-sad'ed cJ ; -sad'ing.] To enclose with a pali¬ 
sade. II. n. 1. A fence or fortification made 
of strong timbers firmly set in the ground. 2. 
pi. An extended cliff. [F.] 

Pa"Ils"sy', 1 pa"li"si'; 2 pa"ll"sy', Bernard (1509- 
1589). AFrencb potter; invented enameled pottery. 


pall, 1 pel; 2 pal, vt. & vi. To make or become 

insipid or dull; cloy. [Short form of appall.] 
pall, n. A cover, usually of black cloth, thrown 
over a coffin or over a tomb. [ < AS. psel, < 
L. palla, robe.]—pall '=bear"er, n. One who 
attends a coffin at a funeral. 

Pal-la'di-um, 1 pa-le'di-um; 2 pa-la'di-um, n. 
[-Di-A, pi.] 1. (*lass. Antiq. An image of 
Pallas on which the safety of Troy was sup¬ 
posed to depend. 2. [p-] Any safeguard. [< 
Gr. L Palladion, < Pallas, Pallas (Minerva).1 
Farias, 1 pal'as; 2 pal'as, n. The Greek goddess 
Athena; often called Fallas Athena. 
pal'let 1 , 1 pal'et; 2 pal'et, n. One of various 
mechanical devices: (1) A click, pawl, etc. 
(2) A disk in the endless chain of a chain* 
pump. (3) A potters’ wheel. (4) A paddle 
for mixing and shaping clay. (5) A tool used 
in gilding the backs of books. (6) Paint. A 
palet. [Var. of palette.] 
pal'let 2 , n. A bed or mattress, usually of 
straw. [ < F. paillet, heap of straw.] 
pal'Ii-ate, 1 pal'i-et; 2 pal'i-at, vt. [-at' ed^i 
-at"ing.] 1. To cause to appear less guilty or 
offensive; extenuate. 2. To reduce the sever¬ 
ity of; mitigate. [ < L. pallium, cloak.]— pal"- 
ll-a'tion, n. A leviation; mitigation. — pal'li- 
a-tiv(es. I. a. Having a tendency to palliate. 
II. n. That which serves to palliate, 
pal lid, 1 pal'id; 2 pal'id, a. Of a pale or wan 
appearance; feeble in color, f < L. pallidus; 
see pale, a.] 

pal'lor, 1 pal'ar; 2 p&l'or, n. The state of being 
pale or pallid. [L., < palleo, be pale.] 
palin, 1 pam;2 pam ,vt. 1. To hide in the hand. 

2. To impose fraudulently: with off. 

palm , n. 1. The hollow inner surface of the 
body of the hand. 2. The breadth or the 
length of the hand used as a lineal measure. 

3. That which covers the palm. [ < L. palma, 
hand.]—pal 'mate, pal'mat"ed, a. 1. Resem- 


Palmate Leaves. 

1. Palmatelj ]>ar,ed leaf. 2. Palinately lobed leaf. 

bling an open hand, with the fingers spread. 2. 
Web*footed.— pal'niate-ly, adv. 
palm 2 , n. 1. A tropical tree or shrub of which 
there are at least 1,000 species, mostly having 
very large leaves. 2. A leaf or branch of the 
palm, used as a symbol of victory or joy. 3. 
Hence, supremacy. [ < L. AS palma, palm* 
tree.]— palm 'er, n. A medieval pilgrim who had 
visited Palestine and brought back a palm* 
branch. — palm'er*worm", n. A hairy, vora¬ 
cious caterpillar. 

Palm'er-ston, 1 pam'ar-stan; 2 pam'er-ston, Vis¬ 
count (1784-1865). Henry John Temple, a Brit¬ 
ish statesman and prime minister, 
pal-met'to, 1 pal-met'o; 2 pal-mSt'o, n. Any 
one of various fan*palms, especially the cab- 
bage*palm of the southern United States. [ < 
Sp. palmito.] 

palm'is-try, 1 pam'is-tri;2 pam'is-try, n. The 
pretended art of reading one’s character or 
future by the marks in the palm of the hand. 
—palm '1st, n. 





I: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, er; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit. Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, dr, woi^ 





427 


palanquin 

panorama 


Palm Sun'day. The Sunday before Easter: 
commemorating Christ’s triumphal entry 
into Jerusalem (John xii, 13). 
palm'y, 1 pam'i; 2 pam'y, a. [palm'i-er; 
palm'i-est.] 1. Marked by prosperity or tri¬ 
umph. 2. Abounding in palms. 

Pal-my'ra, 1 pal-mai'ra; 2 pal-my'ra, re. A ruined 
city in Syria; sacked by the Romans, A. D. 273. 
palp, 1 palp; 2 palp, re. A feeler, especially one 
of the jointed sense*organs attached to the 
mouth=organs of many insects. [ < L. palpo, 
stroke ] 

pal'pa-bl(e p , 1 pal'pe-bl; 2 pal'pa-bl, a. 1. 
That may be touched or felt. 2. Readily 
perceived; obvious. [< LL. palpabilis, < L. 
palpo, touch.]—pal'pa-bly, adv. 
pal'pi-tate, 1 pal'pi-tet; 2 pal'pi-tat, vi. 
[-TATTED" 1 ; -tat"ing.] To pulsate or beat 
quickly; flutter. [ < L. palpito, pp. palpitatus, 
pant.]—paI"pi-ta'tion, re. Rapid and irregular 
pulsation. 

pal'sy, 1 pel'zi; 2 pal'gy. I. vt. [palsied; 
pal'sy-ing.] 1. To strike with palsy; para¬ 
lyze. 2. To destroy function or energy in. 
II. re. 1. Paralysis; any impairment or loss of 
sensation or of voluntary motion. 2. Ineffi¬ 
ciency; apathy. [ < F. paralysie, < L. paral¬ 
ysis: see paralysis.]— pal'sied, a. Paralytic, 
pal'ter, 1 pel'tar; 2 pal'ter, vi. To deal in a tri¬ 
fling or unworthy manner; equivocate. [Cp. 
paltry.]— pal'ter-er, re. 

pal'try, 1 pel'tri; 2 pal'try, a. [pal'tri-er; 
pal'tri-est.] Having little or no worth or 
value. [ < MLG. palter- in palterlappen, 
rags.]—pal'tri-ly, adv. —pal'trl-ness, re. 

pam. , pamph., abbr. Pamphlet. 

pain'pas, 1 pam'paz; 2 pam'pa§, n. pi. The 
great open treeless plains south of the Ama¬ 
zon. [Sp., < Peru, pampa, plain.] 
pam'per, 1 pam'par; 2 pam'per, vt. To feed 
with rich food; indulge excessively. [< LG. 
pamper,.] 

pam'plilet,) 1 pam'flet; 2 pam'flSt, n. 1. A 
pain 'tie t s , ) printed work stitched or pasted, 
but not permanently bound. 2. A brief 
treatise or essay. [ < L. Pamphila, author of 
booklets, A. D. 50.]—pam"phlet-eer', re. One 
who writes pamphlets. 

pan, 1 pan; 2 pan, v. [panned; pan'ning.] I. 
t. 1. To operate upon with a pan. 2. To cook 
and serve in a pan. II. i. [U. S.] Mining. 
To yield gold, as earth: with out. 

pan, re. 1. A wide shallow vessel, especially one 
for domestic use. 2. A vessel, either open or 
closed, for boiling and evaporating. 3. The 
skull; brain*box. 4. Hard-pan. [ < AS. 
panne, < L. LL patina, prob. < pateo, be open.] 
Pan, re. Gr. Myth. An Arcadian woodland spirit; 

inventor of the reed*pipe.—Pan-de'an, a. 
pan-. A combining form found in Greek words 
and used before English proper adjectives; as, 
Pare*Hellenic (embracing all Greeks); Pare*Pres¬ 
byterian. [< Gr. pas {pant-), all.] 

Pan., abbr. Panama. 

pan"a-ce'a, 1 pan"a-sl'a; 2 pan"a-ce'a, re. 1. A 
pretended remedy for all diseases. 2. Some 
herb credited with remarkable healing vir¬ 
tues. [L., < Gr. pas, all, + akos, cure.] 
Pan"a-ma', 1 pan"a-ma'; 2 pan"a-ma', re. 1. A 
republic of N. W. South America; 32,380 sq. m.; 
pop. 401,430. 2. Its capital on the Pacific; pop. 

104,000.—Isthmus of Panama, an isthmus con¬ 
necting North and South America; length, 500 m.; 
minimum width, 30 m. — Panama canal, a 


canal across the Isthmus of Panama, undertaken 
by the French 1880—1888; recommenced by the 
United States Jan. 1, 1907; opened for traffic, 
Aug. 15, 1914.—Panama hat, a hat woven from 
the young leaves of a palm=like tree of Central 
America. 

pan'cake", 1 pan'kek"; 2 pan'cak", re. A thin 
batter*cake fried in a pan or baked on a 
griddle. 

pan 'cre-as, 1 pan'[or par) ']kri-3s; 2 pan'[or pan']- 
cre-as, re. A gland connecting with the alimen¬ 
tary canal; the sweetbread. [ < Gr. pankreas, 
< pas, all, + kreas, flesh.]—pan"cre-at'lc, a. 
pan"de-mo'ni-um, )1 pan"di-mo'm-um; 2 
paiT'dae-ino'ni-uin,) pan"de-m6'ni-um, re. 
The infernal regions; any noisy and disor¬ 
derly place or gathering. [ < pan- + Gr. dai- 
mon, devil.] 

pan'der, 1 pan'd&r; 2 pan'der. I. vi. To min¬ 
ister to the gratification of passions or preju¬ 
dices of others. II. re. One who ministers to 
the passions or base desires of others. [ < Gr. 
Pandaros, Pandarus, Trojan leader.] 

Pan-do'ra, 1 pan-do'ra; 2 pan-do'ra, re. Gr. Myth. 
A beautiful woman sent to earth by the gods to 
avenge the theft of fire from heaven by Prome¬ 
theus; she brought with her a box whence escaped 
all human ills, hope alone remaining. See Epime- 
theus. 

pane, 1 pen; 2 pan, re. 1. A piece or compart¬ 
ment, particularly if flat and rectangular; 
commonly, a piece of window=glass. 2. A flat 
surface; panel. [ < L. F pannvs, a cloth.] 
pan"e-gyr 'ic, 1 pan"i-jir'ik; 2 pan"e-gyr'ic. I. 
a. Elaborately eulogistic or laudatory, pan"- 
e-gyr'i-calj. II. re. A formal public eulogy; 
encomium; laudation. [ < Gr. panegyrikos, 
of an assembly.]—pan'e-gyr"ist, re. A eulogiz- 
er.—pan'c-gy-rlze, vt. & vi. 
pan'el, 1 pan'el; 2 pan'el. I. vt. [pan'eled or 
pan'elled; pan'el-ing or pan'el-ling.] 1 . 
To form or divide into panels. 2. To decorate 
with colored panels. II. re. 1. A rectangular 
piece set in a frame, as in a door; any rec¬ 
tangular space or inserted piece. 2. An offi¬ 
cial list of persons summoned for jury=duty. 
[< L.ll+of pannus, cloth.]—pan'el-ing, re. 
pang, 1 par); 2 pang, re. A sudden and poignant 
pain; a throe of anguish. [ME. prange; cp. 

PRONG.] 

pan'ic, 1 pan'ik; 2 pan'ie, re. A sudden, unrea¬ 
sonable, overpowering fear, affecting a large 
number simultaneously: also used adjectiv¬ 
ally— pan 'ic*strlck"en, pan'ic*struck", a. 
—pan'ick-y, a. [Colloq.] 
pan'i-el(e p , 1 pan'i-kl; 2 pan'i-cl, re. A loose 
compound flower*cluster, produced by irregu¬ 
lar branching. 

pan'nier, 1 pan'yar; 2 pan'yer, re. 1. One of a 
pair of baskets adapted to be slung on each 
side of a beast of burden. 2. A basket for 
carrying a load on the back. 3. A light frame¬ 
work, as for extending a woman’s dress at 
the hips. [ < L. F panarium, bread-basket.] 
pan'ierj. 

pan'o-ply, 1 pan'o-pli; 2 pan'o-ply, re. [-plies 2 , 
pi.] The complete equipment of a warrior: 
often figuratively. [ < Gr. pas, all, + hopla, 
armor.]—pan'o-plied, a. Arrayed in complete 
armor. 

pan"o-ra'ma, 1 pan"o-ra'ma; 2 pan"o-ra'ma, 
re. 1. A series of large pictures representing a 
continuous scene. 2. A complete view in 


1 : a = final; l = habit^ aisle; au = oret; ©11; Iu = fewd; tfhin; go; q = si ng\ thin, this. 
2:w©lf, dp; book, boot; fqll, rqle, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







pansy 

parasol 


428 


every direction. [ < pan- + Gr. horama, 
sight, < horao, see.)—pan"o-ram'ic, a. 
pan'sy, 1 pan'zi; 2 pan'gy, n. [pan'sies 2 , pi.] 
A species of violet having blossoms of a vari¬ 
ety of colors of great beauty. See flower. 
[ < F. penste, < pensee, pp. of penser, think.] 
pant, 1 pant; 2 pant. I d . vt. & vi. 1. To gasp. 
2. To yearn. 3. To heave, as the breast. II. n. 
A short, labored breath; a violent heaving, 
as of the breast. [ < F. panteler. panbgasp.j 
pan"ta-loon', 1 pan"ta-lun'; 2 pan"ta-loon', n. 

In pantomimes, an absurd old man. 
pan"ta-loons', n. pi. Trousers, 
pan'the-ism, 1 pan'thi-izm; 2 pan'the-ism, n. 
The doctrine that mind and matter, God and 
the universe, are one. [ < pan — b theism.]— 
pan'tlie-ist, n— pan"the-ts'tic, a. 
Pan'the-on, 1 pan'thi-on; 2 pan'the-on, n. 1. 
A circular temple at Rome; any great temple 
or mausoleum. 2. [p-] The deities of a 
people, taken collectively. [L., < Gr. pas, 
all, + theos, god.] 

pan'ther, 1 pan'thar; 2 pan'ther, n. 1. A 
leopard, espe¬ 
cially one dark* 
colored, from 
southern Asia. 

2. Some other 
large feline 
carnivore. [ < 

Gr. p a nth Sr , 
panther.] Panther. V as 

pan'to-, 1 pan'to-; 2 pan'to-. A combining 
form: same as pan-. —pan'to-graph, para'- 
to-graf p , n. An instrument for copying a 
drawing or diagram, either on the same scale 
or with reduction or increase. [-]— graph.] 
pan 'ta-graphj. 

pan'to-mfme, 1 pan'to-maim; 2 pan'to-mim, 
n. Dumb showy a play consisting in action 
without dialog. [< Gr. pas, all, + mimos, 
imitator.]—pan"to-mim'ic or -I-cal, a. 
pan'try, 1 pan'tn; 2 pan'try, n. [pan'tries 2 , 
pi.] A room or closet in which to keep pro¬ 
visions, etc. [ < L. LL panis, bread.] 
pants, 1 pants: 2 pants, n. pi. [Colloq.] Trousers; 

drawers. [Abbr. from pantaloons.] 
pap 1 , 1 pap; 2 piip, n. A teat; nipple. [ < Sw. 
papp, pap.] 

pap 2 , n. 1. Any soft food for babes. 2. Weak 
mental nourishment. 3. Pulp, as of fruit. 

[ < L. papa, pappa, infants’ cry for food.] 
pa-pa', 1 pa-pa' or pa'pa; 2 pa-pa' or pa'pa, n. 

Father: saidfor the most part by or to children, 
pa'pa-ey, 1 pe'pa-si; 2 pa'pa-cy, n. 1. The 
office of the Pope of Rome. 2. The Roman 
Catholic system of church government. [ < 
OF. papacie, ult. < Gr. papas, father.]—pa'pal, 
a. 1. Pertaining to the papacy or the Pope. 2. 
Assuming infallibility or supreme authority. 3. 
Pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church, 
pa-paw', 1 pa-pe' or pe'pe; 2 pa-pa' or pa'pa, 
n. 1. A tropical American tree of the passion* 
flower family. 2. A small tree of the custard* 
apple family, bearing edible fruit. [ < Sp. 
papaya. < Malabar papaiamaram.] paw'paw 
pa'per, 1 pe'par; 2 pa'per. I. vt. I. To put 
paper upon in any way; cover with paper. 
2. To subject to any operation by means of 
paper. II. a. 1. Made of paper. 2. Enrolled, 
described, or stated on paper. III. n. 1. A 
substance made from fibrous material, as 
rags, wood, or bark, into thin sheets or strips. 



pa-pus'' 


2. A sheet or a web of such material. 3. A 
printed or w’ritten instrument. 4. A printed 
journal; newspaper. 5. An essay. 6. Com. 
Written or printed pledges or promises to 
pay. 7. A package in a paper w rapping, f < 
F. papier, < L . papyrus ; see papyrus.]— pa'¬ 
per diang"ing, n. 1. The act or process of 
covering w'alls, ceilings, etc., with paper.— pa'- 
per=hang"er, n. pa'per-erR—pa'per-y, a. Of 
or like paper. 

Pa'phos, 1 pe'fes; 2 pa'fds, n. An ancient city in 
Cyprus, sacred to Venus.— Pa'pht-an, a. & n. 
pa"pier'*ma"che', 1 pa"pye'*ma"^he'; 2 pii"- 
pye'*ma"che', n. Pulped paper molded while 
moist into various forms. [F.] 
pa'pist, 1 pe'pist; 2 pa'pist, n. An adherent 
of the papacy: an opprobrious use.—pa-pis'- 
ti-oal, a. pa-pis'tief.—pa'pist-ry, n. The 
religion or ceremonial of the 
papists, 
pa-poose' 


2 pa- 

poos', n. [Am. Ind.] A North* 

American Indian infant. 

pap-poose'J. 

pap'py, 1 pap'i; 2 pap'y, a. 

Resembling pap; pulpy, 
pa'pri-ka, 1 pd'prl-ka; 2 pa'pri- 
ca, n. A condiment made from 
a mild variety of capsicum, 
pa'pri-caj. 

Pa'pu-a, 1 pa'pu-3 or pap'yu-s; 2 
pa'pu-a or pap'yu-a, n. l.Same 
as New' Guinea. 2. A British 
territory in S. E. New Guinea; 

90,540 sq. m.; pop. 251,000.— 

Pap'u-an, a. & n. 
pa-p.v'rus, 1 pa-pai'rus; 2 pa- 
py'rus, n. [-ri, 1 -rai; 2 -ri, 
pi.] The w r riting*paper of the 
ancient Egyptians, or the 
rush*like plant front w'hich it 
was made. [F., < Gr.^papy- 
ros, papyrus.] 

par, 1 par; 2 par, n. An ac¬ 
cepted standard of value; 
equality of value; equiva¬ 
lence; parity, 
on a level; equal. 
par- 1 , prefix. Per-: used in a few w'ords from 
the French; as, pardoner, parboil. [ < F. par, 
< L. per, through.] 
par- 2 , ) prefix. Beside; near; by: 
para-, ) used in certain words of 
foreign origin and in new chem¬ 
ical, biological, and patholog¬ 
ical terms. [< Gr. para-, < 
para, beside.] 

par., abbr. Paragraph, parallel, pa¬ 
renthesis, parish. 

Pa-ra', 1 pa-rd'; 2 pii-ra', n. A 
state in Brazil, South America; 

443,904 sq. m.; pop. 992,290; 
center of rubber industry. 

Para., abbr. Paraguay. 



Papyrus. 

[< L. par, equal.] —on a par, 



Parabola. 


A , vertex; OX , 
axis; MX , direo- 

par'a-bl(e p , 1 par'a-bl; 2 p&r'a- tr “i F < foc «s; p, 
bl, n. A short religious allegory. * h r e 

[OF., L. parabola , comparison, petidieular from P 
< Gr. parabole , < para , beside, to the directrix. 
+ ballid , throw.] PM is always equal 

pa-rab'o-la, 1 pa-rab'o-ls; 2 pa- to PF - 

rdb'o-la, n. A conic section arising from the 
cutting of a cone by a plane parallel to one 
of its sides. [< Gr. parabole ; see parable.] 
par"a-boI'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to a parable. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; ml, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdm 


















429 


pansy 

parasol 


par"a-boI'i-calt. 2. Pertaining to or hav¬ 
ing the form of a parabola. 

Par"a-cel'sus, 1 par"9-sel'sus; 2 par"a-cSl'sus, n. 
Pseudonym of Theophrastus von Hohenheim, a 
Swiss alchemist (1493-1541). 
par'a-diute, 1 par'a-^hut; 2 par'a-ghut, n. A 
large umbrella=shaped ap¬ 
paratus for retarding the 
descent of a body through 
the air, as from a balloon. 

[F.] 

pa-rade\ 1 pa-red'; 2 pa- 
rad'. I. vt. & vi. [pa-rad'- 
ED d ; pa-rad'ing.] 1. To 
assemble and form for a 
parade; marshal, as if in 
military order. 2. To 
promenade for conspicu 
ous display. II. n. 1. A 
marshaling and review’ of 
troops. 2. A ceremonious 
procession. 3. A ground 
where military reviews Parachute, 

are held. 4. Pompous show; ostentation. 
[F.]—pa-rad'er, n. 

par'a-digni, 1 par'e-dim; 2 par'a-dlm, n. 1. 
Gram. A model for the inflection of a class of 
words, as of a particular declension. 2. A pat¬ 
tern. [ < Gr. para, beside, + deiknymi, show.] 
par'a-dise, 1 par'a-dais; 2 par'a-dls, n. 1. The 
garden of Eden. 2. Heaven, or any region or 
state of surpassing delight. [ < Gr. paradeios, 
park.]—par"a-di-si'a-cal, a. 

Par'a-dise Lost, Par'a-dise Re-gained'. Epic 
poems by John Milton depicting the fall and re¬ 
demption of man. 

par'a-dox, 1 par'a-deks; 2 par'a-doks, n. A 
statement or expression seemingly absurd or 
self=contradictory in its terms, but really 
true. [< Gr. paradoxon, < paradoxos, in¬ 
credible.]—par"a-dox'i-cal, a. 1. Of the nature 
of a paradox. 2. Prone to paradox.- i -par"a- 
dox 'i-cal-ly, adv. 

par'af-fin, 1 par'a-fin; 2 par'a-fin, n. A trans¬ 
lucent, waxy, solid substance derived prin¬ 
cipally in the distillation of petroleum. [ < 
F .paraffine.] par'af-finej. 
par'a-gon, 1 par'a-gon; 2 par'a-gon, n. A 
model of excellence. [OF.] 
par'a-graph, ( 1 par'a-graf; 2 par'a-graf. Ib 
par'a-graf s , ) vt. 1. To arrange in para¬ 
graphs. 2. To comment on in a paragraph. 
II. n. 1. A short passage in a written or 
printed discourse, begun on a new line. 2. In 
a newspaper, a short article. 3. A mark (If) 
used to indicate where a paragraph is to be 
begun, orasareference*mark. [ < Gr. LL+p pnr- 
agraphos, line in the margin.]—par'a-graph"er, 
n. A writer of newspaper paragraphs.—para¬ 
graph 'ic, a. par"a-graph'i-calj. 
Par'a-guay, 1 par'a-gwe; 2 par'a-gw r a, n. 1. A 
republic in South America; 165,000 sq. m.; pop. 
1,000,000; capital, Asuncion. 2. A river in S. E. 
South America; 1,420 m. to the Parana river.— 
Par'a-guay"an, a. & n. 

par'al-Iax, 1 par'a-laks; 2 par'a-laks, n. 1. 
Astron. Such difference of position, as of a 
star, as would appear if the object w’ere 
viewed from two points. 2. Any apparent 
displacement of an object due to an ob¬ 
server’s position. [ < Gr. para, beside, -f- 
allasso, make otherwise.]—par"al-lac'tic, a. 
par"al-lac'ti-calt.—par"al-lac'ti-cal-ly, adv. 



par'al-Iel, 1 par'a-lel; 2 par'a-lel. I. vt. [-lf.led 
or -lelled; -ler-ing or -lel-ling.] To be a 
parallel for; place parallel, or in comparison 
with. II. a. 1. Extending or lying in the 
same direction. 2. Having a like course; 
similar. III. n. 1. A line extending in the 
same direction with and equidistant at all 
points from another line. 2. Essential like¬ 
ness. 3. Anything ranked as equal to another; 
a match. [ < Gr. para, beside, -f allelon, of 
one another.]— par"al-lel"ep-ip'ed, par"al- 
lel"o-pi'ped, n. A prism 
w’hose six faces are parallelo¬ 
grams. par"aI-lel"o-pip'- 
ed-onf.—par'al-lel-isni,ra. 

1. Parallel position. 2. Es- . 

sential likeness; analogy. 3. Parallelepiped. 
Similarity of construction.— par"al-lel 'o-gram, 
n. 1. A four=sided plane figure whose opposite 
sides are parallel. 2. Any area or object having 
such form. 

pa-ral'y-sis, 1 pa-ral'i-sis; 2 pa-ral'y-sis, n. 1. 
Loss of the pow’er of contracting the muscles; 
palsy. 2. Loss of power in general. [L., < 
Gr. para, beside, + lyo, loosen.]— par"a-lyt'ic. 
I. a. Pertaining to or affected with paralysis. II. 
n. A person subject to paralysis.— par'a-lyze, 
vt. 1. To make paralytic. 2. To deprive of the 
power to act. par'a-lysej. — par'a-lyz"er or 
-Iys"er, n. par'a-ly"zant or-Iy"santt.—par'- 
a-Iy-za'tion or -sa'tion, n. 
par'a-mount, 1 par'a-maunt; 2 par'a-mount, 
a. 1. Possessing the highest title. 2. Superior 
to all others; supremely controlling. [OF., < 
par, through, + amount, amont, amount.] 
par'a-mour, 1 par'a-mur; 2 par'a-mur, n. One 
who unlawfully takes the place of a husband or 
w’ife. [< OF. par amour; par, by; amour, love.] 
Pa"ra-na', 1 pd"ra-na'; 2 pa"ra-na', n. A river in 
S. E. Brazil and Argentine Republic; 2,000 m. to 
the Plata. 

par"a-noi'a, 1 par"a-noi'a; 2 par"a-noi'a. n. 
Chronic mental unsoundness, hereditary or ac¬ 
quired; sometimes monomania. [< Gr. < para, 
beside, + noeo, think.]— par"a-no'ic, a. & n. 
par"a-noi'acf. 

par'a-pot, 1 par'a-pet; 2 par'a-pct, n. A low 
wall about the edge of a roof, terrace, bridge, 
fortification, etc.; a breastwork. [F., < It. 
parapetto, breastwmrk, < parare (< L. paro, pre¬ 
pare), guard, + petto (< L. pectus), breast.]— 
par'a-pet-ed, a. 

par"a-pher-na'li-a, 1 par"a-far-ne'h-a; 2 par"- 
a-fer-na'li-a, n. pi. Miscellaneous articles of 
equipment or adornment; 'appendages; trap¬ 
pings. [ < Gr. LL para, beyond, + phero, bring.] 
par'a-phrase, ) 1 par'a-frez; 2 par'a-fras. I. 
par'a-frase p , ) vt. & vi. [-phrased; -phras"- 
ing .] To reproduce the sense of in other 
terms. II. n. A restatement or free transla¬ 
tion of a passage or work. [F., < Gr. L para, 
beside, + phrazd, say.]— par'a-phras"er, n. — 
par"a-phras'tic, a. Pertaining to paraphrase, 
-ti-calf.— par"a-phras'ti-cal-ly, adv. 
par'a-site, 1 par'a-sait; 2 par'a-slt, n. 1. A liv¬ 
ing organism, either an animal or a plant, 
that lives on or in some other organism, from 
' which it derives nourishment. 2. An ob¬ 
sequious sycophant. [ < Gr. para, beside, + 
silos, food.]— par"a-sit'ie, a. 1. Living on or in 
another organism; pertaining to parasites. 2. Syc¬ 
ophantic. par"a-sit'i-calf. — par"a-sit'i-cal- 
ly, adv. —par'a-si-ttsm, n. 
par'a-sol, 1 par'a-sel; 2 par'a-sol, n. A small. 



1: a = final; inhabit; aisle; au = out; eil; iu = feud; dun; go; rj = siu;7; fiiin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; tliin, this. 












paravane 

partitive 


430 


light umbrella carried by women; a sun¬ 
shade. [F.] 

par"a-vane', 1 par'a-ven'; 2 par* a-van', n. [Re¬ 
cent.] A protective device, as a torpedo*shaped 
water*plane with projecting fins, used by ships at 
sea for warding oft floating mines, 
par 'boil, 1 pdr'beil; 2 par'boil, vt. 1. To boil 
partially. 2. To raise vesicles on the skin of 
by means of heat. [ < L. OF per, through, -j- 
bullio, boil.] [See Fate, 2. 

Par'cue, 1 par'sl; 2 par'ce, n. pi. The three Fates, 
par'cel, 1 par'sel; 2 par'cel. I. vt. [-celed or 

-CELLED, -CELD S ; -CEL-ING Or -CEL-LING.] 1. 

To divide into parts; distribute. 2. To make 
up into a parcel. II. n. 1. Anything wrapped 
up; a package. 2. An integral part; group; 
lot. 3. A distinct portion, as of land. [ < F. 
parcelle, < L. LL particula; see particle.] — par'¬ 
cel =post", n. A branch of the postal service 
devoted to the carriage and delivery of parcels: 
established in the United States Jan. 1, 1913. 
parch 1 , 1 pardh; 2 parch, vt. & vi. To make ex¬ 
tremely dry; become dry; scorch, 
parch'ment, 1 pdrcfh'ment or -mant; 2 parch'- 
ment, n. 1. Sheepskin, etc., polished with 
pumice*stone for writing. 2. A formal writ¬ 
ing on parchment. 

pard||, 1 pard; 2 piird, n. A leopard; panther, 
par'don, 1 pdr'dan; 2 par'don. I. vt. To re¬ 
mit the penalty of; forego; forgive; excuse. 
II. n. 1. Remission of penalty incurred. 2. 
Courteous forbearance. [ < L. LL+F per, 
through, + dono, give.]— par'don-a-bI(e p , a. 
That may be pardoned.— par'don-er, n. 
pare, 1 par; 2 par, vt. [pared; par'ing.] 1. To 
cut off a covering layer or edge of. 2. To 
diminish by taking away a little at a time. 
[< L. F paro , prepare.]— par'er, n.— par'ing, n. 
par"e-gor'ic, 1 parT-gor'ik; 2 par"e-gor'ic, n. 
A medicine that assuages pain; especially, a 
camphorated tincture of opium. [ < Gr. 
paregorikos, encouraging, soothing.] 
par'ent, 1 par'ent; 2 p&r'Snt, n. 1. A father or 
a mother. 2. Any organism that generates 
another; a producer; cause; occasion. [< L. 
paren(t-)s, < parien(t-)s, ppr. of pario, beget.]— 
par'ent-age, n. 1. The relation of parent to 
child. 2. Descent or derivation.— pa-ren'tal, a. 
Pertaining to or characteristic of a parent, 
pa-ren'the-sis, 1 pa-ren'thi-sis; 2 pa-r£n'the- 
sfs, n. [-ses z , pi.) 1. A clause inserted in a 
sentence that is grammatically complete with¬ 
out it, separated usually by upright curves, or 
by brackets or dashes. 2. Either or both of 
the upright curves ( ) so used. [ < Gr. para, 
beside, + en, in, + tithSmi, put.]— par"en-thet'- 
i-cal, a. I. Pertaining to a parenthesis. 2. 
Thrown in; episodical. par"en-thet'icf. 
par'e-sis, 1 par'i-sis or pa-rl'sis; 2 piir'e-sis or 
pa-re'sis, n. Partial paralysis. [ < Gr. pare¬ 
sis , < para, beside, + MSmi, let go.] 

Pa'ri-ah, 1 pe'[or pa']ri-a; 2 pa'[or pa']ri-a, n. 
[AngloHnd.] 1. An East*Indian aboriginal. 
2. [p-] A Hindu outcast; any social outcast. 
[Tam.] Pa'ri-aJ. 

pa-ri'e-tal, 1 pa-rai'i-tal; 2 pa-rl'e-tal, a. 1. 
Pertaining to the walls of any cavity in the 
body, as the skull. 2. Pertaining to residence 
within walls, as of a college. [ < L. LL pan>(f-)s, 
wall.] 

Par'is 1 , 1 par'is; 2 par'is, n. Gr. Myth. Son of 
King Priam, of Troy; by carrying off Helen he 
caused the Trojan war. 

Par'is 2 ,1 par'is or (F.) pa*rl'; 2 par'is or (F.) pa'ri', 


n. A city, capital of France; on the Seine; pop. 
2,906,472; shelled by the Germans, March 30-31, 
1918.—Pa-ri'sian, a. & n. 
par'ish, 1 par'ish; 2 par'ish, n. A religious con¬ 
gregation worshiping in one church; also, the 
district in which they live; an ecclesiastical 
district. [ < Gr Jpara, beside, -\-oUcos, house.] 
— pa-rish'ion-al, a. Pertaining to a parish or 
parishioners.— pa-rish'ion-er, n. A member of 
a parish. 

par'i-ty, 1 par'i-ti; 2 par'i-ty, n. Equality, as 
of condition or rank. [ < L. LL+F par, equal.] 
park, 1 park; 2 park. P. vt. To enclose in a 
park. II. n. 1. A tract of land set apart for 
ornament or recreation. 2. An open coun¬ 
try. 3. An enclosure for artillery, etc. [ < 
F. pare, park.] 

Park'man, 1 phrk'man; 2 park'man, Francis 
(1823—1893). An American historian. 

Pari., abbr. Parliament, parliamentary, 
par'lance, 1 pdr'lans; 2 par'lany, n. Mode of 
speech; language; phrase; also, conversation. 
[OF., < parlant, ppr. of parler, speak.] 
par'ley, 1 par'll; 2 par'ly. I. vi. 1. To hold a 
conference, especially with an enemy. 2. To 
argue. II. n. An oral conference, as with an 
enemy. [ < F. parler, speak.] 
par'lia-ment, 1 par'li-ment or -mant; 2 piir'li- 
ment, n. A legislative body, espe¬ 
cially [P-] the surpeme legislature of 
Great Britain, also of some of her 
colonies. [ < F. parlement, speaking, 
< parler, speak.]— par"lia-nien-ta'- 



1 

4 , tl aAI wn , 

iHWrrrtuN tVTrr.. 


Houses of Parliament, London. 


rl-an, n. One versed in parliamentary law and 
usages. —par"lia-men'ta-ry, a. 1. Pertaining 
to a parliament. 2. According to the rules of Par¬ 
liament; admissible in a deliberative assembly, 
par'lor, 1 par'lar; 2 piir'lor, n. 1. [U. S.] A 
guest»room; drawing-room. 2. [Eng.] A fam¬ 
ily sitting*room or the like. [ < F. parloir, < 
parler, speak.] par'lourf. [lous. 

par 'Ions, 1 par'lus; 2 piir'lus, a. [Archaic.] Peri- 
Par'ma, 1 par'ma; 2 piir'ma, n. A province and 
former duchy of N. Italy; 1,250 sq. m.; pop. 
340,050. 

Par-nas'sus, 1 par-nas'us; 2 par-nas'ds, n. A 
mountain in central Greece, anciently regarded 
as sacred to Apollo and the Muses, 
pa-ro'chi-al, 1 pa-ro'ki-al; 2 pa-ro'ci-al, a. 
Pertaining to, supported by, or confined to a 
parish. [OF.] 

par'o-dy, 1 par'o-di; 2 p&r'o-dy. I. vt. [-died; 
-dy-ing.] To make a parody of. II. n. [-dies 2 , 
pi.] A burlesque composition imitating some 
serious work; a travesty. [< Gr. para, be¬ 
side, + ode, song.] —par'o-dlst, n. 
pa-rol', 1 pa-rol'; 2 pa-rol', a. Law. 1. Oral. 

2. Written but not under seal, pa-role 't. 
pa-role', 1 pa-rol'; 2 pa-rol'. I. vt. [pa-roled'; 
pa-rol'ing.] To release on parole. II. n. 1. 
Mil. (1) A pledge of honor by a prisoner that 
he will not seek to escape or will not serve 
against his captors until exchanged. (2) A 


I: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rQle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 







431 


paravane 

partitive 


watchword. 2. Law. An oral statement. [< 
F. parole, < L. parabola, word; see parable.] 
pa-rot'id, 1 pa-ret'id; 2 pa-rot'id. I. a. Sit¬ 
uated near the ear. II. ra. A salivary gland 
below the ear. [ < Gr. L para, beside, + ous 
( dt -), ear.] 

par'ox-ysin, 1 par'eks-izm; 2 par'oks-ygm, n. 
1. A periodic attack of disease; a fit. 2. A 
convulsion of any kind. [ < Gr. para, beside, 
+ oxys, sharp.]—par"ox-ys'mal, a. Relating to, 
of the nature of, or characterized by a paroxysm, 
-ly, adv. 

par-quet', 1 par-ke' or -ket'; 2 piir-ke' or -ket', 
ra. [U. S.] The main-floor space behind the 
orchestra of a theater. [F., enclosure.] par- 

quette'f. 

par'quet-ry, 1 par'ket-ri; 2 par'ket-ry, ra. Wooden 
mosaic for furniture or floors. [F. parqueterie.) 
par'ra-keet, 1 par'a-lut; 2 par'a-ket, n. A small 
parrot, especially one with a long, wedge* 
shaped tail. par'o-quet"J. 
par'ri-cide, 1 par'i-suid; 2 par'i-gld, ra. 1. The 
murder of a parent, or of an ancestor. 2. One 
who has committed such a crime. [F., < L. 
paler, father, + cxdo, kill.]—par'ri-ci"dal, a. 
-ly, adv. 

par'rot, 1 par'st; 2 pur'ot, ra. A bird having 
the bill hooked and toes in 
pairs, and noted for its ability 
to imitate human speech. [ < 

F. Perrot, dim. of Pierre, 

Peter.] 

par'ry, 1 par'i; 2 par'y, 
vt . & vi . [par'ried ; par'- 
ry-ing.] To ward off or 
stop; evade; avoid, as by 
repartee. [ < F. parer, 
ward off, dress.] 
parse, 1 pars; 2 pars, vt. & 
vi . [parsed 1 ; pars'inc,.] 

To describe and analyze 
(a word or sentence) according to the rules 
of grammar. [ < L. pars, part.]—pars'er, n. 
Par'see, 1 par's!; 2 piir'se, n. 1. A Zoroastrian 
of India: an adherent of the old Persian relig¬ 
ion. 2. The language of the Parsees. Par'- 
sij. [ < Hind. Parsi, ult. < Per. Pars, Persia.] 
par'si-mo-ny, 1 par'si-mo-m; 2 par'si-mo-ny, 
ra. Undue sparingness in the 
expenditure of money; stingi¬ 
ness. [ < L. F parsimonia, < 
parco, spare.] — par " si - mo ' ni - 
ous, a. 

pars'ley, 1 pars'll; _2 pars'!y, ra.. 

A cultivated biennial herb with 
aromatic finely divided leaves, 
pars'nip, 1 pars'nip; 2 pars'mp, ra. 

A European herb of the parsley 
family, with a large edible root, 
par'son, 1 par'san; 2 par'son, ra. 

The clergyman of a parish or 
congregation; a minister. [< 

F. personne; see person.]— par'- 
son-age, ra. A clergyman’s dwell¬ 
ing. 

part, 1 part; 2 part. I d . vt. & vi. 

1. To divide into portions; come 
apart. 2. To sever. 3. To dis¬ 
sociate. II. ra. 1. A certain 
portion or amount of any- .p , 
thing. 2. An essential portion; sn p ’ 
a member. 3. A region; quarter. 4. Duty. 5. 
Party; cause. [F., < L. par{t-)s, part.]— to 



Gray Parrot 



part from, to separate from; leave.—to part 
with, to let go; dispose of; dismiss; also, to sep¬ 
arate from. 

part., abbr. Participle. 

par-take', 1 par-tek'; 2 par-tak', vt. & vi. [par¬ 
took'; par-tar'en.] To have a part in; 
participate in or possess a share. [ < part + 
take.]— par-tak'er, ra. A sharer, 
par'tial, 1 par'^hal; 2 par'shal, a. 1. Pertaining 
to or involving a part only. 2. Favoring one 
side; prejudiced. [F. < LL. partialis, < L. 
par(t-)s, part.]—par"ti-al'i-ty, n. 1. The state 
of being partial. 2. Unfairness; bias. 3. A predi¬ 
lection.—par'tial-ly, adv. 1. In part only. 2. 
With unjust favoritism. 

par-terre', 1 par-tar'; 2 piir-ter', n. 1. A flow¬ 
er-garden; level plot. 2. Part of the floor of a 
theater. [F.] 

Par'the-non, 1 pdr'fhi-non; 2 piir'the-non, n. 
The temple of Athena on the Acropolis at Athens, 
dedicated 438 B. C.; now in ruins. Cp. Phidias. 
Par'thi-a, 1 par'thi-a; 2 par'thi-a, ra. An ancient 
district N. W. of Persia; long an independent 
kingdom; conquered by the Persians, A.D. 226.— 
Par'thi-an, a. & ra.—Parthian arrow or shot, 
a shot delivered in retiring, as by the Parthians 
in their battles; a parting thrust, 
par-tic'i-pate, 1 par-tis'i-pet; 2 par-ti<?'i-pat, 
v. [-PAT w ED d ; -pat"ing.] I. f. To partake of. 
II. i. 1. To have or enjoy a share in common 
with others. 2. To have qualities in common. 
[< L. par(l-)s, part, + capio, take.]—par-tic'i- 
pant, a. & n. —par-tlc"i-pa'tlon, ra. The state 
of sharing in common with others.—par-tic 'i- 
pa"tor, ra. 

par'ti-ci-pi(e p , 1 par'ti-si-pl; 2 piir'ti-gi-pl, ra. 
A form of the verb that permits its use either 
verbally or adjectively, or both verbally and 
adjectively. The present participle ends in 
-ing and the past participle commonly in 
-d, -ed, -era, -ra, or -t. [ < L. par(t-)s, part, + 

capio, take.]—par"ti-cip'i-al, a. -ly, adv. 
par'ti-cl(e p , 1 par'ti-kl; 2 par'ti-cl, ra. 1. A mi¬ 
nute part or portion of matter. 2. Any very 
small amount or slight degree. 3. Gram. One 
of the minor uninflected parts of speech, as 
a preposition. [< L. F particula, dim. of 
par(,t~)s, part.] 

par-tic'u-iar, 1 par-tik'yu-lor; 2 par-tic'yu- 
lar. I. a. 1. Specifying or comprising a part; 
separate. 2. Specific. 3. Specially notewor¬ 
thy. 4. Comprising all details. 5. Marked 
by minute attention. 6. Exact in require¬ 
ment. 1. Fastidious. II. ra. 1. A separate 
matter or item. 2. An individual instance. 
[ < L. F particula; particle.] — par-tic"u- 
lar'i-ty, ra. 1. The state of being particular. 
2. Something particular.—par-tic'u-lar-ize, v. 
1-ized; -iz"ing.] I. t. To make particular. II. i. 
To give particulars.—par-tic'u-lar-ly, adv. 
part'ing, 1 part'ip; 2 part'ing, ra. 1. Separa¬ 
tion; departure. 2. A point, line, etc., of sepa¬ 
ration. 3. Something that parts or separates, 
par'ti-san, -ship. Same as partizan, etc. 
par-ti'tion, 1 par-ti^h'an; 2 par-tlsh'on. I. vt. 

1. To set divisions between; divide. 2. To 
separate into parts or shares. II. ra. 1. Divi¬ 
sion. 2. A dividing line. 3. A wall or other 
barrier dividing one part or apartment from 
another. [F., < L. partitio(n ~), < partio, di¬ 
vide, part.] 

par'ti-tive, ) 1 pcir'ti-tiv; 2 par'ti-tiv. I. a. 1. 
par'ti-tiv 8 , s Separating into parts or divisions. 

2. Gram. Signifying a part. II. ra. A parti- 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II; lii = fetzd; <fhin; go; 0 = sin*?; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







partizan 

patriarch 


432 


[ < L. F partio, divide, 



Common European 
Partridge. Vie 


tive word or case, 
part ] -ly, adv. 
par'ti-zan 1 , / 1 par'ti-zan; 2 par'ti-zan. I. a 
par'ti-san 1 , \ 1. Relating to a party or faction; 
unreasonably devoted to a party. 2. Carried 
on by partizans. II. n. An adherent^ of a 
party; especially, a blind adherent, -ship, n. 
par'ti-zan 2 , in. 1. A pike or halberd. 2. A quar- 
par'ti-san 2 , j ter*staff; a truncheon; baton. [< 
OF. pertuisane.] 

part'ly, adv. In part; in some degree, 
part'ner, 1 part'nar; 2 part'ner, n. One who is 
associated with another or others, as in busi¬ 
ness, a dance, etc.— part'ner-ship, n. 1. 
Joint interests or ownership. 2. An association 
of persons in business, 
par-took', imp. of partake, v. 
par'fridge, 1 par'trij; 2 par'tridg, n. 1. A 
small gallinaceous game 3 
bird. 2. [U. S.] A grouse 
orbob»white. [<Gr. LL+OF 
perdix, partridge.] 
par"tu-ri'tion, 1 par*tlu-i 
righ'an; 2 par"t.u-rIsh'on, n. 

The act of bringing forth 
young; delivery; childbirth. 

[< L. parturitio, < pario, 
bring forth.] 

par'ty, 1 par'ti; 2 par'ty, a. Divided into 
parts or of different parties. [ < F. parti, pp. 
of partir; see part, ».]—par'ty*col"ored, a. 
Having various colors. 

par'ty, n. [par'ties 2 , p?.] 1. A body of per¬ 
sons united for some common purpose, as po¬ 
litical ascendency. 2. A social company. 3. 
A small company or detachment, as of sol¬ 
diers. 4. A person interested; any person. [< 
F. partie, < L. partitas, pp. of partio , divide, part.] 
par've-nu, 1 par'vi-niu; 2 par've-nu, n. One 
who has suddenly attained wealth or position 
beyond his birth or worth, as by accident of 
fortune; an upstart. [F.] par've-nuej [/cm.]. 
Pas'cal, 1 pas'kal; 2 p&s'cal, Blaise (1623-16G2). 

A French mathematician and writer, 
pas'chal, 1 pas'kal ; 2 pas'eal, a. Pertaining to 
the Jewish Passover or to Easter. [ < Gr. 
pascha,< Heb. pesach, Passover.] 
pa-sha', 1 pa-^ha' or pa^h'a; 2 pa-sha' or pilsh'- 
a, n. An Ottoman or Egyptian general, gov¬ 
ernor, or high functionary. [ < Turk, pasha, 

< Per. pasha, sovereign.] pa-cha'J. — pa-sha '- 
lie, n. The province or jurisdiction of a pasha, 
pa-cha'licf. 

pas"quin-ade', 1 pas*kwin-ed'; 2 pas"kwin-&d', 
n. An abusive or personal satire; lampoon. [F.j 
pass, 1 pas; 2 pas, v. [passed 1 or past; pass'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To go by, over, around, 
through, etc. 2. To spend, as time. 3. To 
undergo; endure. 4. To cause to move. 5. 
To transfer; convey. 6. To adopt; enact. 7. 
To put forth as genuine. 8. To pronounce, a3 
a judgment. 5). To surpass; exceed. 10. To 
disregard. II. i. 1. To move. 2. To glide 
by; elapse. 3. To circulate. 4. To occur. 5. 
To be current. 6. To go through a course suc¬ 
cessfully. 7. To go unnoticed. [ < F. passer , 

< Lja. passus, pace.]— pass'*key, n. A key for 
a nightdatch or a skeletomkey.— pass'er, n. 
One who passes. pass"er*by't.—pass'ing, adv. 
In a surpassing degree; exceedingly. 

pass, n. 1. A way or opening; defile; water¬ 
way. 2. Permission to pass; a ticket; pass¬ 
port. 3. A state of affairs; crisis. 4. A lunge. 
—pass'a-bl(e, a. 1. Capable of being passed 


or traversed. 2. Fairly good. 3. Fit for gen¬ 
eral circulation.—pass'a-bly, adv. 

pass. , abbr. Passive. 

pas 'sage, 1 pas'ij; 2 pas'ag, n. I. A passing by, 
through, or over. 2. A journey by convey¬ 
ance. 3. The power or right of passing. 4. 
A way by, through, or over; corridor, hall, 
etc. pas'sage-way J. 5. A division or por¬ 
tion, as of a speech or writing; a clause; para¬ 
graph. G. The passing or enactment, as of a 
law. 7. A series of incidents; episode. 8. A 
personal encounter. [F.,ult. < L. passus, pace.] 
pas"see', 1 pa"se'; 2 pa"se', a. Past the prime; 
faded: used with feminine nouns; in the mas¬ 
culine, passe. [F.] 

pas'sen-ger, 1 pas'en-jar; 2 pas'£n-ger, n. A 
person who travels in a public conveyance, 
pas'ser-ine, 1 pas'ar-in; 2 pas'er-in, a. Of, per¬ 
taining to, or like a sparrow. [ < L. passer, spar¬ 
row.] 

pas'si-bl(e p , 1 pas'i-bl; 2 pas'i-bl, a. Capable 
of feeling or of suffering. [F., < L. LL patior, 
suffer.] 

pas'sion, 1 pasfh'an; 2 pash'on, n. 1. Intense 
or overpowering feeling. 2. A strong impulse. 
3. The state of being acted upon. 4. Agony. 
[F., < L. LL passus, pp. of patior, suffer.]—pas'¬ 
sion *fiow"er, n. A plant or 
flower, so called from the 
fancied resemblance to the 
instruments of the crucifixion. 

—pas'sion-ate, a. 1. Easily 
moved to anger. 2. Express¬ 
ing some passion. 3. Of a 
strong, ardent quality, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

pas'sive, ) 1 pas'iv; 2 pas'iv, 
pas'siv 8 , ) a. 1. In a state of 
quiescence; not active; 
unresisting. 2. Gram. Per¬ 
taining to a form of verbal 
statement that represents 
the subject of a verb as Passion 'flower, 
the object of the action. [ < L. F passivus, < 
passus, pp. of patior, suffer.]— pas 'si v(e-lys, adv. 
—pas'siv(e-ness s i n. pas-siv'i-tyf. 
Pass'o"ver, 1 pas'5"var; 2 pas'5"ver, n. A 
Jewish feast commemorating the night when 
the Lord, smiting the first»born of the Egyp¬ 
tians, “passed over’’ the houses of the chil¬ 
dren of Israel {Ex. xii). [ < pass, v., + over.] 
pass'port, 1 pas'port; 2 pas'pSrt, n. 1. An offi¬ 
cial warrant affording protection to a person 
in traveling abroad. 2. That which empowers 
one to arrive at anything. [ < F. passeport, 
< passer, pass, + port., harbor.] 
pass 'word", 1 pas'wurd"; 2 pas'wfird", n. A 
word identifying one as entitled to pass; a 
watchword. 

past, 1 post; 2 past. I. pa. 1. Belonging to 
time gone by. 2. Gram. Denoting time or 
action belonging to the past. II. n. 1. Time 
gone by. 2. One’s antecedents. III. adv. 
In such a manner as to go by and beyond. 
IV. prep. Beyond; after; out of reach of. 

paste, 1 pest; 2 past. I. vt . [past'ed 1 * ; past'- 
1 ing.] To stick with paste; make into a paste. 
II. n. 1. An adhesive mixture, usually of 
flour and water. 2. Any doughy or moist 
plastic substance. 3. A composition for mak¬ 
ing false gems. 4. A confection. [OF., < Gr. LL 
paste, barley.]—paste'board", n. Paper*pulp 



1:.artistic, dirt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police: obey, go; not.br; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whg,t, all; me, get, prey, fbrn; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or. won, 








433 


partlzan 

patriarch 


compressed, or paper pasted together and rolled 
into a stiff sheet.—past'er, n. 
pas'tel, 1 pas'tel; 2 pas'tel, re. 1. A picture 
drawn with crayons. 2. A hard crayon. [F.] 
pas'tern, 1 pas'tarn; 2 pas'tern, re. That part 
of a horse’s foot just below the fetlock joint. 
[< OF. pasluron, < pasture, pasture, tether.] 
Pas"teur', 1 pas"tur'; 2 pas"tur\ Louis (1822- 
1895). A French chemist and bacteriologist.— 
Pas-teur'ism, n. 1. A method of progressive 
inoculation developed by Pasteur for the pre¬ 
vention or cure of certain diseases, as hydro¬ 
phobia. 2, Pasteurization.—Pas-teur"i-za'- 
tion, n. A process of arresting or preventing 
fermentation in liquids by heating: originally 
proposed by Pasteur. Pas"teur-a'tionJ; Pas- 
teur"i-sa'tionf.—Pas-teur'ize or -ise, vt .— 
Pas-teur'iz-er, n. 

pas'til, 1 pas'til; 2 pas'til, n. 1. A fumigant. 
2. A troche; lozenge. 3. Same as pastel. [< 
F. pastille; see pastel.] pas-tille't. 
pas'time", 1 pas'taim"; 2 pas'tlm", re. That 
which seems to make time pass agreeably, 
pas'tor, 1 pas'tar or -ter; 2 pas'tor, n. A Chris¬ 
tian minister who has a congregation under 
his official charge. [ < L. OF pastor, shepherd.] 
—pas'tor-al. I. a. 1. Pertaining to the life of 
shepherds and rustics. 2. Pertaining to a pas¬ 
tor and his work. II. n. 1. A pastoral poem; an 
idyl. 2. A picture of rural scenes. 3. A letter 
from a pastor to his flock.—pas'tor-al-ly, adv. 
—pas'tor-ate, re.—pas'tor-ship, n. 
past'ry, 1 pest'ri; 2 past'ry, n. Articles of food 
made with a crust of shortened dough, as pies, 
pas'ture, 1 pas'dhur or -tiur; 2 pas'chur or -tur. 

1. vt. & vi. [pas'tured; pas'tur-ing.] To 
feed by grazing; feed on growing herbage. 
II. n. 1. Ground for the grazing of domestic 
animals. 2. Grass or herbage for cattle. [ < 
L. OF pastura, < pastus, pp. of pasco, feed.]—pas'- 
tur-age, n. 1. The business of grazing cattle. 

2. Same as pasture, re. 

past'y, 1 pest'i; 2 past'y. I. a. Like paste. 

II. to. [past'ies 2 , pi.] A pie, as of meat, 
pat, 1 pat; 2 pat, vt. [pat'tedJ; pat'ting.] To 
strike lightly or tap with the hand, in a gentle, 
caressing manner. [ < AS. plsettan, strike.] 
pat, a. Exactly suitable in time or place; fit¬ 
ting; apt.—pat'Iy, adv. —pat'ness, to. 
pat 1 , to. 1. A light, caressing stroke. 2. A pattering. 
pat 2 , to. A small molded mass. [< Ir. pait, lump.] 
pat, adv. In a fit manner; aptly. [ < pat, «.] 
Pata., abbr. Patagonia. 

Pat"a-go'ni-a, 1 pat"a-go'm-a; 2 pat"a-g5'ni-a, «. 
A region at the S. extremity of South America; 
divided between Chile and Argentina; inhabited 
by wild tribes.—Pat"a-go'ni-an, a. & n. 
patch, ) 1 pacfh; 2 pach. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To 
pach p , ) mend (anything) by the application of 
a patch. 2. To make hastily or imperfectly: 
often with up. II. to . 1 . A small piece of 
material used to repair anything. 2. Some¬ 
thing resembling a patch. 3. A small piece of 
anything, as of ground.—patch 'work", to. 1 . 
A fabric made of patches of cloth, as for quilts. 
2. Work made up of heterogeneous materials; 
work done hastily.—patch'er, to.— patch'y, a. 
pa-tchou'li, 1 pa-dhu'li; 2 pa-chu'ii, to. An East* 
Indian herb of the mint family or a perfume ob¬ 
tained from it. [F.; of E.*Ind. origin.) 
pate, 1 pet; 2 pat, to. The top of the head, es¬ 
pecially a human head; sometimes the whole 
head. [patty. [F.] 


-e, pi.] 1. The flat, oval bone in front of the 
knee=joint; knee=cap. 2. A cup*like part. 
[L., dim. of patina, dish, pan.] 
pat'en, 1 pat'en; 2 pat'en, to. A plate as for bread 
of the Eucharist. [ < L. patina .] 
pat'ent, 1 pat'ent; 2 pat'ent. I d . vt. 1. To se¬ 
cure a patent for. 2. To grant by patent. II. 
1 pat'ent or pe'tent; 2 pat'ent or pa'tent, 
a. 1. Manifest or apparent. 2. Protected by 
letters patent. III. to. 1. A government pro¬ 
tection securing the exclusive right of making 
and using an invention. 2. A government grant 
or franchise, as of land. [F., < L, paten (t-)s, 
ppr. of pateo, lie open.]—pat'ent-a-bl(e p , a .— 
pat"en-tee', to. One who holds a patent. 
pa"ter-fa-mii'i-as, 1 pe"tar-fa-mil'i-as; 2 pa"tur- 
fa-mil'i-as, to. [L.] The father of a family; master, 
pa-ter'nal, 1 pa-tur'nal; 2 pa-ter'nal, a. 1. 
Pertaining to a father; fatherly. 2. Heredi¬ 
tary. [ < L. paternus, < pater, father ] -ly, 
adv. —pa-ter'nal-ism, re. Paternal care or con¬ 
trol; specif., as exercised by a government over 
the affairs of a people.—pa-ter'ni-ty, re. 1. Fa¬ 
therhood. 2. Ancestry on the male side. 
pa"ter-nos'ter, 1 pe"tar-[or pat"ar-]nos'tar; 2 
pa"ter -[or pat"er-]nos'ter, n. 1. The Lord’s 
Prayer: lit., “our father.” 2. A rosary. [LL.] 
Pat'er-son, 1 pat'ar-san; 2 pat'er-son, n. A silk¬ 
manufacturing city in N. E. New Jersey; pop. 
135,875. 

path, 1 path; 2 path, to. [paths, 1 pathz; 2 
path§, pi.] 1. A way for walking. 2. Any 
road, track, or course. 3. Course or way of 
life or action. [ < AS. pseth, path.] 
path., pathol., abbr. Pathology, 
pa-thet'ic, 1 pa-thet'ik; 2 pa-thgt'ic, a. 1. Of 
the nature of pathos; arousing compassion. 
2. Impassioned. [ < Gr. pathetikos, < pascho, 
suffer.] pa-thet'i-calf.—pa-thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 
path'less, a. Having no path; trackless, 
pa-thol'o-gy, 1 pa-thal'o-ji; 2 pa-thol'o-gy, to. 
[-gies z , pi.] The branch of medical science that 
treats of morbid conditions, their causes, na¬ 
ture, etc. [< Gr. pathos, suffering, +-logy.] 
—path"o-log'i-cal, a. Pertaining to patholo¬ 
gy; considered in relation to disease. path"o- 
log'icf.—path"o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. —pa-thol'- 
o-gist, re. One skilled in pathology, 
pa'thos, 1 pe'thos; 2 pa'thos, to. That which 
awakens feelings of compassion or sympathy. 
[< Gr. pathos, < pascho, suffer.] 
path'way", re. Same as path. 

-pathy, suffix. Derived from Greek -patheia (< 
pathos; see pathos): a combining form, often 
meaning treatment of disease, as hydro pathy. 
pa'tient, 1 pe'^hent; 2 pa'shgnt. t. a. 1. Pos¬ 
sessing quiet endurance under distress or an¬ 
noyance. 2. Tolerant, tender, and undis¬ 
couraged. II. re. 1. A person undergoing 
treatment for disease or injury. 2. Anything 
passively affected. [F., < L. patien(t-)s, ppr. of 
patior, suffer.]—pa'tience, to. 1. The quality of 
being patient. 2. The exercise of sustained en¬ 
durance and perseverance. 3. Forbearance to¬ 
ward the faults or infirmities of others. 4. Tran¬ 
quil waiting or expectation.—pa'tient-ly, adv. 
pa'ti-o, 1 pa'ti-o; 2 pa'ti-o, to. The open inner court 
of a Spanish or Spanish*American dwelling. [Sp.] 
Pat'mos, I pat'mes; 2 pat'mos, re. An island W. of 
Asia Minor; place of St. John’s exile. Rev. i, 9. 
Pat. Off., abbr. Patent Office. 
pa"tois', 1 pa"twd'; 2 pa"twa', to. An illiterate dia¬ 
lect, often local. [F„ < L. patria, fatherland.] 
pa'tri-arch, 1 pe'tri-ark; 2 pa'tri-arc, to. 1. 
The head of a family; the chief of a tribe who 


pa"te', 1 pa"te'; 2 pa"te', n. A little pie or pasty; a 
pa-tei'la, 1 pa-tel'a; 2 pa-tel'a, to. [-l,e, 1 -i; 2 


1:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; 1 J = si ng; thin, this, 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ijnik; thin, tins. 









patrician 

peculiar 


434 


rules by paternal right. 2. A venerable man. 
[< Gr. patria, race, + archo, rule.]—pa"tri-ar'- 
chal, a. pa"tri-ar'chief.—pa"tri-arch'al-ly, 
adv.— pa 'tri-arch"ate, n. 1. The office, domin¬ 
ion, or residence of a patriarch. 2. A patriarchal 
system, of government. pa'tri-arch"yf. 
pa-tri'cian, 1 pa-trish'an; 2 pa-trish'an. I. a. 
1. Pertaining to the aristocracy 2. Of noble 
or aristocratic lineage. II. n. 1. A member 
of the aristocracy of Rome. 2. Any one of 
the upper classes. [ < L. patricius, < pater, 
father.] -ly, adv. 

pat'ri-cide, 1 pat'ri-said; 2 p&t'ri-Qid, n. 1. 
The killing of a father. 2. One who slays a 
father; a parricide. [ < L. pater, father, + 
cxdo, kill.]—pat'ri-ci"dal, a. 

Pat'rick, 1 pat'nk; 2 pat'rik, Saint (3727-460?). 

Apostle to and patron saint of Ireland, 
pat'ri-ino-ny, 1 pat'n-mo-m; 2 pat'ri-mo-ny, 
n. [-nies z , pi.] 1. An inheritance from a 
father or an ancestor. 2. An endowment. [ < 
L. patrimonium, < pater, father.]—pat"ri-mo'- 
nl-al, a. -ly, adv. 

pa'tri-ot, 1 pe'tri-[or pat'ri-]at; 2 pa'tri-[or 
pat'ri-]ot, n. One who loves his country and 
zealously guards its welfare. [ < Gr. patriotes, 
fellow countryman.]—pa"tri-ot'ic, a .—pa"tri- 
ot'i-cal-ly, adv. —pa'tri-ot-ism, n. Devotion 
to one’s country. 

pa-tris'tic, 1 pa-tris'tik; 2 pa-tris'tie, a. Of or 
pertaining to the fathers of the Christian church, 
pa-tris'ti-calf.—pa-tris'ti-cal-Iy, adv. 
Pa-tro'clus, 1 pa-tro'klus; 2 pa-tro'clus. Gr. Leg¬ 
end. A Greek chief in the Trojan war; friend of 
Achilles; slain by Hector. 

pa-trol', 1 pa-trol'; 2 pa-trol'. I. vt. & vi. [pa¬ 
trolled', pa-trold' 8 ; pa-trol'ling.] To 
walk around in order to guard or inspect. II. 
n. 1. One or more soldiers, etc., patrolling a 
district. 2. The act of patrolling. [ < F. 
patrouiller, paw about.]—pa-trol 'man, n. [-men, 
pi.] One who patrols, as a policeman assigned to 
a beat.—pa-trol ':wag"on, n. [U. S.] A wagon 
for the conveyance of prisoners, etc. 
pa'tron, 1 pS'tran or pat'ran; 2 pe'tron or pSt'- 
ron, n. One who protects, fosters, or coun¬ 
tenances; a protector or benefactor. [< L. F 
patronus, patron.]—pat'ron-age, n. 1. Guard¬ 
ianship. 2. An uncalled-for distribution of fa¬ 
vors. 3. The right to control in the distribution of 
offices, etc., in the public service.—pat'ron-ess, 
n. A female patron.—pat'ron-lze, vt. [-ized; 
-iz"ing.] 1. To act as a patron to; favor. 2. 
To exercise condescension toward, pat'ron- 
isef.—pat'ron-iz"[or -ls"]ing-ly, adv. 
pat"ro-nyin'lc, 1 pat"ro-nim'ik; 2 pat"ro- 
nym'ie, n. A name derived from an ancestor; 
a family name, f < Gr. LL pater, father, + 
onvma, name.] pat'ro-nymf. -1c, -I-eal, a. 
pa-troon', 1 pa-trdn'; 2 pa-troon', n. Formerly a 
holder of entailed estates, chiefly in New York, 
with manorial rights, under old Dutch law. [D.j 
pat'ten, 1 pat'n; 2 pat'n, n. A thick-soled 
wooden shoe; clog. [ < F. patin, < patte, paw.] 
pat'ter 1 , 1 pat'ar; 2 pat'er, vi. To make a con¬ 
tinuous succession of light, quick, and sharp 
sounds or pats. [Freq. of pat, ».] 
pat'ter-, vt. & vi. To mumble, as prayers. [ < 
OF. pater, < LL. paternoster; see paternoster: 
from the repetition of the prayer.] 
pat'ter, n. 1. A succession of pats or taps; 

repetition of slight sounds. 2. Glib talk, 
pat'tern, 1 pat'arn; 2 pat'ern, v. I. t. To 
make in imitation of some model. II. i. To 
take something as a pattern. 


pat'tern, n. 1. An original or model proposed 
for imitation. 2. Material in sufficient quan¬ 
tity to make a garment. 3. Any decorative 
design or figure; style. [Late form of patron.] 
Pat'tl, 1 pat'i; 2 pat'i, Adelina, Baroness Ceder- 
strom (1843-1919). Italian soprano prima 
donna; born in Madrid, died in Wales, 
pat'ty, 1 pat'i; 2 pfit'y, n. [pat'ties 2 , pi.] A 
small pie. [ < F. pdte, paste.] 
pau'ci-ty, 1 po'si-ti; 2 pa'ci-ty, n. Smallness 
of number or quantity. [< L. paucita(t-)s, 
< paucus, few.] 

Paul, 1 pel; 2 pal, n. 1. Saint ( -67? A. D.), the 
apostle of the Gentiles; Acts lx; writer of various 
epistles. 2. One of several popes; especially Paul 
III. (1468-1549), Alessandro Farnese; convoked 
Council of Trent. 3. Emperor of Russia (1754- 
1801).— Paul'ine, a. 

paunch, 1 pandh or pendh; 2 panch or panch, 
n. 1. The abdomen 2. The first stomach of 
a ruminant, f < UF. panche, < L. pantex, 
paunch.] 

pau'per, 1 pe'par; 2 pa'per, n. One dependent 
on charity. [L., poor.] —pau 'per-ism, n. 1. 
Poverty. 2. Paupers collectively.— pau'per-Ize 
or -ise, vt. To reduce to pauperism.— pau"per- 
i-za'[or -sa']tlon,n. The reducing to pauperism. 
Pau-sa'ni-as, 1 pe-se'm-as; 2 pa-sfi'ni-as, n. 

( -468 B.C.) A Spartan general; defeated Per¬ 
sians at Plataea, 479 B. C. 
pause, 1 pez; 2 pa§. I. vi. [paused ; paus'ing.] 
I. To suspend action or utterance. 2. To stop 
temporarily. 3. To hold back; delay; linger 
n. n. 1. A cessation or intermission of ac¬ 
tion. 2. A holding back; hesitation. 3. 
Mus. A rest. [F., < Gr. L pausis.] 
pave, 1 pev; 2 pav, vt. [paved; pav'ing.] To 
cover w r ith pavement. [ < F. paver, < L. LL 
pavio, beat.]—pave 'men!, n. 1. A flooring for a 
road or footway. 2. Material for paving.—pav'- 
er, n. pav'ierj; pav'iorf; pav'Iourt.—pav'- 
ing, n. The laying of a pavement; a pavement. 
Pa-vl'a, 1 pa-vl'a; 2 pa-vPa, n. A university city 
(pop. 40,000), capital of the Italian province of 
the same name (pop.514,500); Francis I.of France 
defeated by Emperor Charles V., Feb. 24, 1525. 
pa-vil'iun, 1 pa-vil'yen; 2 pa-vil'yon, n. 1. A 
movable or open structure for temporary 
shelter or dwelling. 2. A canopy. [< L. 
papilio(n-), butterfly, tent.] 

paw, lpo;2pa. I . vt. & vi. To scrape or strike 
with the forefoot; touch with the paws. II. 
n. The foot of an animal having nails or 
claw r s. [_< OF. powe, < MLG. pote, paw.] 
pawl, 1 pel; 2 pal, n. Mech. A hinged or piv¬ 
oted piece shaped to engage _ 

with ratchet-teeth; a click or 
detent. [W\, pole.] 

pawn, 1 pon; 2 pan, vt. To^^BrT^ 
pledge (personal property), 
as security for a loan. . p a wl and Ratch- 
pawn‘,n. 1. Something pledged et«wheel. 

as Security for a loan. 2. Pawl (j>)- ratchet (r); 
The condition of being held arm (“)• 
as a pledge for money loaned. [ < OF. pan, 
pawn.]— pawn'a-bl(ep, a.— pawn'brok"er, n. 
One engaged in the business of lending money on 
pledged personal property.— paw n 'brok"ing, n. 
pawn 'brok"er-agef. — pawn'er, n. One who 
pawns personal property, pawn 'orf.—paw n '* 
shop", n. — pawn'stick"et, n. A certificate 
given by a pawnbroker for goods pawned, 
paw n 2 , n. A chessman of lowest rank. [ < OF. 
paon, < LL. pedo(n-), foot-soldier.] 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; 1 = e; go, not, or, wdn, 










435 


patrician 

peculiar 


paw-paw', n. Same as papaw. 
pay, 1 pe; 2 pa, v. [paid; pay'ing.] 1. t. 1. To 
remunerate. 2. To satisfy, as a claim. 3. To 
expend. 4. To provide for the cost of. 5. To 
offer; give. 6. To profit. II. i. To meet ob¬ 
ligations; discharge a debt; compensate. [< 
F. payer, < L. paco, pacify.] 
pay, n. 1. That which is given as a recompense 
or to discharge a debt; compensation. 2. 
Whatever compensates for labor or loss. 3. 
Requital; reward.—pay'a-bl(c, a. Due and 
unpaid.—pay"ee', n. A person to whom money 
has been or is to be paid.—pay'er, n. One who 
pays.—pay'mas"ter, n. One who has charge 
of the paying of employees.—pay'ment, n. 
The act of paying; requital; recompense, 
paym’t, payt., pay’t, abbr. Payment. 
pay'nim||, 1 pe'mm; 2 pa'nim, n. A non*Chris- 
tian; a pagan; heathen; especially a Mohamme¬ 
dan.—pay'nim, a. 

Pb ,,abbr. Plumbum (L.,lead).—P.C. ,abbr. Parish 
Council or Councilor, Past Commander, Patres 
Conscripti (L„ Conscript Fathers, Senators), Po¬ 
lice Constable, Privy Council or Councilor.— 
p. c., abbr. Per cent., postal card.—pd., abbr. 
Paid.—P. E., abbr. Presiding Elder, Protestant 
Episcopal. 

pea, 1 pi; 2 pe, n. [peas z or pease 2 , pi.] 1. A 
climbing annual herb of the bean family, hav¬ 
ing pinnate leaves. 2. Its edible seed. [< 

PEASE.] 

peace, 1 pis; 2 pec, n. 1. A state of quiet or 
tranquillity. 2. Absence or cessation of war. 
3. Concord. [< OF. pais, < L. pax ( pac -), 
peace.]— peace'mak"er, peace'a-bl(e p , a. 

1. Inclined to peace. 2. Peaceful; tranquil.— 
peace'a-bl(e-nessr, n. —peace'a-bly, adv .— 
peace'ful, a. 1. Undisturbed. 2. Inclined to or 
used in peace, -ly, adv. -uess, n. 
peach, 1 pl(fh; 2 pech, n. The fleshy, edible, 
bigh=flavored, juicy fruit of the peach*tree, or 
the tree itself. [ < F. peche, < Gr. pirsikos, 
lit. Persian apple.] 

pea'cock", 1 pl'kek"; 2 pe'cok", n. A male galli¬ 
naceous bird, noted for 
its elongated taibcov- 
erts, marked with beau¬ 
tifully colored eyedike 
spots. [ < AS. ult. < 

Per. tawus, peacock, + 
cock 1 , n .] — pea'fowl", 
n.—pea'hen", n. 
pea'*jack"et, 1 pl'=jak"- 
et; 2 pe'*jak"et, n. A 
coat of thick cloth, 
worn by seamen. [<D. 
pig, coarse woolen coat, 

+ JACKET.] 

peak, 1 pile; 2 pek, n. 1. 

A projecting point or Peacock ^feathers, 
edge. 2. A mountain summit. 3. The after 
upper corner of a fore*and*aft sail; the upper 
end of a gaff. [ < Ir. peac, sharp*pointed ob¬ 
ject.]—peak'ed, a. Ending in a point. 

peal, 1 pll; 2 pel. I. vt. & vi. To cause to ring 
loudly; give out loud peals. II. n. 1. A pro¬ 
longed, sonorous, clanging sound. 2. A set of 
large bells musically attuned. 3. The change 
rung on a chime. [ < F. appel, call.] 

pea'nut", 1 pi'nut"; 2 pe'nut", n. A fruit of a 
trailing plant of the bean family, ripening 
under ground. See illus. in next column, 
ground'nut"J; ground '*pea"]:. 



pear, 1 par; 2 p&r, n. The edible fleshy fruit of 
a tree of the rose family. [ < L. A8 pirum .] 
pearl, 1 purl; 2 perl, n. 1. A lustrous concretion 
deposited in layers around a 
central nucleus in the shells of 
various mollusks, and largely 
used as a gem. 2. A size 
of printing=type, smaller 
than agate. [ < LL. perla, 
prob. dim. of L. pirum, pear.] 

—pearl'ash", n. Crude 

potassium carbon¬ 
ate.— pearl 'y, a. 1. 

Adorned with or re¬ 
sembling pearls. 2. '-5= 

Having a pure, 
sweet tone. 

Pea'ry, 1 pi'n;2 pe'ry, 

Robert Edwin 

(1856- ). An 

American arctic explorer; reached the North 
Pole, April 6, 1909. 

peas'ant, 1 pez'ant; 2 peg'ant, n. In Europe, a 
petty farmer; a farmdaborer. [ < OF. paisant, 
< pais, country.]— peas'ant-ry, n. The peasant 
class. 

pease, 1 plz; 2 peg, n. sing. & pi. Peas collec¬ 
tively. [ < AS. pise, < L. pisum, pea.] 
peat, 1 pit; 2 pet, n. A substance of partially 
carbonized vegetable material, found usually 
in bogs. [Ult. < AS. betan, mend.] 



Peanut, showing manner 
of growth. 


peb'ble, 
peb'I p- 




peb'l; 2 peb'l 
bled; peb'blingJ 


vt. & vi. [peb'~ 
To impart a 

rough grain to leather. II. n. 1. A small 
rounded fragment of rock. 2. An agate. 3. 
A quartz=crystal lens.— peb'bly, a. Abound¬ 
ing with pebbles. 

pe-can', 1 pi-kan'; 2 pe-ean', n. A large hickory 
of the United States, with olive*shaped nuts. 
[Prob. of Am. Ind. origin.] 

pec'ca-bl(e p , 1 pek'a-bl; 2p8e'a-bl, a. Capable 
of sinning. -[ < L. pecco, sin.]— pec"ca-bil'i- 
ty, n.— pec'cant, a. 1. Sinful; guilty; erring. 
2. Corrupt; diseased; morbid.— pec'can-cy, n. 
pec"ca-dil'lo, 1 pek"e-dil'o; 2 pec"a-dIl'o, n, 
[-los 2 or -loes 2 , pi.] A slight or trifling sin. 
[ < Sp. pecadillo, dim. of pecado, sin.] 
pee'ea-ry, 1 pek'a-ri; 2 pee'a-ry, n. [-ries 2 , pi] 
A pugnacious hogdike 
American mammal, 
secreting an oily, musky 
substance. [Of S.*Am. 
origin.] 


peck*, 1 pek; 2 p8k, v. I. 





To strike with or as with 
the beak; effect by quick 
and repeated blows, as Collared Peccary, /a 
of a beak. II. i. To use, as a beak, in strik¬ 
ing. [Var. of pick, r.] —peck'er, n. 
peck, n. 1. A measure of capacity: the fourth 
of a bushel. 2. A quick, sharp blow, as with 
a beak. [Prob. < peck, ».] 
pec'to-ral, 1 pek'to-ral; 2 p8c'to-ral I. a. 
Pertaining to the breast or thorax. II. n. 1. 
An ornament worn on the breast. 2. A pec¬ 
toral organ, fin, or muscle. 3. Any medicine 
for ailments of the chest. [ < L. pectoralis, < 
pectus, breast.] 

pec'u-Iate, 1 pek'yu-let; 2 p8c'yi.i-lat, vi 
f-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] 1. To appropriate pub 
lie property to one’s own use. 2. To embezzle 
pilfer. [ < L. peculatus, pp. of peculor, defraud 
the public.]—pec"u-la'tion, n. -tor, n. 
pe-cu'Iiar, 1 pi-kiul'yer; 2 pe-eul'yar, a. 1 


1*a = final; 1 = habit; aUsIe; an = out; ell; Iu = feud; <5hin; go; 0 = si ng; fhin, this 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; ftjll, rule, efire, but, bRrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this 












pecuniary 

penology 


436 


Having a character exclusively its own; spe¬ 
cific; particular. 2. Select or special. 3. Be¬ 
longing particularly to one. [ < L. peculiaris, 
one’s own.]— pe-cu'liar-ly, adv.— pe-cu"li-ar'- 
I-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi. 1 That which renders a person 
or object singular or remarkable; the quality of 
being peculiar. 

pe-cu'ni-a-ry, 1 pi-kiu'm-e-ri; 2 pe-cu'ni-a-ry, 
a. 1 . Consisting of money. 2. Monetary. [ < 
L. pecuniar ius, < pecunia, wealth. 1 
ped'a-gog, jl ped'a-geg; 2 ped'a-gog, n. A 
ped'a-gogue, ) schoolmaster; especially, a pe¬ 
dantic, narrow=minded teacher. [ < Gr. L 
paidagogos, < pai(.d-)s, child, + ago, lead.)— 
ped"a-gog'ic, 1 ped"a-gej'ik; 2 ped"a-g5g'ie, a. 
ped"a-gog'i-calJ.—ped"a-gog 'i-cal-ly, adv. — 
ped"a-gog'ies, n. The science and art of teach¬ 
ing.— ped"a-go'gy, 1 ped"a-go'ji; 2 p6d"a-go'gy, 
n. Pedagogics. 

ped'al, 1 ped'al; 2 pSd'al. I. vt. & vi. To op¬ 
erate by pedals; use the pedals. II. a. Per¬ 
taining to a foot or a pedal. III. n. A lever 
for the foot, in musical instruments and light 
machinery. [< L. pedalis, < pe(d-)s, foot.] 
ped 'ant, 1 ped'ant; 2 pfid'ant, n. A scholar 
who makes needless and inopportune display 
of his learning. [ < F. pedant, ult. < Gr. 
paidagOgos, pedagogue.]— pe-dan'tic, a.— pe- 
dan'ti-cal-Iy, adv.— ped 'ant-ry, n. Ostenta¬ 
tious display of knowledge, 
ped'die,) 1 ped'l; 2 ped'l, v. [ped'dled, ped'- 
ped'l p , y ld p ; ped'dling] I. t. 1. To sell in 
small quantities from house to house. 2. To 
dispense little by little. II. i. To hawk; do a 
petty business. [ < pedler.] 
ped 'dler, etc. Same as pedler, etc. 
ped'es-tal, 1 ped'es-tal; 2 pfid'Ss-tal, n. A base 
or support, as for a column, statue, or vase. 
[ < It. pledestallo, base of a pillar.] 
pe-des'tri-an, 1 pi-des'tri-an; 2 pe-d6s'tri-an. 
I. a. Characterized by or connected with 
walking. II. n. One who journeys on foot; a 
walker. [ < L. pedester, < pe(d-)s, foot.]— 
pe-des'tri-an-ism, n. 

ped'i-eel, 1 ped'i-sel; 2 pSd'i-g$l, n. Bot. A 
stalk supporting a single flower in a com¬ 
pound inflorescence; any stalk or supporting 
part. [< L. pedicidus, dim. of pe(d-)s, foot.] 

ped'i-elei. 

ped 'i-gree, 1 ped'i-gri; 2 pfid'i-gre, n. 1. A line 
of ancestors. 2. A genealogical register, 
ped'i-ment, 1 ped'i-ment or -mant; 2 pM'i- 
ment, n. Arch. A broad triangular space, as 
above a portico or door. [ < L. pedamentum, 
vine prop.]— ped"i-men'tal, a . 
ped'ler, 1 ped'lar; 2 pSd'ler, n. One who trav¬ 
els from house to house with goods to sell. [ < 
Prov. Eng. ped, basket.] ped'dler t; ped'larj. 
pe-dun'el(e p , 1 pi-dur)'kl; 2 pe-dun'el, n. 1. 
Bot. The general stalk or support of an inflo¬ 
rescence. 2. Anat. & Zool. A stalk or stem. 
[< LL. pedunculus, dim., < L. pe(d-)s, foot.]— 
pe-dun'cu-lar, a . [peep 1 ,®.] 

peek*, 1 pik; 2 p6k, vi. [Colloq.] To peep. [Var. of 
peel, 1 pil; 2 pel, v. 1. 1. 1. To strip off the bark 
or skin of. 2. To remove by stripping off. II. 
i. To be detached, as a rind or skin, f < L. F 
pellis, skin.] [fruit, 

peel, n. The skin or rind of certain kinds of 
Peel, vSIr Robert (178S-1850). An English states¬ 
man and prime minister. 

peep', 1 pip; 2 pep. I‘. vi. 1. To look slyly or 
pryingly, as through a crack; peek; peer. 2. 


To be seen partially, as through a crevice. U. 
n. A furtive look.—peep 'er, n. 
peep 2 . I‘. vi. To utter a small, sharp sound. 
II. n. The cry of a chick, a young frog, or the 
like. [Imitative.] 

peer, 1 plr; 2 per, vi. To look into a place or 
upon an object attentively and inquiringly, 
peer, n. 1. An equal, as in natural gifts. 2. An 
equal before the law. 3. A noble; in the 
United Kingdom, a duke, marquis, earl, vis¬ 
count, or baron. [ < OF. per, < L. par, equal.] 
—peer'age, n. 1. The rank of a peer. 2. The 
nobility.—peer'ess, n. A woman who holds a 
title of nobility.—peer'less, a. Of unequaled ex¬ 
cellence. [disagreeable, 

peeved, 1 plvd; 2 pevd, a. Vexed; discontented; 
pee'vish, 1 pl'vujn; 2 pe'vish, a. 1. Feebly fret¬ 
ful and irritable; querulous. 2. Showing petu¬ 
lant discontent and vexation. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

peg, 1 peg; 2 p6g, v. I. t. To drive (a peg) into; 
fasten by pegs. II. i. [Colloq.] Toworkper- 
severingly. 

peg, n. I. A wooden pin. 2. A pretext or excuse. 
Peg'a-sus, 1 peg'a-sus; 2 peg'a-sus, n. Gr. Myth. 

A winged horse; a type of poetical inspiration. 

1*. E. I., abbr. Prince Edward Island. 
l*e-king', 1 pl-kiq'; 2 pe-klng', n. A walled city of 
N. E. China; capital of China; pop. 1,000,COO. 
Pe'kint.—Pe'king-ese, a. 
pel'age, 1 pel'ij; 2 p£l'ag, n. The coat or covering 
of a mammal, as of fur. [F.] 
pe-Iag'ic, 1 pi-laj'ik; 2 pe-lSg'ie, a. Pertaining 
to or inhabiting the deep sea. [ < Gr. pelapi- 
kos, < pelagos, open sea.] 

l*e"lee', 1 pe’16'; 2 pe"l§', n. A volcano on the 
island of Martinique, West Indies; disastrous 
eruptions May 8 and Aug. 30, 1902. 
pelf, 1 pelf; 2 pfilf, ». Money; wealth: often 
implying ilbgotten gains. [ < OF. pelfre, 
spoil.] 

pel'i-can, 1 pel'i-kan; 2 pSl'i-ean, n. A large 
gregarious fish*eating bird of warm regions, 
having a large pouch on the lower jaw, for the 
temporary storage of fish. See bird. [ < Gr. 
pelekan, pelican.] 

Pe'li-on, 1 pl'li-on; 2 pe'li-on, n. A mountain of 
Thessaly.—to pile Pelton on Ossa, see Ossa. 
pe-Iisse', 1 pe-lls'; 2 pfiTis', n. A long outer gar¬ 
ment or cloak. [F.] 

pell, 1 pel; 2 pfcl, n. A skin; pelt; hence, a 
parchment roll. [ < L. OF peUis, skin.] 
pel-la'gra, 1 pe-le'gra or -lag'ra; 2 pfi-la'gra or 
-lag'ra, n. A disease v T ith gastric disturbance, 
skin«eruptions, and nervous derangement. [ < L. 
pellis, skin, -f Gr. agra, catching.] — pel-la '- 
grous, a. 

pel 'let, 1 pel'et; 2 pel'Ct, n. A small round ball. 

[ < OF. pelote, ball, < L. pila, ball.] 
pel'li-el(e p , 1 pel'i-kl; 2 pel'i-cl, n. A thin skin, 
film, or layer. [ < L. pellicula, dim. of pellis, 
skin.] 

pell"smell', 1 1 per-mel'; 2 pgl"*mgl', adv. In a 
pel"*mel' p , S confused or promiscuous way or 
manner. [ < OF. pelle, shove], 4- meller, mix.] 
pel-lu'dd, 1 pe-liu'sid; 2 pe-lu'Qid, a. Permit¬ 
ting to a certain extent the passage of light; 
translucent.. [ < L. per, through, + luceo, 
shine.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Pel"o-pon-ne'sus, 1 pero-pa-ni'sus; 2 p£l"o-po- 
ne'sus, n. Morea: ancient name.—Pel"o-pon- 
ne'sian, a.—Peloponnesian war, between Ath¬ 
ens and Sparta and their allies (431-404 B. C.). 
pelt. d , 1 pelt; 2 pBlt, v. I. t. To strike or assail 
wdth something throwm. II. t. Tp throw' any- 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, worn. 





437 


pecuniary 

penology 


thing; descend violently. [< L. pulto ( = 

pulso), beat.] [of peltry.] 

pelt',n. An undressed fur*skin. [Perhaps abbr. 
pelt 2 , n. A blow, as one given by something 
thrown. [ < pelt, d.] 

pelt'ry, 1 pelt'ri; 2 pelt'ry, n. [pelt'ries 2 , pi.] 
1. Pelts collectively. 2. A pelt. [ < OF. pele- 
terie, < pel, skin.] 

pel'vis, 1 pel'vis; 2 pel'vis, n. The part of the 
skeleton that forms a bony girdle joining the 
lower or hinder limbs to the body: composed, 
in man, of the two hip*bones and the sacrum. 
[L., basin.]—pel 'vie, a. 

pem'mi-can, 1 pem'i-kan; 2 pem'i-ean, n. Dried 
venison or beef prepared as a food. [Am. Ind.] 
pen 1 , 1 pen; 2 pen. I. vt. [penned or pent; 
pen'ning.] To enclose in a pen. II. n. A 
small enclosure, as for pigs. 
pen 2 . I. vt. [penned; pen'ning.] To write with 
a pen; indite. II. n. An instrument for writ¬ 
ing with a fluid ink. [ <L. LL+OF penna, feather.] 
pen., abbr. Peninsula._ 

pe'nal, 1 pl'nal; 2 pe'nal, a. 1. Pertaining to 
punishment or its means or place. 2. Liable 
to punishment. [OF., < L. poenalis, < peena, 
punishment.]—pe'nai-ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] 
To make penal; subject to penalty.—pen'al-ty, 
n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The consequences, as suffering, 
etc., that follow the transgression of laws, 
pen'ance, 1 pen'ans; 2 pen'ang, n. Suffering 
voluntarily undertaken as an act of atone¬ 
ment. [OF., < L. psenitentia; see penitence.] 
Pe"nang', 1 pi" nap'; 2 pe"nang', n. 1. A division 
of the Straits Settlements including Penang 
Island and the neighboring country; 280 sq. m.; 
pop. 281,000; capital, George Town. 2.Anisland 
near W. Malay Peninsula; 108 sq. m. 

Pe-na'tes, 1 pi-ne'tlz; 2 pe-na'te§, n. pi. Rom. 
Myth. The old Latin household gods: associated 
with the Lares, the spirits of deau ancestors. [L., 
< penus, inmost.] [pen'niesj. 

pence, 1 pens; 2 peng, n. Plural of penny, penseff; 
pen"chant', 1 pah"sffiah' or pen'hhsnt; 2 piih"- 
ghan' or pen'chant, n. A strong inclination; 
bias. [F]] 

pen'eil, 1 pen'sil; 2 pen'gil. I. vt. [-ciled or 
-CILLED, -CILD S ; -CIL-ING Or -CIL-LING.] To 
mark, write, or draw with a pencil. II. n. 1. 
A long, pointed strip of graphite, slate, etc., 
used for writing, drawing, etc. 2. A small 
finely pointed paintbrush. 3. Lines or rays 
diverging from a given point. [ < L. OF peni- 
cillum, painters’ brush.] 

pend d , 1 pend; 2 pSnd, vi. To be awaiting or in 
process of adjustment or settlement. [ < L. 
pendeo, hang.]— pen'dant. n. Anything that 
hangs or depends; a short rope, streamer, or pen¬ 
nant. — pen'den-cy, n. 1. The state of being 
undecided. 2. The state of being pendent. — 
pen'dent, a. 1. Hanging loosely; drooping; pro¬ 
jecting or overhanging. 2. Undetermined; pend¬ 
ing: incomplete.— pend'ing. I. pa. Remaining 
unfinished or undecided. II. prep. 1. During the 
continuance of. 2. Awaiting; until, 
pen'du-lum, 1 pen'ju-[or -diu-]lum; 2 pen'ju- 
[or -du-]lum, n. A body suspended from a 
fixed point, and free to swing to and fro.— 
pen'du-lous, a. Hanging, especially so as to 
swing. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 

Pe-nel'o-pe, 1 pi-nel'o-pi; 2 pe-nel'o-pe, n. Gr. 
Myth. The wife of Ulysses; type of wifely con¬ 
stancy. 

pen"e-tra 'li-a, 1 penT-tre'h-a; 2 pen"e-tra'li-a, n. 
pi. 1. The inmost parts of anything; a sanctuary; 
shrine. 2. Secret things. [L.; cp. penetrate.] 


pen'e-trate, 1 pen'i-tret; 2 pen'e-trat, v. 
[-TRAT"ED d ; -trat"ing.] I. t . 1. To enter or 
force a way into the interior parts of. 2. To 
pass into the mind of. 3. To discern; detect. 
II. i. To pass into or enter something [ < 
L. penetralus, pp. of penelro, put within.]—pen '- 
e-tra-bl(eP, a. That may be penetrated.— 
pen"e-tra-bil'i-ty, n.— pen"e-tra'tion, n. The 
act or power of penetrating, physically or men¬ 
tally; acuteness; discernment. — pen'e-tra"- 
tiv(es, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
pen'guin, 1 pen'gwin; 2 pen'gwin, n. A web 3 
footed bird of the southern hemisphere, with 
flipperdike wings. [Perh. < W. pen, head, 
+ gwyn, white.] 

pe-nin'su-la, 1 pi-nin'siu-la; 2 pe-nln'su-la, n. 
A piece of land almost surrounded by water. 
[L., < psene, almost, + insula, island.] — the 
Peninsula, Spain and Portugal taken together; 
here the Peninsular war was carried on (1808- 
1814) by Napoleon against the British, Spanish, 
and Portuguese.— pe-nin'su-lar, a. & n. 
pen'1-tent, 1 pen'i-tent; 2 pen'i-t£nt. I. a. 
Affected by a sense of one’s own guilt and re¬ 
solved on amendment. II. n. One who is 
penitent. [OF., < L. pseniten(J,-)s, ppr. of 
pseniteo, repent.] -ly, adv.— pen'i-tence, n. The 
state of being penitent; contrition.— pen"i-ten'- 
tial, a. 1. Pertaining to or expressing penitence. 
2. Pertaining to penance or punishment.— pen"- 
i-ten'tia-ry. I. a. 1. Pertaining to penance. 2. 
Relating to the punishment and discipline of 
criminals. II. n. A prison in which convicts are 
confined at hard labor for punishment or refor¬ 
mation. 

pen'knife", n. A small pocketknife. 
pen'man, 1 pen'msn; 2 pen'man, n. [-men, Pi] 
A person considered with regard to his hand¬ 
writing; also, a teacher of penmanship.— 
pen'man-ship, n. 1. The art of writing. 2. 
Handwriting; calligraphy. 

Penn, 1 pen; 2 pen, William (1644-1718). An 
English quaker; founder of Pennsylvania. 

Penn., abbr. Pennsylvania, 
pen'sname", 1 pen'*nem"; 2 p5n'*nam", n. An 
author’s assumed name; pseudonym, 
pen'nant, 1 pen'ant; 2 pen'ant, n. 1. A small 
flag of various forms, used on naval vessels. 
2. Naut. A short rope or pendant. [Corr. of 

PENNON.] 

pen'nate, 1 pen'et; 2 pen'at, a. Having wings 
or feathers. [ < L. pennatus, < penna, feather!] 
pen'nat-edf. [stricken. 

pen'ni-Iess, 1 pen'i-les; 2 pSn'i-les, a. Poverty* 
pen'non, 1 pen'an; 2 pen'on, n. A small 
pointed or swallow*tailed flag, borne by medi¬ 
eval knights. [OF., < L. penna, feather, wing.] 
Penn"syl-va'ni-a, 1 pen"sil-ve'm-9; 2 pen"syl- 
va'ni-a, n. An Atlantic State of the United States; 
45,126 sq. m.; pop. 8,720,020; capital, Harris¬ 
burg. 

pen'ny, 1 pen'i; 2 pen'y, n. [pen'nies 2 or 
pence, pi.] 1. A bronze coin of the British 
mint, one=twelfth of a shilling, or 2 cents 
U. S. value. 2. [Colloq., U. S.] A cent. 3. Any 
coin or sum of trifling value. [ < AS. penniq, 
penny.]—pen'ny-wei'ght", n. The twentieth 
part of the ounce in troy weight.— pen'ny* 
wise", a. Unduly economical in small matters. 
—pen'ny-worth', n. 

pen"ny-roy'al, 1 pen"i-rei'al; 2 p8n"y-roy'al, 
n. A strong*scented herb of the mint family. 
Pe-nob'scot, 1 pi-neb'sket; 2 pe-ndb'sebt, n. A 
river in central Maine; 300 m. to Atlantic ocean, 
pe-nol 'o-gy, 1 pi-nel'o-ji; 2 pe-nol'o-gy, n. The 


1:d = final; l = hablt£ aisle; au = ont; ell; lu = fewd; tfhin; go; r) = sina; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this.- 








pensile 

perfume 


438 


science that treats of the punishment and pre¬ 
vention of crime and of the management of 
prisons and reformatories. [ < L. ptxna, pen¬ 
alty, -I- -OLOGY.] ^ , 

pen'slle, 1 pen'sil; 2 p£n'sil, a. Pendent and 
swaying; pendulous. [< L. pensilis, < pen- 
deo, hang.] 

pen'sion, 1 pen'^han; 2 pgn'shon. I. vt. To 
grant a pension to. II. n. A periodical allow¬ 
ance to an individual on account of some 
meritorious work or service. [F., < L. 

pensio{n~), < pendo, weigh.]— pen'sion-a-ry, 
n. [-RIES*, pi.] 1. A pensioner. 2. Formerly, a 
chief magistrate of a Dutch city or town.—pen'- 
sion-er, n. One who receives a pension. 
pen"sion', 1 pan'syen'; 2 parUsyon', n. A board¬ 
ing-school; also, a boarding-house. [F., = pen- 
smN.] 

pen'sive, ) 1 pen'siv; 2 pen'siv, a. Engaged in 
pen'si V s , ) or addicted to serious or quiet re¬ 
flection; thoughtful; sad. [< F. pensif, < 
penser, think.] [closely confined, 

pent, 1 pent; 2 pSnt, pa. Penned up or in; 
Pent., abbr. Pentecost. 

pen'ta-, pent-, 1 pen'ta-, pent-; 2 pSn'ta-, 
pent-. Combining forms. [ < Gr. pente, five.] 
—pen'ta-gon, n. A figure with five angles and 
five sides. [+ Gr. gonia , angle.]—pen-tag'o- 
nal, a.— pen'ta-gram, n. A figure having five 
points, pen'ta-eiet.—pen"ta-he'droii,«.[-DUA. 
pi.] A solid bounded by five 
plane faces. [4- Gr. hedra, 
seat, side.] — pen"ta-lie'- 
dral, a. — pen-tam'e-ter, 
n. In prosody, a line of verse 
containing five units or feet. 

[+ Gr. metron, measure.] 

Pen'ta-teuch, 1 pen'ta- 
tiuk; 2 pen'ta-tue, n. The 
first five books of the 
Bible taken collectively. 

[< Gr. pentateuchos, < 
book.] 

Pen'te-cost, 1 pen'ta-kest; 2 pSn'te-eost, n. 
1. A Jewish festival occurring fifty days after 
the Passover. 2. The Christian feast of Whit¬ 
sunday, commemorating the outpouring of 
the Spirit at Pentecost, Acts ii. [ < Gr. pente- 
toste, fiftieth (sc. hemera, day).]—pen"te-cos'- 
tal, a. 

pent'house", 1 pent'haus"; 2 pfnt'hous", n. A 
structure in the form of a shed or roof with a 
single slope affixed by its upper edge to the 
wall of another building. [Ult. < L. F appendo, 
append.] pen'tiee}. 

pe-nult', 1 pi-nult' or pl'nult; 2 pe-niilt' or pe'- 
nult, n. The syllable next to the last in a 
word. [Abbr. of penultima, < L. psene, al¬ 
most, + ultima, last.] pe-nul'ti-maf. — pe- 
nul 'ti-mate, a. Being the last but one. 
pe-num'bra, 1 pi-num'bro; 2 pe-niim'bra, n. 
A margin of a 

shadow ob- - 

served in ant®) 



Pentacle. 
pente, five, + teuchos, 


eclipse, etc. 
[ < L. psene, 
almost, + 
umbra, shade.] 
pen'u-ry,1 
pen'yu-ri; 2 

pen'yp-ry, n 





Planet’s Penumbra 
(exaggerated). 

x y tho planet; *, a satellite; p, p, the 
penumbra; 8U, the sun. 

Extreme poverty or want. [ < 


peo., abbr. People, 
pe'on, 1 pl'en; 2 pe'on, n. A common laborer; 
servant; specif.: (1) in Mexico, a debtor kept in 
virtual servitude, as on a large estate, until he 
has worked out his debt; (2) in South America, a 
muleteer or horse-boy; (3) in India, a native con¬ 
stable or orderly.—pe'on-age, ra. The condi¬ 
tion of a peon or the system employing this form 
of labor. 

pe'o-ny, 1 pi'o-m; 2 pe'o-ny, n. [-nies z , pi.] A 
plant of the crowfoot family, having large 
terminal solitary flowers, 
peo'ple, )1 pi'pl; 2 pe'pl. I. vt. [peo'pled; 
pe'ple p , ) peo'pling.] To stock with inhab¬ 
itants; populate. II. n. 1. All the human be¬ 
ings under the same government, speaking the 
same language, etc. 2. Persons collectively. 
3. The populace. 4. Kinsfolk; attendants, 
etc. [< F. peuple (< L. populus), people.] 
Pe-o'ri-a, 1 pi-o'ri-a; 2 pe-5'ri a, n. A city in C. 
Illinois; pop. 67,120. 

pep'per, 1 pep'ar; 2 pPp'er. I. vt. 1. To season 
with pepper. 2. To 
pelt; rail at; scold. II. 
n. 1. A pungent aro¬ 
matic condiment con¬ 
sisting of the dried 
berries of the pepper- 
plant. 2. A tropical 
climbing shrub of the 
pepper family, pep'- 
persplant"t. [Ult. < 

Sans, pippala, the long 
pepper.] —pep ' p e r ■ 



n. 


OF. penurie, < L. penuria. want.]— pe-nu'ri- 
ous, a. 1. Excessively sparing or saving in the 
use of money; parsimonious. 2. Scanty. 3. In¬ 
digent. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 


corn", n. A berry of . 

the pepper-plant; hence. Black Pepper, a Branch 
anything insignificant. flowering Cat- 

—pep'per-grass", n. A kins and Fruit, 

garden salad or cress.— a, berry, 

pep'per-mint", n. 1. A pungent aromatic herb, 
used in medicine and confectionery. 2. An oil 
or other preparation from peppermint. — pep'- 
per-y, a. Pertaining to or like pepper; pungent; 
hence, quick-tempered; stinging. 

pep'sill, 1 pep'sin; 2 pfp'sin, n. The digestive 
ferment of the gastric juice; also, a medicinal 
preparation obtained from the stomachs of 
various animals. [ < F. pepsine, < Gr. pepsis, 
cooking.]—pep'tic, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or 
promotive of digestion. 2. Of, pertaining to, or 
producing pepsin. 

pep'tone, 1 pep'ton; 2 pep'tbn, n. One of vari¬ 
ous soluble proteid compounds resulting from 
the action of the digestive juices upon the 
albuminous portions of food. [ < Gr. pepto, 
cook, digest.] —pep'to-nize, vt. [-nized z ; -niz"- 
ing.] To change into peptones; predigest; as cer¬ 
tain prepared foods. 

Pepys, 1 pips, pep'is, or peps; 2 peps, pgp'ys, or 
pfips, Samuel (1633-1703). An English diarist: 
described court of Charles II. 

per, 1 par; 2 per, prep. By; by means of; 
through: used as a part of certain Latin phrases. 
—per annum, by the year.— per diem, by 
the day.—per se, by itself; simply as such. [L.] 

per-, prefix. 1. A Romance*Latin prefix meaning 
(1) through, by, by means of, for; as, perceive, 
perjure, perennial, pertinence; (2) very; ex¬ 
tremely; exceedingly; as, peracute, perfervld. In 
pardon, paramour, pwrsue, appurtenance, par¬ 
son, peflucid, pifgrim, etc., its spelling has slightly 
changed. 2. Chem. A prefix signifying the higher 
degree of valence in two similar compounds; as, 
iron peroxid, as distinguished from iron protoxid, 
used also to indicate the highest degree of com- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police] obey, go; not, or; full, rOie; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice: l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 









439 


pensile 

perfume 


binatlon among similar compounds. [< OF. 
■per, per-, par-, < L. per, through.] 

Per., Pers., abbr. Persia, Persian.—per., abbr. 
Period, person. 

per"ad-ven'ture, 1 per"ad-ven'dhur; 2 per"ad- 
ven'chur, adv. Perchance; it may be; per¬ 
haps. f < F. par adventure, by chance.] 
per-am ' bu-late, 1 par-am'biu-let; 2 per-am'- 
bu-lat, v. [-LAT"ED d ;- lathing.] 1. 1. To walk 
through or over, as for surveying. II. i. To 
walk about. [ < L. per, through, + ambulo, 
go about.] — per-am"bu-la'tion, n. The act 
of perambulating; specifically, an annual sur¬ 
vey of boundaries.—per-am'bu-la"tor, n. 1. 
One who perambulates. 2. A rolling chair. 3. 
A baby*carriage. 4. A surveyors’ measurings 
wheel.—per-am 'bu-la-to-ry, a. 
per an., abbr. [L.] Per annum (by the year), 
per-cale', 1 par-kcl' or per"kfil'; 2 per-eal' or per"- 
cal', n. A closely woven cambric without gloss. 
IF.] 

per-ceive', ) 1 por-slv'; 2 per-^ev', vt. [per- 
per-celv' p , > ceiv(e)d'; per-ceiv'ing.] 1. To 
have knowledge of through the medium of the 
senses. 2. To discern; understand; note. [ < 
L. OF percipio, < per, by, + capio, take.]— per- 
ceiv'a-bl(e, a. That may be perceived.— per- 
ceiv'a-bly, adv. —pcr-ceiv'er, n. 
per cent. By or in the hundred. [ < L. per,' by; 
centum, hundred.]— per-ccnt'age, n. 1. Rate 
per hundred. 2. The allowance, commission, duty, 
or interest on a hundred. 

per-cep'tlon, 1 por-sep'iffien; 2 per-gep'shon, 
n. The act, power, process, or product of per¬ 
ceiving; cognition of fact or truth in general; 
apprehension. [F-,< L. perceptio(n-), < per- 
ceptus, pp. of percipio, perceive.] — per'cept, n. 
An object as perceived; a perception or sense* 
presentation.— per-cep 'tl-bl (e p , a. That may be 
seen or apprehended; perceivable.— per-cep"ti- 
bil'l-ty, per-cep 'ti-bly, adv. —per-cep '- 

tion-al, a. Of or relating to perception.— per- 
cep'tiv(e 3 , a. Perceiving, or having the power of 
perception. — per-cep'tiv(e-1y 3 , adv. — per- 
cep'tiv(e-ness 3 , n. per"cep-tiv'i-tyt. 
pcrcfl 1 , 1 pur<5h; 2 perch, v. I. t. To set on an 
elevated support; fix on a perch. II. i. To 
alight or sit on a perch; roost. 
perch 1 , n. A small common fish of both United 
States and European fresh and salt waters. 
[ < Gr. L+F perke, perch.] 

perch 2 , n. 1. A staff, pole, or slat, variously 
used, especially as a roost; any elevated seat 
or situation. 2. A measure: (1) One rod (1G.5 
feet). (2) In stonework, about 25 cubic feet. 
[< OF. perche (< L. perlica), pole.] 
per-chance', 1 por-dhans'; 2 per-chan^', adv. 

In a possible case; peradventure; perhaps, 
per-cip'i-ent, 1 par-sip'i-ent; 2 per-gip'i-ent, a. 
Having the power of perception; perceiving. 
[< L. percipien(t-)s, ppr. of percipio; perceive.] 
—per-cip'i-ence, -en-cy, n. 
per'co-late, 1 pur'ko-let; 2 per'eo-lat, vt. & vi. 
[-LAT"ED d ; -lat'Tng.] To pass through fine 
interstices; filter; strain, f < L. per, through, 
+ colo, filter.]—per"co-la'tion, n. Filtration. 
—per'co-Ia"tor, n. [contrary. [L.] 

per con'tra, 1 par ken'tra; 2 per con'tra. On the 
per ct., abbr. Same as per cent. 
per-cus'sion, 1 par-kudh'an; 2 per-kiish'on, n. 
1. Sudden collision, especially such as causes 
a shock or a sound. 2. The vibration pro¬ 
duced by collision. [F., < L. percussioin-) , 
< per, through, + quatio, shake, strike.] 
Percussion is an element of various com 


pounds, as, percussion =cap, p.=cartridge, p.s 
fuse, p.dock. 

—per-cuss', vt. —per-cus'siv(e 3 , a. Of, pro¬ 
ducing, or sounded by percussion, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —per-cus'sor, n. 

Per'ey, 1 pur'si; 2 per'cy, Sir Henry, “Hotspur” 
(1364-1403). A famous English soldier and bor¬ 
der* in arc her; in Shakespeare’s Richard 11. and 
Henry IV. 

per-dl'tion, 1 par-didh'an; 2 per-dish'on, n. 
1. Future misery or eternal death as the con¬ 
dition of the wicked; hell. 2||. Utter destruc¬ 
tion. [F., < L. per do, destroy.] 

per'e-gri-nate, 1 per'i-gri-net; 2 per'e-gri-nat, 
vi. [-NAT"ED d ; -nat'Tng.] To travel from 
country to country, or from place to place. 
[< L. per, through, + ager, land.] —per"e-gri- 
na'tion, n. — per'e-gri-na"tor, n. A traveler 
or pilgrim. 

per'emp-to-ry, 1 per'emp-to-ri; 2 per'gmp-to- 
ry, a. 1. Not admitting of debate or appeal; 
decisive; absolute. 2. Positive in judgment 
or opinion; dictatorial. [ < L. peremptus, pp. 
of perimo, annihilate.]— per'emp-to-ri-ly, adv. 
—per'emp-to-ri-ness, n. 

per-en'ni-al, 1 por-enh-el; 2 per-en'i-al. I. a. 

I. Continuing through the year or through 
many years. 2. Biol. Growing continually. 

II. n. Bot. A plant that lasts year after year, 
usually blossoming and fructifying annually. 
[ < L. per, through, + annus, year.] -ly, adv. 

perf., abbr. Perfect. 

per'fect d , 1 pur'fekt or psr-fekt'; 2 per'fect or 
per-fcct', vt. 1. To bring up to the absolute 
standard. 2. To make thoroughly informed 
or accomplished. — per'fect-er, n. — per- 
fccf"i-bil'i-ty, n.— per-fcct 'i-bl(ei% c.—per- 
fec'tiv(e s , a. Tending to make perfect, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

per'fect, 1 pur'fekt; 2 per'fect. I. a. 1. With¬ 
out defect or lack; complete. 2. Thoroughly 
versed or informed. 3. Gram. Noting past 
or finished action. II. n. Gram. The perfect 
tense. [< L. OF perfectus, pp. of perficio, fin¬ 
ish.]— per-fec'tion, n. 1. The state or condi¬ 
tion of being perfect; supreme excellence, per'- 
fect-nessf. 2. A particular quality that is su¬ 
preme. 3. The highest degree of a thing.— per'- 
fect-ly, adv. 

per'fi-dy, I pur'fi-di; 2 per'fi-dy, n. [-diesz, pi.] 
The act of violating faith or allegiance; treach¬ 
ery; faithlessness. [< L. p perfidia, < per, from, 
+ /ides, faith.]— per-fid'l-ous, a. Characterized 
by perfidy; treacherous. 

per'fo-rate, 1 pur'fo-ret; 2 per'fo-rat. I. vt. 
[-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] To bore through; make 
a hole through. II. a. Pierced with a hole or 
holes. [ < L. per, through, -\-foro, bore.] per'- 
fo-rat"edf. — per"fo-ra'tion, n. 1. A boring 
into or piercing through. 2. A hole bored through. 
—per'fo-ra"tor, n. 

per-force', 1 por-fors'; 2 per-fSrq', adv. By force 
or violence. [ < F. par, by, + force, force.] 

per-form', 1 par-form'; 2 per-form', v. 1. 1. 1. 
To bring to completion; accomplish. 2~. To 
fulfil, as a duty; discharge. 3. To act out; 
represent. 4. To render, as on an instrument; 
execute. II. i. To accomplish an act or a 
feat; do; especially, to act on the stage, etc. 
[< OF. parfournir, < par, through, + fournir, 
furnish.] —per-form'a-l>l(e p , a. —per-form'- 
ance, n. 1. The act of performing; also, the 
thing done; execution; action. 2. A representa¬ 
tion before spectators.— per-form'er, n. 

per-fume', 1 par-fium'; 2 per-fum'. I. vt. 


1:a = final; l = habit; aisle; an = out’, oil: lu = fewd; <fhin; go; rj = sin^; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, r«le, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; njk; thin, tins. 







perfunctory 

perspire 


440 


[per-fumed'; per-fum'ing.] To render odor¬ 
ous; scent. II. 1 pur'fium or par-fium'; 2 
per'fum or per-fum', n. 1. A pleasant odor, 
as from flowers. 2. A fragrant substance or 
mixture. [< F. parfum.]— per-fuin'er, n. 
— per-fum'er-y, n. Perfumes In general, 
per-fune'to-ry, 1 par-fuijk'to-ri; 2 per-fune'- 
to-ry, a. Done merely for the sake of getting 
through; negligent. [< L. LL per, through, + 
fungor, perform.] — per-func'to-ri-ly, adv .— 
per-func'to-ri-ness, n. 

Per'ga-mos, 1 pur'ga-mes; 2 per'ga-mds, n. An 
ancient city of Asia Minor; now in ruins. Per '- 

ga-musf. 

peril., abbr. Perhaps. [may be; possibly, 

per-haps', 1 par-haps'; 2 per-haps', adv. It 
pe'ri, 1 pl'n; 2 pe'ri, n. Per. Myth. A fairy or elf. 

[ < F. peri, < Per. pan, fairy.] 
per'i-, prefix. Near; around. [< L. peri- (< 
Gr. peri-, < peri, around; akin to para, beside); 
or directly < Gr. peri- or peri.]— per 'i-auth, n. 
The combined calyx and corolla of a flower when 
so much alike as to be nearly indistinguishable. 
— per"I-car'di-al, a. Surrounding the heart. 
per"l-car'di-ac or -anf.—per"l-car-di'tls, n. 
Inflammation of the pericardium.— per"i-car'- 
di-um, n. [-di-a, pi. 1 A membranous bag that 
surrounds and protects the heart.— per'i-carp, 
n. The wall of the ripened ovary of a flower, 
constituting the germ of a fruit.— per"i-cra'ni- 
um, n. The periosteum of the external surface 
of the cranium. [+ Gr. kranion, skull.]— per"i- 
cra'ni-al, a.— per'1-gee, n. The point in the 
orbit of the moon where it is nearest the earth.— 
per"i-lie'li-on, n. The point in the orbit of a 
planet or comet where it 
is nearest the sun.— per"- 
i-ge'al, a. per"i-he'li- 
uinf.—pe-rim'e-ter, n. 

The boundary or rim of a 
figure or object, 
peri., perig., abbr. Perigee. 

Per'i-cles, 1 per'i-kllz; 2 
pSr'i-eles. 1. ( —429? 

B. C.). An Athenian com¬ 
mander and statesman. 2. 

P., Prince of Tyre, lead¬ 
ing character in Shake¬ 
speare’s play of that name, 
per'il, 1 per'll; 2 per'il. I. v t. & vi. [per'iled 
or per'illed; per'il-ing or per'il-ling.] To 
expose to danger; put in peril; imperil. II. n. 
Exposure to the chance of injury, loss, or de¬ 
struction; jeopardy. [F*. < L. pcriculum, ex¬ 
periment, danger.]— per'il-ous, a. Full of, in¬ 
volving, or attended with peril; hazardous, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

pe'ri-od, 1 pi'ri-ad; 2 pe'ri-od, n. 1. A definite 
portion of time. 2. A lapse of time; era. 3. 
Termination. 4. The present day. 5. A dot 
(.) marking the end of a sentence, an abbre¬ 
viation, etc. (5. A complete sentence. [ < 
Gr. peridos, < peri, around, + hodos, way.]— 
pe"ri-od'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to a period; char¬ 
acterized by definite periods. 2. Belonging to a 
sentence that is grammatically complete.—pe"- 
ri-od'i-cal. I. a. 1. Pertaining to publications 
that appear at fixed intervals. 2. Periodic. II. 
n. A publication appearing at regular intervals, 
-ly, adv. —pe"ri-o-dic'I-ty, n. The quality of 
being periodic, as an intermittent disease 
per"i-os'te-uin, 1 per"i-os'ti-um; 2 per"i-os'te- 
um, n. A nervous, vascular memb-ane that 
surrounds the bones. [< Gr. LL peri, around, 
-f osteon, bone.]—per"i-os'te-al, a. 
per"i-pa-tet'ic, 1 per"i-po-tet'ik; 2 p5r"i-pa- 


tSt'ie. I. a. Walking about; moving 1 . II. n. 1. 
One given to walking about. 2. [P-] A disciple 
of Aristotle. [ < Gr. peri, about, + patos, path.] 
pe-riph'er-y, ) 1 pi-rif'ar-i; 2 pe-rif'er-y, n. 
pe-rif'er-yr, J [-ies z , pi.) 1. The outer sur¬ 
face. 2. Circumference. [ < Gr. peri, around, 
+ pherd, bear.]—pe-riph'er-al, a. 
pe-rlph 'ra-sis, 1 pi-rif'rs-sis; 2 pe-rif'ra-sts, n. 
[-ses z , pi.) The art of saying little in many 
words; circumlocution. [ L., < Gr. peri, 
around, + phrazd, declare.]—per'I-phrase. I. vt. 
& vi. [-phrased; -phras"ing] To express in a 
roundabout manner. II. n. Periphrasis.—peri¬ 
phrastic, -1-cal, a. -ly, adv. 
per'i-scope, 1 per'i-skop; 2 pSr'i-seop, ». An in¬ 
strument consisting of a revolving prism capable 
of reflecting the rays from any part of the horizon 
down a vertical tube: used for the guidance of sub¬ 
marine boats, for observation in trenches, etc. [< 
Gr. peri, around, + skopeo, look.]— per"i-scop'- 
ic, a. Viewing on all sides; as, a periscopic lens, 
per'ish', 1 per'isfli; 2 per'ish, vi. To be de¬ 
stroyed; wither; decay. [ < L. p pereo, perish, 
< per, through, + eo, go.]— per'ish-a-bl(e p , a. 
Liable to perish; mortal, -ness, n. -bly, adv. 
per'i-style, 1 per'i-stail; 2 p£r'i-styl, n. Arch. 
A system of columns surrounding a building 
or court. [ < Gr. peri, around, + stylos, pillar.] 
per"i-to-ne'um, 1 per"i-to-n!'um; 2 pdr"i-to- 
ne'um, n. A membrane that lines the abdom¬ 
inal cavity. [LL., < Gr. peri, around, + teind, 
stretch.]— per"i-to-ne'al, a. 
per"i-to-ni'tis, 1 per"i-to-nai'tis or -ni'tis; 2 
per"i-to-nI'tis or -ni'tis, n. Acute inflamma¬ 
tion of the peritoneum. 

per'i-wig, 1 per'i-wig; 2 p?r'i-wlg, n. A head¬ 
dress of false hair. [ < F. perruque, peruke.] 
pcr'i-win"kl(e p , 1 per'i-wir)"kl; 2 per'i-win"k], 
n. A small sea-snail, 
per'jure, 1 pur'jur; 2 per'jqr, vt. 

& vi. [per'jured ; per'jur-ing.] 

To make guilty of perjury; bear 
false witness. [< L. per, 
through, + juro, swear.]—per'- 
j ur-er, n.—per 'j u-ry, n. Asser¬ 
tion of a falsity under oath, 
per'tna-nent, 1 pur'ma-nent; 2 

per'ma-n§nt, a. Continuing in Periwinkle, 
the same state or without essential change; 
durable. [F., < L. per, through, -f- maneo, 
remain.] -ly, adv.— per'ma-nenoe, n. The 
state of being permanent; durability; fixity.— 
per'ma-nen-ey, n. [-ciesz, pi.] 1. Perma¬ 

nence. 2. Something permanent, 
per'ine-ate, 1 pur'mi-et; 2 per'me-at, vt. [-at"- 
ed“; -at"ing.] To pass through the pores or 
interstices of; be diffused through. [ < T>. per, 
through, + meo. pass.]— per"me-a-bil'i-ty, n. 
—per'me-a-bKe 1 ’, a. Allowing passage, espe¬ 
cially of fluids.—per"me-a'tlon, pcr'nie- 

a"tlv(e 9 , a. Tending to permeate, 
per-mis'sion, 1 par-mi^h'an; 2 per-mish'on, n. 
The act of permitting or allowing; license 
granted.— per- rats 'si-bl (e p , per-niis'siv(e 8 , 
a. 1. That permits. 2. That is permitted, -ly, adv. 
per-mit', 1 par-mit'; 2 per-mlt', vt. & vi. [per- 
MiT'TEDd; per-mit'ting.] 1. To give tacit 
consent to; allow. 2. To grant leave to; give 
permission. [ < L. permitto, < per, through, 
-f mitto, send.] [warrant, 

per'init, 1 pur'mit; 2 per'mit, n. Permission or 
per"mu-ta'tion, 1 pur"miu-te'^han; 2 per"- 
mii-ta'shon, n. Arrangement of a number of 
things with reference to their order; recipro- 



Diagram showing 
Perihelion. 

«, sun; a, aphelion;/), 
perihelion. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, ftll; roe, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; 1 = e; I = e; go, not, or, w r 6n f 













441 


perfunctory 

perspire 


cal change; interchange. [< L. per, through, 
+ muto, change.]—per-niute', vt. 
Per"nam-bu'co, 1 per"nam-bu'ko; 2 per’nam- 
bq'co, n. 1. A state in E. Brazil; 49,572 sq. m.; 
pop. 1,975,440. 2. Its capital; pop. 216,480. 
per-ni'ciOUS, 1 par-nikh'us; 2 per-msh'us, a. 
Having the power of destroying or injuring. 
[< L.f per, through, + neco, kill.] 

Pc"ronne', 1 pe"ren'; 2 pe'Ton', n. French town 
on the Somme river; pop. 5,000; scene of vio¬ 
lent fighting between Germans and Allies, 1918. 
per"o-ra'tion, 1 per"o-re'shan; 2 per"o-ra'- 
shon, n. The conclusion of an oration. [ < L. 
per, through, + oro, harangue.]—per'o-rate, vi. 
per-ox'id, ) 1 par-eks'id, -id or -aid; 2 per-oks'id, 
per-ox'ide, j -id or -id, n. Chem. An oxid having a 
larger proportion of oxygen than any other of the 
same series. 

per"pen-dlc 'u-Iar, 1 pur"pen-dik'yu-lar; 2 
per"pen-dic'yu-lar. I. a. 1. Upright or verti¬ 
cal. 2. Geom. Meeting a given line at right 
angles. II. n. A perpendicular line. [ < L. 
per, through, + pendeo, hang.] -i-ty, n. 
per'pe-trate, 1 pur'pi-tret; 2 per'pe-trat, vt. 
[-TRAT"ED d ; -trat"ing.] To do, or carry 
through, in a bad sense; be guilty of. [ < L. 
per, through, + patro, perform.]—per"pe-tra'- 
tion, n.~ per'pe-tra"tor, n. 
per-pet'u-al, 1 par-pedh'u-for -pet'yu-]al; 2 
per-p8ch'u-[or -pet'yu-]al, a. 1. Continuing 
unlimited in time. 2. Incessant. [ < L. pef- 
petuus, < per, through, + peto, seek.] -ly, 
adv. —per-pet'u-ate, vt. [-AT"ED d ;- at"ing.] To 
cause to be continued or to endure indefinitely.— 
per-pet"u-a'tion, n .—per-pet'u-a"tor, n. — 
per"pe-tu'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] Something per¬ 
petual; unending time. 

per-plex'S 1 par-pleks'; 2 per-pleks', vt. 1. To 
subject to doubt or difficulty in determining. 
2. To make confusing. [ < L. per, through, + 
plexus, pp. of plecto, plait.]— per-plex'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] A perplexed condition; bewilderment, 
per'qui-site, \ 1 pur'kwi-zit; 2 per'kwi-glt, n. 
per'qtli-sit 8 , ) Any profit from service beyond 
the salary. [ < L. per, through, + qusero, seek.] 
Pcr'ry, 1 per'r, 2 per'y, n. 1. Matthew Calbraith 
(1794-1858), an American commodore; opened 
Japan to commerce in 1852. 2. Oliver Hazard 
(1785-1819), an American naval commander; 
defeated British on Lake Erie, Sep. 10, 1813. 
pers., abbr. Person, personal, personally, 
per'se-cute, 1 pur'si-kiut; 2 per'se-cut, vt. 
[-cuT"ED d ; -cut"ing.] 1. To pursue in a man¬ 
ner to injure or afflict, as on account of relig¬ 
ious belief. 2. To harass. [ < L. per, through, 
+ sequor, follow.]— per"se-CU'tion, n. The act 
of persecuting; oppression.— per'se-cu"tiv(e 3 , a. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —per'se-cu"tor, n. 

Per-seph'o-ne, 1 par-set'o-ni; 2 per-sSf'o-ne, n. 

Wife of Pluto and queen of the infernalregions. 
Per-sep'o-lis, 1 par-sep'o-lis; 2 per-sep'o-lis, n. 

An ancient capital of Persia; now in_ ruins. 

Per'seus, 1 pur'sius or pur'si-us; 2 per'sus or per - 
se-us, n. Gr. Myth. The rescuer and husband of 
Andromeda; slayer of the Gorgon Medusa. 
per"se-vere% 1 pur"si-vir'; 2 per se-ver , vi. 
|-vered'; -ver , ing.] To persist in a purpose; 
keep striving. [ < L. F per, through, -f- severus, 
strict.]— per"se-ver'ance, n. The act or habit 
of perseveriner: persistence.—per"se-ver ant, a. 
Per'shing, 1 pur'Slim: 2 per'shing. John Joseph 
(1860- ), United States General: commander* 

in*chief of American Expeditionary Forces in 
World War, 1917-18; defeated Germans at St. 
Mihiel, the Argonne and the Marne, Sept., 1918. 
Per'sia, 1 pur'sha; 2 per'sha. n. A kingdom in W. 


central Asia; 628,000 sq. m.; pop. 9,500,000; cap¬ 
ital, Teheran. — Per'sian, a. & n. — Persian 
Gulf, an arm of the Indian ocean, between Persia 
and Arabia: 520 by 220 m. 

per"si"flage', 1 per"sl"fla 3 '; 2 per"si"flazh', n. A 
light, flippant style of conversation or writing. [F.] 

per-sim'mon, 1 par-sim'an; 2 per-sim'on, n. 
The orange*red or yellow, 
plum*like fruit of an 
American tree of the 
ebony family, very astrin¬ 
gent in taste until exposed 
to frost; also, the tree it¬ 
self. [Am. Ind.] 

per-sist' d , 1 par-sist'; 2 
per-sist', OT. 1. To adhere 
firmly to any course, de¬ 
sign, etc. 2. To continue Pe r simmon*leaves. 
fixed; endure. [ < L. per, “> 8teriIe flowers; b • fruit - 
through, + sisto, caus. of sto, stand.]—per-sis'- 
tence, n. The quality of being persistent; per¬ 
severance. per-sis'ten-cyt.—per-sis'tent, a. 

1. Firm and persevering in a course or resolve. 

2. Enduring; permanent, -ly, adv. 

per'son, 1 pur'san; 2 per'son, n. 1. A human 
being; an individual. 2. The body of a human 
being, or its characteristic appearance. 3. 
Law. A corporation, artificial person f. 4 .Gram. 
One of the relations or forms distinguishing the 
speaker, the person or thing spoken to, and that 
spoken of; as, I or we, thou or you, he or it. [ < F. 
personne, < L. persona, mask for actors, < per, 
through, + sonus, sound.]— per'son-age, n. 1. 
A man or woman as an individual, especially one 
of rank. 2. An assumed character.— per'son- 
a-bl(ee, a. Attractive in person; of good ap¬ 
pearance.— per'son-al, a. 1. Pertaining to or 
done by a particular person. 2. Characteristic of 
human beings. 3. Pertaining to the body or ap¬ 
pearance.— per"son-al'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. 
That which constitutes a person. 2. Anything 
.said of a person, especially if disparaging.— per'- 
son-al-ly, adv. — per'son-al-ty, n. Personal 
property.— per'son-ate, vt. [-at"eo<>; -at"ing.] 
To assume the character of; impersonate.— per"- 
son-a'tion, n. The act of personating; imper¬ 
sonation, especially false personation.— per'son- 
a"tor, n.— per-son'i-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"ing.] 1. 
To attribute human qualities to. 2. To typify.— 
per-son"i-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Striking or typical 
exemplification. 2. Rhet. The figurative endow¬ 
ment of things or of ideas with personal attri¬ 
butes.— per"son-nel ', n. Persons collectively, as 
ii. some service, or their collective characteristics. 

persp., abbr. Perspective. 

per-spec'tiv(e s ,. 1 par-spelc'tiv; 2 per-spee'tiv. 

1. a. 1. Pertaining to the art of perspective. 

2. Drawn in perspective. II. n. 1. The art of 
delineating solid objects on a flat surface, so 
that they shall appear to the eye in relief like 
the real objects. 2. A distant view; vista. 
[F., < L. per, through, + specio, look.] 

per-spic'u-ous, 1 par-spik'yu-us; 2 per-spTe'- 
yu-us, a. Having the quality of perspicuity; 
clear; lucid. [< L. per, through, + specio, 
look.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— per"spi-ca'clous, a. 
Keenly discerning or understanding.—per"spi- 
cac'i-ty, n. Mental penetration.—per"spi-cu'- 
i-ty, n. Clearness of expression or style; lucidity. 

per-spire', 1 par-spair'; 2 per-spir', vt. & vi. 
[per-spired'; per-spir'ing.] To excrete 
through the pores; sweat. [< L. OF per, 
through, + spiro, breathe.]—per-spir'a-bl(e p , a. 
—per"spi-ra'tion, n. The act of perspiring; 
sweat. 



1: a = final; 
2: wqlf, dp; 


1 = habit; aisle; an = out; 
book, boot; full, rule, cure, 


oil; lu = feud; ifhin; go; i) = siR( 7 ; fhin, this, 
but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









persuade 

pheasant 


per-suade', 1 par-swed'; 2 per-swad', vt. & vi. 
[pER-suAD , ED d ; per-suad'ing.] 1. To win 
over by entreaty or reasoning, or by an ap¬ 
peal, etc. 2. To win to full belief; plead suc¬ 
cessfully. [ < L. per, through, + suadeo, ad¬ 
vise.]—per-suad 'er, to.— per-sua"si-bil'i-ty, ra. 
per-sua'si-bl(e-ness p t.—per-sua'si-bl(e p , a. 
Open to persuasion, per-suad 'a-bl (e p fper- 
sua'sion, to. 1. The act of persuading. 2. Set¬ 
tled opinion; accepted creed. 3. Persuasiveness. 
—per-sua'siv(e 8 , a. Having power or tending to 
persuade, -ly, adv. -ness, ». 
pert, 1 purt; 2 pert, a. Disrespectfully forward 
or free; saucy. [Partly < W. pert, comely; and 
partly < QF. apert, open.] -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
pert., abbr. Pertaining. 

per-tain', 1 par-ten'; 2 per-tan', vi. 1. To be¬ 
long as ah attribute, property, element, etc.; 
appertain. 2. To have reference; relate. [< 
L. OF per, through, + teneo, hold.] 
per"ti-na'clous, 1 pur"ti-ne'^hus; 2 per"ti-na'- 
shus, a. 1. Tenacious of purpose; firmly ad¬ 
hering to a pursuit or opinion. 2. Continuing 
steadily: incessant. [ <L. pertinax ( pertinac-), 
< per, through, 4- tenax; see tenacious.] -ly, adv. 
—per"ti-nac'i-ty, n. per"ti-na'cious-nessf. 
per'ti-nent, 1 pur'ti-nent; 2 per'ti-nent, a. 
Related to or properly bearing upon the mat¬ 
ter in hand; relevant. [< L. pertinen(t-)s, 
ppr. of pertineo, pertain.] -ly, adv. —per'ti- 
nence, n. per'ti-nen-cyf. 
per-turb', 1 par-turb'; 2 per-tflrb', vt. To dis¬ 
quiet thoroughly; disturb greatly; agitate. 
[< L. per, through, + turba, crowd.]—pertur¬ 
bation, to. 1. The state of being perturbed; 
agitation. 2. Deviation in the motion of a heav¬ 
enly body. 

Pe-ru', 1 pi-ru'; 2 pe-ry', to. A republic in W. South 
America; 722,461 sq. m.; pop. 4,620,200; capital, 
Lima.—Pe-ru'vi-an, a. & n. 
pe-ruke', 1 pe-ruk' or per'uk; 2 pS-ruk' or per'- 
uk, to. A wig introduced in England abou.t 
1670; periwig. [ < F. perrugue.) 
pe-ruse', 1 pi-ruz'; 2 pe-ru§', vt. [pe-rused'; 
pe-rus'ing.] To read carefully or attentively; 
read through. [< per- + use, t>.]—pe-ru'- 
sal, to. The act of perusing. 

Peruv., abbr. Peruvian. 

per-vade', 1 par-ved'; 2 per-vad', vt. [per- 
VAD'ED d ; per-vad'ing.] 1. To pass or spread 
through every part. 2. To permeate. [ < L. 
per, through, -f vado, go.]—per-va'sion, to.— 
per-va'siv(e s , a. Penetrating; permeating, -ly, 
adv. -ness, ra. 

per-verse', 1 par-vurs'; 2 per-vers', a. 1. Wil¬ 
fully wrong or erring; unreasonable. 2. 
Thwarting or refractory. 3. Petulant. [ < L. 
perversus, pp. of perverto; see pervert.] -ly, adv. 
—per-ver'slon, to. Distorted construction; mis¬ 
application.—per-ver'sl-ty, to. [-ties 2 , pi.) Per¬ 
verse nature or behavior, per-verse'ness J.— 
per-ver'siv(e 8 , a. Tending to pervert, 
per-vert', 1 par-vurt'; 2 per-vert'. I d . vt. 1. 
To turn from its right purpose, use, or mean¬ 
ing. 2. To alter for the worse. II. to. An 
apostate; renegade. [< L. F < per, through, 
+ verto, turn.] — per-vert'er, to. — per-vert'l- 
bl(e p , a.— per-vert'i-bly, adv. 
per'vi-ous, 1 pur'vi-us; 2 per'vi-us, a. Capa¬ 
ble of being penetrated; permeable. [< L. 
per, through, + via, way.] -ness, to. [coin. 
pe-se'ta, 1 pe-se'ta; 2 pe-se'ta, to. [Sp.] See 
pe'so, 1 pe'so; 2 pe'so, to. The Spanish or the 
Mexican dollar. See coin. [Sp.] 
pes'si-mism, 1 pes'i-mizm; 2 pes'i-migm, to . 1 . 


442 


A disposition to take a gloomy view of affairs. 

2. Cynicism. [< L. pessimus, worst.] — pes'- 
sl-mlst, to.— pes"sl-mis'tic, -tl-cal, a. —pes"- 
si-mls'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

pest, 1 pest; 2 pfist, to. 1. A virulent epidemic; 
pestilence. 2. A pernicious or vexatious per¬ 
son or thing. [< F. peste (< L. pestis), 
plague.]— pest'=house", «. A hospital for treat¬ 
ing infectious diseases. 

Pes"ta-loz'zI, 1 pes'ta-let'sl; 2 pes"ta-lot'sI, 
Johann Hctnrich (1746-1827). A Swiss educa¬ 
tional reformer.— Pes"ta-Ioz'zi-an, a. & to. 
pes'ter, 1 pes'tar: 2 pes'ter, vt. To beset in an 
annoying or irritating way. — pes'ter-er, to. 
pes-tif'er-ous, 1 pes-tif'ar-us; 2 pAs-tif'er-iis, 
a. 1. Carrying pestilence. 2. Threatening 
evil. [ < L. pestis, plague, + L. fero, bear.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, to. 

pes'ti-lent, 1 pes'ti-lent; 2 p&s'ti-lent. a. 1. 
Tending to produce malignant zymotic dis¬ 
ease. 2. Having a malign influence or effect. 

3. Making trouble; vexatious. [F., < L. pesti- 
len(t-)s, < pestis, plague.] — pes'ti-lence, n. 
Any wide*spread and fatal infectious malady.— 
pes"ti-len'fial, a. Having the nature of or 
breeding pestilence.—pes'ti-lent-ly, adv. 

pes'tl(e p , 1 pes'l; 2 pes'l, to 
used for brayipg, bruising, 
or mixing substances, as in 
a mortar; a pounder. [< 

L. OF pistillum, < pislus, pp. 
of pinso, pound.] 
pet, 1 pet; 2 p§t, vt. [pet'- 
TED d ; pet'ting.] To treat 
as a pet; fondle, 
pet, a. 1. Being a pet; in- Pestle and Mortar. 

dulged and fondled. 2. Regarded as a 
favorite; cherished. 

pet 1 , to. 1. A tame, fondled animal. 2. Any 
loved and cherished creature. [ < Ir. peat.] 
pet-, to. A fit of pique or ill temper; peevish 
mood. [Prob. < pet 1 , through pettish, taken 
as ‘ like a spoiled child.’] 

I’e-t., abbr. Peter. 

pet'al, 1 pet'al; 2 p^t'al, to. One of the leaves 
or subordinate parts of a corolla. [ < Gr. 
petalon, leaf.]— pet'aled, a. Provided with pet¬ 
als. pet'alledt; pet'al-ousj.—pet'a-lin(e a , a. 
Of, pertaining to, or like a petal, 
pe-tard', 1 pi-tard'; 2 pe-tard', to. An explo¬ 
sive device formerly used for making breaches, 
etc., as in walls. [OF.] 

Pe'ter, 1 pi'tar; 2 pe'ter, to. 1. Bib. A Galilean 
fisherman, Simon by name; one of the twelve 
apostles. 2. Either of the two epistles written by 
him. 3. Any one of several emperors of Russia, 
especially: P. I. (1672-1725), “The Great”; 
remodeled government of Russia. 

Pe'ters-burg, 1 pl'tarz-burg; 2 pG'terg-burg, n. 
i. Saint. See Petrograd. 2. A port in S. E. 
Virginia; pop. 31,010; captured after a siege by 
General Grant, April 2, 1865. 
pet'i-ole, 1 pet'i-ol; 2 pgt'i-5l, to. 1. Bot. The 
footstalk of a leaf. 2. Zool. A stalk or pe¬ 
duncle. [ < L. OF petiolus, fruit*stalk.] —pet'i- 
o"lar, a. Pertaining to a petiole, pet'i-o-la"- 
ryt.—pet'i-o-late, a. Having a petiole. 

Pot'it, 1 1 pet'i; 2 pet'i, a. Small; lesser; mi- 
pet'ty p , (nor; petty: used in law phrases; as, 
petit jury; petit larceny. [F., = petty.] 
pe-tite', 1 pa-tit'; 2 pe-tit', a. Diminutive. 
[F.] -ness, to. 

pe-ti'tion, 1 pi-ti^h'an; 2 pe-tish'on. I. vt. & 
vi. To present a petition; request. II. to. A 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, hr; full, rOle; but, burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, ||U; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdnj 








443 


persuade 

pheasant 


supplication, prayer, or formal request. [OF., 
< L. petitio(n-), < veto , seek.l—pe-ti'tion-a- 
ry, a.—pe-ti'tion-er, n. 

Pe'fcrarch, 1 pl'trark; 2 pe'trare, Francesco 
• An Italian scholar and poet, 
pet rel, 1 pet'rel; 2 pet'r£l, n. A long=winged 
dusky sea=bird, frequenting the high seas, and 
rarely landing; Mother Carey’s chicken. See 
bird. [ < F. petrel, lit. ‘ little Peter ’ (from seem¬ 
ing to walk on the sea, like St. Peter).] 
pet'ri-fy, 1 pet'ri-fai; 2 pet'ri-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-eyeing.] To convert into a substance of 
stony character; figuratively, to make hard 
and unyielding. [< L. petra, rock; and see 
-fy.] —pet"ri-fac'tion, n. Partial or entire re¬ 
placement of the material of an organism by min¬ 
eral matter; fossilization.—pet"ri-fac'tiv(e s , a. 

1. Causing or tending to petrify, pe-trif'lcj. 

2. Pertaining to petrifaction. 

Pe'tro-grad, 1 pe'tro-grad; 2 pe'tro-grad. n. A 
city, capital of Russia, on the river Neva; pop. 
2,318,645; founded by Peter the Great, 1703; 
name changed from St. Petersburg, 1914. 
petrol., abbr. Petrology. 

pe-tro'le-um, 1 pi-tro'h-um; 2 pe-tro'le-um, n- 
An inflammable oily liquid composed of va¬ 
rious compounds of hydrogen and carbon ex¬ 
uding from the earth; coaboil. [ < L. petra, 
rock, + oleum, oil.]—pet'rol, n. Gasoline: an 
automobilist’s term. 

P e “t ro l ,0 ."gy* 1 pi-trel'o-ji; 2 pe-trol'o-gy, n. 
The science of rocks: a branch of geology. 
[< Gr. petros, rock, + -logy.]— pet"ro-log'ic, 
-t-cal, a. —pet"ro-log'i-ca!-Iy, adv — pe-trol'- 
o-gist, n.—pe-trog'ra-phy, n. The scientific 
study of the structure of rocks: a branch of 
petrology. — pe-trog'ra-pher, n. — pet"ro- 
graph'ic, -i-cal, a. 

pet'ti-coat, 1 pet'i-kot; 2 pet'i-eot, n. A skirt 
or loose garment depending from the waist: 
a woman’s underskirt, f < petty 4- coat, n] 
pet'ti-fog"ger, 1 pet'i-feg'er; 2 pet'i-fog"er, n. 
An inferior lawyer, especially one resorting to 
small or tricky methods, 
pet'tish. 1 pet'nfli; 2 pet'ish, a. Capriciously 
ill-tempered; testy. 

pet'ty, 1 pet'i; 2 pet'y, a. [pet'ti-er; petti¬ 
est.] Having little worth or rank; inferior. 
[< F. petit, small.] * 

pet'u-lant, lpet'yu-lant;2pSt'yu-lant, a. Dis¬ 
playing or characterized by capricious fretful¬ 
ness. [< L. petulan(t-)s, ult. < peto, attack.] 
—pet'u-Iance, n. pet'u-Jan-cyt. 
pe-tu'ni-a, 1 pi-tiu'm-a; 2 pe-tii'ni-a, n. A 
plant of a Brazilian genus of herbs of the 
nightshade family, with showy funnebshaped 
flowers. T < Am. Ind. pelun, tobacco.] 
pew, 1 piu; 2 pu, n. A long enclosed seat in a 
church. [ < OF. peu, elevated seat, < L. 
podium, balcony, < Gr. podion, dim. of pous 
{pod-), foot.] 

pe'wee, 1 pl'wi; 2 pe'we, n. [U. S.] A small 
olive*green flycatcher. [From its note.] 
pe'wit, 1 pi'wit; 2 pe'wit, n. A pewee, lap¬ 
wing, or laughing gull. [Imitative.] pe'wett. 
pew'ter, 1 piu'tar; 2 pu'ter, n. 1. An alloy, 
usually of.tin and lead, formerly much used 
for tableware. 2. Pewter vessels collectively. 
[< OF. peutre, < LG. spialter, zinc.] 
p. f., abbr. [It.] Piu forte (a little louder).—pf., 
abbr. Perfect, preferred.—Pg., abbr. Portugal, 
Portuguese.—P. G. M., abbr. Past Grand Master. 
Pha'e-thon, 1 fe'i-then; 2 fa'e-thon, n. Class. 
Myth. Son of Helios (the Sun'; set heaven and 



earth on fire trying to drive his father’s chariot, 
pha 'e-ton, ) 1 fe'i-tan; 2 fa'e-ton, n. A light 
fa 'e-tonr, ) four = wheeled 
boxless carriage, open at 
the sides, and usually hav- 
ing a top. [< Gr. 

Phaethon, fabled unlucky 
driver of the sun*chariot.] 
pha'lanx, ) 1 fe'lapks; 2 fa'- 
fa'lanxr, )lanks, n. [pha- 

lan'ges or (except in American Two= 
Anat. and Bot.) pha'- spring Phaeton. 
lanx-es, pi.] 1. The Macedonian order of 
battle, a formation with ranks 8 to 16 deep. 
2. Any compact body or corps. 3. One 
of the bones of the fingers or toes. [ < Gr. L 
phalanx, battle=line, bone of finger or toe.] 
phan'tasm, phan'ta-sy, phan'tom, etc. Same 
as fantasm, etc. 

Phar., Pharm., abbr. Pharmaceutical, Pharma¬ 
copoeia, pharmacist, pharmacy. 

Pha'raoh, 1 fe'ro or fe'ri-o; 2 fa'ro or fa'ra-o, n. 
Any one of the monarchs of ancient Egypt. 

—Phar"a-on Ic, a. 

Phar'i-see, 1 far'i-si; 2 far'i-se, n. One of an 
ancient exclusive Jewish sect that paid ex¬ 
cessive regard to tradition and ceremonies. 
[< Gr. pharisaios, < Heb. parush, separated.]— 
phar"i-sa'ic, phar"i-sa'l-cal, a. 1. Pertaining 
to the Pharisees. 3. Observing the form, but neg¬ 
lecting the spirit, of religion. 
phar"ma-ceu 'tic, 1 far"me-siu'tik; 2 far"ma- 
Cu'tic, a. Pertaining to or relating to phar¬ 
macy. [ < Gr. pharmakeutikos, < pharmakon, 
drug.] phar'ma-calj; phar"ma-ceu'ti-calt. 
— phar"ma-ceu'ti-cal-ly, adv. — phar"ma- 
ceu 'tics, n. Pharmacy as a science.— phar"ma- 
ceu'tist, n. A qualified apothecary or druggist, 
phar"ma-co-poe'ia, 1 far"m9-ko-pi'ya; 2 far"- 
ma-co-pe'ya, n. 1. A book containing formu¬ 
las and methods of preparing medicines, etc. 
2. A collection of drugs. [ < Gr. pharmakon, 
drug, + poieo, make.] 

pliar'ma-cy, ) 1 far'ms-si; 2 fiir'ma-cy, n. 
far'ma-cyr, ) [-ciesz, pi.] 1. The art or busi¬ 
ness of compounding and dispensing medi¬ 
cines. 2. A drugstore. [ < Gr. pharmakeia, 

< pharmakon, drug.]—phar'ma-cist, n. 

Pha 'ros, 1 fe'res; 2 fa'ros, n. 1. The ancient 
lighthouse on the island of Pharos. 2. [p-J 
Hence, any lighthouse; beacon. 

Phar-sa'li-a, 1 far-se'li-a; 2 far-sa'li-a, n. A dis¬ 
trict of ancient Thessaly; Caesar defeated Pom- 
pey, Aug. 9, 48 B. C. 


phar'ynx, )1 far'irjks; 2 far'ynks, n. [pha- 
far'ynx p , ) ryn'ges, 1 fa-rin'jlz; 2 fa-rln'geg, 
pi.] The part of the alimentary canal be¬ 
tween the palate and the esophagus, serving 
as an air=pas.sage, and also as a food=passage. 
[ < Gr. pharynx, throat.] — phar"yn-ge'al, a. 
pha-ryn'galf. 

phase, ) 1 fez; 2 fas, n. 1. Any one of varying 
fase p , ) manifestations of an object. 2. Phys¬ 
ics. In an oscillatory motion, the special 
form of a wave at any instant: often measured 
as an angle, the whole period being regarded 
as a circle, or 360°. [ < Gr. LL phasis, < phad, 
shine.]— pha'sis, n. A phase, as of the moon. 
Ph.B., abbr. [L.] Philosophise Baccalaureus (Bach¬ 
elor of Philosophy).— Ph.D., abbr. [L.] Philo¬ 
sophise Doctor (Doctor of Philosophy), 
pheas'aut, ) 1 fez'ent; 2 fe§'ant, n. 1. A long- 
fez'ant p , ) tailed gallinaceous bird: noted for 
the gorgeous plumage of the male. 2. One 


1:a = final; i = hablG aisle; au = 0 Mt; ell: Iu = fe«d; <5hin,' go; o = smf 7 ; fhin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; fyll, ryle, cure, but, blirn; oil, boy go, gem; ink; thin, this. 















Phen. 

physiognomy 


444 


of various other birds, as the ruffed grouse 
or partridge. [ < Gr. L phasianos, < Phasis, 
Phasis, river in Colchis. 1 
Phen., Phenic., abbr. Phenician. 
l’he-ni'ci-a, 1 fi-niSh'i-o; 2 fe-nish'i-a, ra. An an¬ 
cient Semitic country N. of Palestine and E. of 
Syria; it flourished from the 16th to the 2nd cen¬ 
tury B. C.; chief cities. Tyre and Sidon.— Phe- 
ni'cl-an, a. & ra. 

phe'nix, (1 fl'niks; 2 fe'niks, ra. 1. Egypt. 
fe'nix p , ) Myth. A sacred bird, fabled as com¬ 
ing every 500 years to Heliopolis, where it 
burned itself on the altar and rose again 
from its ashes young and beautiful. 2. A per¬ 
son of rare and high excellence; a prodigy. 
[< Gr. L+A3 phoinix, phenix.] 
phe'nol, 1 fl'nol or -nel; 2 fe'nol or -nol, ra. A 
white crystalline compound derived from 
coal-tar oil; carbolic acid. [< Gr. F phaino, 
shine, 4- L. oleum, oil.] 

phe-nom'e-noil,) 1 fi-nem'i-nen; 2 fe-nom'- 
fe-nom'e-non p , ) e-non, n. [-e-na, pi ] 1. 

Something visible or directly observable. 2. 
Any unusual occurrence; marvel; prodigy. 
[< Gr. phainomenon, neut. pass. ppr. of phalnd, 
show.]— phe-nom'e-nal, a. 1. Pertaining to 
phenomena. 2. Extraordinary or marvelous. 

Ph. G., abbr. Graduate in Pharmacy, 
phl'al, 1 fai'el; 2 fl'al, v. & n. Same as vial. 
Phid'i-as, 1 fid'i-as; 2 fld'i-as, n. (5007-432 B. C.) 
An Athenian architect and sculptor; designed and 
directed sculptures of the Parthenon, 
phll-. See Philo-. [loving.] -philef. 

-phil, suffix. Loving or fond of. [< Gr. philos, 
Phil., abbr. Philenion, Philip, Philippines.— Phil., 
Phila. (official), abbr. Philadelphia.— phil., 
philol., abbr. Philologist, philology.— phil., 
philos., abbr. Philosopher, philosophy. 
Phll"a-del 'phi-a, Lfil"a-del'fi-a; 2 fll'a-dei'fi-a, n. 
A city and county of S. E. Pennsylvania; 130 
sq. m.; pop. 1,824,000. Declaration of Indepen¬ 
dence, July 4,1776.— Phil"a-del'phi-an, a. & ra. 
phl-lan'der, 1 fi-lan'dar: 2 fi-lan'der, vi. To play 
at courtship; make love. [< Gr. philandros, 
man-loving.] 

phi-lan'thro-py, ) 1 fi-lan'thro-pi; 2 fi-l&n'- 
fl-lan'thro-py p , )thro-py, ra. Love of man¬ 
kind; effort to mitigate social evils. [< Gr. 
phileo, love, 4- anlhrdpos, man.] — phi!"an- 
throp'ic, phil"an-throp'l-cal, a. —phil"an- 
throp'l-cal-ly, adv. — phi-lan'thro-pist, ra. An 
author or promoter of benevolent projects. 
Philem., abbr. Philemon. 

Phl-le'mon, 1 fi-ll'man; 2 fi-16'mon, n. Bib. A 
Pauline epistle to a Greek so named. 
phil"har-mon'ic,) 1 firhar-mon'ik; 2 ffT- 
fll"har-mon'ic p , )har-mon'ie, a. Fond of 
harmony or music. [< phil(o- -f Gr. har- 
monia, harmony.] 

Phil 'ip, 1 fil'ip; 2 fil'ip, ra. 1. One of five kings of 
Macedonia; especially, P. II. (382-336 B. C.); 
conqueror of Thessaly and Greece; father of Alex¬ 
ander the Great. 2. One of several kings of 
France; especially, P. II., Augustus (1165- 
1223); conducted a crusade with Richard I. of 
England. 3. One of several kings of Spain; es¬ 
pecially, P. II. (1527-1598); oppressed Nether¬ 
lands; defeated Turks at Lepanto; sent Spanish 
Armada against England. 

Pill-lip'pi, 1 fi-lip'ai, 2 fi-lip'I, ra. A ruined city in 
Macedonia; here Augustus and Antony defeated 
Brutus and Cassius, 42 B. C.; St. Paul im¬ 
prisoned here. Acts xvi, 12.— Phi-lip'pi-an, a. 
& ra — Phi-lip 'pi-ans, ra. pi. The epistle of St. 
Paul to the Christians at Philippi. 


Phi-lip'pie, ) 1 fi-lip'ik; 2 fi-llp'ic, ra. 1. Any 
Fi-lip'pic p ,j) one of the speeches in which 
Demosthenes denounced Philip of Macedon. 
2. [p-] Any impassioned speech character¬ 
ized by invective. [ < Gr. Philippikos, < 
Philippos, Philip.] 

Phil'ip-pine Is'lands, 1 fil'i-pin or -pin; 2 fil'i-pin 
or -pin. An archipelago S. of China; about 3,140 
islands; 114,400 sq. m.; pop. about 10,350,640; 
capital, Manila: ceded by Spain to the United 
States, Dec. 10, 1898. 

Phi-lis'ti-a, 1 fi-lis'ti-a; 2 fi-lis'ti-a, ra. Bib. A 
strip of plain on the Mediterranean, S. W. Pales¬ 
tine. Ps. lx, 8.—Phi-Iis'tin(e s , ra. 1. One of a 
warlike race of ancient Philistia; 1 Sam. xvii, 23. 
2. [p- or P-] An ignorant, narrow-minded, or un¬ 
cultured person.—Phi-lis'tin(e 8 , a. 

Phil'lips, 1 fil'ips; 2 fil'ips, Wendell (1811-18S4). 

An American orator and abolitionist 
phil'o-, )1 fil'o-, fil-; 2 fil'o-, fll-. From Greek 
phil-, ) philos, loving; fond of: combining forms. 
Phi'lo Ju-dse'us, 1 fai'lo ju-dl'us; 2 fi'lo ju-de'us. 

A Jewish Platonic philosopher of the 1st century, 
phi-lol'o-gy, ) 1 fi-lol'o-ji; 2 fi-161'o-gy, n. The 
fi-lol'o-gy p , ) study of language; linguistic 
science. [ < Gr. phileo, love, + logos, word.] 
—phil"o-log'Ic, phil"o-log'i-eal, a. —phll"- 
o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. —phi-lol'o-gist, ra. An ex¬ 
pert in linguistics, phi-lol 'o-gert. 
phil'o-mel, ) 1 fil'o-mel; 2 fil'o-mSl, ra. [Poet.] 
fil 'o-mel p , \ The nightingale. [< Gr. philome- 
la, < phileb, love, 4- melos, song.] phll"o-ine'lat. 
phii"o-pe'na, ) 1 fil"o-pi'no; 2 fIl"o-pe'na, ra. 
fil" o-pe'na p , S A social game involving a gift 
made as a forfeit. 

phil"o-pro-gen'i-tiv(e-ness 8 , 1 fil"o-pro-jen'- 

l-tiv-nes; 2 fil"o-pro-gSn'i-tTv-nes, ra. Phren. 
The love of offspring or of children, or the 
faculty of which this is a manifestation, 
phi-los'o-phy,) 1 fi-les'o-fi; 2 fi-los'o-fy, ra. 
fi-los'o-fy p , \ [-phiesz, pi.] 1. The love of 
wisdom as leading to the search for it; hence, 
knowledge of general principles as explaining 
facts and existences. 2. The general laws 
that furnish the rational explanation of any¬ 
thing. 3. Practical wisdom. 4. Reasoned 
science. 5. Metaphysics. [ < Gr. philosophia, 
< philed, love, + sophia, wisdom.]—phi-los'o- 
pher, ra. 1 . A student of philosophy. 2. A man of 
practical wisdom.—philosopher’s stone, some¬ 
thing which should have the property of transmut¬ 
ing the baser metals into gold.—phil"o-sopli'ic, 
a. 1 . Pertaining to or founded on the principles of 
philosophy. 2. Self-restrained and serene; ration¬ 
al; thoughtful; calm.—phil"o-soph'i-cal, a. Be¬ 
longing to or used in the study of natural philoso¬ 
phy or physics. — phil"o-soph'i-cal-ly, adv .— 
phi-los'o-phize, vi. [-phized; -phiz"ing.] To 
examine or discuss philosophic subjects; theorize. 
Phil. Soc., I’ll. S., abbr. Philological Society, 
phil'ter, ) 1 fil'tar; 2 fil'ter, ra. A love-potion, 
phil'tre, ( [ < Gr. philtron, < philos, loving.] 
phle-bot'o-my, 1 fli-bet'o-mi; 2 fle-bot'o-my, 
ra. Surg. The operation of bloodletting. [ < 
Gr. phleps ( phleb -), vein, 4- temno, cut.]—phle- 
bot'o-mize, -mise, vt. 

Plileg'e-thon, 1 fleg'i-fhon; 2 flfcg'e-thdn, ra. Gr. 
Myth. One of the five rivers of Hades; literally, 
the fiery. 

phlegm, \ 1 flem; 2 flSm, ra. 1. A viscid, stringy 
llegm p , S mucus secreted in the air-passages or 
the stomach. 2. Apathy; indifference. [ < Gr. 
phlegma, inflammation, phlegm.]—phleg-mat'- 
ic, a. Sluggish; indifferent.—phleg-mat'i-cal- 
ly or phleg-mat'ic-ly, adv. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fire; fast; get, prgy; hit, police; obey, gfl; net, Sr; full, rQle; but, bhra; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 








445 


Phen. 

physiognomy 


phlox, 

flox p , 

herbs 



1 fleks; 2 floks, n. A plant of a North® 
American genus of 
with opposite leaves 
and clusters of showy flowers. 

[L.. < Gr. phlox , flame, < 
phlego, burn.l 

-phobe, suffix. Having a hor¬ 
ror of, as Anglop/io6e. [< 

Gr. phobos, fear.] 

-phobia, suffix. Unreasonable 
fear or dread; morbid dislike. 

[ < Gr. -phobia, fear, dread, Phlox. 

^ phebomai. lear.l Flowers of the wild sweet* 

Phoe'bus, 1 fi'ous; 2 fe'bus. william, a, its fruit (Id 
Tl. 1. Apollo: so called as dehiscence). 
sun*god. 2. Hence, poetically, the sun. 
Phce-ni'ci-a, etc. See Phenicia, etc. 
phoe'nix 1 , n. Same as phenix. 

Phce'nixs, n. The capital of the state of Arizona; 
pop. 29.050. 

phon., phonet., abbr. Phonetics. 
pho-ne_t'ic, I 1 fo-net'ik; 2 fo-net'ie, a. 1. Re- 
fo-net'ic p , plating to articulate sound. 2. 
Directly representing articulate sound; as, 
phonetic spelling. [ < Gr. phonetikos, < phone, 
sound.1— pho-net'i-cist, n. One who advocates 
or employs phonetic spelling, plio'net-istt. — 
pho-net'ics, n. The science of articulate sound, 
phon'lcs|; pho-nol'o-gyf. 
phon'ic, 
fon'ic p , 

sound, f < Gr. phone, sound.] 
phonog., abbr. Phonography. 


) 1 fen'ik or fo'mk; 2 fon'ie or fo'nie, 
) a. Pertaining to or of the nature of 


pho 'no-graph, 
fo'no-graf 8 . 




fo'no-graf; 2 fo'no-graf. 1. 
_ A device for recording sounds 

and reproducing them. 2. A phonographic 
character. | < Gr. phone, sound, + grapho, write.] 
—pho 'no-grain, n. A phonographic message. 


pho-nog'ra-phy, ) 1 fo-nog'ra-fi; 2 fo-nog'ra- 
fo-nog'ra-fy 8 , ) fy, n. 1. The art of writing 
by sound; a style of shorthand. 2. The art of 
representing articulate sounds by marks or 
letters. 3. The art of making or using phono¬ 
graphs.— pho-nog'ra-pher, n. One skilled 
in phonography; a phonetic stenographer.— 
pho"no-graph'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to a phono¬ 
graph. 2. Pertaining to phonography. I-calf. 
phos'phate, ) 1 fes'fet; 2 fos'fat, n. A salt of 
fos'fate p , ^phosphoric acid; any fertilizer 
valued for its phosphoric acid, 
phos'phor-us, j 1 fos'far-us; 2 fos'for-us, n. A 
fos'for-us 3 , ) soft yellowish element that 
readily absorbs oxygen, exhibiting a phos¬ 
phorescent glow at a low temperature, and 
inflaming violently when heated. [ < Gr. 
phosphoros, < phos. light, + phero, bear.]— 
phos'phor-ate, vt. [-AT"EDd; -at"ino.| To com¬ 
bine or impregnate with phosphorus.— phos"- 
phor-esce's vi. To exhibit phosphorescence.— 
phos"phor-es'eenee, n. The emission of light 
without sensible heat, or the light so emitted.— 
phos"phor-es'oent, a.— phos-phor'ic, a. 1. 
Pertaining to or derived from phosphorus. 2. 
Phosphorescent. 

phot., photog., abbr. Photographic, photography, 
pho'to-, 1 fb'to-: 2 fo'to-. A combining form. 
[< Gr. phos (phot-), light (< phao, shine).]— 
pho"to-cn-grav'ing, n. An engraving produced 
by photomechanical process. — plio"to-me- 
ehan'i-eal, a. Pertaining to illustration by pho¬ 
toengraving and kindred processes— pho'to- 
phone, n. Any instrument using a beam of light 
in the transmission of sound.— pho'to-print", 
A print by a photomechanical process.— pho'to- 
sphere, n. The visible shining surface of the sun. 


pho'to-graph, ) 1 fo'to-graf; 2 fo'to-graf. I*. 
fo'to-graf 8 , j vt. & vi. To take a photo¬ 
graphic picture of; practise photography. II. 
n. A picture taken by photography. [ < Gr. 
phos (phot-), light, + grapho, write.]— pho-tog 
ra-pher, n. One who makes a business of photog¬ 
raphy.— pho"to-graph'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to 
or produced by photography. 2. Vividly depict¬ 
ed. pho"to-graph'i-calJ. — pho"to-graph'i- 
cal-ly, adv. — pho-tog'ra-phy, n. The process 
of forming and fixing an image by the chemical 
action of light, 
phr., abbr. Phrase. 

phrase, ) 1 frez; 2 fra§. I. vt. [phrased; 
frase 1 ’, ) phras'ing.] To express in words. II. 
n. 1. A few words denoting a single idea. 2. 
A concise, sententious expression. 3. Phrase¬ 
ology. 4. Any term or characterization. [ < 
Gr. phrasis, speech.]— phra"se-ol'o-gy, n. The 
choice and arrangement of words and phrases; 
diction. 

phren., phrenol., abbr. Phrenology, 
phre-nol'o-gy, ) 1 fn-nel'o-ji; 2 fre-nol'o-gy, 
fre-nol'o-gyp, C n. A system which teaches 
that the faculties of the mind are manifested 
through special organs, or in separate por¬ 
tions of the brain, equal in number to the 
mental faculties.— phren"o-Iog'ic, phren"- 
o-log'i-cal, a. 

Phryg'i-a, 1 frij'i-a; 2 fryg'i-a, n. Bib. An ancient 
country in Asia Minor. Acts xvi, 6.—Phrygi¬ 
an, a. & n. 

phthis'ic, ) 1 tiz'ik; 2 ti§'ie, n. I. Asthma. 2. 
tis'ic 8 , ) Disease of the lungs. [< Gr. 
phlhisikos, < phthisis, consumption.]— plithls'- 
I-cal, a. 1. Consumptive. 2. Asthmatic, phthis'- 
ick-yt. 

phthi 'sis, ) 1 thoi'sis; 2 thl'sis, n. Pulmonary 
ti'sis 8 , ^consumption; tuberculosis. [L., < 
Gr. phthisis, consumption, < phlhio, waste away.] 
phy-Iac'ter-y, ) 1 fi-lak'tsr-i ; 2 fy-lae'ter-y, n. 
fy-lac'ter-y p , ) [-ies z , pi.] A charm or amulet, 
especially one worn by ancient Jews, enclos¬ 
ing passages of Scripture. [ < Gr. phylacte- 
rion, < phylasso, watch ] 

phyl"lox-e'ra, 1 fil"eks-I'ra; 2 fyl"8ks-e'ra, n. 1. • 
A minute aphis destructive to grape*vines. 2. 
The diseased condition produced by this in¬ 
sect. [ < Gr. phyllon, leaf, xeros, dry.] 
phylum, 1 fai'lum: 2 fy'ium, n. |-la, pl.\ Biol. A 
great division of the plant or animal kingdom, be¬ 
low a subkingdom and above an order. [< Gr. 
phylon, phyle, tribe.] 

phys., abbr. Physician, physics.— phys., physiol., 
abbr. Physiological, physiology, 
phys'ic, ) 1 fiz'ik; 2 fyg'ie. I', vt. To give med- 
fys'ic p , £ icine to; purge. II. n. 1. Medicine, 
or the science of medicine. 2. A cathartic. 
[< Gr. physike, < physis, nature.]— physl-cal, 
a. 1. Relating to the material universe or to the 
physical sciences. 2. Pertaining to the bodily 
life of man; corporeal. 3. Pertaining to the 
phenomena of matter or of the external world. 
4. External. -!y, adv.— phy-si'eian, n. One 
versed in medicine; a doctor.— phys 1-clst. n. 
A student of or specialist in physics.— physics, 
n. The science that treats of the phenomena asso¬ 
ciated with matter in general, especially in its 
relations to energy, and of the laws governing 
these phenomena. 

pliys"i-og'no-my, ) 1 fiz"i-eg'no-mi* 2 fy§"i- 
fys"i-og'no-my p , ) og'no-my, n. [-mies z , pi.] 

1. The face or features as revealing character. 

2. The outward look of a thing. [< Gr. 
physis, nature, + gnomon, judge.]— phys"i-og- 


1:» = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = <mt; eil; iu = feud; (flhin; go; rj = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









physiology 

pilot 


446 


nom 'ic or -i-cal, a. Pertaining to the face or to 
physiognomy.—phys"i-og'no-mist, n. An ex¬ 
pert in physiognomy. 

phys"i-ol'o-gy, ) 1 fizVel'o-ji; 2 fy§"i-61'o-gy, 
fys"i-ol'o-gy p , )n. 1. The branch of biology 
that treats of the vital phenomena mani¬ 
fested by animals or plants. 2. A treatise on 
this science. [ < Gr. L physis, nature; and see 
-ology.] —phys"i-o-log'lc, -i-cal, a. —phys"i- 
ol'o-gist, n. One versed in physiology, 
phy-sique', 1 fi-zik'; 2 fy-sik', n. The physical 
structure or organization of a person. [F.] 
Phys. Sci., abbr. Physical science. 
pi 1 , / 1 pai; 2 pi, n. Print. Type that has been 
pie, s thrown into disorder. [Prob. < pica.] 
pi=, 1 pai or pi; 2 pi or pi, n. A Greek letter (= En¬ 
glish p) used to designate the relation of the cir¬ 
cumference of a circle to its diameter, 3.14159 + . 
P. I., abbr. Philippine Islands, Phonographic Insti¬ 
tute. 

pi'a ina'ter, 1 pai'o me'tor; 2 pl'a ma'ter. The 
innermost of the three membranes that invest 
the brain and spinal cord. [L., pia, fern, of pius, 
pious; mater, mother.] 

pi-an'ist, 1 pi-an'ist; 2 pi-an'ist, n. A per¬ 
former on the pianoforte, 
pi-a'no, 1 pi-a'no; 2 pi-a'no. I. a. Mus. Soft. 
II. adv. Mus. Softly. III. 1 pi-an'o; 2 pi- 
Sn'o, n. [Colloq.] A pianoforte. [It.] 
pi-an"o-for'te, 1 pi-aiCo-fbr'te; 2 pi-an"o- 
for'te, n. A musical instrument, in which 
strings are struck by hammers, set in motion 
by keys. [It., < piano , soft, -f- forte , strong.] 
pi-as'ter, 1 pi-as'tar; 2 pi-as'ter, n . See coin. 
pi-as'tret. 

pi-az'za, 1 pi-az'a; 2 pi-az'a, n. 1. In Europe, 
a plaza. 2. A covered outer walk or gallery. 
3. [U. S.] A veranda. [It., marketplace.] 
pi'broch, 1 pi'broH; 2 pi'broH, n. 1. Wild mar¬ 
tial strains on the bagpipe. 2. [Poet.] A bag¬ 
pipe. [ < Gael, piobaireachd , piping.] 

P> 'ca, 1 pai'ka; 2 pl'ca, n. Print. A size of type: 

This line is set in pica. 

12*point. See type. [ < LL. pica, ordinal, < 
L. pica, magpie.] 

Pic'ar-dy, 1 pik'or-di; 2 ple'ar-dy, n. A former 
province of N. France; territory where the Allies 
fought the Germans in the World War (1914-18). 
— Pie'ard, a. & n. 

plc"a-yunc', 1 pilfa-yun'; 2 plc"a-yqn', n. [Local 
U. S.] A small Spanish coin formerly current, 
value 6.*4 cents; hence, a person or thing of trifling 
value. [< F. pieaillon, farthing.] 
pic'ca-lil"li, 1 pik'a-lilT; 2 plc'a-lll"i, n. A highly 
seasoned pickle of chopped vegetables. 
pic'ca-nin"ny, 1 pik'a-nin"i; 2 pic'a-nln"y, n. 
[-NiE8 z , pi.] A little child; specif., a negroid child. 
[< Cuban piquinini.] pic'an-nln"yt; pick'an- 
n!n"yj. 

pick*. 1 pik; 2 pic, v. I. t. 1. To operate upon 
with a pick. 2. To form by pecking. 3. To se¬ 
lect; cull. 4. To separate or take from. 5. 
To filch. 6. To pluck. II. i. 1. To strike with 
a pick; peck. 2. To nibble. 3. To pilfer. [ME. 
picken; cp. AS. pycan, pick.] 
pick, n. 1. A tool with a pointed head. 2. 
Right of selection; choice. 3. A quantity 
picked by hand.—pick'ax", n. A mattock 
of which*one arm bears a point and the other a 
chiseHike edge, pick'axe"*.—pick'er, n. 
pick'er-el, 1 pik'ar-el; 2 pTk'er-81, n. A North* 
American fresh*water fish; a small pike. 
See illus. in next column. [Dim. < pike 2 , n.] 


pick'et, 1 pik'et; 2 pik'et. I d . vt. 1. To fence 
with pickets. 2. To place on guard. 3. To tie 

II. n. I* A -rU P 

pointed stick, h 

bar, or fence* ^ 

paling. 2 . 

Mil. A guard _ , . , , , . 

on the out- Pond*pickerel. V« 

skirts of a camp to warn of an attack. 
PIck'ett, 1 pik'et; 2 pik'et, George E. (1825- 
1875). An American Confederate general who 
commanded the Anal charge at Gettysburg. 
pick'l(e p , 1 pik'l; 2 plk'l. I. vt. [pick'l(e)d p ; 
pick'ling.] 1. To make pickle of. 2. To im¬ 
merse in diluted acid. II. n. 1. A preserving, 
flavoring liquid, as brine. 2. One of certain 
objects preserved or flavored in pickle. 3. 
Diluted acid. 4. [Colloq.] A sorry plight. [Cp. 
D. pekel, pickle, ult. < V of pick, ».] 
pick 'pock"et, n. One who steals from pockets, 
pic'nlc, 1 pik'mk; 2 pic'nic. I. vi. [pic'- 
nicked’; pic'nick-ing.] To have or attend 
a picnic. II. n. An outdoor pleasure*party, 
provided with its own eatables. [Perhaps < 
pick, v„ + knick-, in knickknack.] — pic'- 
nick-er, n. 

Piet, 1 pikt; 2 plct, n. A member of a race that 
inhabited E. Scotland from A. D. 296 to 884. 
pic-to'ri-al, 1 pik-to'ri-sl; 2 plc-t5'ri-al, a. 1. 
Pertaining to or concerned with pictures. 2. 
Graphic. 3. Containing pictures. [ < L. LL 
piclor, painter.] —pic-to'rl-al-ly, adv. 
pic'ture, 1 pik'chur or -tiur; 2 pie'chur or -tur. 

1. vt. [pic'tured; pic'tur-ing.] 1. To por¬ 
tray, as by a painting or drawing. 2. To 
describe graphically; depict. 3. To form a 
mental image of. II. n. 1. A surface repre¬ 
sentation of an object or scene, as by a paint¬ 
ing, drawing, engraving, or photograph; also, 
a mental image. 2. A vivid verbal delinea¬ 
tion. [OF., < L. pictura, < pinqo, paint.]— 
pic"tur-esque\ a. Having the kind of beauty 
in which diversity is more prominent than unity. 

2. Figurative; graphic. 

pid'ginsEn'glish, 1 pij'indrj'gli^h; 2 pldg'in* 
in'glish, n. A barbarized English used in 
Chinese and other Oriental commercial cen¬ 
ters in intercourse between natives and for¬ 
eigners. [ < business (corr. to pidgin ) + En¬ 
glish.] [F.] 

pie 1 , 1 pai; 2 pi, n. A magpie, or a related bird. 
pie 2 , n. Prepared food baked either between 
two layers or crusts of pastry or with only 
one layer. [ < Ir. pighe, pie.] 
pie'bald", 1 poi'beld"; 2 pi'bald", a. Having 
spots, as of white and black. [ < pie 1 + bald.] 
piece, 1 pis; 2 pes, v. [pieced 1 ; piec'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To add or attach a piece or pieces to. 
2. To combine or reunite. II. i. To fit or be 
joined together. 

piece, n. 1. A loose or separated part; a frag¬ 
ment. 2. A division; section; plot. 3. That 
which is definite or complete in itself, though 
belonging to a class or series. 4. A specimen 
or instance. [ OF., < LL. pecia, piece.]— 
piece 'meal". I. a. Made up of pieces. II. 
adv. 1. Piece by piece; gradually. 2. In pieces. 
—piece Gwork", n. Work done or paid for by 
the piece or quantity.—piece' =work"er, n. 
pied, 1 paid; 2 pid, a. Mottled with various 
colors. [ < PIE 1 , n.] 

Pied'inont, 1 pid'ment; 2 ped'mdnt, n. A divi- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; 1 = 6; I = e; go, not, or, won, 








447 


physiology 

pilot 


sion of N. Italy (11,331 sq. m.; pop. 3,508,630); 
capital, Turin.—PIed"mont-ese', a. & n. 
pieGplant", n. The garden rhubarb, 
pier, 1 plr; 2 per, n. 1. A plain detached mass, 
as of masonry, usually serving as a support. 
2. An upright projecting portion of a wall. 3. 
A projecting wharf. 4. A solid portion of a 
wall between window*openings, etc. [ < F. 
pierre, stone.] 

pierce, 1 plrs; 2 perg, vt. & vi. [pierced 4 ; 
pierc'ing.] 1. To penetrate or puncture 
with a pointed instrument. 2. To cut, break, 
or force a way. 3. To make a passage. 4. To 
cut to the quick. [ < F. percer .] 

Pi-e'ri-an, 1 pai-Pn-an; 2 pi-e'ri-an, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to Pieria, at the base of Mount Olympus. 
—Pierian Spring, a spring fabled to give poetic 
inspiration. 

pi'e-ty, 1 pai'i-ti; 2 pl'e-ty, n. 1. Religious 
devoutness. 2. Religiousness in general. [ < 
L. F pieta(t-)s, < pius, pious.]—pi'e-tism, n. 1. 
Piety or godliness, as distinguished from relig¬ 
ious creeds or forms. 2. Affected or exaggerated 
piety tinged with mysticism.—pi 'e-tist, n. — 
pi"e-tis'tic, pi"e-tls'ti-cal, a.— pi"e-tis'ti- 
cai-ly, adv. 

pig, 1 pig; 2 pig. I. vt. & vi. [pigged, pigd s ; 
pig'ging.] 1. To litter, as pigs. 2. To act or 
live like pigs. II. n. 1. A hog or hogdike 
animal, especially when young. 2. An oblong 
mass of metal cast in a rough mold, usually in 
sand. 3. A greedy person. [ME. pigge; cp. 
D. bigge. LG. bigge.]— pig'gish, a. Acting like a 
pig; greedy; grossly selfish and rude.—pig'* 
head"ed,a. Stupidly obstinate or perverse, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n .—pig iron, iron in oblong masses 
or pigs.—pig'pen", n. A pen where pigs are 
kept, pig'ger-yf; pig'styt.—pig'tail", n. A 
cue or plait of hair, a twist of tobacco, etc. 
pig'eon, 1 pij'an; 2 plg'on, n. 1. A dove or 
some similar bird. 2. One easily swindled. 
[OF, < L. pipeoln-), a chirping bird, < pipio, 
chirp.]—homing pigeon, see homing, under 
home.— pig'eon-hole". I. vt. 1. To place in a 
pigeonhole; file away. 2. To lay aside and ignore. 
II. n. 1. A hole in a pigeomhouse. 2. A small 
compartment for filing papers, 
pig'gin, 1 pig'm; 2 pig'in, n. A small wooden 
vessel having one stave projecting above 
the rim for a handle, 
pig'ment, 1 pig'ment or -mant; 

2 pig'ment, n. Any coloring* 
material suitable for making 
paint, etc. [F., < L. pig- 
menium, < pingo (V pig), paint.] 

—pig'men-ta-ry, a. — pig"- 
men-ta'tion, n. 
pig'my, 1 pig'mi; 2 pig'my, n. Piggin. 
[pig'mies z , pi.] Any diminutive 
being; a dwarf. [< GrA Pygmalos.] — pig'my, 
a. pig-me'anf; pyg-me'anf. 
pike 1 , 1 paik; 2 plk, n. 1. A long pointed pole, 
Used in medieval warfare. 2. A spike or 
sharp point. [ < AS. pic, prob. < L. spica, 
point.] [ < pike 1 , n.\ 

pike 2 , n. A slender, long*snouted, voracious fish. 
pike 3 , n. A turnpike. [Abbr. of turnpike.] 
piked, 1 paikt or pik'ed; 2 pikt or pik'£d, a. 

Having a pike; pointed. [high. 

Pike’s Peak. A mountain in Colorado; 14,104 ft. 
Pi -las'ter, 1 pi-las'tar; 2 pi-las'ter, n. Arch. A 
square column forming part of a wall. [ < 
LL.p + i t pilastrum, dim. of L. pila , pillar.] 

PI'late, 1 pai'ht; 2 pl'lat, Pontius. A Roman offi¬ 


cial; procurator of Judea, A. D. 26; delivered 
Jesus to be crucified. Mark xv, 15. 
Pil"co-ma'yo, 1 pll"ko-ma'yo; 2 pil"eo-ma'yo, n. 

_A river in Bolivia; 1,000 m. to the Paraguay river. 
pile 1 , 1 pail; 2 pil, vt. [piled; pii/ing.] 1. To 
gather or throw into a heap or pile; accumu¬ 
late. 2, To amass. [tion. 

pile 2 , vt. ®To drive piles into, as for a founda- 
pile 1 , n. 1. A quantity of anything gathered 
or thrown together in one place; a heap. 2. 
. Any great structure. [F., < L. pila, pier.] 
pile 2 , 7i. A heavy timber forced into the earth 
to form a foundation; a spile. [< zi.S. pil, 
sharp stake, < L. pilum, javelin.]— pil'ing, n. 
Piles collectively or the act or process of driving 
them; a structure made of piles. 
pile 3 , n. A massive building or group of build¬ 
ings. [F., pier.] 

pile 4 , n. 1. Hair collectively; fur. 2. A hair¬ 
like surface on a fabric, as velvet. [< L. 
pilus, hair.] 

piles, 1 pailz; 2 plls, n. pi. Pathol. Common 
term for hemorrhoids. [< L. pila, ball.] 
pil'fer, 1 pil'fer; 2 pil'fer, vt. & vi. To take by 
petty theft; practise petty stealing. [ < OF., 
pelfrer, rob, < pelfre, plunder.] 
pil'grim, 1 pil'gnm; 2 pil'grim, n. 1. One who 
journeys, especially on foot, to some sacred 
place; hence, any wanderer. 2. [P-] Am. Hist. 
One of the English colonists who in 1620 set¬ 
tled in Plymouth, Mass. [ < L. per, through, 
+ ager, field.]— pil'grim-age, n. A long jour¬ 
ney, especially one made to a sacred place. 
Pih, } 1 pil; 2 pil, n. 1. A medicinal substance 
Pil 1 ’, ) put up in a pellet. 2. Hence, a disagree¬ 
able necessity. [ < L. pilula, dim. of pila, 
ball.]— pill'*box", n. 1. A small box for pills, 
formerly round. 2. [Recent.] Mil. A small 
round emplacement for machine guns, 
pil'lage, 1 pil'ij; 2 pil'ag. I. vt. & vi. [pil'- 
laged; pil'lag-ing.] To rob openly and with 
violence. II. n. 1. The act of pillaging; 
open robbery, as in war. 2. Spoil; booty. 
[OF., < L. pilo, plunder.] 

pil'lar, 1 pil'ar; 2 pil'ar, n. 1. A firm, upright 
separate support; column. 2. Something re¬ 
sembling a column in form or use. 3. One 
who or that which strongly supports. [ < 
L.ll+of pila, pillar.] 

pil'lion, 1 pil'yan; 2 pil'yon, n. A pad on a 
horse’s back, behind the saddle, for a second 
person to ride. [ < Ir. pilliun, pack»saddle.] 
pil'lo-ry, 1 pil'o-n; 2 pil'o-ry. I, vt. [-ried; 
-ry-ing.] To set in the pil¬ 
lory; hold up to scorn. II. n. 

[-ries z , pi.] Formerly, a frame¬ 
work in which an offender was 
fastened and exposed to public 
scorn. [ < F. pilori, pillory.] 
pil 'low, 1 pil'o; 2 pil'o. I. vt. To 
lay on or support with a pillow. 

II. n. 1. A case of cloth stuffed 
with some yielding material, 
used as a support for the head, 
as in sleeping. 2. Any head* 
rest. 3. Mech. One of various Pillory, 
supporting blocks or devices, f < L. AS pulvin- 
us, cushion, pillow.]—pil'Iow*case", n. A cover¬ 
ing drawn over a pillow, p.sslipf. 
pi 'lot, 1 pai'lat; 2 pl'lot. I d . vt. To direct the 
course of; steer; guide. II. n. 1. One licensed 
to conduct vessels in and out of port. 2. A 
book of sailing*directions. [OF., < D. peil- 




1: »= final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = <rat; oil; iu = feud; <5hin; go; r) = sin#; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 













pimento 

Pity 


448 


lood, sounding-lead.]—pi'lot-age, n. The act of 
piloting; the fee for such service, 
pi-meil'to, 1 pi-men'to; 2 pi-men'to, n. 1. The 
dried unripe aromatic berries of a West*In¬ 
dian tree; allspice. 2. The tree producing pi¬ 
mento spice. 

pim'pl(e p , 1 pim'pl; 2 pim'pl, n. , A minute 
swelling of the skin. [ < AS. piplian, blister.] 
—pim'ply, a. Marked with pimples, pim'- 
pl(e)d p t. 

pin, 1 pin; 2 pin. I. vt. [pinned; pin'ning.] 

1. To secure with a pin. 2. To pierce with a 
pin; transfix; hence, to seize and hold firmly, 
n. n. 1. A short stiff piece of wire, with a 
point and a head, used in fastening together 
parts of clothing, sheets of paper, etc. 2. An 
ornamental device having a pin as a clasp. 3. 
A peg, as for a fastening, support, etc. 4. A 
piece of turned wood used in various bowling 
games. [ < L. LL+AS pinna, penna, feather.]—■ 
pin'cush"Ion, n. A cushion into which pins 
are stuck for convenience in use.—pin'sfeath"- 
er, n. A rudimentary feather.—pin'=head", n. 
The head of a pin; hence, any small object.— 
pin'«head"ed, a. — pin'hole", n. A minute 
puncture. 

pin'a-fore", 1 pin'a-for"; 2 pin'a-for", n. A 
sleeveless apron protecting the front of a 
child’s dress. [ < pin, v., afore, adv.] 
pince"*nez', 1 pans"*ne'; 2 pahc"*ng', n. Eye* 
glasses held upon the nose by a spring. [F.] 
pin'cers, 1 pin'sarz; 2 pin'gerg, n. sing. & pi. A 
jointed instrument with two handles and a 
pair of grasping jaws for holding an object, 
pinch 'erst. 

pinch 1 , 1 pincfh; 2 pinch, v. 1. 1. 1. To squeeze 
between two hard bodies, or between a finger 
and thumb. 2. To bind and press upon. 3. 
To reduce by distress of any kind. 4. To 
treat stintingly. II. i. 1. To compress a 
thing between surfaces or edges. 2. To be 
parsimonious. [ < OF. pincer.] — pinch'er, n. 
pinch, n. 1. The act of pinching. 2. Painful 
pressure of any kind. 3. A case of emergency. 
4. So much as can be taken between the finger 
and thumb. 

pinch'beck, 1 pincfh'bek; 2 pinch'bSk, n. A 
cheap imitation of gold. [ < Pinchbeck, in¬ 
ventor.] 

Pin'dar, 1 pin'dar; 2 pin'dar, n. The chief lyric 
poet of Greece (522-443 B. C.). 
pine, 1 pain; 2 pin, vt. & vi. [pined; pin'ing.] 
To spend or consume in languishing; waste 
away with grief. [ < AS. pinian, torment.] 
pine, n. 1. A cone*bearing tree, having needle* 
shaped evergreen leaves, growing in clusters. 

2. The wood of any pine*tree. [ < AS. pin .]— 
pine'ap"ple, n. The cone-shaped edible fruit 
of a tropical plant. — p. scone, n. The cone* 
shaped fruit of a pine-tree.—p.-needle, n. A 
leaf of the pine. 

pin'ion, 1 pin'yan; 2 pln'yon. I. vt. 1. To 
confine by binding or cutting the wings, as a 
bird. 2. To bind or shackle. II. n. 1. The 
wing of a bird. 2. A feather; wing*quill. 3. 
The segment of a bird’s wing bearing the 
flight*feathers. 4. A shackle or band. 5. 
Mech. A small toothed wheel; cog*wheel. 

[ <OF. pignon, plume.] 

pink 1 , 1 piqk; 2 pink, vt. 1. To puncture. 2. To 
decorate with holes. 

pink, «. 1. A flower of any one of several gar¬ 
den plants, or the plant itself. 2. A pale rose- 


color: in this sense commonly attributive. 
A type of excellence, 
pin'nace, 1 pin'is; 2 pln'ac, n. 1. 
eight*oared boat, 
carried by an English 
man*of*war. 2. A small 
single*masted vessel. 
pin'na-cl(e p , 1 pin'a-kl; 

2 pin'a-cl, n. 1. Arch. 

A small turret or tall 
ornament, as on a para¬ 
pet. 2. A topmost 
point; summit, 
pin'nate, 1 pin'et; 2 


3. 


pm'at, a. 1. Having 



Cultivated Pink. 
pinnatus, < pinna, 


the shape or arrange¬ 
ment of a feather: said 
of leaves. 2. Having 
wingdike parts. ( < L. 
feather.] pin'nat"edj. 
pint, 1 paint; 2 pint, n. A dry and liquid mea¬ 
sure of four gills. [ < F. pinte, < Sp. pinta, 
mark.] [something pivots. 

pin'tl(e p , 1 pin'tl; 2 pm'tl, n. A pin upon which 
Pi'ny, 1 pai'm; 2 pi'ny, a. Pertaining to or 
clothed with pines. [it). 

pinx. , pnxt., pit., abbr. [L.] Pinxit (he painted 
pi"o-neer', 1 pai"o-n!r'; 2 pi"o-ner'. I. vt. & vi. 

To take the lead in; be a pioneer. II. n. One 
of the first explorers of a country; one who 
prepares the way, as in a military movement. 
[ < F. pionnier, < pion, foot*soldier.] 
pi'ous, 1 pui'us; 2 pi'uS, a. 1. Possessed of 
piety; religious; godly. 2. Marked by a rev¬ 
erential spirit. 3. Practised in the name of re¬ 
ligion. [ < L. pius, devout.]— pi'ous-ly, adv. 
pip, 1 pip; 2 pip, v. [pipped, dipt 3 ; pip'ping.] I. 
t. To break through (the shell), as a chick in 
the egg. II. t. To peep. See peep 2 . 
pip 1 , n. A disease of fowls in which a false 
membrane forms around the tongue. 
pip 2 , n. The seed of an apple, orange, etc.; a 
spot, as on a playing-card. 

pipe, 1 paip; 2 pip, v. [piped 1 ; pip'ing.] 1. 1. 1. 
To play, as on a pipe; utter in a high key. 2. 
To whistle. 3. To convey in pipes. II. i. To 
play on a pipe; whistle.— pip'er, n. 

pipe, n. 1. An apparatus, usually a small bowl 
with a hollow stem, for 
smoking. 2. A long con¬ 
ducting passage for con¬ 
veying a fluid. 3. A tube, 
or any hollow r or tubular 
thing. 4. A tubular wind- 
instrument; in the plural, 
the bagpipe. 5. A shrill 
call. 0. A large cask for 
wine. [ < AS. pipe, < LL. 
pipa, < L. pipio, pipe, 
chirp.]— pipe'sclay", n. A 
white clay used for pottery. 

— pip'ing. I. pa. 1. Play¬ 
ing on the pipe. 2. Singing Mlwl Plnpt . 
or sizzling, as if hot. 3. , 

Having a shrill sound. II. n (Scotch Bagpipes.) 
1. The act of one who pipes. 2. A whistling 
sound. 3. A system of pipes. 4. 
cord for trimming dresses, 
pip'kill, 1 pip'kin; 2 plp'kin, n. 
earthenware jar. 2. A piggin. 
pipe, n.] 

pip'pin, 1 pip'in; 2 plp'in, n. An apple of many 
pi'quant, 1 pi'kant; 2 pi'kant, a. 1. Having an 



A covered 

1. A small 
[Dim. of 
[varieties. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fust; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, .all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 






449 


pimento 

pity 


agreeably pungent or tart taste. 2. Interest¬ 

ing; tart; racy. [F.]—pi'quan-cy, n. 
pique, 1 plk; 2 pik. I. vt. [piqued 1 ; piqu'ing.] 

1. To excite a slight degree of resentment in. 

2. To stimulate by envy, jealousy, etc. 3. 
Reflexively, to pride or value (oneself). II. n. 
A feeling of slight irritation or resentment. 
[ < F. & OF. piquer, prick, sting.] 

pi"que', 1 pl"ke'; 2 pi"ke\ n. A heavy cotton fabric 
with corded or figured surface. 

Pi-rae'us, 1 pai-ri'us; 2 pi-re'us, n. A manufac¬ 
turing town; ancient seaport of Athens, Greece; 
pop. 74,000. 

pi'rate, 1 pai'rit; 2 pl'rat. I. vt. & vi. [pi'rat- 
ED d ; pi'rat-ing.] To subject to or practise 
piracy. II. n. 1. A rover and robber on the 
high seas. 2. A vessel engaged in piracy. 3. A 
person who appropriates without right the 
work of another. [F.. < Gr. L peirates, pirate.] 
—pi'ra-ey, n. [-ciesz, pi.] 1. Robbery com¬ 
mitted on the high seas. 2. The unauthorized 
publication of another’s literary property.—pi- 
rat'i-cal, a. —pi-rat'i-cal-ly, adv. 
pi-rogue', 1 pi-rog'; 2 pi-rog', n. 1. A dug=out 
canoe. 2. A large flat*bottomed boat. [F.] 
pir"ou-ette', 1 pir"u-et'; 2 pir"u-et'. I. vi. [-et'~ 
TED d ; -et'ting.] To make a pirouette. II. n. 
A rapid whirl upon the toes in dancing. [F.] 
Pi'sa, 1 pl'za; 2 pi'ga, n. A cathedral city, capital 
of the Italian province of the same name; pop. 
67,285; has famous leaning tower, 
pis'ca-to-ry, 1 pis'ka-to-ri; 2 pis'ea-to-ry, a. 
Pertaining to fishes or fishing. [ < L. piscator, 
fisherman.] pis"ca-to'ri-alJ. 
pis'ci-cul"ture, 1 pis'i-kul"chur or -tiur; 2 
pis'i-cul"chur or -tur, n. The hatching and 
rearing of fish as an industrial art. 

Pis'gall, 1 piz'go; 2 pis'ga, n. Bib. A mountain 
range east of the Jordan; from it Moses beheld the 
Promised Land. Deut. xxxiv, 1. 

Pi-sis 'tra-tus, 1 pi-sis'tra-tus; 2 pi-sis'tra-tus, n. 
(600?—527 B. C.) An Athenian tyrant and states¬ 
man. 

pis'mire, 1 pis'mair; 2pls'mlr, n. An ant. [< piss, 
n., 4- mire, n., < Ice. maurr, ant.] 
pis"ta-reen', 1 pis"ta-rln'; 2 pis"ta-ren', n. An 
old Spanish coin, worth about 20 cents, 
pis'til, 1 pis'til; 2 pis'til, re. The seed*bearing 
organ of flowering plants. [ < L. pistillum; 
see PESTLE.] 

pis'tol, 1 pis'tal; 2 pis'tol, n. A small firearm 
having a stock to fit the hand and a short 
barrel or barrels. [ < It. OF pistola, orig. dag¬ 
ger,] [varying value. [F.] 

pis"tole', 1 pis"tol'; 2 pis"tbl', n. A gold coin of 
pis'ton, 1 pis'tan; 2 pis'ton, re. 1. A disk fitted 
to slide in a cylinder, as in a steam*engine, 
and connected with a rod for receiving the 
pressure of or exerting pressure upon a fluid 
in the cylinder. 2. A valve in a wind-instru¬ 
ment. [F.] 

pit, 1 pit; 2 pit, v. [piT'TED d ; pit'ting.] I. t. 1. 
To mark with pits; form hollows in. 2. To set 
in antagonism or opposition. 3. To put 
into a pit. II. i. To become marked with pits, 
pit', re. 1. A cavity in the ground; an abyss. 
2. The main floor of the auditorium of a 
theater. 3. An enclosed space in which ani¬ 
mals trained for combat are pitted. 4. A 
cavity or depression in the body; as, the arm- 
pit. 5. Any slight depression or excavation. 

[ < AS. pyt, < L. puteus, well.] # . 

pit 2 , re. [U. S.] The kernel of certain fruits, 
pi'ta, 1 pi'ta; 2 pi'ta, re. Same as istle. 


Pit'cairn Is'land. A British island in the S. 
Pacific ocean; settled in 1790 by mutineers of the 
British ship “Bounty.” 


pitch 1 , 
pich p . 


) 1 picfh; 2 
( ing.J I. 


plch, v. [pitched 1 ; pitch'- 
t. 1. To project from the 
hand; toss; throw. 2. To set in order; arrange. 
3. Mus. To set the pitch of. II. i. 1. To 
throw underhand; loosely, to throw in any 
way. 2. To fall or plunge downward. 3. To 
settle. 4. To rise and fall alternately. [Var. 
of pick, ».] 

pitch 21 , vt. To cover or treat with pitch. 
pitch 1 , re. 1. Point or degree of elevation. 2. 
The degree of descent of a declivity; also, a 
descent, slope, etc. 3. Inclination, as of a 
roof. 4. Mus. The highness or lowness of a 
tone. 5. A throw; specif. (Baseball), the de¬ 
livery of the ball by the pitcher. 
pitch 2 , n. 1. A thick, tenacious, dark substance 
obtained by boiling down tar and from the 
residues of distilled turpentine, etc. 2. The 
resinous sap of pines. [ < AS. pic, < L. pix 
(pic-), pitch.]— pitch'=dark", a. Very dark.— 
p. =plne, n. A pinefree of the eastern and 
southern U. S., with hard, resinous wood, 
pitch'blende", 1 pi(5h'blend"; 2 pich'blend", n. A 
black or brown uranium oxid with a luster like 
pitch: the chief source of radium, 
pitch'er 1 , ) re. One who pitches; specif. (Base- 
pich'er p , (ball), the player who delivers the 
ball to the batsman. 

pitch'er 2 , n. A vessel with a spout and a han¬ 
dle, used for holding liquids to be poured out. 
[< F. picker, ult. < Gr. bikos, wine*vessel.]— 
pitch'ersplant", n. A plant having leaves with 
pitcherfike appendages, 
pitch'fork", n. A large fork 
with which to handle hay, 
straw, etc. 

pitch'y, ) 1 pidh'i; 2 pich'y, 
pich'y p , \ a. ^Resembling 
pitch; pitchdike; intensely 
dark. — pitch 'i-Iy, adv. — 
pitch'i-ness, n. 
pit'e-ous, 1 pit'i-us; 2 plt'e- 

us, a. 1. Exciting pity or sympathy. 2. Feel¬ 
ing pity; pitiful. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
pit'fail", 1 pit'fel"; 2 pit'fal", n. A pit con¬ 
trived for entrapping wild beasts or men; 
hence, any hidden source of danger, 
pith, 1 pith; 2 pith, n. 1. The cylinder of soft, 
spongy tissue in the center of the stems and 
branches of certain plants. 2. Ornith. The 
spongy substance of the interior of the shaft 
of a feather. 3. Concentrated force; vigor. 4. 
The essential part; quintessence; gist. [< 
AS. pitha, pith.]— pith'y, a. [pith'i-er; pith'i- 
est.] 1. Consisting of pith; like pith. 2. Forcible; 
effective.— pith'i-ness, n. 

Pitt, 1 pit; 2 pit, n. 1. William (1708-1778), 
Earl of Chatham; an English statesman; opposed 
Lord North’s American policy, 1774-1777. 2. 

William (1759-1806), an English prime minis¬ 
ter; son of the Earl of Chatham, 
pit'tance, 1 pit'ons; 2 pit'ang, n. Originally, 
an allowance of food; hence, any meager al¬ 
lowance. [ < F. pitance, lit. ‘pious dole.’] 
Pitts'burgh, 1 pits'burg; 2 plts'burg, n. A manu¬ 
facturing city of Pennsylvania; pop. 588,340. 
Pitts'burg J. 

Pitts'burg Land'ing. A village in S. W. Ten¬ 
nessee; on the battlefield of Shiloh. See Shiloh. 
pit'y, 1 pit'i; 2 pit'y. I. vt. & vi. [pit'ied; pit'- 
y-ing.] To feel compassion or pity for. II. n. 



Leaf of Pitcher* 
plant. 


I: a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = o«t; eil; Iu = feud; cfhin; go; r> = sing; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Pius 

play 


450 


[pit'ies 2 , pi.] 1. The feeling of grief or pain 
awakened by misfortunes or sorrows of 
others. 2. Misfortune. [ < OF. pitie, < L. 
pielas; see piety.] — pit'i-a-bl(ep, a. 1. That 
may be pitied; pathetic. 2. Pitiful.— pit'i-ful, 
a. 1. Calling forth pity. 2. Exciting contempt; 
paltry, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — pit'i-less, a. 1. 
Destitute of pity; cruel. 2. Exciting no pity, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

Pi'us, 1 pai'us; 2 pi' us, n. One of several popes of 
Rome: especially (1) P. IX. (1792-1878), Gio¬ 
vanni Mastai»Ferretti; lost temporal sovereignty. 
(2) ?. X. (1835-1914), Giuseppe Sarto; elected 
pope, Aug. 4, 1903. (3) P. XI. (1857- ), 

Achille Ratti; elected Feb. 6, 1922. 

piv'ot, 1 piv'at; 2 piv'ot. I d . vt. & vi. To place 
or turn on a pivot; hinge. II. n. A pin on 
which a related part turns; that on which an 
important matter depends. [F.] 

pix'y, 1 piks'i; 2 piks'y, n. [pix'ies, pi.] A 
fairy or elf. pix'iej. 

Pi-zar'ro, 1 pi-zar'o; 2 pi-zar'o, Francisco (1475- 
1541). The Spanish conqueror of Peru. 

P. J., abbr. Police Justice, Presiding Judge, Pro¬ 
bate Judge.— pk., abbr. [pks., pi.] Peck.— pkg., 
abbr. [pegs., pi.] Package.—P. L., abbr. Para¬ 
dise Lost, Poet Laureate. —pi. ,abbr. Place, plate, 
plural. 

pla-card', 1 pla-kard'; 2 pla-ciird'. I d . vt. 1. 
To announce by placards. 2. To post pla¬ 
cards upon. II. 1 plak'ard; 2 plae'ard, n. 1. 
A paper publicly displayed, as a proclamation 
or poster. 2. A tag bearing an owner’s name. 
[F.] 

pla'cate, 1 ple'ket; 2 pla'cat, vt. [pla'cat-ed* 1 ; 
pla'cat-ing.] To turn from hostility to 
friendliness; pacify; appease. [< L. placatus, 
pp. of placo, appease] —pia'ca-bl(er, a. Ap¬ 
peasable; yielding. —pla"ca-bil't-ty, n. 

place, 1 pies; 2 pla?. I. vt. [placed 4 ; plac'- 
ing.] 1. To set in a particular place; arrange. 
2. To put in office; appoint. 3. To invest. II. 
n. 1. A particular point or portion of space. 
2. A space regarded as abode or quarters. 3. 
An open space or square, or a short street in 
a city. 4. Position in order; degree; rank. 5. 
An office, appointment, etc. 6. Vacated 
room; stead. [F., < Gr. L plateia, fem. s. of 
platys, wide.]— place'man, n. [-men, pi.] An 
officeholder. 

plac'er 1 , 1 plas'ar; 2 pl&s'er, n. In mining, a 
place where surface deposits are washed for 
valuable minerals. [Sp., < plaza, place.] 

plac'er 2 , 1 ples'ar; 2 plac'er, n. One who 
places, in any sense. 

plac'id, 1 plas'id; 2 plac'id, a. Having a 
smooth, unruffled surface, as a sheet of still 
water; unruffled; calm. [< L. placidus, < 
placeo. please.]— pla-cid'i-ty, n. plac'id-nessj. 
—plae'id-ly, adv. 

pla'gi-a-rize or -rise, 1 ple'ji-a-raiz; 2 pla'gi-a- 
riz, v . [-rized or -rised; -riz'Tng or-Ris"iNG.] 

1. t. To appropriate and give out as one’s 
own the literary or artistic work of another. 
II. i. To commit plagiarism. [< L. plagiarius, 
a plagiarist, < plagium,, kidnaping.]— pla'gi-a- 
rism, n. The act of plagiarizing, or something 
plagiarized, pla'gi-a-ryt.—pla'gi-a-rist, n. 

plague, 1 pleg; 2 plag. I. vt. [plagued; 
plagu'ing.] 1. To pursue with annoyance. 

2. To afflict with the plague. II. n. 1. Any¬ 
thing troublesome or harassing. 2. A pes¬ 
tilence or epidemic disease. 3. Any great 
natural evil. [OF., < L. LL plaga, blow.] 


plaice, 1 pies; 2 plac, n. A European flounder; 
an American flatfish. [ < 

F. plaise, flatfish.] 
plaid, 1 plad or pled; 2 
plad or plad. I. o. Hav¬ 
ing a pattern of stripes 
crossing at right angles; 
checkered. II. n. A rec- Plaice. Vis 
tangular woolen garment, cross*barred with 
colors, or any fabric so patterned. [ < Gael. 
plaide, contr. of pellaid, sheepskin.] 
plain, 1 plen; 2 plan. I. a. 1. Flat; smooth. 2. 
Presenting few difficulties. 3. Displaying no 
affectation. 4. Lowly; unlearned; unadorned. 
5. Not variegated. 6. Homely. 7. Not rich, 
as food. II. to. An expanse of level land. 
[ < L.f planum, < planus, flat.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
plaint, 1 plent; 2 plant, n. Audible utterance 
of sorrow or grief; lamentation. [< F. 
plainte, < L. planctus, pp. of plango, beat the 
breast.]— plain'tiff, plain Mif p , n. The party 
that begins an action at law.— plain'tiv(e 3 , a. 
Expressing a subdued sadness; mournful, 
plait. 1 plet; 2 plat. I d . vt. 1. To double in 
narrow folds. 2. To braid. 3. To mat. II. 
n. 1. A portion of a fabric folded over and 
fixed in place, as by sewing. 2. A braid. [ < 
OF. pleil, < L. plicatus, pp. of plico, fold.] pleatf. 
plan, 1 plan; 2 plan, v. [planned, pland 8 ; 
plan'ning.] 1. 1. 1. To form a scheme or meth¬ 
od for the doing of. 2. To draw plans or de- 
signsfor. II. i. Toformaplan.—p!an'ner,n. 
plan, n. 1. An arrangement of means or steps 
for the attainment of some object; a scheme; 
method; design. 2. A drawing, showing the 
proportion and relation of parts, as of a build¬ 
ing; any outline sketch; draft. 3. A mode of 
action. [F., < plan ( < L. planus), flat.] 
plane, 1 plen; 2 plan, vt. [planed; plan'ing.] 
1. To make smooth or even, literally or figur¬ 
atively; dress with a plane. 2. To bring to a 
level. [< L. LL+F planus, level.]— plan'er, n. 
A machine for planing wood or metal; planing* 
machine. 

plane, a. Lying in a plane; level; flat. 
plane 1 , n. 1. A surface such that a straight line 
joining any two of its points lies wholly within 
the surface; a flat or uncurved surface. 2. A 
grade of development; stage; level. 3. One 
of the supporting surfaces of an aeroplane. 
plane 2 , to. A tool for smoothing boards by 
pushing it over the surface. [F.] 
plane 3 , n. The sycamore or buttonwood, or 
some related tree. [F.] plane'stree"t. 
plan'et, 1 plan'et; 2 plS,n'£t, n. One of the 



Table of Major Planets. 


Name. 

o 

a 

CG 

Mean Distance 

from Sun in 
millions of m. 

Mean Diam. in 
thousands of m. 

Sidereal Period 
ia days (ap¬ 
proximate) . 

Axial Revolu¬ 
tion in hours, 
minutes, and 
seconds. 

Mercury.. 

5 

36 

3.0 

88 

Uncertain. 

Venus.... 

$ 

67 

7.7 

225 

Uncertain. 

The Earth 

® 

92 

7.9 

365 

23 56 4 

Mars. 

$ 

141 

4.2 

687 

24 37 22 

Jupiter.. . 

H 

483 

86.5 

4332 

9 55 

Saturn. .. 

b 

886 

73.0 

10759 

10 14 24 

Uranus.. . 

(•) 

1781 

31.9 

30686 

Uncertain. 

Neptune.. 


2791 

34.8 

60181 

Uncertain. 


£ 

oj 

m 


o 

£ 


0 

0 

1 

2 

8 

9 

4 

1 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n| 





















451 


Pius 

play 


opaque bodies of the solar system that revolve 
around the sun. [ < Gr. planetes, = planes, 
lit. ‘wanderer.']— plan'et-a-ry, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to a planet. 2. Wandering.— plan 'et-oid, n. 
One of the several hundred small planets revolv¬ 
ing between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, 
plank, 1 plarjk; 2 plank. I*, vt. 1. To cover 
with planks. 2. [Colloq.] To lay down as if on 
a plank. II. n. 1. A broad piece of sawed 
timber, thicker than a board. 2. Anything 
that sustains or upholds; one of the prin¬ 
ciples of a political platform. [< L. F planca, 
plank.] 

pla'no-, 1 ple'no-; 2 pla'no-. From Latin planus, 
level, flat, plane: a combining form.— pla"nos 
con'cave, pla"no=con'vex, flat or plane on one 
side and concave or convex on the other. 
plant d , 1 plant; 2 plant, v. I. t. 1. To set in 
the ground for growth. 2. To furnish with 
plants or seeds. 3. To engender; implant. 4. 
To fix permanently. II. i. To sow seeds, 
or set plants. [ < L. AS planto, < planta, 
plant.] 

plant, n. 1. An organized non*sentient being 
endowed with vegetable life. 2. Any one of the 
smaller forms of vegetable life, in distinction 
from shrubs and trees. 3. The permanent 
appliances required for a factory or other insti¬ 
tution. [ < AS. plante, < L. planta, plant.] 
Plan-tag'e-net, 1 plan-taj'i-net; 2 plan-tag'e-net, 
n. A patronymic of the English kings from 
Henry II. (1154) to the accession of the house of 
Tudor (1485): from the sprig of broom ( planta 
genista ) worn by Geoffrey of Anjou, founder of 
the line. 

plan'tain 1 , 1 plan'tm; 2 plan'tin, n. A peren¬ 
nial weed with large, ovate, ribbed leaves. 
[F., < L. plantago (plantagin-), plantain.] 
plan 'tain 2 , n. A tropical perennial herb or its 
edible, bananadike fruit. [OF.] 
plan-ta'tion, 1 plan-te'^han; 2 plan-ta'shon, 
n. 1. In tropical or subtropical countries, a 
large farm; also, any place planted. 2. The act 
of planting. [F., < L. plantatio(n-), planting.] 
plant'er, 1 plant'or; 2 plant'er, n. 1. One who 
plants. 2. An owner of a plantation, 
plan'ti-grade, 1 plan'ti-gred; 2 plan'ti-grad. 

1. a. Walking on the whole sole of the foot, 
as men, bears, etc. II. n. A plantigrade ani¬ 
mal. [ < L. planta, sole of the foot, + 
gradior, walk.] 

plaque, 1 plak; 2 plak, n. A plate, disk, or slab, 
artistically ornamented. [F.] 
plash, 1 pla^h; 2 plash. Ik vt. & vi. To splash 
lightly. II. n. 1. A slight splash. 2. A 
splotch; flash. 3. A small pool. [ < D. plasch, 
puddle.]— plash 'y, a. Swampy; splashy, 
plas'ma, 1 plaz'ma; 2 plag'ma, n. Biol. 1. The 
liquid portion of certain animal fluids, as 
blood, lymph, etc. 2. The viscous matter of 
a cell. 

Plas'sey, 1 plas'i; 2 plas'y, n. A village in Bengal, 
British India; Clive’s victory over Hindus, June 
23 1757. 

plas'ter, 1 plas'tar; 2 plas'ter, vt. 1. To over¬ 
lay with plaster. 2. To apply a plaster to; 
daub with plaster. 3. To treat with plaster, 
plas'ter, n. 1. A composition of lime, sand, 
and water for coating walls and partitions. 

2. Calcined gypsum for making sculptors’ 
casts, etc. 3. A viscid substance spread upon 
linen, silk, or the like, for healing purposes. 
[< AS. plaster, < GrA emplastron.]— plas'ter- 


er, n.— plas'ter-ing, n. 1. The act of applying 
plaster, as to walls. 2. A coating of plaster, 
plas'tic, 1 plas'tik; 2 plas'tic, a. 1. Giving 
form or fashion to matter. 2. Capable of 
being molded. 3. Pertaining to modeling or 
molding; sculptural. [< Gr. plasti/cos, fit for 
molding.] — plas'ti-cal-ly, adv. — plas-tic'l- 
ty, n. 

-plasty , suffix. Growth. [< Gr. plastos, formed.] 
plat 1 , 1 plat; 2 plat. I. vt. [plat'ted^ ; plat'- 
ting.] To plait. II. n. A plait. [Var. of 

PLAIT, 0.] 

plat 2 . I d . vt. To lay out in plats or plots. 
II. n. 1. A small piece of ground; a plot. 2. 
A plotted map. [ < AS. plot, plot of ground.] 
Pla'ta, 1 pla'ta: 2 pla'ta, n. An estuary between 
Uruguay and the Argentine Republic; 190 m, 
long by 135 m. wide. 

Pla-taj'a, 1 pla-tl'a; 2 pla-te'a, n. An ancient 
city N. W. of Athens, Greece; here Spartans and 
Athenians defeated Persians, 479 B. C. 
plate, 1 plet; 2 plat. I. vt. [plat'ed 01 ; plat'- 
ing.] 1. To coat with a thin layer of metal. 
2. To sheathe in armor=plates. 3. To ham¬ 
mer into plates. II. n. 1. A flat extended 
rigid body, as of metal, of slight relative 
thickness. 2. A shallow vessel; dish for table 
use. 3. Plated tableware; silverware. 4. An 
electrotype, stereotype, etc. 5. Something 
resembling or likened to a plate. 6. Baseball. 
The home base, marked by a flat, pentagonal 
figure, 12 inches in diameter. [ < Gr. OF platys, 
flat.]—plat'lng, n. 

pi a- 1 eat i', 1 pla-to'; 2 pla-td', n. [-teaux' or 
-teaus', 1 -toz; 2 -to§, pi.} An extensive stretch 
of elevated level land. [F.] 
plat'en, 1 plat'en; 2 plSt'Sn, ». The part of a 
printing press, typewriter, or the like, on which 
the paper is supported, to receive the impres¬ 
sion. [ < F. platine, plate, < plat; see plate.] 
plat'form, 1 plat'form; 2 plat'form, n. 1. Any 
floor or flat surface raised above the adjacent 
level. 2. A formal scheme of principles, as of 
a religious or political body, 
plat'i-num, 1 plat'i-num; 2 plat'i-num, n. A 
whitish metallic element, highly infusible and 
able to resist acids, pla-ti'na];. 
plat'i-tude, 1 plat'i-tiud; 2 plat'i-tud, n. 1. A 
flat, dull, or commonplace statement. 2. 
Dulness. [F., flatness, < plat, flat.] 

Pla'to, 1 ple'to; 2 pla'to, n. A Greek philosopher 
(427-347 B. C.); disciple of Socrates.— Pla-ton'- 
ic, a. 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of Plato 
or his teachings. 2. Purely spiritual; having no 
element of passion: said of love. —Pla'to-nism, 
n. —Pla'to-nist, n. 

pla-toon', 1 pla-tun'; 2 pla-toon', to. Mil. Half 
of a company, commanded by a lieutenant. 
[< F. peloton, ball, group.] 
plat'ter, 1 plat'er; 2 plat'er, n. An oblong 
shallow dish. 

plau'dit, 1 ple'dit; 2 pla'dit, n. An expression 
of applause. [ < L. plaudo, applaud.] 
plau'si-bl(e p , 1 ple'zi-bl; 2 pla'§i-bl, a. Seem¬ 
ing likely to be true; specious; calculated to 
win confidence. [ < L. plausibilis, deserving 
applause, < plausus, pp. of plaudo, applaud.] 
—plau"si-bil'i-ty, n. [-tiesz, pi.] plau'si- 
bl(e-ness p t.—plau'si-bly, adv. 

Plau'tus, 1 ple'tus; 2 pla'tfis, T. Maccius (254- 
184 B. C.). A Roman dramatist; wrote numer¬ 
ous comedies. 

play, 1 pie; 2 pla, v. I. t. 1. To engage in for 
diversion or amusement, as a game; produce 


l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Iu = fead; tfhin; go; Q = sin#; thin, this. 
2: wplf, dq; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bttrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






play 

pneumatic 


452 


or act in a play. 2. To perform upon, as a 
musical instrument. 3. To put into action. 
4. To trifle with. II. i. 1. To engage in any 
exercise for diversion. 2. To gamble. 3. To 
act with levity. 4. To behave; act. 5. To 
perform. 6. To act or move freely. > 
play, re. 1. Action without serious aim, or for 
amusement; exercise; competitive trial; also, 
gambling. 2. A dramatic composition. 3. 
Freedom of movement. [ < AS. plega, < 
plegan, play.]—play 'er, re.—play 'fel"low, re. An 
associate in games, etc. play'mate"t.—play'- 
ful, a. Frolicsome, -ly, adv.— play'tiling", re. 
A toy.—play'wright", re. A maker of plays for 
the stage. 

pple, suffix. A suffix of Latin origin used to form 
English multiplicatives; as, triple. [< F. -pie, 
-ble, < L. -plus, -fold; akin to plenus, full.] 
plea, 1 pll; 2 pie, re. An act of pleading, or that 
which is pleaded; an argument or entreaty; 
excuse. [ < OF. plait, < L. placitum, opinion.] 
plead, 1 plid; 2 pled, vt. & vi. [pleao'ed^ or 
plead, 1 pled; 2 pl§d (irreg. colloq. pled); 
plead'ing.] 1. To advocate; supplicate; 
argue; urge. 2. To allege as an excuse or de¬ 
fense. 

pleas'ant,) 1 plez'ant; 2 ple§'ant, a. 1. Giving 
pies'ant 8 , ( or promoting pleasure. 2. Condu¬ 
cive to merriment; gay. [ < F. plaisant, < L. 
placen(t-)s, ppr. of placeo, please.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, re.—pleas'ant-ry, re. [-ries z , pi.] Play¬ 
fulness; jest. 

please, 1 pllz; 2 ple§, vt. & vi. [pleased; 
pleas'ing.] 1. To give pleasure to. 2. To be 
agreeable to. 3. To have a preference. [ < 
OF. plaisir, < L. placeo, please.]—pleas'ing, 
pa.— pleas'Ing-ly, adv. 

plea'sure, 11 plej'ur; 2 plSzh'qr, re. 1. An 
pie'sure 8 , ) agreeable sensation or emotion. 2. 
Sensual gratification. 3. Amusement in gen¬ 
eral. 4. One’s preference. — plea'sur-a- 
bl(e p , a. —piea'sur-a-bly, adv. 
pleat, 1 pllt; 2 p'et, v. & re. Same as plait. 
ple-be'ian, 1 ph-bl'an; 2 ple-be'an. I. a. 1. 
Pertaining to the common people. 2. Hence, 
common; inferior. II. re. 1. Rom. Hist. One 
of the common people. 2. A man of no rank. 
[ < L.o p plebeius, < plebs, the common people.] 
pled, 1 pled; 2 pled, imp. & pp. of plead, v. [Colloq.] 
pledge, 1 plej; 2 pledg. I. vt. [pledged; 
pledg'ing.] 1. To place in the possession of 
another as security for a loan. 2. To offer 
solemnly, as security. 3. To bind by a prom¬ 
ise. 4. To toast. II. re. 1. A guaranty for the 
performance of an act. 2. A formal promise. 
3. The drinking of a health or a sentiment. 
[< OF. plege, < LL. plegium.] 

Plei'a-dcs, 1 plai'[or pli'Jo-dlz; 2 pll'for ple'ja- 
de§, re. pi. A group of stars, six of which are 
visible to ordinary sight. [L.] 
ple'na-ry, 1 pll'na-n; 2 ple'na-ry, a. Full in all 
respects or requisites; complete. [< L. LL 
plenus, full.] 

plen"i-po-ten'ti-a-ry, 1 plen"i-po-ten':ffii-e-n; 
2 plen"i-po-ten'shi-a-ry. I. a. Possessing full 
powers. II. re. [-ries z , pi.] A diplomatic rep¬ 
resentative invested with full powers by a 
government. [ < L. plenus, full, + poten\t-)s, 
powerful.] 

plen'i-tude, 1 plen'i-tiud; 2 plSn'i-tud, re. The 
state of being full, complete, or abounding; 
also, abundance. [ < L. plenitudo, < plenus, 

full.] 


plen'ty, 1 pler'ti; 2 plen'ty. I. a. Existing in 
abundance. II. re. 1. The state of being abun¬ 
dantly sufficient. 2. As much as can be re¬ 
quired. [ < L. OF plenita(t-)s, < plenus, full.] 
—plen'te-ous, a. 1. Amply sufficient. 2. Yield¬ 
ing in abundance. 3. Characterized by plenty, 
-ly, adv. -ness, re.—plen'ti-ful, a. Abundant; 
yielding in plenty, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
ple'o-nasni, 1 pli'o-nazm; 2 ple'o-n&sm, re. The 
use of needless words; redundancy; tautology. 
[ < GrA pleonasmos, < pleon, more.] — ple"o- 
nas'tic, a. —ple"o-nas'ti-cal-ly, adv. 
pletli'o-ra, 1 plefh'o-ra; 2 pleth'o-ra, n. A 
state of excessive fulness. [ < Gr. plethdre, < 
pletbos, fulness.]—ple-thor'ic, a. 
pleu'ra, 1 plu'ra; 2 plu'ra, re. [-ras, 1 -ri; 2 -re, 
pi.] The serous membrane that infolds the 
lungs. [< Gr. pleura, rib, side.]—pleu'rl-sy, 
n. Inflammation of the pleura.—pleu-rit'lc, a. 
—pleu"ro-piieu-iiio'ni-a, re. 1. A contagious 
disease of cattle. 2. In man, pleurisy combined 
with pneumonia. 

Plev'na, 1 plev'na; 2 pl&v'na, re. A town in Bul¬ 
garia; pop. 23,000; captured by Russians from 
Turks, Dec. 10. 1877. 

plex'us, 1 pleks'us; 2 pieks'Qs, n. [-us or-us-ES z , 
pl.\ A network or interlacement; a complication 
of parts. [L.] 

plf., plff., pltir., abbr. Plaintiff, 
pli'ant, 1 plai'ant; 2 pll'ant, a. 1. Capable of 
being bent or twisted with ease. 2. Easily 
yielding to influence. [F., < L. plican(t-)s, 
ppr. of plico, fold.]—pli'a-bl(e p , a. 1. Easily 
bent or twisted. 2. Easily persuaded or con¬ 
trolled.—pli 'a-bly, adv. —pli"a-bil 'i-ty, re. pli'- 
a-bl(e-ness p t.—pli'an-cy, re.—pli'ant-ly.adp. 
—pli'ant-ness, re. 

pH 'er, 1 plai'or; 2 pll'er, re. 1. One who plies. 

2. pi. Small long*jawed pincers for bending, 
plights, 1 plait; 2 plit, vt. 1. To promise for¬ 
mally and earnestly. 2. To betroth, 
plight*, re. A solemn engagement; betrothal. 

[ < AS. pliht, pledge.] 

plight 2 , re. A distressed or complicated situa¬ 
tion. [ < L. op plicitus, pp. of plico, fold.] 
Plin., abbr. Pliny. 

PHn'y, 1 plin'i; 2 plin'y, re. 1. P. “the Elder,” 
Gains Plinius Secundus (23-79), a Roman 
naturalist; perished at the destruction of Pom¬ 
peii. 2. P. “the Younger,” Gaius Plinius 
Czccilius Secundus (62-110), a Roman orator; 
author of Epistles, etc. 

plod, 1 pled; 2 plod, vt. & vi. [plod'ded^; plod'- 
ding.] To walk over heavily; proceed with 
toil. [< Ir. Gael, plod, pool.]—plod'der, re. 
plot 1 , 1 plot; 2 plot. I. vt. & vi. [plot'ted^J 
plot'ting.] To lay plans for the accomplish¬ 
ment of; form a plot; conspire. II. re. 1. A 
secret plan to accomplish some purpose. 2. 
The series of incidents forming the skeleton 
of a story, play, or poem. [Abbr. of complot, 
ult. < L. complicitum, entanglement.]—plot'- 
ter, re. 

plot 2 . I. Vt. [PLOT'TED d ; plot'ting.] 1. To 
locate on a map or chart; make a map or 
chart of. 2. To divide and stake off in plots. 
II. re. 1. A piece of ground set apart. 2. A 
surveyors’ map. [ < AS. plot.] 
plov'er, 1 pluv'ar; 2 plov'er, re. A shorednrd, 
having long, pointed wings and a short tail. 
See illus. on next page. 

plow, )1 plau; 2 plow. I. vt. & vi. 1. To 
plough, ( break up or turn up with a plow. 2. 
To cultivate. 3. To use a plow, or form by a 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, gr; full, rQle; bot, btlrn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won| 









453 


play 

pneumatic 



plow. II. n. 1. An implement for cutting, 
turning over, stirring, or breaking up the soil. 
See agricul- 
ture. 2. Any 
implement 
that operates 
like a plow. 

3 Figurative¬ 
ly, agriculture. 

[ < AS. ploh, 
plowlan d.]— 
plow' a - l>l(e p , 
a. — plow'- 
boy", n . 
plough'boy"t. 


Plover. 


—plow'er, n. plough'ert.—plow'man, n. 
plough'mant.—plow'share", n. The share 
or blade of a plow, plough 'share"t. 
pluck ( , 1 pluk; 2 pluk, v. I. t. 1. To remove by 
a quick pull or jerk; pick. 2. To strip com¬ 
pletely. 3. To twitch. II. i. To give a sud¬ 
den pull. [ < AS. pluccian, pluck.] 
pluck, n. 1. Confidence and spirit in the face 
of difficulty or danger; courage. 2. The heart, 
liver, and lungs of an animal. 3. A twitch.— 
pluck'y, a. [pluck/i-er; pluck'i-est.] Brave 
and spirited; courageous.— pluck'i-ly, adv. 
plug, 1 plug; 2 plug. I. vt. [plugged; plug'- 
ging.1 To insert a plug in; stop with a plug. 
II. n. 1. Anything used to stop a hole. 2. A 
cake of tobacco. [ < MD. plugge, plug.] 
plum, 1 plum; 2 plum, n. 1. The edible fruit of 
a tree of the rose family; also, the tree itself. 
2. A raisin. 3. The best part of anything. [ < 
AS .plume, < Gr .^prounon, plum.] 
plu'mage, 1 plu'mij; 2 plu'mag, n. 1. The 
feathers that cover a bird. 2. Figuratively, 
adornment. [F., < plume; see plume.] 
plumb, ) 1 plum; 2 plum. I. vt. 1. To test with 
plum p , j a plumb-line. 2. To straighten. 3. To 
supply (a building) with gas®, water®, and 
sewer®pipes. II. a. True, accurate, and up¬ 
right; vertical; perpendicular. III. n. A 
plumb®bob or plummet. IV. adv. In a verti¬ 
cal direction. [ < F. plomb, < L. plumbum, 
lead.]— plumb'sbob", n. The weight used at 
the end of a plumb®line.— p.=line, 
n. A cord by which a weight is 
suspended to test the perpendicu- 
larity or depth of something. JlfSl 

plum-ba'go, 1 plum-be'go; 2 plum- 
ba'go, n. Graphite: used for lead® 
pencils, etc. [L., < plumbum, M ^ 
lead.]— plum-bag'i-nous, a. ^ ® J 

plumb'er, ) 1 plum'sr; 2 pliim'- mj / 
plum'merp, ) er, n. One who WM 
makes a business of plumbing.—• y 

plumb'ing, n. 1. The art of pi um b®bob. 
fitting buildings with tanks, pipes, /, «nger.ring; 
etc., for water, gas, and sewage. 2. r, reel for the 
The pipe*system of a building. llne - 
plume, 1 plum; 2 plum. I. vt. [plumed; plum'- 
ing.] 1. To dress or arrange the feathers of. 2. 
To adorn. 3. To felicitate highly: used re- 


flexively. 4. To strip of plumes. II. n. A 
feather worn as an ornament; a tuft of such 
feathers. [F., < L. pluma, small soft feather.] 

—plum'y, a. 

plum'met, 1 plum'it; 2 pliim'et, n. A plumb® 
bob attached to a line and used in sounding, 
plump, 1 plump; 2 plump, a. Swelled out or 
enlarged to the full; somewhat fat. [ME. 


plomp, rude.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
plllli'der, 1 plun'dar; 2 plun'der. I. vt. 1. To 


take property from by violence; pillage; rob. 
2. To seize by open force. II. n. 1. That 
which is taken by plundering. 2. The act of 
plundering. [ < G. plunder, furniture, trump¬ 
ery.]— plun'der-er, n. A freebooter; robber, 
plunge, 1 plunj; 2 plung, v. [plunged; plung'- 
ing.] I. t. To thrust or throw suddenly into 
water or the like. II. i. 1. To jump, dive, or 
rush, as into something that submerges. 2. 
To leap, fall, or break, as a wave. 3. To de¬ 
scend abruptly, as a cliff. [ < F. plonger, < 
LL. *plumbico, < L. plumbum, lead.] 
plunge, n. 1. The act of plunging. 2. A sud¬ 
den and violent motion.— plung'er, n. 
plup., plupf., abbr. Pluperfect. 
plu'per'Tcct, 1 plii'pur"fekt; 2 plu'per'ffect. I. 
a. Gram. Expressing past time prior to some 
other past time. II. n. The pluperfect tense. 

plur. , abbr. Plural, plurality. 

plu'ral, 1 plu'ral; 2 plu'ral. I. a. Containing 
more than one. II. n. The plural number. 
[< L.of piuralis, < plus {plur-), more.]—plu'- 
ral-ist, n. 1. Any one who holds a plurality of 
offices, especially ecclesiastical. 2. Among the 
Mormons, one who has more wives than one.— 
plu-ral'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The state of be¬ 
ing plural. 2. The larger portion or greater num¬ 
ber. 3. [U. S.] Polit. The greatest of more than 
two numbers; also, the excess of one such number 
over the next highest number. 

plus, 1 plus; 2 plus, a. 1. Having an addition 
(of); increased (by): opposed to minus. 2. 
More than or above zero; positive. [L., more.] 

plush, 1 plu^h; 2 plush, n. A cloth having a 
long cut pile on one side. [ < L. F pilus, hair.] 
—plush'y, a. Having a surface like plush. 
Plu'tarch, 1 plu'tfirk; 2 plp'tare, n. A Greek 
moralist and biographer (A. D. 46?-120?). 
Plu'to, 1 plu'to; 2 plu'to, n. Rom. Myth. God of 
the Underworld; husband of Proserpine; the 
Greek Hades. —Plu-ton'ic, a. Plu-to'ni-an]:. 
plll-toc'ra-cy, 1 plu-tek'ra-si; 2 plu-toc'ra-gy, 
n. [-cies z , pi.] A class in a community who 
control government by their wealth. [ < Gr. 
ploutos, wealth, -f- krateo, rule.]—plu'to-crat, n. 
—p!u"to-crat'ic, -i-cal, a. 

Plu'tus, 1 plu'tus; 2 plu'tus, n. Gr. Myth. The 
personification of riches. 

plu'vi-al, 1 plu'vi-al; 2 plu'vi-al, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to rain; rainy. 2. Arising from the action 
of rain. [ < L. pluvialis, < pluvia, rain.] plu'- 

vi-ousj. 

ply, 1 plai; 2 ply, v. [plied; ply'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To work at with steadiness. 2. To use with 
diligence. II. i. 1. To go back and forth; 
make trips. 2. To be busy. 3. To proceed in 
haste. [ < F. plier ( < L. plico), bend.] 
ply, n. [plies 2 , pi.] A web, layer, or thickness. 
Plym'outh, 1 plim'afh; 2 plym'oth, n. 1. A city 
of E. Massachusetts; pop. 13,050; landing=place 
of the Pilgrim Fathers. 2. A seaport and naval 
station in S. W. England; pop. 209,860.— Plym¬ 
outh Rock, the rock on which the Pilgrims are 
said to have stepped when landing from the 
“Mayflower,” Dec. 11, 1620. 

P. M., abbr. Past Master, paymaster, postmaster, 
post meridiem (L., afternoon).—pm., abbr. Pre¬ 
mium.—p. n., abbr. Promissory note.—pneum., 
abbr. Pneumatic, pneumatics, 
pneu-mat'ic, 1 niu-mat'ik; 2 nu-mat'ie, a. 1. 
Pertaining to the science of pneumatics. 2. 
Pertaining to air or gas. [ < Gr. pneumati/cos, 
< pneuma, breath.] pneu-mat'i-calt.—pneu- 
mat'ics, n. The branch of physics that treats 
of the mechanical properties of gases. 


1:3 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil: lu = fewd; <5hin; go; o = sin/?; thin, this. 
2: wplf, dj»; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611. boy; go, gem; irjik; thin, this. 








pneumonia 

poly- 


454 


pneu-mo'ni-a, 1 niu-mo'm-a; 2 nu-mo'ni-a, n. 
Inflammation of lung*tissue. [ < Gr. pneu¬ 
monia, < pneumon, lung.]—pneu-mon'ic, a. 
Po, 1 po; 2 po, n. A river in N. Italy; 418 m. to the 
Adriatic sea. 

P. G., abbr. Post*offlce, Province of Ontario. 
poach u , 1 poch; 2 p5ch, vt. & vi. To cook (eggs) 
by breaking the shell and dropping the con¬ 
tents into boiling water, 
poach’, vt. & vi. To rob of game; intrude upon 
unlawfully; encroach.— poach'er, n. 
Po"ca-hon'tas, 1 po"ka-hon'tas; 2 po"ca-hon'tas, 
n. An Indian princess (1595-1617), daughter of 
Powhatan; saved life of Captain Smith, 
pock, 1 pek; 2 pok, n. A pustule. [ < AS. poc.] 
— pock'mark", n. A pit or scar made by small¬ 
pox.— pock'marked", a. 

pock 'et, 1 pok'et; 2 pok'et. I d . vt. 1. To put 
into a pocket. 2. To appropriate. 3. To ac¬ 
cept, as an insult, without resentment. II. n. 
1. A pouch attached to a garment. 2. A cav¬ 
ity, opening, or receptacle, f < F. pocket, dim. 
of poche; see pouch.] —poek'et-book", n. A 
small book for carrying money.—p.=knife, n. A 
knife with folding blades.—p.*money, n. Money 
for occasional expenses. 

pod, 1 pod; 2 pod. I. vi. [poD'DED d ; pod'ding.] 
To produce pods. II. n. A seed*vessel or cap¬ 
sule of a plant. [Cp. pad 1 , n.] [partment. 
P. O. D., abbr. Pay on delivery, Post*offlce De- 
Poe, 1 po; 2 po, Edgar Allan (1809-1849). An 
American poet and novelist; The Raven. 
po'em, 1 po'em; 2 po'gm, n. A composition in 
verse, characterized by imaginative thought 
and artistic construction. [ < Gr. poiema, < 
poieo, make.]— po'e-sy, n. Poetry.— po'et, n. 
One who writes poems.— po'et-as"ter, n. An 
inferior poet; a mere rimer.— po'et-ess, n. A 
female poet.— po-et'ic, po-et'i-cal, a.— po¬ 
et'i-cal-ly, adv. — po'et-ry, n. The form of lit¬ 
erature that embodies beautiful thought in rhyth¬ 
mical and metrical language, 
poet., abbr. Poetical, poetics, poetry, 
po'go, 1 pS'go; 2 po'gO: n. A stiltdike jumping* 
stick having a spring fitted in its base. [ < Pogo 
in Transylvania.] 

po-grom', 1 po-grem'; 2 po-gr6m', n. [Rus.] A 
local disturbance, as a riot, pillage, often accom¬ 
panied by loss of life, instigated by officials un¬ 
der the direction of a central government and 
frequently aimed at the Jews, 
poign'ant, 1 pein'ant; 2 poin'ant, o. Severe¬ 
ly painful or distressing. [F.] -ly, adv .— 
polgn 'an-cy, n. Severity or sharpness, as of grief, 
poi'lu, I pwcTlii'; 2 pwa"lii'. I. a. Hairy; bearded. 

II . n. [Recent.] A French soldier. [F.] 
point d , 1 point; 2 point, v. I. t. 1. To furnish 
with a point; sharpen. 2. T® make pungent 
or piquant. 3. To extend or direct; aim. 4. 
To show (a person) the way, as by the extended 
finger: with out. 5. To direct attention to. 6* 
To punctuate. II. i. 1. To direct attention 
by the extended finger. 2. To indicate, as a 
hunting dog, the presence of game by stand¬ 
ing rigidly looking toward it. 
point, n. 1. The sharp end of a thing. 2. An 
object having a sharp or tapering end. 3. 
A tapering tract of land extending outward 
from a shore; a cape or promontory. 4. A 
prominent feature or peculiarity; the aim or 
gist, as of an argument. 5. A particular 
place; position; in mathematics, that which 
has position without extension. 6. Any single 
item. 7. An instant. 8. A mark made by a 
pointed instrument. 9. Any mark of punctu¬ 


ation, especially a period. 10. In games, a 
unit of count. [F., < L. punctum, < pungo, 
punch, prick.]— polnt'blank'. I. a. 1. Aimed 
directly at the mark. 2. Hence, direct; plain. 
II. adv. In a horizontal line; hence, directly.— 
point'ed, pa. 1. Having a point. 2. Piquant. 
3. Emphasized.— point'ed-Iy, adv.— point 'er, 
n. One who or 
that w hich points. 

Specif.: (1) One of 
a breed of dogs 
trained to scent 
and point out 


Pointers. 

Part of the constellation 
of Ursa Major, showing the 

stars (Alpha, Beta) called 
epsilon .. ' 

“pointers. 

POLAPfS 



game. (2) A hand 
or index=finger. (3) 
pi. Two stars, in 
the constellation bcta\ 
of Ursa Major, 

w r hose connecting line points nearly to the 
north star.— point'less, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
poise, 1 poiz; 2 pois. I. vt. & vi. [poised ; pois'- 
ing.] To support in equilibrium; be balanced 
or suspended; hence, to be in doubt. II. n. 1. 
The state of being balanced. 2. Equanimity; 
repose. [ < OF. pois, < L. pensum, weight.] 
poi'son, 1 pei'zn; 2 poi'sn. I. vt. 1. To put poi¬ 
son into. 2. To injure or kill with poison. 3. 
To affect with any corrupting influence. II. 
n. A substance that when taken into the 
system acts in a noxious manner, tending to 
cause death or serious injury. [OF., < L. 
potio(n-), potion.] —poi"son*l'vy, n. An Amer¬ 
ican climbing plant, a species of sumac, with leaves 
in groups of three, poisonous to many persons by 
touch. p.soakj; p.*sumact. — poi'son-er, ». 
One who or that which poisons or corrupts.— 
poi'son-ous, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Poi"ti"ers', 1 pwa*tl"§'; 2 pwa"ti"e', n. A city 
of W. Central France; pop. 41,242; English de¬ 
feated French, Sept. 19, 1356. 
poke, 1 pok; 2 pok, v. [poked 1 ; pok'ing.] 1. 1. 
1. To push or thrust against or into. 2. To 
thrust or push in or out. II. i. To go slug¬ 
gishly or gropingly. [Prob. of Celt, origin.] 
poke 1 , n. 1. The act of pushing. 2. A collar 
with an attachment, to keep animals from 
passing fences, etc. 3. A dawdler, 
poke-, n. The pokewced. [Am. Ind ] 
poke 3 , n. 1. A pocket, or small bag. 2. The 
air*bladder of a fish. [Prob.* of Celt, origin.] 
poke 4 , n. A large bonnet with projecting front. 
pok'er 1 , 1 pok'er; 2 pok'er, n. 

One who or that which pokes. 
pok'er 1 , n. A game of cards in 
which the players bet on the 
value of their hands, 
poke'weed", 1 pok'wid"; 2 pok'- 
wed", n. A stout perennial herb 
having dark=purple berries. 

Pol., abbr. Poland, Polish. — pol., 
polit., abbr. Political, politics. 

Po land, 1 po'lond; 2 po'land, n. Poke Bonnet. 
A former kingdom of N. central Europe; 282-, 
000 sq. m.; capital,Warsaw; divided between Rus¬ 
sia, Prussia, and Austria ( 1792 - 1815 ); republic 
since Oct., 1918; pop. 24,272,350. 
po'Iar, 1 po'ler; 2 po'lar, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the poles of a sphere, as of the earth. 2. Per¬ 
taining to the poles of a magnet or other cen¬ 
ter of attraction or repulsion. [ < L. polus; 
see pole 2 , n.]— po-Iar '1-scope, n. An optical 
instrument for exhibiting or measuring the po¬ 
larization of light — po-lar'l-ty, n. The quality 
of having opposite poles.— po"Iar-l-za'tlon or 
-sa'tion, n. The act of polarizing, or the state 



1:artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, bOrn 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh»t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n 


f 

y 







455 


pneumonia 

poly- 


ot being polarized. — po'lar-ize or -ise, vt. 
[-ized, -ised; -iz"ing, -is"ing.] To develop po¬ 
larity in; bring to opposite conditions correspond¬ 
ing to opposite poles. 

pole, 1 pol; 2 pol, vt . [poled; pol'ing.] To 
push or propel with a pole. 

pole 1 , n. 1. A long slender piece of wood or 
metal. 2. A perch or rod. [ < AS. pal , < L. 
palus, stake.] 

pole 2 , n . 1. Either of the extremities of an axis 
of a sphere. 2. Either of the polar regions of 
the earth. The north pole is the N. extremity 
of the earth’s axis, which was reached by Peary, 
Apr. 6. 1909; the south pole is the S. extremity 
of the earth’s axis; it was reached by Amundsen, 
Dec. 16, 1911, and by Scott, Jan. 17, 1912. 3. 

One of two points at which opposite qualities 
are concentrated. [< Gr. L polos , < pelo , be 
in motion.]— pole'sstar", n . The bright star near 
the north celestial pole. 

Pole 3 , n . An inhabitant of Poland. 

pole'cat", n. One of certain weaseldike carni¬ 
vores, noted for a fetid 
odor when irritated or 

alarmed. 

pol. econ., abbr. Political 

economy. ^ , 

po-lem 'ic, 1 po-lem'ik; 2 po- Eur °P e an Polecat. 

lem'ic, a . Pertaining to /20 

controversy; disputatious. [ < Gr. polemikos , 

warlike, < polemos , war.] po-lem'l-calf. — po- 
lem'i-eal-ly, adv . — po-Iem'ics, n . pi . The art 
or practise of disputation. 

po-lice', 1 po-lTs'; 2 po-li?'. I. vt . [po-liced' 1 ; 
po-lic'ing.] To place under the control of po¬ 
lice. II. n. A body of civil officers organized 
under authority to maintain order and en¬ 
force law. [F., < Gr. politeia , polity, < polls , 
city.]— po-lice'man, n . [-men, pi .] A member 

of the police. 

pol'i-cy 1 , 1 pol'i-si; 2 pol'i-cy, n. [-cies z , pi .] 

1. Prudence or sagacity in the conduct of 
affairs. 2. A course or plan of action, espe¬ 
cially of administrative action. 3. Finesse in 
general; artifice. [< Gr. politeia , polity.] 

pol'i-cy 2 , n. [-cies z , pi .] 1. A written contract 
of insurance. 2. [U. S.] A gambling*game. 
[< F. police.] 

l>ol'ish, 1 pel'i^h; 2 pol'ish. I. vt . & vi . 1. To 
make smooth or lustrous, as by friction; ren¬ 
der polite or accomplished. 2. To take a 
gloss; become polite and elegant. II. n. 1. 
Smoothness or glossiness of surface; finish. 

2. A varnish. 3. Refinement of manner or 
style. [ < L. OF polio , polish.]— pol'ish-er, n. 

Po'Iish, 1 po'liffi; 2 po'lish. I. a . Pertaining 
to Poland. II. n. The Polish language. 

po-lite', 1 po-lait'; 2 po-lTt', a . 1. Exhibiting in 
manner or speech a considerate regard for 
others. 2. Highly finished and elegant in 
style. [< L. politus , pp. of polio , polish.] 
-Iy, adv . -ness, n . 

pol'i-tic, 1 pol'i-tik; 2 pol'i-tTe, a . 1. Sagacious 
in planning; artful. 2. Wisely adapted to an 
end; specious. 3. Pertaining to public polity, 
-ly, adv .— po-Ht'l-eal, a . 1. Pertaining to pub¬ 
lic policy. 2. Belonging to the science of govern¬ 
ment. 3. Pertaining to a party in a state.— 
political economy, same as economics. — 
po-lit'i-cai-Iy, adv . — pol"l-ti'cian, n. 1. One 
engaged in politics. 2. One skilled In poll deal 
science.— pol'1-tics, n. 1. The science of civil 
government. 2. Party intrigues, etc. 3. One’s 
political sentiments. 


pol'i-ty, 1 pel'i-ti; 2 pol'i-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] 
1. The form or method of government of a 
nation, state, church, etc. 2. Any communi¬ 
ty living under some definite form of govern¬ 
ment. [ < F. politie, < Gr. L politeia, polfty.] 
pol'ka, 1 pol'ka; 2 pol'ka, n. A round dance in 
common time; also the music for it. [F.] 
poll, 1 pol; 2 pol, v. I. t. 1. To enroll, as vot¬ 
ers. 2. To ascertain the opinions of, as 
voters, a jury, etc., one by one. 3. To receive 
or cast, as votes, at the polls. 4. To lop; clip; 
shear. II. i. To vote at the polls, 
poll', n. 1. The head; hence, a person. 2. A 
list of persons. 3. The voting at an election; 
also, the votes thus registered. 4. A polbtax. 
5. The blunt or round end of a hammer or ax. 
[< MD. pol, head.]—poll'stax", n. A tax on 
the person. 

Poll 2 , 1 pel; 2 pol, n. A parrot, 
pol'lard, 1 pel'ard; 2 pol'ard, n. 1. A tree 
shorn of its top so that it puts out thick 
branches. 2. An animal that has lost its 
horns. [ < poll 1 , n.] 

pol'Ien, 1 pel'en; 2 pol'£n, n. The fine powder 
formed within the anther of a flowering plant. 
[L., fine flour.]—pol"li-na'tion, n. The trans¬ 
fer of pollen from anthers to stigmas. pol"len- 
a'tlonf; pol"len-l-za'tionf. 
pol-lute', 1 pe-liut'; 2 po-lut', vt. [pol-lut'ed (1 ; 
pol-lut'ing.] 1. To make physically un¬ 
clean; defile; stain; soil. 2. To make morally 
corrupt, f < L. pollutus, pp. of polluo, defile.] 
—pol-lut'er, n.—pol-lu'tlon, n. The act of 
polluting; defilement. 

po'lo, 1 po'lo; 2 po'lo, n. A game played on 
horseback, usually with a light wooden ball 
and mallets. [E. Ind.] 

Po'lo, 1 po'lo; 2 po'lo, Marco (1254-1324). A 
Venetian traveler and author. 

Pol-ta'va, 1 pel-tci'va; 2 pol-ta'va, n. A city of 
Ukraine; pop. 82, 00; Peter the Great defeated 
Charles XII. of Sweden, July 8, 1709. 
pol-troon', 1 pel-trun'; 2 pol-troon', n. 1. A 
coward; dastard. 2. A sluggard. [< F. pol- 
Iron, < It. poltrone, < poltro, bed.] — pol¬ 
troon'er-y, n. Cowardice, 
pol 'y-, prefix. Many; much. [ < Gr. polys, many.] 
— po-lyg'a-mlst, n. One who practises or ad¬ 
vocates polygamy.— po-lyg'a-mous, a. Per¬ 
taining to polygamy. [+ gamos, marriage.] -ly, 
adv. — po-Iyg'a-my, n. The condition of having 
more than one wife or husband at once.— pol'y- 
glot. I. a. 1. Expressed in several languages. 
2. Speaking several tongues. II. n. A book giv¬ 
ing versions of the same text in several languages. 

[ + glotta, tongue.] — pol 'y-gon, n. A closed 
figure bounded by straight lines or arcs, espe¬ 
cially more than four. [+ gonia, angle.]— po- 
Iyg'o-nal, a.— pol"y-he'dron, n. [-dra or 
-drons z , pi.] A solid bounded by plane faces, 
especially by more than four. [+ hedra, seat.] 
— pol"y-he'draI, a. — pol'y-niorph, n. A sub¬ 
stance or organism that may assume any one of 
several forms or types. [+ Gr. morphe, form.]— 
pol"y-mor'phlsm, n.— pol"y-mor'phous, a. 
pol"y-mor'phicf. — po!"y-no'ml-al, n. An 
expression, as in algebra, containing two or more 
terms, [-f L. nomen, name.] — pol"y-no'ml- 
al, a .— pol"y-syl'la-bl(e p , n. A word of several 
syllables, especially of more than three.— pol"y- 
syl-lab'Ic, a. Having several syllables; pertain¬ 
ing to a polysyllable. pol"y-syl-lab'l-calf. — 
po!"y-tech'nlc. I. a. Embracing many arts. 
II. n. A school of applied science and the indus¬ 
trial arts. [+ lechnS, art.]— pol'y-the"lsm, n. 



1:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; eil; Iu = fewd; c5hin; go; D = sinp; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iyk; thin, this. 











Polycarp 

portemonnaie 


456 


The belief that there are more gods than one. [ + 
theos, god.]—pol 'y-the"ist, npol"y-the-ls'- 
tic, pol"y-the-is'tl-cal, a.— Pol"y-zo'a, n. pi. 
Biol. A class of marine animals, forming plant¬ 
like colonies by budding.— pol"y-zo'an, a. & n. 
Pol'y-carp, 1 pel'i-karp; 2 pol'y-carp, Saint (69?— 
166?). The earliest Apostolic Father; disciple of 
St. John; martyred. 

Pol"y-ne'si-a, 1 peFi-nl'^hi-a; 2 pory-ne'shi-a, n. 
A region of the South Sea Islands, including 
Hawaii, New Zealand, Samoa, Tahiti, and other 
island groups.— Pol"y-ne'sl-an, a. & n. 
pol'yp, 1 pel'ip; 2 pol'yp, n. A many-armed 
aquatic animal of the radiate type. [ < Gr. L 
polypous, < polys, many, + pous, foot.]— pol'y- 
pous, a. Having many feet or roots.— pol'y- 
pus, n. [-pi, pi.] A tumor projecting into a nat¬ 
ural cavity, as the nostril. 

Pol"y-phe'inus, 1 polT-fl'mus; 2 p61"y-fe'mus, n. 
In Homer’s Odyssey, the chief of the Cyclopes; 
he imprisons Ulysses and his companions in a 
cave, from which they escape after blinding him 
in his sleep. 

pom., abbr. Pomological. 

pom'ace, 1 pum'is; 2 pom'ac, n. The sub¬ 
stance of apples or like fruit crushed by 
• grinding. [ < LL. pomacium, cider, < L. 
pomurn, apple.] 

po-made', 1 po-med'; 2 po-mad', n. A per¬ 
fumed dressing for the hair. [ < F. pommade, 
< L. pomum, apple.] po-ma'turaf. 
pome, 1 pom; 2 pom, n. A fleshy, many-celled 
fruit with a core, as an apple, etc. [ < L. OF 
pomum, fruit.]— po-inol'o-gy, n. The science 
of fruits and fruit-culture. po'mi-cuP'turef. 
—po"mo-log'i-cal, a. -ly , adv. — po-mol'o- 
glst, n. 

Pome'gran-ate, 1 pem'gran-it; 2 pom'gr&n-at, 
n. The fruit of a tree of 
the myrtle family having 
a hard rind and sub-acid 
red pulp; also, the tree. 

[ < L. OF pomum, fruit; grana- 
tum, with many seeds.] 
poin'e-lo, 1 pom'i-lo; 2 pom'- 
e-lo, n . 1-loes z , pi. J A 
small variety of the shad¬ 
dock; grapefruit. [Perhaps 
of E.*Ind. origin.] pum'- 
e-loj. 

Poin"e-ra'nl-a, 1 pem"9-re'- 
m-a; 2 pom"e-rS,'ni-a. n. A 
province in N. central 
Prussia; 11,629 sq. m.; pop. 

1,716,000; capital, Stettin.— 

Pom"e-ra'nI-an, a. & n. 
pom'mel, )1 pum'el; 2 
pum'mel p ,) pom'el. I. vt. 

[pom'meled or pom'- 

MELLED, PUM'MELD p ; POM'- 

mel-ing or pom'mel-ling.] To beat with 
something bulky; pound; bruise. II. n. A 
knob, as at the front of a saddle or on the hilt 
of a sword; the butt of a firearm. [< OF. 
pomcl, knob.] puni'melf. 

Po-mo'na, 1 po-m5'n9;2 po-mo'na, n . Rom. Myth. 

The goddess of fruit-trees, 
pomp, 1 pomp; 2 pomp, n. Magnificent or os¬ 
tentatious display. [ < Gr. L+F pompe, a send¬ 
ing, pomp.]—pom'pous, a. Ostentatious; pre¬ 
tentious; magnificent.—pom-pos'i-ty, n. pora'- 
pous-nesst.—pom'pous-ly, adv. 

Pom'pa-dour, 1 pem'pe-dur; 2 pdm'pa-djqr, n. 
1. Marquise de (1721-1764), Jeanne d’Etoiles 
(nte Poisson), mistress and political adviser of 
Louis XV. of France. 2. [p-] A style of arrang¬ 



Branch of Pome¬ 
granate. 

a, flowers; b, the fruit; e, 
cross»8ection of the fruit. 


A small 


ing the hair by brushing it straight up from the 
forehead. 

Poin-pe'll, 1 pem-pe'yl; 2 pom-pe'yi, n. An an¬ 
cient city of Italy, 13 m. S. E. of Naples; de¬ 
stroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, A. D. 79; 
largely laid bare by modern excavations.—Pom- 
pe'ian, a. & n. 

Pom'pey, 1 pem'pi; 2 pdm'py, the Great (106— 
48 B. C.). Cneius Pompeius Magnus, a Roman 
general and triumvir; rival of Caesar. See Phar- 
salia. 

Pon'ce de Le'on, 1 pon'the dS lS'on; 2 pon'the d§ 
le'on, Juan (1460-1521). A Spanish explorer and 
conqueror; discovered Florida, 
pon'cho, 1 pon'eho; 2 pon'cho, n. A blanket with 
a hole in the middle for the head, worn by Span- 
ish-Americans as a cloak. [S.-Am. Sp.] 
pond, 1 pond; 2 pond, n. A body of still water, 
smaller than a lake. [ < pound 2 , n.] 
pon'der, 1 pen'der; 2 pon'der, v. I. t. To 
weigh in the mind; consider thoughtfully. II. 
t. To reflect; meditate. [< L. pondero, < 
pondus (ponder-), weight, < pendo, weigh.]— 
pon'der-a-bl(e p , a. Capable of being weighed. 
— pon'der-er, n. — pon"der-os't-ty, n. The 
state of being ponderous.— pou'der-ous, a. 1. 
Having weight; unusually forcible; also, huge; 
bulky. 2. Heavy to the extent of dulness; lum¬ 
bering; labored, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Pon"di-eher'ry, 1 pen'di-gher'i; 2 pdn'dl-cMr'y, 
n. 1. A French dependency on the S. E. coast of 
India; 112 sq. m.; pop. 166,023. 2. Its capital; 

pop. 46,657. 

pon'iard, 1 pen'ysrd; 2 pon'yard, n. 
dagger, especially one with a 
slender triangular or square blade. 

[ < F. poignard, < poing, fist.] 
pon'tifT, )1 pon'tif; 2 pon'tlf, n. 
pon'tif p ,) 1. The Pope; also, any 
bishop. 2. A high priest. [< L. r 
pontifex, chief priest, lit. bridge- 
maker.]—pon-tlf'ic, a.—pon-tif'I- 
cal. I. a. Pertaining to or appropri¬ 
ate for a pontiff. II. n. 1. A book 
containing the services conducted by 
a bishop. 2. pi. The insignia, etc., of 
a pontiff.—pon-tif'i-cal-ly, adv. — 
pon-tlf'i-cate, n. The office of a 
pontiff or pope; also, a pope’s term of 
office. 

poll-toon', 1 pen-tun'; 2 p5n-toon', 
n. A flat-bottomed boat, a metal 
cylinder, or the like, used to sup- _ 
port a floating bridge. [ < L. F Poniard. 
ponlo(n-), transport, < pon(t-)s, bridge.] pon- 
tou'f.—pontoon bridge, a bridge supported 
on pontoons. 

Pon'tus, 1 pon'tus; 2 pdn'ttis, n. An ancient prov¬ 
ince in N. E. Asia Minor. Acts ii, 9. 
po'ny, 1 po'ni; 2 po'ny, n. [po'nies z , pi] 1. A 
very small horse. 2. [College Slang.] A trans¬ 
lation used in the preparation of lessons. [ < 
Gael, ponaidh, pony.] 

P. O. O., abbr. Post»offlce_order. 
poo'dl(e p , 1 pu'dl; 2 poo'dl, n. One of a breed 
of curly-haired dogs. [ < LG. pudel.] 
pooh, 1 pu; 2 poo, inlerj. Bah! foh! expressing 
disdain. [Cp. Ice. pu, pooh.] polif.—pooh'* 
pooh", vt. & vi. 

pool, 1 pul; 2 pool, v. I. t. To put into a com¬ 
mon fund to be shared. II. i. To form a pool. 
pool 1 , n. A small collection of water or other 
liquid; a pond. [ < AS. pol, < Ir. poll, hole.] 
pool 2 , n. 1. A collective stake in a gambling 
game. 2. A combination formed for a specu- 



French 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rGle; but, burn; 

2- art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, n6t, or, won. 













457 


Polycarp 

portemonnaie 


lative operation. 3. A game played on a six* 
pocket billiard table. [ < F. poule.] 
poop, 1 pup; 2 poop, n. A short deck built over 
the after part of the deck of a vessel. [ < L. F 
puppis, stern of aship.] 

poor, 1 pur; 2 poor, o. 1. Having little or no 
property or income; indigent. 2. Lacking 
good or valuable qualities. 3. Deserving of 
pity; unhappy. 4. Miserable; paltry, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.—poor'sfarm", poor'sfiouse", n. 
A farm or establishment where paupers are cared 
for at public expense. —poor"sspir'it-ed, a. 
Having little spirit or courage; cowardly, 
pop, 1 pep; 2 pop. I. vt. & vi. [popped 1 ; pop'- 
ping.] 1. To thrust or put suddenly. 2. To 
issue or explode with a pop. II. n. A sharp, 
explosive noise. III. adv. Unexpectedly. 
[Imitative.] — pop'scorn", n. A variety of 
maize, the kernels of which axplode when heated, 
throwing out the white interior. —pop'gun, n. 
A tube w T ith piston that compresses air, expelling 
a pellet with a pop. 
pop., abbr. Popular, population, 
pope, 1 pop; 2 pop, n. 1. The Bishop of Rome, 
supreme pontiff of the Roman Catholic 
Church. 2. Any priest of the Greek Church. 
[< AS. papa, < LL. papa, < Gr. papas, father.] 
— pope'doin, n. The office or dominion of a 
pope.— po'per-y, n. The religion of the Roman 
Catholic Church: opprobrious. — po'pish, a. 
Pertaining to popes or popery: opprobrious, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. [English poet and satirist. 

Pope, 1 pop; 2 pop, Alexander (1688—1744). An 
pop'in-jay, 1 pep'in-je; 2 pop'in-ja, n. 1. A 
coxcomb. 2. The figure of a bird, formerly 
used as a mark. 3. A parrot. [ < Gr. OF papa- 
gas, parrot.] 

pop'Iar, 1 pep'ler; 2 pop'lar, n. A tree of sev¬ 
eral species, of rapid growth, and having soft 
wood; also, its wood. [ < L. populus, poplar.] 
pop'lin, 1 pep'lm; 2 pop'lin, n. A dress*goods 
of ribbed, lustrous texture. [ < F. popeline, 
poplin.] 

Po-po"ca-te'pet-1, 1 po-po"ka-te'pet-l; 2 po-po*- 
ca-te'pet-l, n. A volcano, 40 m. S. E. of Mexico 
City; 17,883 ft. high. 

pop'py, 1 pep'i; 2 pop'y, n. [pop'pies 2 , pi.] A 
plant with showy flowers and a white juice 
that abounds in opium. [ < AS. popig, < L. 
papaver, poppy.] v 

pop'u-lace, 1 pep'yu-lis; 2 pop'yu-lag, n. The 
body of the common people; the masses: invid¬ 
iously, the rabble. [F., < L. populus, people.] 
pop'u-lar, 1 pep'yu-lor; 2 pop'yu-lar, a. 1. 
Pertaining to the people at large. 2. TV idely 
trusted or admired. 3. Suitable to the com¬ 
mon people. 4. Prevalent among the people. 
[< L. popularis, < populus, people.]— pop"u- 
lar'i-ty, n. The condition of being popular.— 
pop'u-lar-ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To make pop¬ 
ularly acceptable.— pop'u-lar-ly, adv. — pop"u- 
lar-i-za'[or -sa’]tion, n. 

pop'u-late, 1 pep'yu-let; 2 pop'yu-lat, v. 
[-lat"ed < i ; -lat"ing.] I. t. To furnish with 
inhabitants. II. i. To propagate; breed. [< 
L. LL populus, people.]— pop"u-Ia'tion, n. 1. 
The whole number of a people. 2. The multiply¬ 
ing of inhabitants.— pop'u-lous, a. Containing 
many inhabitants. 

por-, prefix. A form of pro-; as, portend; portent. 

[ < L. por- for pro-; see pro-.] 
poree'lain, 1 pers'lm; 2 porg'lin, n. A trans¬ 
lucent kind of pottery; chinaware. [< OF. 
porcelaine, < It. porcellana, porcelain.] 
porch, 1 perdh; 2 porch, n. I. A covered struc¬ 


ture forming an entrance to a building. 2. A 
veranda. [<L . F portions, < porta, door.] 


por'cine, 
por'cin 3 . 


1 per'sin; 2 por'gin, a. Pertaining 
to or characteristic of swine. [ < 
L. porcinus, < porous, hog.] 
por'cu-pine, 1 per'kiu-pain; 

A large rodent, hav- ^ 
ing erectile, quill* > 
like spines. [ < OF. 
pore espin; pore, 
hog; espin, thorn.] 
pore, 1 por; 2 por, vi. __ 

[pored; por'ing.] 4j 
To gaze or ponder 
with close and con- Porrunine 
tinued application, 
pore, n. A small orifice, especially a minute 
perforation in a membrane or tissue. [F.]— 
po-ros'i-ty, n. 1. The property of being porous. 
2. A pore.— po'rous, a. Having pores, -ly, adv. 
-ness,». 



pork, 1 pork; 2 pork, n. 1. The flesh of swine 
used as food. 2||. A swine or swine collec¬ 
tively. [ < OF. pore, < L. porous, hog.]— 
pork'er, n. A pig or hog.— pork'y, a. Porkdike. 
por'phy-ry, ) 1 per'fi-ri; 2 por'fy-ry, n. [-ries z , 
por'fy-ry p , ) pi.] An igneous rock enclosing 
crystals of feldspar. [ < Gr. porphyrites, < 
porphyra, purple.]— por"phy-rit'ic, a. 
por'poise, i per'pus; 2 por'pos, n. A pig*like 
aquatic mammal; a dolphin. [ < OF. porpois , 
lit. * hog*fish.’] 

por'ridge, 1 per'ij ; 2 por'idg, n. 1. A food made 
by boiling meal or flour in water or milk. 2. 
A broth or stew of meat or vegetables. [ < 
LL. OF porrata, leek*broth, < L. porrum, leek.]— 
por'rin-ger, n. A small dish, having straight 
sides, and sometimes ears. [portus, harbor.] 

port 1 , n. A harbor or haven. [ < AS. port, < L. 
port 2 , n. 1. An opening in the side of a ship. 2. 
A gate, portal, door, or other entrance. [ < 
AS. port, < L. porta, gate, door.] 
port 3 , n. The left side of a vessel as one looks 
from stern to bow: formerly called larboard. 
port 4 , n. The way in which one bears or carries 
himself; mien. [F., < porter, carry.] 
port 6 , n. A class of wines, rich in alcohol. [ < 
Pg. Oporto (city in Portugal).] 

Port., abbr. Portugal, Portuguese. 


port'a-bl(e p , 1 pert'a-bl; 2 port'a-bl, a. That 
may be readily carried or moved. [ < L. LI * 
porto, carry.]— port'a-bl (e-ness p , n. port"a- 
bil'i-tyt.—port'a-bly, adv. 
pi'ft'age, 1 pert'ij; 2 port'ag, n. 1. The act of 
transporting, especially from one navigable 
water to another. 2. The place of such trans¬ 
portation, or that which is transported. [F., 
< LL. porlaticum, carriage, < L. porto, carry.] 


por'tal, 1 por'tal; 2 por'tal, n. A passage for 
entrance; entranceway. [OF., < L. LL porta, 
gate.] [captured by Japan, 1905. 

Port Ar'thur. A fortified port of S. Manchuria; 
Port au Prince, 1 port o prans; 2 port o prang. A 
seaport city; capital of Haiti; pop. 120,000. 
port-cul 'lis, 1 pert-kul'is; 2 port-cui'is, n. A 
grating that can be let down suddenly to 
close the portal of a fortified place. [ < OF. 
porte, gate; coulisse, f. s. of coulis, sliding.] See 
illus. on next page. 

Porte, 1 pert; 2 port, n. The Ottoman or Turk¬ 
ish government: used with the definite arti¬ 
cle. [F.] Sublime Portef. 
porte"mon"naie', 1 pert"mo"ne'; 2 p6rt"mo"- 


1-3 = final- i = habit; aisle; au = o«t; oil: iu = feud; ifhin; go; p = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bUrn; oil, boy; go, gem; i®k; thin, this. 









portend 

potato 


458 


na', n. A pocketbook for money; a small purse. 
[ < F. porter, carry, + monnaie, money.] 
por-tend'd, 1 per-tend'; 2 por-t£nd', vt. To in¬ 
dicate as about to happen; presage. 

[< L. portendo, foretell.]— por¬ 
tent', n. Anything that portends 
what is to happen.— por-ten'tous, 
a. Full of portents of ill; ominous. 

-ly, adv. -ness, n. 
por'ter 1 , 1 por'ter; 2 por'ter, n. 

One whose business it is to handle 
travelers’ luggage, etc. [< F. 
porteur, < L. porto, carry.]— por'- 
ter-age, n. The business of a porter; 
cost of carriage. 

por'ter-, n. A keeper of a door or 
gate. [ < F. portier, < L. porta, 
door.] Portcullis. 

por'ter 3 , n. A very dark brown malt liquor 
resembling ale. [ < porter 1 , n.] 

Por'ter, 1 per'tar; 2 por'ter, n. 1. David (1780- 
1843), an American commodore. 2. David Dixon 
(1813-1891), an American admiral; son of David, 
port-fo'li-o, 1 port-fo'li-o; 2 port-fo'li-o, n. 1. 
A portable case for holding drawings, etc. 2. 
The office of a cabinet minister. [ < L. 8P 
porto, carry, + folium, leaf.] 
port'shole", n. A small opening in a ship’s side. 
Por'ti-a, 1 por'ghi-a; 2 por'shi-a, n. The heroine of 
Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice. 
por'ti-eo, 1 per'ti-ko; 2 por'ti-eo, n. [-coes z , or 
-cos z , pf.] An open space with roof supported 
by columns; a porch. [It.] 
por"tiere', 1 per"tyer'; 2 por"tyer', n. A cur¬ 
tain, or the like, for use in a doorway. [F.] 
por'tion, 1 per'^han; 2 por'shon. I. vt. 1. To 
divide into shares for distribution. 2. To en¬ 
dow with a portion. II. n. 1. A part of a 
whole. 2. An allotment; a share. 3. The part 
•of an estate coming to an heir. 4. A wife’s 
dowry. 5. One’s fortune or destiny. [F., < L. 
portio(n-), portion.]— por'tion-less, a. Having 
no portion. 

Port'land, 1 pert'land; 8 port'land, «. 1. A city of 
S. W. Maine; pop. 69,272; burnt by the British, 
1775. 2. A city of N. W. Oregon; pop. 258,288. 
port'ly, 1 port'll; 2 port'ly, a. Of a full habit; 

somewhat stout.— port'li-ness, n. 
port-man'teau, 1 pert-man'to; 2 port-m&n'- 
to, n. A case for carrying clothing, etc., be¬ 
hind a saddle; also, a hand-bag or satchel. [ < 
F. portemanteau, < porter, carry, + manteau, 
mantle.] 

Por'to Iti'co, 1 por'to rl'ko; 2 pOr'to ri'eo. An 
island of the West Indies; 70 m. E. of Haiti; 
3,435 sq. m.; pop. 1,299,809; capital, San Juan; 
ceded to the United States by Spain, Aug. 12, 
1898.— Por'tosRi'can, a. & n. 
por'trait, 1 por'tret; 2 por'trat, n. A likeness 
of an individual. [F.]— por'trai-ture, n. 1. 
A representation of an object. 2. The act or part 
of portraying. 

por-tray', 1 per-tre'; 2 por-tra', vt. To repre¬ 
sent naturally and vividly. [ < L. F protraho, 
draw forth.]— por-tray'al, n. The act of por¬ 
traying. 

por'tress, 1 per'tres; 2 por'trgs, n. A female 
porter or doorkeeper, por'ter-esst. 

Port Roy'al. 1. A town and naval station in 
Jamaica, British West Indies; almost entirely 
destroyed by an earthquake in 1692. 2. A town 
in South Carolina, where tne Americans de¬ 
feated the British, Feb. 3,1779; captured by the 
Federals, Nov. 7, 1861. _ 

Port Sa-id ', 1 sa-Id' or sed; 2 sii-'id' or sad. A sea¬ 


port and coaling-station on the Mediterranean 
at the entrance to the Suez Canal; pop. 61,380. 
Ports'mouth, 1 perts'mafh; 2 ports'muth, n. 1. 
A fortified seaport in Southampton, England; 
pop. 247,340. 2. A seaport and naval station in 
New Hampshire, U. S.; pop. 13,570; here the 
Treaty of Portsmouth, ending the Russo- 
Japanese war, was signed, Sept. 5, 1905. 
Por'tu-gal, 1 per'tiu-gal; 2 por'tu-gal, n. A repub¬ 
lic of S. W. Europe; constituted Oct. 3, 1910; 
35,490 sq. m.; pop. 5,958,000; capital, Lisbon.— 
Por"tu-guese', n. 1. A native of Portugal; col¬ 
lectively, the people of Portugal. 2. The lan¬ 
guage of Portugal. [Possessive, 

pos., posit., abbr. Positive.— pos., poss., abbr. 
pose 1 , 1 poz; 2 po§, vt. & vi. [posed; pos'ing.] 1. 
To put into or take an attitude. 2. To state 
as a proposition. [ < F. poser, put, < LL. 
pauso, < L. pauso, cease.] 

pose 2 , vt. [posed;/•os'ing.] To puzzle by pro¬ 
pounding a question hard to answer. [Short 
for oppose.] —pos'er, n. 1. A puzzling ques¬ 
tion. 2. An examiner. [a portrait or statue, 
pose, n. An attitude or posture to be copied in 
Po-sei'don, 1 po-sai'dan; 2 po-sl'don, n. Gr. Myth. 

God of the sea; the Roman Neptune, 
po-si'tion, 1 po-zish'an; 2 po-^ish'on, n. 1. The 
manner in which a thing is placed; also, the 
place where it is situated. 2. Disposition of 
the parts of the body. 3. Sphere of influence 
or duty. [F., < L. positio(n-), < positus, pp. 
of pono, place.] 

pos'l-tive, (1 pez'i-tiv; 2 pos'i-tlv. I. a. 1. 
pos'I-tiv 8 , S Real; actual; existing. 2. Openly 
and plainly expressed. 3. Not admitting of 
doubt or denial. 4. Free from doubt or hesi¬ 
tation; confident; decided: said of persons. 
II. ?i. That which is capable of being directly 
and certainly affirmed. [ < L. OF positivus, < 
positus, pp. of pono, place.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
pos'se, 1 pes'i; 2 pos'e, n. A force or squad of 
men; technically the force that a sheriff calls 
to his assistance: abbreviated from Law Latin, 
posse comitatus, the power of the county. 
pos-sess' 1 , 1 pe-zes': 2 po-sSs', vt. 1. To have 
the ownership and enjoyment of. 2. To put 
in ownership or control. 3. To take. 4. To 
dominate. 5. To imbue or impress thor¬ 
oughly. [ < L. possessus, pp. of possideo, pos¬ 
sess.]— pos-ses'sion, n. 1. The act of possess¬ 
ing. 2. That which one possesses or owns; hence, 
property; wealth.— pos-ses'slv(e». I. a. Per¬ 
taining to or expressive of possession. II. n. 1. 
The possessive case. 2. A possessive pronoun.— 
possessive case, the case of the noun or pro¬ 
noun that denotes possession, origin, or the like.— 
pos-ses'sor, n.— pos-ses'so-ry, a. Pertaining 
to or having possession. 

pos'set, 1 pos'et; 2 pOs'fit, n. A drink of hot m ilk 
curdled with liquor, sweetened and spiced. 
pos'sl-bl(e p , 1 pes'i-bl; 2 p6s'i-bl, a. That may 
be true in some contingency; imaginably true. 
[OF., < L. possibilis, < posse, be able.]—pos"si- 
bil'l-ty, ra. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The fact of being pos¬ 
sible. 2. A possible thing.—pos'si-bly, adv. 
pos'sum, 1 pos'um; 2 pos'um, n. [Colloq.j An 
opossum. 

post ld , i post; 2 post, vt. 1. To put up in some 
public place; placard. 2. To fasten posters 
upon. 

post 2d , v. I. t. 1. To assign to a post. 2. To 
place in the post-office. 3. In bookkeeping, to 
transfer (items or accounts) to the ledger. 
4. To dispatch. II. i. To travel with post- 
horses; hasten. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prgy; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rGle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n. 



















459 


portend 

potato 


post 1 , n. An upright piece of timber or other 
material used as a support or point of attach¬ 
ment, as in a building. [< AS. post , post, stake.] 
post-, n. 1. A fixed place or station. 2. An 
office or employment. 3. An established sys¬ 
tem, as for transporting the mails. 4. A post¬ 
man; messenger. [< F. posit, post, station.] 
—post'sboy", p.schaise, p.diorse, p.sroute, 
etc., a postilion, carriage, horse, route, etc., for¬ 
merly employed in the post system of traveling, 
post-, prefix. Behind or after: opposed to ante-. 
[< L. post-, < post, after.]— post"di-Iu'vi-an, 
n. One living after the deluge, 
post'age, 1 pdst'ij; 2 post'ag, n. 1. The charge 
levied on maibmatter. 2. The act of going by 
post.— post'age *stainp", n. A small printed 
label in payment of postage, 
post'al, 1 post'al; 2 pSst'al, a. Pertaining to 
the mails or maibservice.— postal card, a 
card bearing a government stamp for carrying a 
written or printed message through the mails. 
post'er 1 , 1 post'ar; 2 post'er, n. 1. An adver¬ 
tising sheet for posting on a wall. 2. A bilb 
poster. [horse. 

post'er 2 , n. 1. One who travels post. 2. A post* 
pos-te'ri-or, 1 pes-tl'n-ar; 2'pos-te'ri-or. I. a. 
1. Situated behind. 2. Coming after another; 
later. II. n. The hinder part: (pi.) the but¬ 
tocks. [ < L. posterior, compar. of posterus, 
following.] -ly, adv. — pos-te"ri-or'I-ty, n. — 
pos-ter'i-ty, n. The descendants of a progeni¬ 
tor; succeeding generations taken collectively, 
pos'tern, 1 pos'tarn; 2 pds'tern, n. A back gate 
or door; a private entrance, 
especially a small gate beside a 
large one in a fortified place. 

[ < F. poslerne, < L. posterus, 

POSTERIOR.] 

post-grad'u-ate, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to studies pursued after 
receiving a degree; graduate.— 
post-grad 'u-ate, n. [U. S.] One 
who pursues or has completed a 
postgraduate course. 
post"*haste', 1 pdst"=hest'; 2 
post" s hast'. I. a. Done with 
speed; instant. II. adv. With sc--rg§^' r 
utmost speed. p^tprn 

pos'thu-mous, 1 pos'(ffiu-[or 

-tiu-]mus; 2 pos'chu-[or -tu-]mus, a. 1. Born 
after the father’s death: said of a child. 2. 
Published after the death of the author, as a 
book. [ < L. posturnus, superl. of posterus, 
following.] 

pos-til'ion, 1 pos-til'yan; 2 p5s-til'yon, n. A 
rider of one of the near horses of a team draw¬ 
ing a vehicle. [ < F. postilion, < poste; see 
post 2 , n .] 

post'lude, 1 post'Iiud; 2 post'lud, n. Mus. An 
organ voluntary concluding a church service. 
See prelude. [carrier, 

post'man, n. [-men, pl.\ A letter*carrier; mail* 
post'mark". I 1 , vt. To put a postmark on. II. 

n. The stamp of a posboffice on maibmatter. 
post'mas"ter, n. An official having charge of 
a posboffice.—post'mis"tress. n. fern. 
post"me-rid'i-an, 1 post"mi-rid'i-9n; 2 post"- 
me-rid'i-an, a. Pertaining to the afternoon: 
abbreviated p. m. or P. M. [ < L. post, after, 
-f- meridiem, noonday.] 

post"smor'tem, 1 p5st"«mor'tem;2 post"*mor'- 
tem, n. Expert examination of a human 
body after death; as, a post-mortem examina¬ 
tion; to hold a post-mortem. [L.] 


post'-of"fice, 1 post'=ef"is; 2 p6st'*6f"ie, n. An 
office for the receipt, transmission, and de¬ 
livery of mails; also, the postal service. 
post'«paid", a. Having postage prepaid, 
post-pone', 1 post-pon'; 2 post-pon', vt. [post¬ 
poned'; post-pon'ing.] To defer to a future 
or later time. [ < L. post, after, + pono, 
place.]—post-pone'ment, n. 
post-pran 'di-al, 1 post-pran'di-al; 2 post- 
pran'di-al, a. After=dinner. [ < post, + L. 
prandium, breakfast.] 

postscript, 1 post'skript; 2 PostScript, n. A 
supplemental addition to a written or printed 
document: abbreviated P. S. [ < L. post, 
after, + scribo, write.] 

pos'tu-late, 1 pes'dhu-[or -tiu-]let; 2 pos'chp- 
[or -tu-]lat. I. vt. To assume as selbevident. 
II. n. A position claimed as well known or 
selbevident. [ < L. postulo, demand.]—pos"- 

tu-Ia'tion, n. 

pos'ture, 1 pes'tfhur or -tiur; 2 pos'chur or -tur. 
I. vt. & vi. [pos'tured; pos'tur-ing.] To 
place in or assume a posture; pose. II. n. 1. 
The visible disposition of the parts of a thing; 
position of the body; attitude. 2. Mental at¬ 
titude. [F.]—pos'tur-er, n. pos'tur-istj. 
po'sy, 1 po'zi; 2 po'gy, n. [po'sies 2 , pi.] 1. A 
bunch of flowers, or a single flower. 2. A brief 
inscription or motto. [Contr. of poesy.] 
pot, 1 pet; 2 pot, v. [pot'ted* 1 ; pot'ting.] I. t. 
1. To cook in a pot. 2. To plant in pots of 
earth. 3. To preserve, as meats, in pots. II. i. 

1. To shoot. 2. To tipple. 

pot, n. 1. A round vessel of earth or metal for 
culinary and other purposes, chiefly domestic. 

2. A metal drinking=cup; mug. 3. The con¬ 
tents of a pot. [< AS. pott, < Ir. pota, pot.] 
—pot'=bel"ly, n. A protuberant belly.—pot* 
bellied, a. —pobboiler, n. [Slang.] Literary or 
artistic work produced simply to obtain the 
means of subsistence.—poblierb, n. Any herb 
cooked by boiling.—pot-hole, n. A pobshaped 
cavity, as that worn by loose stones in an eddy.— 
pobhook, n. 1. A bent piece of iron for lifting 
or hanging pots. 2. An old=time curved mark or 
elementary stroke in teaching penmanship.— 
pobhouse, n. An ale*house; saloon. — pot* 
hunter, n. One who kills game for food rather 
than for sport.—pobhunting, n. —pobluck, n. 
Whatever may chance to be in the pot; hence, a 
meal not prepared for guests.—pot'pie", n. A 
boiled meat pie, or meat stewed with dumplings. 
—pobroast, n. Meat cooked in a pot with very 
little water.—pot'sherd", n. A broken bit of 
crockery.—pobshot, n. A shot fired to kill, 
without regard to rules of sport; also, a random 
shot.—pot-valiant, a. Courageous from drink. 

pot., abbr. Potential. 

po'ta-bl(e p , 1 po'ta-bl; 2 po'ta-bl. I. a. Suib 
able for drinking: said of water. II. n. Some¬ 
thing drinkable; a drink. [F., < L. potabilis, 
< poto, drink.]— po-ta'tion, n. 1. The act of 
drinking; a beverage. 2. A drinking*bout. 
pot'ash", 1 pot'affi"; 2 pot'ash", n. 1. A white, 
solid, caustic, alkaline compound. 2. The 
liquid obtained by leaching the ashes of 
plants; lye. [ < pot, n., + ash 2 , «.] 
po-tas'si-um, 1 po-tas'i-um; 2 po-tas'i-um, n. 

A bluish=white metallic element, 
po-ta'to, 1 po-te'to; 2 po-ta'td, n. [-toes z , pl.\ 
1. One of the edible farinaceous tubers of a 
plant of the nightshade family; also, the 
plant. 2. One of the sweetish, edible, spindle* 
shaped roots of a creeping vine; the sweet 



1: a = final; inhabit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; dhin; go; rj = sirc^; thin, |hjs. # 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 





















poteen 

precede 


460 



Common Potato as it 
grows. 


potato. [ < Haitian 31 * batata, sweet potato.) 
—po-ta'to»bee"t!e, n. A leaf*beetle, very de¬ 
structive to the pota¬ 
to, etc. Col"o-ra'- 
do bee'tlej; po-ta'- 
to*bug"J. — p.*rot, 
n. A fungus=disease 
of the potato, 
po-tecn', 1 po-tln'; 2 
po-ten', n. Illicitly 
manufactured Irish 
whisky. [< Ir. 
poitin.] po-theen't; 
pot-teen'J. 
po'tent, 1 po'tent; 2 
po'tent, a. Physi¬ 
cally or morally 
powerful; effective; 
convincing; con- 
trolling. [< L. 
potent t-) s, pp. of 
possum, be able.) -ly ,adv. -ness,n. —po'ten-ey, 
n. 1. Inherent ability. 2. Authority. 3. Power to 
influence; specif., the power of a drug to effect 
particular results.— po 'ten-tate, n. One having 
great power or sway; a sovereign. [< F. poten¬ 
tate —po-ten'tial. I. a. 1. Possible but not 
actual. 2. Having capacity for existence, but not 
yet existing. 3. Gram. Indicating possibility or 
power. II. n. 1. Anything that may be possible. 
2. Gram. The potential mode. 3. Phys. Set. A 
condition at a point in space, due to local attrac¬ 
tion or repulsion, such that a mass, electric 
charge, etc., at such point becomes capable of 
doing work, -ly, ado.— potential mode, the 
verb phrase made up by means of the auxiliaries 
may, can, could, must, should, would, with an in¬ 
finitive, and expressing power or possibility.— 
po-ten"ti-al'i-ty, re. 

potli'er, 1 peth'ar; 2 poth'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
harass and perplex; worry; make a fuss. II. n. 
Bustle or fuss. [Freq. < AS. potian, push.] 
portion, 1 po'sihan; 2 po'shon, n. A draft, as of 
liquid medicine, [F., < L. potio{n~), < polo, 
drink.) 

Pot'i-phar, 1 pet'i-far; 2 pot'f-fiir, n. Bib. An 
officer of Pharaoh; bought Joseph. Gen. xxxix, 1. 
Po-to'inac, 1 po-to'mak; 2 po-to'mae, n. A river 
of the E. United States: flows by Washington, 
I). C., 550 m. to the Atlantic ocean. 

Po"to-si', 1 po"to-sI'; 2 po’to-si', n. A mining city 
of W. Bolivia; pop. 29,785; altitude, 13,022 ft. 
pot"pour"ri', 1 p6"pQ"n'; 2 po"pu"ri', n. A heter¬ 
ogeneous mixture; medley; jumble. [F.] 
pot 'tage, 1 pet'ij; 2 pot'ag, n. A thick broth or 
stew; a porridge. [ < F. potage, < pot, pot.] 
pot'ter, 1 pet'ar; 2 pot'er, vi. 1. To work loi- 
teringly or inefficiently. 2. To walk feebly. 
[Freq. < AS. potian, push.) 
pot'ter, n. 1. One who makes earthenware or 
porcelain. 2. One who pots meats, etc.— 
pot'ter-y, n. [-ies z , pi.) 1. A factory where 
potters’ ware is made. 2. The manufacture 
of earthenware or porcelain. 3. Clay ware 
molded and hardened. 


pot'tlfes, 1 pet'l; 2 pot'l, n. 1. A drinking-vessel; 
pot; tankard. 2. A measure of half a gallon. 
[ < OF. potel.] 

poueli', 1 paueffi; 2 pouch, v. 1. 1. 1. To pocket; 
hence, to swallow. 2. To supply with money. 
3. To gather up, as the mouth of a sack. II. 
i. To take on a sack shape, 
pouch, n. 1. A small bag or sack. 2. Anat. & 
Zool. A sac-like part; a marsupium. [ < OF. 
poche, pouch.)— pouched, a. 


poult, 1 polt; 2 polt, n. A young chicken, or the like, 
poul'ter-er, 1 pol'tar-ar; 2 pol'ter-er, n. A 
dealer in poultry. 

poul'tice, 1 pol'tis; 2 pol'tis. I. vt. [-ticed 4 ; 
-tic-ing.] To cover with a poultice. II. n. 
A mollifying remedy of a moist, mealy na¬ 
ture, applied to inflamed surfaces. [ < L. 
pul(t-)s, porridge.) 

poul'try, 1 pol'tn; 2 pol'try, n. Domestic 
fowls, as hens, ducks, etc. [ < OF. pouleterie, 

< poulel, fowl.) 

pounce, 1 pauns; 2 pounc, v. [pounced 4 ; 
pounc'ing.] I. t. 1. To make holes in; per¬ 
forate. 2. To attack suddenly. II. i. To 
make a sudden seizure; spring. [Var. of 
punch 1 , v.] [pouncing. 2. A talon; claw. 
pounce 1 , 1 pauns; 2 pounc, n. 1. The act of 
pounce 2 , n. 1. A powder formerly used to ab¬ 
sorb excess of ink, as on a manuscript. 2. 
A finely pulverized substance used ip trans¬ 
ferring designs. [ < L. F pumex, pumice.] 
pound ld , 1 paund; 2 pound, vt. To confine in a 
pound; impound; restrain. 
pound 2d , v. I. t. 1. To strike heavily and re¬ 
peatedly. 2. To break to pieces, or to bruise. 
II. i. 1. To hammer steadily and continu¬ 
ously. 2. To walk ploddingly. [ME. pounen, 

< AS. punian, pound.]—pound'er, n. 
pound 1 , n. 1. A variable unit of weight: the 

avoirdupois pound is 16 ounces or 7,000 
grains; the troy pound, 12 ounces or 5,760 
grains. 2. An English money of account, worth 
about S4.86: sign £. See weight. [< AS. 
pund, < L. pondo, pound, akin to pondus, weight.) 
pound 2 , n. A place for keeping stray animals or 
distrained goods till redeemed. [ < AS. pund.) 
pour, 1 p5r; 2 por, v. 1. 1. To cause to flow in a 
continuous stream; send forth profusely. II. 
?. To flow forth; fall or conic down profusely; 
diffuse itself widely. [Of Celtic origin.]— 
pour, n. A pouring, flow, or downfall. 
pout d , 1 paut; 2 pout, vt. & vi. To puff out, as 
the lips; be sullen. [ < W. pwdu.) —pout'er, 
n. 1. One who or that which pouts. 2. A pigeon 
having the habit of puffing out the breast. 
pout 1 , n. A fit of sulkiness or ill humor. 
pout 2 , n. One of various fishes having a pouting 
appearance. 

pov'er-ty, 1 pev'ar-ti; 2 pov'er-ty, n. 1. The 
state of being poor. 2. A lack of supply; 
destitution. [< L. F+OP pauperta(t-)s, poverty.] 
pow'dcr, 1 pau'dor; 2 pow'der. I. vt. & vi. To 
make or become powder; put powder upon. 
II. n. A collection of minute free particles of 
dry substance; especially, gunpowder. [ < F. 
poudre, < L. pulvis, powder.)— pow'dcr-y, a. 
pow'er, 1 pau'ar; 2 pow'er, n. 1. Strength 
manifested in effective action; energy; force. 
2. The right to exercise control; legal author¬ 
ity. 3. Any agent that exercises power. 4. 
An important sovereign nation. [ < OF. 
poer, < L. LL posse, be able.)— pow'er-ful, a. 
Possessing great force; very efficient; exercising 
great authority. -ly,adv. — pow'er-less, a. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n .—Central Powers, the group of 
nations, i.e., Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, 
and Bulgaria, at war with the Allies (1914-18). 
Pow"ha-tan', 1 pau"ha-tan'; 2 pow"ha-tan', n. 

An Indian chief of Virginia. See Pocahontas. 

P. P., abbr. [L.] Prxmissis prxmittendis (there 
being omitted what is to be omitted—referring 
to omitted titles in an address).—p. p., abbr. 
Past participle, play or pay, proprietor.—pp., 
abbr. Pages, past participle, pianissimo (It., 


• 1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast: get, prey: hit, police: obey, go: not, dr: full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, dr, won. 






461 


poteen 

precede 


very soft).—P. P. C., abbr. [F.] Pour prendre 
conge (to take leave).— pph., abbr. Pamphlet.— 
p. p. i., abbr. Policy proof of interest.— p. pr., 
ppr., abbr. Participle present.— P. Prog., abbr. 
Pilgrim’s Progress.— P. Q., abbr. Province of 
Quebec.— P. R., abbr. Paradise Regained, Par¬ 
liamentary Reports, Porto Rico.— PR., abbr. 
Stocks. Preferred.— Pr., abbr. Priest, prince, 
printer, Provencal.— pr., abbr. Pair (prs., pi.), 
price, pronoun, proper, present. 
prac'ti-ca-bl(e p , 1 prak'ti-ka-bl; 2 prae'ti-ca- 
bl, a. That can be put into practise.— prac"- 
tl-ca-bil'i-ty, ra.— prac'ti-ca-bly, adv. 
prac'ti-cal, 1 prak'ti-kal; 2 prae'ti-eal, a. 1. 
Pertaining to actual experience. 2. Derived 
from practise. 3. Being such in fact or effect. 
—prac"ti-cal'i-ty, n. prac'ti-cal-nessj. 
prac'tise, ) 1 prak'tis; 2 prae'tis, v . [prac'- 
prac'tice, > tised 4 , -ticed 4 ; prac'tis-ing,-tic- 
prac'tis 8 , ) ing.] 1. t. 1. To perform experi¬ 
mentally or habitually 2. To perform by 
way of training. 3. To pursue regularly, as 
a profession. II. i. 1. To exercise oneself 
with or about something for amusement or 
training. 2. To pursue a profession or call¬ 
ing. [ < Gr. LL+op prakiiicos, practical, < 
prasso,do.]— prac-ti'tion-er, n. One who prac¬ 
tises an art or profession. 

prac'tise, ) n. 1. Any customary action or 
prac'tice, ^proceeding; regular prosecution of 
a profession; frequent and repeated exercise 
in any matter. 2. The doing or accomplish¬ 
ing of something thought of or planned, 
prae-, prefix. 1. Same as pre-, before. 2. An 
element in many words now preferably 
spelled pre- (which see). 
prag-inat'ic, 1 prag-mat'ik; 2 prag-mat'ic, a. 
Pertaining to the accomplishment of business, 
especially of state affairs. [ < Gr. pragmati- 
kos, versed in affairs.]—prag-mat'i-cal, a. In¬ 
clined to be officious or meddlesome; self-im¬ 
portant; busy, -ly, adv.— prag-mat'i-cal-ness, 
n. —prag'nia-tism, n. 1. Officious meddle¬ 
someness. 2. Philos. The doctrine that practi¬ 
cal results are the sole test of truth.—prag'nia- 
tist, n. [ital of Bohemia; pop. 223,740. 

Prague, 1 preg; 2 prag, n. A university city, cap- 
prai'rie, 1 pre'ri; 2 pra'ri, n. A tract of treeless 
land covered with coarse grass. [F.]—prai'- 
rie=chick"en, n. The pinnated grouse of North* 
American prairies. See bird, p.^grousef; p.s 
hen|.—p.*dog. n. A marmot of the plains 
of North America, p.miar- 
motf.—p.swolf, n. The coyote, 
praise, 1 prez, 2 pra§. I. vt. 

[praised; prais'ing.] To ex¬ 
press approval or adoration 
of. II. n. 1. Commendation 
expressed; applause. 2. 

Thanksgiving for blessings 
conferred; laudation to the 
Deity. 3. The object, ground, 
reason, or subject of praise. 

[< OF. praisier, < LL. pretio, 



prize, < L pretium, price.]— Prairie-dog. i/„ 
pra!se'wor"thy, a— praise'- 
wor"thi-ly, adv.— praise'wor"thi-ness, n. 
prance, 1 prans; 2 pram;, vi. [pranced 4 ; 
pranc'ing.] 1 . To move proudly with high 
steps. 2. To ride in a capering manner. 


prank, 1 prarjk; 2 prank. I t ,vt.&vi. To deco¬ 
rate gaudily; make a gaudy show. II. n. A 
mischievous or frolicsome act. 
prate, 1 pret; 2 prat. I. vt. & vi. [prat'ed^ ; 


prat'ing.] To talk about vainly; be fool¬ 
ishly loquacious. II. n. Idle talk; prattle. 
[< MD. praten, prate.]— prat'er, n. 
prat'tie, 1 prat'l; 2 prat'l. I. vt. & vi. [prat'- 
tled; prat'tling.] To utter in a simple or 
childish way; talk artlessly; prate. II. n. Child¬ 
ish talk. [Freq. of prate, i>.] — prat'tler, n. 


n. A shrimpdike crus- 



prawn, 1 pren ;2 pran 
tacean, common 
in Great Britain. 

[< L. perna, sea* 
mussel.] 

Prax-it'e-Ies, 1 
praks-it'i-liz; 2 
praks-it'e-le§, n. A 

Greek sculptor(4th _ , , 

century B. C.). Prawn. V 2 

pray, 1 pre; 2 pra, v. I. t. 1. To address de¬ 
voutly or earnestly, as God. 2. To ask for for¬ 
mally. II. i. To make pious invocation of the 
Supreme Being. [ < OF. praier, < L. precor, ask.] 
prayer, 1 prar; 2 prar, n. 1. The act of offering 
reverent petitions, especially to God. 2. The 
act of beseeching earnestly. 3. A form of 
words appropriate to prayer. 4. A memorial 
or petition.— prayer'=book", n. A book of 
ritual prescribed for conducting divine service. 
— prayer 'ful, a. 

pre-, prefix. Before, as in time, place, or rank. 
[ < LL. pre-, L. prx-, < prx, before.] 

Pre- is a constituent of various nouns, adjec¬ 
tives, and verbs, self*explaining in connection 
with their second elements, in the sense of “be¬ 
fore in time; in advance; prior; fore-;” as: 
pre"con-ceive' pre"dis-pose' pre-oc'cu-pan- 

pre"con-cep'- pre-dis"po-si'- cy 

tion tion pre"or-dain' 

pre"con-cert' pre"es-tab'lish pre-pay' 

pre"ex-ist' 
pre"ex-is'tence 
pre"ex-is'tent 
pre"his-tor'ic 


pre"de-ter'- 
mine 

pre"di-gest' 

pre"di-ges'tion 


pre-pay'ment 

pre-vi'sion 


preach 4 , 1 pridh; 2 prech, v. I. t. 1. To de¬ 
liver, as a sermon. 2. To advocate after the 
manner of a preacher. II. i. To discourse pub¬ 
licly on a text of Scripture or a religious topic. 
[< L. OF prxdico, proclaim.]— preach'er, n. 
pre'am"bl(e p , 1 prl'am"bl; 2 pre'am"bl, n. A 
statement explanatory of what follows. [ < 
LL. prxambulo, walk before.] 
prec., abbr. Preceding. 

pre-ca'ri-ous, 1 pri-ke'ri-us; 2 pre-ea'ri-us, a. 
1. Subject to continued risk; uncertain. 2. 
Subject or leading to danger. 3. Not firmly 
established. [ < L. precarius, obtained by en¬ 
treaty.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
pre-cau'tion, 1 pri-ke'^hen; 2 pre-ea'shon, n. 
1. Prudent forethought. 2. A provision made 
for some emergency. [OF., < L. LL prx, be¬ 
fore, + caveo, avoid.]— pre-cau'tion-a-ry, a. 
pre-cau 'tion-alf. 

pre-cede', 1 pn-sld'; 2 pre-<?ed', v. [pre-ced'- 
ED d ; pre-ced'ing.] I. t. 1. To go in advance 
of. 2. To occur or exist before. II. i. 1. To 


go or walk before some one else. 2. To happen 
first. [ < L. OF prx, before, + cedo, go.]— pre¬ 
cedence, n. The act or right of preceding, pre- 
ce'den-cyf.—pre-ce'dent, a. -ly, adv.— prec'- 
e-dent, n. 1. Previous usage or established mode 
of procedure. 2. An antecedent. 3. A judicial de¬ 
cision considered as furnishing a rule for subse¬ 
quent decisions.— pre-ces'sion, n. The act of 
preceding or coming in advance of time.— pre¬ 
cession of the equinoxes, a slow motion of the 
equinoctial points on the ecliptic from east to 


1:a = final; i = habiD aisle; au = out; oil; lu = fe«d; ifhin; go; rj = sine; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rRle, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 














precentor 

prepossess 


For words in pre- not given below see pre-, prefix, page 4G1. 


462 


west, causing the time between successive equi¬ 
noxes to be appreciably shorter than it would 
otherwise be: caused by the attraction of the sun 
and moon upon the equatorial protuberance of 
the earth.— pre-ces'sion-al, a. 
pre-een'tor, 1 pri-sen'tar; 2 pre-cen'tor ,n. The 
leader of the musical part of a church service. 
[< L. prx, before, + cano, sing.] 
pre'cept, 1 pri'sept; 2 pre'gept, re. A prescribed 
rule of conduct or action. [OF., < L. prir- 
cipio, take beforehand, admonish.]— pre-cep '- 
tlv(e s , a.— pre-cep'tor, re. A teacher; instruc¬ 
tor.— pre"cep-to'ri-aI, a.— pre-cep'tress, re. A 
female preceptor. 

pre'Cine t, 1 prl'siykt; 2 pre'einct, n. 1. A 
place definitely marked off by fixed lines. 2. 
A minor territorial or jurisdictional district. 
[ < L. prx, before, + cingo, gird.] 
pre'eions, 1 pre^h'us; 2 presh'iis, a. 1. Highly 
priced or prized. 2. Ironically, good*for=noth- 
ing. [ < L , OF pretiosus, < pretium, price.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, re. 

prec'i-pice, \ 1 prcs'i-pis; 2 prec'i-pic, n. 1. A 
prec'i-pis 3 , ) high and steep cliff. 2. A perilous 
situation. 3f. The brink of a cliff. [OF., 

< L . prxeipitium, < prxeeps, headlong.] 
pre-cip'i-tate, 1 pn-sip'i-tet; 2 pre-gfp'i-tat, v. 

[-tat"ed c * ; -tat"ing.] I. t. 1. To throw down 
from a height. 2. To urge onward rashly; 
hasten. 3. To cause to fall or to gather upon 
surfaces by condensation. II. i. To fall head¬ 
long from a height. [ < L. prxeeps, headlong.] 
pre-cip'i-tate, 1 pri-sip'i-tit; 2 pre-gip'i-tat. 

1. o. 1. Rushing down headlong, or moving 

onward hurriedly. 2. Hasty. 3. Advanced 
prematurely, pre-cip'i-tant j. II. re. A sub¬ 
stance separated from a solution by chemical 
or other force not mechanical. — pre-eip'i- 
tate-ly, adv. —pre-cip"i-ta'tion, n. pre-cip'i- 
tance or -tan-cyj.—pre-cip'i-tous, a. 1. Sim¬ 
ilar to a precipice. 2. Headlong in motion, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. [stract. [F.] 

pre"cis', 1 pre"sP; 2 pre"c'i', re. A summary; ab- 
pre-cise', 1 pri-sais'; 2 pre-cis', a. 1. Strictly 
accurate; exact. 2. Noting or confined to a 
certain thing. 3. Scrupulously observant of 
rule. [< L. OF pr a?, before, + credo, cut.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, re.—pre-ci'slan, n. One who ad¬ 
heres punctiliously to rules and forms.—pre-ei'- 
slon, n. The quality of being precise, 
pre-clude', 1 pri-klud'; 2 pre-clud', vt. [pre- 
CLUD'ED d ; pre-ct.ud'ing.] 1. To render im¬ 
possible or ineffectual by antecedent action. 

2. To exclude. [ < L. prse, before, + chido, 
shut.]—pre-clu'sion, re.—pre-clu'siv(e s , a. 

pre-co'cious, 1 pri-ko'^hus; 2 pre-eo'shiis, a. 
Developing before the natural season; unu¬ 
sually forward; premature. [< OF. precoce, 

< L. prxcox (-coc-), early ripe.] -ly, adv. — pre- 
coc'i-ty, re. pre-co'cious-nesst. 

pre-cur'sor, 1 pri-kur'ser; 2 pre-cur'sor, re. One 
who or that which precedes and gives intima¬ 
tion of a coming event. [ < L. prx, before, + 
curro, run.]— prc-cur'so-ry, a. pre-cur'sivfesj. 
pred'a-to-ry, 1 pred'a-to~ri; 2 prSd'a-to-ry, a. 
1. Characterized by or undertaken for plun¬ 
dering. 2. Addicted to pillaging, pre-da '- 
cious or -ceousf. 3. Constituted for living 
by preying upon others. [ < L. prxdatorius, 

< prxdor; see prey, r.] 

pred"e-ces'sor, 1 pred"i-ses'ar; 2 pr£d"e-<;es'or, 
n. One who goes or has gone before another 
in point of time. [ < L. OF prx, before, -f- deces- 
sus, departure.] 


pre-des'ti-nate, 1 pri-des'ti-net; 2 pre-des'ti- 
nat, vt . [-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To destine or 
decree beforehand or from the beginning of 
things. [ < L. prx, before, + destino, des¬ 
tine.]— pre-des"tl-na'ri-an. I. a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to predestination. 2. Holding the doctrine 
of predestination. II. re. A believer in predestina¬ 
tion.—pre-des'ti-nate, a. Predestined; fore¬ 
ordained.—pre-des"ti-na'tion, re. 1. The act 
of predestinating. 'l.Theol. The foreordination of 
all things by God, including the future bliss or mis¬ 
ery of men.—pre-des'tine, vt. To predestinate, 
pre-dic'a-ment, 1 pri-dik'a-ment or -mant; 
2 pre-die'a-ment, re. J. A state, position, or 
condition; especially, a trying or amusing 
situation. 2||. A class or kind distinguished 
by dehnite marks. [OF., < L. LL prx, before, 
+ dico, proclaim.] 

pred'i-cate, 1 pred'i-ket; 2 prSd'i-cat. I. vt. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To state as belonging 
to something. II. re. The word or words in a 
sentence that express what is affirmed or de¬ 
nied of a subject. [ < L. prxdicatus, pp. of 
prxdico; see predicament.] —pred'i-ca-bl(e p ,a. 
That may be predicated.—pred"I-ea-bil 'I-ty, 
«.—pred'i-ca"tiv(e s , a. -ly, adv.— pred"i-ea'- 
tlon, re. 

pre-diet' d , 1 pri-dikt'; 2 pre-diet', rt. To make 
known beforehand; prophesy; foretell; prog¬ 
nosticate. [ < L. prx, before, + dico, speak.] 
— pre-die'tion, re. The act of foretelling, or the 
thing foretold.—pre-dic'tiv(es, a. -ly, adv .— 
pre-dic'tor, re. 

pre"di-Iec'tion, 1 prT"di-lek'shan; 2 pre"di- 
lSe'shon, n. A favorable prepossession; pref¬ 
erence. [ < L. prx, before, + dingo, love.] 
pre-dom'i-nate, 1 pn-dom'i-net; 2 pre-dbm'i- 
nat, vi . f-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To have supe¬ 
rior strength or authority; prevail; prepon¬ 
derate.—pre-dom 'i-nant, a. Superior in power; 
prevailing over others. [ < L. prx, before, + domi- 
nor, dominate.] — pre-dom'1-nance or -nan¬ 
cy, re.—pre-dom'i-nant-ly, adv.— pre-dom'1- 
nat"ing-ly, adv. —pre-dom"i-na'tion, re. 
pre-em'i-nent, 1 prl-em'i-nent; 2 pre-6m'i- 
nfnt, a. I. Supremely eminent. 2. Extraordi¬ 
nary in degree. [OF., < L. prx, before, -f- emi- 
neo, stand forth.] -ly, adv.— pre-em 'i-nenee, re. 
pre-empt' d , 1 prl-empt'; 2 pre-6mpt', v. I. t. 
To acquire or appropriate beforehand; espe¬ 
cially [U. S.], to secure the right of preference 
in the purchase of (public land). II. i. [U. S.] 
To take up public land by preemption. [< 
L. prx, before, + emptio(n-), a buying.]—pre¬ 
emption, re. The right or act of preempting.— 
pre-emp'tiv(e s , a. 

preen, 1 prln; 2 pren, vt. To smooth and dress 
with the beak, as birds their feathers. [Yar. 
of prune, ®.] 

pref., abbr. Preface, preference, prefix, 
pref'aee, 1 pref'is; 2 prfif'ac, v. [pref'aced 4 ; 
pref'ac-ing.] I. t. To open with a prelimi¬ 
nary statement or act. II. i. To write, speak, 
or do something as a preface, 
pref'aee, n. 1. A brief explanation or address 
to the reader at the beginning of a book or oth¬ 
er publication. 2. Any introductory speech, 
writing, or act. [OF., < L. LL prxfatio(n-), < 
prx, before, + for, speak.]—pref'a-to-ry, a. 
pre'feet, 1 pri'fekt; 2 pre'fect, re. 1. Hist. A 
Roman governor or commander. 2. The head 
of a French department. [OF., < L. prxfec- 
tus, prop. pp. of prxficio, set over.]—pre'fec- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; 1 = e; go, not, or, won, 







precentor 

For words in pre- not given below see pee-, prefix, page 461. prepossess 


463 


ture, re. The office, jurisdiction, or province of 
a prefect; also, the official building for his use. 
pre-fer', 1 pri-fur'; 2 pre-fer', iit. [pre-ferred'; 
pre-fer'ring.] 1. To give precedence in the 
mind; like better. 2. To advance, as to a rank 
or office; nominate; appoint. 3. To offer for 
consideration; proffer. [< L. prxjero, < 
prx, before, + fero, bear.]—pref'er-a-bl(ee, a. 
—pref'er-a-bl(e-ness p , re. pref"er-a-bil'i-ty f. 
—pref'er-a-bly, adv. —pref'er-ence, re. The 
act of preferring, the state of being preferred, or 
that which is preferred.—pref"er-en'tlal, a. 
Possessing or giving priority or preference, as in 
tariffs or railroad charges.—pre-fer'ment, re. 
Advancement; promotion, 
pre-fig'ure, 1 pri-fig'yur: 2 pre-fig'yur, vt. 1. 
To represent beforehand as by prophetic types. 
2. To image beforehand, to oneself.—pre- 
fig"ur-a'tion, re.—pre-fig'ur-a-tive, a. 
pre-fix'S 1 pri-fiks'; 2 pre-fiks', vt. To put be¬ 
fore or at the beginning of another thing. [ < 
OF. preflxer, < L. prx, before, + figo, fix.] 
pre'fix, 1 pri'fiks; 2 pre'ffks, re. That which is 
prefixed; a significant syllable or particle used 
as the first element of a word, 
preg'nan-cy, 1 preg'nsn-si; 2 prgg'nan-^y, re. 
The state of being with young or with child. 
—preg'nant, a. Bearing young; fruitful; pro¬ 
lific. -ly, adv. 

pre-hen'si-bl(e p , 1 pri-hen'si-bl; 2 pre-hen'si- 
bl, a. Capable of being apprehended or 
grasped. [ < L. prehensus, pp. of prehendo, 
prendo, grasp, seize.]—pre-hen 'sil (e s , a. Adapt¬ 
ed for grasping or holding. — pre"hen-sil'i-ty, 
re.—pre-hen'sion, re. The act of laying hold of 
or grasping, physically or mentally, 
pre-judge', 1 pri-juj'; 2 pre-judg', vt. To judge 
in advance; determine or condemn hastily, 
prej'u-dice, 1 prej'u-dis; 2 prej'u-diQ. I. vt. 
[-diced 1 ; -dic-ing.] 1. To imbue with preju¬ 
dice or aversion. 2. To cause detriment to; 
impair; derogate from. II. re. A judgment or 
opinion formed without due examination; a 
premature or biased opinion. [OF., < L. prx, 
before, + judicium, judgment.] — prej"u-di'- 
eial, a. Having power or tendency to prejudice. 
— prej"u-di'cial-ly, adv. 
prel'ate, 1 prel'it; 2 prgl'at, n. One of a higher 
order of clergy, as a bishop. [ < L. OF prxlatus, 
placed over.]—prel'a-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] 1. The 
system of a church government by prelates, 
prel'a-tlsmt. 2. The function of a prelate.— 
prel'ate-ship, re.—pre-Iat'ic, pre-lat 'i-cal, a. 
pre-lim'i-na-ry, 1 pri-lim'i-ne-ri; 2 pre-lim'i- 
na-ry. I. a. Antecedent or introductory. II. 
re. f-RiES z , pZ.j An initiatory step; a prepara¬ 
tory act. [ < pre- + L. limen ( limin -), thresh¬ 
old.]—pre-lim'i-na-ri-Iy, adv. 
pre-Iude', 1 pri-liud' or prel'yud; 2 pre-lud' or 
prel'yud, vt. & vi. [pre-lud'ed^ ; pre-luo'inc..] 
To begin with a prelude; precede as a prelude 
or forerunner. [ < L. prx, before, + ludo, play.] 
—pre'lud"er, re. 

pre'lude, 1 pri'liud or prel'yud; 2 pre'lud or 
prel'yud, n. 1. An opening strain of a musical 
composition. 2. Any introductory or opening 
performance. 3. That which foreshadows a 
coming event. 

pre"ma-ture', 1 prl"m9-tiur'; 2 pre"ma-tur', a. 
Matured or developed before the natural pe¬ 
riod; done before the proper time; untimely. 

[ < L. prx, before, + maturus, ripe.] -ly, adv. 

—pre"ina-tu'ri-ty, re. pre"ma-ture'nesst. 
pre-incd'i-tate, 1 pri-med'i-tet; 2 pre-mgd'i- 


tat, vt. & vi. [-TAT"ED d ; -tat"ing.] To revolve 
in the mind beforehand; design or contrive 
previously; meditate beforehand. [ < L. prx, 
before, + meditor, consider.]—pre-med"i-ta'» 
tion^re.—pre-med 'i-ta"tiv(es, a. 
pre'ml-er, 1 prT'mi-ar; 2 pre'mi-er. I. a. First 
in. position, or order of occurrence or creation. 
II. re. A prime minister. [F., first, chief.]— 
pre'mi-er-ship, re. 

pre-mise', ) 1 pri-maiz'; 2 pre-m!§', v. [pre- 
pre-inize' p , \ mised'; pre-mis'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To say or write as an introductory statement. 
2. To. propound as premises. II. i. To state 
premises. [ < L. prx, before, + mitto, send.] 
prem'ise, \ 1 prem'is; 2 prSm'is, re. 1. A prop- 
prem'is 8 , \ osition laid down, that serves as a 
ground for argument or for a conclusion; a 
condition made. 2. pi. A distinct portion of 
real estate; land with its appurtenances, 
pre'mi-um, 1 pri'mi-um; 2 pre'mi-um, re. 1. 
A reward or prize for a superior performance 
or production. 2. A price paid for a loan, 
insurance, etc. 3. The rate at which stocks, 
etc., are valued in excess of their nominal 
value. 4. A fee. [ < L. prxmium, lit. profit 
from booty.] 

pre"mo-ni'tion, 1 pr!"mo-ni^h'an; 2 pre"mo- 
nish'on, re. A forewarning of something yet 
to occur; presage; foreboding. [OF., < L. 
prx, before, + moneo, warn.]—pre-mon'i- 
to-ry, a. Giving or containing premonition, 
pre-oc'cu-py, 1 prl-ek'yu-pai; 2 pre-oc'yu-py, 
vt. To occupy in advance; engage or engross, 
as the mind; absorb; prepossess; prejudice.— 
pre-oc"cu-pa'tion, re.—pre-oc'cu-pied, a. 
prep., abbr. Preparatory, preposition, 
pre-pare', 1 pri-par'; 2 pre-par', v. [pre¬ 
pared'; pre-par'ing.] I. t. 1. To adapt for 
a particular end. 2. To provide with what is 
appropriate or necessary; equip. 3. To bring 
into a suitable or desired state of mind. II. i. 

1. To make oneself ready. 2. To get every¬ 
thing ready. [ < L. prx, before, + paro, 
make ready.]—prep"a-ra'tion, re. 1. The act 
of preparing. 2. An act or proceeding designed 
to bring about some event. 3. The fact of be¬ 
ing prepared. 4. Something made or prepared. 
—pre-par'a-tiv(e s . I. a. Serving or tending to 
prepare. II. re. 1. That which is preparatory. 

2. An act of preparation, -ly, adv. —pre-par'a- 
to-ry, a. 1. Serving as a preparation. 2. Occu¬ 
pied in preparation.—pre-pared', pa. -ly, adv. 
-ness, re.—pre-par'er, re. 

pre-pense', 1 pri-pens'; 2 pre-pens', a. Pre¬ 
meditated; considered beforehand; as malice 
prepense. 

pre-pon'der-ate, 1 pri-pon'dar-et; 2 pre-pon'- 
der-at, v. [-AT"ED d ;- at'Tng.] 1. 1. 1. To sur¬ 
pass in weight. 2. To overpower, as by strong¬ 
er influence. II. i. To exceed in weight, influ¬ 
ence, or power. [ < L. prx, before, + pondero, 
weigh.]—pre-pon'der-ant, a. Having such su¬ 
perior force as to overbalance something else or 
all other things of a class, -ly, adv.— pre-pon'- 
der-ance or-an-cy, re. pre-pon"der-a'tion.t 
—pre-pon'der-at"ing-ly, adv. 
prep"o-sI'tion, 1 prep"o-ziih'sn; 2 prep"o- 
§Tsh'on, re. The part of speech that denotes 
the relation of an object to an action or thing. 
[OF., < L. prx, before, + pono, place.]—prep"o- 
si'tion-al, a. Pertaining to prepositions. 
pre'^os-sess' 1 , 1 prl"pe-zes'; 2 pre"po-ses'. vt. 
1. To make a first impression on, especially a 
favorable impression. 2. To take possession 


1: a = final; l = hablt^ aisle; an = oret; oil; Iii = fewd; tfhin; go; I) = Bing; fliin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, btirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






preposterous 

pretzel For words in pre - not given be»ow see pre-, prefix , page 461. 


464 


of and hold in advance of others.— prepos¬ 
sessing, pa. Inspiring a favorable opinion from 
the beginning.— pre"pos-ses'sion, n. 1. The 
state of being prepossessed. 2. Prior possession, 
pre-pos'ter-ous, 1 pri-pes'tar-us; 2 pre-pos'- 
ter-us, a. Contrary to nature, reason, or 
common sense. [ < L. prse, before, + pos¬ 
terns, following.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
pre-req'ui-site, ) 1 pn-rek'wi-zit; 2 pre-rek'- 
pre-req'ui-sit 8 , j wi-§it. I. a. Required as 
an antecedent condition; necessary to some¬ 
thing that follows. II. n. A necessary ante¬ 
cedent condition. 

pre-rog'a-tive, ) 1 pri-reg'o-tiv; 2 pre-rSg'a- 
pre-rog'a-tiv s , jtiv, n. An indefeasible right, 
as of a king; any characteristic privilege pe¬ 
culiar to a person or class. [ < L. prae, before, 
+ rogo, ask.] 

Pres., abbr. President.— Pres., Presb., abbr. Pres¬ 
byterian.— pres., abbr. Present, 
pre-sage', 1 pn-sej'; 2 pre-sag', vt . & vi . [pre¬ 
saged'; pre-sag'ing.] 1. To indicate what is 
to come; portend. 2. To have a presentiment 
of. 3. To foresee. 4. To prophesy. [ < L. 
prse, before, 4- sagio, perceive keenly.] 
pres'age, 1 pres'ij or pri'sej; 2 pres'ag or pre'- 
sag, n. An indication of something to come; 
presentiment.— pres'age-ful, a. 
pres'by-ter, 1 pres'bi-tar; 2 pres'by-ter, n. 1. 
One of the elders of a church. 2. A priest. 
3. A member of a presbytery. [ < Gr. pres- 
byteros, older; compar. of presbys, old.]— pres"- 
by-te'rl-al, a. Pertaining to a presbytery.— 
Pres"by-te'ri-an, n. 1. One who believes in 
the government of the church by presbyters. 
2. A member of a Protestant ecclesiastical body 
holding to the government of the church by pres¬ 
byters.— Pres"by-te'ri-an, a. — Pres"by-te'rl- 
an-isni, ?i. —pres'by-ter"y, n. [-ies z , pi .] 1. A 
court or convocation in the Presbyterian Church. 
2. The system of church government by presby¬ 
ters. 3. The body of elders in a church or district, 
pre'sci-ence, 1 pri'^hi-ens; 2 pre'shi-6nQ, n. 
Knowledge of events before they take place.— 
pre'scient, a. [F., < L. prse, before, -l-scio, know.] 
Pres'cott, 1 pres'kat; 2 pres'eot, n. 1. William 
(1726-1795), an American colonel; commanded 
at Bunker Hill. 2. William Ulckling (1796- 
1859), an American historian, 
pre-scribe', 1 pn-skraib'; 2 pre-serlb', v . [pre¬ 
scribed'; pre-scrib'ing.] I. t. 1. To set or 
lay down authoritatively for direction or con¬ 
trol. 2. To give directions for the use of (a 
remedy). II. i . To lay down laws or rules; 
give directions. [ < L. prse, before, + scribo, 
write.]— pre-scrib'er, n. 

pre-scrip 'tion, 1 pn-skrip'shan; 2 pre-serlp'- 
shon, n._ 1. The act of prescribing. 2. 
That which is prescribed, pre 'script 3. 
A physician’s formula for compounding and 
administering a medicine. 4. Title obtained 
in law by long possession. [F., <L .prsescrip- 
tio(n~), precept.] — pre-scrip't,iv(e*S a. Sanc¬ 
tioned by custom or long use. -ly, adv. 
pres'ence, 1 prez'ens; 2 preg'gng, n. 1. The 
state of being present. 2. Situation face to 
face. 3. Something invisible but near and 
sensible, as a spiritual being. 4. Personal ap¬ 
pearance; bearing. [OF., < L. prsesentia, < 
prsesen(t-)s, present.] 

pre-sen t' d , 1 pri-zent'; 2 pre-sgnt', vt. 1. To 
introduce to one’s acquaintance. 2. To 
bestow as a gift; offer or give formally. 3. 
To endow or favor (a person) with a gift. 4. 


To suggest. 5. To bring up for consideration. 
6. To aim (a weapon).— to present arms (Mil.), 
to salute by holding weapons perpendicularly in 
front of the body.— pre-sent'a-bl (e p , a. Fit to 
be presented.— pre-seut"a-bil'i-ty, n .— pres"- 
en-ta'tion, n. 1. The act of presenting. 2. The 
manner of bringing into view or thought.— pres"- 
en-tee', n.--pre-sent'er, n. 
pres'ent, 1 prez'ent; 2 pr6§'6nt, a. 1. Being in 
a place or company referred to or contem¬ 
plated. 2• Now going on; current. 3. Actu¬ 
ally in mind. 4. Immediately impending; in¬ 
stant. [OF., < L. prsesen(t-)s, ppr. of prsesse, 
be before.]— pres'ent-ly, adv. After a little 
time; shortly. 

pres'ent 1 , n. 1. Present time. 2. The present 
tense. 3. A matter in hand.— these pres«- 
ents, the present writings; document in hand. 
pres'ent 2 , n. A gift. 

pre-sen'ti-ment, 1 prT-sen'ti-ment or -mant; 
2 pre-sen'ti-ment, n. A prophetic or imagi¬ 
native sense of something to come; a forebod¬ 
ing. [ < L. F prse, before, + sentio, feel.] 
pre-sent'ment, 1 pri-zent'ment or -ment; 2 
pre-§6nt'ment, n. 1. Presentation. 2. A 
representation. 3. Manifestation of charac¬ 
ter. 4. A formal report presented to a court 
by a grand jury. 

pre-serve', ) 1 pn-zurv'; 2 pre-serv'. I. vt. & 
pre-serv' 8 , ) vi. [pre-served', pre-servd' 8 ; 
pre-serv'ing.] 1. To keep in safety; protect 
from harm; save. 2. To maintain intact or 
unimpaired. 3. To prepare so as to resist de¬ 
composition or change; make or put up, as 
preserves. 4. To retain; keep. 5. To make 
preserves, as of fruit. II. n. 1. Anything 
preserved, as fruit cooked in sugar. 2. A 
place in which game is protected for purposes 
ofsport. [< L. OF prse, before, + servo, save.]— 
pre-serv'a-bl(e p , a.— pres"er-va'tion, n. The 
act of preserving, or the state of being preserved. 
— pre-ser'va-tlv(e®. I.'a. Serving or tending to 
preserve. II. n. That which serves or tends to 
preserve, pre-ser'va-to-ryj. — pre-serv'er, n. 
pre-side', 1 pri-zaid'; 2 pre-sId', vi. [pre-sid'- 
ED d ; pre-sid'ing.] To sit in authority over 
others; act as head or ruler. [ < L. prsesideo, 
guard.]— pre-sid'er, n. 

pres'i-dent, 1 prez'i-dent; 2 prg§'i-d8nt, n. 
One who is chosen to preside over an organ¬ 
ized body, especially the chief executive 
officer of a republic. 


List of Presidents of the United States. 


Name. 

Birthplace. 

Inaugu¬ 

rated. 



Year. 

Age. 

George Washington 

Westmoreland 
Co., Va. 

1789 

57 

John Adams 

Quincy, Mass. 

1797 

62 

Thomas Jefferson 

Shadwell, Va. 

1801 

58 

James Madison 

Port Conway, 
Va. 

1809 

58 

James Monroe 

Westmoreland 
Co., Va. 

1817 

59 

John Quincy Adams 

Quincy, Mass. 

1825 

58 

Andrew Jackson 

Union Co., N. 
C. 

1829 

62 

Martin Van Buren 

Kinderhook, 

N. Y. 

1837 

55 

William H. Harrison 

Berkeley, Va. 

1841 

68 

John Tyler 

Greenway, Va. 

1841 

51 

James K. Polk 

Mecklenburg 
Co., N. C. 

1845 

50 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, bum; 
2: art, ape, fat, fcire, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 


















465 


preposterous 

For words in pre- not given below see pre-, prefix, page 461. pretzel 


List of Presidents of the United States— 
Continued. 


Name. 

Birthplace. 

Inaugu¬ 

rated. 



Year. 

Age. 

Zachary Taylor 

Orange Co., 
Va. 

1849 

65 

Millard Fillmore 

Summerhill, 

N. Y. 

1850 

50 

Franklin Pierce 

Hillsboro, N. 
H. 

1853 

49 

James Buchanan 

Cove Gap, Pa. 

1857 

66 

Abraham Lincoln 

Larue Co., Ky. 

1861 

52 

Andrew Johnson 

Raleigh, N. C. 

1865 

57 

Ulysses S. Grant 

Point Pleas¬ 
ant, O. 

1869 

47 

Rutherford B. Hayes 

Delaware, O. 

1877 

54 

James A. Garfield 

Cuyahoga Co., 
O. 

1881 

49 

Chester A. Arthur 

Fairfield, Vt. 

1881 

51 

Grover Cleveland 

Caldwell, N. J. 

1885 

48 

Benjamin Harrison 

North Bend.O. 

1889 

55 

Grover Cleveland 


1893 

56 

William McKinley 

Trumbull Co., 
O. [Y. 

1897 

54 

Theodore Roosevelt 

New York, N. 

1901 

43 

William H. Taft 

Cincinnati, O. 

1909 

52 

T. Woodrow Wilson 

Staunton, Va. 

1913 

56 

Warren G. Harding 

Corsica, O. 

1921 

56 


— pres'i-den-cy, n. [-ciesz, pi.] 1. The office, 
or term of office, of a president. 2. The act of 
presiding or supervising.— pres"l-den'tial, a. 
Of or pertaining to a president. 
press 1 , 1 pres; 2 pres, v. [pressed 1 , prest 8 ; 
press'ing.] I. t. 1. To act upon by weight. 

2. To push against; thrust or crowd. 3. To 
crush or squeeze; compress. 4. To embrace. 
5. To insist upon; urge. 6. To follow closely. 
7. To smooth or shape. II. i. 1. To act by 
weight or force. 2. To advance strenuously. 

3. To collect in throngs; encroach. 4. To act 
on the mind with moral force. 5. To be im¬ 
portunate. [ < L. presso, freq. < pressus; 
see press 1 , ».] 


press 21 , vt. & vi. To force into military or naval 
service; impress sailors or soldiers. [< 
prest, a., ready; confused with press 1 , re¬ 
press ' sgang", n. A detachment, as of marines, 
detailed to press men into the naval or military 
service, as formerly in England. 

press, n. 1. A dense throng. 2. The act of crowd¬ 
ing together. 3. Hurry of affairs; urgency. 4. 
A movable closet. 5. An apparatus or ma¬ 
chine by which pressure is applied, as for 
making wine, printing, etc. See printing* 
press. 6. Newspapers or periodical literature 
collectively. [< F. presse, < LL. pressa, < L. 
pressus, pp. of premo, press.]—press 'er, n. One 
who or that which presses.—press'ing, pa. De¬ 
manding immediate attention. — press'ing-ly, 
adv.— press 'man, n. [-men, pi.] A man who has 
charge of a press.—pres'sure, n. 1. The act of 
pressing, or the state of being pressed. 2. Mech. 
Stress of anv kind. 3. An impelling or constrain¬ 
ing moral force. 4. Urgency; rush. 5. Oppres¬ 
sive influence. 

Pres'ter, 1 pres'tar; 2 pres'ter, John. A medieval 
legendary priest and king. 

pres"ti-dig"i-ta'tion, 1 pres"ti-dij i-te ;fhan; 
2 pr6s"ti-dig"i-ta'shon, n. The practise oi 
sleight of hand; jugglery; legerdemain. [< 
L. praesto, adv., at hand, + digitus, finger.]— 
pres"tl-dig'i-ta"tor, n. 


pres-tige ', 1 pres-tij'; 2 pres-tig', n. Ascen¬ 
dency based on recognition of power. [F.] 
pre-surae', 1 pri-zium'; 2 pre-sum', v. [pre¬ 
sumed'; pre-sum'ing.] I. t. 1. To venture 
on without previous permission. 2. To as¬ 
sume as entitled to belief. II. i. To behave 
with.arrogance. [ < L. OP prag, before, + sumo, 
take.]— pre-sum'a-bl(e F , a. Fair to suppose; 
reasonable.— pre-sum'a-bly, adv. — pre-sum - 
ed-!y, adv. —pre-sum'er, n. —pre-sump'tion, 
n. 1. Blind confidence or self»assertion. 2. A 
passing beyond the ordinary bounds of good 
breeding or respect. 3. The act of forming a 
judgment on probable grounds. 4. That which 
may be assumed or taken for granted. — pre¬ 
sump 'tiv(e s , a. Creating or resting upon a pre¬ 
sumption; affording reasonable grounds for be¬ 
lief. -ly, adv.— pre-sunip'tu-ous, a. Unduly 
confident or bold; audacious; insolent; foolhardy. 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. 

pre"sup-pose ', 1 pri"su-poz'; 2 pre"su-po§', vt. 
1. To imply or involve as a necessary condi¬ 
tion. 2. To take for granted.— pre-sup"po- 
si'tion, n. 

pret., abbr. Preterit. 

pre-tend' d , 1 pn-tend'; 2 pre-tSnd', v. I. t. 1. 
To put forth as an excuse or pretext; simu¬ 
late; feign. 2. To put forward or assert a 
claim to. 3. To state falsely as a matter of 
fact. II. i. 1. To make believe. 2. To assume 
a character. [ < L. prae, before, + tendo, 
stretch.]—pre-tend'er, n. 1. One who advances 
a claim or title; a claimant. 2. A hypocrite; dis¬ 
sembler.—pre-tense', pre-tence', n. 1. That 
which is pretended; a pretext. 2. The act or state 
of pretending. 3. A right or title asserted.—pre- 
ten'sion, n. 1. A claim put forward, whether 
true or false. 2. Affectation; display.—pre-ten'- 
tious, a. Characterized by pretension, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

pre'ter-, ) prefix. Beyond; past; more than; as. 
prae'ter-, ) pretermit, preternatural. [< L. praeter-, 
< praeter, beyond, < prae, before.] 
pret'er-it, ) 1 pret'ar-it; 2 prSt'er-it. I. a. 1. 
pret'er-ite, ) Signifying past time or completed 
past action. 2. Belonging to the past. II. n. 
The tense that expresses absolute past time. 
[ < L. OF praeter, beyond, by, + eo, go.] 
pre"ter-mit', 1 prl"tar-mit'; 2 pre"ter-mit', vt. 

To neglect; fail or cease to do or perform. 
pre"ter-nat'u-ral, a. Different from and ex¬ 
ceeding the common order of nature.— pre"- 
ter-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. 

pre 'text, 1 pri'tekst or pn-tekst'; 2 pre'tSkst or 
pre-tekst', n. A fictitious reason or motive. 
[ < L. prae, before, + textus, pp. of texo, weave.] 
pre'tor, ) 1 prl'tsr; 2 pre'tor, n. Rom. Antiq. A 
prae 'tor, j city magistrate having charge of the ad¬ 
ministration of justice. 

Pre-to'ri-a, 1 pri-to'n-a; 2 pre-to'ri-a, n. A city 
of British South Africa; capital of Transvaal 
province and of the Union of South Africa; white 
pop. 35,942. 

pret'ty, 1 prit'i; 2 prit'y, a. [pret'ti-er; pret'- 
ti-est.] 1. Characterized by delicate or super¬ 
ficial beauty. 2. Of reasonable proportions or 
quality; tolerable; decent; sufficient: often 
used ironically; as, a pretty mess you made of 
it. 3. Sweet; precious. 4. Characterized by 
effeminacy. 5f. Strong; able; cunning. [< 
AS. prsettig, clever, crafty.]— pret'ti-ly, adv. — 
pret'ti-ness, n. — pret'ty, adv. Moderately; 
somewhat. 

pret'zel, 1 pret'sel; 2 prfit'sel, n. A baked and 
salted biscuit of knotdike form. [G.] 


l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure. 


ell; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; o = sin^; thin, this, 
but, bttrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ipik; thin, thia. 

















prevail 

privy 


406 


For words in pre- not given below see pre-, prefix, page 46i. 


pre-vail', 1 pn-vel'; 2 pre-val', vi. 1. To prove 
superior; triumph. 2. To have effectual in¬ 
fluence. 3. To spread or extend widely. [ < 
L. prx, before, + valeo, be strong.]— pre-vail '- 
ing, pa. 1. Current; prevalent. 2. Efficacious.— 
prev'a-lence, n. The act, state, or quality of 
being prevalent, prev'a-len-cyf. — preva¬ 
lent, a. 1. Prevailing. 2. Of wide extent; com¬ 
mon. 3. Efficacious.— prcv'a-lent-ly, adv. 
pre-var'i-cate, 1 pri-var'i-ket; 2 pre-var'i-cat, 
vi. [-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To use ambiguous 
or evasive language; quibble; shuffle. [< L. 
prx, before, + various, straddling.]— pre-var"I- 
ca'tion, n. 1. A misleading or equivocal state¬ 
ment. 2. A trick.— pre-var 'i-ca"tor, n. 
pre-vent' d , 1 pri-vent'; 2 pre-vSnt', v. I. t. 1. 
To stop or hinder from happening by means 
of previous measures. 2. To bar the action of; 
intercept; check; restrain. [ < L. prx, before, 
+ venio, come.] — pre-vent'a-bl(e p , a. That 
may be prevented, pre-vent'i-bl (ef p . — pre¬ 
vent 'er, n.— pre-ven'tion, n. The act of pre¬ 
venting, or the state of being prevented.— pre- 
ven'tiv(e 8 . I. a. Intended or serving to ward 
off harm. II. n. That which prevents or hinders. 
—pre-ven'tlv(e-ly 8 , adv. 
pre'vi-ous, 1 prl'vi-us; 2 pre'vi-us, a. Being, or 
taking place, before something else. [ < L. 
prx, before, + via, way.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
prey, 1 pre; 2 pra. I. vi. 1. To seize and devour; 
take booty; make a victim of one. 2. To act 
injuriously upon. II. n. 1. Any animal seized 
by another for food; booty. 2. Anything 
made the victim of that which is hostile or 
evil. 3. The act of preying. [ < OF. preie, < 
L. prxda, booty.]— prey'er, n. 

Pri'am, 1 prai'am; 2 pri'am, n. Gr. Legend. Last 
king of Troy; father of Hector and Paris, 
price, 1 prais; 2 prig. I. vt. [priced 1 ; pric'ing.] 

I. To ask the price of. 2. To set a price upon. 

II. n. An equivalent given or asked in ex¬ 
change; valuation. [< OF. pris, < L. pre- 
tium, price.]—priceless, a. 


prick 1 , 1 prik; 2 prlk, r. I. t. 1. To pierce, as 
with a sharp point; puncture. 2. To affect 
with a sudden, sharp pain; sting; goad. 3. To 
put a punctured mark against. 4. To erect 
(the ears), as a horse. II. i. 1. To have, or 
cause a sensation of being stung. 2. To ride 
at full speed. 3. To point upward. [ < AS. 
prician, < prica, sharp point.]—prick 'er, n. 
prick, n. 1. The act of pricking, or the state of 
being pricked. 2. That which pricks. 3. A 
mark made by pricking. [ < AS. prica, sharp 
point.]—prick'l(e p ,». [prick'- 
L(E)D p ; PRICK'LING.] I. 1 . 1. 

To puncture slightly with fine, 
sharp points. 2. To give a 
pricking sensation to, as the 
skin. II. i. 1. To be covered 
with prickles. 2. To have a 
stinging sensation. — prick'- 
l(e p , n. 1. A small, sharp 
point, as on the bark of a plant. 

2. A stinging sensation.— 
prlck'll-ness, prick'ly, 
a. 1. Furnished with prickles. 

2. Stinging.—prick'ly spear", 
n. A kind of cactus, or its pear* 
shaped and often prickly fruit. 

P. Rico, abbr. Porto Rico, 
pride, 1 praid; 2 prid. I. vt. & vi. [pRiD'ED d ; 
prid'ing.] To indulge in pride or self*gratu- 
lation; be exalted or elated; exult; glory. II. 
n. 1. Undue sense of one’s own superiority. 2. 



Joint of a Prick¬ 
ly *pear bearing 
Fruits (a, a). 


A proper sense of personal dignity and worth. 

3. That of which one is justly proud. 4. The 
acme of excellence. 5. Mettle. 6. Display. 

[ < AS. pryte, < pryt, proud.]—pride 'ful, a. 
priest, 1 prist; 2 prest, n. One especially con¬ 
secrated to the service of a divinity. [ < LL. Aa 
presbyter, presbyter, < Gr. presbyteros, comp, of 
presbys, old.]— priest'craft", n. Priestly policy 
or intrigue.— priest'ess, n. fern. —priesi'liood, 
n. The priestly office, character, or order; priests 
collectively. —priest'ly, a. 

Priest'Iey, 1 prist'h; 2 prest'ly, Joseph (1733- 
1804). An English philosopher and chemist; dis¬ 
coverer of oxygen. 

prig, 1 prig; 2 prig. I. vt. [Slang.] To filch or 
steal. II. n. 1. A formal, pedantic person. 2. 
[Slang.] A thief. [< prink.]— prig'gisb, a. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

prim, 1 prim; 2 prim. I. vt. & vi. [primmed; 
prim'ming.] To decorate or adjust primly. 
II. a. Stiffly proper and neat. [OF.]— prirn'- 
ly, adv .—prim'ness, n. 
prim., abbr. Primary, primate, primitive, 
pri 'ma-ey, 1 prai'ma-si; 2 pri'ma-sy, n. [-cies z , 
pi.] 1. The state of being first. 2. The office 
of a primate. [ < OF. primacie, < LL. pri- 
mas (primal-); see primate.] pri'mate-shipf. 
—pri'mal, a. Being at the beginning or founda¬ 
tion; chief.—pri'ma-ry, a. 1. Original; radical; 
primitive. 2. Fundamental; chief. 3. First in 
order of advancement.—pri'ma-ri-ly, adv. — 
pri'mate, n. The prelate highest in rank in a 
nation or province. [ < F. primal, < LL. 
prima(t-)s, < L. primus, first.] 
pri'ilia don'na, 1 pri'ma den'a; 2 prl'ma don'a. 
A leading female singer, as in an opera com¬ 
pany. [It.] 

prime, 1 praim; 2 prim, v. [primed; prim'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To make ready; supply with powder 
for ignition or with some percussion device, as a 
gun. 2. To cover with the first coat of paint or 
plaster. II. t. 1 . To make a gun ready for fir¬ 
ing; put in readiness for proper action. 2. To 
come before the mean time, asatide.— priin'- 
iug, n. That with which anything is primed; 
specif., a combustible composition used to ignite 
an explosive charge. 

prime, 1 praim; 2 prim, a. 1. First in rank, 
value, time, or order. 2. Chief; excellent; 
primitive. 3. Pertaining to the vigor of fresh 
maturity.— prime 'ly, adv. 
prime, n. 1. The period succeeding youth and 
preceding age. 2. Hence, the period of full 
perfection in anything. 3. The beginning of 
anything. [F., < L. primus, first.] 
prim'er 1 , 1 prim'er; 2 prim'er, n. 1. An ele¬ 
mentary reading*book. 2. Either of two sizes 
of printing*type, great primer and long 
primer. See type. 

prim'er 2 , 1 praim'or; 2 prim'er, n. 1. Any de¬ 
vice used for priming a gun. 2. A person who 
primes a firearm. 

pri-me'val, 1 prai-mi'val; 2 pri-me'val, a. Be¬ 
longing to the first ages. [ < L. primxvus , 
youthful, < primus , first, + xvum , age.] -ly, adv. 
prim'i-tive, ) 1 prim'i-tiv; 2 prim'i-tfv. I. a. 
prim'i-tiv 8 , ) 1. Pertaining to the beginning or 
origin; first; earliest. 2. OkUfashioned; sim¬ 
ple; plain. II. n. A primary or radical word. 
[ < L. primitivus , < primus ; see prime.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

pri"ino-gen 'i-ture, 1 prai"mo-jen'i-dhur or 
-tiur; 2 prI"mo-g8n'i-chqr or -tur, n. 1. Seni- 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, bum; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, gSt, prey, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 








467 


prevail 

privy 


ority by birth. 2. The right of the eldest son 
to inherit. [< L. primus, first, + gigno, beget.] 
pri-mor'di-ul, 1 prai-mer'di-al; 2 prl-mor'di- 
al, a. First in order or time; original; primi¬ 
tive. [F., < L. primordium, origin.] -ly, adv. 
prim'rose", 1 prim'roz"; 2 prfm'r6§", n. 1. An 
early flowering peren¬ 
nial with variously col¬ 
ored flowers. 2. A pale 
greenish*yellow color, 
prin., gbbr. Principal, prin¬ 
cipally, principle, 
prince, 1 prins; 2 prin q 
n. 1. A male monarch 
or sovereign. 2. The son 
of a monarch; also, a Common Primrose, 
male descendant of a royal house. 3. One of a 
high order of nobility. [F., < L. princeps, < 
primus, first, + capio, take.]— prince'doni, n. 
The rank, dignity, or jurisdiction of a prince.— 
prince'ly, a .— prince'li-ness, n .— prin'cess, 
n. 1. A female member of a royal family. 2. A 
queen. 3. The wife of a prince. 

Prince Ed'ward Is'land. An island and province 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada; 2,184 sq. m.; 
pop. 94,000; capital, Charlottetown. 

Prince'ton, 1 prins'tsn; 2 princ'ton, n. A town in 
central New Jersey; pop. 5,917; site of Princeton 
University, founded 1746. 
prin'ci-pal, 1 prin'si-pel; 2 prin'ci-pal. I. a. 
First in rank, character, or importance; chief. 
II. n. 1. One who takes a leading part, or who 
is at the head of some institution, as of a 
school or college. 2. Property or capital; a 
sum on which interest accrues. [F., < L. 
principalis, < princeps, chief.] -ly, adv. -ship, n. 
— prin"ci-pal'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pl.\ The territory 
of a reigning prince. 

prin'ci-pl(e p , 1 prin'si-pl; 2 prin'^i-pl, n. 1. A 
cause from which a thing proceeds. 2. Essen¬ 
tial character; essence. 3. A general truth or 
proposition. 4. A settled law or rule of action, 
especially of right action. 5. A law of nature 
as illustrated in the mechanical powers. [ < 
L. F principium, a beginning.] 
prink, 1 priqk; 2 prink, vt. & vi. To dress or 
adorn, as one’s person for show. 
print d , 1 print; 2 print, v. I. t. 1. To make a 
mark or marks upon, as by pressure. 2. To 
impress (type, letters, or pictures, etc.) on 
paper, cloth, etc.; make copies of by a print¬ 
ing-press. 3. To send forth in print; publish. 
4. To fix, as by impressing; impress. II. i. To 
practise printing as a business. print er, 
n. —print'ing, n. 1. The making and issuing of 
matter for reading by means of type and the 
printing-press. 2. Presswork. 3. Tiie act of 
reproducing a design upon a surface by any proc¬ 
ess 4. That which is printed. — print mgs 
press", n. A mechanism for printing, operat¬ 
ing by pressure. print'ing=nia-chine"t. 
print, n. 1. An impression with ink from type, 
plates, etc. 2. Anything printed; an im¬ 
pression; imprint. 3. A reproduction from 
such an impression. 4. Printed calico. I < 
OF. preinte, for empreinte, Imprint.] 
print., abbr. Printing. _ 

pri 'or, 1 prai'ar; 2 prl'or. I. a. Preceding in 
time, order, or importance. II. n. A monas¬ 
tic officer next in rank below an abbot. [L., 
former, earlier.]—pri'or-ess, n. fem.— pri-or 
i-ty, n Antecedence; superiority.—pri 'or-y, n. 
[pri'or-ies 2 , pi.] A monastic house presided over 
by a prior or prioress. _ 




Geometrical 

Prisms. 

«, triangular; b, 
octagonal; c, pen¬ 
tagonal. 


Pris-cil'la, 1 pri-sil'a; 2 prl-cll'a, n. In Longfel¬ 
low’s Courtship of Miles Stapdish, a Puritan 
maiden courted by John Alden as proxy for 
Standish. Later she marries Alden. 
prism, 1 prizm; 2 prf§m, n. 1. A solid whose 
bases or ends are any similar 
equal and parallel plane figures, 
and whose lateral faces are 
parallelograms. 2. The spec¬ 
trum. [ < Gr. prisma, lit. 

‘something sawed,’ < prizo, saw.] 

— pris-mat'ic, a. 1. Refracted 
or formed by a prism; resembling 
the spectrum; exhibiting rain¬ 
bow tints. 2. Pertaining to or 
shaped like a prism, pris-mat'- 
i-calj. — pris-mat'i-cal-Iy, adv. 

— pris'moid, n. A body resembling a prism. 
—pris-moi'dal, a. 

pris'on, 1 priz'n; 2 prig'n. I. vt. To imprison. 
II. n. A place of confinement. [F., < L. 
prensio(n~), seizing, < prehendo, seize.]— pris'- 
on-er, n. A captive; one held in custody. 
pris'tin(e 3 ,1 pris'tin; 2 pris'tin, a. Pertaining 
to the earliest state or time. [ < L. pristinus, 
primitive.] 

prith'ee, 1 prith'I; 2 prfth'e. I pray thee, 
priv., abbr. Privative. 

pri'va-cy, 1 prai've-si; 2 pri'va-cy, n. [-cies 2 , 
pi.] 1. The condition of being private. 2. A 
matter that is private. 3. A place of seclusion, 
pri'vate, lprai'vit;2pri'vat. I. a. 1. Removed 
from public view; retired; secluded; secret. 2. 
Personal or unofficial; without rank. 3. Dis¬ 
posed to be secretive or reticent. 4. Not com¬ 
mon or general. II. n. A common soldier. 

[ < L. privatus, pp. of privo, separate.] -ly, adv. 
— in private, in secret; not publicly.— pri"va- 
teer', n. 1. A vessel owned and officered by 
private persons, but carrying on maritime war 
under letters of marque.’ 2. A privateersman. 
— pri"va-teer'ing, n. — pri"va-teers'man, n. 
An officer or seaman on a privateer, 
pri-va'tion, 1 prai-ve'^han; 2 pri-va'shon, n. 
1. The state of lacking something necessary 
or desirable; want of the common comforts of 
life. 2. Deprivation. [OF., < L. privatio(n~), 

< privo,' see private.]— priv'a-tiv(e 8 . I. a. 1. 
Causing privation, want, or destitution; depriv¬ 
ing. 2. Altering a word so as to express a nega¬ 
tive instead of a positive meaning. II. n. 1. 
That which has its only reality in the absence of 
something; a negative conception, as darkness or 
cold. 2. A prefix indicating negation. 

priv'et, 1 priv'it; 2 priv'et, n. An ornamental 
European shrub, often used for 
hedges. _ . 

priv'i-lege, 1 priv'i-hj; 2 priv'i- 
leg. I. vt. [-leged; -leg-ing.] 

To grant a privilege to. II. n. 

A right or immunity enjoyed 
under special conditions. [OF., 

< L. privus, one’s own, + lex 
(.leg-), law.] 

priv'i-Iy, 1 priv'i-h; 2 priv'i-ly, 
adv. Privately; secretly, 
priv'i-tyj 1 priv'i-ti; 2 priv'i-ty, privet. 
n. [-ties 2 , pi.] Knowledge 
shared with another or others regarding a pri¬ 
vate matter. [ < L. OF privus, private.] 
priv'y, 1 priv'i; 2 priv'y., a. 1. Participating 
with another or others in the knowledge of a 
secret transaction. 2. Removed from pub¬ 
licity; secret. 3. Designed for individual or 



1:a = final; l = habltj^ aisle; au = 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, 


out; oil; 10 = feud: chin; go; 0 = sinp; thin, this, 
cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ipk; thin, this. 
















prize 

prolegomenon 


468 


private use. [ < L. OF privatus, private.]— 
priv'y, n. [priv'ies 2 , pi.] A closet or detached 
building permitting retirement for evacuation 
and disposal of feces, etc. See water*closet. 
prize, 1 praiz; 2 priz. I. vt. To place a value 
on; hold or esteem as precious. II. n. 1. 
Something offered as a reward. 2. A thing 
seized as the result of a contest. 3. Anything 
to be striven for. [ < F. prise, < pris, pp. of 
prendre, take.] 

pro, 1 pro; 2 pro. I. n. An argument in favor 
of something; as, the pros and cons. II. prep. 
In behalf of; according to; for. [ < L. pro, for.] 
pro-, prefix. Before; fore; forward; for; instead of. 
[< L. pro-. < pro, before; or < Gr. pro-, < pro, 
before.] 

prob., abbr. Probable, probably, problem, 
prol)'a-bl(e p , 1 prob'a-bl; 2 pr5b'a-bl, a. 1. 
Having more evidence than the contrary; 
likely to be true or to happen. 2. That ren¬ 
ders something worthy of belief. [F., < L. 
probabilis, < probo, prove.]—prob"a-bil'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] The state of being probable; a prob¬ 
able event or statement.—prob'a-bly, adv. 
pro'bate, 1 pro'bet; 2 pro'bat. I. a. Relating 
to making proof, as of a will. II. n. Law. 1. 
Formal, legal proof, as of a will. 2. The 
right of proving wills. [ < L. probatus, pp. of 
probo, prove.] 

pro-ba'tion, 1 pro-be'iffian; 2 pro-ba'shon, n. 
A proceeding to test character; examination; 
trial; novitiate. [ < L. probatio(n-), examina¬ 
tion.]— pro-ba'tion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to pro¬ 
bation. pro-ba'tion-alt.—pro-ba'tlon-er, n. 
A novice.—pro'ba-tiv(e 3 , a. Serving for proof 
or test, pro'ba-to-ryt. 

probe, 1 prob; 2 prob. I. vt. [probed; prob'- 
ing.] 1. To explore with a probe. 2. To 
search through; scrutinize. II. n. 1. An in¬ 
strument for exploring cavities, the course of 
wounds, etc. 2. That which proves or tests. 

[ < L. probo, prove, test, < probus, good.] 
prob'i-ty, 1 preb'i-ti; 2 prob'i-ty, n. Tried 
integrity; strict honesty. [ < L. F probita(t-)s, 

< probus, good.] 

prob'Iem, 1 preb'lem; 2 prob'lSm, n. A per¬ 
plexing question demanding settlement. [ < 
Gr. pro, before, + ballo, throw.]—prob"lem- 
at'ic, a. prob"lem-at'i-calt. 
pro-bos'cis, 1 pro-bes'is; 2 pro-bos'is, n. 
[-ci-des, 1 -i-dlz; 2 -i-de§, pi.] A long, flexi¬ 
ble, and prehensile extension of the nose, as in 
the elephant; also, an organ resembling this, as 
in certain insects. [L., < Gr. pro, before, + 
bosko, feed.] 

Proc., abbr. Proceedings. 

pro-ce'dure, 1 pro-sl'jur or -sld'yur; 2 pro-ce'- 
jur or -ced'ypr, n. A method of proceeding; a 
course of action. 

pro-ceed' d , 1 pro-sId'; 2 pro-ced', vi. 1. To go 
on or forward; continue. 2. To begin and 
carry on a series of actions. 3. To issue or 
come, as from some source. [ < L. procedo, 

< pro, before, + ccdo, go.]—pro-ceed'er, n. — 
pro-ceed'ing, n. 1. An act or course of action. 
2. pi. The records of meetings, as of a society.— 
pro'ceeds, n. pi. Product; return; yield. 

proc'ess, 1 pres'es; 2 pros'es, n. 1. A course or 
method of operations. 2. A forward move¬ 
ment; passage; advance; course. 3. A judi¬ 
cial writ or order. 4. Anat. An accessory 
outgrowth or prominence. [< L. OF processus, 
progress.]—pro-ces'sion, n. 1. An array, as of 


persons, moving in orderly succession. 2. The 
act of proceeding.—pro-ces'siou-al, a. -ly, adv. 
pro-claim', 1 pro-klem'; 2 pro-clam', vt. To 
announce aloud or in a public manner; pro¬ 
mulgate. [ < L. pro, forth, + clamo, call.]— 
pro-claim'er, n.—proc"Ia-ma'tion, n. 1. 
The act of proclaiming. 2. That which is pro¬ 
claimed. 

pro-cliv'i-ty, 1 pro-kliv'i-ti; 2 pro-cllv'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] Natural disposition or tendency; 
propensity. [ < L. F pro, before, + clivus, 
sloping.] 

pro-con'sul, 1 pro-kon'sul; 2 pro-cqn'sul, n. 
1. Rom. Antiq. An official having charge of a 
province or an army. 2. Hence, any gover¬ 
nor of a dependency.— pro-con'su-Iar, a .— 
pro-con'su-late, n. pro-con'sul-shipf. 
pro-eras'ti-nate, 1 pro-kras'ti-net; 2 pro- 
cras'ti-niit, vt. & vi. [-nat"ed^ j -nat"ing.] 
To defer or delay from time to time. [ < L. 
pro, for, + crastinus, of to*morrow.]— pro-cras"- 
ti-na'tion, n. The act, tendency, or habit of 
procrastinating.— pro-eras'ti-na"tor, n. 
pro'cre-ate d , 1 pro'kri-et; 2 pro'ere-at, vt. To 
engender; beget. [ < L. pro, before, + creo, 
create.]— pro"cre-a'tion,n.—pro'cre-a"tiv(e s , 
a. —pro'cre-a"tor, n. 

Pro-crus 'tes, 1 pro-krus'tlz; 2 pro-erus'teg, n. 
Gr. Antiq. A legendary Greek robber, said to 
have amputated or stretched the limbs of cap¬ 
tives to lit a certain bed.— Pro-crus'te-an, a. 
proc'tor, 1 prek'tar or -ter; 2 proc'tor, n. 1, 
An agent acting for another; attorney; 
proxy. 2. A college official charged with 
maintaining order. [ < L. OF procurator, pro¬ 
curator.] —proc-to'ri-al,a.—proc 'tor-ship, n. 
pro-cum'bent, 1 pro-kum'bent; 2 pro-cum'¬ 
bent, a. Lying flat; trailing; prone. [< L. 
pro, forward, -f cubo, lie.] 
pro-cure', 1 pro-kiur'; 2 pro-cur', vt. [pro¬ 
cured'; pro-cur'ing.] 1. To come into pos¬ 
session or enjoyment of by some effort or 
means. 2. To bring about by effort or means. 
[< I,. pro, for, + euro, care for.] —pro-cur'a- 
bl(e p , a. That may be procured.— proc"u-ra'- 
tion, n. A proxy; power of attorney.— proc'u- 
ra"tor, n. One employed to act for another; a 
Roman provincial administrator, -ship, n.—. 
pro-cure 'ment, n. 

prod, 1 prod; 2 prod. I. vt. [prod'ded* 1 ; prod'- 
ding.] To punch or poke. II. «. 1. Any 

pointed instrument. 2. A thrust or punch. 
[Prob. < Ice. broddr, spike.] 
prod'i-gal, 1 prod'i-gal; 2 prod'i-gal. I. a. 1. 
Addicted to wasteful expenditure. 2. Yield¬ 
ing in profusion. II. n. One who is waste¬ 
ful or profligate. [ < L. pro, forth, + ago, 
drive.] -ly,ad».—prod"i-gal'i-ty,n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
prod'i-gy, 1 pred'i-ji; 2 prod'i-gy, n. [-gies 2 , 
pi.] 1. Something so extraordinary as to ex¬ 
cite wonder and admiration. 2. A monstros¬ 
ity. [< L. prodigium.] —pro-dig'ions, a. 
Enormous or extraordinary; vast; excessive, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

pro-duce', 1 pro-diiis'; 2 pro-due', v. [pro¬ 
duced'*; pro-duc'ing.] I. t. 1. To bring 
into existence from previous materials. 2. To 
bring to view'. 3. To be the cause of. 4. To 
manufacture; make. 5. To give rise to; result 
in. II. i. To yield or generate an appropri¬ 
ate result. [ < L. pro, before, + duco, lead.] 
—pro-due'er, n. —pro-du'ei-bl(e p , a. 
prod 'ucc, 1 pred'yiis; 2 prod'yuQ, n. sing. & pi. 
A product; farm*products collectively. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh$t, ffll; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 








469 


prize 

prolegomenon 


prod'uct, 1 pred'ukt; 2 prod'uct, re. 1. Any¬ 
thing produced. 2. The result obtained by 
multiplication. [ < L. productus, pp. of pro¬ 
duct), produce.]— pro-duc'tiI(e 8 , a. Capable of 
being extended.— pro-duc'tion, n. 1. The act 
or process of producing. 2. That which is pro¬ 
duced.— pro-due'tiv(e 8 , a. Producing or tend¬ 
ing to produce; fertile; remunerative, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —pro"duc-tiv'i-ty, re. 
pro 'em, 1 pro'em; 2 pro'em, re. An introduc¬ 
tory statement. [ < Gr. L pro, before, + oimos, 
a path.] 

Prof., abbr. Professor. 

pro-fane', 1 pro-fen'; 2 pro-fan'. I. vt. [pro¬ 
faned'; pro-fan'ing.] 1. To make common 
or unholy; desecrate; pollute. 2. To put to a 
wrong or degrading use. II. a. 1. Manifest¬ 
ing irreverence toward the Deity or sacred 
things. 2. Secular; uninspired. [F., < L. 
pro, before, + fanum, temple.]— prof"a-na'- 
tion, n. The act of profaning.— pro-fan'a-to- 
ry, a. Productive of profanity.— pro-fan'er, n. 
— pro-fan 'i-ty, n. The state of being profane, 
pro-fane 'nessf.—pro-fane'ly, adv. 
pro-fess' 1 ,1 pro-fes'; 2 pro-fes', vt. 1. To make 
open declaration of. 2. To announce pub¬ 
licly one’s skill in, as in art, science, etc. 3. 
To make a show or pretense of. [< L. pro, 
forth, + fateor, confess.]— pro-fess'ed-ly, adv .— 
pro-fes'sion, n. 1. An occupation that involves 
a liberal education, and mental rather than man¬ 
ual labor. 2. The act of professing. 3. That 
which is professed.— pro-fes'slon-al, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to a profession. 2. Pertaining to a spe¬ 
cial occupation, often for gain: opposed to ama¬ 
teur. -ly, adv. —pro-fes'sion-al-ism, n. —pro- 
fes'sor, n. 1. A public teacher of the highest 
grade. 2. One who professes skill and offers in¬ 
struction in some art. 3. One who makes open 
profession, as of a religious faith.— pro"fes-so'- 
ri-al, a. -ly, adv. —pro-fes'sor-ship, n. 
prof'fer, 1 pref'ar; 2 prof'er. 5. vt. To offer for 
acceptance. II. n. The act of proffering, or 
that which is proffered. [ < L. pro, forth, -j- 
fero, bring.]— prof'fer-er, n. 
pro-fi'cient, 1 pro-fi^h'ent; 2 pro-fish'ent. I. a. 
Thoroughly versed, as in an art or science. II. 
re. An expert; adept. [< L. proficio, advance.] 
-ly, adv. —pro-fi'cien-cy, n. 
pro'file, 1 prd'fil or -fail; 2 pro'fil or -fil, re. 1. 
An outline or contour. 2. The outline of a 
human face or figure as seen from the side. 
[< It. p pro/ilo, border, < L. /Hum, thread.] 
prof'it d , 1 pref'it; 2 prof'it, v. I. t. To be of 
profit to. II. i. 1. To obtain profit. 2. To be 
of advantage or use. [F., < L. profedus, pp. 
of proficio; see proficient.] —prof'it, n. 1. Any 
accession of good from labor or exertion; benefit: 
return. 2. Excess of returns over outlay.— prof' 
it-a-bl(e p , a. Bringing profit; remunerative; 
advantageous, -ness, n .— prof'it-a-bly, adr.—■ 
prof'i-teer, I. vi. To devote oneself to the ac¬ 
quisition of excessive profits. II. n. One who 
is given to profiteering.— prof'it-less, a. -ly,adv. 
prof'li-gatc, 1 pref'li-git; 2 prof'li-gat. I. a. 
Abandoned to vice. II. n. A depraved or 
abandoned person. [ < L. pro, forw r ard, + 
fiigo, dash.] -ly, adv.— prof'Ii-ga-cy, n. 
pro-found', 1 pro-faund'; 2 pro-found'. I. a. 
1. Intellectually deep. 2. Complete or full in 
character or effect. 3. Abstruse. 4. Far below 
the surface. II. n. 1. A fathomless depth; an 
abyss. 2. The ocean; the deep, f < L. F pro¬ 
fundus, deep.] -ly, adv .— pro-fun 'di-ty, n. The 
state of being profound, pro-found'nessj. 


pro-fuse', 1 pro-fius'; 2 pro-fus', a. 1. Giving 
or given forth lavishly. 2. Copious; overflow¬ 
ing. [ < L. pro, forth, fundo, pour.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. —pro-fu'slon, n. Exuberance; 
prodigality. 

pro-gen'i-tor, 1 pro-jen'i-tor or -ter; 2 pro-gen'- 
i-tor, n . A forefather or parent. [L.] -ship, n . 
prog'e-ny, 1 prej'i-m; 2 prog'e-ny, n. Off¬ 
spring, whether of human beings or of lower 
animals._[ < L. OF pro , forth, -\- gigno , produce.] 
prog-no'sis, 1 preg-no'sis; 2 prog-n5'sis, n . A 
prediction, as in regard to the course and ter¬ 
mination of a disease. [L., < Gr. pro , before, 
+ gignosko , know.]— prog-nos'tic. I. a . Re¬ 
lating to prognosis. II. re. A sign of some future 
occurrence; an omen.— prog-nos'ti-catc, vt. & 
vi . [-CAT"ED<1; -cat'Tng.] 1. To foretell by indi¬ 
cations. 2. To be an omen of.— prog-uos"ti- 
ca'tion, re.—prog-nos'ti-ca"tor, re. 


pro 'gram, 
pro 'gramme 




1 pro'gram; 2 pro'gram, re. 1. 
. , A list giving the exercises, as 
for an entertainment. 2. Any prearranged 
plan. [ < Gr. F pro, before, -f- grapho, write.] 
pro-gress' 1 , 1 pro-gres'; 2 pro-gres', vt. & vi. To 
move forward; grow; gain; advance; im¬ 
prove. [ < L. pro, forward, + gradior, go.] 
prog'ress, 1 preg'res; 2 prog'res, re. 1. A mov¬ 
ing forward in space. 2. Advancement toward 
maturity or completion, or toward a better 
state.—pro-gres'sion, re. The act of pro¬ 
gressing; advancement.—pro-gres'si v(e 8 , a. 1. 
Characterized by, making, or tending to make 
progress. 2. Aiming at or encouraging progress, 
-ly, adv. -ness, re. 

pro-hib'it d , 1 pro-hib'it; 2 pro-hib'it, vt. 1. To 
forbid; interdict. 2. To hinder or debar. [ < 
L. pro, before, + habeo, hold.]—pro-hib'it-er, re. 
—pro"hi-bi'tion, re. 1. The act of prohibiting; 
an interdiction. 2. The forbidding of the manu¬ 
facture and sale of alcoholic liquors for use as 
beverages.—pro"hi-bI'tion-ism, re. The prin¬ 
ciples and policy of prohibitionists.—pro"hi- 
bi'tion-ist, re. One who believes in or favors 
prohibition.—pro-hib'i-tiv(e 8 , a. Tending to 
prohibit.—pro-hib'i-to-ry, a. Relating to or 
involving prohibition. 

pro-ject' d , 1 pro-jekt'; 2 pro-jeet', v. I ,t. 1. To 
shoot or throw forth. 2. To contrive or plan. 
3. To throw forth or forward, as an image, 
shadow, etc. II. i. To stand out; jut out. [ < 
L.of pro, forth, + jacio, hurl.]—pro-jec'til(e 8 . I. 
a. 1. Projecting, or impelling forward. 2. Pro¬ 
duced by projection. II. re. A body projected by 
force; a shot, as for or from a cannon.—pro¬ 
jection, re. 1. The act of pro¬ 
jecting. 2. That which projects; 
a prominence. 3. A scheme; 
project. 4. The representation 
of something on a plane, as in a 
map.—pro-jee'tor, re. 1. One 
who devises projects. 2. 

That which projects (some¬ 
thing). 

proj'ect, 1 prej'ekt; 2 
proj'ect, re. Something 
projected or planned; a 
plan; scheme. 

pro'late, 1 pro'let; 2 pro'- 
lat, a. Extended length¬ 
wise, as toward the poles; 
opposed to oblate. [ < L. 
pro, forward, + latus, borne.] -ness, re. 
pro"le-gom'e-non, 1 pro"li-gem'i-non; 2 pro"le- 
gom'e-non, re. [-na, pi.] An introductory remark; 
especially, in the plural, introductory remarks; 



Projection of a 
Winding Stairway. 


1: a = final: l = habit: aisle; au = owt: oil; iu = feud; Chin: go; i) = sire?; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf. do; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 





























proletariat 

Proserpine 


470 


a preface. [ < Gr. pro, before, + legomenon, neut. 
ppr. pass, of lego, say.] 

pro"le-ta'ri-at, 1 pro"h-te'n-at; 2 pro"le-ta'ri- 
fit I. a. Of or pertaining to the working 
classes. II. n. The wage*workers or laboring 
classes of a state, collectively. [< L. p pro- 
letarius, < proles, offspring.] pro"le-ta'rl-atef. 
—pro"le-ta'ri-an, a. & n. 
pro-lif'ic, 1 pro-lif'ik; 2 pro-lff'ie, a. Producing 
abundantly; fertile. [ < L. proles, offspring, 
+ facio, make.]— pro-lif'i-cal-ly, adv. 
pro'lix, 1 pro'liks; 2 pro'liks, a. 1. Wearisomely 
long. 2. Verbose; tedious. [< L. prolixus, 
stretched out, < liqueo, be clear.]— pro-lix'i-ty, 
n. pro'lix-nesst. 

pro-loc'u-tor, 1 pro-lok'yu-ter or -ter; 2 pro- 
lde'yq-tor, n . 1. One who speaks for another. 
2. The presiding officer of a convocation. [L., 
< pro, for, + loculus, pp. of loquor, speak.] 
pro'log, I 1 pro'leg; 2 pro'log, n. A prefa- 
pro'logue, ) tory statement to a poem, dis¬ 
course, or performance. [F., < Gr. pro, be¬ 
fore, + logos, a speech.] 

pro-long', 1 pro-leg'; 2 pro-long', vt. To extend 
in time or space. [ < F. prolonger, < L. pro, 
forth, + longus, long.] — pro"lon-ga'tion, n. 1. 
The act of prolonging. 2. An extension, 
prom., abbr. Promontory. 

proin"e-nade', 1 prem"i-nad'; 2 prom"e-nad'. 
I. vi. [-NAD'ED d ; -nad'ing.] To take a prom¬ 
enade. II. n. 1. A walk for amusement or ex¬ 
ercise. 2. A place for promenading. [F., < 
promener, take out for a walk.] 

Pro-me'theus, 1 pro-mi'thius; 2 pro-me'thus, n. 
Gr. Mylh. The founder of civilization; he stole fire 
from heaven and as a punishment was chained to 
a rock, where an eagle daily devoured his liver, 
which renewed itself at night; hero of a tragedy by 
ASschylus. See Pandora.— Pro-me'the-an, a. 
prom'i-nent, 1 prem'i-nent; 2 prom'i-ngnt, a. 
1. Jutting out; protuberant. 2. Conspicuous; 
eminent. [OF., < L. promineo, project.] -ly, 
adv. — prom 'i-nence, n. 1. The state of being 
prominent. 2. That which is prominent, prom'- 
i-nen-cyj. 

pro-mis'cu-ous, 1 pro-mis'kiu-us; 2 pro-mTs'- 
cii-us, a. 1. Composed of individuals or parts 
confusedly mingled. 2. Indiscriminate; unre¬ 
stricted. [ < L. pro, forth, + misceo, mix.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —pro"mis-cu'l-ty, n. 
prom'ise, 1 prem'is; 2 prom'is. I. vt. & vi. 
[prom'ised 1 ; prom'is-ing.] 1. To engage to 
do or not to do. 2. To give ground for hope 
or expectation. II. n. 1. An assurance given 
by one person to another that the former will 
or will not do a specified act. 2. Reasonable 
ground for hope or expectation. 3. Something 
promised. [ < L. promissum, < pro, forth, + 
milto, send.]—prom"ls-ee', n. One to whom a 
promise is made.—prom'is-ing, pa. Giving 
promise of good results, -ly, adv.— prom'ls-or, 
n. One who makes a promise, proin'is-erj; 
pro-mis'sorprom 'is-so"ry, a. Containing 
a promise; of the nature of a promise, 
prom'on-to-ry, 1 prom'on-to-ri; 2 prom'on- 
to-ry, n. [-ries z , pf.] A high point of land 
extending into the sea; a headland. [< LL. 
pro, forth, + mons, mountain.] 
pro-inote', 1 pro-m5t'; 2 pro-mot', vt. [pro- 
MOT'ED d ; pro-mot'ing.] 1. To contribute to 
the development of; foster; encourage; ad¬ 
vance. 2. To raise to greater dignity or hon¬ 
or. [ < L. pro, forward, + moveo, move ]— 
pro-mot'er, n.—pro-mo 'tion, n. The act of 


promoting, or the state of being promoted.— 
pro-mo'tiv(e s , a. 

prompt, 1 prompt; 2 prompt. I d . vt. 1. To in¬ 
cite to action or exertion; instigate. 2. To 
make a suggestion to; suggest; inspire. II. a. 
Acting, or ready to act, at the moment. [F.]— 
prompt'er, n. One who or that which prompts. 
— prompt'i-tude, n. The quality of being 
prompt, prompt'nesst.—prompt'ly, adv. 
pro-mul'gate, 1 pro-mul'get; 2 pro-miil'gat, 
vt. [-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] To announce offi¬ 
cially. [ < L. promulgo, make known. — 
pro"mul-ga'tion, n. —pro'mul-ga"tor, n. 
pron., abbr. Pronoun, pronunciation, 
prone, 1 pron; 2 pron, a. 1. Lying flat; pros¬ 
trate. 2. Leaning forward or downward. 3. 
Having a strong propensity: used with to. 
[F.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

prong, 1 prerj; 2 prong, n. Any sharp=pointed 
instrument; a tine of a fork, fang of a tooth, or 
the like. [ < W. procio, poke.] 
pro'noun, 1 pro'naun; 2 pro'noun, n. A word 
used instead of a noun. [ < L. F pro, for, + 
nomen, noun.]—pro-noin'i-nal, a. Of, pertain¬ 
ing to, or like a pronoun, -ly, adv. 
pro-nounce', 1 pro-nouns'; 2 pro-nounc', vt. & 
vi. [pro-nounced' 1 ; pro-nounc'ing.] 1. To 
give articulate utterance to. 2. To utter for¬ 
mally. 3. To declare. 4. To indicate the sound 
of (the letters in a word) by phonetic symbols. 
[< L J pro, forth, + nuntio, announce.]— 
pro-nounce'a-bl(e p , a.— pro-nounced', pa. 
Of marked character; decided.—pro-nun"ci-a'- 
tlon, n. The act or manner of pronouncing words. 
pro-nun"ei-a-men'to, 1 pro-nun"si-e-men'to; 
2 pro-nun"ci-a-m8n'to, n. [-tos z , pi.] A proc¬ 
lamation; manifesto. [Sp.] 
proof, 1 pruf; 2 proof. I. a. 1. Employed in or 
connected with proving or correcting. 2. 
Capable of resisting successfully; firm; im¬ 
penetrable: used with against; as, proof 
against bribes. 3. Of standard alcoholic 
strength. II. n. 1. The act or process of 
proving, in any sense. 2. Evidence and argu¬ 
ment sufficient to induce belief. 3. The 
standard strength of alcoholic liquors. 4. A 
printed trial sheet, as for correction. [ < LL. OF 
proba, < L. probo, prove.] —proofGread"er, n. 
One whose business it is to read and mark the 
errors in printers’ proofs.—proof'=read"ing, n. 
prop, 1 prep; 2 prop. I. vt. [propped 1 ; prop'- 
ping.] 1. To support so as to keep from fall¬ 
ing. 2. To keep from declining; sustain. II. n. 
That which sustains an incumbent weight, 
prop., abbr. Proper, properly, proposition.—prop., 
propr., abbr. Proprietor. 

prop'a-gate, 1 prep'e-get; 2 prop'a-gat, v. 
[-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] I. t. 1. To generate; 
cause to multiply, spread, or continue. 2. To 
spread abroad; diffuse; disseminate. II. i. To 
be produced or multiplied by generation. [ < 
L. propagatus, pp. of propago, to set slips, prop¬ 
agate.]—prop"a-gan'da, n. An institution or 
scheme for propagating a doctrine, etc., or the 
principles thus advanced.—prop"a-gan'dism, 
n.—prop"a-gan'dlst, n. —prop"a-ga'tion, n. 
—prop'a-ga"tiv(e 8 , a.— prop'a-ga"tor, n. 
pro-pel ', 1 pro-pel'; 2 pro-pfil', vt. [pro-pelled'; 
pro-pel'ling.] To drive or urge forward; 
force onward. [ < L. pro, forward, + pello, 
drive.]—pro-pel'ler, n. 1. One who or that 
which propels. 2. A 3* or 4«bladed device at the 
end of a shaft: used to drive a vessel through the 
water. 3. A vessel driven by a screw propeller. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fSre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast. wh$t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won*. 






471 


proletariat 

Proserpine 


pro-pen si-ty, 1 pro-pen'si-ti; 2 pro-pen'si-ty, 

[ - ties z , pf.] Mental disposition to good or 
(oftener) to evil; tendency. [< L. pro, for¬ 
ward, + pendeo, hang.] 

prop'er, 1 prep'sr; 2 prop'er, a. 1. Having 
special adaptation or fitness. 2. Conforming 
to a standard; becoming; seemly; correct. 3. 
Naturally belonging to a person or thing. 4. 
Understood in the most correct sense. 5. 
Gram. Belonging to an individual; as, a proper 
noun ; [< L J proprius, one’s own.]—proper 
fraction, one in which the numerator is less 
than the denominator. 

prop'er-ty, 1 prep'ar-ti; 2 prop'er-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] _ 1. Anything that may be owned. 
2. Ownership or dominion. 3. Whatever be¬ 
longs to any object, as a distinguishing quality 
[ < L. proprietaries, < proprius, one’s own.] 
proph 'e-cy,) 1 prof'l-si; 2 prof'e-gy, n. [-cies 2 , 
P r ®* e-cy p , j pi.] 1. A prediction made under 
divine influence; any prediction. 2. Discourse 
delivered under divine inspiration. [ < Gr. 
propheteia, < prophetes, prophet.] 
proph 'e-sy, ) 1 prof'i-sai; 2 prof'e-sy, v. [-sied ; 
prof'e-sy p , y -sy"ing.] I. t. 1. To predict or 
foretell, especially under divine inspiration. 2. 
To speak or utter for God. II. i. 1. To 
speak by divine influence. 2. To predict fu¬ 
ture events.—proph 'e-si"er, n. 
proph 'et,) 1 prof'it; 2 prof'et, n. 1. One who 
prof'et p , y delivers divine messages or inter¬ 
prets the divine will. 2. One who foretells the 
future. [ < Gr. prophetes, < pro, before, + pheml, 
speak.] — proph'et-ess, n. — pro-phet'Ic, a. 
Pertaining to a prophet or prophecy, pro¬ 
phet 'i-calf.—pro-phet'i-cal-ly, adv. 
pro"phy-lac 'tic, 1 pro"fi-[or pref"i-]lak'tik; 2 
pro"fy-[or prof"y-]lac'tic, a. Operating to 
ward off something, especially disease. [ < 
Gr. pro, before, + phylasso, guard.] 
pro-pin'qui-ty, 1 pro-piq'kwi-ti; 2 pro-pfn'- 
kwi-ty, n. 1. Nearness in place or time. 2. 
Kinship. [ < L,. or propmquita(t-)s, < propin- 
quus, near.] 

pro-pi'ti-ate, 1 pro-pisli'i-et; 2 pro-pish'i-at, 
vt. & vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To appease and 
dispose to kindness or favor; conciliate. [ < 
L. propiliatus, pp. of propitio, render favorable, 
appease.]—pro-pi 'ti-a-lfl(e p , a. That may be 
propitiated.—pro-pi"ti-a'tion, n. 1. The act 
of propitiating. 2. That which propitiates.— 
pro-pi 'ti-a-to"ry, a. Pertaining to or causing 
propitiation. 

pro-pi'tious, 1 pro-piifli'us; 2 pro-pish'us, o. 
1. Kindly disposed; gracious. 2. Auspicious; 
favorable. [ < L. propitius, favorable.] -iy, 
adv. -ness, n. 

pro-por'tion, 1 pro-per'^han; 2 pro-por'shon. 

I. vt. 1. To form with a harmonious relation 
of parts. 2. To separate into portions. II. n. 

1. Relative magnitude, number, or degree. 

2. Fitness and harmony; symmetry. 3. -A 
proportionate or proper share; any share or 
part. 4. An equality or identity between 
ratios. [F., < L. pro, for, + portio, portion.] 

—pro-por'tion-a-bI(e p , a. Such as may be 
proportioned.—pro-por'tion-al, a. -ly, adv. — 
pro-por'tion-ate, a. Being in due proportion, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

pro-pose', 1 pro-poz'; 2 pro-pog', v. [-posed'; 
-pos'ing.] I. t. 1. To offer for acceptance or 
consideration. 2. To have in mind as a de¬ 
sign; purpose; intend. II. i. To plan; make 


an offer, especially of marriage. [ < F. pro¬ 
poser, < pro-, forth, + poser, put.]— pro-po'sal, 
n. An offer; also, that which is proposed.— pro- 
pos'er, n — prop"o-si'tion, n. 1. Something 
proposed for acceptance or consideration; also, 
the act of proposing. 2. The statement of a judg¬ 
ment in words, including a subject and a predi¬ 
cate. 3. A statement to be demonstrated, 
pro-pound ' d , 1 pro-paund'; 2 pro-pound', vt. 
To state formally for consideration or solu¬ 
tion. ^ [< L. pro, before, + pono, place.] 
pro-pri'e-tor, 1 pro-prai'i-tar or -ter; 2 pro- 
pri'e-tor, n. A person having the exclusive 
title to anything. [ < L. OF+L1, proprietas, prop¬ 
erty.] -ship, n.— pro-pri'e-ta-ry. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to a proprietor; subject to exclusive 
ownership. II. n. [-ries 2 , pi.] A proprietor or a 
body, of proprietors, collectively.— pro-pri'e- 
tress. n. 

pro-pri'e-ty, 1 pro-prai'i-ti; 2 pro-pri'e-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] The character or quality of being 
proper; becomingness; fitness; correctness. 
[< L.° F propriela{t-)s, property.] 
pro-pul 'sion, 1 pro-pul'^han; 2 pro-piil'shon, 
n. The act or operation of propelling. [F., < 
L. pro, forward, + pello, drive.]— pro-pul'siv(e 8 , 
a. Having a tendency to propel, 
pro ra'ta, 1 pro re'ta; 2 pro ra'ta. In propor¬ 
tion; as, the loss was shared pro rata. [L.] 
pro-rogue', 1 pro-rog'; 2 pro-rog', vt. [pro¬ 
rogued'; pro-rogu'ing.] 1. To terminate by 
royal command (a session of the British Par¬ 
liament). 2. To put off or delay. [ < L. pro - 
rogo, extend, defer.]— pro"ro-ga'tion, n. 
pros-, prefix. To; before. [< Gr. pros, toward, 
before, < pro, forth.] 

pros., abbr. Prosody. i 

pro-sa'ic, 1 pro-ze'ik; 2 pro-§a'ie, a. 1 . Unim¬ 
aginative; commonplace. 2. Pertaining to or 
having the form of prose. [ < LL. prosaicus, 

< L. prosa; see prose, n .] pro-sa'i-calf. — pro¬ 
sa'i-cal-ly, adv.— pro-sa'i-cal-ness, n. 
pro-scribe', 1 pro-skraib'; 2 pro-serlb', vt. 
[pro-scribed'; pro-scrib'ing.] 1 . To out¬ 
law; ostracize. 2. To reject with condemna¬ 
tion. [ < L. pro, before, -(- scribo, write.]— 
pro-scrib'er, n. — pro-scrip'tion, n. Interdic¬ 
tion; ostracism; outlawry.— pro-scrip'tiv(e 8 , a. 
Pertaining to or having the character of proscrip¬ 
tion. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

prose, 1 proz; 2 prog. I. vt. & vi. [prosed; 
pros'ing.] To write or say in a dull or com¬ 
monplace manner. II. a. Pertaining to 
prose; tedious; prosy. III. n. Speech or 
writing without metrical structure. [F., < 

L. prosa, prose.]— pros'er, n? A dull or tedious 
writer or talker. 

pros'e-cute, 1 pres'i-kiut; 2 pros'e-cut, v . 
[-cuT"ED d ; -cut"ing.] I. t. 1 . To pursue or 
follow up; carry on. 2. To carry on a judicial 
proceeding against or seek to enforce by legal 
process. II. i. To begin and carry on a legal 
proceeding. [< L. OF prosecutus, pp. of prose- 
quor, pursue.]— pros"e-cu'tion, n. The act or 
process of prosecuting; in law, the party prose¬ 
cuting.— pros'e-cu"tor, n.— pros"e-cu'trix, n. 
fem. 

pros'e-Iyte, 1 pres'i-lait; 2 pros'e-lyt. I. vt. 
[-LYT"ED d ; -lyt"ing.] To win over to a differ¬ 
ent religion, sect, or party, pros'e-ly-tize or 
-tiset. II. n. One thus won over. [ < Gr. 
proselytos, < pros, to, + ellhein, come.]—pros'- 
e-ly-tism, n. The making of converts. 
Pros'er-pine, 1 pros'ar-pin or -pin; 2 pros'er-pin or 


1:»= final; l = hablG aisle; au = out; oil; !0 = fewd: <fhin; go; U = sinf7; fhin, this. 
2:wqlf, dq; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











prosily 
P. S. 


472 


-pin, n. Rom. Myth. The equivalent of Per¬ 
sephone. 1’ro-ser'pi-naJ. 
pros'i-ly, pros'i-ness. See prosy. 
pros'o-dy, 1 pres'o-di; 2 pros'o-dy, n. The 
science of poetical forms. [ < Gr. L pros, to, -f- 
OdS, song.]— pro-sod'ic, a.— pros'o-dlst, n. 
pros 'pec t, 1 pres'pekt; 2 pros'pfict. I d . vt. & vi. 
To explore as for minerals; view; survey. II. 
n. 1. A future probability based on present 
indications. 2. An extended view. 3. The 
direction in which anything faces. [F., < L. 
pro, forward, + specio, look.]— pro-spec'tlv(e a , 
a. 1. Being still in the future. 2. Looking to the 
future, -ly, adv. — pros'pec-tor, pros'pect-er, 
n.— pro-spec'tus, n. A paper containing infor¬ 
mation of a proposed undertaking; a summary; 
outline. 

pros'per, 1 pros'psr; 2 pros'per, vt. & ni. To 
render prosperous; be prosperous; thrive. [ < 
L. pro, for, + spes, hope.]—pros-per'i-ty, n. 
The state of being prosperous.—pros'per-ous, 
a. 1. Successful; flourishing. 2. Favoring; aus¬ 
picious. -ly, adv. 

pros'ti-tute, 1 pres'ti-tiut; 2 pros'ti-tut. I. 
vt. [-TUT"ED d ; -tut"ing.] To apply to base or 
vile purposes. II. a. Surrendered to base 
purposes. III. n. A base hireling; vicious 
woman. [ < L. pro, before, + statuo, place.] 
— pros"ti-tu'tion, n. The act or business of 
prostituting.— pros'ti-tu"tor, n. 
pros'trate, 1 pres'tret; 2 pros'trat. I. vt. 
[pRos'TRAT"ED d ; pros'trat"ing.] 1. To lay 
or cause to fall flat; reflexively, to bow (one¬ 
self) low, as in supplication. 2. To overthrow. 
3. To reduce to extreme weakness. II. a. 
Wholly overcome; prostrated. [ < L. pro, be¬ 
fore, + sterno, strew.]— pros-tra'tlon, n. 
pro'sy, 1 prd'zi; 2 pro'gy, a. [pro'si-er; pro'- 
si-est.] Like mere prose; prosaic; dull; tedi¬ 
ous; commonplace. — pros'I-ly, adv. In a 
prosy manner.— pros'l-ness, n. 

Prot., ahbr. Protestant. 

pro-tect' d , 1 pro-tekt'; 2 pro-teet', vt. To pre¬ 
serve in safety; guard; defend. [< L. pro, 
before, + lego, cover.]—pro-tec'tlon, n. 1. The 
act of protecting; a protected condition; that 
which protects. 2. Specif., a system aiming to 
protect the industries of a country by govern¬ 
mental action, as by imposing duties on foreign 
imports, pro-tec'tlon-isinj. — pro-tec'tlon- 
1st, n.— pro-tec'tiv(e 9 , a. Affording or suitable 
for protection; sheltering, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
—pro-tec'tor, n. One who protects; a defender, 
pro-tect'erj.—pro-tec'tor-ate, n. A relation 
of protection and partial control by a strong over 
a weaker nation.—pro-tec'tress, n. A female 
protector. • 

pro"te"ge', 1 pro"te" 3 e'; 2 pro"tg"zhe', n. 
[-g£:e', 1 - 3 e; 2 -zhe, fem.] One specially cared 
for by another older or more powerful. [F.] 
pro'tc-id, 1 pro'ti-id; 2 pro'te-Id, n. Chem. One 
of a class of important compounds, found in 
nearly all animal and vegetable organisms, 
and containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, ni¬ 
trogen, and sulfur. — pro'te-in, n. 1. An 
albuminous compound derived from a proteid. 
2. Same as proteid. [being), 

pro tem., abbr. [L.] Pro tempore (for the time 
pro-test' d , 1 pro-test'; 2 pro-tSst', v. I. t. To 
assert earnestly; declare solemnly; asseverate. 
II. t. 1. To make a protest; enter a formal 
dissent. 2. To make a solemn asseveration. 
[< L. pro, before, + testis, witness.]—Prot 'es- 
tant. I. a. 1. Pertaining to Protestants or to 
Protestantism. 2. [p-] Making a protest. II. n. 


A member of one of those bodies of Christians 
opposed to Roman Catholicism.— Prot'es-tant- 
ism, n. The principles and common system of 
doctrines of Protestant churches.— prot"es-ta'- 
tlon, n. The act of protesting, or that which is 
protested.— pro-test'er, n. 

pro'test, 1 pro'test; 2 pro'test, n. The act of 
protesting; solemn or formal objection. 

Pro'teus, 1 pro'tius, 2 pro'tus, n. Class. Myth. A 
marine deity and prophet, who had the power of 
assuming any shape he chose.—Pro'te-an, a. 
Pertaining to or characteristic of Proteus; change¬ 
able; variable. 

pro-tho'rax, 1 pro-tho'raks; 2 pro-tho'raks, n. 
The anterior segment of the thorax of an in¬ 
sect. 

pro'to-, prefix. First: used specifically in chemis¬ 
try (1) to denote the first or lowest member of a 
series, or the one in which the element specified 
has its smallest valence, as opposed to per-; as, 
profochlorid; (2) as the equivalent of mono-. [< 
Gr. protos, first, < pro, before.]— pro'to-col, n. 
The preliminary sketch or draft of an official doc¬ 
ument, as a treaty. [+ Gr. holla, glue.]— pro"- 
to-mar'tyr, n. The first martyr or victim in 
any cause.— Pro"to-zo'a, n. pi. Zool. A pri¬ 
mary division of the animal kingdom, embracing 
organisms consisting of a single cell or non«sepa- 
rable group of cells. [+ Gr. zdon, animal.]— 
pro"to-zo'an, a. & n. 

pro'to-plasm, 1 pro'to-plazm; 2 pro'to-plagm, 
n. The substance that forms the principal 
portion of an animal or vegetable cell. [ < 
Gr. protos, first, + plasma, molded form.]— 

pro"to-plas'mic, a. pro"to-plas'malL 


pro'to-type, 1 pro'to-taip; 2 pro'to-typ, n. 1. 
A primitive form; original. 2. Metrol. An 
accepted standard to which all others must 
conform. [ < Gr. protos, first, + typos, type.] 
pro-tract' d , 1 pro-trakt'; 2 pro-tract', vt. To 
extend in time; prolong. [ < L. pro, forward, 
+ traho, draw.] —pro-tract'er, n. 1. One who 
or that which protracts. 2. A protractor. 

—pro-trac'tlon, n.— pro-trac'tiv(e 8 , a. 

— pro-trac'tor, n. An instrument for 1/ 1 
measuring and laying off 7// 

angles. 

pro-trude', 1 pro-trud'; 2 
pro-trud', vt . & vi . [pro- 
trud'ed* 1 ; pro-trud'ing.] 

To push or thrust out; 
project outward. [ < L. 
pro, forward, + trudo, thrust.] 

— pro-tru'sil(e a , a. Adapted to being thrust 
out, often rapidly, as the tongue of an anteater. 
—pro-tru'slon, re.—pro-tru'sl?(e a ,a. Tending 
to protrude; protruding, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
pro-tu'ber-ant, 1 pro-tiu'ber-ent; 2 pro-tu'- 
ber-ant, a. Swelling out; bulging. [ < L. LL 
pro, forth, + tuber, swelling.]— pro-tu'ber-ance, 
n. i. Something that protrudes; a knob; prom¬ 
inence. 2. The state of being protuberant, pro- 
tu"ber-a'tiont. 



Protractor. 


proud, 1 proud; 2 proud, a. 1. Arrogant; 
haughty; also, self*respecting. 2. Sensible of 
honor and personal elation. 3. High=mettled, 
as a horse. 4. Being a cause of honorable 
pride, as a distinction or achievement. [ < 
AS. prut, proud.] -ly, adv. 

Prow, abbr. Provencal, Provence, Proverbs, prov¬ 
ince, provincial, provost.—prow, abbr. Proverbi¬ 
ally, provincial. 

prove, 1 pruv; 2 prov, v. [proved; prov'ing ] 
I. t. 1. To establish by evidence. 2. To put 
to a test. 3. To learn by personal experience. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, gfl< not, or; full, rtile; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e", I = e; go, not, or, won. 









473 


prosily 
P. S. 


II. i. To turn out, upon trial, to be some¬ 
thing specified. [ < L. OF pro6o, < probus, good.] 
— prov'a-bl(e I> , a.— prov'en||, pp. Proved.— 

prov'er, n. 

Pro"vence', 1 pro"vans'; 2 pro"vane', n. A former 
province of S. E. France, now divided into four 
departments.—Pro"ven"cal', n. 1. A native of 
Provence. 2. The language of Provence; used 
by the troubadours and spoken in France in the 
12th and 13th centuries.—Pro"ven"caI', a. 
prov'en-der, 1 prev'en-dar; 2 prov'en-der, n. 
Food for cattle; provisions generally. [ < OF. 
provendre .] 

prov'erb, 1 prev'arb; 2 prov'erb, n. 1. A brief, 
pithy saying. 2. Something proverbial; a 
byword. [ < L. pro, forth, + verbum, word.] 
— pro-ver'bi-al, a. 1. Of the nature of, pertain¬ 
ing to, or like a proverb. 2. Welhknown; notori¬ 
ous.— pro-ver'bi-al-ly, adv. 

Prov'erbs, lprev'arbz;2prov'erb§,w. pi. A didac¬ 
tic poetical book of the Old Testament, containing 
practical moral sayings and instructions, 
pro-vide', 1 pro-vaid'; 2 pro-vid', vt. & vi. [pro- 
vid'ed 11 ; pro-vid'ing.] 1. To make, procure, 
or furnish for future use. 2. To furnish with 
supplies. 3. To stipulate. [< L. pro, for¬ 
ward, + video, see.]— pro-vid'ed, conj. On con¬ 
dition (that). —prov'l-dence, n. 1. The care 
exercised by the Supreme Being over the uni¬ 
verse. 2. [P-] Hence, the Deity. 3. An event or 
circumstance ascribable to divine interposition. 
4. The exercise of foresight.— prov'i-dent, a. 
Exercising foresight; economical, -ly, adv. — 
prov"i-den'tial, a. Resulting from or exhibiting 
the action of God’s providence, -ly, adv. — pro- 
vid 'er, n. 

Prov'i-dence, 1 prev'i-dens; 2 prov'i-denc, n. A 
seaport city, capital of Rhode Island; pop. 237,- 
595; seat of Brown University, 1764. 
prov'ince, 1 prev'ras; 2 prov'ing, n. 1. Any 
large administrative division of a country. 
2. A comprehensive department or sphere, as 
of knowledge or duty. [F., < L. pro, before, 
-f- vinco, conquer.]—pro-vin'clal. I. a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to a province. 2. Local; narrow. II. n. 1. 
A native or an inhabitant of a province. 2. A 
monastic superior of a district or province, -ly, 
adv.— pro-vln'cial-ism, n. 
pro-vi 'sion, 1 pro-vuj'an; 2 pro-vizh'on. I. vt. 
To furnish with food. II. n. 1. Measures 
taken in advance. 2. A supply of food: usu¬ 
ally plural. 3. A stipulation. [F., < L. provi¬ 
sion-), < provideo, provide.]— pro-vi'sion-al, 
a. Temporary, -ly, adv. 
pro-vi'so, 1 pro-vai'zo; 2 pro-vi'so, n. A con¬ 
ditional stipulation. [L.]—pro-vi 'so-ry, a. 
Containing or made dependent on a proviso, 
pro-voke', 1 pro-vok'; 2 pro-vok', v. [pro¬ 
voked' 1 ; pro-vok'ing.] I. t. 1. To offend. 
2. To stimulate. 3. To occasion; to elicit. II. 

». To produce resentment. [ < OF. provoquer, 
< L. provoco, < pro, forth, -f- voco, call.] — 
prov"o-ca'tion, n. 1. The act of provoking. 2. 
An incitement to action; something that stirs to 
anger.— pro-voc'a-tlv(es. I. a . Serving to pro¬ 
voke. II. n. That which provokes, or tends to 
provoke, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— pro-vok'ing, pa. 
Irritating or annoying, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
prov'ost, 1 prev'ast or pro-vo'; 2 prov'ost or 
pro-vd', n. A superintending official, as the 
head of the faculty in certain colleges, etc.; a 
provost marshal. [< L. AS+OF propositus, 
placed over.]— prov'ost mar'shal, a military 
or naval officer exercising police functions, 
prow, 1 prau; 2 prow, n. The fore part of a | 


Prow of a 
Roman 
Galley. 



vessel’s hull. [ < Gr. L+F prora, < pro, before.] 
prow'ess, 1 prau'es; 2 
prow'es, n. _ Strength, 
skill, and intrepidity in 
battle. [ < OF. prouesse.] 
prowl, 1 praul; 2 prowl, vt. & 
vi. To roam about stealth¬ 
ily, as in search of prey or 
plunder. [Perhaps < W. 
procio, poke.]— prowl 'er, n. 
prox., abbr. [L.] Proximo, 
prox'i-niate, 1 preks'i-mit; 

2 proks'i-mat, a. Being 
in immediate relation with 
something else; next. [ < L. 
proximus, nearest, superb 
of prope, near.]— prox'i-mate-ly, adv. — prox- 
im'i-ty, n. The state of being near or next, 
prox'i-ino, 1 preks'i-mo; 2 proks'i-mo, adv. In 
or of the next or coming month: abbreviated 
prox.: opposed to ultimo. [L., abl. s. of prox¬ 
imus; see PROXIMATE.] 

prox'y, 1 preks'i; 2 proks'y.re. [prox'ies 2 , pZ.] 
One empowered by another to act for him, the 
right so to act, or the instrument conferring it. 
Prs., abbr. Printers. 

prude, 1 prud; 2 prud, n. One who makes an 
affected display of modesty. [F., fern, of OF. 
prou, prud, good, excellent.]— prud'er-y, n. 
Primness; assumed coyness.— prud'ish, a. 
pru'dent, 1 pru'dent; 2 pru'dent, a. 1. Cau¬ 
tious; worldly*wise. 2. Sagacious; judicious. 
3. Characterized by practical wisdom or 
discretion. [F., < L. pruden(t-)s; contr. of 
provident}-)s; see provident.] -ly, adv. — pru'- 
dence, n. The quality of being prudent; sagacity; 
economy; discretion.— pru-den'tial, a. Pro¬ 
ceeding from or marked by prudence, -ly, adv. 


prune, 1 prun; 2 prun, vt. & vi. [pruned; 
prun'ing] 1. To trim off superfluous 
branches. 2. To trim feathers with the bill, as 
a bird. [ < OF. prougner.\ 
prune, n. 1. The dried fruit of a variety of plum 
raised in southern Europe or California. 2. 
A plum. [F., < Gr. L prounon, plum.] 
pru'ri-ent, 1 pru'ri-ent; 2 pru'ri-ent, a. Im¬ 
pure in thought and desire. [ < L. pruri- 
en(t-)s, itching.] -ly, adv.— pru'rl-en-cy, n. 
pru'ri-encet- 

Prus., abbr. Prussia, Prussian. 

Prus'sia, 1 pruSh'a; 2 prush'a, n. A German repub¬ 
lic; 134,616sq. m.; pop. 37,726,018; capital, Ber¬ 
lin.-- Prus'sian. I. a. Pertaining to Prussia. II. 
n. A citizen of Prussia.— P. blue, a coloring sub¬ 
stance used in dyeing, etc.— prus'sic, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to Prussian b lue.— p . acid , a volatile, colorless, 
and extremely poisonous liquid compound of 
hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. 


pry 1 , 1 prai; 2 pry. I. vt. & vi. [pried; pry'ing.] 
To observe carefully; scrutinize; look into 
curiously or slyly. II. n. [pries z , pi .] A sly 
and searching inspection. [Transposition of 
ME. piren (< LG. piren), look closely.]— pry'- 
ing, pa. & n. -Iy, adv. 

pry 2 . I. vt. [pried; pry'ing.] To work upon or 
move with a lever. II. n. A lever. 


Przas'nysz, 1 pShfis'nigh; 2 pshas'nysh, n. Polish 
town, taken by the Germans from Russia in 1915. 

Prze'mysl, 1 pShe'miShl; 2 pshe'myshl, n. A Gali¬ 
cian town that figured in World War in 1915; 
pop. 54,078. 

P. S., abbr. Permanent Secretary, post scriptum 
[pss., pi.] (L., postscript), Privy Seal.— Ps., Psa., 
abbr. Psalm, Psalms.— ps., abbr. Pieces. 


I:» = final; I = habit; aisle; an = out; ©II; 10 = fend; cfliin; go; Jj = sm 0 ; fhin, this. 
2 ;wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









psalm 

punctual 


474 


psalm, 1 8am; 2 sam, re. A sacred song or lyric. 
[< Gr.F+Aa p S almos,< psallo, play a stringed in¬ 
strument.]—psalm '1st, re. A composer of psalms, 
psalm'o-dy, 1 sam'o-di or sal'mo-di; 2 sam'o- 
dy or sal'mo-dy, re. 1. Psalm*singing. 2. A 
collection of psalms.—psal'nio-dist, n. 
Psalms, 1 samz; 2 sam§, re. pi. Bib. A lyrical book 
of the Old Testament, containing 150 hymns, 
many ascribed to David. Book of Psalmsf. 
Psal'ter, 1 sel'tor; 2 sal'ter, n. The Book of 
Psalms.—psal'ter-y, re. [-ies z , pi.] 1. A He¬ 
brew stringed musical instru¬ 
ment. 2. A Psalter, 
pseud'-, )1 siiid'-, siu'do-; 2 
pseu 'do-,) sud'-, su'do-. Com¬ 
bining forms. [ < Gr. pseudes, 
false, pseudos, falsehood.]— 
pseu'do-nym, re. A fictitious name; pen*name. 
—pseu-don'y-mous, a. 
pseud., abbr. Pseudonym. 

pshaw, 1 ffiid; 2 shg, interj. An exclamation of dis¬ 
approval, disgust, or impatience, 
psych., abbr. Psychic, psychical.—psych., psy- 
chol., abbr. Psychology. 

Psy 'che, 1 sai'ki; 2 sy'ce, re. Gr. Myth. A maiden 
beloved by Cupid; personification of the soul, 
psy'chic, >1 sai'kik, -ki-kal; 2 sy'eie, -ci- 
psy'chi-cal, S cal, a. Pertaining to the mind or 
soul. [ < Gr. psychikos, < psyche, soul.]— 
psy'chi-cal-ly, adv. 

psy'cho-, 1 sai'ko-; 2 sy'co-. From Greek 
psyche, mind, soul: a combining form, 
psy-ehol'o-gy, 1 sai-kel'o-ji; 2 sy-col'o-gy, n. 
The science of the human mind or soul and 
its operations. [ < Gr. psyche, soul, + -logy.]— 
psy"cho-log'i-cal,a. psy"cho-log'icf.—psy"- 
cho-log'i-cal-ly, adv. —psy-chol'o-gist, re. 
psy'cho-path, n. One irresponsible because of 
mental infirmity.—psy-chop'a-thist, n. One 
skilled in treating mental derangement.—psy "- 
cho-pa-thol'o-gy, re. The pathology of the 
mind.—psy-chop'a-thy, re. 1. Mental derange¬ 
ment, especially as apart from disease of the 
brain. 2. The system of treating disease by men¬ 
tal influence; mind*cure.—psy"cho-path'ic, a. 
& re.—psy"cho-phys'ics, re. Psychol. The sci¬ 
ence of the relations between mental phenomena 
and physical changes.—psy"cho-phys"i-ol'o- 
gy. Psychical physiology.—psy-cho'sis, n. A 
conscious mental activity, specif, as distinguished 
from the accompanying brain* or nerve*changes. 
p. t., abbr. Post*town.—Pt., abbr. Platinum.— 
pt., abbr. [pts., pi.) Part, payment, pint, 
ptar'nii-gan, 1 tar'mi-gan; 2 tar'mi-gan, re. 
[-cans 2 or -gan, pi.] A grouse of the northern 
hemisphere. See bird. [ < Gael, tarmachan, 
ptarmigan.] 

pter"o-dac'tyI, 1 ter"o-dak'til; 2 t6r"o-dac'tyl, re. 
An extinct flying reptile, often of gigantic size, 
with bat*like wings. [< Gr. pteron, wing, -f- 
dactylos, finger.] [Please turn over. 

Ptg., abbr. Portugal, Portuguese.—P. T. O., abbr. 
Ptol'e-my, 1 tel'i-mi; 2 t61'e-my, n. 1. Any one of 
several Egyptian kings; especially (1) P. I., 
“ Soter ” (367?-283 B. C.), a general of Alexan¬ 
der, who became king of Egypt. (2) P. III., 
Eucrgetes (247—221 B. C.),overthrew Syria and 
Babylonia. 2. Claudius, an Alexandrian geog¬ 
rapher, astronomer, and mathematician of the 
2nd century.—Ptol"e-ma'ic, a. 
pto'ma-in, ) 1 to'ma-in, -in; 2 td'ma-Tn, -in, 
pto'ma-ine, \ n. A poisonous alkaloid, de¬ 
rived from decomposing or putrefying animal 
matter. [ < Gr. ptoma, corpse.] 
pub., abbr. Public, published, publisher.—pub.. 


pubn., abbr. Publication.—Pub. Doc., abbr• 
Public Document. 

pu'ber-ty, 1 piii'bar-ti; 2 pu'ber-ty, n. Open¬ 
ing manhood or w'omanhood. [ < OF. pu- 
berte, < L. puberta{t-)s, < puber, of ripe age.] 
pu-bes'cent, 1 piu-bes'ent; 2 pu-b6s'£nt, a. 1. 
Hairy or downy, as leaves, etc. 2. Being at 
puberty. [< L. pubescen(t-)s, < pubes, grown 
up.]—pu-bes'cence, re. 

pul)'lie, 1 pub'lik; 2 pub'lic. I. a. Pertaining 
to the people at large; open to all; well* 
known. II. n. The people collectively. [ < L. 
publicus, < populus, people.]—public house. 1. 
An inn, tavern, or hotel. 2. [Eng.] A place li¬ 
censed to sell intoxicating liquors; liquor*saloon. 
—pub'llc-ly, adv. —pub'lf-can, n. l.[Eng.] The 
keeper of a public house. 2. Rom. Hist. One who 
farmed or collected the public revenues.—pub"- 
lt-ca'tion, n. 1. The act of publishing. 2. A 
newspaper, magazine, etc.—pub'll-cist, re. A 
writer on international law or on topics of public 
interest.—pub-lic'i-ty, n. The state of being 
public, or the act or fact of making public, 
pub'lish',1 pub'lisli;2 pub'lish, vt. 1. To make 
knowm publicly. 2. To issue (or print, bind, 
and issue), as from the press. 3. To circulate. 

[ < L. F publico, make public.]—pub'lish-er, re. 
Puck, 1 puk; 2 ptik, re. 1. [P- or p-] In English 
folklore, an elf, sprite, or fairy; as a proper name, 
the chief of the fairies. 2. [p-] The hard rubber 
disk used in playing hockey. [< Ir. puca, elf.] 
puck'cr, 1 puk'ar; 2 puk'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
gather into small folds or wrinkles; corrugate. 
II. n. A wrinkle, or group of w'rinkles. [Freq. 
< poke 1 , re.] 

pud'ding, 1 pud'irj; 2 ppd'ing, re. 1. A dessert 
of soft food, usually farinaceous. 2. A large 
sausage. [ < Ir. putog, pudding.] 
pud'die, 1 pud'l; 2 pud'l, v. [pud'dled; pud'- 
dling.] I. 1. 1. To convert (pig iron) into 

wrought iron by melting and stirring. 2» 
To make muddy. II. i. To stir up filth.— 
pud'dler, re. 

pud 'die, re. A small pool of dirty w'ater. 
pudg'y, 1 puj'i; 2 pudg'y, a. 1. [Colloq.] Short and 
thick. 2. Miry; muddy.—pudg'l-ness, re. 
pueb'lo, 1 pweb'lo; 2 pw r 6b'lo, re. 1. A communal 
or tribal adobe building or group of buildings of 
the aborigines of New Mexico, etc. 2. A town or 
village, as in Mexico. [Sp., town.] 
pu'er-il(e a . 1 piu'ar-il; 2 pu'er-il, a. Juvenile; 
immature; w r eak; silly. [< L. puerilis, < 
puer, boy.)—pu"er-ll 'l-ty, re. Puerile state, 
pu-er'per-al, 1 piu-ur'par-al; 2 pu-er'per-al, a. 
Pertaining to or resulting from childbirth. [ < 
L. puer, child, + pario, bear.] 

Puer'to Iti'co, 1 pwer'to rl'ko; 2 pwSr'to ri'eo. 
Same as Porto Rico. 

puff, 1 puf; 2 puf. I*, vt. & vi. 1. To blow' upon 
with puffs; inflate; swell. 2. To utter fulsome 
praise. 3. To pant; breathe hard. II. re. 1. 
A breath emitted suddenly and with force; a 
whiff. 2. A public expression of fulsome 
praise. 3. An inflated, spongy, or fluffy arti¬ 
cle. [Imitative.]—puff'ball", re. I. A globu¬ 
lar fungus that puffs out its dust*like spores when 
broken open. 2. [Colloq.] The feathery head of a 
seeding dandelion.—puf'fer, re.—puff'y, a .— 
puff'i-ly, adv. —pulFi-ness, re. 
puf'fin, 1 puf'in; 2 puf'in. re. An auk with deep 
compressed bill. [ < puff: from its beak.) 
pug, 1 pug; 2 pug, re. 1. A pug*dog. 2. A mon¬ 
key. [Form of Puck, < Ir. puca, elf.]—pug'« 
dog", re. A small, short*haired dog with up¬ 
turned nose.—pug'mose", re. A snub*nose. 



Psaltery. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prgy; hit, police^ obey, go; not, or; full, rfile; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn„ 










475 


psalm 

punctual 


Pu'get Sound, 1 piQ'jet; 2 pQ'get. An inland sea 
of the State of Washington, 
pu'gi-lism, 1 piu'ji-lizm; 2 pu'gi-lism, n. The 
art of boxing or fighting with the fists. [ < L. 
pugil, boxer.]—pu'gil-ist, n.—pu"gil-is'tic, a. 
pug-na'cious, 1 pug-ne'shus; 2 pug-na'shiis, a. 
Disposed to fight; quarrelsome. [ < L. pugnax 
(pugnac-), < pngno, fight.] -ly, adv.— pug-nac'- 
i-ty, n. pug-na'cious-ness}, 
pu'is-sance, 1 piii'i-sans; 2 pu'i-sanq, to. 
Power; ability to fight or conquer. [F.]—pu'- 
Is-sant, a. -ly, adv. 

Pu-las'ki, 1 piu-las'ki; 2 pu-las'ki, Casimir, 
Count (1748—1779). A Polish soldier and Ameri¬ 
can Revolutionary general; killed at the siege of 
Savannah. 

pul'chri-tude, 1 pul'kri-tiud; 2 pul'eri-tud, to. 

Beauty; grace, f < L. pulchritudo.] 
pule, 1 piul; 2 pfil, vi. [puled; pul'ing.] To 
peep; whimper. [ < OF. piuler; imitative.] 
pull, 1 pul; 2 pul. I. vl. &, vi. 1. To draw with 
force; haul; drag; tug. 2. To pluck. 3. To 
draw out. 4. To row, or transport by rowing. 
II. to. 1. The act of pulling. 2. A draft of 
liquid. 3. An advantage, as through political 
favoritism. T < AS. pullian, pull.]—pu!'Ier,n. 
pul'let, 1 pul'et: 2 pul'£t, to. 1. A young hen. 
2. A small edible European bivalve. [ < LL. P 
pulla, young hen.] 

pul'ley, 1 pul'i; 2 pul'y, n. 1. A wheel grooved 
to receive a rope, and usually 
mounted in a block. 2. A wheel 
driving, carrying, or being 
driven by a belt. [ < F. poulie, 
pulley.] 

pul'mo-na-ry, 1 pul'mo-ne-ri; 

2 pul'mo-na-ry, a. 1. Pertain- . 
ing to the lungs. -2. Having Split Pulley, 
lungdike organs. [ < L. pulmonarius, < pul- 
mo(n-), lung.]—pul-mon'ic. I. a. Pertaining 
to the lungs. II. to. A medicine for lung=disease. 
pulp, 1 pulp; 2 pulp, to. A moist, soft, slightly 
cohering mass of matter, as the soft, succulent 
part of fruit. [ < L. pulpa, solid flesh.]— 
pulp'ous, a. Consisting of or resembling pulp, 
pulp'y}.—pulp'i-ly, adv.— pulp'i-ness, to. 
pul'pit, 1 pul'pit; 2 pul'pit, to. 1. An elevated 
stand or desk for a preacher in a church. 2. 
The office or work of preaching; hence, the 
clergy as a class. [ < L. OF pulpitum, stage, 
platform.]—pul'pit-cer, n. A preacher: com¬ 
monly depreciative. 

pul'que, 1 pul'ke; 2 pul'ke, n. A fermented drink 
made from the juice of the maguey. [Mex. Sp.] 
pul'sate, 1 pul'set; 2 pul'sat, vi. [ pul's at-ed 14 ; 
pul'sat-ing.] To throb; beat. [< L. pulsa- 
tus, pp. of pulso, beat.]—pul'sa-til(e s , a. 1. Of 
or pertaining to pulsation; pulsating. 2. Mus. 
Percussive.—pul-sa'tion, re. A throbbing; also, 
a single heartbeat.—pul'sa-tlv(e s , a. pul'sa- 
to-ry}.—pul-sim'e-ter, re. A sphygmograph. 
pulse, 1 puls; 2 puls, vi. [pulsed'; puls'ing.] 
To pulsate. 

pulse 1 , re. 1. The rhythmic beating of the 
arteries. 2. Any throbbing; pulsation. [< 
L. pulsus, beating.]—pulse'less, a. 
pulse 2 , n. Leguminous plants collectively, as 
peas, beans, etc., or their edible seeds. [ < L.of 
puls, pottage.] 

pulv., abbr. [L.] Pidvis (powder), 
pul'ver-ize, 1 pul'var-aiz; 2 pul'ver-iz, vt. & vi. 
[-ized; -iz"ing.] To reduce or become re¬ 
duced to powder; to crush. [ < L. pulvis (pul- 
ver-), dust, powder.] pul'ver-ise}.—pul"ver- 





1-za'tion or -sa'tion, n. — pul'ver-iz"er or 
-is"er, n. —pul-ver'u-lent, a. Powdery; dusty. 
—pul-ver'u-lence, re. 

pu'ina, 1 piu'ma; 2 pu'ma, re. An American 
carnivore, 
ranging 
from Can¬ 
ada to Pat- 
a g o n i a . 

[Peru.] 

puin'ice, 
pum'is; 


pum'ig, 


1 
2 
to . 

Spongy or 
cellular 
volcanic 
lava: used 
as a polish- 
ing*material. 


Puma. '/52 


[ < L. pumex ( pumic -), perhaps 
< spuma, foam.] 

pump, 1 pump; 2 pump, vt. & vi. • 1. To raise 
with a pump. 2. To extract information by 
questioning.— pump'er, re. 
pump 1 , re. A mechanical device for raising, cir¬ 
culating, exhausting, or compress¬ 
ing a fluid. [< F. pompe] 
pump 2 , n. A light shoe for dancing. 

[ < F. pompe, ult. < Gr. 
pompe, a sending.] 
pump'kin, 1 pump'- 
lcin; 2 pump'kin 
(Colloq. 1 pup'kin; 2 

puij'kin), n. A large 
trailing vine; also, its . 
fruit. [ < Gr. L+OF Direct^acting Steam* 
pepon, melon.] pump. 

nun 1 nim • 9 n, v m ¥ rt, air-chamber, Z, lubricator,#, 
^ 9 "■ P UIA > 6 PLIn. ¥• 8team**ehest, sc, steam»cyUnder, sL 

VI. & VI. [P U N N E D J suction^inlet, t , tappet, v , valves: 
PUN'NING.] To make rod ’ “*» "' atcr =eylmder. 
a play on words. II. n. The use of a word in 
two senses, more or less incongruous, 
pun., abbr. Puncheon. 

punch 1 ', 1 punch ; 2 punch, vt. To make a hole 
or indentation in. [< L. punctum, point.] 
punch 2 ', vt. To beat or strike. [Corr. of pun¬ 
ish.]— punch 'er, n. 

punch 1 , n. A tool or machine for perforating 
or indenting. 


punch 2 , n. An alcoholic beverage composed of 
wine or spirits, sweetened, flavored, and di¬ 
luted with water. [< Hind, panch (< Sans. 
pancha), five: from the five original ingredients— 
arrack, tea, sugar, water, and lemon.] 
punch 3 , n. A blow, thrust, poke, or nudge. 
Punch 4 , n. 1. The moclohero in a comic per¬ 
formance of puppets. 2. An English illus¬ 
trated weekly journal of wit and humor, 
founded in 1841. [< It. pulcinello .] 
pun'chcon 1 , 1 pun'chan; 2 pun'chon, n. 1. An 
upright supporting timber. 2. A punch or 
perforating tool. [< L. op punctio{n~) , punc¬ 
ture.] 

pun'chcon 2 , n. A liquor=cask of variable 
capacity, from 72 to 120 gallons. [ < OF. 
poinson, wine=vessel.] 

punc-til'i-O, 1 purjk-til'i-o or- yo; 2 punc-til'i-o 
or -yo, n. A nice point of etiquette. [ < Sp. 
puntillo.] —punc-til'i-ous, a. Very exact in the 
forms of etiquette, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
punc'ttl-al, 1 pur)k'<5hu-[or -tiu-]al; 2 piine'- 
chu-[or -tu-]al, a. 1. Exact as to appointed 
time. 2. Done or made precisely at an ap¬ 
pointed time. [ < L. F punctum, point.] -ly. 


1: 8 = final; l = habit]_ aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; <5hin; go; o = sin^; fhin, this. 
2: wplf, do; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










punctuate 

pyramid 


476 


adv . —punc"tu-al'i-ty, n. [-ties*, pi.] Prompt¬ 
ness. punc'tu-al-nessf. 
punc'tu-ate, 1 puijk'<5hu-[or -tiu-]et; 2 pune'- 
chu-for -tu-]at, vt . & vi . [-at /, ed <1 ; -at^ing.] 
To divide or mark with significant points; use 
punctuation. [< L. LL punctum , point.]— 
punc"tu-a'tion,.n. The use of points, 
punc'ture, 1 purjk'dhur or -tiur; 2 piinc'chur 
or -tur. I. vt. [-tured ;-tur-ing .] To pierce 
with a sharp-pointed instrument. II. n. A 
small hole made by piercing. [< L. LL punc - 
tus , POINT.] 

pun'dit, 1 pun'dit; 2 pun'dit, n. A learned Brah¬ 
man; humorously, any man of great learning. 
[Anglo-Ind.] 

pung, 1 pup; 2 piing, n . [New Eng. & Canada.] 
A low box sled for one horse, 
pun'gent, 1 pun'jent; 2 pun'ggnt, a . 1. Prick¬ 
ing, stinging, or piercing. 2. Caustic, keen, 
or racy. [ < L. pungen ( t -) s , ppr. of pungo , 
prick.] -ly, adv . —pun'gen-cy, n. 

Pu'nic, 1 piu'mk; 2 pu'nie, a . Of or pertaining to 
the Pceni or Carthaginians; among the Romans, 
faithless, untrustworthy; as, Punic faith.—Punic 
wars, the three w r ars of Rome with Carthage 
(264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 B. C.). 
pun'ish, 1 pun'i^h; 2 pun'ish, vt . To inflict a 
penalty upon for a crime or fault; requite w'ith 
penalty; chastise; castigate. [ < L. punio , < 
poena , punishment.] — pun'ish-a-bl(e p , a . — 
pun'ish-ment, n . Penalty; also, the act of 
punishing.—pu 'ni-tiv(e s , a . Pertaining to pun¬ 
ishment. -ly, adv . -ness, n. —pu'ni-to-ry, a . 
Tending to or prescribing punishment. 
Pun-jab', 1 pun-jab'; 2 pun-jab', n . A province of 
N. W. British India; 99,779 sq. m. under British, 
and 36,551 sq. m. under native rule; pop. 19,975,- 
000. 

pun'ka, 1 puq'ka;2 pun'ka, n . A fan; especially, a 
rectangular strip of cloth, etc., swung from the 
ceiling and moved by a servant or by machinery. 
[Anglo-Ind.] pun'kahf. [puns, 

pun'ster, 1 pun'ster; 2 pun'ster, n . One who 
punt d , 1 punt; 2 punt, v . 1. 1. 1. To propel, as 
a boat, by pushing with a pole. 2. In foot¬ 
ball, to give a punt to (the ball). II. i . To go 
hunting or fishing in a punt.—punt'er, n . 
punt, n . 1. A flat-bottomed boat. 2. A barge 
propelled with a pole. 3. The kicking of a 
dropped football before it strikes the ground. 
[< AS. punt , < L . ponlo ( n -); see pontoon.] 
pu'ny, 1 piu'm; 2 pu'ny, a . [pu'ni-er; pu'- 
ni-est.] Weak and insignificant. [ < OF. 
puisne , < LL. postnalus , younger.]—pu'ni-iy, 
adv . —pu'ni-ness, n . 
pup, 1 pup; 2 pup, n. Same as puppy. 
pu'pa, 1 piu'po; 2 pu'pa, n . [pu'pas, pi .] The 
third stage of an insect that under¬ 
goes a metamorphosis, as of a 
butterfly. [L., girl, doll, fern, of 
pupus , boy.] 

pu'pil 1 , 1 piu'pil; 2 pu'pil, n . A 
person under the care of a teach¬ 
er; scholar; learner, f < L. pu - 
pillus , pupilla , dim. of pupus , boy, 
pupa , girl.]—pu'pil-age, n. The 
state of being a pupil.—pu'pi-Ia- 
ry 1 , a. pu'pil-la-ry 1 !:. 
pu'pil 2 , n. The opening in the iris Pupa-shell, 
of the eye. [< L. pupilla , pupil Vt 
of the eye, little girl.]—pu 'pi-la-ry 2 , a. pu 'pil- 
la-ry^t. 

pup'pet, 1 pup'et; 2 pup'St, n. A small figure 
that by means of wires is made to perform 
mock drama. [< L. OF pupa , girl, doll.] 


pup'py, 1 pup'i; 2 piip'y, n. [pup'pies z , pi.] 1. 
The young of a canine mammal, as of a dog. 
2. A silly fop. [ < F. poupee, < L. pupa, doll, 
puppet.]— pup 'py-ish, a.— pup'py-ism, n. 
pur-, por-, prefix. See pro-. 
pur'blind", 1 pur'blaind"; 2 pfir'blind", a. 
Afflicted with dimness of vision; near-sighted. 
[< pure, adv., + blind.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
pur'chase, 1 pur'dhis; 2 pfir'chas. I. vt. [pur'- 
chased 4 ; pur'chas-ing.] To buy. II. n. 1. 
The act of purchasing, or that wfflich is pur¬ 
chased. 2. A mechanical advantage for mov¬ 
ing heavy bodies. [ < OF. purchasier, < 
pur-, forth, + chacier, pursue.]— pur 'chas-a- 
bl(e p , a.— pur'chas-er, n. 
pure, 1 piur; 2 pur, a. 1. Free from mixture. 
2. Free from moral defilement; refined. 3. 
Absolute; mere; sheer. [ < L. OF purus, clean.] 
—pure'ly, adv. Wholly; very.—pure'ness, n. 
Purity. 

pu"ree', 1 pii"re'; 2 pu"re', n. A thick soup, as 
of vegetables, boiled and strained. [F.] 
purge, 1 purj; 2 purg. I. vt. & vi. [purged; 
purg'ing.] 1. To cleanse or purify; clear 
from accusation or suspicion. 2. To clear out 
thoroughly, as the bowels, by a purge or ca¬ 
thartic. II. n. A medicine causing active 
evacuation of the bowels; a cathartic; also, its 
administration or operation. [ < L. F pur go, 
cleanse.]— pur-ga'tion, n. The act or process 
of purging.— pur'ga-tlv(es. 1. a. Efficacious 
in purging. II. n. A cathartic.— pur'ga-to-ry, 
n. [-ries z , pi ] R. C. Ch. An intermediate state 
where souls are made fit for heaven by expiatory 
suffering.— pur"ga-to'ri-al, a. 
pu'ri-fy, 1 piu'n-fai; 2 pu'ri-fy, v. [-fied; -ft*- 
ing ] I. t. 1. To make clear or pure. 2. To 
cleanse ceremonially. II. i. To grow or be¬ 
come pure or clean. [ < L. F purifico, make 
pure.] — pu"ri-fi-oa'tion, n. — pu'ri-f!-ca"- 
tiv(es, a. pu'ri-fl-ca"to-ryt.—pu'ri-fi"er, n. 
pur'1st, 1 piur'ist; 2 piir'Ist, n. One finically in¬ 
sistent on purity of diction and style.— pur'- 
isin, n. 

Pu'ri-tan, 1 piu'n-tan; 2 pu'ri-tan. I. o. Per¬ 
taining to the Puritans. II. n. 1. One of a 
sect of English Protestants (1559) who advo¬ 
cated popular rights and opposed ritualism 
and all laxity of morals. 2. One of the Pilgrim 
settlers of New England. —Pu"ri-tan'ic, a. 
pu"r!-tan'i-cal$.—pu"ri-tan'i-cal-Iy, adv .— 
Pu'ri-tan-ism, w. 

pu'ri-ty, 1 piu'n-ti; 2 pu'ri-ty, n. The state of 
being pure. [ < L. LL+F purus, pure.] 
purl, 1 p6rl; 2 pfirl, vi. To flow with a bubbling 
sound; ripple. [< Sw. porla, purl.] pirlf. 
pur'Iieu, 1 pur'liu; 2 pfir'lu, n. pi. The out¬ 
skirts of any place. [ < OF. puralee, a going 
through.] 

pur-loin', 1 pur-loin'; 2 pfir-loin', vt. To take 
by theft; steal. [< OF. purloignier, < LL. 
prolongo, prolong.]— pur-loin 'er, n. 
pur'pl(e p , 1 pur'pl; 2 pfir'pl. I. vt. & vi. [pur'- 
pl(e)d p ; pur'pling.] To color or imbue with 
purple; become purple. II. a. Of the color of 
purple. III. n. 1. A color of mingled red and 
blue, between crimson and violet. 2. Royal 
power or dignity; rank; wealth. 3. The office 
of a cardinal. [< F. pourpre, < L. purpura, 
< Gr. porphyra, purple-shell.]— pur 'plish, a. 
pur'port, 1 pur'port; 2 pfir'port. l d . vt. & vi. 
To signify; mean; imply. II. n. A meaning 
intended; import; significance; substance. [ < 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burnt 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh«>t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, dr, wdn. 












477 


punctuate 

pyramid 


OF. purporter, intend, < pur-, forth, + porter, 
carry.] 

pur'pose, 1 pur'pas; 2 pfir'pos. I. vt. & vi. 
[pur'posed*; pur'pos-ing.] To determine, re¬ 
solve, or intend; have a fixed design or deter¬ 
mination. II. n. A plan intended to be car¬ 
ried out; design; settled resolution. [OF., < 
L. proposilum, < pro, before, + pono, place.]— 
pur'pose-ful, a. Having or marked by purpose; 
intentional; important; significant. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n.— pur'po-siv(e 8 , a. Of, pertaining to, 
or indicating purpose, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— pur'- 
pose-ly, adv. For a purpose; designedly; inten¬ 
tionally. on purpose]:. 

purr, 1 pur; 2 pur. I. vi. To make a low mur¬ 
muring sound, as a cat. II. n. An intermit¬ 
tent murmuring sound, such as a cat makes 
when satisfied or pleased. [Imitative.] 
purse, 1 purs; 2 purs. I. vt. [pursed 4 ; purs'- 
ing.] 1. To contract into wrinkles or folds. 
2. To place in a purse. II. n. 1. A small bag 
for carrying money. 2. A treasury. 3. A sum 
of money offered as a prize. [< F. bourse, 
purse, < Gr. LL bursa, hide.]—purse Gproud", a. 
—purs'er, n. An officer having charge of the 
accounts, etc., of a vessel; paymaster, 
pur-sue', 1 par-siu'; 2 pur-su', v. [pur-sued'; 
pur-su'ing.] I. t. 1. To follow persistently; 
chase; hunt. 2. To seek. 3. To continue; fol¬ 
low up. II. i. To continue; proceed. [ < L. OF 
prosequor, < pro, forward, + sequor, follow.]— 
pur-su 'a-bl(ep, a.— pur-su 'ance, n. The act 
of pursuing.— pur-su 'ant. I. a. Conformable. 
II. adv. In accordance; agreeably; conformably: 
usually with to. pur-su 'ant-lyf.— pur-su'er, 
n.—pur-suit', n. Theactof pursuing; a business 
followed; vocation. 

pur'sui-vant, 1 pur'swi-vant; 2 pAr'swi-vant, 
n. A herald’s attendant; a royal messenger 
or military attendant. [ < OF. poursuivant.] 
purs'y, 1 purs'i; 2 pdrs'y, a. Short=breathed; 

asthmatic; fat. [ < L. OF pulso, beat.] 
pu'ru-lent, 1 piu'ru-lent; 2 pu'ru-lent, a. Con¬ 
sisting of or secreting pus. [ < L. purulentus, 
< pus, pus.]— pu'ru-lence, -len-cy, n. 
pur-vey', 1 pur-ve'; 2 phr-ve', vt. & vi. To fur¬ 
nish supplies for or buy provisions. [ <OF. pur- 
veier, < L. provideo, provide.] -ance, n. -or, n. 
pur'view, 1 pur'viu; 2 ptir'vu, n. Extent, 
sphere, or scope of anything. [ < OF. pour- 
vieu, < pourvoir, purvey.] 
pus, 1 pus; 2 pus, n. A secretion from inflamed 
tissues. [L., < V pu in puteo , rot.] 

Pu'sey, 1 piu'zi;2 pu'gy, Edward Bouverle (1800- 
1882). An English theologian; controversialist, 
push, 1 pu^h; 2 push. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To press 
against or urge forward; thrust. 2. To exert 
pressure in moving. 3. To urge; importune; 
thrust (oneself) forward or onward. II. n. 1. 
A propelling or thrusting pressure; shove. 2. 
An emergency. 3. Activity; energy. [< F. 
pousser, < L. pulso; see pulse, ».]— push'er, n .— 
push'ing, pa. & n. -ly, adv .— push»mo'bIle, 
n. A wheeled platform with a handle for stead¬ 
ying afid steering: used by children as a toy. 
Push'kin, 1 puSh'kin; 2 ppsh'kin, Alexander 
Sergeievitcli (1799-1837). A Russian poet, 
dramatist, and historian. 

pu"siI-Ian'i-mous, 1 piu"si-lan'i-mus; 2pu"si- 
lan'i-mus, a. Mean-spirited; cowardly; weak. 
[< L. puslllus, very little, + animus, mind.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n.— pu"sil-la-nim'i-ty, n. 
puss, 1 pus; 2 pus, n. 1. A cat. 2. A hare or 
rabbit. [Perhaps imitative of a cat’s ‘ spit¬ 


ting.’]— pus'sy, n. [pus'siesz, pi.] Puss: a di¬ 
minutive.— pus'sy=foot, vi. To tread softly and 
stealthily so as to conceal one’s movements or 
plans. 

pus'tule, 1 pus'tiul; 2 pus'tul, n. A small 
pimple containing pus. [ < L. pustula, < pus, 
pus.]— pus'tu-lar, a. pus'tu-lousf. 

put 1 , 1 put; 2 put, v. [put; put'ting.] I. t. 1. 
To set, lay, or place. 2. To bring into a par¬ 
ticular state or form; express; render. 3. To 
commit; entrust. 4. To set or apply. 5. To 
urge. II. i. To direct one’s course. [< AS. 
potian, push.] 

put 2 , 1 put; 2 put, vt. & vi. Golf. To strike (the 
ball) with a putter, especially when playing 
at a short distance from the hole.— put'ter, 
n. Golf. An upright stiff *shaf ted club used when 
the ball is on the putting=green.— put'tings 
green, n. Golf. The smooth ground within 
twenty yards of the hole. 

pu'ta-tiv(e 8 , 1 piu'to-tiv; 2 pu'ta-tiv, a. Sup¬ 
posed; reported; reputed. [ < F. putatif, < L. 
puto, think, prune.] 

Put'nam, 1 put'nam; 2 ptit'nam, Israel (1718- 
1790). An American Revolutionary general. 


pu'tre-fy, 1 piu'tn-fai; 2 pu'tre-fy, vt. & vi. 
[-fied; -fy"ing.] To cause to decay with fetid 
odor; rot; decay; decompose. [ < L. OF putreo, 
be putrid, + facio, make.]— pu"tre-fac'tion, n. 
— pu"tre-fac'tiv(es, a.— pu-tres'cence, n. — 
pu-tres'cent, a. Becoming putrid, 
pu'trid, I piu'trid; 2 pu'trid, a. Being in a 
state of putrefaction. [ < L. putridus, < 
putreo, be rotten.]— pu-trid'i-ty, n. -nessf. 
put'tee, 1 put'i; 2 put'e, n. A gaiter wound 
spirally about the leg, from knee to ankle, as 
used by soldiers; sportsmen, etc. [< Hind. 
patti.] put'tief; put'tyf. [potter, 

put'ter, 1 put'ar- 2 put'er, vi. [Colloq.] To trifle; 
put'ty, 1 put'i; 2 put'y. I. vt. [put'tied; put'- 
ty-ing.] To fill up or stop with putty. II. n. 
A preparation of whiting and oil for filling 
cracks, etc. [ < OF. potee, calcined tin.] 
Pu"tu-may'o, 1 pu"tu-mai'o; 2 pu"tfi-my'o, n. A 
tributary of the Amazon in Ecuador, Colombia, 
and Peru; length, 1,000 m. 
puz'zle, 1 puz'l; 2 puz'l. I. vt. & vi. [puz'zled; 
puz'zling.] To confuse or per¬ 
plex; mystify; to be perplexed. 

II. n. 1. A perplexing prob¬ 
lem. 2. A quandary. [For 

opposal, < oppose.] —puz'zler, 
n. —puz'zle-ment, n. 
p. v., abbr. Post=village.—pwt., 
abbr. Pennyweight. — P. X., 

abbr. Please exchange.—pxt., 

abbr. [L.] Pinxit (painted [it]). 

Pyg-nia 'li-on, 1 pig-me'li-an; 



Puzzle. 


Take the scissors 
off the cord without 
2 moving the cord from 

pyg-ma'li-on, n. Gr. Myih. A thes,lck ’ 
sculptor of Cyprus, who fell in love with his 
statue, Galatea, to which Venus gave life, 
pyg'my, a. & n. Same as pigmy. 
py-ja'mas, n. pi. [Anglo»Ind.] Pajamas, 
py'lon, 1 pai'len; 2 py'lon. 1. Egypt. Arch. A 
monumental entrance or gateway. 2. Aero. 
(1) A stake marking the course in an aero¬ 
drome. (2) A tower from which aeroplanes 
are launched. [Gr.] 

Pym, 1 pim; 2 pym, John (1584-1643). An En¬ 
glish statesman; leader in constitutional struggle, 
pyr'a-mid, 1 pir'a-mid; 2 pyr'a-mid, n. 1. A 
solid structure of masonry with a square base, 
and with triangular sides meeting in an apex. 
2. Any structure or solid of such form. [ < 
Gr. pyrami(.d-)s, pyramid, of Egypt, orig.]— py- 


1: a = final ; l = habftg aisle; an = out; ©II: I ft = feud; tfhin; go; B = sm^; fhin, this. 
2:wplf, dp; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 













Pyramus 

quarry 


478 


ram't-dal, a. pyr"a-mid'Ict; pyr"a-mld'i- 
calj. 

Pyr'a-mus, 1 pir'a-mus; 2 pyr'a-mus, re. Gr. Myth. 
The lover of Thisbe; who killed himself because 
of her supposed death. See Thisbe. 



Pyramid. 


pyre, 1 pair; 2 pyr, n. A heap of combustibles 
arranged for burning a dead body. [ < Gr. 
pyra, < pyr, fire.] 

Pyr'e-nees, 1 pir'i-nlz; 2 pyr'e-ne§, re. pi. A moun¬ 
tain chain between France and Spain; highest 
point, Pic deNet’nou, 11,168 ft.— Pyr"e-ne'an, a. 
pyr'lte, 1 pir'ait; 2 pyr'it, n. [py-ri'tes, 1 pi- 
rai'tiz; 2 py-rl'teg, pi.] A compound of iron 
and sulfur, of a pale yellow color. [ < Gr. L 
pyrites, flint, < pyr, fire.] 

py'ro-, ) 1 pai'ro-, pair-; 2 py'ro-, pyr-. From 
pyr-, ) Greek pyr, fire: combining forms.— 
py-ret'ic. I. a. i. Affected by fever; feverish. 2. 
Remedial in fevers. II. n. A remedy for fever.— 
py-rog'ra-phy, re. The art or process of pro¬ 
ducing designs, as on wood, by a red*hot point 
or fine flame. — py-rog'ra-pher, re. — py"ro- 
graph'ic, a. —py-rom'e-ter, re. An instrument 
for measuring high degrees of heat.— py'To- 
toch'nics, re. The art of making fireworks, or 
their use.— py"ro-tech'ntc, a . py"ro-tech'ni- 
calt.—py"ro-tech'nlst, n. 


pyrotech., abbr. Pyrotechnics. 

Pyr'rho, 1 pir'o; 2 pyr'o, re. A Greek skeptic and 
philosopher (360-270 B. C.).— Pyr'rho-nlsm, re. 
The system of universal skepticism taught by 
Pyrrho.— Pyr'rho-nist, re. 

Pyr Thus, 1 pir'us; 2 pyr'us, re. (318?~272 B. C.) 
King of Epirus; invaded S. Italy.—Pyr'rhic, a. 
— Pyrrhic victory, one gained at a ruinous loss, 
such as that of Pyrrhus over the Romans at 
Asculum (279 B. C.). 

Py-thag'o-ras, 1 pi-thag'o-ras; 2 py-thag'o-ras. n. 
A Greek philosopher of the 6th century B. C.— 
Py-thag"o-re 'an, a. & re.— Py-thag"o-re'an- 
lsm, re. The mystical philosophy taught by Py¬ 
thagoras. 

Pyth'i-an, 1 pith'i-an; 2 pyth'i-an. I. a. Relating 



to Delphi, to Apollo’s 
temple there, its ora¬ 
cle, or priestess. II. re. 

A native or inhabitant 
of Delphi: specif., the 
priestess of Apollo.— 

Pythian games, 
games held every four 
years in ancient 
Greece, of which 
musical contests were 
a prominent feature. 

Pyth'i-as, 1 pifh'i-as; 

2 pyth'i-as, re. See 
Damon. 

py'thon, 1 pai'then; 

2 py'thon, re. 1. A 
large nonwenomous 
serpent that crushes its prey in its folds. 2. 
A soothsayer or soothsaying spirit. [L.]— 
py'tho-ness, re. The priestess of the Delphic 
oracle. —py-thon'ic, a. 

pyx, lpiks; 2pyks,n. 1. R.C.Ch. A vessel in 
which the host is preserved. 2. A receptacle 
for coins at the British mint. [ < L. pyxis, < 
Gr. pyxis, box, < pyxos, boxwood.] 


Python. Vso 


0 

Q, q> 1 kiu; 2 ku, n. [ques, Q’s, or Q s, 1 kiuz; 

2 ku§, pi.] A ietter: the seventeenth in the 
English alphabet. 

Q., abbr. Quebec, Queen, Quintus, Quirites.— Q., 
qu., ques., abbr. Question.— q., abbr. Quasi, 
query, quintal, quire.— q. <1., abbr. [L.] Quasi 
dicat (as if he should say), quasi dictum (as if 
said), quasi dixisset (as if he had said).— q. e., 
abbr. (L.) Quod esl (which is).— q. e. d., abbr. 
[L.l Quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be 
demonstrated).— q. e. f., abbr. [L.] Quod erat 
faciendum (which was to be done).— q. e. i., 
abbr. [L.] Quod erat inveniendum (which was to 
be found out).— q. 1., abbr. [L.] Quantum libel 
(as much as Is agreeable).— ql., abbr. Quintal. 

— Qf. M., abbr. Quartermaster.— qm., abbr. 
[L.] Quomodo (in what manner, by what means, 
how.) -Q. M. G., abbr. Quartermaster»general. 

— q.p.,q.pl.*a&i>r. [L.] Quantum placet (as much 
as seems good) .— qr. ,abbr. [qrs.,pZ.] Quadrans 
(L., farthing),quarter (weight or measure), quire. 

—Q. S., abbr. Quarter*sessions. — q. s., abbr. 
Quantum sufficit (L., as much as suffices), quar- 
ter=section.— qt., abbr. Quantity, quart.— qts., 
abbr. Quarts.— Qu. ,abbr. Queen.— qu.,quar., 
quart., abbr. Quarter, quarterly.— qu., ques., 
abbr. Question.— qu., qy., abbr. Query. 

quack 1 , 1 kwak; 2 kwak. I 1 , vi. To utter a 


quack. II. re. A croaking sound, as of a 
duck. [Imit.] 

quack 2 . I’, vt. & vi. To make false or un¬ 
founded pretensions, as to medical skill. II. re. 
A pretender, as to medical skill; a charlatan. 
[< quack 1 .] quack'salv"er|.—quack, a. 
— quack 'cr-y, re. [-iesz, pi.] Ignorant or fraudu¬ 
lent practise. 

quad, 1 kwod; 2 kwsid, re. Same as quadrat. 
quad., abbr. Quadrant, quadrate. 

Quad'Ta-gcs 'i-nia, 1 kwed"r8-ies'i-ma; 2 
kwad"ra-g§s'i-ma, re. Lent. [L. LL fortieth.]— 
Quadragesima Sunday, the first Sunday ol 
Lent.—quad"ra-ges'i-mal, a. 
quad Tan*gl(e p , 1 kwod'rar)"gl; 2 kwad'ran"- 
gl, re. 1. A plane figure having four sides and 
four angles. 2. A court, square or oblong, as 
within a public building. [ < L. quadrangu- 
lus, < quattuor, four, + angulus, angle.]—quad¬ 
ra n 'gu-lar, a. Having four angles, 
quad'rant, 1 kw r ed'rant; 2 kwad'rant, n. 1. 
The quarter of a circle, or of its circumfer¬ 
ence. 2. An instrument having a graduated 
arc of 90°, with a movable radius for measur¬ 
ing angles on it. See illus. on next page. 
[OF., < L. quadranlt-)s, < quattuor, four.]— 
quad'rant-al, a. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 



















479 


i*yramii£ 

quarry 



Gunner’s 

Quadrant. 


quad'rat, 1 kwed'rat; 2 kwad'rat, n. Print. A 
piece of type=metal lower 
than the letters, for spacing: 
abbreviated quad. [OF.; see 

QUADRATE.] 

quad 'rate, 1 kwed'ret; 2 
kwad'rat, v. [quad'rat-ed j ; 
quad'rat-ing.] I||. t. To 
divide into quarters. II. i. 

To correspond or agree; 
square.— quad'rate. I. a. 

Square. II. n. Something 
square; in anatomy, a bone 
suspending the lower jaw in 
certain vertebrates. [ < OF. quadrat, < L. quad - 
ratus, pp. of quadro, square.]—quad-rat,'ic. I. a. 
Pertaining to a square. W.n.Alg. 1. An equation 
of the second degree. 2. pi. The part of algebra 
that treats of quadratic equations.—quadra¬ 
ture, n. 1. Math. The finding in square mea¬ 
sure of the area of any bounded surface, as of a 
circle. 2. Astron. & Phys. A difference of phase 
or position of 90°. 

quad-ren'ni-al, 1 kwed-ren'i-al; 2 kwad-ren'- 
i-al, a. Occurring once in four years; com¬ 
prising four years. [ < L. LL quattuor, four, + 
annus, year.] 

quad'ri-, 1 kwod'n-; 2 kwad'ri-. A combining 
form. [< L. quattuor, four.]— quad"ri-lat'- 
er-al. I. a. Four=sided. II. n. A figure 
formed from four straight lines.—quad- 
Til'lion, n. A cardinal 
number: (1) In the French 
(and U. S.) system of 
numeration, 1 followed by 
15 ciphers. (2) In the En¬ 
glish system, 1 followed by ^ 

24 ciphers.—quad"ri-syl'- 
la-bl(ee, tl A word of four Quadrilat- 

erals. 

qua-drille \ 1 kwa-dril'; 2 

kwa-dril', n. 1. A square ordinary sense; 

dance for four or more its diagonals; 

i oat r EABDFC, complete quad- 

couples. 2. At U SI C tor r iiateral, or four^sided; A, B, 
such a dance. [F.] C, D, E, F, its vertices; AI, 

quad-roon', 1 kwed-run'; BH - lts T diagonals or 
^ i , axes; G, H, I, its centers. 

2 kwad-roon', n. A per¬ 
son having one=fourth negro and three=fourths 
white blood. [ < Sp. cuarteron, < cuarto, 

fourth.] 

quad'ru-, 1 kwed'ru-; 2 kwad'ru-. A combin¬ 
ing form: Same as quadrx-. — Quad-ru'ma- 
na, n. pi. An order of quadrumanous animals, 
including monkeys. [ + L. manus, hand.]— quad- 
ru'ma-nous, a. Four=handed; having all four 
feet handdike, as monkeys.— quad'ru-ped. I. 
a. Having four feet. II. n. An animal having 
four feet: especially, a fourdooted mammal. [ + 
L. pes, foot.]— quad-ru'pe-dal, a. — quad'ru- 
pl(ep. I. vt. & vi. [-pl(e)d; -pling.] To mul¬ 
tiply by four; become quadruple. II. a. 1. Con¬ 
sisting of four united or of four parts. 2. Mul¬ 
tiplied by four.— quad'ru-plex, a. Fourfold.— 
quad-ru'pli-cate. I. vt. [-CAT"ED d ; -caT'ing.] 
To double twice: quadruple. 11. a. Math. Four¬ 
fold.— quad-ru"pli-ca'tion, n. 
quaff 1 , 1 kwaf; 2 kwaf, vt. & vi. To drink, es¬ 
pecially with relish or copiously. [ < Gael. 
cuach, cup.] 

quag'gy, 1 kwag'i; 2 kwag'y, a. Yielding to or 
quaking under the foot; boggy, 
quag'mire", 1 kwag'mair"; 2 kwag'mir", n. 
Marshy ground that gives way under the 
foot; bog. [ < QUAKE + MIRE, n.] 
quail, 1 kwel; 2 kwal, v. I||. t. 1. To cause to 



► .„«*•** V; o. : « ,- ;r - 



European Migratory 
Quail. V? 


shrink or lose courage. 2. To subdue; crush. 
II. i. 1. To shrink from facing trial or pain 
2. To decline: slacken. [< AS. cwelan, die.] 
quail, n. An Old World or American bird val¬ 
ued for the table: a 
bob*white or similar 
bird. [< OF. quaille.] 
quaint, 1 Invent; 2 
kwant, a. Pleasingly '■ 
odd or old*fashioned. 

[< L.of co gnitus , 
known.] -1 y, adv. 

-ness, n. 

quake, 1 kwek; 2 kwak. 

I. vi . [quaked 1 ; quak'- 
ing.] To be agitated 
with quick, short, 
repeated motions; shake. II. n. A shaking, 
tremulous motion, quickly repeated. [ < AS. 
cwacian, shake.] — quak'er, n. 1. One who 
quakes. 2. [Q-] A member of the Society of 
Friends.— Quak'er-ish, a. 
qual'i-fy, 1 kwel'i-fai; 2 kwal'i-fy, v. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] I. t. 1. To fit for a particular 
place, office, or occupation. 2. To limit or 
modify; mitigate. 3. Gram. To restrict in 
application. II. i. To take the steps neces¬ 
sary for entering upon a function, employ¬ 
ment, etc. [< L. LL+F qualis, such; and see 
-fy.] —qual'i-fi"a-bl (e p , a. —qual"i-fi-ca'tion, 
n. 1. The act of qualifying. 2. That which fits a 
person or thing for something. 3. A restriction; 
mitigation.— qual'i-fied, pa. 1. Competent. 2. 
Restricted.— qual'i-fi"er, n. 
qual'i-ty, 1 kwel'i-ti; 2 kwal'i-ty, n. [-ties z , 
pl.\ 1. Essential property; a distinguishing 
element or characteristic. 2. Degree of good¬ 
ness; relative excellence. 3. A moral trait. 
4. Capacity; function. [< L. F qualitas, < 
qualis, such.]— qual'i-ta"ttv(es, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to quality: opposed to quantitative. 
qualm, 1 kwam; 2 kwam, n. 1. A feeling of 
sickness. 2. A twinge of conscience. [ < AS. 
cwealm, death.] —qualm'ish, a. 
quail 'da-ry, 1 kwen'da-ri; 2 kwan'da-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi. ] A state of hesitation or perplex¬ 
ity. [Ult. < Ice. vandr, difficult.] 
quan 'ti-ty, 1 kwen'ti-ti; 2 kwan'ti-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The condition of being so 
much. 2- A certain mass, volume, or num¬ 
ber. [ < L. F quantitas, < quantus, how much.] 
— quan'ti-ta"tiv(e s , a. Of or pertaining to 
quantity: opposed to qualitative. 
quar"an-tine', 1 kwer"an-tin'; 2 kwar"an-tln'. 

I. vt. [-tined'; -tin'ing.] To subject to quar¬ 
antine. II. n. The enforced isolation for 
a fixed period of persons, ships, or goods ar¬ 
riving from places infected with contagious 
disease, or of any persons who have been ex¬ 
posed to such infection; also, a place desig¬ 
nated for such isolation; enforced isolation. 
[ < L.it+of quadraginla, forty.] 

quar'rel, 1 kwer'el; 2 kwar'el. I. vi. [-reled 
or -relled; -rel-ing or -rel-ling.] To en¬ 
gage in a quarrel; dispute; fall out; disagree. 

II. n. An unfriendly, angry, or violent dis¬ 
pute; also, the cause of dispute. [< L. F 
querela, complaint.]— quar'rel-er, n. quar'rel- 
IerJ.—quar'rel-sonie, a. Inclined to quarrel, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

quar'ry, 1 kwer'i; 2 kwar'y, vt. [quar'ried; 

quar'ry-ing.] To take from a quarry. 
quar'ry 1 , n. [quar'ries 2 , pi] An excavation 


1* a = final* l = habit; aisle; au = out-, oil; Iu = fewd; cfhin; go; r) = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wolf, de’; book, boot; fyl!, rule, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem, ink; thin, this. 













quarry 

quit 


480 


from which stone is taken by cutting, blast¬ 
ing, or the like. _ [as in the chase. 

quar'ry 2 , n. A beast or bird hunted or killed, 
quart, 1 kwort; 2 kwart, n. 1. A pleasure of 
capacity; the fourth part of a gallon, or two 
pints. 2. A vessel of such capacity. [< F. 
quarle, < L. quartus; see quarter 1 , n.] 
quar'tan, 1 kwer'tan; 2 kwar'tan, a. Occur¬ 
ring every fourth day. [ < F. quartaine, < L. 
quarlanus., < quartus: see quarter 1 , n. 1 
quar'ter, 1 kwer'tar; 2 kwar'ter, v. 1. 1. 1. To 
divide or separate into four equal parts. 2. 
To cut or break in parts; divide into regions, 
etc. 3. To range over, as a field. 4. To fur¬ 
nish with quarters. II. i. 1. To be in quar¬ 
ters; lodge. 2. To change position. 3. To 
have the wind on the quarter. 
quar'ter 1 , n. 1. One of four equal parts into 
which anything is or may be divided. 2. One 
of the four principal points of the compass. 
3. A place; locality; proper or assigned po¬ 
sition or station; place of lodging. [OF.. < 
L. quartarius, < quartus, fourth.] — quar'ter* 
day", n. A day when quarterly payments be¬ 
come due.—q.*deck, n. Naut. The elevated 
rear part of a war*vessel; for officers only.— 
quar'ter-ly. I. a. 1. Containing a fourth part. 
2. Occurring at intervals of three months. £1. n. 
[-lies 2 , pi.] A publication issued once in every 
three months. III. adv. 1. Once in a quarter of 
a year. 2. In or by quarters.—quar'ter-mas"- 
ter, n. 1. A staff “Officer, as of a regiment, having 
charge of providing and assigning quarters, issu¬ 
ing supplies, etc. 2. Naut. A petty officer who 
assists the navigator, etc.—quar'ter*staff", ». 
A stout staff, used in England as a weapon. 
quar'ter 2 , n. Mercy shown in sparing the life 
of a defeated or captured enemy; hence, clem¬ 
ency. [ < F. quartier.] 

quar'tern, 1 kwer'tarn; 2 kwar'tern, n. [Eng.] 
A fourth part, as of certain measures or weights, 
quar-tet', 1 kwer-tet'; 2 kwar-tSt', n. Four 
things of a kind; a musical composition for 
four voices or instruments, or the four persons 
who render it. [ < It. quartetto, dim. of 
quarto, fourth.] quar-tette'f. 
quar'to, 1 kwer'to; 2 kwar'to. I. a. Having 
four leaves to the sheet. II. n. A book or 
pamphlet whose pages are of the size of the 
fourth of a sheet: often written 4to or 4°. [ < 
L. in quarto; in, in; quarto, abl. of quartus, fourth.] 
quartz, I kwerts; 2 kwarts, n. A hard mineral, 
common in rocks, as in granite. [< Gr. quarz.) 
quash 11 , 1 kwo^h; 2 kwash, vt. To set aside, as 
an indictment. [ < L. LL+OF cassus, empty.] 
quash 2 *, vt. To suppress forcibly or summa¬ 
rily. [< L. OP quasso, shake ] 
qua'si-, 1 kwe'sai-; 2 kwa'sl-, prefix. Appearing as 
if; simulating in appearance. [< L. quasi. < 
quam, as, + si, if.] 

quas'si-a, 1 kwo^h'i-a; 2 kwash'i-a, n. The 
wood of the bitter ash: used as a tonic. [< 
Quassi, a negro slave.] 

qua-ter'na-ry, 1 kwa-tur'na-n; 2 kwa-ter'na- 
ry, a. 1. Consisting of four things. 2. Fourth 
in order. [ < L. quaternarius, < quattuor, four.] 
qua-ter'ni-on, n. A set, system, or file of 
four. (< L. quaternio(n-), < quattuor, four.] 
Qua"tre=Bras', 1 ka"tr*bra'; 2 ka"tr»bra', n. A 
village in Belgium; held by Wellington against 
Ney, June 16, 1815. two days before Waterloo, 
qua'ver, 1 kwe'ver; 2 kwa'ver. I. vt. & vi. To 
utter or sing in a tremulous manner; have a 
tremulous motion; trill; warble. II. n. 1. A 


quivering or tremulous motion. 2. A shake 
or trill, as in singing. 3. Mus. An eighth note, 
quay, 1 ki; 2 ky, n. A wharf or artificial land- 
ing»place where vessels may unload. [F.] 
Que., abbr. Quebec. 

Que-bec', 1 kwl-bek'; 2 kwe-bfec', n. 1. A prov¬ 
ince in E. Canada; 706,834 sq. m.; pop. 2,349,067. 
2. Its chief town and port on the St. Lawrence 
river; pop. 94,058; captured from the French by 
Wolfe, Sept. 13, 1759; anthdraft riots March 30- 
April 1, 1918. 

queen, 1 kwln; 2 kwen. I. vt. & vi. To make 
a queen of; act as a queen. II. n. 1. The 
wife of a king; a female sovereign of a king¬ 
dom; a woman preeminent in a given sphere. 
2. The piece that ranks next to the king in 
chess. 3. A playing*card of the third rank. [< 
AS. cwen, woman.]—queen 'ly, a. Like a queen; 
stately.—queen 'ly, adv.— queen'Ii-ness, n. 
Queensland, 1 kwinz'land; 2 kweng'land, n. A 
state of the Commonwealth of Australia; 670,500 
sq. m.; pop. 687,470; capital, Brisbane. 

Queens'town, 1 kwlnz'toun; 2 kweng'town, n. A 
seaport and port of call in S. Ireland; pop. 9,000. 
queer, 1 kwir; 2 kwer. I. vt. [Slang.] To jeop¬ 
ardize a transaction or spoil a chance. II. 
a. 1. Being out of the usual course ot events 
in minor respects; singular; odd. 2. Of ques¬ 
tionable character. 3. [Slang.] Counterfeit. 
III. n. [Slang. [ Counterfeit money. [ < LG. 
queer, oblique, < G. quer.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
quell, 1 kwel; 2 kwel, vt. 1. To cause to cease 
by force; put down. 2. To cause to subside; 
calm. [< AS. cwcllan, < cwelan, die.] -er, n. 
quench*, 1 kwendh; 2 kweneh, vt. To put out, 
as fire, by water or smothering; cool, as heated 
iron; subdue, as passion or desire; extinguish. 
[< AS. cwencan, quench.] —quench'a-bl(e p , 
a. -ness, n. — quench 'a-bly, adv. — quench'- 
less, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. [questioner, 

que'rist, 1 kwl'rist; 2 kwe'rist, n. An inquirer; 
quer'u-lous, 1 kwer'u-lus; 2 kwdr'y-lus, a. 1. 
Disposed to complain. 2. Indicating a com¬ 
plaining disposition. [ < L. querulus, < queror, 
complain.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
que'ry, 1 kwl'n; 2 kwe'ry. I. vt. & vi. [que'- 
ried; que'ry-ing.] 1. To question; doubt; 
inquire concerning; make inquiry. 2. To ply 
w-ith questions. II. n. [que'ries 2 , pi.] An in¬ 
quiry, or a memorandum of an inquiry, to be 
answered; a doubt; interrogation. [< L. 
quaere, imper. of quaero, seek.] 
quest, 1 kwest; 2 kwdst, n. The act of seeking; 

search. [ < L. OF quae situs, pp. of quaero, seek.] 
ques'tion, 1 kwes'dhan; 2 kwds'chon. I. vt. & 
vi. To put a question to; make inquiry; doubt. 
II. n. 1. An interrogative sentence calling for 
an answer. 2. A subject of inquiry. 3. A con¬ 
troversy; difference. 4. A proposition under 
discussion in a deliberative assembly. 5. Ob¬ 
jection. C. Interrogation. [F., < L. quaes- 
tio{n-), < quaero, seek.]—ques'tIon-a-bl(e p , a. 
Liable to be called in question; debatable; also, 
dubious; suspicious.—ques'tion-er, n. 
ques'tion-naire, 1 kwes"dh8n-S,r' or (F.) kes*- 
tyen'nar' ; 2 kwSs'chon-ar or (F.) kes"ty6n"nar', 
n. [F.] A series of questions submitted for formal 
answer, as in aninvestigation. ques'tion-a-ryl. 
ques'tor, ) 1 kwes'tsr; 2 kwSs'tor, n. Rom. Hist. A 
quaes'tor, ] public treasurer, as of a province. [L.] 
Quet-zal"co-a'tl, 1 ket-sal*ko-a'tl; 2 k6t-sal*co- 
a'tl, n. Traditional king and author of the cul¬ 
ture of the Aztecs, who believed that he had re¬ 
turned to earth in the person of Cortez, as foretold. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police_; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 






481 


quarry 

quit 


queue, 1 kiu; 2 ku, to . 1 . A pendent braid of 
hair on the back of the head; a pigtail. 2. 
A file of persons. [F.. < L. cauda. tad.] cue]:. 

quib'ble, 1 kwib'l; 2 kwib'l. I. vi. [quib'bled; 
quib'bling.] To use quibbles; evade the 
truth. II. to. An evasion; equivocation. [< 
quip.]— quib'bler, to. 

Qui"be-ron', 1 kl"ba-ren'; 2 ki"be-ron', to. A 
town on the W. coast of France, off which the 
British defeated the French fleet, Nov. 20, 
1759. 

quick, 1 kwik; 2 kwik. I. a. 1. Done or occur¬ 
ring in a short time; expeditious; rapid; 
speedy; swift. 2. Characterized by readiness 
of movement or action. 3. Intellectually 
alert; sensitive; sprightly. 4. Excitable; irri¬ 
table. 5. Made active. 6 . Having life. II. to . 

I. That which has life; any vital or sensitive 
part. 2. A hedge-plant; quickset. III. adv. 
Quickly; rapidly. [< AS. ewie, alive.] — 
quick'en, vt. & vi. 1. To make or become alive 
or quick. 3. To make quicker, livelier, or more 
vivid; accelerate.—quick'lime", to. Unslaked 
lime.—quick'ly, adv. In a quick manner.— 
quick'ness, n.— quick'sand", n. A bed of sand 
so water-soaked as readily to engulf any person 
or animal that attempts to rest upon it.—quick '- 
set", to. A hedge-plant, especially hawthorn, or a 
hedge made of it.—quick'sil"ver, n. 1. Metallic 
mercury. 3. An amalgam of tin, used for the 
backs of looking-glasses. 

quid, 1 kwid; 2 kwld, to. 1. A small portion of 
chewing-tobacco. 2. A cud, as of a cow. [Var. 

of CUD.] 

quid'di-ty, 1 kwid'i-ti; 2 kwid'i-ty, to. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. The essence of a thing. 2. A trifling 
distinction. [ < LL. quidditas, < L. quid, 
which.] 

qui'et, 1 kwai'et; 2 kwl'et. I d . vt. & vi. To 
bring to a state of rest; become quiet or still. 

II. a. 1. Being in a state of repose. 2. Silent. 
3. Free from turmoil, strife, or alarm; tran¬ 
quil; peaceful. 4. Gentle or mild of disposi¬ 
tion. III. n. Freedom from motion, noise, 
etc.; calm. [< L. quies (quiet-), rest.]— qui- 
es'cent, a. 1. Being in a state of repose. 3. 
Resting free from anxiety.— qui'et-ism, n. A 
system seeking spiritual exaltation by contem¬ 
plation and withdrawal from outward activities. 
—qui'et-ist, n. —qui'et-ly, adv.— qui'et-ness, 
n. — qui'e-tude, n. — qui-e'tus, n. 1. A silenc¬ 
ing or suppressing; death; repose. 2. A Anal dis¬ 
charge or quittance. 

quill, 1 kwil; 2 kwil, vt. To make or iron (a gar¬ 
ment or fabric) with rounded plaits or ridges. 

quill, n. 1. A large, strong feather of a bird; a 
hollow, sharp spine of a porcupine. 2. Hence, 
a pen. 3. A flute, rounded ridge, or cylindri¬ 
cal fold, as in a ruff or ruffle. [ < F. quille, 
keel.] 

quilt, 1 kwilt; 2 kwflt. I d . vt. & vi. 1. To stitch 
through and through at intervals or in lines or 
figures. 2. To wad or stuff with something 
stitched or fastened in place. II. n. A bed¬ 
cover made by stitching together firmly two 
layers of cloth or patchwork with some soft 
and warm substance between them. [ < OF. 
cuilte, < L. culcita , quilt.l—quilt'er, n. 

quince, 1 kwins; 2 kwing, n. A small tree of the 
apple family; also, its fruit, used as preserve. 
[< Gr. L+OF kydonion,< Kydonia, town in Crete.] 

Quin'cy, 1 kwin'si; 2 kwin'gy, n. 1. Josiah (1744- 
1775), an American statesman and Revolution¬ 


ary leader. 2. Josiah (1772-1864), an American 
statesman and educator, 
quin'i-a, 1 kwin'i-e; 2 kwin'i-a, n. 
name. 


Quinin: old 
2 kwin'in, 



Branch of Cincho¬ 
na C at is ay a, a 
source of Quinin. 

a, the flower; ft, a dehis¬ 
cent fruit. 


quin'in, )1 kwin'in, kwai'nain; 
quin'ine, ) kwl'nln.n. A bitter 
alkaloid contained in cinchona- , 
bark, or its salts: used as a rem¬ 
edy for malarial affections. 

[F., < Sp., quina, < S. Am. 

• quina, bark.] 

quin"qua-ges'I-ma, a. Fif¬ 
tieth. [L., < quinque, five.] 

— Quinquagesima Sun¬ 
day, the fiftieth day before 
Easter. 

quiu-quen 'ni-al, a. Occur¬ 
ring every five years; last¬ 
ing for five years. [ < L. 
quinque, five, + annus, year.] 
quin'sy, 1 kwin'zi; 2 kwin'sy, 
to. Inflammation of the ton¬ 
sils. [ < F. esquinancie, < 

Gr. kynanche, < kyon ( kyn -), dog, + ancho, choke.] 
quin'tal, 1 kwin'tel; 2 kwin'tal, n. 1. A mass 
of 100 kilograms. 2. A hundredweight. [F.] 
quin-tes'sence, 1 kwin-tes'ens; 2 kwin-tes'- 
eng, to. A concentrated extract; the most es¬ 
sential part of anything. [F.] 
quin-tet', ) 1 kwin-tet'; 2 kwin-t&t', n. A 
quin-tette', > musical composition arranged 
for five voices or instruments; also, the five 
persons performing it. [ < It. quintetto, < 
quinto, fifth.] 

Quin-til 'i-an, 1 kwin-til'i-an; 2 kwln-til'i-an, M. 
Fabius (35?—95). A Roman rhetorician and 
writer. 

quin-til'lion, 1 kwin-til'yen; 2 kwin-til'yon, to. 
In the French (U. S.) system of numeration, 
1 followed by 18 ciphers; in the English sys¬ 
tem, 1 followed by 30 ciphers. [ < L. quintus, 

fifth, + MILLION.] 

quin'tu-pl(e p , 1 kwin'tiu-pl; 2 kwin'tu-pl. I. 
vt.&vi. [-pl(e)d p ; -pling.] To multiply by 
five. II. a. Multiplied by five. [ < L. quintus, 
fifth, + -plus, -fold.] 

quip, 1 kwip; 2 kwip, to. A sneering or mocking 
remark. [ < W. chwip, quick turn, < chwipio, 
whip.] 

quire, 1 kwair; 2 kwir. I. vt. [quired; quir'- 
ing.] To fold into quires. II. to. The twen¬ 
tieth part of a ream of paper; 24 (or 25) 
sheets. [ < L. op quaterni, by fours.] 
Qui-ri'tes, 1 kwi-rai'tiz; 2 kwi-ri'tes, to. pi. The 
citizens of ancient Rome in their civil as distinct 
from their military or political capacity ( Ro¬ 
mani) i. —Quir'ite, to. 

quirk, 1 kwurk; 2 kwirk, to . 1 . A short or sharp 
turn; twist. 2. A quaint turn of the fancy; 
caprice. [ < W. chwired, < chwiori, turn 
quickly.] 

quirt, 1 kwurt; 2 kwlrt, to. [W. U. S ] A short- 
handled riding-wfflip. [ < Sp. cuerda, cord.] 
quit, 1 kwit; 2 kwit. I. vt. & vi. [quit or quit'- 
TED d ; quit'ting.] 1. To cease or desist; let 
go; resign; forsake; abandon. 2. To acquit; 
free or clear. II. a. Discharged, released, or 
absolved; clear; free. [< F. quitter, ult. < L. 
quies, rest.]—quit'claim". I. vt. To relinquish 
or give up all claim or title to. II. «. A full re¬ 
lease and acquittance given by one to another.— 
quit'srent", to. A rent formerly paid, as by a 
freeholder, whereby he was released from feudal 
services.—quit'tance, to. 1. Discharge or re- 


1: a = final; l = habit: aisle; au = out; ell: IQ = feud; cfhin; go; Q = eing; thin, this. 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; i®k; thin, this. 











quite 

radius 


483 


lease. 2. Recompense or requital.—quit'ter, n. 
One who quits needlessly: a shirker, 
quite, 1 kwait; 2 kwit, adv. 1. To the fullest 
extent; fully; totally. 2. To a great or con¬ 
siderable extent. [ < L. F quietus, at rest.] 
Qui'to, 1 kl'to; 2 ki'to, n. A city, capital of 
Ecuador; pop. 70,000; elevation, 9,348 ft. 
quiv'er, 1 kwiv'ar; 2 kwlv'er, vi. To move or 
be agitated with a tremulous motion. [Cp. 

QUAVER.] 

quiv'er 1 , n. A portable case or sheath for 
arrows. [ < OF. quivre, coivre .] 
quiv'er 2 , n. The act of quivering; a 
shaking. 

Quix-ot'ic, 1 kwiks-et'ik; 2 kwlks- 
ot'ie, a. Pertaining to Don Quix¬ 
ote, the hero of a Spanish romance 
ridiculing knight*errantry; hence 
[q-], ridiculously chivalrous or ro¬ 
mantic. — quix-ot'i-cal-ly, adv - 
qulx'ot-ism, to. 
quiz, 1 kwiz; 2 kwiz. I. vt. & vi. Quiver. 
[quizzed; quiz'zing.] 1. To make game of. 
2. To peer at. 3. To examine (a student or 
class) by questions, as in the study of medicine. 
II. n. 1. An absurd or puzzling question or 
suggestion. 2. One given to quizzing. 3. [Col- 
loq.] An examination by questions. [Prob. < 
question.]— quiz'zer, n. —quiz'zi-cal, a. 
quod, 1 kwed; 2 kwod, n. A quad or quadrangle, 
quoin, 1 kein or kwoin; 2 koin or kwoin, n. 1 . 
A stone or projection, as at the angle of a 
building. 2. A wedge, or wedgedike piece, as 
for fastening a form of type. See illus. in 
next column. [ < F. coin; see coin, n.\ 
quoit, 1 kweit or keit; 2 kwoit or koit, n. 1. A 
disk of iron, for pitching. 2. pi. A game 


played by throwing these disks at a short 
stake. [ < OF. coiter, push.] 
quon'dam, 1 kwen'dam; 2 kwon'dam, a. For¬ 
mer. [L., formerly.] 

quo'rum, 1 kwo'rum; 2 kwb'rum, n. 1. Such a 
number of members of any body as is neces¬ 
sary for the legal transaction of 
business. 2. [Eng.] Certain 
designated justices of the peace. 

[L., of whom, gen. pi. of qui, 
who.] 

quo'ta, 1 kwo'ta; 2 kwo'ta, n. 

A proportional part or share 
required for making up a cer- Printers . Metal 
tain number or quantity. [It., Quoins 
< L. quota, fern, of quotus, how loose quoin. 2 . 
many.] A pair of quoins and 

quote, 1 kwot; 2 kwot, vt. & key, in position for 
Vi. [QUOT'ED d ; QUOT'lNG.j 1. locking up. 

To repeat, as the words of a book or of a speak¬ 
er; to cite as authority; make a quotation. 2 . 
To give the market price of. [ < LL. or quoto, 
divide into chapters, < L. quotas; see quota.] 
— quot'a-bl(eP, a. — quo-ta'tion, n. 1. The 
act of quoting. 2. The words or price quoted. 
—quot'er, n. 

quothll, 1 kwoth; 2 kwoth, vt. Said or spoke. 

[ < AS. cwetlian, say.] 

quo-tid'i-an, 1 kwo-tid'i-an; 2 kwo-ttd'i-an. 
I. o. Recurring or occurring every day. II. to. 
A fever whose paroxysms return every day. 
[ < L. p quot, how many, + dies, day.] 
quo'tient, 1 kwo'shent; 2 kwb'shent, n. Math 
The result obtained by division. [ < L. guo- 
tiens, how often, < quot, how many.] 
q. v., abbr. [L.] Quantum vis (as much as you will), 
quod vide (which see). 




R 


R, r, 1 ar; 2 iir, n. [ars, R’s, or Rs, 1 arz; 2 a.r§, 
pi.] A letter: the eighteenth in the English 
alphabet. 

R., abbr. Rabbi, Radical, Reaumur, recipe, rector, 
Regina (L., Queen), Republican,response, Repub- 
lica (L.,the Republic), Rigid (as a dirigible; R 34), 
river, Ro?na (L., Rome).— r., abbr. Railroad, 
railway, range, rare, received, residence, resides, 
right, rises, road, rod, rood, royal, ruble, rupee. 
—R. A., abbr. Rear*admiral, right ascension, 
Royal Academy, Royal Arch, Royal Artillery, 
rab 'bet, 1 rab'et; 2 rab'et. I d . vt. Joinery. To 
cut a rectangular groove in. 

II. w. A recess in or near 
the edge of one piece, to 
receive the edge of another 
piece; also, a joint so 
made. ( < F. robot, plane.] 



Rabbets. 


rab'bi, >1 rab'ai or rab'i, rab'in; 2 rab'i or 
rab'bin, ) rab'i, rab'in, to. Master; teacher: a 
Jewish title. [ < Heb. rabbi, < rabab, be 
great.]— rab-hin'Ic, rab-bin'I-cal, a. 
rab'bit, 1 rab'it; 2 rab'it, to. A small rodent 
resembling, but smaller than, the hare. [Cp. 
OD. robbe.]— Welsh r., cheese toasted or melted 
and served on toast, rare'bitf [erroneous], 
rab'blc, 1 rab'i; 2 rab'i, to. A rude crowd; mob; 

the populace. [Prob. ult. < L. rabio, rave.] 
Ra"be-lais', I rcTba-le'; 2 ra'be-la', Francois 
(1483?-1553). A French satirical writer.— Rab"- 
e-lal'si-an, a. & to. 



rab'id, 1 rab'id; 2 rab'id, a. 1. Affected with 
rabies; mad. 2. Violent; furious; raging. [ < 
L. rabidus, < rabio, rave.] -ly, adv. -ness, n .— 
ra'bi-es, n. Hydrophobia. _ 
rac-coon', 1 ra-kun'; 2 rS-coon', to. An Amer¬ 
ican nocturnal carnivore 
related to the bears. [< 

Am. Ind. arathcone, rac¬ 
coon.] ra-coon'J. 
race, 1 res; 2 r a 5 , v. 

[raced 1 ; rac'ing.] I. t . 

1. To cause to move 
swiftly. 2. To contend 
against in a race. II. 

1. To be engaged in the 
business of racing horses. Raccoon. */j 8 

2. To move, as machinery, at an accelerated 
rate of speed. [< AS. raesan, rush, < raes, 
rush.]— rac'er, n. 1. One w r ho or that which 
races. 2. One of various snakes. 

race 1 , to. 1. A continued series of descendants 
from a common parent or stock. 2 . Lineage; 
pedigree. [F., < OHG. reiz, line.]— ra'cial, 
a. Pertaining to or characteristic of race or 
descent, -ly, adv. 

race 2 , to. 1. A competitive trial of speed. 2. 
Movement or progression. 3. A swift current 
of water; sluice. [< AS. raes, rush.]— race'* 
course", r.diorse, r.drack, ra. A course, horse, 
or track for racing.— raoe'way, to. 1. A channel 
for conducting water. 2. A tube for protecting 


L: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, b&rn* 
art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n] 


















483 


quite 

radius 


wires, as in a subway. 3. A track for a shuttle, as 
in a loom, shiit'tle=race"f. [foundland. 

Race, Cape. A point on the S. E. coast of New- 
ra-ceme', 1 ra-sim'; 2 ra-gem', ra. A flower* 
cluster in which the flowers are arranged at 
intervals on an elongated common axis. [ < 
L. racemus, cluster.1—rac'e-mose", a. 
rac'i-ly, rac'i-ness. See racy. 

Ra"cine', 1 ra"sln'; 2 ra"cln', Jean (1639-1699). 

A French tragic dramatist. 
rack 11 , 1 rak; 2 rak, vt. 1. To torture by the 
rack; torment; pain. 2. To stretch or wrench 
apart; tear; strain. [< AS. raxan, stretch 
oneself.) [ < OF. raquer, rack.] 

rack 21 , vt. To draw off from the lees, as liquor. 
rack 31 , vi. To proceed or move with the gait 
called rack. [ < Ice. reka, drive.] 
rack 1 , 1 rak; 2 rak, ra. 1. A machine for stretch¬ 
ing or making tense; especially, an instrument 
of torture, by stretching the limbs of victims. 
2. An open grating, framework, or the like, in 
or on which articles may be placed. 3. A bar 
or the like having teeth that engage with 
those of a gear=wheel. 

rack 2 , ra. A quadruped’s motion, in which two 
feet on a side are off the ground at once. 
rack 3 , ra. Thin, flying, or broken clouds; any 
floating vapor. [ < Ice. rek, drift.] 
rack 4 , ra. Same as wrack, wreck: obsolete except 
In the phrase “ to go to rack and ruin.” 
rack'er, ra. One who or that which racks. 
rack'et d , vi. 1. To make a loud, confused, or 
clattering noise. 2. To engage in any stirring 
or noisy sport or action; revel; carouse. 
rack'et 1 , ra. An implement for striking a ball, 
as in tennis. [ < Ar. sp+F rdkat, palm of the 
hand.l racqu'etj; raqu'etj. 
rack'et 2 , ra. 1. A clattering, vociferous, or 
confused noise; commotion; fuss. 2. Any 
scheme or proceeding; a frolic; spree. [< 
Gael, racaid, < rac, cackle.) 
rack Great", 1 rak'*rent"; 2 r3,k'=r8nt", ra. An 
exorbitant rent (equal or nearly equal to the 
full annual value of the property).—rack's 
rent", vt. & vi. 

ra"con"teur', 1 ra"keh"tiir'; 2 r;i"c6n"tur', ra. A 
skilled story-teller. [F.]—ra"cou"teuse', n.fem. 
ra-coon', ra. Same as raccoon. 
rac'y, 1 res'i; 2 rag'y, a. [rac'i-er; rac'i-est.] 

1. Having a pungent interest; spicy; piquant. 

2. Having a characteristic flavor assumed to 
be indicative of origin, as wine. 3. Pertain¬ 
ing to race, type, or origin. [ < race 1 , ra.]— 
rac'i-ly, adv. —rac'i-ness, ra. 

Rad., abbr. Radical.—rad., abbr. Radix, 
ra'di-al, 1 re'di-al; 2 ra'di-al. I. a. Pertaining 
to a ray or to a radius. II. ra. A radiating 
part. -Iy, adv. ; . 

ra'di-ance, ra. The quality of being radiant; 

brightness; effulgence, ra'di-an-cyj. 
ra'di-ant, a. Emitting or issuing in rays, as 
of light or heat; beaming, as with joy, kind¬ 
ness, or love.—ra'di-ant-ly, adv. 
ra'di-ate, 1 re'di-ct; 2 ra'di-at. I. vt. & vi. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To send out in rays or di¬ 
rect lines from a point or surface; issue in 
ravs. II* a. Divided or separated . into 
rays; having rays; radiating. [ < L. radiatus, 
pp. of radio, < radius , ray.]—ra'di-a"tion, ra. 
The act of radiating, or the state of being radi¬ 
ated.— ra'di-a"tor, n. That which radiates, as 
a set of steanmpipes that heats by radiation, 
rad'i-cal, 1 rad'i-kol; 2 rad'i-eal. I. a. 1- I ro- 
ceeding from the root or foundation, cssen- 


l*a = final; I = habit; aisle; an = out; oil; 
2; wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, bu 


tial. 2. Thoroughgoing; unsparing; extreme. 
3. Math. Pertaining to the root or roots of a 
number. II. n. 1. One who carries his ideas 
to their furthest application; an extremist. 
2. The primitive or underived part of a word; 
a root; radicle. 3. Math. A quantity of 
which the root is to be extracted or used in 
calculation. 4. Chem. A group of atoms act¬ 
ing as a single element in a compound. [F., 
< LL. radicalis, < L. radix, root.)—radical 
sign, the symbol -J placed before a quantity to 
indicate that its root is to be taken.—rad'i-cal- 
ism, n. The state of being radical; specif., advo¬ 
cacy of thoroughgoing or extreme measures.— 
rad'i-cal-ly, adv.— rad'i-cai-ness, n. —rad'i- 
cel, ra. A rootlet.—rad'i-cl(e p , ra. A diminu¬ 
tive root or rootlet. 

ra'(li-o-, 1 re'di-o-; 2 ra'di-o-. From Latin ra¬ 
dius, ray, radiation: a combining form.—ra"- 
di-o-ac-tiv'i-ty, ra. The property possessed by 
certain substances, as radium, of spontaneously 
emitting special radiations which are capable of 
penetrating objects opaque to ordinary light.— 
ra"di-o-ac'tiv(e 8 , a. —ra"di-o-am'pli-fi"er, ra. 
A vacuum*tube amplifier or receiving unit which 
increases the energy or the intensity of any com¬ 
munication sent by radiotelegraph or radiotele¬ 
phone.—ra"di-o-broad'cast"er, ra. One who 
broadcasts radio communications: also, the appa¬ 
ratus used for broadcasting by radio: frequently 
contracted to broadcaster.—ra"di-o-broad'- 
cast"ing, ra. The act of sending messages broad¬ 
cast by radio frequently contracted to broadcast¬ 
ing. SeeBROADCAST,r.-ra"di-o-chem'is-try,ra. 
That branch of chemistry dealing with the proper¬ 
ties of radioactivity and radioactive substances, 
as radium and thorium.—ra"di-o-com'pass, ra. 
A receiver serving to determine the direction of 
a sending station.—ra"di-o-con-duc'tor, n. 
Elec. Any material or apparatus that indicates 
the presence of electric waves, as the coherer of a 
wireless telegraph.—ra"di-o-de-tec'tor, ra. A 
device used to discover the presence of electric 
waves.—radio feed-back circuit (Wireless), a 
circuit in which a detector used with a coupling 
permits a local battery to add its energy to in¬ 
creasing the intensity of a signal.—ra"di-o-go"- 
ni-om'e-ter, ra. A wireless*telegraph receiver 
fitted with movable directive antennae, used to 
determine the direction of the transmitting sta¬ 
tion.—ra'di-o-gram, ra. 1. A radiographic neg¬ 
ative or print. 2. A radiotelegram.—ra'di-o- 
graph, ra. A negative made by means of radio¬ 
activity; skiagraph.—ra'di-o-graph, vt. —ra"- 
di-om'e-ter, ra. An instrument for detecting 
and measuring radiant energy.—ra'di-o-scope, 
ra. An apparatus for showing the radioactivity of 
bodies. — ra"di-os'co-py, ra. Examination of 
bodies with the aid of radiant energy.—ra"di-o- 
tel'e-gram, ra"di-o-tel'e-phone, etc. A wire¬ 
less telegram, telephone, etc.—ra"-di-o-ther'a- 
py, ra. The employment of radioactivity in the 
cure of disease.—ra'di-o-tron, ra. A vacuum 
tube radio or tone*frequency amplifier, 
ra'di-o. I. a. Of or pertaining to wireless tele¬ 
graphy or telephony. II. ra. Any communication 
sent by radiotelegraph or radiotelephone, 
rad'ish, 1 radfisL; 2 rad'ish, «. An annual 
plant or its edible root, f < L. p radix, root.] 
ra'di-um, 1 re'di-um; 2 ra'di-um, ra. Chem. A 
highly radioactive metallic element obtained 
from pitchblende. [ < L. radius, ray.) 
ra'di-us, 1 re'di-us; 2ra'di-us,ra. [ra'di-i, 1 -ai; 
2 -I, pi.] 1. A straight line from the center 
of a circle or sphere to its periphery. 2. The 
bone of the forearm on the same side as the, 
thumb. [L.] 


IQ = feud; <fhin; go; q = sirap; thin, this. 
,, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Raffael 

rappee 


484 


Raf'fa-el, 1 raf'i-el; 2 riif'a-gl, RafTaello Sanzio 
d’Urblno (1483-1520). An Italian painter; pre¬ 
eminent as a draftsman and colonist. Ra'pha- 
elf.—Raf"fa-el-esque', a. Characteristic of, 
or in the style of, Raffael.—Raf'fa-el-ism, n. 
— Raf'fa-el-ite, n. 

raf'fle, ) 1 raf'l; 2 raf'l. I. vt. & vi. [raf'fled, 
raf'I p , Jraf'ld p ; raf'fling.] To dispose of 
by a raffle; take part in a raffle. II. n. A 
form of lottery. [ < G. OF raffeln, intens. of 
raffen, snatch.] 

raft, 1 raft; 2 raft. I. vt. & vi. To transport or 
travel by a raft. II. n. A float of logs or 
planks fastened together. [< Ice. raptr, rafter.] 
raft'er, n. A timber or beam giving form, slope, 
and support to a roof. [ < AS. raefter.) 
rag, 1 rag; 2 rag n. 1. A torn piece of cloth; 
fragment. 2. pi. Tattered or shabby cloth¬ 
ing. [< Ice. rogg, tuft.]— rag 'ged, a. 1. Rent; 
frayed. 2. Wearing shabby garments; having a 
shabby appearance; rough; jagged.— ragtime, 
n. [Local U. S.] Syncopated time in dance* 
music, as in negro melodies, 
rag'a-muf "fin, n. A worthless or ragged fel¬ 
low. 

rage, 1 rej; 2 rag. I. vi. [raged; rag'ing.] 1. 
To be furious with anger. 2. To speak or act 
with violence; rave. II. n. 1. Violent anger. 
2. Extreme violence or intensity, as of a fever 
or a storm. 3. Any object eagerly sought 
after; fad. [ < F. rager, < LL. rabio, rave.] 
ra-gout', 1 ra-gfi'; 2 ra-gu', n. A highly sea¬ 
soned dish of meat and vegetables. [F.] 
raid, 1 red; 2 rad. I. vt. & vi. To invade sud¬ 
denly; make a raid. II. n. A hostile or pred¬ 
atory incursion; foray. [< Ice. reidh; cp. 
road.]— raid'er, n. 

rail 1 ,1 rel; 2 ral, vt. 1. To shut in as with rails. 

2. To lay down rails upon.—rail'er 1 , n. 
rail 2 , vi. To use scornful, insolent, or abusive 
language; scold. [< F. miller, < L. rado, 
scrape.]—rail'er 2 , n. —rail'ing, pa. 
rail 1 , n. 1. A bar of wood or metal, resting on 
supports. 2. One of a series of metal parallel 
bars set on cross*ties to form a railroad track, 
as wheel guides for trains. [ < L. OF regula, ruled 
rail 2 , n. A marsh=haunting wading bird. [ < F. 

rdle, < r&ler, rattle.] rail'A)ird"J. 
rail'ing, 1 rel'irj; 2 raring, n. 1. A series of rails; a 
balustrade. 2. Rails, or material for rails, 
rail 'lery, 1 rel '[or ral']ar-i; 2 ral'[or ral']er-y, n. 
Merry banter; chaffing. [ < F. raillerie, jest¬ 
ing.] 

rail'road", 1 rel'rdd"; 2 ral'rod". I' 1 , vt. To 
hurry on; rush. II. to. A graded road, hav¬ 
ing metal rails supported by sleepers or ties, 
for the passage of cars. rail'way"!, 
rai'mentll, 1 re'ment or -mant; 2 ra'ment, n. 

Wearing*apparel; clothing. [< arrayment, to.] 
rain, 1 ren; 2 ran. I. vt . & vi . To pour down 
like rain; shower. II. to. 1. The condensed 
vapor of the atmosphere falling to the earth 
in drops. 2. The fall of such drops; also, a 
fall of anything in the manner of rain. [ < 
AS. regn, ren, rain.]— rain'bow", n. An arch of 
refracted light, seen usually at the close of a 
shower, exhibiting the spectrum colors.— Rain¬ 
bow Division. [Recent.] A body of troops rep¬ 
resentative of the United States; specifically, 
the first division of National Guard from differ¬ 
ent States to join the American forces in France in 
1917.— rain 'fall", n. 1. A shower. 2. Amount 
of rain for a definite period.— rain 'y, a. [rain'i- 
er; rain'i-est.]— rain'i-ly,adc.—rain'i-ness,n. 


Rai'nier, 1 re'nlr; 2 ra'ner, Mount. A dormant 
volcano in the Cascade range, Washington; 
14,526 ft. high; highest peak in the United States, 
raise, 1 rez; 2 rag, vt. [raised; rais'ing.] 1 . To 
move upward; cause to rise; erect. 2. To 
make greatsr; exalt; promote. 3. To make to 
grow or spring up; produce; revivify. 4. To 
rouse; excite; alarm. 5. To take off; put an 
end to, as a siege. [ < Ice. reisa, < risa, rise.] 
—rais'er, n. 

rai'sin, 1 re'zn; 2 ra'gn, n. A grape dried in the 
sun or in an oven. [ < F., grape.] 
ra'ja, ra'jah, 1 ra'je; 2 rii'ja, to. A Hindu 
prince or chief. [ < Sans, rajan, king.] 
Raj"pu-ta'na, 1 raj"pu-ta'na; 2 raj"pu-ta'na, n. 
A region in N. W. British India, including 19 
native states; 128,987 sq. in.; pop. 10,530,000.— 
Raj'put, n. One of a powerful and warlike 
Hindu race. Raj'pootf. 

rake 1 , 1 rek; 2 rak. I’, vt. & vi. [raked; rak'- 
ing ] 1. To scrape or scratch together. 2. To 
stir or loosen with a rake; use a rake. 3. To 
view or examine searchingly; make a search; 
ransack. 4. To fire along the length of, as of 
a vessel or a line of soldiers. II. n. A toothed 
implement for drawing together loose mate¬ 
rial, or making a surface loose or smooth. 
rake 2 . I 1 , vi. To stand out of perpendicular, as 
a ship’s masts; incline. II. n. Inclination from 
the perpendicular or horizontal. [ < Old Sw. 
raka, reach; cp. AS. reccan, stretch.]. 
rake 3 . I*, vi. To play the rake; live a lewd, dis¬ 
solute life. II. n. A dissolute, lewd man; de¬ 
bauchee. [ < Ice. reikall, wandering.] 
rak'ish 1 , 1 rek'islr, 2 rek'ish, a. Naut. Having 
the masts unusually inclined; as, a rakish 
vessel. -ly 1 , adv. -ness 1 , to. 
rak'ish 2 , a. Dissolute; profligate; dashing; 

jaunty, -ly 2 , adv. -ness 2 , n. 

Ra'lcigh, 1 re'li; 2 ra'li, Sir Walter (1552-1618). 
An English navigator, soldier, and author; be¬ 
headed. 

rail., abbr. Mus. [It.] Rallentando (gradually 

slower). 

ral'ly 1 , 1 ral'i; 2 ral'y. I. vt. & vi. [ral'lied; 
ral'ly-ing] 1. To reunite and reanimate; 
call together for any common purpose. 2. To 
summon up; revive; restore. II. n. [ral'- 
lies z , p/.] 1 . A prompt assembling or reas¬ 
sembling, as of scattered troops. 2. A rapid 
recovery. [ < F. rallier, < re- + allier, ally.] 
rally 2 , vt. & vi. To attack with raillery; joke; 

tease; banter. [ < F. raillier; see rail 2 , r.] 
rain, 1 rain; 2 ram, vt. & vi. [rammed, ramd 8 ; 
ram'ming ] 1. To strike w r ith or as with a 

ram; butt; batter. 2. To press closely to¬ 
gether; stuff. [animal. [< AS. ram, ram.] 
ram 1 , ». A male sheep, or a male of any ovine 
ram 2 , n. 1. An instrument for driving, forcing, 
or crushing by heavy blows or thrusts, as a 
projection from the bow of a war*vessel; also, 
a war*vessel constructed for ramming. 2. An 
instrument for raising water by pressure of 
condensed air. hydraulic ram|. [< AS. 
ram, < ram, male sheep.]—rain'mer, n. 
ram'bl(e p , 1 ram'bl; 2 ram'bl. I. vi. [ram'- 
bl(e)d p ; ram'bling.] 1. To walk about freely 
and aimlessly; roam. 2. To act or talk aim¬ 
lessly. II. n. 1. The act of rambling; a lei¬ 
surely stroll. 2. A meandering path; maze. 
[Var freq. of roam.]— ram'bier, n. —rain'- 
bling, pa. Showing absence of plan or system; 
aimless; wandering, -ly, adv. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, fir; full, rflle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wn^t, ad; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 






485 


Raffael 

rappee 


Ram'e-ses, 1 ram'i-slz; 2 ram'e-seg, n. Name of 13 
Egyptian monarchs (1500-1000 B. C.). 
rain'ie, 1 ram'i; 2 ram'i. n. A shrubby Chinese 
and East=Indian perennial of the nettle fam¬ 
ily; a fine fiber yielded by 
its stem. [Malay.] 
ram't-fy, 1 ram'i-fcii; 2 ram'- 
i-fy, vt. & vi. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] To divide or sub¬ 
divide into branches. [ < 

F. ramifier, < L. ramus, 
branch; and see-FY.]—ram"- 
i-fi-ca'tion, n. 

Ram 'il-lies, 1 ram'MIz; 2 ram'- 
i-le§, n. A village in central 
Belgium; British defeated 
French, May 23, 1706. 
ra'mose, 1 re'mos; 2 ra'mos, 

a. Branching; full of branches; branchdike. 
[<L ramosus, < ramus, branch.] ra'mousf. 
ramp, 1 ramp; 2 ramp. I 1 , vi. 1 . To rear up; 
spring; leap. 2. To rage; storm; also, to frolic; 
romp. 3. To grow luxuriantly and rankly. 
II. n. A slope or inclination. [ < F. ramper, 
creep.]— ram'pan-cy, n. Extravagance in ac¬ 
tion or feeling.— ram 'pant, a. 1. Exceeding ail 
bounds. 2. Rearing; leaping, -ly, adv. 
rain'page, 1 ram'pij or ram-pej'; 2 ram'pag or 
ram-pag', n. [Colloq.] Boisterous agitation 
or excitement; a dashing about with angeror 
violence. [< ramp, Pi.]— ram 'page, vi. [ram'- 
paged; ram'pag-ing.]— ram'pag-er, n.— ram- 
pa 'geous, a. -ly , adv. -ness, n. 
ram 'part, 1 ram'part; 2 ram'part, n. 1. The 
embankment surrounding a fort. 2. A bul¬ 
wark. [ < F. rempart, < remparer, defend.] 
ram 'rod", 1 ram'red"; 2 ram'rod", n. A straight 
rod used to drive home the charge of a muzzle* 
loading gun or pistol. 

?am'shack"le, 1 ram'£hak"l; 2 ram'shak"!, a. 
About to go to pieces from age and neglect; 
shaky; hence, disorderly; unsteady. [< Ice. 
ramr, very, + shakier, wry.] 
ran, 1 ran; 2 ran, imp. of run,®. 
ranch, 1 randh; 2 ranch, n. An establishment 
for rearing or grazing cattle and other stock 
in large herds. [< Sp. rancho, mess.] ran'- 
chot.—ranch'man, n. [-men, pi.} A herds¬ 
man on or owner of a ranch, ran-che'roj. 
ran'eid, 1 ran'sid; 2 ran'gid, a. Having the 
smell of oily substances that have begun to 
spoil; rank. [< L. rancidus, < ranceo, be 
rancid.]— ran-cid'i-ty, n. ran'cld-nessj. 
ran'cor, 1 rarj'kar; 2 ran'cor, n. Bitter enmity; 
malice; spitefulness. [OF., < L. LL ranceo, be 
rancid.]— ran'eor-ous, a. 
ran'dom, 1 ran'dom; 2 ran'dom. I. a. Done 
without aim; casual. II. n. Something done 
without method. [ < OF. randon, force.] 
rang, 1 rap; 2 rang, imp. of ring 2 v. 
range, 1 renj; 2 rang, v. [ranged; rang'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To pass through, by, or over; wander 
along. 2. To arrange; array. 3. To classify; 
rank. II. i. 1. To lie in the same direction. 2. 
To have equal rank or place. [ < F. ranger, < 
rang, rank, < G. ring, ring.] 
range, 1 renj; 2 rang, n. 1. The area over which 
anything moves or is distributed. 2. A tract 
of land for grazing cattle. 3. The extent to 
which any power can be made effective; as, 
the range of voice or of a firearm. 4. A place 
for shooting at a mark. 5. A line or row; class 
or series. 6 . A cooking=stove.— rang'er, n. 



1. One of an armed band, designed to protect or 
ravage a country. 2. A gamekeeper. 3. A hunt- 
ing»dog. 

Ran-goon', 1 rap-gun'; 2 ran-goon', n. A city, 
capital of the district of this name in Lower 
Burma and of Lower Burma; pop. 293,400. 
rank 4 , 1 rapk; 2 rank, v. I. t. 1. To place in an 
order, class, or grade. 2. To form in line; 
range. 3. To take precedence of in respect to 
rank. II. i. To have rank, 
rank, a. 1. Very vigorous and flourishing in 
growth. 2. Strong and disagreeable to the 
taste or smell; intense or thorough, in un¬ 
favorable sense. [ < AS. ranc, strong.] 
rank, n. 1. A series of objects ranged In a line 
or row; a line of soldiers side by side: op¬ 
posed to file or column. 2. Relative position; 
grade; degree. 3. High degree or position. 

[ < F. rang; see range, v.] 

ran'kl(e p , 1 rap'kl; 2 ran'kl, vi. [ran'kl(e)d; 
ran'kling.] To irritate; inflame; cause lin¬ 
gering distress; fester. [Freq. < rank, o.] 
ran'sack ( , 1 ran'sak; 2 ran'sak, vt. & vi. To 
search through; explore or rummage every part 
of. [ < Ice. rann, house, + saka, hurt, seek.] 

[ ran'soni, 1 ran'sam; 2 ran'som. I. vt. To se¬ 
cure the release of for a price. II. n. 1. The 
consideration paid for the release of a person 
or property captured or detained. 2. Release 
purchased, as from captivity. [ < F. rangon, 

< L. redemption-), redemption.] 

rant, 1 rant; 2 rant. I d . vi. To speak in loud, 
violent, or extravagant language; rave. II. n. 
Declamatory and bombastic talk. [ < OD. 
ranlen, be enraged.]—rant'er, n. —rant'ing, 
pa. -ly. adv. 

rap, 1 rap; 2 rap, vt. & vi. [rapped 1 ; rap'ping.] 
To strike sharply and quickly. 
rap 1 , n. A sharp blow; a knock or its sound. [< 
Sw. rappa, rap.] 

rap 2 , n. Formerly, a debased or spurious coin; 
anything worthless; as, I don’t care a rap. 
[Contr. of rapparee. < Ir. rapaire, robber.] 
ra-pa'cious, 1 ra-pe'^hus; 2 ra-pa'shus, a. 
Given to plunder or rapine; extortionate; 
grasping, -ly, adv.— ra-pac'i-ty, n. ra-pa'- 
clous-nessf. 

rap* 1 , 1 rep; 2 rap, n. Forcible violation; a 
capturing, or snatching away, by force. 
rape 2 , n. Either of two weedy Old World annu¬ 
als allied to the turnip. [ < L. rapum, turnip.] 
Raph'a-el, Raph"a-el-esque', etc. See Raf¬ 
fael, etc. 

rap'id, 1 rap'id; 2 rap'id. I. a. 1. Having great 
speed; swift. 2 . Quickly done or completed. 
II. n. A descent in a river less abrupt than a 
waterfall. [ < L. rapidus, < rapio, seize.]— 
ra-pid'i-ty, n.— rap'id-ly, adv. 
ra'pi-er, 1 re'pi-ar; 2 ra'pi-er, n. A light, long, 
and narrow . 
sword for 
t h r u s t i n —. 

[ < F. rapiere, ~ 

< Sp. raspa- Spanish Rapier. 

dera, raker.] 

rap'ine, 1 rap'm; 2 rap'in, n. The taking of 
property by superior force; spoliation. [F., < 
L. rapina, plunder, < rapio, seize.] 
Rap"pa-han'nock, 1 rap"a-han'ak; 2 rap"a-han'- 
ok, n A river in N. Virginia; 130 m. to Chesa¬ 
peake Bay. 

rap-pee', 1 ra-pl'; 2 ra-pe', n. A dark, coarse, 
strong snuff. [ < F. rdp6, rasped or grated.] 


l:»=final; I = hablt^ aisle; ail = out; ell; IO = feud; <fhin; go; o = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wolf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bRrn; oil, boy; go, £em; ink; thin, this- 












rapscallion 

reach 


486 


rap-seal'lion, 1 rap-skal'yan; 2 rap-scal'yon, re. A 
vagabond; rascal. [For rascallion, < rascal.] 

ras-cal'lion$. 

rapt, 1 rapt; 2 rapt, pa. Enraptured; trans¬ 
ported, as with ecstasy. [ < L. raptus, pp. of 
rapib, ravish.]—rap'ture. I. vt. To enrapture; 
transport. II. re. 1. The state of being rapt or 
transported; ecstasy. 2. An act or expression of 
excessive delight.—rap'tur-ous, a. -ly, adv. 
rap-to'ri-al, 1 rap-to'ri-al; 2 rap-to'ri-al. I. a. 
1. Seizing and devouring living prey. 2. 
Adapted for seizing and holding prey, as 
talons, etc. II. re. A bird of prey, one of the 
order. Raptores, including hawks, owls, etc. 
[Ult. < L. rapio, seize.] 

rare 1 , 1 rar; 2 rar, a. [rar'er; rar'est.] 1. Of 
infrequent occurrence. 2. Exceptionally val¬ 
uable; choice. 3. Rarefied. [F., < L. rarus, 
rare.] -ly, adv. -ness, re.—rare'bit, re. [Errone¬ 
ous.] A Welsh rabbit.—rar'e-fy, vt. & vi. To 
make rare or less dense; expand by the dispersion 
of the particles.—rar"e-fac'tion, re. rar"e-fi- 
ca'tionR — rar'i-ty, re. The quality of being 
rare; something valued for its scarceness. 
rare 2 , a. [U. S.] Not thoroughly cooked. [ < AS. 
hrer, underdone.] 

ras'cal, 1 ras'kal; 2 ras'eal, re. An unprincipled 
fellow; a knave. [ < OF. rascaille, < L. rasus; 
see rash, re.]—ras-calHon, re. See rapscal¬ 
lion.— ras-cal'i-ty, re. [-ties*, pi.] 1. The 
quality of being rascally. 2. A rascally act.— 
ras'oal-Iy, a. Knavish; base, 
rase, 1 rez; 2 ra§, vt. Same as raze. 
rash, a. 1. Acting without due caution; reck¬ 
less; precipitate. 2. Exhibiting recklessness. 
[Of Scand. origin.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
rash, re. A skin*eruption. [ < L. OF rasus, pp. 
of rado, scrape.] 

rash'er, 1 ra^h'ar; 2 r&sh'er, re. A thin slice of 
meat. [ < rash, a., as being hastily roasted.] 
rasp, 1 rasp; 2 rasp. Ib vt. & vi. 1. To scrape 
or grate, as with a rasp. 2. 

To treat roughly; affect 
harshly. II. re. 1. A filedike 
tool having coarse pyramidal 
projections for abrasion. 2. 

A rasping machine. [< 

OHG.ll+of raspon, collect.] 
rasp 'ber"ry, 1 raz'ber"i; 2 ras'- 
ber"y, re. [-ries z , p/.] I. The 
fruit of certain brambles, 
having a thimble*shaped 1 art °* 
berry. 2. A plant producing race 01 
raspberries. [< rasp, re., + berry, re.] 
Ras'se-las, 1 ras'i-las; 2 ras'e-las, re. The hero of a 
romance of this name by Dr. Samuel Johnson; In 
a search for happiness he finds that every mode of 
life has its cares. 

ra'sure§, 1 re'sur; 2 ra'zhqr, n. Erasure, 
rat, 1 rat; 2 rat. I. vt. & vi. [rat'ted <1 ; rat'- 
ting.] 1. [Colloq.] To replace union with 
nomunion workers. 2. To work for less than 
union prices. II. re. 1. A rodent infesting 
houses, barns, ships, etc. 2. A workman who 
works for less than union wages, or who takes 
the place of a striker. [ < AS. vast, rat.] 
ratcli'et, 1 radh'et; 2 rach'fT, re. A notched 
wheel, the teeth of which engage with a pawl. 
See illustration at pawl, ratcht; ratch'et* 
wheel"]:. 

rate 1 , 1 ret; 2 rat, v. [rat'ed^; rat'ing.] I. t. 
1. To set an estimate upon. 2. To determine 
a tax or liability on; assess. II. i. To be es¬ 
timated; have rank or value.—rat 'a-bl(e p , a. 



the Sur- 
a Rasp. 


rate'a-blej.—rat'[or rate']a-bly, adv. —rat'¬ 
ing 1 , re. 1. Classification according to a stand¬ 
ard; arade; rank. 2. Rate or value as determined 
by comparison with a standard. 
rate 2 ' 1 , vt. & vi. To reprove with vehemence; 
rail at; scold. [< Sw. rata, blame.]—rat'¬ 
ing 2 , re. A scolding. 

rate, re. 1. The measure of a thing, by its 
relation to a standard. 2. Degree of value; 
price. 3. The rank or class of a vessel. 4. A 
tax. [OF., < L. LL ratus, fixed.] 
rath'er, 1 rath'ar; 2 rati/er, adv. 1. With pref¬ 
erence; more willingly. 2. With more reason. 
3. Somewhat. [< AS. hrathor, sooner.] 
rat'i-fy, 1 rat'i-fai; 2 rfit'i-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] To give sanction to; make valid; con¬ 
firm. [ < F. ratifier, < L. ratus, fixed, + 
facto, make.]—rai"i-fi-ca'tion, re. The act of 
ratifying.—rat'I-fl"er, re. 
ra'ti-o, 1 re'^ln-o; 2 ra'shi-o, re. 1. Relation of 
degree, number, etc.; proportion; rate. 2. 
The.relation between two numbers or magni¬ 
tudes of the same kind. [L.] 
ra"ti-oc"i-na'tion, 1 ras'h"i-es"i-ne'^han; 2 
rash"i-oc"i-na'shon, re. The deduction of con¬ 
clusion from premises; reasoning; an argu¬ 
ment. [ < L. ratiocinor (pp. ratiocinatus), < 
ratio, reason.]—ra"ti-oc'i-nate, vi. [-nat"ed; 

-NAT'ING.] 

ra'tion, 1 re's'hsn or ra^h'an; 2 ra'shon or rash'- 
on, re. A fixed allowance or portion, as of food, 
for a day.—iron ration (Mil.), canned beef, 
hardtack, jam, and tea; emergency rations, 
ra'tion-al, 1 rasli'an-al; 2 rash'on-al, a. 1. 
Possessing the faculty of reasoning. 2. Con¬ 
formable to reason; judicious. 3. Pertaining 
to the reason; attained by reasoning. [OF., 
< L . rationalis, < ratio(n -), reason.] -ly, adv .— 
ra"tio-na'le, re. A rational exposition of prin¬ 
ciples.—ra'tion-al-isni, re. The formation of 
opinions by relying upon reason alone, indepen¬ 
dently of authority or of revelation.—ra'tion- 
al-ist, re.—ra"tion-al-is'tic or-ti-cal, a.— ra"- 
tion-al-is'ti-cal-ly, adv. —ra"tion-al'i-ty, re. 
Sanity; reasonableness; naturalness, 
rat'line, 1 rat'hn; 2 rat'lin, re. One of the 
small ropes fastened across the shrouds of a 
ship, used as the rounds of a ladder. [ < rat, 
re., 4 - line, re.] rat'lint, 
ra-toon', 1 ra-tun'; 2 ra-toon'. I. vi. To 
sprout from a root planted the previous year. 
II. 7i. A new shoot from the root of a cropped 
plant. [< Hind, ratun.] rat-toon'J. 
rats'bane", re. RaOpoison, as arsenious oxid. 
rat-tan', / 1 ra-tan'; 2 ra-tan', re. 1. The flex- 
ra-tan', \ ible stem of a palm growing in East 
India, Africa, and Australia. 2. A cane or 
switch of rattan. [ < Malay rotan, rattan.] 
rat'tle, ) 1 rat'l; 2 rat'l. I. vt. & vi. [rat'tled, 
rat'l p , (rat'i.d p ; rat'tling.] 1. To make a 
series of hard, sharp sounds in rapid succes¬ 
sion; clatter. 2. To utter or produce in a 
rapid and noisy manner. II. re. 1. A series of 
short, sharp sounds in rapid succession. 2. A 
plaything, implement, etc., adapted to pro¬ 
duce a rattling noise. 3. Rapid and noisy 
talk; chatter. [< AS. *hrsetelan.] — rat'tle- 
brain", re. A rattlepate.—r.sbraincd, a.—rat'- 
tle-pate, re. A talkative, flighty person; foolish 
chatterer, rat'tie-head t; rat 'tle-skullj.—r.« 
pated, a. r.dieadedt.—rat'tier, re. One who 
or that which rattles; a rattlesnake.—rat'tie- 
snake", re. A venomous American snake, having 
loose horn*like rings on the tail that rattle when 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn: 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won 

















487 


rapscallion 

reach 


Any rickety, clat- 



shaken.— rat'tle-trap", n. 
tering object, 
rau'cous, l re'- 
kus; 2 ra'cus, 
a . Rough 
in sound; 
hoarse; harsh. 

[ < L. raucus, 
hoarse,] -ly, 
adv. — rau'ci- „ . . „ 

n Prairie Rattlesnake. 1/4 

rav'age, 1 rav'ij; 2 rav'ag. I. vt. [rav'aged; 
rav'ag-ing.] To lay waste; despoil. II. n. 
Violent and destructive action, or its result; 
ruin; desolation. [F., < ravir (< L. rapio), 

snatch.]—rav'ag-er, n. 

rave, 1 rev; 2 rav, vt. & vi. [raved; rav'ing.] 
1. To say or utter wildly or incoherently. 2. 
To express oneself with passion or with im¬ 
moderate zeal. [ < OF. raver, < L. rabio, rave.] 
rav'el, 1 rav'l; 2 rav'l, vt. & vi. [rav'eled or 

-ELLED, RAV'ELD 3 ; RAV'EL-ING Or -EE-LING.] 

1. To take apart the fibers or threads of; dis¬ 
engage; disentangle; unravel. 2||. To be¬ 
come tangled, involved, or confused. [ < MD. 
ravelen, tangle.]— rav'ei-ing, n. 1. A thread or 
threads raveled from a fabric. 2. The act of rav¬ 
eling; the process of being raveled, rav'el-lingt. 
rave'lin, 1 rav'lin; 2 rav'lin, n. Fort. An out¬ 
work with two faces forming a salient angle. 
rav'en 1 , 1 rav'n; 2 rav'n. I. vt. & vi. 1. To cap¬ 
ture by force; ravage. 2. To eat voraciously; 
prey upon; tear. II. n. The act of plun¬ 
dering; spoliation. [< L. op rapina, plunder.] 
rav'int. — rav'en-er, n. — rav'en-ing, pa. Seek¬ 
ing eagerly for prey.— rav'en-ous, a. Furiously 
voracious; extremely greedy or eager, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n 


ra'ven 2 , 1 re'vn; 2 ra'vn. I. a. 
shining, like the 
plumage of a raven. . 

II. n. A large crow® JjgpR- 
like bird. [< AS. 
hrsefn, raven.] 
ra-vlne', 1 ro-vin'; 2 


Black and 


ra-vin , 
gorge. 


A deep 



Raven. 


n. 

[F.l 

rav'ing, 1 rev'ir) ; 2 rav'¬ 
ing. I. pa. Furious; 
delirious; frenzied. II. n. Furious, incoherent, 
or irrational utterance. See rave, v. 

rav'ish 1 , 1 rav'isTi; 2 rav'ish, vt. 1. To trans¬ 
port with delight; enrapture. 2. To violate. 
3||. To seize and carry off by violence. [ < F. 
ravir ( raviss -), ravish, snatch.]— rav'isli-er, n. 
— rav'Ish-ment, n. 

raw, 1 re; 2 ra, a. 1. Not cooked. 2. Not cov¬ 
ered with whole skin; abraded. 3. Bleak; chill¬ 
ing. 4. In a natural state; crude. 5. Newly 
done; fresh. 6. Inexperienced; as, a raw re¬ 
cruit. [ < AS. hreaw, raw.] -ly, adv. -ness, 
n. — raw'=boned", a. Having large bones and 
little flesh; bony; gaunt.— raw'hide", n. A hide 
dressed without tanning; also a whip made of 
such hide. 

Raw'lin-son, 1 re'hn-san; 2 ra'lin-son, n. 1. 
George (1812-1902), an English Orientalist and 
historian; Ancient Monarchies. 2. Sir Henry 
(1810-1895), an English soldier and author; His¬ 
tory of Assyria. 

ray, 1 re; 2 ra, vt. & vi. To provide with rays; 
send or go out as rays. [ < L. F radio, radiate.] 

ray 1 , n. 1. A narrow beam of light; line of radi¬ 
ating force. 2. One of several fines radiating 


from an object. 3. A raydike part, as a spine 
of a fish’s fin. 4. A raydike flower. [OF., < L. 
radius, ray.]— alpha, beta, delta, gamma 
rays, radiations of varying intensity and charac¬ 
ter emitted by certain substances, as radium. See 
radioactivity.— N'=rays", n. pi. An alleged 
form of radiation emitted by hot bodies and cer¬ 
tain forms of matter under stress.— Roentgen 
rays, see Roentgen. X'*rays"J.—ray'less, a. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

ray 2 , n. A vertebrate having the body de¬ 
pressed and forming with the expanded pec¬ 
toral fins a flat disk. [ < L. F raia, ray.] 
raze, 1 rez; 2 raz, vt. [razed; raz'ing.] To 
level with the ground; demolish. [< L. LL+P 
rado, scrape.] rasej. 

ra-zee', 1 ra-zl'; 2 ra-ze'. I. vt. [ra-zeed'; ra- 
zee'ing.] To make lower by cutting down, 
as a ship of war; reduce; abridge. II. n. A 
vessel that has been razeed, 
ra'zor, 1 re'zar; 2 ra'zor, n. A cuttingdmple- 
ment for shaving off the beard or hair.— ra'- 
zor^strop", n. A strop for sharpening razors, 
ra'zure, n. Same as rasure. 

R. C., abbr. Red Cross, Roman Catholic. —r. c., 
abbr. Right center.— rcpt., abbr. Receipt, 
re, 1 re; 2re, n. Mus. The second note of the musi¬ 
cal scale. 

re-, prefix. Back; backward; again; again and 
again; against; anew; over; opposite. [< L. 
re-, red-.] 

Re- has its unmodified meaning of back, again, 
anew, in many practically self=explaining com¬ 
pounds, 3ome of the more important of which are 
given below. Compounds of re- which have spe¬ 
cial meanings will be found in vocabulary place. 


re"af-firm' 

re"dis-trib'ute 

re-mar'ry 

re-an'i-mate 

re-ech'o 

re-nas'cent 

re-an"i-ma'- 

re"e-lect' 

re-nom'i-nate 

tion 

re-el'i-gi-ble 

re-nom"i-na'tion 

re"ap-pear' 

re"em-bark' 

re-num'ber 

re"ap-point' 

re"en-act' 

re-oc'cu-py 

re"ar-range' 

re"en-list' 

re-o'pen 

re"as-sem'ble 

re-en'ter 

re-or'der 

re"as-sert' , 

re-en'trant 

re-or'gan-ize 

re"bap-tize' 

re"es-tab'lish 

re-or"gan-i-za'- 

re-bind' 

re"ex-am'ine 

tion 

re-born' 

re"ex-change' 

re-paint' 

re-build' 

re"ex-port' 

re-pass' 

re-charge' 

re-fash'ion 

re-peo'ple 

re-clothe' 

re-fast'en 

re-plant' 

re-col'or 

re-for'est 

re"pos-sess' 

re"com-mence' 

re-fur'bish 

re-read' 

re"com-mit' 

re"ge-la'tion 

re-seat' 

re"com-mit'tal 

re-gild' 

re-set' 

re"com-pose' 

re-hash' 

re-shape' 

re-con'quer 

re"im-port' 

re-sharp'en 

re"con-struct' 

re"in-sure' 

re-state' 

re"con-vert' 

re-is'sue 

re-state'ment 

re"con-vey' 

re-kin'dle 

re-take' 

re-dec'o-rate 

re-let' 

re-tell' 

re"de-liv'er 

re-live' 

re-tri'al 

re"di-rect' 

re-load' 

re-vis'it 

re"dis-cov'er 

re-make' 

re-write' 


R. E., abbr. Reformed Episcopal, Right Excellent, 
Royal Engineers, Royal Exchange. 
reach 1 , 1 ridh; 2 rech, v. I. t. 1. To stretch 
out, as the hand. 2. To take, move, or pre¬ 
sent with or as with the outstretched hand; 
hand; deliver; pass. 3. To touch or come 
within touching distance of; also, to hit with a 
missile or as a missile. 4. To arrive at; come 
to; attain. 5. To adjoin. 6. To obtain ac¬ 
cess to; influence; move; affect. II. t. 1. To 
thrust or stretch out the hand, foot, or some¬ 
thing held; put forth one’s powers to secure 


1: 9 = final; 1 = hablt^ aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; (fhin; go; H = sin^; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









reach 

recite 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


488 


something. 2. To extend so as to touch, ap¬ 
proach, affect, attain, or equal something. 
[< AS. rxcan, reach.] 

reach, n. 1. The act or power of reaching; 
also, the distance one is able to reach, as with 
the hand, an instrument, or missile, or by 
thought, influence, etc. 2. A point, position, 
or result attained or attainable. 2. An un¬ 
broken stretch, as of a stream; a vista or ex¬ 
panse. 

re-act ' d , 1 n-akt'; 2 re-act', vi. 1. To act in re¬ 
sponse. 2. To act in a manner contrary to 
some preceding action; exert mutual chemi¬ 
cal action, as two or more substances.— re¬ 
action, ?z. 1. Reverse or return action. 2. The 
mutual action of chemical agents, or its result. 
3. Any action in response to a stimulus.— re-ac'- 
tion-a-ry. I. a. Tending to react or retrograde, 
or of the nature of reaction. II. n. A reaction¬ 
ist.— re-ae'tion-ist, n. One who favors reac¬ 
tion; an ultraconservative. — re-ac'tiv(e s , a. 
Pertaining or tending to reaction. 

read, 1 rid; 2 red, v. [read, 1 red; 2 red; read'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To perceive the meaning of 
(characters written or printed); peruse. 2. 
To utter aloud from manuscript or print. 3. 
To discover or understand, as marks, signs, 
etc.; interpret or explain, as anything mys¬ 
terious. II. i. To note or apprehend the char¬ 
acters or contents, as of a book; gain infor¬ 
mation, as from books; utter aloud the con¬ 
tents, as of a book or manuscript. [ < AS. 
rxdan , advise, read.]— read, 1 red; 2 r6d, pa. 
Informed by reading or as by reading; acquainted 
with books or literature: usually in compounds, 
as wellhead.— read"a-bil'i-ty, n. The state or 
quality of being readable. read'a-bl(e-ness p j. 
— read'a-bl(e p , a. That may be read; easy and 
pleasant to read; legible.— read'a-bly, adv .— 
read'er, n. 1. One who reads. 2. A text*book 
containing matter for exercises in reading. 

read'i-ly, 1 red'i-li; 2 rSd'i-ly, adv. 1. In a 
ready manner; promptly; easily. 2. Willingly. 

read'i-ness, 1 red'i-nes; 2 rfid'i-nes, n. 1. The 
quality or state of being ready. 2. The qual¬ 
ity of being quick or prompt; facility; apti¬ 
tude. 3. A disposition for prompt compliance; 
willingness. 

read'ing, 1 rid'ir); 2 red'ing, n. 1. The act of 
reading; study; scholarship. 2. Matter which 
is read or is designed to be read. 3. The indi¬ 
cation of a graduated instrument, as a ther¬ 
mometer. 4. The form in which any passage 
or word appears in any copy of a work. 5. An 
interpretation; delineation; rendering. 

rcad'y, 1 red'i; 2 rgd'y, a. [readT-eh; readi¬ 
est.] 1. Prepared for use or action. 2. Pre¬ 
pared in mind; willing. 3. Likely or liable; 
about; as, ready to sink. 4. Quick; prompt. 
5. At hand; immediately available; conve¬ 
nient; handy. [ < AS. raede, ready.]— read 'y« 
made", a. 1. Not made to order; prepared or 
kept on hand for general demand: said especially 
of clothing. 2. Prepared beforehand; not im¬ 
promptu or original. 

re-a'gent, 1 ri-e'jent; 2 re-a'g&nt, n. One who 
or that which reacts; a chemical agent. 

relal, 1 rl'al; 2 re'al, a. 1. Having actual exis¬ 
tence ; being according to appearance or claim; 
genuine; veritable. 2. Relating to, consisting 
eft, or arising out of, lands; as, real property; 
real estate. [OF., < LL. realis, of the thing 
itself.] — re'al-ism, n. 1. In literature and art, 


the principle of depicting persons and scenes as 
they exist, without any attempt at idealization. 
2. Philos. The doctrine that objects of human 
cognition have a real existence outside of the 
mind that perceives them.— re'al-ist, n. — re"- 
al-is'tic, a.— re"al-is'ti-eal-ly, adv. —re-al'i- 
ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The state or quality of being 
real; actuality; being; also, that which is real.— 
re'al-ize, v. [-ized; -izTng.] 1.1 1. To perceive 
as a reality; feel or appreciate fully and vividly. 

2. To make real or concrete; cause to appear real. 

3. To obtain as a profit or return; convert into 
cash. II. i. To convert property into cash; sell 
out for ready money, re'al-iset. — re'al-iz"a- 
bl(e p , a. That can or may be realized.— re"al-i- 
za'tion or -sa'tlon, n. — re'al-ly, adv. In 
reality; actually. 

re'al, 1 rl'al; 2 re'al, n. A small silver coin current in 
several Spanish*speaking countries, as Mexico. 
[Sp., < L. regalis, royal.] 

realm, 1 relm; 2 relm, n. The dominions of a 
monarch; a kingdom; empire; domain. [< 
OF. realme, < L. regalis; see regal, a.] 
re'al-ty, 1 rl'al-ti; 2 re'al-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 

Real estate. 


roomy. 



ream, 1 rlrn; 2 rem, vt. To enlarge or taper (a 
hole) by cutting away material. [ < AS. 
ryman, < rttm. 

One who or 
that which 
reams; a ream- _ 

ing«tool. Reamers. 

rilll'flier*. 1* A reamer for wheel# __ 

ream, U ^ubs. A reamer ior metal#work. 

Twenty quires of paper; 480 (or 500) sheets. 
reap 1 , 1 rip; 2rep;». I.f. 1. To cut down and 
gather in, as grain. 2. To cut the growth from 
or gather the fruit of, as a field. 3. To obtain 
as the result of action or effort. II. i. 1. To 
cut and gather grain. 2. To receive a return 
or result. [< AS. ripan, reap ]—reap'er, n. 
1. One who reaps. 2. A reaping*machine. 
rear, 1 rlr; 2 rer, v. I. f. 1. To lift up or raise; 
elevate; set or build up; erect. 2. To bring up; 
nurture and train; educate, as children; also, 
to breed, as domestic animals. II. i. To rise 
upright, as a horse upon its hind legs. [ < AS. 
Txran, < rlsan, rise.] 

rear, a. Being in the rear; last; hindmost, 
rear, n. The hinder or hindmost part or posi¬ 
tion. [ < L. OF retro, < re-, back.] 
rear'ward, 1 rlr'ward; 2 rer'ward. I. a. Situated 
toward the rear; hind ward. II. adv. Toward 
or at the rear; backward, rear'ward sj. 
rea'son, 1 ri'zn; 2 re'§n, v. I. t. To examine; 
prove or influence by reasoning; argue; per¬ 
suade or dissuade. II. i. To use the reason; 
give reasons; argue.— rea'son-er, n. 
rea'son, n. 1. That which justifies or supports 
a conclusion, belief, etc.; proof; argument; 
motive; principle. 2. A cause or condition. 
3. The entire mental or rational nature of 
man; mind; intellect. 4. A reasoning, reason¬ 
able, or rational condition. 5. A reasonable 
act or proposition. [OF., < L. ratio, reckon¬ 
ing, reason. — rea'son-a-bl(e p , a. Conformable 
to reason; sensible; rational; moderate; fair, 
-ness, n. —rea 'son-a-bly , adv.— rea'son-ing, 
n. The act or process of adducing or combining 
reasons; also, the reasons, proofs, or arguments 
employed. 

re"as-s«re', 1 ri'Vsflmr'; 2 re"a-shur', vt. To 
restore to courage or confidence; reestablish. 
—re"as-sur'ance, n. 

Reauin., abbr. Reaumur. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won’ 









489 


reach 

recite 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


Re"au"niur', 1 re"o"mur'; 2 re"o"mur', Rene 
Antoine de (1688—1757). A French physicist; 
devised Reaumur thermometric scale. See ther¬ 
mometer. 

re-bate', 1 n-bet'; 2 re-bat'. I.®/. To make a 
deduction from; allow as a deduction. II. n. 
A deduction from a gross amount; discount. 
Re-bec'ca, 1 n-bek'a; 2 re-bfce'a, n. Bib. The wife 
of Isaac; mother of Esau and Jacob. Gen. xxiv, 15. 
re-hel', 1 n-bel'; 2 re-bel', vi. [re-belled', re- 
beld' 8 ; re-bel'ling.] To oppose by force 
the government or laws of the land; resist any 
authority. [ < L. F re-, again, + bellum, war.] 
reb'el, 1 reb'el; 2 rgb'el, a. Rebellious; refrac¬ 
tory. 

reb'el, n. One who rebels.—reb'el-dom, n. 
Rebels collectively.— re-bel'lion, n. The act of 
rebelling; organized resistance to a government 
or to any lawful authority.— re-bel'lious, a. 
Being in rebellion; pertaining to a rebel, rebels, 
or rebellion; insubordinate, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
re-bound' d , 1 n-baund'; 2 re-bound', vi. To 
bound back; recoil.—re-bound', n. A recoil. 
re-buH', 1 ri-buf'; 2 re-buf'. I 1 , vt. To reject 
or refuse abruptly or rudely. II. n. A sudden 
repulse; curt denial; check; defeat, 
re-buke', 1 n-biuk'; 2 re-buk'. I. vt. [re¬ 
buked' 1 ; re-buk'ing.] To reprove sharply; 
reprimand. II. n. A sharp reproof. [ < OF. 
re-, again, + bouquet, stop, < bouque, mouth.] 
re'bus, 1 rl'bus; 2 re'biis, n. [re'bus-es z , pi.] A 
puzzle representing a word, phrase, or sen¬ 
tence by letters, numerals, pictures, etc. [F.] 
re-but', 1 ri-but'; 2 re-but', vt. & vi. [re-but'- 
TED d ; re-but'ting.] To overthrow by con¬ 
trary evidence; disprove; refute. [< F. re-, 
again, + bouler, thrust.]— re-but'tal, n. 

Rec., abbr. Recipe, record, recorded, recorder, 
re-cai'cl-trant, 1 n-kal'si-trant; 2 re-cal'gi- 
trant, a. Not complying; rebellious. [< L. 
re-, back, < calcitro, kick.] 
re-call', 1 ri-kel'; 2 re-cal'. I. vt. 1. To call 
back; countermand; revoke. 2. To recollect. 
II. n. 1. A calling back; a signal to call back 
soldiers, etc. 2. Revocation, as of an order. 
3. U. S. Polit. In certain States, a system 
whereby public officials may be removed from 
office by popular vote. 

re-eant' d , 1 n-kant'; 2 re-cant', vt. &vi. To with¬ 
draw or retract, as a declaration or opinion. 
[< L. OF re-, again, + canto, sing.]— re"can-ta'- 
tion, n.— re-cant'cr, n. 

re"ea-pit'u-late d , 1 ri"ke-pi(5h'u-[or -pit'yu-]- 
let; 2 re"ca-pIch'u-[or -plt'yu-]lat, vt. & vi. To 
repeat concisely; review briefly; sum up. [Ult. 
< L. re-, again, + caput, head.]— re"ca-plt"u- 
la'tion, n. —re"ca-plt'u-la-to"ry, a. re"ca- 
p!t'u-la"tiv(e s t. 

re-cap'ture, 1 ri-kap'(5hur or -tiur; 2 re-cap- 
chur or -tur. I. vt. To capture again. II. n. 
The act of retaking; a prize retaken, 
re-cast', 1 rl-kast'; 2 re-east', vt. To cast again; 

form or fashion anew, 
rec’d, reed., abbr. Received. 
re-cede' 1 , 1 n-sld'; 2 re-ced', vi. [re-ced'ED d ; 
be-ced'ing.] To move, tend, or incline back¬ 
ward; withdraw. [< L. re-, back, -j- cedo, 
yield.] 

re-cede ' 2d , 1 rl-sld'; 2 re-ged', vt. To cede back, 
re-ceipt', 1 ri-slt'; *2 re-get'. I d . vt. & vi. To 
give a receipt for. II. n. 1. The act of re¬ 
ceiving or that which is received. 2. A writ¬ 
ten acknowledgment of the payment of 


money. 3. A recipe. [< L. receptus, pp. of 
recipio; see receive.] 

re-ceiv(e' p , 1 ri-siv';2re-gev', v. [receiv(e)d' p ; 
re-ceiv'ing.] I. t. 1. To get or take (some¬ 
thing given or delivered); accept; admit; 
hold. 2. To admit or welcome, as a guest. 
II. i. 1. To welcome callers. 2. To be a recip¬ 
ient. [ < L. F recipio, < re, back, + capio, 
take.]— re-celv"a-bil'i-ty, n.— re-ceiv'a-bl(e p , 
a.— re-ceiv'er, n. One who or that which re¬ 
ceives; specif.: (1) A belbshaped glass for holding 
or excluding gas or air. (2) The receiving instru¬ 
ment in a telephone or telegraph circuit. (3) Law. 
A person appointed by the court to manage or con¬ 
trol the property or funds of another pending ju¬ 
dicial decision about them.— re-ceiv'er-ship, n, 
re-cen'slon, 1 n-sen'^han; 2 re-gen'shon, n. A 
critical revision, as of the text of a book; also 
the edition so revised. 

re'cent, 1 rl'sent; 2 re'gent, a. Pertaining to 
time not long past; modern; fresh; new. [OF. 
< L. recen{t-)s, fresh.] -ly, adv. — re'cen-cy, n. 
re'cent-nesst. 

re-cep'ta-cl(e p , 1 ri-sep'ta-kl; 2 re-g&p'ta-cl, n. 
Anything that serves to contain or hold other 
things. [OF., < L. receptaculum, < receptus; 
see reception.] 

re-cep'tion, 1 ri-sep'sTian; 2 re-gep'shon, n. 1. 
The act of receiving, or the state of being re¬ 
ceived; receipt. 2. A formal social entertain¬ 
ment. [ < L. receptio(n~), < recipio, receive.] 
—re-cep'tiv(e 8 , a. Able or inclined to receive, 
take in, or hold. -ly, adv. —re"cep-tiv'i-ty, n. 
re-cep'tlv(e-ness 8 f:. 

re-cess', 1 ri-ses' or rl'ses; 2 re-ges' or re'ges, n. 

1. A depression in a wall; niche; alcove; nook. 

2. A time of cessation from employment. [< 
L.o p recedo, recede.] 

re-ces'sion 1 , 1 ri-se^h'an; 2 re-g8sh'on, n. The 
act of receding; withdrawal. —re-ces'sion- 
al, n. A hymn sung as the choir or clergy leave 
the chancel after service. —re-ces'slv(e 8 , a. Hav¬ 
ing a tendency to recede or go back; failing to 
come into expression, as a character. 
re-ces'sion 2 , n. The act of ceding again; a 
giving back. 

re-cher"che', 1 ra-Sher"3he'; 2 re-gher"ghe', a. 

Much sought after; hence, choice; rare. [F.] 
rec'i-pe, 1 res'i-pi; 2 reg'i-pe, n. [rec'i-pes z , pi.] 
A formula or list of ingredients of a mixture; 
medical prescription. [L., take.] 
re-cip'i-ent, 1 ri-sip'i-ent; 2 re-gip'i-8nt. I. a. 
Receptive. II. n. One who or that which re¬ 
ceives. [ < L. recipio, ppr. recipients, re¬ 
ceive] 

re-cip'ro-cal, 1 ri-sip'ro-kal; 2 re-gip'ro-cal, a. 
Mutually done or communicated; mutual; 
alternating. [ < L. reciprocus, returning.] —re- 

cip'ro-cal-ly, adv. 

re-cip'ro-cate, 1 ri-sip'ro-ket; 2 re-gip'ro-cat, 
vt. f-CAT"ED d ;- cat"ing.] To move or pass to 
and fro; give and take mutually; interchange. 
[< L. reciproco, reverse.]— re-cip"ro-ca'tion, n. 
A mutual giving and returning; alternation; al¬ 
ternate motion. —rec"i-proc'i-ty, n. Reciprocal 
obligation or action. 

re-cite' d , 1 ri-sait'; 2 re-git', vt. & vi. 1. To tell 
over in detail; relate. 2. To speak from mem¬ 
ory; repeat (a lesson). 3. To quote, either 
orally or in writing; cite. [ < L. F recito, < re-, 
again, + cilo, cite.] — re-ci'tal, n. The act of 
reciting; a declamation; narration. —rec"I-ta'« 
tion, n. The act of repeating from memory; the 
reciting of a lesson to a teacher, or the meeting or 


1*3 = final* l = habit; aisle; au = emt; ©11; iu = feud; tfhin; go; O = sin 0 ; fhin, this. 
2 : wQlf, dp; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bfirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










reck 

reduce 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


490 


a class for that purpose.— rec"i-ta-tiv(e' s , re. 
Mus. Language uttered as in ordinary speech, 
hut in musical tones. —re-cit'er, re. 

reck 1 , 1 rek; 2 rek, vt. & vi. To have a care for; 
have care or thought; heed; mind. [< AS. 
recan, care.] 

reck'less, a. 1. Foolishly heedless of danger; 
rash. 2. Indifferent, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

reck'on, 1 rek'n; 2 rek'n, v. I. t. 1. To tell 
over by particulars; count; compute: often 
with up. 2. To look upon as being; consider ; 
esteem. 3. To place to the account of. II. i. 

1. To count or depend (on or upon). 2. To 
calculate. 3. To settle accounts (with). [< 
AS. recenian in gerecenian, explain.]— reck'on¬ 
er, n. —reck'on-ing, n. 1. The act of counting; 
computation; a settlement of accounts. 2. Ac¬ 
count; score, as at an inn. 

re-claim', 1 ri-klem'; 2 re-clam', vt. 1. To de¬ 
mand or to obtain the return of. 2. To re¬ 
form (a person); bring (wild land) to a culti¬ 
vated state; tame (an animal). [ < L. re-, 
again, + clamo, call.]— re-claim 'a-bl(e p , a.— 
re-claim'er, n. —rec"la-ma'tion, n. 

re-cline', 1 n-klain'; 2 re-elln', vi. [re¬ 
clined'; re-clin'ing.] To assume a recum¬ 
bent position; lean; lie down; rest; repose. 
[< L. F reclino, < re-, back, + clino, lean.]—rec"- 
li-na'tion, re. 

re-cluse', 1 ri-klus'; 2 re-klus'. I. a. Se¬ 
cluded from the world; solitary. II. n. One 
who lives in retirement or seclusion. [F., < 
L. re-, back, + claudo, shut.]— re-clu'slon, re. 

rec'og-nize, 1 rek'eg-naiz; 2 rSc'og-niz, vt. 
[-nized; -niz"ing.] 1. To know as identical 
with something previously known. 2. To 
avow knowledge of; acknowledge formally. 
3. To signify consent to; confess; admit. [ < 
L. re-, again, -f- cognoseo, know.] rec'og-niset. 
— rec"og-ni'tion, n. The act of recognizing; 
acknowledgment; salutation.— re-cog'ni-to-ry, 
a. re-cog'ni-tiv(esj. — rcc'og-niz"a-bl(e p , 
a. rec'og-nis"a-bl(e p t.— re-cog'nl-zance or 
-sance, re. 1. Law. An acknowledgment or 
obligation of record, with condition to do some 
particular act, as to appear and answer. 2||. 
Recognition; avowal. 

re-coil', 1 ri-keil'; 2 re-coil'. I, vt. & vi. 1. To 
start back as in dismay or loathing; shrink. 

2. To rebound; move or draw back; retreat. 
II. re. A shrinking back; a rebound. [ < F. 
reculer, draw back.] 

rec"ol-lect' ld , 1 rek"e-lekt'; 2 rec"6-lSct', vt. &. 
vi. To revive in memory; call to mind; recall. 

[ < L. recollectus, < re-, again, -f colligo, collect.] 
—rec"ol-lec'tlon, re. The act or power of recol¬ 
lecting; something remembered. 

re"col-Iect' 2d , 1 ri"ke-lekt'; 2 re"c5-l£ct', vt. To 
collect again. 

rec"om-mend' d , 1 rek"e-mend'; 2 rgc"o- 
mfind', vt. 1. To commend to the favorable 
attention of another; make acceptable. 2. To 
counsel. [ < L. F re-, again; and see commend.] 
— rec"om-men-da'tlon, re. The act of recom¬ 
mending, or that which recommends.— recom¬ 
mend'a-to-ry, a. Serving to recommend. 

rec'om-pense, 1 rek'em-pens; 2 rec'om-pgns. 
I. vt. [-pensed 1 ;-pens"ing.] 1. To return or 
give an equivalent to; repay; requite. 2. To 
pay for; indemnify. II. n. An equivalent 
for anything given, done, or suffered; pay¬ 
ment or repayment. [< L. F re-, again; and 
see compensate.] 

re-con"cen-tra 'do, 1 re-kon"sen-trd'do; 2 re-con"- 


Cfin-tra'do, re. A dweller in the country forced 
by the authorities to move within the city limits, 
asin CubaduringtheSpanish*American war. [Sp.] 

rec'on-cile, 1 rek'en-sail; 2 ree'on-gll, vt. 
[-ciled; -cii/'ing.] 1. To restore to friend¬ 
ship; harmonize. 2. To bring to agreement; 
adjust; settle. [< L. F re-, again; and see 
conciliate.]— rec'on-cil"a-bl(e p , a. rec'on- 
cile"a-bl(e p t.—rec'on-cll"a-bly, adv.— rec'- 
on-cile"ment, re.—rec'on-eil"er, re.—rec"on- 
cil"i-a'tion, re. The act of reconciling, or the 
state of being reconciled; atonement.—rec"on- 
cil'1-a-to-ry, a. 

rec'on-dite, 1 rek'en-dait; 2 rec'on-dit, a. Re¬ 
mote from ordinary or easy perception; ab¬ 
struse; secret; profound. [ < L. re-, again, + 
condo, bring together.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
re-con'nals-sance, 1 ri-ken'i-sans; 2 re-edn'i- 
sang, re. The act of reconnoitering; a survey, as 
of an enemy’s position, strength, etc. [F.] 
rec 'on-noi'ter or -tre, 1 rek"e-nei'tar; 2 rge"6- 
noi'ter, vt. & vi. To examine by the eye; survey, 
as for military, engineering, or geological pur¬ 
poses. [ < L. OF re-, again, + cognoseo, know.] 
re"con-sid 'er, vt. To consider again, especial¬ 
ly with a view to a reversal of previous ac¬ 
tion.—re"con-sid"er-a'tion, n. 
re"con-struc'tion, 1 ri"ken-struk'i£han; 2 re"- 
eon-struc'shon, re. The act of reconstructing 
or the state of being reconstructed; specif. 
(U. S. Hist.), the restoration of the seceded 
States to their former position as members of 
the Union under the Reconstruction Acts 
of March 2 and 23, 1867. 
re-cord' d , 1 n-kerd'; 2 re-cord', vt. 1. To make 
a record of. 2. To fix in mind. 3. To indi¬ 
cate; register, as a thermometer. [< L. F re-, 
again, + cor(d-), heart.]—re-cord'er, re. l.One 
who records. 2. A municipal magistrate, 
rec'ord, 1 rek'erd; 2 rec'ord, re. 1. A copy of a 
document; register; written memorial. 2. 
One’s personal history, as an index of charac¬ 
ter. 3. The authorized register of achieve¬ 
ments; also, the best recorded achievement. 
4. Testimony. 

re-count' ld , 1 ri-kaunt'; 2 re-count', vt. To 
tell the particulars of; relate in detail; recite. 
[< L.° F re-, again, + computo, compute.] 
re-count' 2 ' 1 , 1 ri-kaunt'; 2 re-count', vt. To 
count again. 

re'count, re. A repetition of a count, 
re-coup', 1 n-kup'; 2 re-cup', vt. To recover or 
obtain by way of compensation; make up, as 
a loss; reimburse. [ < F. re-, again, + couper, 
cut.]—re-coup 'nient, re. 
re-course', 1 ri-kors'; 2 re-cors', re. Resort for 
help or security in trouble. [ < L. F recursus, 
return.] 

re-cov'er 1 , 1 n-kuv'ar; 2 re-cov'er, ». I. t. To 
obtain again; regain; retrieve; obtain by legal 
process. II. i. I. To regain health, prosper¬ 
ity, etc. 2. To succeed in a lawsuit. [ < L. OF 
recupero, regain.]—re-cov'er-a-ble, a. —re-cov'- 
er-y, re. [-ies z , pi.] The act of recovering; res¬ 
toration. [cover again. 

re"cov'er 2 , 1 ri"kuv'ar; 2 re"cov'er, vt. To 
rec're-ant, 1 rek'ri-ent; 2 rec're-ant. I. a. Un¬ 
faithful to a cause or pledge; apostate; false; 
craven; cow r ardly. II. re. A cowardly or 
faithless person. [OF.,* craven, < L. re-, 
again, + credo, believe.]—rcc're-an-cy, re. The 
quality of being recreant. 

rec're-ate 1 ,1 rek'ri-et; 2 rec're-at, vt. [-at' |, ed <1 ; 


• 1 : artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rOle; but, bOm; 

2 ; art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n* 












491 


For words in re- not given below see re-, -prefix, page 487. 


reck 

reduce 


-at"ing.] To impart new vigor to; refresh. 
[< L. re-, again, + creo, create.]— rec"re-a'- 
tion 1 , n. Refreshment of body or mind; diver¬ 
sion.— rec're-a-tiv(e», a. 
re"cre-ate' 2d , 1 ri"kri-et'; 2 re"cre-at', vt. To 
create anew.—re"cre-a'tion 2 , n. 
re-crim'i-nate§ d , 1 n-krim'i-net; 2 re-cnm'i- 
nat, vt. & vi. To accuse in return; repel one 
accusation with another, f < L. re-, again, + 
criminor, criminate.] —re-crhn"i-na'tion, n. — 
re-crini'i-na-tiv(e s , a. Of or pertaining to re¬ 
crimination. re-criin'i-na-to-ryt. — re-crim'- 
I-na"tor, n. 

re"cru-des'cence, 1 rl"kru-des'ens; 2 re"cru- 
des'eng, n. A breaking out afresh, as of a 
disease or wound; a reappearance; return. 
[< L. re-, again, + crudesco, grow raw.]—re"- 
cru-des'cent, a. 

re-cruit', 1 ri-krut'; 2 re-crut'. I 11 , vt. & vi. To 
repair with fresh supplies,as of soldiers; gain or 
raise new supplies; build up; refresh. II. n. 1. A 
newly enrolled soldier or sailor. 2. A fresh sup¬ 
ply of something necessary or useful. [< OF. 
recruter, for recluter, mend.]— re-eruit'ment, n. 
Rec. Sec., abbr. Recording Secretary. — Rect., 
abbr. Rector.— rec’t, rect., abbr. Receipt. 
rec'tan-gl(e p , 1 rek'tarj-gl; 2 r6c'tan-gl, n. 
Math. A right*angled parallelogram. [F., < 
L. rectus, right, + angulus, angle.]— rec-tau'gu- 
lar, a. Having one right angle or more, 
rec'ti-fy, 1 rek'ti-fai; 2 ree'ti-fy, vt. [-fiEd; 
-fy"ing.] 1. To make right; correct; amend. 
2. To purify by repeated distillations. [ < 
L.ll+of rectus, right, + facio, make.]— rec"ti- 
li-ca'tion, n. The act or process of rectifying.— 
rec 'ti-fi"er, n. One who or that which rectifies; 
a refiner or compounder of spirituous liciuors. 
rec"ti-lin'e-ar, 1 rek"ti-lin'i-sr; 2 rec"ti-lin'e- 
ar, a. Pertaining to or consisting of a right 
line or lines; straight. rec"ti-lin'e-al:j:. 
rec'ti-tiide, 1 rek'ti-tiud; 2 rSc'ti-tud, n. 1. 
Uprightness in principles and conduct. 2. 
Freedom from error; accuracy. [F., < L. 
recliludo, < rectus, straight, right.] 
rec'tor, 1 rek'tor; 2 ree'tor, n. The clergyman 
of a parish or the head of certain educational 
institutions. [L.]— rec-to'ri-al, a.— rcc'to- 
ry, n. [-ries 7 , pi.] 1. A rector’s dwelling. 2. 
[Eng.] The parish domain with its buildings, 
lands, and revenue. 

rec'tuin, 1 rek'tum; 2 rgc'tum, n. [rec'ta, pi.] 
The terminal portion of the alimentary canal. 
[NL.] 

re-cuin'bent, 1 n-kum'bent; 2 re-cum'bSnt, a. 
Lying down, wholly or partly; reclining; lean¬ 
ing. [ < L. re-, back, + cubo , lie.]— re-eum'- 
ben-cy, n. The state of being recumbent, re- 
cuin'bencet.—re-cum'bent-ly, adv. 
re-cu'per-ate, 1 ri-kiu'por-et; 2 re-cu'per-at, 
vt. & vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at'Tng.] To obtain again 
after loss; recover; regain; to regain health or 
strength. [ < L. recupero, recover.].— re-cu"- 
per-a'tion, n.— re-cu'per-a-tiv(e s , a. Tending 
or pertaining to recovery. re-cu'per-a-to"ryt. 
re-cur', 1 ri-kur'; 2 re-chr', vi. [re-curred', 
re-curd' s ; re-cur'ring.] 1. To happen again 
or repeatedly. 2. To come back or return, as 
to the mind. [ < L. F re-, back, + curro, run.] 
—re-cur 'rence, n. The act or fact of recurring; 
recourse, re-cur'ren-cyt.—re-cur'reut, a. Re¬ 
curring; running back. 

re-curve', / 1 ri-kurv'; 2 re-cOrv', vt. & vi. To 
re-curv' 8 , ) curve or bend back or down.—re¬ 
cur'va-ture, n. —re-curved', a. 


rec'u-sant, 1 rek'yu-zant; 2 rec'yu-gant, a. Per¬ 
sistently refusing to conform; as, specif. {Eng. 
Hist.), to the Anglican church. [ < L. OP recu~ 
so, reject.]—rec'u-sant, n— rec'u-san-cy, n. 
red, 1 red; 2 red. I. vt. [hed'ded 11 ; red'ding.] 
To make red. II. a. Of a bright color resem¬ 
bling blood. III. n. A color like that of 
fresh human blood; a red pigment. [< AS. 
redd, red.]—red'bird", n. The cardinahbird.— 
red'breast", n. A bird having a red breast, as 
the American or European robin.—Red Cross 
Society, any society for the relief of the sick and 
wounded in war, the members of which wear a 
red cross as a badge of neutrality.—reddetter 
day, a happy, fortunate, or memorable day: from 
church festivals, which are indicated in the calen¬ 
dar by red letters. — red'skin", n. A North* 
American Indian: from the color of the skin.—red 
tape, formal and tedious official procedure: from 
the tying of public documents witli red tape.— 
red'den, vt. & vi. To make red; flush.—red'- 
dish, a. Somewhat red.—red 'ness, n. 
re-dan', 1 ri-dan'; 2 re-dan', n. Fort. A work with 
two parapets meeting at a salient angle. [F ] 
re-deem', 1 ri-dim'; 2 re-dem', vt. 1. To pur¬ 
chase back; recover, as from captivity; de¬ 
liver, as from sin. 2. To make good, as a 
promise. 3. To make amends for. [ < L. F 
red-, back, + emo, buy.]—re-deem'a-bl(e p , a. — 
re-deem 'er, n. 1. One who redeems. 2. [R-] 
Jesus Christ, the Savior.—re-demp'tion, n. 
The act of redeeming, or the state of being re¬ 
deemed.—re-deinp'tiv(e s , a. Serving to redeem, 
or connected with redemption, re-denip'to-ry J. 
red'shot", a. Heated to redness; intense, 
re-din 'te-grate, 1 n-din'ti-gret; 2 re-din'te- 
grat, vt. To restore to a perfect state; make 
complete; renew. [ < L. red-, again, -f- inte- 
gro, make whole.]—re-din"te-gra'tion, n. 
red'o-Ient, 1 red'o-lent; 2 red'o-lent, a. Full 
of or diffusing a pleasant fragrance; odorous. 
[OF.,< L. red-, again, + oleo, smell.]—red'o- 
lence, n. red'o-len-cyf. 
re-doub'le, 1 n-dub'l; 2 re-dub'l, vt. & vi. To 
double again; increase greatly; repeat fre¬ 
quently. 

re-doubt'a-bl(e p , 1 n-daut'a-bl; 2 re-dout'a- 
bl, a. Inspiring fear; formidable; valiant. 
[< F. redoubtable, < redoubter, tear.] re-doubt'- 
edf; re-dout'a-bl(e s t. — re-doubt'a-bl(e- 
ness p , n.— re-doubt'a-bly, adv. 
re-dound' d , 1 n-daund'; 2 re-dound', vi. To 
contribute; conduce, as to one’s credit. [< 
L. red-, back, + unda, wave.] 
re-dout', )1 n-daut'; 2 re- 
re-doubt', S dout', n. Fort. An 
enclosed fortification; an 
earthwork. [< F. redoute, 
retreat, redout.] 

re-dress' 1 , 1 ri-dres'; 2 re-dres'. 

I*, vt. To right, as a wrong; Redout, 
make reparation to (a person). SI. n. Satis¬ 
faction for wrong done; reparation [< OF. 
redresser, straighten.]— re-dress'er, n. 
re-dress' 21 , 1 ri-dres'; 2 re-dres', vt. & vi. To 
dress again. 

Red Riv 'er. A river in Texas, Arkansas, and 
Louisiana; 1,200 m. to the Mississippi. 

Red Sea. An inland sea between Egypt and 
Arabia; length, 1,450 m.; joined to the Mediter¬ 
ranean by the Suez Canal, 
re-duee', 1 n-dius'; 2 re-dug', vt. [re-dtjced' 1 ; 
re-duc'ing.] 1. To bring to a specified form 
or condition. 2. To diminish in value, size. 



1 : a = final; i = habit; aisle; an = out; ell; Iu = feud; <5hin; go; r) = sina; tnin, this. 
2 : wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 

















redundant 

regime 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


492 


quantity, etc.; lower; degrade; subdue. 3. 
To bring into a class, order, etc. 4. To change 
the denomination of; as, to reduce pounds to 
pence. [ < L. op re-, back, + duco, lead.]— re» 
duc'er, n. —re-duc'i-bl(e p , a.-— re-duc'tion, n. 
The act of reducing, or its result.— re-duc'- 
tiv(es, a. Tending or serving to reduce, 
re-dun'dant, 1 ri-dun'dsnt; 2 re-dun'dant, a. 
1. Being more than is required. 2. Unneces¬ 
sarily verbose; tautological. [< L. OP redundo, 
overflow.]— re-dun 'dance, re-dun'dan-cy, n. 
Excess; surplus.— re-dun'dant-ly, adv. 
re-du'pli-cate d , vt. & vi. To redouble.— re-du"- 
pli-ca'tion,n.—re-du'pli-ca-tiv(e 8 ,a. Double, 
red'wood", 1 red'wud"; 2 red'wood", n. An im- 



Redwood in Tuolumne Grove, California, 
mense California tree of the pine family, or its 
wood. Se-quoi'aJ. 

reed, 1 rid; 2 red, n. 1. Bot. The stem of cer¬ 
tain tall grasses growing in wet places, or the 
grasses themselves. 2. Mus. A thin elastic 
plate or tongue of reed, wood, or metal nearly 
closing an opening, as of an orgampipe; also, 
a rustic musical pipe. [ < AS. hreod, reed.]— 
free'=reed",a. Denoting a musical instrument 
in which the reed vibrates clear of the wind ^pas¬ 
sage.— reed'y, a. 1. Full of reeds; like a reed. 2. 
Having a thin, sharp tone, like a reed instrument. 
—recd'i-ness, n. 

reef 1 , 1 rlf; 2 ref, vt. To reduce the size of, as a 
sail, by folding and fastening down.— reef'er, 
w. 1. One who reefs. 2. A short round_coat or 
jacket. 

reef 1 , n. A ridge of rocks at or near the sur¬ 
face of the water. [ < D. rif, reef, < rijven, 
rend.]— reef'y, a. Full of rocks or reefs. 
reef 2 , n. The folded part of a sail. [ < MD. rif , 
reef reef a sail.] [emit vapor, 

reek*, 1 rlk; 2 rek, vt. & vi. To expose to smoke; 
reel 1 ,1 rll; 2 rel. 1. vt. To wind on a reel or bob¬ 
bin, as yarn. II. n. A rotary device for wind¬ 
ing rope, yarn, etc. [< AS. reol, reel.] 
reel 2 . I. vi. 1. To stagger. 2. To dance the reel. 
II. n. A lively dance, or its music. [< Gael. 
righil, reel.] 

re"en-force' u , 1 ri"en-fors'; 2 re"gn-for<;', vt. 
To give new force or strength to, as with 
troops; strengthen; support. re"in-force't. 
— re"en-force'ment, n. 1. The act of reenforc¬ 
ing. 2. Increase of force; a fresh body of troops. 
re"ln-force'mentf. 

re"en-force' 2t , vt. To enforce over again, 
reeve, 1 riv; 2 rev, vt. [reeved, reeyd 8 ; rove 
or rov'en; reev'ing.] Naut. To pass, as a 
rope or rod, through a hole, block, or aper¬ 
ture. [ < D. reven, < reef, reef.] 
reeve, n. Eng. Hist. An officer formerly holding 


authority over landed areas; bailiff; overseer; 
steward. [ < AS. gerefa, steward.] 

Ref., abbr. Reformation.— ref., abbr. Reference, 
referred, reformed, reformer. —Ref. Cfc., abbr. 
Reformed Church. 

re-fec'tion, 1 ri-fek'^han; 2 re-fec'shon, n. 
Refreshment by food; a slight meal. [OF., < 
L. re-, again, + facio, make.]— re-fec'to-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi.) A room for eating, especially in a 
religious house or college. 

re-fer', 1 n-fur'; 2 re-fer', v. [re-ferred', re- 
ferd' 8 ; re-fer'ring.1 I. t. 1. To direct, as 
for information; hand over for consideration. 
2. To place in relation to; assign; attribute. 
II. i. 1. To have reference; allude. 2. To give 
a reference. 3. To have recourse; apply; ap¬ 
peal. 4. To point out by marks of reference. 
[< L. F re-, back, + fero, bear.]—ref 'er-a-bl(e p , 
a. re-fer'ri-bl(e p t.—ref"er-ee', n. A person to 
whom a thing Ls referred.—ref'er-ence, n. 1. 
The act of referring; allusion. 2. A note or mark 
that refers. 3. One who or that which is or may 
be referred to; also, a testimonial. 4. The state of 
being referred or related: in phrases with or in 
reference to. 

ref"er-en'dum, 1 ref"ar-on'dum; 2 r&f"er-£n'- 
diim, n. 1. Int. Law. The submission, by a 
diplomatic representative to his government, 
of a proposition not covered by his instruc¬ 
tions. 2. The submission of a proposed mea¬ 
sure or law, which has been passed upon by 
a legislature or convention, to a vote of the 
people for ratification or rejection. [L. neut. 
of referendus, gerundive of refero; see refer.] 
re-line', 1 n-fain'; 2 re-f!n', vt. & vi. [re-fined'; 
re-fin'ing.] 1. To make or become fine or 
pure; make or become courteous or cultured. 
2. To make subtile or overnice distinctions.— 
re-lined', pa. Characterized by refinement or 
polish; courteous; cultured; purified; subtile; re¬ 
condite.—re-fin 'er, n .—re-fin 'er-y, n. A place 
where some crude material is purified, 
re-fine'ment, 1 ri-fain'ment or -ment; 2 re- 
fln'ment, n. 1. Fineness of thought, taste, 
language, etc.; delicacy; culture. 2. The act 
of refining; purification. 3- A nice distinction; 
fastidiousness. [fitted again; repair, 

re-fit ' 1 ri-fit'; 2 re-ftt', vt. & vi. To fit or be 

refl., abbr. Reflection, reflective, reflex, reflexive. 
re-llect' d , 1 ri-flekt'; 2 re-flgct', v. I. t. 1. To 
turn or throw off or back, as rays of light. 2. 
To return an image of. II. *. 1. To send back 
rays, as of light or heat. 2. To turn back the 
thoughts upon the past; think; ponder. 3. To 
cast reproach; blame. [< L. op re-, back, + 
flecto, bend.]—re-flec'tion, n. 1. The act of re¬ 
flecting. 2. The result of reflecting; an image 
thrown by reflection. 3. Consideration of or 
meditation upon past knowledge or experience. 
4. The casting of blame; censure, re-flex'iont. 
—re-flec'tiv(e 8 ,a. 1. Meditative. 2. Having the 
quality of reflecting light, heat, etc. -ly, adv .— 
re-flec'tor, n. That which reflects, as a mirror; 
a reflecting telescope. 

re-flex', 1 ri-fleks'; 2 re-fl£ks'. I 1 , vt. To bend 
back; turn back. II. 1 ri'fleks; 2 re'fleks, a. 
Turned or thrown backward; reflective. III. 
1 ri'fleks; 2 re'fleks, n. Reflection, or an im¬ 
age produced by reflection; a mere copy. [ < 
L.reflexus, bent back.]— re-flex 'iv(e 8 , a. Reflected 
upon or referring to itself or its subject; as, a 
reflexive verb (whose object denotes the same per- 
sonorthing asits subject).— re-flex 'iv(c-ly 8 , adv. 
ref'lu-ent, 1 ref'lu-ent; 2 rgf'lq-ent, a. Flowing 


1 : artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, or; full, riile; but, burn: 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh^t, $ 11 ; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or. won. 








493 


redundant 

regime 


For words in re- not given below see be-, prefix, page 487. 


or rushing back. [< L. re-, again, + fiuo, flow. J 
—ref'Iu-ence, n. 

re'flux, 1 ri'fluks; 2 re'fluks, n. A flowing back; 
ebb. [F., < L. re-, again, + fiuo, flow.] 

re-form' 1 , 1 ri-ferm'; 2 re-form'. I. vt. & vi. To 
make better morally; free from evils or 
abuses. II. n. An act or result of reformation; 
change for the better. [ < F. reformer, < L. 
reformo, < re-, again, + formo, form.]—ref"or- 
ma'tion 1 , n. The act of reforming, or the state 
of being reformed; moral or religious restoration 
or revival; especially [R-], the establishment of 
Protestantism in the sixteenth century.—re¬ 
form 'a-tiv(es, a. Reforming or tending to re¬ 
form.—re-form 'a-to-ry. I. a. Having a ten¬ 
dency to produce reformation. II. n. [-ries z , -pi.] 
An institution for the reformation of offenders.— 
re-formed ', pa. Restored to a better state; cor¬ 
rected; amended; an element in the names of 
many Protestant denominations. re-formd' 8 J. 
—re-form'er, n. 

re-form' 2 , 1 ri-ferm'; 2 re-form', vt. & vi. To 
form again; come again into form or order. 
[< re- + form.]— re"for-ma'tion 2 , n. 

re-fract' d , 1 ri-frakt'; 2 re-fraet', vt. To bend 
from a direct course; turn aside. [< L. re-, 
back, + frango, break.] —re-frac'tion, n. The 
change of direction of a ray, 
as of light or heat. — re- 
frac'tiv(e s , a. Of or per¬ 
taining to refraction. —re- 
frac'tor, n. A refracting 
telescope. 

re-frae'to-ry, 1 ri-frak'to-n; 

2 re-frae'to-ry, a. Not 
amenable to control; dis¬ 
obedient; unmanageable; 
obstinat e.— re-frac 'to- 
ri-ly, adv. —re-frac'to-ri- 
ness, n. 

re-frain', 1 ri-fren'; 2 re- showing the Re- 
fran', vt. & vi. To hold fraction of Light, 
within bounds; abstain from action; forbear. 

[ < LA re-, back, + frenum, bit.] 

re-frain', n. A strain repeated at intervals, as 
in a song; a burden. [F., < L. re-, back, 
frango, break.] 

re-fran'gi-bl(e p , 1 n-fran'ji-bl; 2 re-fran'gi-bl, 
a. Capable of being refracted, as rays of light. 
[< L. refringo,' see refract.] — re-fran"gi-bil'i- 

re-fresh' 1 , 1 ri-freifh'; 2 re-fresh', vt. & vi. To 
make or become fresh again; reinvigorate, or 
be reinvigorated. [Ult. < L. re-, again, 

LL. friscus, < OHG. frisc, fresh.]—re-fresh 'er, 
n.--re-fresh'ing, pa. -ly, adv. —re-fresh'- 
ment, n. 1. The act of refreshing, or the state 
of being refreshed. 2. That which refreshes, as 
food or drink. 

re-frig'er-ate, 1 ri-frij'ar-et; 2 re-frig'er-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To cause to become cold; 
cool. [ < L. re-, again, + frigero, cool.]— re- 
frig'er-ant, a. Cooling.— re-frig"er-a 'tion, n. 
A cooling.— re-frig'er-a"tor, n. That which 
makes or keeps cold; a box or room for keeping 
articles cool by means of ice.— re-frig'er-a-to- 
ry. I. a. Reducing heat. II. n. That which re- 
dllCGS host 

ref'uge, 1 ref'yuj; 2 ref'yug, n. Shelter or pro¬ 
tection, as from danger or distress; that which 
shelters or protects. [F., < L. re-, back, + 
fuglo, flee.]— ref"u-gee', n. One who flees to a 
refuge; especially, one who flees from persecution 
or political danger. 

re-ful'gence, 1 n-ful'jens; 2 re-ful'geng, n. 


Splendor; brilliant radiance. [OF., < L. re-> 
back,-f fulgeo, shine.] re-ful'gen-cyf. — re-ful'- 
gent, a. Shining with a bright light; brilliant; 
splendid, -ly, adv. 

re-fund ' ld , 1 ri-fund'; 2 re-fund', vt. To pay 
back. [ < L. re-, back, + fundo, pour.] 
re-fund ' 2d , 1 ri-fund'; 2 re-fund', vt. To fund 
anew. 

re-fuse' 1 , 1 ri-fiuz'; 2 re-fug', vt. & vi. [re¬ 
fused'; re-fus'ing.] To decline to do, per¬ 
mit, or yield; reject; deny; repel. [< F. 
refuser, < L. refusus, poured back.]— re-fus'al, 
n. 1. The act of refusing. 2. The privilege of ac¬ 
cepting or rejecting; an option.— re-fus'er, n. 
re-fuse' 2 , 1 ri-fiuz'; 2 re-fu§', vt. & vi. To fuse 
again. 

ref'use, 1 ref'yus; 2 ref'yus. I. a. Rejected as 
worthless. II. n. Anything worthless; rubbish, 
re-fute', 1 n-fiut'; 2 re-fut', vt. [RE-FUT'ED d ; 
re-fut'ing.] 1. To disprove (a statement). 
2. To prove (a person) to be in error; confute. 
[<L J refuto, repel.] —re-fut'a-bl(e p , a. Capable 
of being disproved.— ref"u-ta'tion, n. The act 
of refuting; disproof. re-fut'alf. 

Reg., abbr. Register, Registrar.— reg., abbr. Reg¬ 
istry, regular. 

re-gain', 1 ri-gen'; 2 re-gan', vt. To recover; 

gain anew. [ < OF. re-, again, + gaigner, gain.] 
re'gal, 1 ri'gal; 2 re'gal, a. Belonging to or fit 
for a king; royal. [OF., < L. regalis, royal.] 
-ly, adv. — re-gal 'i-ty, n. Royalty, 
re-gale', 1 ri-gel'; 2 re-gal', vt. [re-galed'; re- 
gal'ing.] To entertain royally; delight; feast. 

[ < F. re-, again, + OF. galer, rejoice.] 
re-ga'li-a, 1 ri-ge'li-a; 2 re-ga'li-a, n. pi. Deco¬ 
rative emblems of royalty, or of some society, 
order, or rank. [LL., < L. regalis, regal.] 
re-gard', 1 ri-gard'; 2 re-gard'. I d . vt. 1. To obr 
serve closely; give heed to; consider. 2. To 
hold in esteem or reverence. 3. To take into 
account; relate to. II. n. 1. Esteem, because 
of superiority or excellence; respect; atten¬ 
tion; notice. 2. Common repute. 3. Refer¬ 
ence; as, with (or in) regard to. 4. A cour¬ 
teous greeting or message. [F., < regarder, 
look.]— re-gard'ful, a. Having or showing re¬ 
gard.— re-gard 'ful-ly, adv. — re-gard 'ing, prep. 
In reference to; with regard to.— re-gard 'less, a. 
Having no regard or consideration; heedless; 
negligent. [race. [It.] 

re-gat'ta, 1 ri-gat'e; 2 re-gat'a, n. A boat* 
re'gen-cy, 1 ri'jen-si; 2 re'ggn-?y, n. [-cies z , 
pi.] 1. The government or office of a regent. 
2. A body of regents, re'gent-sliipt. 
re-gen'er-ate, 1 ri-jen'er-et; 2 re-ggn'er-at. I. 
vt. [-AT"ED d ;- at"ing.] 1. To reproduce; form 
anew. 2. Theol. To renew spiritually. II. a. 

1. Having new life; restored. 2. Spiritually 
renewed; regenerated. [< L. re-, again, -f 
genero, generate.]— re-gen 'er-a-cy, n. The state 
of being regenerate.— re-gen"er-a 'tlon, n. The 
act of regenerating, or the state of being regen¬ 
erated.— re-gen 'er-a"tor, n. 

re'gent, 1 rl'jent; 2 re'ggnt, n. 1. One who 
rules in the name and place of a sovereign. 

2. An educational officer, as of a university. 
[OF., < L. regen(t-)s, ppr. of rego, rule.] 

reg'i-eide, 1 rej'i-said; 2 reg'i-^Td, n. 1. The 
killing of a king or sovereign. 2. The killer of 
a king or sovereign. [ < L. rex (reg-), king, + 
cxdo, kill.]— reg'i-cf"dal, a. 
re"gi me ', 1 re" 3 lm'; 2 re"zhim', n. System of gov¬ 
ernment or administration; social system. [F.] 



1-a = final; l = habit; dsle; ail = out; oil; Iu = feud; (fhin; go; i) = B\ng\ Chin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iijk; thin, this. 












regimen 

rely 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


494 


reg'i-nien, 1 rej'i-men; 2 r£g'i-men, n. A sys¬ 
tematized course of living, as to food, cloth¬ 
ing, etc.; government; control. [L.] 

reg'i-ment, 1 rej'i-ment or -mant; 2 reg'i- 
ment, n. A body of soldiers commanded by a 
colonel. [OF., ult. < L. rego, rule.]— reg"i- 
men'tal. I. a. Of or pertaining to a regiment. 
II. n. Military uniform: now always in the 
plural, -ly, adv. 

re'gion, 1 rl'jan; 2 re'gon, n. A country or dis¬ 
trict; area. [OF., < L. regio(n-), territory, 
region.]— re'gion-al, a. Of or pertaining to a re¬ 
gion; sectional; local. 

reg'is-ter, 1 rej'is-tar; 2 reg'is-ter. I. vt. & yi. 

I. To record or make an entry, as in a regis¬ 
ter; enroll. 2. To denote according to a scale. 

II. n. 1. An official record, or the book con¬ 
taining it; roll; list; schedule. 2. A registrar. 

3. A registering apparatus; a device for regu¬ 
lating the admission of heated air to a room. 

4. Mus. The compass of a voice or an instru¬ 
ment. 5. Print. Exact correspondence of the 
lines, etc., on the opposite sides of a sheet. 
[< L. F regesta, records.]— reg'is-trar, n. The 
authorized keeper of a register or of records.— 
reg"is-tra'tion, n. The act of entering in a 
registry; enrolment.— rcg'is-try, n. [-tries 2 , 
pi.) l! Registration. 2. A register, or the place 
where it is kept. 

xeg'nant, 1 reg'nant; 2 rSg'nant, a. Reigning 
in one’s own right; dominant; commanding. 

[ < L. regno, reign.] 

Reg. Prof., abbr. [Eng.] Regius (that is. royal) 
Professor (a professor appointed by the crown). 

Reg., Regt., abbr. Regent, regiment. 

re'gress, 1 rl'gres; 2 re'gres, n. Passage back; 
return. [ < L. re-, back, + gradior, go.]— re¬ 
gression, n. The act of moving back or return¬ 
ing.— re-gres'siv(e», a. 

re-gret', 1 ri-gret'; 2 re-gret'. I. vt. [re- 
gret'ted* 1 ; re-gret'ting.] To look back to 
with distress; lament over; grieve; remember 
with longing. II. n. 1. Distress of mind in 
recalling some past event; a wishing that 
something had not happened; remorseful 
sorrow. 2. [Colloq.] A polite declination: 
commonly in the plural. [ < OF. regretter, 
bewail.]— re-gret'ful, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
re-gret'ta-bl(e p , a. That is to be regretted.— 
re-gret'ta-bly, adv. 

reg'u-lar, 1 reg'yu-lar; 2 rSg'yu-lar. I. a. 1. 
Made according to rule; symmetrical; nor¬ 
mal. 2. Uniformly recurring; methodical; 
orderly; authorized; customary; permanent. 

3. Gram. Following the rule, as in inflection. 

4. Mil. Belonging to a standing army. II. n. 
A soldier belonging to a standing army.' [ < 
L. F regularis, < regula, rule.] -ly, adv.— reg"u- 
lar'i-ty, n. The state, quality, or character of 
being regular, reg'u-lar-nessj. 

reg'u-late, 1 reg'yu-let; 2 reg'yu-lat, vt. [-lat"- 
ed (1 ; -lat"ing.] To dispose, order, or govern 
by rule or system; put or keep in good order; 
adjust according to a standard.— reg"u-la'- 
tlon, n. 1. The act of regulating, or the state of 
being regulated. 2. A rule prescribed for con¬ 
duct.—reg'u-la"tlv(es, a. Tending or serving 
to regulate; regulating. — reg'u-la"tor, n. 1\ 
One who or that which regulates; especially, a 
clock of superior mechanism and accuracy. 2. 
[Western U. S.] One of a band of citizens under¬ 
taking to preserve order and punish crime in the 
absence or failure of constituted authority; also, 
one of a band of highwaymen. 


reg'u-lus 1 , 1 reg'yu-lus; 2 reg'yq-lus, n. An inter¬ 
mediate product obtained in smelting ores of cop¬ 
per, lead, silver, and nickel. [L., dim of rex, king.] 
Reg'u-lus 2 , 1 reg'yu-lus; 2 rfig'yp-lus, Marcus 
Attilius. A Roman general; consul, 256 B. C.; 
put to death by the Carthaginians. 
re-gur ; gi-tate, 1 ri-gur'ji-tet;2 re-ghr'gi-tat, vt, 
& vi. [-TAT"ED d ; -tat"ing.] To throw, pour, or 
surge back; cause to surge back, as ruminants 
regurgitate food already swallowed. [< LL. re- 
gurgito, < L. re-, again, + gurges ( gurgit -), abyss.] 
— re-gur"gi-ta 'lion, n. The act of rushing back 
or reswallowing; specif., the backward rush of 
blood into the heart, due to defective valves. 
re"ha-bil'i-tate, 1 rl"ha-bil'i-tet; 2 re"ha-bTl'i- 
tat, vt. [-TAT"ED d ;- tat"ing.] To restore to a 
former state, capacity, rank, etc.; reinstate. 
[< LL. rehabililatus , < L. re-, again, + habilis, 
expert, skilful.]— re"lia-bil"i-ta'tion, n. 
re-hearse', 1 n-hurs'; 2 re-hers', vt. &. vi. [re¬ 
hearsed' 1 ; re-hears'ing.] 1. To perform 
in private for public performance; act or re¬ 
peat for practise or improvement; practise. 
2. To tell over again; relate. [< OF. reherser, 
harrow again.]— rehears'al, n 
Re"ho-bo'am, 1 rrho-bo'am; 2 re"ho-bo'am, n. 
Bib. Son and successor of Solomon, from whom 
the ten tribes revolted. 2 Chron. ix, 31 . 
rei, 1 rl; 2 re, n. A Brazilian coin. See coin. 
Reiclis'land", 1 raiHs'ldnt"; 2 rlHs'lant", n. [G.] 
Crownland: used formerly of Alsace-Lorraine, 
reign, 1 ren; 2 r§n. I. vi. 1. To hold and exer¬ 
cise sovereign power. 2. To exercise a con¬ 
trolling influence. II. n. 1. The possession or 
exercise of supreme power; sovereignty; do¬ 
minion; control; influence. 2. The time of a 
sovereign’s rule. [ < F. regne, < L. regnum, 
< rego, rule.] 

re'^m-burse' 1 , 1 ri"im-burs'; 2 re"im-bflrs', vt. 
To pay back as an equivalent for what has 
been spent or lost; refund; indemnify. [ < F. 
rembourser, repay.]— re"ini-burse'mcnt, n. 
Reims, 1 rlmz; 2 rem§, n. Ancient city in N. E. 
France; pop. 115 , 000 ; taken by the Germans 
Sept. 5 , but evacuated Sept. 6 - 10 , 1914 . Its ca¬ 
thedral, formerly the coronation-place of French 
kings, was repeatedly shelled by the Germans 
1914 - 18 . Rheinis [Erroneous form]!, 
rein, 1 ren; 2 ren. I. vt. & vi. To manage with 
the rein; hold in check; obey the rein. II. n. 
A strap attached to the bit to control a draft- 
animal. [ < F. rine, < L. retineo, hold back.] 


re-in"car-na'tion, 1 ri-in"kar-ne'^han; 2 re¬ 
in" car-na'shon, n. A rebirth of the soul in 
successive bodies; a tenet of certain Oriental 
faiths. — re"in-car'nate, vt. 
rein'deer", 1 ren'dir"; 2 ren'der", n. [rein'- 
deer", pi.] A deer of northern, 
regions, used as a draft* and | 
pack-animal. [Ult. < Lapp 
reino, pasturage, 

+ deer.] 

re "1 n- force',) 

-merit, etc. Same 
as reenforce, etc. |j 
reins, 1 renz; 2) 
rgng, n. pi. The[ 
kidneys; inward I 
parts; hence, the 
affections and[ 

passions [OF < Reindeer. 

L. ren, kidney.] 
re"in-state' d , 1 rl"in-stet'; 2 re"in-stat', vt. To 
restore to a former position; replace; repair. 



1 ; artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rOle; but, bOrn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 


















495 


regimen 

rely 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


re-it'er-ate, 1 ri-it'er-et; 2 re-It'er-at, vt. [-at"- 
ED d ; -at"ing.] To say or do again and again; 
repeat.—re-it"er-a'tion, n. Repetition. 
re-ject' d , 1 n-jekt'; 2 re-jgct', vt. To send away 
or refuse to receive; repel; decline; deny; dis¬ 
card. [< L. re-, back, + jacio, throw.]—re- 
Ject'er, n. re-jec'torj:.—re-jec'tlon, n. The 
act of rejecting.. 

re-joice', 1 ri-jeis'; 2 re-joig', v. [re-joiced' 1 ; 
re-joic'ing.] I. t. To fill with joy; gladden. 
II. i. To be glad. [< F. rejouir, rejoice.]— 
re-jolc'lng, n. The feeling or expression of joy. 
re-join', 1 ri-join'; 2 re-join', v. I . t. To come 
again into company with; return to; reunite. 
II. i. To answer to a reply. [ < F. rejoindre, 
rejoin.]—re-join'der, n. An answer to a reply; 
also, any reply or retort. 

re-ju've-nate, 1 ri-ju'vi-net; 2 re-jii've-nat, vt. 
[-NAT"ED d ;_-NAT'TNG.] To make young or as if 
young again. [ < re— b L. juvenis, young.]— 
re-ju"ve-na'tion, n. —re-ju"ve-nes'cence, n. 
A renewal of youth.—re-ju"ve-nes'cent, a. 
rel., abbr. Relative, relatively, religion, religious, 
reliquiae (L., remains, relics), 
re-lapse', / 1 n-laps'; 2 re-laps'. Ik vi. To 
re-laps' p , (lapse back, as into disease after 
partial recovery; decline; backslide. II. n. 
A relapsing; lapse into a former evil state. [ < 
L. re-, back, + labor, slide.] 
re-late', 1 ri-let'; 2 re-lat', v. [re-lat'ed* 1 ; re¬ 
lating.] I. t. 1. To recount the particulars 
of; narrate; tell. 2. To connect, as by blood 
or marriage, or in thought. II. i. To be in 
connection or association; have reference or 
regard; refer, f < L. LL+P relatus, related, < 
re-, back, + latus, borne.]—re-lat'er, n. re-la '- 
torf. — re-la'tlon, n. 1. The state of being re¬ 
lated; interdependence; connection. 2. Refer¬ 
ence; regard; allusion. 3. The act of relating; an 
account or recital. 4. Connection by blood or 
marriage; kinship. 5. A relative.— re-la'tion- 
al, a .— re-la'tion-ship, n. The state of being 
related; connection by blood or otherwise. 
rel'a-tiv(e s , 1 rel'a-tiv; 2 rel'a-tiv. I. a. 1. 
Having connection; pertinent. 2. Resulting 
from or depending upon relation. 3. Gram.. 
Referring or relating to an antecedent noun. 
II. n. 1. One who is related; a kinsman. 2. A 
relative word or term; a relative pronoun.—■ 
rel'a-tiv(e-ly s , adv. — rel"a-tiv'i-ty, n. The 
condition or quality of being relative or of depend¬ 
ing on relation. 

re-lax' 1 , 1 ri-laks'; 2 re-laks', v. I. t. 1. To 
make more lax or loose; slacken; loosen; miti¬ 
gate; remit; ease. 2. To relieve from consti¬ 
pation. 3. To make languid. II. i. To be¬ 
come lax or loose; become less rigorous, f < 
F. relaxer, < L. re-, again, + laxus, loose.]—re"- 
lax-a 'tion, n. The act of relaxing, or the state of 
being relaxed; indulgence; recreation; diversion, 
re-lay', 1 rl-le'; 2 re-la', vt. To lay again, 
re-lay', 1 ri-le'; 2 re-la', n. 1. A fresh set, as of 
horses or men. 2. Elec. An electromechani¬ 
cal device by means of which a current flowing 
in one circuit makes or breaks a current in 
another. [ < F. relais, < relaisser, release.] 
re-lease' 1 , 1 n-lls'; 2 re-les'. I. vt. [re-leased' 1 ; 
re-leas'ing.] 1. To free from restraint, obli¬ 
gation, or penalty; liberate. 2. To relinquish, 
as a legal right or claim. II. n. The act of re¬ 
leasing; discharge; relinquishment. [ < L. p 
re-, again, + laxus, loose.] 
re-lease' 2t , 1 ri-lis'; 2 re-les', vt. To lease again. 


rel'e-gate, 1 rel'i-get; 2 rel'e-gat, vt. [-GAT"ED d ; 
-gat^ing.] To consign to obscurity; put back 
or away; banish. [< L. re-, back, + lego, 
send.]—rel"e-ga'tion, n. 
re-lent' d , 1 ri-lent'; 2 re-18nt', vi. To soften in 
temper; become compassionate; yield. [< 
F. ralentir.] —re-lent'less, a. Pitiless, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

rel'e-vant, 1 rel'i-vant; 2 rel'e-vant, a. Fit¬ 
ting or suiting given requirements; pertinent. 
[F.] — rel 'e-van-cy, n. rel 'e-vanceJ. — rel 'e- 
vant-ly, adv. 

re-li'a-bl(e p , 1 n-lai'a-bl; 2 re-li'a-bl, a. That 
may be relied upon; trustworthy.—re-l!"a- 
bil '1-ty, n. The quality of being reliable, re-11 '- 
a-bl(e-ness p t.—re-li'a-bly, adv. 
re-Ii'ance, 1 ri-lai'ens; 2 re-ll'anc, n. The act 
of relying; confidence.—re-ll'ant, a. Confident, 
rel'ic, 1 rel'ik; 2 rel'ic, n. Some remaining por¬ 
tion or fragment of that which has vanished 
or is destroyed; a sacred or cherished memen¬ 
to. [<F .relique, <L.re-, back, -f- linquo, leave.] 
rel'let, 1 rel'ikt; 2 rel'iet, n. A widow; rarely, a 
widower. [OF., < L. relictus, left behind.] 
re-Iief', 1 ri-llf'; 2 re-lef', n. 1. The act of re¬ 
lieving, or the state of being relieved; removal 
of evil, hardship, or trial; alleviation; com¬ 
fort. 2. That which relieves, as charitable 
aid. 3. The release, as of a sentinel by a 
substitute; also, the substitute. 4. The pro¬ 
jection, or apparent projection, as of a figure, 
from a surface. 5. Elevation; exaltation. 
[F., < relever, relieve.] 

re-liev(e' p , 1 ri-llv'; 2 re-lev', vt. [re-liev(e)d' p ; 
re-liev'ing. ] 1. To free wholly or partly 

from something, as pain or trouble. 2. To 
alleviate; lessen, as famine or poverty. 3. To 
soften, lighten, or enliven, as style. 4. To 
bring out into relief or prominence. 5. Mil. 
(1) To reenforce. (2) To release, as a sen¬ 
tinel, by substitution. [< F. relever, < L. 
re-, again, + levis, light.]—re-Hev'a-bl(e p , a. 
re-lig'ion, 1 ri-lij'an; 2 re-lig'on, n. 1. A sys¬ 
tem of faith and worship. 2. Conscientious 
devotion in practise; scrupulous care; piety. 
[F., < L. religio(-nem), < re-, again, + ligo, bind.] 
—re-lig'ion-ist, n. One devoted to the services 
and duties of religion; a zealot.—re-lig'ious, a. 
Pertaining to or controlled by religion; devout; 
faithful; conscientious; pious, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
re-lin'quish', 1 n-lirj'kwi^h; 2 re-lm'kwish, vt. 
To withdraw from; let go; surrender; aban¬ 
don; quit. [ < L. OF re-, back, fi- linquo, leave.] 
—re-lin'qulsh-ment, n. 
rel'i-qua-ry, 1 rel'i-kwe-n; 2 rel'i-kwa-ry, n. 

[-ries z , pi.] A repository for relics. 
rel'ish 1 , 1 rel'i&i; 2 rel'ish, v. I. t. 1. To like 
the taste of; enjoy. 2. To impart flavor to. 
II. i. To have a flavor, especially an agreea¬ 
ble flavor. [ < OF. re-, again, + lecher, lick.] 
rel 'ish, n. 1. A pleasing taste; appetite; liking: 
commonly with for. 2. The flavor, especially 
when agreeable, in food or drink. 3. Some¬ 
thing that relishes; a slight savory dish, 
rel. pro., abbr. Relative pronoun, 
re-luc'tant, a. 1. Disinclined to yield to some 
requirement; unwilling; averse. 2. Marked 
by unwillingness. [ < L. re-, again, luctor, 
strive.] -ly, adv.— re-luc'tance, n. 1. The state 
of being reluctant; unwillingness. 2. Physics. 
Capacity for opposing magnetic induction, re- 
luc'tan-cyt.—rel"uc-tiv'i-ty, n. Physics. The 
specific reluctance of a substance, 
re-ly', 1 ri-lai'; 2 re-ly', vi. [re-lied'; re-ly'- 


l*d = final; inhabit; aisle; au = ont; ©11; ia = feud; cfhin; go; D = sina; fhin, this. 
2 : wolf, dft; book, boot; fyll, ryle, cflre, but, bttrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iyk; thin, this. 











For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 496 


rem. 
reply 

ing.] To depend on; repose confidence: with 
on or upon. [ < L. r re-, back, + ligo, bind.] 
rem., abbr. Remark. 

re-main % 1 ri-men'; 2 re-man', vi. To be left 
behind; continue; abide; stay. [< L. OF re-, 
back, -(- maneo, remain.]— re-main'der, n. That 
which remains; something left, as after subtrac¬ 
tion or expenditure.— re-mains', n. pi. That 
which is left behind, as a corpse or skeleton; also, 
an author's posthumous works, 
re-mand', 1 ri-mand'; 2 re-mand'. I d . vt. To 
order or send back; recommit. II. n. Recom¬ 
mittal, as of an accused person to custody. 
[ < L. re-, back, + mando, order.] 
re-mark', 1 n-mark'; 2 re-mark'. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. 
To express by speech or writing; make re¬ 
marks. 2. To take particular notice of. II. n. 
A comment or saying; observation; notice. 
[< F. re-, again, + marquer, mark.]— re-mark '- 
a-bl(e p , a. Worthy of special notice; conspicu¬ 
ous; distinguished.— re-mark'a-bly, adv. 
Rem'brandt, 1 rem'brant; 2 rSm'briint, n. (1606— 
1669.) A Dutch painter and etcher. Rem¬ 
brandt van Rijn or Rynt. 
rem'e-dy, 1 rem'i-di; 2 rem'e-dy. I. vt. [-died; 
-dy-ing.] 1. To cure or heal, by medicinal 
treatment. 2. To make right; repair; correct. 
\I. n. [-dies 2 , pi.] That which cures or re- 
teves, as a medicine. [ < L. F re-, again, + 
Kfedeor, heal.]— re-me'di-a-bl(e p , a.-re-me'- 
di il, a. —rem'e-di-less, a. 
re-mem'ber, 1 n-mem'bar; 2 re-mSm'ber, vt. 
& vi. 1. To retain or cherish in the memory; 
recollect. 2. To have or exercise remembrance. 
I < F. remember, < L. re-, again, + memor, mind¬ 
ful.]— re-mem 'brance, n. 1. The act or power 
ft remembering; memory. 2. The period within 
which one can remember. 3. That which is 
remembered. 4. A memento; keepsake.— re¬ 
mem'branc-er, n. A reminder; memento, 
re-mind ' d , 1 ri-maind'; 2 re-mind', vt. To bring 
to mind; recall: with of. — re-mind 'er, n. 
rem"i-nis'cence, 1 rem"i-nis'ens; 2 rSm"i-nis'- 
Sns, n. The calling to mind, or that which is 
recalled. [OF., < L. re-, again, -f- memini, re¬ 
member.]— rem"i-nis'cent, a. 
re-miss', 1 ri-mis'; 2 re-mis', a. Slack or care¬ 
less in matters requiring attention; dilatory; 
negligent. [ < L. rewtissus.] -ness, n. 
re-mit', 1 n-mit'; 2 re-mlt', v. [RE-MiT'TED d ; 
re-mit'ting.] I. t. 1. To send in return, as 
money in payment for goods; transmit. 2. 
To annul the penalty of; pardon; forgive. 3. 
To refrain from exacting. 4. To abate; re¬ 
lax. 5. To refer or submit. II. i. To abate 
for a time, as a fever. [ < L. OF re-, back, + 
milto, send.]— re-mis 'sion, n. The act of remit¬ 
ting; abatement; pardon.— re-mit'ment, n. 
The act of remitting; a remittance, re-mit'talj. 
— re-mit'tance, n. The act of remitting, or that 
which is remitted, as money.— re-mit'tent, a. 
Having remissions, as a fever.— rc-mit'ter, n. 
re-mit'tort. 

rcm'nant, 1 rem'nsnt; 2 rem'nant, n. That 
which remains; a small remainder. [ < L. OF 
remaneo, remain.] [model again r rearrange, 

re-mod'el, 1 rl-med'el; 2 re-mod'gl, vt. To 
re-moil 'e-tize or -tise, 1 rl-mun'i-taiz; 2 re- 
mon'e-tiz, vt. To reinstate as lawful money. 
[< L. F re-again, + moncta, money.]— re-mon"- 
e-ti-za '[or -sa'ition, n. 

re-mon 'strate, 1 ri-men'stret; 2 re-mon'strat, 
vi. [-STRAT"ED d ; -strat"ing.] To present a 
verbal or written protest; expostulate (with a 


person, against a thing). [< L. hIj re-, again, -f 
monstro, show.]—re-mon'strance, n. 1. The 
act of remonstrating. 2. Expostulatory counsel 
or reproof. —re-mon'strant. I. a. Of or like a 
remonstrance. II. n. One who remonstrates. — 
re-mon'strant-ly, adv. —re"mon-stra'tion, n. 
—re-mon'stra-tiv(e 8 , a. 
re-morse', 1 n-mers'; 2 re-mors', n. The an¬ 
guish caused by a sense of guilt. [ < L. OF re-, 
back, + mordeo, bite.]— re-morse'ful, a. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. —re-morse'less, a. Having no 
compassion; pitiless; cruel, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
re-mote', 1 n-mot'; 2 re-mot', a. 1. Distant in 
space, time, or relation. 2. Not obvious; slight. 
[ < L. removeo, remove.] : ly » adv. -ness, n. 
re-mount', 1 ri-maunt'; 2 re-mount'. I. vt. & vi. 

1. To mount again or anew; reframe; reset. 

2. To supply with fresh horses. II. n. 1. A 
new setting or framing. 2. A fresh riding* 
horse. 

re-move', 1 ri-muv'; 2 re-mov'. I. vt. & vi. 1. 
To move or take away. 2. To destroy or put 
an end to. 3. To change from one place to 
another, as one’s residence; move. II. ». 1. 
A removal. 2. An interval. 3. A course, as at 
dinner. [ < L. OF re-, again, + moveo, move.]— 
re-mov"a-bll'I-ty, n.—re-mov'a-bl(e p , a .— 
re-muv'al, n. The act of removing.—re-mov'- 
er, n. 

re-mu'ner-ate, 1 n-miu'nar-et; 2 re-mu'ner- 
at, vt. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To make just or 
adequate return for; compensate; pay; re¬ 
ward. [< L. re-, again, + munus (muner-), 
gift.]—re-mu"ner-a'tion, n. 1. The act of re¬ 
munerating. 2. That which remunerates; rec¬ 
ompense. — re-mu 'ner-a-tiv(e», a. Profitable, 
re-mu 'ner-a-to"ry J. 

Re'mus, 1 rl'mus; 2 re'mus, n. One of the twin 
brothers, traditional founders of Rome; slain by 
his brother, Romulus. 

Re-nais"sance', 1 ra-ne"sans'; 2 re-na"sanc', 
n. 1. [r-] A new birth; resurrection; revival, 
re-nas'cencej. 2. Specif., the revival of 
letters and art in Europe marking the transi¬ 
tion from medieval to modern history: it 
began in Italy in the 14th century and grad¬ 
ually spread to other countries.—Re-nais"- 
sance', a. Pertaining to or characteristic of the 
Renaissance, as the schools of architecture and 
painting originating in Italy in the 15th century, 
re'nal, 1 ri'nel; 2 re'nal, a. Of or pertaining to 
the kidneys. [ < L. OF renalis, < renes , kidneys.) 
Re-nan', 1 ra-nan'; 2 re-nan', Joseph Ernest 
(1823-1892). A French w riter and Orientalist, 
ren-coun'ter, 1 ren-kaun'tar; 2 rSn-coun'ter. 
I. vt. & vi. To meet by surprize, as a foe. II. 
n. A sudden hostile collision: unexpected en¬ 
counter. [Ult. < L. re-, again, + in, to, + 
contra, against.] ren-con'trej. 
rend, 1 rend; 2 ri$nd, vt. & vi. [rent or rend'- 
ED d ; rend'ing.] 1. To separate or be sun¬ 
dered into parts by force; tear. 2. To remove 
forcibly. [ < AS. rendan, tear dowm.]—rend'- 
er, n. 

roil'der, 1 ren'dar; 2 rgn'der, vt. 1. To make of 
a specified character. 2. To present for use; 
furnish; give. 3. To interpret the character or 
spirit of; express; represent. 4. To return; 
give back. 5. To melt and clarify, as lard. 
[< F. rendre, give back, surrender.]- ron'der- 
a-bl(c p , a. —ren'der-er, n. —ren-di'tlon, n. 
1. A translation; interpretation. 2. A surren¬ 
dering. 3. The act of rendering, or the amount 
rendered. 


1 : artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; not, or; full, rOle; but, bOrn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ad; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w 6 n. 







497 For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


ren'dez-vous, 1 ran'[or ren']da-vu; 2 ran'[or 
ren'Jde-vu. I. vt. & vi. [-voused; -vous-ing.] 
To assemble at a given place. II. n. [ren'¬ 
dez-vous, pi.] An appointed place of meet¬ 
ing; a meeting, or an appointment to meet. 
[F., < rendezvous, assemble yourselves.] 
rcn'e-gade, 1 ren'i-ged; 2 ren'e-gad, n. An 
apostate; a deserter. [ < Sp. renegado .] ren"- 
e-gadof. 

rc-nege', 1 ri-nig'; 2 re-neg', vt. & vi. [re¬ 
neged'; re-neg'ing.] 1. In card*playing, 
to fail to follow suit when able to do so. 2. 
[Archaic.] To deny; decline; refuse. [< L. 
rcnego, deny, < re-, again, + nego, deny.] re- 
nig't. 

re-new', 1 n-niu'; 2 re-nu', vt. & vi. 1. To make 
or become new; regenerate. 2. To begin over 
again. —re-new 'a-bl (e p , a. —re-new 'al. n. — 
re-new'ed-ly, adv. 1. Repeatedly; again. 2. 
With fresh vigor. 

ren'net, 1 ren'et; 2 ren'et, n. The dried stom¬ 
ach of a calf: used for curdling milk. [ < AS. 
rennan, run.] 

re-nounce', 1 n-nauns'; 2 re-nounc', vt. [re¬ 
nounced' 1 ; re-nounc'ing.] To refuse to 
acknowledge longer; forswear; abandon. [< 
L. p re-, back, + nuntius, messenger.] — re- 

nounc'er, n. 

ren'o-vate, 1 ren'o-vet; 2 ren'o-vat, vt. [-vat"- 
ED d ; -vat"ing.] To make as good as new; 
renew; clean; purify. [< L. re-, again, 
novus, new.] — ren"o-va'tion, n. — ren'o-va"- 
tor, n. 

re-nown', 1 ri-naun'; 2 re-nown', n. High dis¬ 
tinction; fame. [< L. F re-, again, + nomen, 
name.] —re-nowned ',a. Havingrenown : famous. 
rent ld , 1 rent; 2 rent, v. I. t. To obtain or let 
out for rent; hire. II. i. To be rented or 
leased. 

rent 2 , imp. & pp. of rend, v. 
rent 1 , n. A hole or slit made by rending. 
rent 2 , n. The payment periodically made for 
the use of any kind of property. [ < F. rente.] 
— rent'a-bl(ep, a .— rent'al, n. The revenue de¬ 
rived from rented property.— rent'er, n. 
re-nun"ci-a'tion, 1 ri-nun"si-e'khan; 2 re- 
nun"si-a'shon, n. 1. The act of renouncing. 
2. A declaration in which something is re¬ 
nounced. [OF., < L. renuntio, renounce.]— 
re-nun'ci-a-to-ry, a. 

Rep., abbr. Report, reporter. Representative.— 
Rep., Repub., abbr. Republic, Republican.— 
rep., repr., abbr. Representing. 
re-pair' 1 , 1 ri-par'; 2 re-par'. I. vt. 1. To re¬ 
store to a sound state; mend. 2. To make 
amends for. II. n. 1. Restoration; reparation. 
2. Condition after repairing. [ < L. re-, again, 
+ paro, make ready.]— rep'a-ra-bl(e p , a. Capa¬ 
ble of repair or reparation. re-pair'a-bl(e p f. — 
re-pair'er, n. — rep"a-ra'tion, n. The act of 
making amends; indemnity.— re-par'a-tlv(es, a. 
re-pair' 2 . I. vi. To betake oneself; resort; re¬ 
turn. II||. n. The act of repairing, or the 
place to which one repairs. [ < L. LL+OF re-, 
again, + patria, fatherland.] 
rep"ar-tee', 1 rep"ar-ti'; 2 rep"ar-te', n. A 
witty or apt reply; sharp rejoinder. [< OF 
reparlie, < reparlir, reply.] 
re-past', 1 n-pust'; 2 re-past', n. The act of 
taking food, or the food taken; a meal. [OF., 
< L. re-, again, + paslus, pp. of pasco, feed.] 
re-pa'tri-ate, 1 ri-pe'tri-et; 2 re-pa'tri-at, vt. 
[-at"ed; -at"ing.] To reestablish a person in 


rein. 

reply 


his own country, as after exile. [ < L. re-, 
again, + patria, country.]— re-pa"tri-a'tion, n. 
re-pay', 1 ri-pe'; 2 re-pay', vt. & vi. To pay 
back; pay again; requite; retaliate.— re¬ 
pay 'a-Ll(e p , a. — re-pay'ment, n. 
re-peal '„ 1 n-pll'; 2 re-pel'. I. vt. To rescind, 
as a law; revoke. II. n. The act of repealing. 
[< F. rappeler, recall.]— re-peal'a-bl (e p , a. 
re-peat' d , 1 ri-pit'; 2 re-pet', vt. 1. To do or 
say over; reiterate. 2. To recite from mem¬ 
ory. [ < L. F re-, again, + peto, seek.]— re-. 
peat'ed-Iy, adv.— re-peat'er, n. 1. A mecha¬ 
nism for repeating some action, as a watch that 
can be made to strike at any time the last hour, 
or a repeating firearm. 2. One who repeats his 
vote at an election. 

re-pel', 1 n-pel'; 2 re-pel', v. [re-pelled', re- 
peld' s ; re-pel'ling.J I. t. To force or keep 
back; check; repulse. II. i. To have a repul¬ 
sive character or tendency. [ < L. re-, back, 
+ petto, drive.]— re-pel'lence, n. re-pel 'len- 
cy|. — re-pel'lent, a. Serving or tending to 
repel. 

re-pen t' d , 1 n-pent'; 2 re-pent', vt. & vi. To 
feel repentance for; experience sorrow for sin, 
with desire to amend; regret. [< L. F re-, 
back, again, + psenileo, repent.]— re-pen'tance, 
n. A turning with sorrow from a past sinful 
course or action; loosely, regret.— re-pen'tant, 
a. Showing or characterized by repentance.— re¬ 
pen 'tant-ly, adv. —re-pent'er, n. 
re"per-cus'sion, 1 ri"par-kuHi'an; 2 re"per- 
eush'on, n. The act of driving or throwing 
back, or the state of being driven back; re¬ 
verberation; rebound.— re"per-cus'siv(e 8 , a. 
rep"er-toire', 1 rep"ar-twar'; 2 rep"er-twar', 
n. A list of pieces, or the like, that a person 
or company is prepared to perform; also, such 
pieces collectively. [F.] 

rep'er-to"ry, 1 rep'ar-td"ri; 2 rep'er-to"ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi.] A place where things are stored; 
repository; collection. [< F. repertoire, < 
L.ll reperio, find again.] 

rep'e-tend, 1 rep'i-tend; 2 rep'e-tSnd, n. That 
part of a circulating decimal which is re¬ 
peated indefinitely. [< L. repeto, repeat.] 
rep"e-ti'tion, 1 rep"i-tigh'an; 2 rep"e-tish'on, n. 
The act of repeating, or that which is repeated. 
—rep"e-ti'tious, a. 

re-pine', 1 n-pain'; 2 re-pin', vi. [re-pined'; 
re-pin'ing.] To be discontented; complain; 
murmur. [< re —|- pine, «.]— re-pin'er, n. 
re-place' 1 , 1 ri-ples'; 2 re-plag', vt. 1. To put 
back in place. 2. To take or fill the place of; 
put a substitute in place of. 3. To refund; re¬ 
pay. [< re- + place.] — re-place'a-bl (e p , 
a.— re-place'ment, n. —re-plac'er, n. 
re-plen'ish 1 , 1 n-plen'i^h; 2 re-plen'ish, vt. To 
fill again; supply or stock abundantly. [< 
L. op re-, again, + plenus, full.]— re-plen'lsh- 
er, n. —re-pien'ish-nient, n. 
re-plete', 1 ri-pllt'; 2 re-plet', a. Full to the 
uttermost; abounding. [ < L. OF re-, again, + 
pleo, fill.]— re-ple'tion, n. 
re-plev'in, 1 ri-plev'in; 2 re-plSv'in, n. An 
action to regain possession of personal prop¬ 
erty unlawfully detained. [OF., < replevir, 
pledge.] 

rep'li-ca, 1 rep'h-ka; 2 rep'li-ca, n. A dupli¬ 
cate, as of a picture, executed by the original 
artist; hence, a copy; reproduction. [It.] 
re-ply', 1 ri-plai'; 2 re-ply'. I. vt. & vi. [re¬ 
plied'; re-ply'ing.] To say or do in return; 
make a reply. II. n. [re-plies' z , pi.] Some- 


l*a = final; l = habit; aisle; all = out: oil; Iu = feud; <5hin; go; o = sin^; thin, this. 
2 : w<>lf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bfirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









report 

resin 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 4S7. 


498 


thing uttered, written, or done in return; an 
answer. [ < L. F re-, again, + plico, fold.]— 

re-pli'er, n. 

re-port ' d , 1 n-port'; 2 re-port', v. I- t. 1. To 
bear or bring back; relate. 2. To state as a 
fact; circulate publicly. 3. To prepare a rec¬ 
ord of. 4. To certify formally or officially. 
5. To inform against. II. i. 1. To tender a 
report. 2. To serve as a reporter. 3. To 
appear and announce oneself, as a soldier for 
duty. [ < L. F reporto, < re-, again, + porto, 
carry.] 

re-port', n. 1. That which is reported; an 
announcement. 2. A published narration; 
official statement. 3. A sudden loud noise.— 
re-port'er, n. One employed by a newspaper to 
gather and report news for publication, 
re-pose', 1 ri-poz'; 2 re-po§'. I. vt. & vi. [re¬ 
posed'; re-pos'ing.] 1. To lay down in a 
posture of rest; refresh by rest. 2. To place 
or base, as confidence or hope; trust; confide: 
with in. 3. To lie or rest on a support; re¬ 
cline; with on or upon. II. n. 1. The act of 
reposing, or the state of being at rest; sleep, 
re-po'salj. 2. Calmness; composure. [< 
L.ll+f re-, again, + pauso, pause, rest.]—re- 
pose'ful, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
re-pos'i-to-ry, 1 n-pez'i-to-ri; 2 re-pos'i-to-ry, 
n. [-ries z , pi.] A place in which goods are or 
may be stored. [ < L. re-, back, + pono, place.] 
re-pous"se', 1 re-pu"se'; 2 re-pu"se', a. 
Formed in relief, as a design on metal, or 
adorned with such designs. [F.] 
rep"re-hend ' d , 1 rep"n-hend'; 2 rSp"re-h£nd', vt. 
To chide sharply; object to forcibly; blame. 
[< L. re-, again, + prehendo, seize.]— rep"re- 
hen'si-bl(e p , a. —rep"re-hen'si-bl(e-ness p , n. 
rep"re-hen"si-bil'i-tyt.—rep"re-hen'sion, n. 
— rep"re-hen'siv(es, a. Indicating or convey¬ 
ing reproof. 

xep"re-sent' ld , 1 rep"ri-zent'; 2 r§p"re-§ent', 
vt. 1. To bring before the mind; portray or 
depict. 2. To act as authorized agent for; 
stand in the place of; also, to appear as an 
instance of. [ < L. reprxsento, < re-, again, 
+ prxsenlo, present.]—rep"re-sen-ta'tion‘, n. 
1. The act of representing, or the state of being 
represented. 2. That which represents; a like¬ 
ness; model; description; dramatic performance. 
3. Representatives collectively.—rep"re-sen'ta- 
tiv(es. I. a. 1. Qualified to represent. 2. Act¬ 
ing in the capacity of agent. II. n. One who or 
that which represents; a member of a represen¬ 
tative body; specif. [R-] [U.S.], a member of the 
lower house of Congress or of a State legislature. 
re"pre-sent' 2d , 1 rl"pri-zent'; 2 re"pre-§6nt', vt. 
To present again.— re-pres"en-ta'tion 2 , n. 
A second presentation. 

re-press' 11 , 1 ri-pres'; 2 re-prSs', vt. To keep 
forcibly under restraint; press back; crush; 
quell; overpower. [< L. re-, back, -f- premo, 
press.]—re-press'er or re-pres'sor, n. — re¬ 
pression, n. The act of repressing, or the 
condition of being repressed.— re-pres'si v(e 8 , a. 
re-press' 21 , 1 ri-pres'; 2 re-prSs', vt. To press a 
second time. 

re-prievle^, 1 rr-prTv'; 2 re-prev'. I. vt. [re- 
priev(e)d' p ; re-priev'ing.] To suspend tem¬ 
porarily the execution of a sentence upon; re¬ 
lieve for a time from danger or trouble. II. n. 

1. The temporary suspension of a sentence. 

2. Temporary relief or cessation of pain or ill; 
respite. [< F. reprouver; see reprove.] 

:rep"ri-mand', 1 rep"ri-mand'; 2 rep"ri-mand'. 


I 1 , vt. To reprove sharply; especially, to re¬ 
prove publicly and officially. II. n. Severe 
reproof, public or private. [ < F. reprimande, 
reproof.] 

re-print' d , 1 rl-print'; 2 re-print', vt. To print 

anew. 

re'print, 1 rl'print; 2 re'print, n. An edition 
of a printed work that is a verbatim copy ol 
the original. 

re-pri'sal, 1 ri-prai'zal; 2 re-prl'gal, n. 1. Forc¬ 
ible seizure from an enemy by way of retalia¬ 
tion or indemnity. 2. The property thus 
seized. 3. Any form of retaliation. [ < F. rep- 
resaille, < L. re-, again, + prehendo, seize.] 
re-proach', 1 n-prSdh'; 2 re-proch'. I 1 , vt. To 
censure severely; blame; upbraid. II. n. 1. 
The act of reproaching, or the words of one who 
reproaches. 2. A cause of blame or disgrace. 
[< F. reprocher, < L. re-, again, + prope, near.] 
— re-proach'a-bl(e p , a. — re-proach 'er, n .— 
re-proach'ful, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. — re- 
proach'less, a. 

rep'ro-bate, 1 rep'ro-bet; 2 rep'ro-bat. I. vt. 
[-BAT"ED d ; -bat"ing.] 1. To disapprove with 
strong dislike; reject. 2. To abandon as hope¬ 
lessly wicked. II. a. Abandoned in sin; ut¬ 
terly depraved. III. n. One lost to all sense 
of duty or decency. [ < L. re-, again, + probo, 
prove.]— rep"ro-ba'tion, n. The act of rep¬ 
robating or the condition of being reprobated. 
re"pro-(luce'', 1 ri"pro-dius'; 2 re"pro-dug', vt. 
1. To produce again. 2. To produce (off¬ 
spring) ; to renew (a lost part). 3. To make a 
copy of. [< re- + produce.]— re"pro-d uc'- 
er, n .— re"pro-duc'tlon, n. 1. The act or power 
of reproducing. 2. That which is reproduced; a 
copy.— re"pro-duc'tiv(es, a. Pertaining to, em¬ 
ployed in, or tending to reproduction. re"pro- 
due'to-ryre"pro-duc'tiv(e-ly s , adv.— re"- 
pro-duc'tiv(e-nesss, n. re"pro-duc-tiv'l-tyf. 
re-prove', 1 ri-pruv'; 2 re-prov', vt. To censure 
authoritatively, openly, and directly; blame; 
rebuke. [< L. F reprobo, condemn.] — re¬ 
proof', n. The act of reproving; blame; censure, 
re-prov 'alf.— re-prov 'a-bl(e p , a.—re-prov'er, 
n.— re-prov 'ing-ly, adv. 

rep'tile, 11 rep'til; 2 r£p'til. I. a. Crawling; 
rep'til 8 , s’groveling; base. II. n. 1. A cold* 
blooded, air*breathing vertebrate, usually 
scaled, as a snake, lizard, or crocodile. 2. An 
animal that moves on its belly or by means of 
short limbs. 3. A groveling, abject person. 
[F., < L. replllis, < replus, pp. of repo, creep.]— 
rep-til'l-an, a. Of or resembling a reptile, 
re-pub'lie, 1 n-pub'lik; 2 re-pQb'lie, n. A 
state in which the sovereignty resides in the 
people, and the administration is lodged in 
officers elected by the people; a community; 
commonwealth. [ < L. F respublica , < res, 
affair, + publica, public, of the people.]— re¬ 
pul) 'li-can, n. One who advocates or upholds 
a republican form of government; [r- or R-] a 
member of a republican party. — re-pub'li¬ 
ra n-ism, n. 

re-pub 'lishS 1 rl-pub'lish; 2 re-pub'lish, vt. To 
publish again; issue a reprint of.—re-pub'- 
lish-er, n.— re-pub"ll-ca'tion, n. The act of 
republishing, or that which is republished, 
re-pu'di-ate, 1 ri-piu'di-et; 2 re-pu'di-at, vt. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To refuse to acknowl¬ 
edge or pay; disclaim; disavow. 2. To refuse 
to have dealings with; cast off; discard; put 
away. [ < L. repudium, divorce.]—re-pu"- 
di-a'tion, n. The act of repudiating, or the 


1: artistic, art; fat, f5re; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
.2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ad; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, pot, or, wdn. 






499 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


report 

resin 


state of being repudiated.— re-pu'di-a"tiv(es, 
a. —re-pu'di-a"tor, n. 

re-pug 'nant, 1 n-pug'nsnt; 2 re-piig'nant, a. 
Offensive to taste or feeling; inconsistent; op¬ 
posed; antagonistic. [OF., < L. re-, back, + 
pugnus, fist.]—re-pug'nance, n. A feeling of 
aversion and resistance, re-pug'nan-cy.f. 
re-pulse % 1 ri-puls'; 2 re-puls'. I. vt. [re¬ 
pulsed', re-pulst' 8 ; re-puls'ing.] 1. To 
beat or drive back, as an attacking force. 2. 
To repel resolutely or harshly. 13. n. The act 
of repulsing; rejection; refusal. [< L. repul¬ 
sus, pp. of repello, repel.]—re-pul'sion, n. The 
act of repulsing, or the state of being repelled; 
aversion. — re-pul'siv(e s , a. Exciting feelings 
of dislike, disgust, or horror; causing aversion. 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. 

re-pute', 1 ri-piut'; 2 re-put'. I. vt. [re-put'- 
ED d ; re-put'ing.] To hold in general opinion; 
reckon; estimate. II. n. Reputation; esti¬ 
mation; honor. [ < L. F re-, again, + puto, 
think.]— rep'u-ta-bl(e p , a. 1. Having a good 
reputation; estimable; honorable. 2. Consistent 
with honorable standing.— rep'u-ta-bly, adv .— 
rep"u-ta'tion, n. The estimation in which a 
person or thing is held by others; repute.— re- 
put'ed-ly, adv. 

re-quest', 1 n-kwest'; 2 re-kwest'. I d . vt. To 
express a desire for; ask; solicit. II. n. 1. The 
act of requesting; entreaty; petition. 2. That 
which is asked for. 3. The state of being 
sought after. [ < L. re-, again, + qusero, seek.] 
re'qui-em, 1 rl'kwi-em; 2 re'kwi-em, n. A 
hymn, dirge, or mass for the dead. [L., acc. of 
reguies, rest.] 

re-quire', 1 n-kwair'; 2 re-kwlr', vt. [re¬ 
quired'; re-quir'ing.] 1. To demand, or to 
request authoritatively; claim. 2. To have 
imperative need of; want. [ < L. OF re-, again, 
+ qusero, seek.]— re-quire'ment, n. 
req 'ui-site, } 1 rek'wi-zit; 2 rSk'wi-git. I. a. 
req'ui-sit s , j Required by circumstances; in¬ 
dispensable. II. n. A necessity; require¬ 
ment. [ < L. re-, again, + qusero, seek.] -ness, 
n .— req"ui-si'tion, n. 1. A formal request, sum¬ 
mons, or demand. 2. The state of being required, 
re-quite', 1 ri-kwait'; 2 re-kwlt', vt. [re-quit'- 
ED d ; re-quit'ing.] To make return to; repay; 
retaliate upon; punish. [ < re —h quit, r.]— 
re-qui'tal, n. —re-quit'er, n. 
rere'dos, 1 rlr'des; 2 rer'dos, n. Eccl. An orna¬ 
mental screen behind an altar. [OF., < rere, 
< L. re-, back, + dos (L. dorsum), back.] 
re-scind' d , 1 ri-sind'; 2 re-sind', vt. To make 
void; abrogate; repeal. [< L. F re-, again, -[- 
scindo, cut.]— re-scind'er, n.— re-scis'sion, n. 
The act of rescinding. 

re'script, 1 ri'skript; 2 re'script, n. 1. A 
Roman imperial decree; hence, any decree, 
edict, or order. 2. A facsimile; counterpart; 
something written over again. [ < L. re-, 
again, + scribo, write.] 

res'cue, 1 res'kiu; 2 res'eu. I. vt. [res'cued; 
res'cu-ing.] To deliver from injury, calam¬ 
ity, or destruction; liberate; save. II. n. The 
act of rescuing; deliverance. [ < L. ll+of re-, 
again, -I- excutio, drive out.]—res'cu-er, n. 
re-scareh', 1 ri-surdh'; 2 re-serch', n. Con¬ 
tinued and diligent investigation; specvf., in 
science, a systematic study of certain phe¬ 
nomena by the experimental method. 
re-sem'bl(e p , 1 ri-zem'bl; 2 re-sem'bl, vt. 
[-bl(e)d p ; -bling.] To be similar to; be of the 
same or like nature, appearance, or* aspect 


with. [ < F„ er-, again + sembler, seem.]— re- 
sem 'blance, n. The quality of resembling; that 
which resembles; semblance; likeness, 
re-sent' d , 1 ri-zent'; 2 re-sent', vt. To feel or 
show resentment at; be indignant at. [< F. 
re-, again, + sentir, feel.]— re-sent'ful, a. -Iy, 
adv. -ness, n. — re-sent-'ment, n. Anger and ill 
wilfin view of real or fancied injury: displeasure, 
re-serve', ) 1 ri-zurv'; 2 re-gerv'. I. vt. [re- 
re-serv' s , ) served', re-servd' s ; re-serv'ing.] 
1. To hold back for future use. 2. To except 
from something granted. II. n. 1. That 
which is reserved. 2. Silence or reticence as 
to one’s feelings, opinions, or affairs. 3. A 
body of troops reserved for emergencies. [ < 
L. p re-, back, + servo, keep.]— res"er-va'tlon, n. 

1. The act of reserving, or that which is reserved. 

2. A tract of land reserved, as for an Indian 
tribe.— re-served', pa. 1. Showing or character¬ 
ized by reserve of manner; distant; undemon¬ 
strative. 2. Retained; kept back.— re-serv'ed- 
ly, adv. —re-serv'ed-ness, n. 

res'er-voir, 1 rez'er-vwer; 2 res'er-vwor, n. 



Reservoir. 

A receptacle where something, as water, is 
kept in store. [ < F. reservoir, < L. LL reservo, 
reserve.] 

re-side', 1 ri-zaid'; 2 re-sid', vi. [RE-siD'ED d ; 
re-sid'ing.] 1. To make one’s abode; live; 
dwell. 2. To exist as an attribute of; inhere. 
[< L. F re-, again, + sedeo, sit.]— res'i-dence, n. 
1. The place where one resides. 2. The act of 
residing.— res'i-den-cy, n. The official abode 
of a resident or governor.— res'1-dent. I. a. 
Having a residence. II. n. 1. One who or that 
which is resident. 2. A diplomatic representative. 
— res"i-den'tial, a. Of, pertaining to, or fitted 
for residence; residing. 

res'i-due, 1 rez'i-diu; 2 re§'i-du, n. A remain¬ 
der or surplus after a part has been separated 
or otherwise treated. [ < L. residuum, < 
resideo, reside.] —re-sid'u-al, a. re-sid'u-a- 
ryf.—re-sid'u-uni, n. [-u-a, pi.] That which 
remains after subtraction, 
re-sign', 1 ri-zain'; 2 re-§In', vt. & vi. 1. To give 
up or back; surrender. 2. To abandon the 
use or enjoyment of; relinquish. 3. To yield 
with confidence. [ < L. F re-, back, + signum, 
sign.] —res"ig-na'tion, n. 1. The act of resign¬ 
ing, as an office or trust, or the formal document 
declaring such act. 2. The quality of being sub¬ 
missive; unresisting acquiescence, as in the divine 
will.— re-signed', pa. Characterized by resigna¬ 
tion; submissive. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
re-sil'i-ent, 1 ri-zil'i-ent; 2 re-sil'i-ent, a. 
Springing back to a former shape or position; 
elastic. [< L. resilio, < re-, back, + salio, 
leap.]— re-sil'i-ence, n. re-sil'i-en-cy f. 
res'in, 1 rez'in; 2 re§'in, n. An amorphous sub- 


Ira = final; l = habit; aisle; au = oat; eH; iu = fe«d; <5hin; go; Q = sin 0 ; thin, this, 
2 : wqlf, dq; book, boot; full, rule, cQre, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 


















resist 

retro- 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


500 


stance that exudes from plants. [ < L. F resina, 
resin.]—res'in-oid, a. Resembling resin.—res'- 
i-nous, a. 

re-sist' d , 1 n-zist'; 2 re-sist', vt. & vi. To op¬ 
pose, strive against, or obstruct; withstand. 
[< L. F resisto, < re-, back, + slsto, set.]— re¬ 
sistance, n. 1. The act of resisting. 2. Any 
force tending to hinder motion.— re-slst'less, a. 
res'o-lute, 1 rez'o-liut; 2 r£§'o-lut, a. Havinga 
fixed purpose; determined; constant; steady. 
—res'o-lute-ly, adv. 

res"o-lu'tion, 1 rez"o-liu'^han; 2 rgg^o-lu'shon, 
n. 1. The act of resolving. 2. The state of be¬ 
ing resolute; active fortitude, res'o-lute- 
ness^. 3. The purpose or course resolved 
upon; a resolve; determination. 4. Chemical, 
mechanical, or mental analysis; separation of 
anything into its component parts. 5. A prop¬ 
osition offered to or adopted by an assembly, 
re-solve', ) 1 ri-zelv'; 2 re-solv'. I. vt. & vi. [re- 
re-solv' 8 , ) solv(e)d' 8 ; re-solv'ing.] 1. To 
make up one’s mind; determine. 2. To render 
or become fixed in purpose. 3. To pass, as a 
resolution. 4. To separate into parts; ana¬ 
lyze. II. n. 1. Fixedness of purpose; resolu¬ 
tion. 2. A fixed determination; a resolution. 
[< L.of re-, again, + solvo, loosen.]—re-solv'a- 
bl(e p , a. res'o-lu-bl(e p :]:.—re-solv'er, n. 
res'o-nant, a. Sending back or prolonging 
sound; reverberating. [ < L. F re-, back, -f- 
sono, sound.]—res'o-nanee, n. The quality of 
being resonant; resonant sound.—res'o-na"tor, 
n. That which resounds; specif., in wireless teleg¬ 
raphy, a receiving apparatus, 
re-sort', 1 ri-zert'; 2 re-sort'. I d . vi. 1. To go 
frequently or habitually; repair. 2. To have 
recourse. II. n. 1. The act of frequenting a 
place; a place resorted to or frequented. 2. A 
recourse; refuge. [< L. OF re-, again, + sor- 
tior, obtain.] 

re-sound ' d , 1 n-zaund'; 2 re-§ound', v. 1. 1. 1. 
To repeat, as a sound; echo or reecho. 2. To 
celebrate; acclaim. II. i. 1. To emit a loud, 
prolonged, or far*reaching sound. 2. To ex¬ 
hibit resonance. [ < L. F re-, back, -f- sono, 
sound.] 

re-source', 1 ri-zors'; 2 re-§5rs', n. 1. That 
which is resorted to for aid or support; resort. 
2. pi. One’s available property; any natural 
advantages. [OF., < L.re-, again, -f surgo, rise.] 
re-speet', 1 ri-spekt'; 2 re-sp6et'. I d . vt. 1. To 
have deferential regard for; treat with con¬ 
sideration; hold sacred. 2. To have relation 
or reference to. II. n. 1. The act of esteeming 
or honoring; esteem; honor; regard. 2. A 
special aspect, feature, or relation. [ < L. re-, 
back, + specio, look.]— re-speet'a-bl(e p , a. 1. 
Deserving of respect; of good name or repute. 2. 
Being of moderate excellence; fairly good.— re- 
spect"a-bil'i-ty, n. re-spect'a-bl(e-ness p t.— 
re-spect'ful, a. Marked by or manifesting re¬ 
spect. -ly, adv. — re-spect 'ing, prep. In relation 
to; regarding.— re-spec'tiv(e®, a. Pertaining 
severally to each of a group, considered one by 
one.— re-spec'tiv(e-lys, adv. 
re-spire', 1 n-spair'; 2 re-splr', vt. & vi. [re¬ 
spired'; re-spir'ing.] 1. To breathe in and 
out; send forth in exhalations. 2. To have 
life; live. [< L. F respiro, < re-, back, + 
spiro, breathe.]— re-spir'a-bl(e p , a. Capable of 
being respired.— res"pi-ra'tion, n. The proc¬ 
ess of inhaling air into the lungs and expelling it; 
breathing.— res'pi-ra"tor, n. 1. A screen, as of 
fine gauze, worn over the mouth or nose, as a 


protection against dust, etc. 2. A head*dress worn 
by soldiers as a protection against poisonous 
gases or smoke; gas»mask.— re-spir'a-to-ry, a. 
res'pite, res'pit; 2 res'pit. I. vt. [res'pit- 
res'pit 8 , j ED d ; res'pit-ing.] 1. To grant delay 
in the execution of a penalty upon; reprieve. 

2. To relieve by a pause or an interval of rest. 
II. n. 1. Temporary intermission; an interval 
of rest; postponement; delay. 2. Reprieve. [ < 
OF. respit, < L. re-, back, + specio, look.] 

re-splen'deut, 1 ri-splen'dent; 2 re-splen'd£nt, 
a. Shining with brilliant luster; splendid; gor¬ 
geous. [ < L. re-, again, + splendeo, shine.] 
-ly, adv .— re-spleu'deuce, -den-cy, n. Splen¬ 
dor. 

re-spond' d , 1 ri-spend'; 2 re-spond', vt. & vi. 
To return an answer; reply; act in response or 
sympathy; correspond. [< L. re-, again, + 
spondeo, promise.]— re-spoil'dent, n. One who 
responds; a defendant.— re-sponse', n. An an¬ 
swer; reply. 

re-spon'si-bl (e p , 1 ri-spen'si-bl; 2 re-spon'si- 
bl, a. 1. Answerable for the discharge of a 
duty, trust, or debt. 2. Having capacity to 
perceive the distinctions of right and wrong. 

3. Able to meet obligations, -ness, n.— re- 
spon"sl-blI'l-ty, n. [-tiesz, pi.] 1. The state of 
being responsible or accountable. 2. That for 
which one is answerable; a duty or trust. 3. 
Ability tomeetobligations. —re-spon'sl-bly,adp. 

re-spon 'siv(e 8 , a. Inclined or ready to re¬ 
spond; correspondent. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
rest 1 , 1 rest; 2 r£st. I d . vt. & vi. 1. To cause to 
cease from labor or exertion; cease; desist. 2. 
To place on a support. 3. To repose; sleep; be 
quiet; be still in death. 4. To trust. II. n. 1. 
Cessation from exertion or motion of any 
kind. 2. Freedom from disquiet; peace. 3. 
Sleep; death. 4. That on which anything 
rests. 5. A stopping*place. <>. Mus. A pause, 
or an interval of silence. [ < AS. rest, rest.]— 
rest'ful.a. Full of or giving rest, -ly, adv. -ness, 
n.— rest'less, a. Having no rest; uneasy; sleep¬ 
less. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

rest 2 . I 1 , vi. To be and remain; continue; be 
left. II. n. 1. That which is left over; a re. 

’ mainder. 2. Those remaining; the others. 

[ < L. F resto, remain, < re-, back, + slo, stand, 
res'taur-ant, 1 res'to-rant; 2 rfis'to-rant, n. A 
place where food and drink are provided. [F.] 
res"ti-tu 'tion, 1 res"ti-tiu'^han; 2 r£s"ti-tu'- 
shon, n. The act of restoring or making good; 
indemnification; restoration. [F., < L. re-, 
again, + statuo, set up.] 

res'(iv(e s , 1 res'tiv; 2 rgs'tiv, a. 1. Impatient 
of control; unruly. 2. Restless; fidgety. 3||. 
Stubborn; balky. [< F. restif, < rester, re¬ 
main.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
re-store', 1 ri-stor'; 2 re-stor', vt. [re-stored'; 
re-stor'ing.] 1. To bring back to a former 
state, position, etc. 2. To reproduce as orig¬ 
inally existing. 3. To return. 4. To make 
restitution or amends for. [ < OF. restorer, < 
L. restauro, restore.] —res"to-ra'tIon, n. The 
act of restoring or that which is restored. —re- 
stor'a-tlv(e s . I. a. Tending or able to restore. 
II. n. That which restores. —re-stor 'cr, n. 
re-strain', 1 ri-stren'; 2 re-stran', vt. 1. To 
hold back; repress. 2. To hinder from the 
free enjoyment or exercise of something; re¬ 
strict. [ < L. re-, back, + stringo, bind.]—re- 
strain'a-bl(e p , a.— re-strain'ed-ly, adv.— re- 
strain'er, n.— re-straint', n. 1. Theacc of Te¬ 


l: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
3 :art, ape, tat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i — e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 







501 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


resist 

retro- 


straining, or the state of being restrained. 2. 
That which restrains; a restriction, 
re-strict' d , 1 ri-strikt'; 2 re-strict', vt. To hold 
or keep within limits or bounds; confine. [< 
L. re-, back, -f stringo, bind.]—re-stric'tion, n. 

1. The act of restricting, or the state of being re¬ 
stricted; limitation. 2. That which restricts; a 
restraint.—re-stric'tlv(es, a. -ly, adv. 

re-suit', 1 ri-zult'; 2 re-sult'. I d . vi. 1. To be a 
result or outcome; follow. 2. To have an is¬ 
sue; issue. II. n. The outcome of an action; 
consequence; effect. [ < L. F resulto, rebound.] 
— re-sul'tant. I. a. Arising or following as a 
result. II. n. That which results; a consequence, 
re-sume', 1 ri-zium'; 2 re-sum', vt. & vi. [re¬ 
sumed'; re-sum'ing.] 1. To begin again after 
cessation or interruption. 2. To take upon 
oneself again; reassume; reoccupy; take back. 
[< L. F re-, back, again, + sumo, take.]— re- 
sum'a-bl(e p , a. —re-sump'tion, n. 
re"su"me', 1 rS"zii"me'; 2 re"su"me', n. A re¬ 
capitulation or summary. [F.] 
re-surge', 1 ri-surj'; 2 re-sfirg', vi. 1. To rise 
again. 2. To surge or sweep back again, as a 
tide. [ < L. resurgo; see resurrection.] — re- 
sur'gence, n.—re-sur'gent, a. 
res"ur-rec'tion, 1 rez"u-rek'khen; 2 res"u-rSc'- 
shon, n. 1. Theol. A rising again from the 
dead. 2. Any rising again; renewal; restora¬ 
tion. [OF., < L. LL re-, again, + surgo, rise.]— 
res"ur-rec'tlon-a-ry, a. —res"ur-rec'tion-lst, 
n. [Colloq.] One who steals bodies from the grave, 
re-sus'ei-tate, 1 ri-sus'i-tet; 2 re-sus'i-tat, vt. 
& vi. [-TAT"ED d ; -tat'Tng.] To bring or come 
back to life; revivify; revive. [ < L. re-, again, 
+ sub, under, + cito, summon.]— re-sus"ci-ta'- 
tion, n. 

ret, 1 ret; 2 rgt, vt. [ret'ted; ret'ting.] To 
steep or soak, as flax, etc., to facilitate the 
separation of the fibers. [ < OD. reten, ret.] 
re-tail', 1 ri-tel'; 2 re-tal'. I. of. To sell in small 
quantities. II. n. The selling of goods in 
small quantities. [OF., shred.] —re -tail'er, n. 
re-tain', 1 ri-ten'; 2 re-tan', vt. 1. To hold in 
one’s possession or control; keep; maintain. 

2. To engage beforehand, as a law'yer, by a 
fee. [< L. oF re-, back, -f- teneo, hold.]—re¬ 
tain'er, n. 1. One retained in the service of a 
person of rank. 2. Qne who retains. 3. A retain¬ 
ing fee.—re-ten'tion, n. The act or power of 
retaining.—re-ten'tiv(e s , a. Having power or 
tendency to retain, -ly ,adv. -ness, n. 

re-tal'i-ate, 1 ri-tal'i-et; 2 re-tal'i-at, vt. & vi. 
[-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To give like for like; repay 
evil with a similar evil. [ < L. re-, again, -j- 
talis, such.] — re-tal"i-a'tion, n. — re-tal'i-a- 
tiv(es, a.— re-tal'i-a-to-ry, a. 
re-tard', 1 ri-tard'; 2 re-tard', vt. To cause to 
move more slowly; hinder; postpone. [< L. F 
re-, again, + tardus, slow.]— re"tar-da'tion, n. 
The act of retarding, or the state of being re¬ 
tarded.— re-tard'er, n. 

retch 1 , 1 redh; 2 rech, vi. To make an effort to 
vomit; heave. [ < AS. hreecan, spit.] 
retd., abbr. Returned, 
re-ten'tion, re-ten 'tive. See retain. 
Re-thondes', 1 re-tand'; 2re-t6hd', n. A village, 

5 m. E. of Compiegne, N. France, where armis¬ 
tice ending World War was signed, Nov. 11,1918. 
ret'i-cence, 1 ret'i-sens; 2 ret'i-egne, n. The 
habit of being reserved in speech. [OF., < L. 
re-, again, 4- taceo, be silent.]—ret'i-cent, a. 
Habitually silent or reserved in utterance, 
re-tic'u-Iate, 1 n-tik'yu-let; 2 re-tfc'yu-lat. I. 


vt. & vi. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To make into 
or like network; form a network. II. a. Hav¬ 
ing the form or appearance of network; net¬ 
ted. re-tic'u-Iat"edt; re'ti-Iormt.—re- 
tic'u-lar, a. Like a network.—re-tic"u-la'- 
tion, n. —ret'i-cule, n. A small bag, used by 
women to carry needlework, .etc. 

ret'i-na, 1 ret'i-na; 2 ret'i-na, n. The inner 
coat of the eye, which receives the optical 
image. [ < L. rete, net.] 

ret'i-nue, 1 ret'i-niu; 2 ret'i-nu, n. 1. The body 
of retainers attending a person of rank. 2. A 
train of results. [ < F. retenue, < retenir, retain.] 

re-tire', 1 ri-tair'; 2 re-tir', v. [re-tired'; re¬ 
tiring.] I. t. To withdraw from circulation; 
remove from active service. II. i. 1. To go 
into privacy or seclusion; withdraw from pub¬ 
lic fife; draw back; go away. 2. To go to bed. 
[< F. re-, back, + tirer, draw.]—re-tire'ment, 
n. A retiring; a secluded state or place.—re-tir'- 
ing, pa. 1. Shy; modest; quiet. 2. Pertaining to 
one who retires. 

re-tort' d . I n-tort'; 2 re-tort', vt. & vi. To re¬ 
turn or direct back; say in sharp rejoinder; 
reply sharply. [OF., < L. re-, back, + tor- 
queo, twist.] 


re-tort' 1 , n. A vessel with a bent tube, for the 
heating of substances, or 
for distillation. 
re-tort' 2 , n. A retaliatory 

speech. 

re-touch' 1 , 1 ri-tmfh'; 2 re- 
tuch', vt. To add new 
touches to; modify; revise. Retort. 

—re- touch 'er, n. One who a, retort; 6, adapter; 
retouches or removes imper- c > fla5k ; 'af¬ 
fections, as from a photographic negative. 



re-trace' 1 , 1 ri-tres'; 2 re-trag', vt. To trace back; 

trace over again; follow backward, as a path. 
re-tract' d , 1 ri-trakt'; 2 re-tract', vt. & vi. 1. 
To take back or recall; disavow. 2. To draw 
back or in. [ < L. F re-, back, + traho, draw.] 
— re-trac'til(e s , a. That can be drawn back or in, 
as claws. re-tract'i-bi(epf. — re-trac'tion, n. 
The act of retracting, or the state of being re¬ 
tracted.— re-trac'tiv(es, a.— re-trac'tor, n. 
re-treat', 1 ri-trlt'; 2 re-tret'. I d . vi. 1. To 
withdraw from a position; retire; recede. 2. 
To go into retirement. 3. To curve backward, 
as a coastdine. II. n. 1. The act of retreating. 
2. Retirement; seclusion. 3. A quiet place; 
refuge. [ < L. F re-, back, -[- traho, draw.] 
re-trench' 1 , 1 ri-trendh'; 2 re-trSnch', v. I. t. 
1. To cut down or reduce; curtail. 2. To re¬ 
strict or terminate. 3. To pare away. II. i. 
To reduce expenditures. [ < F. retranrher, < 
re-, again, + trancher, cut.] —re-trench'ment, n. 
ret"ri-bu'tion, 1 ret"ri-biu'shan; 2 ret"ri-bu'- 
shon, n. The act of requiting; requital; pun¬ 
ishment. [OF., < L. re-, again, -J- tribuo, al¬ 
lot.]— re-trii)'u-tiv(e 8 , a. Tending to reward or 
punish.— re-trib'u-to"ry,a. 
re-trieve', \ 1 n-triv'; 2 re-trev', vt. [re- 
re-triev' p , Ctrieved'; re-triev'ing.] 1. To 
bring back to an improved condition; restore; 
reestablish. 2. To atone for. 3. To search for 
and bring to hand, as game: said of.dogs. [ < 
F. re-, again,-]- trouver, find.]— re-triev'a-bl(e p , 
a. — re-triev'a-bly, adv. —re-triev'al, n. —re- 
trlev'er, n. A dog trained to retrieve game, 
re'tro-, 1 rl'tro-; 2 re'tro-, prefix. Back; back¬ 
ward. [ < L. retro-, < retro, backward.] — 
re"tro-act', vi. To act backward or in return; 


1; 9 = final; i = habit; aisle; an = out; ell: Ifl = feud; <5hin; go; r) = siu^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; ftjfll, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iijk; thin, this. 














retroaction 

rhinoceros 


For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. 


502 


affect past acts.— re"tro-ac'tion, re.— re"tro- 
ac'tiv(e 8 , a.— re"tro-cede'<>, v. I. t. To cede, 
grant, or give back. II. i. To go back; recede.— 
—re"tro-ccs'sion, re.—ret'ro-grade. I. vt. & vi. 
[-GRAD"ED d ; -grad"ing.] To move, or cause to 
move, backward; recede; deteriorate. II. a. 1. 
Going, moving, or tending backward. 2. Declin¬ 
ing to a worse state. [+ L. gradior, step.]— re"- 
tro-gres'siou, re. A going backward; retreat; 
degeneration. ret"ro-gra-da'tiont. — re"tro- 
gres'siv(e 8 , a. 

ret'ro-spect, 1 ret'ro-spekt ; 2 rgt'ro-spgct, n. 
A view or contemplation of something past.— 
ret"ro-spec 'tion, re. A calling to remembrance. 
—ret"ro-spec'tiv(es, e. -ly, adv. 
re-trous"se', 1 ra-tru"se'; 2 re-tru"se', a. 

Turned up at the end, as a nose. [F.j 
re"tro-ver'sion, 1 rI"tro-vur'^h8n; 2 re"tro- 
ver'shon, n. A tipping or bending back; repe¬ 
tition; return. [ < L. retro, back,-]- verto, turn.] 
re-turn', 1 ra-turn'; 2 re-turn', r. I. t. 1. To 
put, carry, or send back. 2. To repay in kind; 
repay; render. 3. To answer; reply; retort. 
4. To yield, as increase or profit; repay. II. i. 

1. To come or go back, as to a former place or 
state. 2. To come again. 3. To recur; revert. 
[< L. F re-, back, + lorno, round off.] -a-bl(e p ,a. 

re-turn % n. 1. The act, process, or result of 
returning; response; answer; retort; restora¬ 
tion; requital. 2. That which accrues; profit; 
repayment. 3. A report, list, etc. 

Reu'ben, 1 ru'ben; 2 ru'ben, re. Bib. The eldest 
son of Jacob; ancestor of the tribe of this name, 
re-un'ion, 1 ri-yun'yan; 2 re-yun'yon, re. 1. 
The act of reuniting; renewed harmony. 2. 
A social gathering. [OF., < L. LL re-, again, -f- 
unus, one.]— re"u-nite' d , vt. & vi. To unite, co¬ 
here, or combine again. 

Rev., abbr. Revelation, revenue, Reverend [Revs., 
pi.], review, revolution. — rev., abbr. Revise, 
revised, revision. 

Re'val, 1 re'val; 2 re'val, re. Russian naval station 
on the Baltic Sea, pop. 160,000; seized by the 
Germans, Feb. 21, 1918. 

re-vamp'S 1 ri-vamp'; 2 re-vamp', vt. 1. To fur¬ 
nish (a boot or shoe) with a new vamp. 2. 
Hence, to patch up; make over, 
re-vcal ', 1 ri-vll'; 2 re-vel', vt. 1. To give knowl¬ 
edge of; divulge. 2. To communicate by divine 
agency. [ < L. F re-, back, + velum, veil.]— 
re-veal'a-bl(e p , a. —re-veaJ'er, re.—rev"e-la'- 
tlon, n. 1. The act of revealing; that w’hich is re¬ 
vealed. 2. [R-] The Apocalypse; the last book of 
the New Testament. 

rev"eil-le % 1 rev"e-li' or ra-vel'ya; 2 rgv"8-le' or 
re-vel'ye, re. A morning signal, by drum or 
bugle, notifying soldiers to rise. [ < F. reveil, 
an awakening.] 

rev'el, 1 rev'el; 2 rSv'Sl. I. vi. [rev'eled or 
rev'elled, rev'eld 8 ; rev'el-ing or rev'el- 
ling.] 1. To engage in boisterous festivities. 

2. To delight keenly; indulge freely. II. n. An 
occasion of boisterous festivity; carouse; rev¬ 
elry. [OF., < reveller, rebel, riot.] —rev'el-er, 
n. rev'el-lerf.—rev'cl-ry, n. Noisy or boister¬ 
ous merriment. 

re-venge', 1 n-venj'; 2 re-v2ng'. I. vt. & vi. 
[re-venged'; re-veng'ing.] To take revenge 
for; execute revenge; retaliate. II. n. The act 
of returning injury for injury; retaliation. [ < 
OF. revenger, ult. < L. re-, again, + vindlco, 
vindicate.]—re-venge'ful, a. Vindictive, -ly, 
adv. -ness, re.—re-veng'er, re. 
rev'e-nue, 1 rev'i-niu; 2 rev'e-nu, n. 1. Total 


current income of a government. 2. Income 
from any form of property. 3. Return; re¬ 
ward. [ < F. revenu,< re- again, + venir. come.] 
re-ver'ber-ate, 1 ri-vur'bar-et; 2 re-ver'ber-at, 
vt. & vi. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To return, as 
sound; reecho. 2. To send or drive back, as 
flames and heat in a furnace; repel; reflect. 
[< L. re-, again, + verber, whip.]— re-ver'ber- 
ant, a. Resounding.— re-ver"ber-a'tion, n .— 
re-ver'ber-a-tiv(e s , a. Tending to or causing 
reverberation, re-ver'ber-a-to"ryt. 
re-vere', 1 ri-vir'; 2 re-ver', vt. [re-vered'; re- 
ver'ing.] To regard with worshipful venera¬ 
tion. [ < L. F re-, again, + vereor, fear.]— rev '- 
er-enee. I. vt. Fenced* ; -enc-ing.] To regard 
with reverence; revere. II. n. 1. A feeling of pro¬ 
found respect; veneration. 2. An act of respect 
or obeisance. 3. A reverend person.— rev'er- 
end, a. 1. Worthy of reverence. 2. Being a cler¬ 
gyman.— rev'er-ent, a. 1. Impressed with or 
feeling reverence. 2. Expressing reverence, -ly, 
adv .— rev"er-en'tial, a. Proceeding from or ex¬ 
pressing reverence, -ly, adv. 

Re-vere', 1 n-vlr'; 2 re-ver', Paul (1735-1818). 
An American patriot, who rode at midnight from 
Charlestown to Lexington, Mass., April 18,1775, 
to warn the Colonists of theapproach of the British, 
rev'er-ie, ) 1 rev'ar-i; 2 r8v'er-i, n. [-ies z , pl.\ 
rev'er-y, ) Abstracted and listless musing; a 
day*dream. [ < F. reverie, < rever, dream.] 
re-verse', 1 ri-vurs'; 2 re-vers', v. [re-versed'*, 
re-verst' 3 ; re-vers'ing.] I. t. 1. To turn 
back to the contrary, or upside down; invert. 
2. To put each in the place of the other. 3. 
To cause to have contrary motion or effect. 
4. To set aside; revoke. II. i. To change to 
the contrary or to a former condition; revert. 
[< L. F re-, back, + verto, turn.]— re-ver'sal, 7i. 
The act of reversing.— re-vers'er, n. — re-vers"- 
i-bil'l-ty, adv. — re-vers'l-bl(e p , a. Capable of 
being reversed. [verse'ly, adv. 

re-verse', a. Turned backward; reversed.— re- 
re-verse', n. 1. That which is directly opposite 
or contrary^. 2. The back, rear, or secondary 
side, as of a coin. 3. A reversing. 4. A vicissi¬ 
tude; misfortune. 

re-ver'sion, 1 n-vur'^han; 2 re-ver'shon, n. 1. 
A return to some former state or condition. 
2. Something reserved for future possession 
or enjoyment.—re-ver 'sion-a-ry, a. 
re-vert' d , 1 ri-vurt'; 2 re-vert', v. 1 . 1. To turn 
or throw back; reverse. II. i. To return, as 
to a former position, etc.; come back; recur. 
[< L.of tc- , back, + verto, turn.]—re-vert"l- 
bil'i-ty, n. —re-vert 'l-bl(e p , a. 
rev'er-y, re. Same as reverie. 
re-vet'ment, 1 ri-vet'ment or -mant; 2 re-v8t'- 
ment, n. A facing, sheathing, or retaining* 
wall, as of masonry, for protecting earth* 
works, river banks, etc. re-vete 'mentj. 
re-view', 1 n-viu'; 2 re-vu', v. I. t. 1. To go 
over in memory. 2. To revise or examine 
critically, as a manuscript or a book. 3. To 
take an official view of, as troops. 4. To go 
over again; reexamine. II. i. 1. To write or 
make a review. 2. To look back.—re-view'- 
er, re. A critic or examiner, 
re-view', 1 n-viu'; 2 re-vu', n. 1. A retrospec¬ 
tive survey. 2. Critical study or examina¬ 
tion; criticism, etc. 3. A periodical devoted 
to critical or other essays. [ < L. F re-, again, 
+ video, see.] 

re-vile', 1 n-vail'; 2 re-vll', vt. & vi. [re-viled'; 
re-vil'ing.] To be abusive in speech or act; 


1:artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, born; 
2;art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wlujt, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 








503 


retroaction 

For words in re- not given below see re-, prefix, page 487. rhinoceros 


vilify. [ < re- + F. avilir, cheapen.]— re¬ 
vile 'ment, n. —re-vil'er, re. 
re-vise', 1 ri-vaiz'; 2 re-vig'. I. vt. [re-vised'; 
re-vis'ing.] 1. To reexamine, as for the cor¬ 
rection of errors; review. 2. To change or 
alter for the better; improve; reform. II. re. 
1. A revision. 2. Print. A proof for revision. 
[< L. F re-, again, + viso, behold.]— re-vis 'al, n. 
A revise or revision.— re-vis'er or -or, n .— re¬ 
vision, n. The act or result of revising, 
re-vive', 1 n-vaiv'; 2 re-vlv', v. [re-vived'; 
re-viv'ing.] I. t. To bring to life again; re¬ 
animate; restore; refresh; renew. II. i. To 
come back to life, activity, or vigor; be re¬ 
awakened. [ < L. F re-, again, + vivo, live.]— 
re-vi'val, n. 1. The act of reviving, or the state 
of being revived. 2. A religious awakening, with 
numerous or continuous services.— re-vi'vai-ist, 
n. —re-viv'er, re.—re-viv i-fy, vt. & vi. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] To give new life, strength, or spirit to; 
revive.— re-viv"I-fi-ca'tion, n. 
re-voke', 1 ri-vok'; 2 re-vok', vt. & vi. [re¬ 
voked' 1 ; re-vok'ing.] To annul or make 
void by recalling; cancel; recall. [< L. F re-, 
again, + voco, call.]— rev"o-ca-bil'i-ty, rev'o- 
ca-b!(e-ness p , n .— rev'o-ca-bl(e p , a. Capable 
of being revoked.— rev"o-ca'tion, n. The act of 
revoking; repeal; reversal, 
re-volt ' d , 1 n-volt'; 2 re-volt', v. 1. 1. To cause 
to shrink or turn away with abhorrence or dis¬ 
gust. II. i. 1. To renounce allegiance; mu¬ 
tiny. 2. To be repelled or shocked, 
re-volt', n. An uprising against established 
authority. [ < F. revolte, ult. < L. re-, back, 
+ volvo, roll.]— re-volt'er, re.—re-volt 'ing, pa. 
1. Engaged in revolt; mutinous. 2. Causing 
abhorrence. 

rev"o-lu'tion, 1 rev"o-liu'shan; 2 rev"o-lu'- 
shon, n. 1. The act or state of revolving; a 
complete circuit made by a body around a 
center.. 2. A round of successive changes or 
events. 3. A radical change of government, 
or of character, social conditions, or the like. 
[OF., < L.ll re-, back, + volvo, roll, turn.]— 
rev"o-lu 'tion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to revolu¬ 
tion. — rev"o-lu'tion-ist, re. — revolution¬ 
ize or -ise, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To effect a radi¬ 
cal or entire change in the character, government, 
or affairs of; as, to revolutionize a country, 
re-volve', ) 1 ri-velv'; 2 re-volv', vt. & vi. [re- 
re-vo!v' s , ) volved', re-volvd' s ; re-volv'ing.] 
1. To move in an orbit about a center; move 
in a circle. 2. To rotate, as a body about its 
own center. 3. To turn over and over men¬ 
tally. 4. To move in cycles; recur periodi¬ 
cally. [ < L. re-, back, + volvo, turn round.] 
—re-volv'a-bl(e p , a. —re-volv'er, re. 1. One 



who or that which re¬ 
volves. 2. A repeating 
firearm with a revolv- 
able chamber. 

Rev. Stat., Rev. 

Stats., abbr. 

Revised Stat¬ 
utes. 

re-vursion, 1 

ri-vul'^han; 2 
re-vul'shon, re. 


Revolver, 
strong reaction; 


recoil. [OF., < L. re-, back, + vello, pluck.] 
—re-vul'slv(es, a. Causing revulsion. 

Rev. Ver., abbr. Revised Version (of the Bible), 
re-ward', 1 ri-werd'; 2 re-ward'. I d . vt. & vi. 
To give a reward to or for; requite; be a re¬ 
ward for; recompense. II. re. The act of re¬ 
warding; something given in return; a gift, 


prize, or recompense, as for merit. [ < OF. 
rewarder, = F. regarder, look upon, regard.] 
Rey"kja-vik', 1 re"kya-vlk'; 2 re"kya-vik', re. The 
capital of Iceland; pop. 16,160. 
rey'nard, 1 re'nard; 2 re'nard, re. The fox, as 
the personification of cunning. [OF.] 

Reyn'olds, 1 ren'aldz; 2 ren'oldg, Sir Joshua 
(1723-1792). An English portrait-painter, 
r. f., abbr. Range-finder, rapid-fire, rapid-firing.— 
R. F. D., abbr. Postal Service. Rural Free Deliv¬ 
ery.—R. G. S., abbr. Royal Geographical So¬ 
ciety.—R. H., abbr. Royal Highness.—r. h., 
abbr. Right hand. 

rhab'do-man"cy, 1 rab'do-man"si; 2 rab'do- 
man"(?y, re. Divination by means of a divin¬ 
ing-rod. [ < Gr. rhabdos, rod, + manteia, 
divination.] rab'do-man"cyf. 
Rhad"a-man'thus, 1 rad"a-man'€hus; 2 rad"a- 
man'thus, re. Gr. Myth. One of the judges of the 
dead; hence, figuratively, a rigorously just judge. 
—Rhad"a-man'thine, a. 
rhap'so-dy, 1 rap'so-di; 2 rap'so-dy, re. [-dies z , 
pi.] 1. A series of disconnected and often 
extravagant sentences or utterances. 2. Mus. 
A wild, irregular composition. [ < Gr. F rhap- 
lo, sew, + ode, song, ode.]— rhap-sod'ic, -i-cal, 
a. — rhap'so-dist, re.—rhap'so-dize, vt. & vi. 
rlie'a 1 , 1 ri'a; 2 re'a, re. An ostrich-like bird of 



Rhea—Male and Female. V75 

the plains of South America. [L., < Gr. Rhea, 
mother of the gods.] 

rhe'a 2 , re. The ramie-plant. [E. Ind.] rhe'a* 
grass"!. 

Rheims, re. Same as Reims: erroneous form. 
Rhen'ish, 1 ren'i^h; 2 ren'ish, a. Pertaining to 
the river Rhine, or to the adjacent lands. [ < 
G. rheinisch, < Rhein, Rhine.] 
rhe'o-stat, 1 rl'o-stat; 2 re'o-stat, re. An in¬ 
strument by which a variable resistance may 
be introduced into an electric circuit. [ < Gr. 
rheo, flow, + statos, standing.] 
rhet., abbr. Rhetoric, rhetorical, 
rhet'o-ric, 1 ret'o-rik; 2 ret'o-ric, re. 1. The 
art of discourse. 2. The power of pleasing or 
persuading. 3. Affected and exaggerated dis¬ 
play in the use of language. [ < Gr. rhetor, 
orator.]— rhe-tor'i-cal, a. Pertaining to rhet¬ 
oric; oratorical; declamatory, -ly, adv .— rhet"- 
o-rl 'cian, re. A master or teacher of rhetoric, 
rheum, ( 1 rum, ru'ma; 2 rum, ru'ma, re. 1. 
rheu'ma, ) Catarrhal discharge from the nose 
and eyes. 2. Any thin watery flux. [ < Gr. F 
rheuma, < rheo, flow.] — rheu-mat'ic, a. — 
rheu'ma-tism,w. A variable, shifting inflamma¬ 
tion or neuralgia of muscles, joints.—rheum 'y, a. 
Rhine, 1 rain; 2 rin, re. A river of Switzerland, 
Germany, and the Netherlands; 810 m. to the 
North Sea.— rhine'stone", re. A paste gem¬ 
stone imitating the diamond, 
rhi-noc'e-ros, 1 rai-nes'a-res; 2 ri-noc'e-ros, re. 
[-es z , pi.] A large mammal, of Africa and 
Asia, with one or two horns on the snout, and 


1-3 = final- i = habit; aisle; au = oret; ell; 10 = feud; <fhin; go; X) = Bing; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; tlnn, this. 











rhizome 

rigor 


504 



a very thick hide. [L.,< Gr. This ( Thin -), nose, 
+ keras, horn.] 

rhi 'zome, 1 rai'zom; 2 ri'zom, n. Bot. A pros¬ 
trate or subterranean stem producing roots 
below and leaves or shoots above. 

Rhode Is'land, 1 r5d; 

2 rod. A State in S. 

New England; 1,067 1 
sq. m.; pop. 604,397; 
capital, Providence. 

Rhodes, 1 rodz; 2 rod§. 

Cecil John (1853- 
1902) A British Indian Rhinoceros. 1 /uo 

South«African administrator and statesman; 
founded Rhodes scholarships at Oxford Uni¬ 
versity for selected scholars from the United 
States and the British colonies. 

Rho-de'si-a, 1 ro-dl'zi-a; 2 ro-de'gi-a, n. A region 
of British South Africa, north of the Transvaal; 
438.575 sq. m.; pop. 1,724,000. 
rho"do-den'dron, 1 ro"do -[or red'o-]den'dran; 
2 ro"do-[or rod'o-]d5n'dron, n. A plant of the 
heath family, with clusters of beautiful flow¬ 
ers. [< Gr. rhodon, rose, + dendron, tree.] 
rhomb, 1 romb; 2 romb, n. An equilateral 
parallelogram having oblique angles, or a 
solid bounded by six such parallelograms. 
[< Gr. rhombos, < rhembb, revolve.] rhom'- 
busj.—rhom'bic, a. — rhom'bold. I. a. Hav¬ 
ing the character or shape of a rhomboid, rhom- 
boi'dalf. II. n. A parallelogram of unequal 
sides and with no right angle; also, a solid bound¬ 
ed by such parallelograms. 

Rhone, 1 ron; 2 ron, n. A river of Switzerland and 
France; 504 m. to the Mediterranean sea. 

R. H. S., abbr. Royal Humane Society, 
rhu'barb, 1 ru'barb; 2 ru'barb, n. 1. A hardy 
perennial herb cultivated for its edible acid 
stalks, used in cookery. 2. The root of an 
Oriental plant: a cathartic and an astringent, 
rhyme, rhym'er, see rime, etc. 
rhythm, 1 rithm; 2 rythm, n. 1. Regular, har¬ 
monious beat or cadence, as in music or po¬ 
etry. 2. Art. Harmonious relation of parts. 
[< F. rhylhme, < L. rhythmus, < Gr. rhythmos, 
< rheo, flow.]— rhyth'mi-cal, a. Relating to 
or characterized by rhythm, rhyth'micf. 

R. I., abbr. Rhode Island (official); Royal Insti¬ 
tute. [Grand Canal at Venice, Italy. 

Ri-al'to, 1 ri-al'to; 2 ri-al'to, n. A bridge over the 
rib, 1 rib; 2 rib. I. vt. [ribbed, ribd s ; rib'- 
bing.] To mark with ridges; strengthen by 
ribs. II. n. 1. One of the series of bony rods 
attached to the spine, and nearly encircling 
the body. 2. Something likened to the rib of 
an animal; a ridge, strip, or band, as a side* 
timber of a ship, or a vein or nerve of a leaf or 
of an insect’s w 7 ing. [ < AS. ribb, rib.] 
rib'aid, 1 rib'old; 2 rib'ald. I. a. Pertaining 
to or indulging in coarse indecency. II. n. A 
coarse and abusive person. [OF.]— rib'ald- 
ry, n. Coarse conduct or speech, 
rib'bon, 1 rib'an; 2 rib'on, vt. & vi. To orna¬ 
ment with ribbons; form into ribbons, 
rib'bon, n. A narrow strip of fine stuff, as silk, 
or something resembling or suggesting such a 
strip. [ < Ir. ribin, < ribe, hair.] 

-Tie., suffix. Jurisdiction. [< AS. rice.] 
rice, 1 rais; 2 ric, n. An annual cereal East- 
Indian grass, wddely cultivated on wet land 
in warm climates; also, the grain or seeds of 
this plant. See illus. in next column. [ < F. 
riz, < Gr. oryza, rice.]— rice'-bird", n. Any 
bird infesting rice-fields; (Southern U. S.) the 
bobolink.— r.-paper, n. Paper made from rice- 


straw 7 , or from the pith of a Chinese shrub, the 
rice-paper tree. 

rich, 1 rich; 2 rich, a. 1. Having large posses¬ 
sions; wealthy; opulent. 2. Valuable; costly. 
3. Luxuriant; abundant. 4. Abounding in 
desirable qualities. [ < AS. rice, ult. < O. 
Celt, rig, king.] —rich 'iy, adv. As a rich person; 
sumptuously: fully; abundantly. —rlch'ness, n. 
Rich., Rich’d, abbr. Richard. 

Rich'ard.l riCh'ard; 2rich'ard, n. 1. R. I. (1157- 
1199), king of England; “ Coeur de Lion”; 
crusader. 2. R. II. (1367-1400), king of En¬ 
gland: deposed by Henry IV. 3. R. III. (1452- 
1485), king of England: usurper; last Plantagenet 
king; killed at Bosworth. 

Rl"che-lieu', 1 rUSha-lyu': 2 ri'che-lyu', 
dlnal, I)uc de (1585-1642). Ar- 
mand Jean Duplessis, a French ec¬ 
clesiastic and statesman; prime 
minister of Louis XIII. 
rich'es, 1 ricfh'ez; 2 rich'Ss, 
sing. & pi. Abundant posses¬ 
sions; wealth; abundance of > 
whatever is precious. [ < F. 
richesse, < riche, rich.] 

Rich'mond, 1 riCh'mand; 2 
rich'mond, n. 1. A manu¬ 
facturing city, capital of Vir- 


Car- 


ginia: pop. 171,670; made 
capital of the Confederacy, 

1861; evacuated by Confed¬ 
erates, April 2, 1865; entered 
by Federals the same day. 

2. A borough on the Thames, 
Surrey,England; pop. 35,650. rice;a ’ 



Rice. 

1. The 
true rice; a, 
flower: b , 

2. The Indian 
a fertile spikelet. 


rick, 1 rik; 2 rlk, n. A stack, as of hay or 
sheaves of grain. [ < AS. hrycce, < hreac, rick.] 
rick'ets, 1 rik'ets; 2 rik'£ts, n. A disease of 
early childhood, characterized by softening 
of the bones and consequent deformity. [ < 
MD. wricken, twist.]— rick'et-y, a. 1. Ready 
to fall; tottering. 2. Affected with rickets. 
ric"o-chet', 1 rik"o-^he'; 2 r!c"o-che'. I. vi. 
[Ric"o-CHET'TED d , 1 -^het'ed; 2 -ch£t'gd; ric"- 
o-chet'ting.] To glance from a surface, as a 
shot along the ground or water; skip. II. n. A 
bounding, as of a projectile over a surface. [OF.] 


rid, 1 rid; 2 rid, vt. [rid (sometimes rid'ded^) ; 
rid'ding.] To free, as from a burden or an¬ 
noyance. [ < AS. hreddan, deliver.]— rid, pa. 
Free; clear.—rid 'dance, n. The ridding from 
something undesirable, 
rid 'den, pp. of ride, v. 


rid'die 1 , 1 rid'l; 2 rid'l. I. vt. & vi. [rid'dled, 
rid'ld p ; rid'dling.] 1. To perforate in nu¬ 
merous places. 2. To use a sieve; sift down. 
II. n. A coarse sieve. [ < AS. hridder, sieve.] 
rid'die 2 . I. vt. & vi. To solve, as an enigma; 
explain. II. n. 1. A puzzling question for 
solution. 2. Any mysterious object or person. 
[< AS. rxdels,< rabdban, counsel.]—rid'dling,pa. 
ride, 1 raid; 2 rid, ». [rode (formerly also rid); 
rid'den (formerly also rid); rid'ing.] I. t . 1. 
To be supported on and borne along by. 2. 
To traverse on horseback; travel or pass 
through in any way. 3. To control imperious¬ 
ly. II. i. 1. To be carried, as on a horse or in 
any conveyance. 2. To be borne on a fluid; 
float. 3. To be supported in moving. 4. To 
overlap or overlie. 5. To carry a rider. [< 
AS. rldan, ride.] 

ride, n. 1. An excursion by any means of con¬ 
veyance, especially on horseback. 2. A road 
intended for riding.— rl'der, n. 1. One who 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 










505 


rhizome 

rigor 


or that which rides; a horseman; a bicyclist. 2. 
Any device that rides upon or weighs down some¬ 
thing else, actually or figuratively.—ri'der-less, 
a. Without a rider, as a horse, 
ridge, 1 rij; 2 ridg. I. vf. & vi. [ridged; ridg'- 
ing.] To cover with ridges; be marked with 
ridges. II. to. 1. An elevation or protuberance 
long in proportion to its width and height. 
2. That part of a roof where the rafters meet 
the ridge=*pole. [ < AS. hrycg, back of an ani¬ 
mal.]—ridge Lpole", to. A horizontal timber at 
the ridge of a roof, r.sbeainf; r.spiecef; r.* 
piatef; r.street. 

rid'i-cule, 1 rid'i-kiul; 2 rid'i-cul. I. vt. 
' [-culed; -cul-ing.] To make fun of; deride. 
II. to . 1 . The expression of amused con¬ 
tempt; derision. 2. An object of mocking 
merriment. [< L. ridiculum, jest.]—ri-dic'- 
u-lous, a. Exciting or calculated to excite ridi¬ 
cule; absurdly comical, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
rid'ing 1 , 1 raid'io; 2 rid'ing, to. The act of one 
who rides; a ride. 

rid'ing 2 , to. [Eng.] One of the three divisions of 
Yorkshire (the North, East, and West R.). 
[For thriding < Ice. thrithjungr, third part.]— 
The Three Ridings, Yorkshire. 

Rid'ley, 1 rid'li; 2 rid'ly, Nicholas (1500?-1555). 
An English reformer and martyr; bishop of 
London. 

Ri-en'zi, 1 rl-en'zl; 2 rl-en'zi. Niccoio Gabrini 
(1313-1354). A Roman tribune and reformer, 
rife, 1 raif; 2 rlf, a. 1 . Abundant; plentiful; 
prevalent. 2. Containing in abundance: fol¬ 
lowed by with. [ < AS. rife, abundant.] 
riff'raff", 1 rif'raf"; 2 rif'raf", to. The populace; 

rabble; rubbish. [ < OF. rif et raf, every bit.] 
ri'fle 1 , 1 rai'fl; 2 ri'fl, vt. [ri'fled; ri'fling.] To 
despoil; pillage; plunder; snatch away. [ < 
OF. rifler , < Ice. hrifa, grasp.] 
ri'fle 2 ,®. [ri'fled; ri'fling.] 1 . 1 . 1 . To groove 
spirally. 2. To cause to rotate when dis¬ 
charged, as a projectile. II. i. To provide a 
firearm with a spirally grooved bore. [ <Dan. 
rifle, groove, < rive, tear.] 
ri 'lie, to. A firearm having spiral grooves within 



Mechanism of'U. S. Magazine Rifle. 

A, cookiug.pieoe; B, firing«pin; C, Bafetj.lock thumb.piece; 
Z >, sleeve; E , safety lock»spindle; F , mainspring; G , ftring.pin 
sleeve; H , follower; I , bolt; J , striker; K , receiver; L , barrel; 
M , movable base; N , leaf; 0 , haudguard; P , guard.screw; Q . 
guard«8crew bushing; K, trigger; 3, guard; T, floor.plate catch, 
spring; XJ , flooroplate catch; V , seaiwspring; W , sear; X , stock, 
screw; F , bolt stop»spring; Z , magazine; a , floor»plate; b , maga- 
zincspring; c, guard»screw, front; d, stock. 

the bore for imparting rotation to the pro¬ 
jectile.— ri'fle-man, n. [-men, pl.]^- r.«pit, to. 
A shallow trench, the earth from which is thrown 
up in front, as a protection for riflemen, 
rift, 1 rift; 2 rift. I d . vt. & vi. To rive; burst 
open. II. n. An opening made by riving or 
splitting; a cleft; fissure. [ < Dan. rift, < rive, 
tear.] 


rig, 1 rig; 2 rig, vt. [rigged; rig'ging.] To fit 
out with what is required for any service or 
occasion; equip.—rig'ger, to.— rig'ging, to. 
Naut. The entire cordage system of a vessel. 
rig 1 ,1 rig; 2 rig, to. 1. The arrangement of sails, 
rigging, etc., on a vessel. 2. [Colloq.] A style 
of dress; costume; also, an equipage; turn* 
out; outfit. [ < Norw. rigga, wrap around.] 
rig 2 , to. [Prov.] A practical joke; a trick; jest. [Akin 

to WRIGGLE.] 

Ri'ga, 1 ri'ga; 2 ri'ga, n. 1. A gulf in the Baltic 
sea, Russia; 100 x 80 sq. m. 2. A seaport in 
Esthonia, W. Russia; pop. 569,100. 
right d , 1 rait; 2 rlt, v. I. t. 1. To change so as 
to make right; correct or adjust. 2. To relieve 
from wrong or injustice. 3. To restore to up¬ 
right position: often reflexively; as, the ship 
righted itself. II. i. To regain an upright posi¬ 
tion. [ < AS. rihtan, < riht, right.]—right'er, to. 
right, a. 1. Conformable to the moral law; 
equitable; just; righteous. 2. Conformable to 
truth or fact; correct; true; accurate. 3. Cor¬ 
rect in judgment or opinion; not mistaken. 
4. Conformable to a standard of propriety or 
according with the conditions of the case; 
proper; fit; suitable. 5. Desirable; favorable; 
fortunate. 6. Pertaining to that side of the 
body which is toward the south when one 
faces the sunrise. 7. Holding one direction, as 
a line; straight; direct. 8. Formed with refer¬ 
ence to a line or plane perpendicular to 
another line or plane; as, a right angle. See 
angle. [ < AS. riht, right.] -ness, to. — 
right'san"gled, a. Forming or containing a 
right angle.—right'*hand"ed, a. 1. Using the 
right hand more easily than the left. 2. Done 
with the right hand. 3. Turning or moving from 
left to right, as the hands of a clock. 4. Adapted 
for use by the right hand, as a tool, 
right, 1 rait; 2 rlt, to . 1 . Moral rightness; right¬ 
eousness: opposed to wrong. 2. A just and 
proper claim to anything. 3. The right hand 
or side. 4. Apything adapted for right=hand 
use, as a rightdiand glove, 
right, adv. 1. In accordance with justice or 
moral principle. 2. Correctly. 3. In a straight 
line. 4. In an eminent degree. 5. Suitably; 
properly. 6. Precisely. [ < AS. rihte, < riht, 
right.] right'lyt.—right along [Colloq. U. S ], 
without stopping; uninterruptedly. — right 
away, r. off, r. now [Colloq. U. S.], at once, 
right'eous, 1 rai'dhus; 2 rl'chus, a. 1. Conform¬ 
ing in disposition and conduct to the divine 
standard of right and justice; upright; virtu¬ 
ous; blameless. 2. Morally right; equitable, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

right 'ful, 1 rait'ful; 2 rit'ful, a. 1. Character¬ 
ized by a right or just claim. 2. Consonant 
with justice and truth, -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
rig'id, 1 rij'id; 2 rig'id, a. 1. Resisting change of 
form; stiff. 2. Rigorous; inflexible. 3. Strict; 
exact. ['< L. rigidus, < rigeo, be stiff.] -ly, 
adv. —ri-gid 'i-ty, to. The character of being rigid; 
inflexibility; the property of bodies by which they 
resist a change in shape, rig'id-nesst. 
rig'ma-role, 1 rig'ma-rol; 2 rig'ma-rol, to. In¬ 
coherent nonsense. [Ult. < Ice. ragmenni, 
coward.] 

rig'or 1 ,1 rig'ar; 2 rlg'or, to. 1. The condition of 
being stiff or rigid. 2. Stiffness of opinion; in¬ 
flexibility; strictness; harshness. 3. Severity 
of life. 4. Inclemency, as of the weather; as¬ 
perity. [< L. rigor, < rigeo, be stiff.]—rig'- 
or-ous, a. 1. Marked by or acting with rigor; 


l:a = final; inhabit; aisle; ai! = o?d: oil: Iu = feud; tfhin; go; ff) = sin?7; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 





















rigor 

robust 


506 


uncompromising; severe. 2. Logically accurate; 
exact; strict. 3. Inclement, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ri'gor 2 , 1 rai'gor; 2 rl'gor, n. A violent chill from 
cold or nervous shock. [L.l 
Rig"=Ve'da, 1 rig"«ve'da; 2 rig'we'da, n. [Sans.] A 
collection of hymns and verses in Hindu sacred 
literature; su pposed d ate,2000 B.C.Rik"«Ve'dat. 
rile, rt. [Col'oq.] Same as roil.— ril'y, a. 
ri-lie'vo, 1 ri-lye'vo; 2 ri-lye'vo, n. Art. Relief. [It.] 
rill, 1 ril; 2 ril, n. A small stream of water.— 
rill'et, n. A little rill. 

rim, 1 rim; 2 rim. I. vt. [rimmed, rimd 9 ; rim'- 
ming.] To provide with a rim. II. n. The 
edge of an object; a margin; border. [ < AS. 
rima , rim.] 

rime 1 , (lraim;2rim. I. vt. & vi. [The spell- 
rhyme, ) ing rhyme is etymologically incorrect.] 
[rimed, rhymed; rim'ing, rhym'ing.] 1. To 
put into rime, or make rimes. 2. To influence 
by rime. 3. To harmonize. II. n. 1. A corre¬ 
spondence of sounds in two or more words, 
especially at the end of lines, as in poetry. 

2. A verse, line, etc., corresponding in ter¬ 
minal sound with another. 3. Poetry. [ < AS. 
nman, count, < rim, number.]—rim'er, rhym'- 
er, n. One who makes riming verses; a mere ver¬ 
sifier.—rime'ster, rhyme'ster, n. A maker of 
inferior verses.—rim'y 1 , a. rhym'y J. 

rime 2 . I. vt. & vi. [rimed; rim'ing.] To cover 
with rime; congeal into rime. II. n. Hoar 
frost. [ < AS. hrim, frost.]— riin'y 2 , a. 
rind, 1 raind; 2 rind, n. The skin or outer coat, 
as of fruit. [ < AS. rind, crust.] 
rin'der-pest, 1 rin'der-pest; 2 rin'der-pest, n. 
An infectious disease of cattle; cattle*plague. 
[G.] 

ring 1 , 1 rig; 2 ring, v. I. t. 1. To surround with 
a ring; encircle. 2. To provide or decorate 
with a ring or rings. II. i. 1. To circle. 2. To 
form a ring.— ringed, pa. 
ring 2 , v. [rang (sometimes rung) ; rung; ring'- 
ing.] 1. 1. 1. To cause to give forth a resonant 
sound, as a bell. 2. To produce, as by a bell. 

3. To announce or proclaim, as by sounding 
bells. II. i. 1. To emit a sonorous sound, as a 
bell; reverberate; reecho. 2. To have a con¬ 
tinued sensation, as of the sounding of a bell. 
3. To make a signal with a bell. [ < AS. 
hrinqan, ring.]—ring'er, n. 

ring 1 , n. 1. Any circular object having an open¬ 
ing of nearly its own diam¬ 
eter. (1) A circular band, 
as of gold, worn usually on 
a finger. (2) A hoop. (3) A 
group of persons or things 
in a circle. 2. An area or An Early Christian 
arena, as for a race or Einger«ring with 

fight. 3. A combination engraved mono- 

of p e r s o n s , as in pol- Rram of Christ, 
itics. [< AS. hring, ring.]—ring'sdove", n. 
A European pigeon having the neck partly en¬ 
circled with a cream»colored mark.—ring'lead"- 
er, n. A leader of a party or mob in an unworthy 
undertaking.—ring'let, n. A long, spiral lock of 
hair.—ring'worm", n. A skin»disease appearing 
in circular patches. / 

ring 2 , n. 1. The sound produced by a bell or the 
like. 2. Any reverberated sound, 
rink, 1 rirjk; 2 rink, n. An artificial floor or sur¬ 
face enclosed for some sport. [For ring 1 , n.] 
rinse, 1 rins; 2 rins. I. vt. [rinsed 1 , rinst 3 ; 
rins'ing.] To cleanse by flooding after wash¬ 
ing; also, to remove by such process. II. n. 
The act of rinsing. [< OF. rinser, < Ice. 


—- 

hreinsa, cleanse, < hreinn, clean.]—rins'er, n ’— 

rins'ing, n. 

Ri'o de Ja-nei'ro, 1 H'o d6 se-ne'ro; 2 ri'o de zha- 
ng'ro. A seaport city, capital of Brazil, on Rio de 
Janeiro Bay; pop. 1,157,000. Ri'of; Ri'o Ja- 
nei'ro f. 

Ri'o Gran'de, 1 gran'de; 2 gran'de. 1. A river 
flowing from the S. Rocky Mountains to the Gulf 
of Mexico; length, 1,770 m. Ri'o Gran'de del 
Nor'tef. 2. A river in S. E. Brazil; length, 450 
m. 3. A river in central Bolivia; length, 800 m. 
to the Mamore. 

Ri'o Ne'gro, 1 ne'gro; 2 ne'gro. 1. A river in the 
Argentine Republic; length, 630 m. to the Atlan¬ 
tic. 2. A river in N. Brazil; 1,400 m. to the 
Amazon. 

ri'ot, 1 rai'et; 2 ri'ot. I d . vi. To engage in a 
riot; act riotously. II. n. 1. A disturbance 
consisting of turbulent conduct of a large 
number of persons; tumult. 2. Revelry; also, . 
luxurious grow r th. 3. A jumble; medley. [OF.; 
cp. OD. revot.] — ri'ot-er, n.—ri'ot-ous, a. Per¬ 
taining to riot: boisterous; profligate, -ly, adv. 
rip, 1 rip; 2 rip, v. [ripped 1 , ript 8 ; rip'ping.] 

I. t. 1. To divide along a line of least resis¬ 
tance, as along a seam; tear or cut with vio¬ 
lence. 2. To remove out or away by cutting or 
tearing. 3. To saw, as wood, in the direction 
of the grain. II. i. To be rent or torn open. 

[ < Norw. ripa, score.]—rip'per, n. 
rip, n. 1. A place torn or ripped open. 2. A 
saw r for ripping lumber. rip'*saw"]:. 

R. I. P., abbr. [L.] Requiescat in pace (may he, or 
she, rest in peace). 

ri-pa'ri-an, 1 rai-pe'ri-en; 2 rl-pa'ri-an, a. 
Pertaining to the bank of a river. [ < L. 
riparius, < ripa, bank.]—ri-pa'rl-ous, a. Grow¬ 
ing or living along the banks of streams, as an 
animal or a plant. 

ripe, 1 raip; 2 rip, a. 1. Grown to maturity and 
fit for food, as fruit or grain. 2. Fully devel¬ 
oped; matured. 3. Prepared; ready. 4. 
Rosy; luscious. [< AS. ripe, ripe.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —rip'en, vt. & vi. To make, grow, or 
become ripe. 

rip'pie, ) 1 rip'l; 2 rlp'l, v. [rip'pled, rip'ld p ; 
rip'i p , ) rip'pling.] I. t. To make ripples on 
or in. II. t. To move with ripples, as run¬ 
ning water; sound like running water. [ < 
AS. rimpan, wrinkle.] 

rip'pie, ( n. 1. One of the wavelets on the sur- 
rip'I p , ) face of water, produced as by a light 
breeze. 2. Any sound like that made by rip¬ 
pling water. 

rip'rap", 1 rip'rap"; 2 rip'rap", n. Broken 
stones loosely thrown together for a founda¬ 
tion, as in deep water. [ < D. rip$*raps, 
refuse.] 

Rip Van Win'kle, 1 rip van wip'kl; 2 rip v&n 
wln'kl. In Washington Irving’s Sleepy Hollow, 
a Dutch villager, who, while hunting in the 
Kaatskills (Catskills), falls into a sleep lasting 
20 years, and awakes to find his world changed 
^ and himself forgotten. 

rise, )1 raiz; 2 ris. I. vi. [rose; ris'en, 
rize p , ( riz'n p ; ris'ing.] 1. To advance from a 
lower to a higher position. 2. To stand up; 
hence, to break up for adjournment. 3. To 
grow upward; become tall. 4. To swell or 
slope upward. 5. To originate; emerge; pros¬ 
per. (*>. To revolt. II. n. 1. The act of ris¬ 
ing. 2. Degree of ascent; elevation. 3. The 
act of beginning to be or appear. 4. An ele¬ 
vated place. 5. Advance, as in price, rank, 
etc.; also, moral elevation. [< AS. risan, 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whaR, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 









507 


rigor 

robust 


rise.]— ris'er, n. One who or that which rises; 
specif., the vertical part of a step or stair, 
rls'en, 1 riz'n; 2 rig'n, pp. of rise, v. 
ris'i-bl(e p , 1 riz'i-bl; 2 ri§'i-bl, a. 1. Having 
the power of laughing. 2. Adapted to excite 
laughter. 3. Pertaining to laughter. [F., < 
L. LL rideo, laugh.]— ris"i-bil'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
. A tendency to laughter, ris'i-blest [Humorous], 
risk, 1 risk; 2 risk. I*, vt. 1. To expose to a 
chance of injury or loss. 2. To dare to under¬ 
take. II. n. 1. A chance of encountering 
harm or loss; hazard; danger. 2. An obliga¬ 
tion of insurance. [ < L. F re-, back, + seco, 
cut.]— risk'y, a. 1. Hazardous. 2. Venturesome. 
Fit., ritard.,aM>r. [It.] Ritardando (Mus., gradu¬ 
ally slower). 

rite, 1 rait; 2 rlt, n. A solemn or religious cere¬ 
mony; ceremonious observance. [ < L. ritus, 

rite.] 

rit'u-ai, 1 ritfh'u-al or rit'yu-al; 2 rich'u-al or 
rlt'yu-al. I. a. Pertaining to rites. II. n. 
A prescribed form or method for the perfor¬ 
mance of a religious or solemn ceremony; any 
body of rites or ceremonies. [OF., < L. rit- 
ualis, < ritus, rite.]—rit'u-al-ism, n. Strenu¬ 
ous insistence upon ritual.—rit'u-ai-lst, a. & n. 
Riv., abbr. River. 


ri'val, 1 rai'vel; 2 ri'val. I. vt. & vi. [ri'valed 
or ri'valled, ri'vald 8 ; ri'val-ing or rival¬ 
ling.] To strive to equal or excel; emulate. 

II. a. Standing in competition or emulation. 

III. n. 1. One who strives to equal or excel 
another. 2. One equaling another. [F., < L. 
rivales, near neighbors.]—ri'val-ry, n. [-ries 2 , pi.] 

rive, 1 raiv; 2 riv, vt. & vi. [rived; rived or 
riv'en; riv'ing.] To rend asunder by force; 
be split or rent, as timber. [ < Ice. rifa, rive.] 
riv'er, 1 riv'er; 2 riv'er, n. 1. A stream of 
w r ater larger than a creek, and discharging 
into a large body of water. 2. Copious flow. 
[ < F. riviere, < L. riparlus; see riparian.] 


riv'et, 1 riv'et; 2 riv'et. 


RIV' 



[RIV'ET-ED d or 


RIV'ET-TED d 
ET-ING OT 

ting.] To fasten 

with or as with a Forms of Rivetg . 
rivet. II. n. A short I. Flat.head. 2. Button-head. 3. 
soft metal bolt, hav- Countersunk button»head. 4. Boiler* 
ing a head on one rivet - 

end used to join objects, as metal plates, by 
passing it through holes and forming a new 
head by hammering on its headless end. 
[OF., < river, clench.]—riv'et-ing, n. 
Ri"vi-e'ra, 1 rl"vl-e'ra; 2 ri"vi-§'ra, n. Literally, 
seashore; applied to the coast of France and Italy 
between Nice and Spezzia. 


riv'u-let, 1 riv'yu-let; 2 riv'yu-lSt, n. A small 
brook; streamlet. [< L. rivulus, dim. of 
rivus, brook.] 

Riz'zi-o, 1 rlt'sl-o; 2 rit'sl-o, David (1540-1566). 
An Italian musician; French secretary of Mary 
Queen of Scots; assassinated in her presence. 

R. M., abbr. Royal Marines.— rm., abbr. Ream. 
— R. M. S., abbr. Royal Mail Steamer. — R. N., 
abbr. Royal Navy. —R. N. R., abbr. Royal 
Naval Reserve.— R. O., abbr. Receiving Office. 
— ro., abbr. Rood. 

roach 1 ,1 rodh; 2 roch, n. A European'fish with 
reddish fins. [ < OF. roche, < AID. roch, ray.] 
roach 2 , n. A cockroach. [ < Sp. cucaracha.] 
road, 1 rod; 2 rod, n. 1. An open way for pub¬ 
lic passage; a highw’ay. 2. Any way of ad¬ 
vancing or progressing. 3. Any course or 
path. 4. Naut. A roadstead: commonly pi. 


[< AS. rad, < ridan, ride.]— road-bed", ?j. The 
material part of a road. —road'stead, n. A 
place of anchorage oft shore without harbor pro¬ 
tection. —road'ster, n. A horse adapted for use 
on the road, as in light driving; an automobile or 
bicycle for ordinary roads. —road'way", n. A 
road; specif, that part over which vehicles pass. 

roam, 1 rom; 2 rom, v. I. t. To wander over; 
range. II. i. To move about uncertainly from 
place to place; wander; rove. [Of AS. origin.] 

roan, 1 ron; 2 ron. I. a. Of a color consisting 
of bay, sorrel, or chestnut, thickly inter¬ 
spersed w r ith gray or white, as a horse. II. n. 

1. A roan color. 2. An animal of a roan color. 
[OF., ult. < L. rufus, red.] 

Ro'a-noke, 1 ro'e-nok; 2 ro'a-nok, n. I. A river in 
Virginia and North Carolina; 240 m. to the At¬ 
lantic ocean. 2. An island off the coast of North 
Carolina; settlements attempted here by Raleigh, 
1585-1587. 

roar, 1 ror; 2 ror. I. vt. & vi. To utter a roar, 
as a beast; utter with a roar; vociferate. II. 
n. A full, prolonged, resonant cry; any loud, 
prolonged sound, as of waves. [ < AS. gerar, 
< rarian, roar.]— roar'er, n. —roar 'Ing, pa. 

roast, 1 rost; 2 rost. I d . vt. & vi. 1. To cook by 
subjecting to the action of heat, as in an oven. 

2. To heat excessively. II. a. Roasted. III. 
n. A piece of roast meat. [ < OHG. OF rostan, 
roast.] —roast'er, n. 

rob, 1 rob; 2 rob, v. [robbed; rob'bing.] I. (.To 
take away from wrongfully or injuriously in 
any way, especially by force or fear. II. i. To 
be guilty of robbery. [Ult. < OHG. roubon 
(G. rauberi), rob.] —rob'ber, n. A plunderer, as a 
burglar or highwayman.— rob'ber-y, n. [-ies 2 , 
pi.] The act of robbing; the taking away of the 
property of another unlawfully, by force or fear. 

robe, 1 rob; 2 r5b. I. vt. & vi. [robed; rob'ing.] 
To put a robe upon; clothe. II. n. 1. A 
long, loose, flowing garment worn over other 
dress. 2. Anything that covers like a robe. 

3. A lap-covering for use in a carriage. [F.] 

Rob'ert, 1 rob'ert; 2 rob'ert, n. 1. One of several 

kings of Scotland; especially R. I. See Bruce. 
2. One of two dukes of Normandy: (1) It. I. 
(1000-1035); father of William the Conqueror. 
(2) It. II. (1052-1134); son of William the Con¬ 
queror; a crusader. 

Rob'erts, 1 rob'arts; 2 rob'erts, Frederick Sleigh, 
Earl Roberts (1832-1914). A British field- 
marshal; born in India. 

Ro"bes-pierre', 1 ro"bas-pIr';2 ro"bes-per', Maxi- 
milien Marie Isidore (1758-1794). A French 
revolutionary leader; guillotined. 

rob'in, 1 reb'm; 2 rob'in, n. 1. A small Euro¬ 
pean bird, with the forehead, cheeks, and 
breast orange-red; the redbreast. 2. A North- 
American thrush resembling but larger than 
the English robin. [ < OF. Robin, dim. of 
Robert, Robert.] 

Rob'in Hood. A legendary medieval outlaw of 
Sherwood forest, Nottinghamshire, England. 

Rob'in-son Cru'soe, 1 kru'so; 2 cru'so. In 
Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, the hero, a sailor ship¬ 
wrecked on a tropical island, where, by ingenious 
devices, he maintained himself until rescued. See 
Juan Fernandez; Selkirk. 

Rob Roy. Literally, Robert the Red, an outlawed 
Highland freebooter, Robert Macgregor (1660— 
1734), hero of Scott’s novel of this name. 

Robt., abbr. Robert. 

ro-bust', 1 ro-bust'; 2 ro-bust', a. Character¬ 
ized by great strength or endurance; rugged; 
healthy. [ < L. F robustus, < robus, robur, 
strength.] -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 


1:a = final; i = hablt£ aisle; au = o«t; ell; Iu = feud; tfhin; go; ij = sin^; thin, this, 
2; wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; i©k; thin, this, 















Rochambeau 

rose 


508 


Ro"cham"beau', 1 ro"6han"bo'; 2 ro"chan"bo', 
Jean Baptiste de Vimeur, Comte de (1725- 
1807). French soldier and marshal; commanded 
the French allies in the American Revolution. 
Roche"fou"cauld', 1 ro^h"fu"ko'; 2 roch"fu"co', 
Francois, Due de la (1613-1680). A French 
writer and moralist; Maxims. 
Ro"ehelleMro"ghel , ;2 ro"cMr. La. A historical 
seaport in W. France; former Huguenot strong¬ 
hold; besieged in 1573 and 1627; pop. 36,000. 
Roch'es-ter, 1 roefli'es-tar; 2 r6ch'es-ter, ra. 1. 
A cathedral city and river port in Kent, England; 
pop. 31,260. 2. A manufacturing city of W. 

New York; pop. 295,750. 

Ro"ci-nan'te, 1 ro"thI-nan'te; 2 ro"thi-nan'te, n. 
The rawboned steed of Don Quixote; hence [r-], 
any ill-looking riding-horse. Ro"si-nan 'teL 
rock 4 , 1 rek; 2 rok, vt. 6c vi. 1. To move back¬ 
ward and forward, as on a swinging base. 2. 
To sway or reel. [ < AS. roccian; cp. Dan. 
rofcifce.]— rock'er, ra. One who or that which 
rocks: (1) One of the curved supports of a rock¬ 
ing-chair. (2) A rocking-chair. — rock'ing- 
chair", ra. A chair supported on curved rockers, 
rock, n. 1. Any large mass of stone. 2. A 
firm or immovable support; defense. 3. Some 
source of ruin or injury. 4. Geol. The con¬ 
solidated material forming the crust of the 
earth. [< AS. rorc.\ -rock-oil, ra. Petro¬ 
leum.— rock'y, a— rock'i-ness, ra. 
Roek'e-fel"ler, 1 rek'i-feFar; 2 rOk'e-feFer, John 
Davison (1839- ). An American petroleum 

magnate and capitalist; benefactor, 
rock'et, 1 rek'et; 2 rok'St. n. A firework that 
rises by the reaction of escaping 
gases produced as it burns. [ < It. 
rochetto, dim. of rocca , distaff.] 

Rock'y Mountains. The main range 
of the North American continent, ex¬ 
tending from W. Canada to Mexico; 
highest peaks, Mt. McKinley (Alas¬ 
ka), 20,464 ft., and Mt. Whitney (U. 

S.), 14,502 ft. 

ro-co'co, 1 ro-ko'ko; 2 ro-co'co, n. 

A degenerate style (17th to 18th 
cents.) of showy but meaningless 
decoration. [F ]—ro-co'co, a. 
rod, 1 red; 2 rSd, n. 1. A shoot 
or twig; a straight, slim piece of 
wood or bar of metal. 2. A mea¬ 
sure of length: 16J feet. [ < AS. rod.] 



rode, 1 r5d; 2 rod, imp. of ride, v 
ro'dent, 1 ro'dent; 2 rd'dgnt. 


a. 


1. Gnawing 
the rodents, 
mammal, as 
beaver, etc. 
ppr. of rodo, gnaw.] 
Ro"di»', 1 ro"dan'; 2 


2 . 

II. 

a 

[< 


Pertaining to 
n. A gnawing 
rat, squirrel, 
L. roden(t-)s, 


ro"dan', Au- 
A French 


Rocket. 

6, bursting* 
charge; c , compo¬ 
sition;/, fuse; /i, 
head, filled with 
stars, powder, 
etc.; *. stick; #, 
conical tube 
through which the 
gases that drive 
the rocket upward 
escape. 


guste (1840-1917). 
sculptor; The Thinker. 

Rod'ney, 1 rod'm; 2 rod'ny, Lord 
(1718-1792). George Brydges, an 
English admiral; defeated French 
off Dominica, April 12, 1782. 
rod"o-moii-tade', 1 red"o-men-ted'; 2 rod"- 
o-mon-tad', n. Vainglorious boasting or 
bluster. [ < Rodomonte, a boaster in Ariosto’s 
“Orlando Furioso.”]— rod"o-mon-tade\ vt. & a. 
roc 1 , 1 ro; 2 ro, n. 1. The spawn, as of fishes. 

2. A mottled streak in wood. [ < AS. *hrogn.] 
roc 2 , n. A small deer of Europe and western 
Asia. [< AS. ra, roe.] roe'-deer"]:. —roe'° 
buck", w. A roe, especially the male. See illus. 
in next column. 



Roent'gen, 1 runt'gen; 2 runt'gen, Wilhelm Kon¬ 
rad (1845- ). A German physicist; discovered 

(1895) the rays bearing his name.— Roent'gen 
rays, a form of radiant energy that is sent out 
when the cathode rays of a glass 
tube of high vacuum ( Crookes’s 
tube) strike upon the opposite walls 
of the tube or upon any object in 
the tube: discovered by W. K. 

Roentgen. By means of these 
rays it is possible to see and 
photograph the shadows of bones, 
bullets, etc., through the fleshy 
parts of the body. X-rays]:, 
ro-ga'lion, 1 ro-ge'^hah;2 ro-ga'- 
shon, n. 1. A formal request. 

2. Eccl. Litany; supplication. 

I < L. F rogatio, < rogo, ask.] 
rogue, 1 rog; 2 rog, n. 1. A dishonest person; 
trickster; rascal. 2. One who is innocently 
mischievous or playful. [ < OP', rogue, rude.] 
—rogu'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 1. Knavery, or dis¬ 
honesty. 2. Playful mischievousness.—jogu'- 
ish, a. 1. Playfully mischievous. 2. Knavish, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

roil, 1 roil; 2roil, vt. 1. To render muddy, as a 
liquid. 2. To vex or irritate. [< OF. roeler, 
(F. router ); see roll., ».) 

roist'er-er, 1 roist'sr-ar; 2 rbist'er-er, n. A 


Head of a 
Roebuck. 


blustering, noisy reveler. ( < OF. rustre.] — 
roist'erj [Archaic.]; royst'erj; royst'er-erf. 
—roist'er, pi.— roist'er-ing, pa. 

Ro'land, 1 ro'land; 2 ro'land, n. Hero of the An¬ 
glo-Norman Chanson de Roland (Song of Roland) 
of the 11th century, a prefect of the Brittany 
marches; slain by Gascons at Itoncesvalles, 778. 
role, 1 rol; 2 rol, ra. A part or character taken by 
an actor; any assumed character or function. [F.] 
roll, 1 rol; 2 rol, v. I. t. 1. To move onward 
while rotating; turn about continually. 2. 
To wrap round and round upon itself; cause 
to take a spherical or cylindrical shape. 3.To 
smooth out or operate upon with a roller. 4. 
To move along on rollers or wheels. II. i. 1. 
To move onward, like a wheel or as on wheels. 
2. To undulate; fluctuate; sway. 3. To rever¬ 
berate. — roll 'er, ra. 1. Any cylindrical arti¬ 
cle or device that rolls. 2. A long bandage done 
up in a roll. 3. One who rolls. 4. A rolling wave. 
— roll'tng, pa. Smoothly undulating, as waves 
or hills: expressing also the action of the verb roll 
in any sense.— roll'ing, ra.— roll'ing-mill", ra. 
An establishment in which metal is made into 
sheets, rods, etc., by working it between rollers.— 
r.-pln, ra. A wooden roller with handle at each 
end, for rolling out dough, etc. 


roll, ra. 1. Anything rolled up in cylindrical form. 
2. A list, or register. 3. Any article of food, as 
bread, rolled or doubled together in making. 
4. A roller. 5. A rolling movement or sound. 
6. A trill. [ < F. r6le , < L. rotula, dim. of 
rota, wheel.] 

Rol'lo, 1 rol'o; 2 rol'o, ra. A Norwegian viking 
(860-932) ; first duke of Normandy. 
ro'ly-po"ly, ra. 1. A boiled or steamed pudding 
made from a sheet of dough rolled up with fruit, 
etc. 2. [Colloq.] A pudgy person. 

Rom., abbr. Roman, Romance, Romans. 
Ro'man, 1 ro'man; 2 ro'man. I. a. 1. Relat¬ 
ing to Rome or the Romans. 2. Resembling a 
Roman in character; noble; stern. 3. Roman 
Catholic. II. ra. 1. A citizen of Rome or of 
the ancient Roman Empire. 2. Print. A 
style of perpendicular type, as that in which 
these words are printed. [ < F. romain, < L. 


1:artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; ii = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 













509 


Rochambeau 

rose 


Romanus, < Roma, Rome.]—Roman Catholic. 
1. Pertaining to the Church of Rome, of which 
the Pope is the head. 2. A member of that 
church.—Ro'man-ism, n. The dogmas, forms, 
etc., of the Roman Catholic Church.—Ro'man- 
ist, n. A Roman Catholic.—Rom 'isli, a. Per¬ 
taining to the Roman Catholic Church: usually 
derogatively. 

ro-mance', 1 ro-mans'; 2 ro-mang', vi. [ro¬ 
manced'*; ro-manc'ing.] To indulge in vi¬ 
sionary fabrications; tell fanciful stories. 
Ro-mance', ) 1 ro-mans', -man'ik; 2 ro-man?', 
Ro-man'ic, ) -man'ic, a. Pertaining to the 
languages, as Italian, French, and Spanish, 
descended from the ancient popular Latin, 
ro-mance', 1 ro-mans'; 2 ro-man<j', n. 1. A 
form of idealistic prose fiction; any extrav¬ 
agant story. 2. A poetical tale of chivalry. 3. 
Delight in what is chivalrous, adventurous, 
fanciful, or mysterious. [ < L. LL+F Romanicus, 
Roman.]— ro-manc'er, n. A writer of romance; 
an extravagant storyteller.— ro-man'ttc, a. 1. 
Relating to romance; fanciful; visionary. 2. 
Fictitious and improbable. 3. Pertaining to the 
Romance peoples.— ro-man'ti-cism, n. A ro¬ 
mantic style, as opposed to the classical: a re¬ 
vival of medieval spirit, forms, or types. 
Rom'a-ny, ) 1 rem'a-m; 2 rdm'a-ny. I. a. Of 
Rom 'ma-ny, ) or pertaining to the Gipsies or their 
language. II. n. 1. A Gipsy. 2. The dialect of 
Gipsies. [ < Gipsy Romani, Gipsy, < rom, man.] 
Rom. Cath., abbr. Roman Catholic. 

Rome, 1 rom; 2 rom, n. A city, capital of Italy, and 
seat of the Pope; former capital of the Roman 
empire; pop. 591,000. 

Ro'me-o, 1 ro'mi-o; 2 ro'me-o, n. In Shakespeare’s 
Romeo and Juliet, the hero of the play, in love 
with Juliet, daughter of the enemy of his house. 
He kills himself, thinking Juliet dead, and she 
follows his example. 

romp, 1 romp; 2 romp. I*, vi. To play boister¬ 
ously. II. n. 1. One who romps. 2. Noisy, 
exciting play or exercise. [For ramp, v. &n.] 
Rom'u-lus, 1 rem'yu-lus; 2 rom'yu-lus, n. One of 
the twin legendary founders of Rome, abandoned 
in infancy and suckled by a wolf. He kills his 
brother and becomes sole ruler. See Remus. 
Ron"ces-val'les, 1 ren"si-va!'es; 2 ron"ce-val'6s, n. 
A village in N. Spain; Charlemagne’s rearguard 
defeated and Roland slain, 778. 

Ron"sard', 1 reh"sar'; 2 roirisar', Pierre de (1524- 
1585). A French poet. 

rood, 1 rud; 2 rood, n. 1. A cross or crucifix. 2. 
A square land=measure: oneriourth of an acre. 
[ < AS. rod, roodj 

roof, 1 ruf; 2 roof. I*. vt. 1. To cover with a 
roof. 2. To shelter; house. II. n. 1. The ex¬ 
terior upper covering of a building. 2. Any 
top covering, as of a car or oven. 3. A dwell¬ 
ing; home. [ < AS. rhof, roof.]—roof'er, n. — 
roof=garden, n. A garden on a roof, as for en¬ 
tertainments.— roof'ing, n. Roofs collectively; 
material for roofs; a roof.—roof'less, a. Shelter¬ 
less.—roof'tree", n. The ridge*pole of a roof; 
hence, the roof. r ^ 

rook 1 , 1 ruk; 2 rook, n. An Old TV orld crow. [ < 
AS. hroc, rook.]—rook'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 1. A 
colony of rooks. 2. A breeding=place of sea«birds, 
seals, etc. 3. A rambling building; a low neigh¬ 
borhood.—rook'y, a. 
rook 2 , n. Chess. Same as castle. 
room, 1 rum; 2 room. I. vi. To occupy a room; 
lodge. II. n. 1. Free or open space. 2. An 
apartment. 3. Suitable or warrantable occa¬ 
sion. 4. A person’s place, function, or office. 
[< AS. rum, < 7-wm,wide.]-room'er,7i. [Colloq. 


U. S.] A lodger.—room'ful, n. As many or as 
much as a room will hold; also, a number of per¬ 
sons present in a room.—room'mate", n. One 
who occupies a room with another or others.— 
room'y, a. Having abundant room; spacious. 
Roo'se-velt, 1 ro'za-velt; 2 ro'§e-velt, Theodore 
(1858-1919). An American statesman; author; 
26th President of the United States. See presi¬ 
dent. 

roost, 1 rust; 2 roost. I d . vt. & vi. To perch 
upon; sit or perch. II. n. A perch upon which 
fowls rest at night; hence, any temporary 
resting=place. [< AS. hrdst, roost.]— roost'- 
er, n. The male of the domestic fowl. 
root ld , 1 rut; 2 root, v. 1. 1. 1. To plant and fix 
in the earth by roots. 2. To fix or imprint 
deeply and durably. II. i. 1. To enter the 
earth, as roots. 2. To be firmly fixed. 
root 2d , vt. & vi. 1. To turn or dig up with the 
snout._ 2. To tear up or out; eradicate. [< 
AS. wrolan. root; akin to wrdl, snout.] 
root, n. 1. The underground part of a plant, 
from which it derives nourishment; popu¬ 
larly, any underground growth. 2. That from 
which anything derives origin, life, or growth. 
3. A fundamental or elementary part of a 
word. 4. Math. A quantity that, taken a 
specified number of times as a factor, will give 
another quantity called its power. [ < AS. rot, 
< Ice. rot, root.]— root'let, n. A small root.— 
root'stock", n. 1. A rhizome. 2. Original source; 
origin.— root'y. I. a. 1. Full of roots. 2. Re¬ 
sembling roots. II. n. [Soldiers’ Slang.] Bread, 
rope, 1 rop; 2 rop. \. vt. [roped*; rop'ing.] 1. 
To tie up or unite with rope. 2. To enclose or 
border with a rope. II. n. 1. A construction 
of twisted fibers, so intertwined as to form a 
thick cord; technically, a cord of one inch or 
more in diameter. 2. A collection of things 
plaited or united in a line. 3. A slimy or 
glutinous filament or thread. [ < AS. rap, 
rope.]— rope'*danc"er, n. One who performs 
on the tight rope.— rope'=danc"ing, n. — rope'- 
walk", n. A long alley formerly used for the spin¬ 
ning of rope=yarn and laying of rope, rop'er-yj. 
— rop'y, a. That may be drawn into threads; 
stringy.— rop'i-ly, adv. — rop'i-ness, n. 
roque, 1 rok; 2 rok, n. A specialized form of 
croquet.— ro-quet', vt. In croquet, to strike 
(another’s ball) with one’s own.—ro-quet', n. 
Ro-sa'ce-ae, 1 ro-ze'si-I; 2 ro-sa'ce-e, n. pi. Bot. 
The rose family.— ro-sa'ce-an, a. 1. Belong¬ 
ing to the Rosacese. 2. Resembling a rose; rosy, 
ro-sa'ceoust. 

Ros'a-mond, 1 roz'e-mand; 2 ros'a-mond, The 
Fair. The favorite of Henry II. of England, whose 
queen, Eleanor, is said to have caused her to 
swallow poison (?1177), but the story, based on 
a Percy ballad of 1611, is unauthenticated, 
ro'sa-ry, 1 r5'za-n; 2 ro'sa-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] 

1. A string of beads for keeping count of devo¬ 
tions, or a series of prayers counted by beads. 

2. A chaplet or garland. [Ult. < L. rosa, rose.] 
rose, 1 roz; 2 ro§, n. 1. A hardy, erect, or climb¬ 
ing shrub of numerous varieties, or its flower. 
2. A light pinkish crimson, like the color of 
many roses. 3. Full bloom; flush. [< L. A8 
rosa, rose.]— ro'se-ate, a. Of a rose*color; rosy. 
—rose'*bee"tle, rose'=bug", rose'*chaf"er, n. 
One of various beetles injurious to roses.— rose'- 
bud", n. 1. The bud of a rose. 2. A young girl.— 
rose«bush, n. A rose=bearing shrub or vine.— 
ro-sette', n. An ornament resembling a rose.— 
rose«water, n. A toilet water having a rose*like 
fragrance.— rose window, a circular window 


l-a = final; l = habit; aisle; an - out: oil; lfl = fe«d; tfhin; go; r) = sir?^; fhin, this. 
2; wplf, dp; book, boot; lull, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go. iem; ink; thin, this. 









rose 

rubesccnt 


510 



filled with tracery, called, when this takes the 
form of spokes, a wheel window.—rose'wood", 
n. A hard, close-grained, dark-colored, fragrant 
Brazilian cabinet-wood, 
rose, imp. of rise, v. 

Ro'se-crans, 1 ro'zi-kranz; 2 ro'§e-cran§, William 
Starke (1819-1898). American major-general, 
rose'ina-ry, 1 roz'me-n; 2 rog'ma-ry, n. An 
erect, evergreen, bushy, fragrant 
shrub of the mint family, with 
usually blue flowers. [ < L. ros, 
dew\ + marinus, marine.] 
ro'se-o-, prefix. Rose-red. [< L. 
roseus, rosy.] 

Ro-set'ta stone, 1 ro-zet'a: 2 ro-§6t'a. 

A tablet of basalt containing an in¬ 
scription in two forms of Egyptian 
hieroglyphics and in Greek, found 
near Rosetta, Egypt, in 1799; it 
supplied the key for the reading of 
the ancient inscriptions of Egypt. 
Ro"si-cru'cian, 1 ro"zi-[or rez"i-]kru'- 

£han; 2 ro'§i-[or r6s"i-]erii'shan, n. R 0Sema ry 
One claiming or reputed to be a 
member of a secret society of occult philosophers, 
said to have originated in Germany in the 15th 
century. [ < L. rosa, rose, + crux, cross.]— Ro"si- 
cru'cian, a. —Ro"si-cru'cian-ism, n. 
ros'i-ly, ros'i-ness. See under rosy. 
ros'in, 1 rez'in; 2 rog'in, n. Resin, especially 
that remaining after the distillation of oil of 
turpentine from crude turpentine. [Var. of 
resin.]— ros'ln-y, a. 

Ros"i-nan'te, n. See Rocinante. 

Ross, 1 res; 2 r6s, n. 1. Sir Janies (1800-1862), 
an English arctic explorer; discovered the north 
magnetic pole, 1831. 2. Sir John (1777—1856), a 
Scottish arctic explorer; uncle of preceding. 
Ros-set'ti, 1 ro-set'i; 2 ro-set'i, n. 1. Christina 
Georgina (1830-1895), an English poet; sister 
of Dante Gabriel. 2. Dante Gabriel (1828- 
1882), an English painter and poet. 

Ros-si'ni, 1 ros-si'ni; 2 ros-si'ni. Gioacchino 
Antonio (1792-1868). An Italian composer. 
Ro"stand', 1 ro"stan'; 2 ro"stan', Edmond (1869- 
1918). A French poet; dramatist, 
ros'ter, 1 res'tar; 2 ros'ter, n. A list of officers 
and men enrolled for duty; hence, any register 
or list of names. [ < D. rooster, list.] 
ros'trum, 1 res'trum; 2 ros'trum, n. [ros'- 
trums z or -tra, pi.] A pulpit or platform; 
public orators collectively. [ < L. rostrum, 
beak: from the beaks of captured ships on the 
orators’ platform of the Roman forum.] 
ros'y, 1 roz'i; 2 rog'y, a. [ros'i-er; ros'i-est.] 

1. Like a rose; rose-red;• blooming; blushing. 

2. Made of roses. [ < AS. rosig, < rose, rose.] 
—ros'i-ly, adv. —ros'l-ness, n. 

rot, 1 ret; 2 rot. I. vt. & vi. [rot'ted^; rota¬ 
ting.] 1. To make or become rotten; corrupt; 
decay. 2. To induce the disease called rot. 

3. To become morally rotten. II. n. 1. That 
which is rotten, or the process of rotting. 2. 
A parasitic disease affecting sheep. 3. A form 
of decay in plants. [ < AS. rotian, rot.]— 
rot'ten, a. 1. Decomposed by natural process; 
putrid. 2. Unsound; liable to break. 3. Untrust¬ 
worthy; treacherous. 4. Afflicted with the rot.— 
rot'ten-stone", n. A soft, friable rock, used as 
a polishing-material. 

ro'ta, 1 ro'ta; 2 ro'ta, n. 1. A roll of names, giving 
order of duty; a roster. 2. A round; routine. 3. 
A wheel. [L., wheel.] 

ro'tate, 1 ro'tet; 2 ro'tat. I. vt. & vi. [ro'- 
TAT"ED d ; ro'tat"ing.] 1. To turn, or cause 
to turn, on its axis, as a wheel. 2. To alternate 


or change about, as crops. II. a. Wheel¬ 
shaped; circular. [ < L. roto, pp. rotatus, turn, 
< rota, wheel.]— ro'ta-ry, a. Pertaining to rota¬ 
tion; turning round on its axis, like a wheel.— 
ro'tat"ed, pa. 1. Turned around. 2. Rotate.— 
ro-ta'tion, n. 1. The act or state of rotating; 
rotary motion. 2. Change by alternation.— ro'- 
ta-tiv(es, a. Pertaining to or causing rotation, 
ro'ta-to-ryj.—ro-ta'tor, n. 
rote, 1 rot; 2 rot, n. Repetition of words or 
sounds as a means of learning them, with 
slight attention to the sense. [OF.] 
Roths'child, 1 rofhs'tffiaild; 2 roths'chlld, n. A 
family of Jewish bankers founded in Frankfort- 
on*the»Main by Mayer Rothschild (1743-1812). 
It has branches in Vienna, London, Paris, etc. 
rot'ten, 1 rot'n; 2 rdt'n, a. See rot. 

Rot'ter-dam, 1 ret'ar-dam; 2 rot'er-dam, n. A 
seaport of the Netherlands; pop. 506,070. 
ro-tuiid', 1 ro-tund'; 2 ro-tund', a. 1. Rounded 
out; spherical; plump. 2. Full-toned, as a 
voice or utterance. 3. Complete; entire. [< 
L. rotundas, < rota, wheel.]— ro-tun'da, n. A 
circular building or hall, surmounted with a 
dome.— ro-tun 'di-ty, n. ro-tund 'nessf. 
rou'ble, 1 rQ'bl; 2 ry'bl, n. Same as ruble. 
rou"e', 1 rQ"e'; 2 ru"e', ra. A debauchee. [F.] 
Rou"en', 1 ru"an'; 2 ru"an', n. A cathedral city in 
Normandy; ancient capital of the duchy; scene 
of the burning of Joan of Arc; pop. 125,000. 
rouge, 1 ru 3 ; 2 ruzh. I. vt. & vi. [rouged; 
roug'ing.] 1. To tint with or apply rouge. 
2§. To blush. II. a. Red. III. n. Any cos¬ 
metic for coloring the skin pink or red. [F., < 
L. rubeus, ruby.] 

rough 1 , 1 1 ruf; 2 ruf, vt. & vi. 1. To make 
ruf p , ) rough; roughen. 2. To make or shape 
roughly. 

rough, a. 1. Having an uneven surface; not 
smooth. 2. Characterized by rude or violent 
action. 3. Unkind; harsh. 4. Rude; crude. 
5. Hastily formed or done. [ < AS. ruh, 
rough ] -ly, adv. -ness, n .— rough '-cast", n. 
I. Coarse plaster. 2. A rude model.— rough'en, 
vt. & vi. To make rough; become rough.— rough- 
hew, vt. To hew or shape roughly.— r.-rider, n. 
A bold and skilful horseman, as a cowboy.— 
rough'shod", a. Shod with rough shoes to pre¬ 
vent slipping: figuratively in phrase, to ride 
roughshod (over). 

rough 1 , n. 1. A crude, incomplete, or rough 
condition. 2. A general or uncritical view, 
rough-, n. A low, rude, and violent fellow; a 
ruffian; rowdy. [For ruffian.] 
rou"iadc', 1 ru"lad'; 2 ru"lad', n. Mus. A run of 
short notes, as on one syllable. [F.] 
rou"leau', 1 ru"lo'; 2 ru"lo', n. A roll, as of coins 
in paper. [F.] 

rou-lette', 1 ru-let'; 2 ru-let', n. A gambling 
game in which a rotating disk is used. [F.] 
Roum., abbr. Roumanian. 

Rou-ma'ni-a, 1 ru-me'ni-a; 2 ru-mJl'ni-a, n. A 
kingdom of S. E. Europe; 122,282 sq. rq.; pop. 
17.393,000; capital, Bucharest; declared indepen¬ 
dent of Turkey, 1878; proclaimed a kingdom, 1881; 
overrun by Austro-German armies, 1916-18. 
round 11 , 1 round; 2 round, v. I. t. 1. To give a 
curved form to. 2. To travel or go around. 
3. To fill out roundly or gracefully: often fol¬ 
lowed by out. II. i. 1. To become round. 2. 
To reach completion. 3. To go through a cir¬ 
cuit. 4. To turn about.— round 'ing, pa. & n. 
round, a. 1. Being circular or spherical, or ap¬ 
proximately so; curved. 2. Liberal; ample. 
3. Easy and free; brisk. 4. Free from frac- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rQle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ail; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = g; go, not, or, won, 









511 


rose 

rubescent 


tions; also, divisible by ten, disregarding the 
smaller denominations. [ < OF. and F. rond, 

< L. rolundus, < rota, wheel.] -iy, adv. -ness, n. 
— round'hand", n. A style of handwriting in 
which the tendency is to make all curves round.— 
r. robin, a number of signatures, as to a petition, 
written in a circle so as to avoid giving prominence 
to any single name.— r.-up, n. The bringing to¬ 
gether of herds, as for branding; the herd so col¬ 
lected.— round 'house", n. 1. Naut. A cabin on 
the after part of the quarter-deck. 2. [U. S.] A 
round building with turn-table in the center for 
housing locomotives.— round 'ish, a. Somewhat 
round. —r.-shouldered, a.— R. Table, the table 
of a semimythical King Arthur, made exactly 
circular, to avoid any question of precedence 
among his knights; also, the body of knights hav¬ 
ing places there. 

round, n. l.»Something round, as a globe, ring, 
or cylinder, a rung of a ladder, a portion of 
the thigh of a beef, etc. 2. A course or range; 
route; circuit; beat: often pi. 3. A series of 
recurrent movements; a routine; a completed 
succession. 4. One of a series of concerted 
actions, as in a game or contest; a turn; bout. 
5. An act or expression, as of applause, in 
which many join. 6. A short melody taken 
up at intervals by several voices; a roundel or 
roundelay. 7. Mil. (1) An officer’s circuit of 
inspection: commonly pi. (2) A volley. (3) 
A single charge of ammunition. — rounds'- 
man, n. [-men, pi.] [U. S.] A police officer hav¬ 
ing charge of a group of patrolmen, 
round, adv. 1. On all sides; around. 2. With a 
rotating motion. 3. Through a circle or cir¬ 
cuit. [Short for around.] 
round, prep. On every side of, or nearly so; in 
such a manner as to encircle.— round 'a- 
bout", a. Circuitous; indirect, 
roun'de-lay, 1 raun'di-le; 2 roun'de-la, n. 1. 
A simple melody. 2. A musical setting of a 
poem with a recurrent refrain. [ < OF. ronde- 
let, dim. of rondel, < rond, round.] roun'delj. 
Round'head", 1 raund'hed"; 2 round'hed", n. A 
member of the Parliamentary party in England 
in the civil war of 1642-1649; so called from their 
close-cropped hair, the Cavaliers wearing theirs 
long. 

rouse, 1 rauz; 2 rou§, v. [roused; rous'ing.] 

1. t. 1. To waken abruptly; startle. 2. To 

excite to vigorous action. II. i. To be 
aroused, as from sleep; start. [< Sw. rusa, 
rush.] (Sw. rus, drunkenness.] 

rouse||, n. A full draft of liquor; a bumper. [< 
Rous"seau', 1 ru"so'; 2 ru"so\ Jean Jacques 
(1712-1778). A French philosopher and author, 
rout, 1 rout; 2 rout. I d . vt. 1. To defeat disas¬ 
trously; put to flight. 2. To drive or drag 
forth forcibly, as from hiding. II. n. 1. A 
disorderly and overwhelming defeat or flight. 

2. A disorderly assemblage; rabble. 3. A dis¬ 
turbance of the public peace. [ < OF. route, 

< L. ruptus, pp. of rumpo, break.] 

route, 1 rut; 2 rut, n. A course, road, or way 
taken in passing from one point to another. 
[ < OF. route, way, path.] 

rou-tine', 1 ru-tin'; 2 ru-tin', n A detailed 
method of procedure, regularly followed. 
[OF., dim. of route; see route.] 
rove 1 , 1 rov; 2 rov, v. [roved; rov'ing.] I. t. 
To roam over or about. II. i. To wander 
from place to place. [ < rover.] 
rove 2 , vt. Textile. To join (slivers) and draw 
into thread; reeve. [< reeve, r.] 


rov'er, 1 rov'ar; 2 rov'er, n. One who roves; a 
wanderer; pirate. [ < D. roover, robber.] 
row, 1 ro; 2 ro, vt. & vi. 1. To propel, as a boat, 
with oars. 2. To be transported by means of 
oars.—row'er, n. 

row 1 , n. A trip in a rowboat; also, a turn at the 
oars. [< AS. rowan, row.]—row'boat", n. 
A boat for propulsion by oars.—row'lock, n. 
Any device in which an oar is worked. 
row 2 , n. An arrangement of things in a line. 
[< AS. raw, line.] 

row 3 , 1 rau; 2 row, n. A noisy disturbance or 
quarrel. [Abbr. <rouse 2 .]— row'dy,». [row'- 
diesz, pi.] One inclined to create disturbances. 
—row'dy-ish, a. row'dyj.—row'dy-ism, n. 
row'el, 1 rau'el; 2 row'el, n. A spiked or 
toothed wheel, as on a spur; also, the spur so 
furnished. [ < L. ll+of rota, wheel.] 
row'en, 1 rau'en; 2 row'en, n. A second 
cutting of hay; aftermath. [Yor roughings, < 
rough, a.] 

roy'al, 1 rei'al; 2 roy'al. I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
a monarch; kingly. 2. Like a king; princely; 
regal. II. n. 1. A size of paper, 19 X 24 for 
writing, 20 X 25 for printing. 2. A sail next 
above the topgallantsail. [F., < L. regalis; 
see regal.]— roy'al-ism, n. Adherence to the 
principles or cause of royalty.—roy'al-lst, n. A 
supporter of a royal dynasty. — roy'al-ly, adv. 
— roy'al-inast", n. The section of a mast 
next above the topgallantmast. — roy'al-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. Regal authority; sovereignty. 2. 
Royal persons collectively. 3. A share of proceeds 
paid as to an author or inventor, by those doing 
business under some right belonging to him. 4. 
A tax or seigniorage. 5. Domain or province. 

R. r., abbr. Reformed Presbyterian, Regius Pro¬ 
fessor, respublica (L., republic).—R. P. E., abbr. 
Reformed Protestant Episcopal.—r. p. m., abbr. 
Revolutions per minute.—R. P. O., abbr. Rail¬ 
road Post-office.—rpt., abbr. Report.—R. R., 
abbr. Railroad, Right Reverend.—R. S., abbr. 
Recording Secretary.—r. s., abbr. Right side.— 
rs., abbr. Rupees.—R. S. S., abbr. [L.] Reglse 
Societalis Socius (Fellow of the Royal Society).— 
R. S. V. P., abbr. [F.] Repondez, s’il vous plait 
(answer, if you please).—Rt. Hon., abbr. Right 
Honorable.—Rt. Rev., abbr. Right Reverend. 
—Ru., abbr. Runic. 

rub, 1 rub; 2 rub, v. [rubbed; rub'bing.] 1. 1. 
1. To move or pass over with friction and 
pressure. 2. To cause to graze, grate, or 
scrape. 3. To polish or erase by friction. II. 
i. 1. To move along a surface with friction 
and pressure. 2. To get along with difficulty. 
[Cp. Gael, rub, rub.] 

rub, n. 1. A rubbing. 2. Something that rubs; 

a disturbing fact or consideration, 
rub'ber, 1 rub'ar; 2 rub'er. I. a. Made of 
india-rubber. II. n. 1. Caoutchouc or india- 
rubber. 2. Anything used for rubbing, eras¬ 
ing, etc. 3. An article made of india-rubber; 
specif. [U. S.], pi., india-rubber overshoes. 4. 
One who or that which rubs. 5. The odd or 
decisive game in a series, 
rub'bish, 1 rub'iffi; 2 riib'ish, n. Waste, 
refuse, or broken matter; trash, 
rub'ble, (1 rub'l; 2 riib'l, n. 1. Rough pieces 
rub'l p , j of broken stone. 2. Masonry built 
of irregular stone. [1640). A Flemish painter. 
Ru'bens, 1 ru'benz; 2 ru'beng, Peter Paul (1577- 
ru-bes'cent, 1 ru-bes'ent; 2 ru-bes'ent, a. 
Growing or becoming red; reddening. [ < L. 
rubesco, grow red.]—ru-bes'cence, n. 


l;a = final; l = habltq aisle; au = out; ©II; Iu = feud; tfhin; go; I) = s mg', thin, this, 
£:wQlf, dg; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iok; thin, this, 








Rubicon 

russet 


512 


Hu'bi-eon, 1 ru'bi-kon; 2 ru'bi-eon, n. A river in 
Tuscany; 20 m. to the Adriatic. It separated 
Caesar’s province of Gaul from Italy and by cross¬ 
ing it under arms he committed himself to a war 
witb Pompey; hence, to cross the Rubicon, to be 
committed definitely to some course of action, 
ru'bi-cund, 1 ru'bi-kund; 2 ru'bi-cund, a. 
Red, or inclined to redness; rosy. [ < L. F 
rublcundus, red.] 

Ru'bin-stein, 1 ru'bm-stain; 2 rp'bin-stln, Anton 
Gregor (1829-1894). Russian pianist; composer, 
ru'ble, 1 ru'bl; 2 ru'bl, n. The Russian mone¬ 
tary unit; formerly, a silver coin worth about 
77 cents, or a paper note worth about 51 cents: 
now greatly depreciated. [< Rus. rubll.] 
ru'bric, 1 ru'bnk; 2 ru'bric, n. 1. A liturgical 
direction or rule, as in a prayer=book (for¬ 
merly written or printed in red). 2. Liturgical 
or other rules collectively. [ < L. F rubrica, 
red earth.]— ru'bri-cal, a. -ly, adv. 
ru'by, 1 ru'bl; 2 ru'by. I. a. Pertaining to or 
like a ruby; being of a rich crimson. II. n. 

1. A transparent gem*stone of a deep*red 
color. 2. Any gem of great value. 3. A rich 
red like that of a ruby. [ < L. LL+F rubeus, red, 
< rubeo, be red.] 

ruche, 1 ru^h; 2 rugh, n. A quilted or ruffled 
strip of fine fabric, worn about the neck or 
wrists of a woman’s costume. [F.] rouchei. 
— ruch'ing, n. Material for ruches; ruches col¬ 
lectively. 

ruck, 1 ruk; 2 ruk, n. [Prov.] The common herd 
or run; a crowd; also, trash; rubbish, 
rud 'der, 1 rud'ar; 2 rud'er, n. A broad flat de¬ 
vice hinged vertically at the 
stern of a vessel to direct its 
course; hence, anything that 
guides or that directs a course. 

[ < AS. rother, oar.] 
rud'dy, a. [rud'di-er; rud'- 
di-est.] Tinged with red; 
especially having a healthy 
glow; rosy. [< AS. rudi, < 
rudu, redness.] — rud'di-ly, 
adv.— rud'di-ness, n. 
rude, 1 rud; 2 rud, a. [rud'- 
er; rud'est.] 1. Rough or 
abrupt; severe or tempes¬ 
tuous; offensively blunt or 
uncivil. 2. Uncultivated; Rudder of 
uncouth. 3. Unskilfully a Single*screw 
made or done. [F., < L. Steamship. 
rudls, rough.] -ly, adv. -ness,n. r > rudder; *> BCrew - 
ru'di-ment, 1 ru'di-ment or -mant; 2 ru'di- 
ment, n. 1. A first principle, step, stage, or 
condition. 2. A rudimentary part, organ, etc.; 
a germ. [F., < L. rudimenturn, first attempt, 
beginning.]— ru"di-men'ta-ry, a. I. Pertain¬ 
ing to or of the nature of a rudiment. 2. Ger¬ 
minal; undeveloped; abortive. ru"di-men'talj. 
Ru'dolph, 1 ru'delf; 2 ry'dolf, n. 1. R. I., of 
Hapsburg (1218-1291), emperor of Germany: 
founder of the late reigning house of Austria. 

2. R. II. (1552-1612), emperor of Germany; per¬ 
secuted Protestants. 

rue, 1 ru; 2 ru, vt. & vi. [rued; ru'ing.] To 
have cause to be sorry for; feel remorse; grieve; 
pity. [ < AS. hredwan, grieve.]— rue'ful, a. 

1. Deplorable: sorrowful. 2. Expressing pity, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

rue, n. A small bushy herb with bitter leaves; 

a bitter draft. [F., < L. ruta, rue.] 
ruff, 1 ruf; 2 ruf. I*, vi. To become ruffled; 
stand out like a ruff. II. n. 1. A plaited, 



crimped, or fluted collar or frill. 2. A ruffle. 

3. A natural collar of projecting feathers 
around the neck, as of a bird; also, a bird 
having such a collar, as the ruffed sandpiper 
or ruffed grouse. [Short for ruffle, n .]—ruffed, 
a. Having a ruff, ruffle, or frill, 
ruf'fl-an, 1 ruf'i-an; 2 ruf'i- 
an, n. A lawless, brutal 
fellow; marauder. [OF., < 

OD. roffen, pander.]— ruf'fi- 
an-lsin, n. —ruf'fi-an-ly, a. 
ruf'fle, / 1 ruf'1; 2 ruf'l, v. 
ruf'l p , ) [ruf'fled, ruf'ld p ; 
ruf'fling.] I. t. 1. To 
make into or furnish with 
ruffles. 2. To erect in a ruff. 

3. To disarrange; rumple. 

4 . To vex. II. i. 1 . To be 
rumpled or disordered. 2. Ruff. Vio 
To become offended. [ < D. ruifelen, rumple.] 

ruf'fle, 1 ruf'l; 2 ruf'l, n. 1. A plaited strip; 

frill. 2. A temporary discomposure, 
ru'fous, 1 rQ'fus; 2 ry'fus, a. Dull*red; tawny. 
[< L. rufus, red.] 

rug, 1 rug; 2 rug, n. 1. A heavy textile fabric, 
or dressed skin, to cover a portion of a floor. 

2. A heavy lap*robe. [< Sw. rugg, rough 
hair.] 



ru'gate, 1 ru'git; 2 ry'gat, a. Wrinkled; corru¬ 
gated. [< L. ruga, a wrinkle.] ru'gosef. 
Rug'by, 1 rug'bi; 2 rfig'by, n . A town in War¬ 
wickshire, England; pop. 19,340; seat of a pub¬ 
lic school founded in 1567. — Rug'bel-an, n. 
A pupil of Rugby school.— Rug'bei-an, a. 
rug'ged, 1 rug'ed; 2 rug'ed, a. 1. Rough, 
stee^), and rocky; uneven. 2. Shaggy; un¬ 
kempt. 3. Rough in temper or action; stern. 
4. Wrinkled; frowning. 5. Lacking culture; 
rude. [ < Sw. rugg, rough hair.] 
ru'in, 1 ru'in; 2 ru'in. I. vt. & vi. To inflict 
ruin upon; bring ruin; fall into ruin. II. n. 

1. Total destruction of value or usefulness. 

2. That which remains of something demol¬ 
ished or decayed: often pi. 3. A condition of 
desolat’on. 4. That which causes destruc¬ 
tion. [< L. LL ruina, ruin.]—ru"in-a'tion, 
n. The act of ruining; something that ruins.— 
ru'in-ous, a. Causing or tending to ruin; fall¬ 
ing to ruin, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 


rule, 1 rul; 2 rul, v. [ruled; rul'ing.] 1. 1. 1. 
To control; govern. 2. To settle or establish. 

3. To make conformable to a rule; order. 4. 
To mark with lines, as with a ruler. II. i. To 
be in command; lay down a rule; control.— 
—rul'a-bl(e p , a. 1. Capable of being ruled. 
2. Permissible according to rule.—rul'er, n. 1. 


One who rules or 
governs. 2. A 
straight* edged f 
strip for guiding a 
marking* imple¬ 
ment; a rule; rul- 
ing*m a c h i n e. — 



=-A 


Parallel Ruler. 


rul'ing. J. pa. Exercising dominion; control¬ 
ling; predominant. II. n. 1. The act of one 
who rules or governs. 2. A decision, as of a 
judge or presiding officer. 3. The act of making 
ruled lines, or the lines so made. 


rule, n. 1. Controlling power or authority, or 
its exercise. 2. A regular course of procedure. 
3. A direction; enactment; prescribed form, 
or the like. 4. A ruler; printers’ straight strip 
of type*high metal. [ <'L. OT regula, <rego, rule.] 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn. 


















513 


Rubicon 

russet 


rum, 1 rum: 2 rum, a. [Colloq., Eng.] Queer; 
strange. [Prob. Gipsy.] 

ruin, n. An alcoholic liquor distilled from fer¬ 
mented molasses or cane=juice. [Short for 
Prov. Eng. rumbullion, rum.] 
rum'bl(e p , 1 rum'bl; 2 rum'bl. I. vt. & vi. 
[ruivi'bl(e)d p ; rum'bling.] 1. To make a 
continuous low, rolling sound, as thunder. 2. 
To move along with such a sound. 3. To be 
in or cause commotion. II. n. A muffled 
roar; hence, any confused noise. [Ult. < Sw. 
rama, low.] 

ru'ini-naut, 1 ru'mi-nant; 2 ru'mi-nant. I. a. 
1. Chewing the cud. 2. Drowsily quiet. II. 
n. An animal that has a stomach with four 
complete cavities, the food received into the 
first being returned to the mouth, chewed 
over again and swallowed, and digested in the 
other compartments. [ < L. rumen, throat.] 
ru'mi-nate, 1 ru'mi-net; 2 ru'mi-nat, vt. & vi. 
[-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] 1. To chew, as a cud; 
chew the cud. 2. To meditate or reflect upon; 
muse. [ < L. rumino, pp. ruminatus; see ru¬ 
minant.] — ru"mi-na'tion, n. — ru'mi-na"- 
tiv(e 9 , a. Meditative. -ly, adv. 
rum'mage, 1 rum'ij; 2 rum'ag. I. vt. & vi. 
[rum'maged; rum'mag-ing.] To ransack thor¬ 
oughly; disarrange things in search. II. n. 

I. Any act of rummaging. 2. An upheaval or 
stirring up. [ < roomage, < room, n.] 

ru'mor, 1 ru'mar; 2 ru'mor. I. vt. To report 
abroad. II. n. An unverified report passing 
from person to person: sometimes personified. 
[OF., < L. rumor, noise.l ru'mourj. 
rump, 1 rump; 2 rump, n. The buttocks or 
hinder parts; the fag*end of anything. [ < Ice. 
rumpr.] 

rum'pl(e p , 1 rum'pl; 2 rum'pl. I. vt. [rum'- 
pl(e)d p ; rum'pling.] To form into rumples. 

II. n. 1. An irregular wrinkle or fold; a rum¬ 
pled fabric. 2. The condition of being rum¬ 
pled. [ < AS. rimpan, wrinkle.] 

rum'pus, 1 rum'pus; 2 rum'pus, n. A distur¬ 
bance; wrangle; row. [ < rumble.] 

run, 1 run; 2 run. I. vt. & vi. [ran; run; run'- 
ning.] 1. To go or cause to go swiftly; speed 
along. 2. To travel; proceed. 3. To move con¬ 
tinuously in or as in a stream, as water or any 
liquid; flow. 4. To cause to penetrate or trav¬ 
erse; pierce; thrust. 5. To operate or act, as 
a machine; to be active. G. To continue in 
existence; extend. 7. To be reported. 8. To 
exist on an average. 9. To accomplish by 
running. 10. To make one’s way through. 
11. To mold. II. n. 1. The act of running; a 
going rapidly. 2. A trip or journey. 3. A con¬ 
tinuous or connected course; succession.^ 4. 
Uncontrolled course in or through something; 
free access or use. 5. An act of flowing or that 
which flows; a stream; a creek or rivulet. 6. 
A place or path passed or frequented; a run¬ 
way. [< AS. Tyne, path.]—run'a-bout", n. 
A light, handy, open automobile for ready ser¬ 
vice.—run'a-way". I. a. 1. Escaped; fugitive. 
2. Caused by running away. II. n. 1. One that 
runs away. 2. An act of running away.—run '- 
ner, n. 1. One that runs. 2. That part on which 
an object runs or slides. 3. Bot. A slender, pros¬ 
trate stem disposed to root at the end and nodes. 
See illus. in next column.—run'round", n. A 
circumscribed inflammation of the skin.—run'- 
way", n. A way over which something runs or 
moves, as the bed of a stream, a path made by 
animals, a slide for logs, etc. 


run'a-gate||, 1 run'a-get; 2 run'a-gat, n. 1. A de¬ 
serter; renegade. 2. A vagabond. [Cor. of rene¬ 
gade.] 

run 'dl(e p , 1 run'dl; 2 run'dl, n. A rung, as of a lad¬ 
der. [ < OF. rondel, „ . 

something round.) m 

run'delt. fW'w s* 

rund'let, 1 rund'-?is^\7jR^ 
let; 2 rund'ISt, n.' 

A small barrel, or_ M VfW/VL- 

the measure of.: ~ 

wine it contains, y T ’ '/Jl M 

[ < OF. rondele.] * * '' 

rune, 1 run; 2 run, Runners (r, r) of the 
n. 1. A character Strawberry, 

of a primitive Teutonic alphabet. 2. A Finnish 
or Old Norse poem; any song or poem. 
—ru'nlc, a. 

rung, 1 rug; 2 rung, n. A rounded cross*strip, 
as of a ladder or chair; a rod, spoke, etc. [ < 
AS. hrung, pole.] 
rung, imp. & pp. of ring 2 , v. 
run'let 1 , 1 run'let; 2 run'lgt, n. A little stream; 

rivulet, run'nelj:. 
run'let 2 , n. Same as rundlet. 

Run'ny-mede, 1 run'i-mld; 2 run'y-med, n. A 
meadow in Surrey, England, on the Thames, 
where King John granted Magna Carta, 1215. 
runt, 1 runt; 2 runt, n. A stunted animal; 

dwarf. [< Sc. rind, < AS. hrither, horned beast.] 
ru-pee', 1 ru-pi'; 2 ru-pe', n. The standard mone¬ 
tary unit of British India, of fluctuating value, 
worth about 33 cents. [Ult. < Sans, rupya, sil¬ 
ver, < rupa, beauty.] 

Ru'pert, 1 ru'part; 2 ru'pert, Prince (1619-1682). 
A Bavarian soldier and Royalist general under 
his uncle, Charles I. of England, 
rup'ture, 1 rup'dhur or -tiur; 2 rup'chur or 
-tur. I. vt. & vi. [rup'tured; rup'tur-ing ] 
To separate the parts of by violence; suffer 
a breach or break. II. n. 1. The act of rup¬ 
turing. 2. A ruptured muscle; hernia. 3. 
Breach of peace and concord. [F., < L. rup- 
tura. < rumpo, break.] 

ru'ral, 1 ru'ral; 2 ru'ral, a. Pertaining to the 
country; rustic. [F., < L. ruralis, < rus, 
country.] -ly, adv. -ness, n— rural free de¬ 
livery. [U. S.] A government service of house* 
to*house free maiBdelivery by carrier in rural 
districts, as distinguished from the general deliv¬ 
ery service.—ru'ral-ism, n. —ru-ral'i-ty, n. 
Rus., Russ., abbr. Russia, Russian, 
ruse, 1 ruz; 2 rug, n. An action intended to mis¬ 
lead or deceive. [F., < ruser, trick.] 
rush 1 , 1 ru^li; 2 rush, vt. & vi. 1. To drive or 
push with violent haste; hurry. 2. To enter 
precipitately. [Cp. AS. hriscan, make a noise, 
G. rauschen, rush.]—rush'er, n. 
rush 1 , n. 1. A grassdike, usually aquatic herb, 
having soft, pliant stems 2 to 4 feet high. 2. 
A thing of little or no value. [ < L. A8 ruscum, 
butcher’s=broom.]—rush'light", n. A candle 
made by dipping a rush in tallow, rush candlef. 
—rush'y, a. [rush'i-er; rush'i-est.] Abound¬ 
ing in or made of rushes. 

rush 2 , 1 ru^h; 2 rush, n. 1. The act of rushing. 

2. Extraordinary haste or pressure, 
rusk, 1 rusk; 2 rusk, n. A kind of light, sweet¬ 
ened bread or biscuit. [< Sp. rosea, screw, 
twist of bread.] 

Rus'kin, 1 rus'kin; 2 rus'kin, John (1819-1900). 

An English art=critic and author. 

Russ, 1 rus; 2 rus, a. & n. [Poet.] Russian, 
rus'set, 1 rus'et; 2 riis'gt. I. a. 1. Of a reddish 
or yellowish brown color. 2. Made of russet 


1* a = final; i = habit; aisle; an = out; ©II; Iu = feud; <5hin; go; rj = sin^; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, d«; book, boot; full, r«le, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











Russia 

sagital 


514 


material. II. n. 1. A color formed by com¬ 
bining orange and purple. 2. Russet cloth, 
clothing, etc. 3. An apple of a greenish color, 
mottled with brown. [ < F. rousset, ruddy.]—• 
rus'set-y, a. Russet*colored. 

Rus'sia, 1 rush's; 2 rush'a, n. A country of E. 
Europe and N. Asia; area before the revolu¬ 
tion, March 15, 1917, 8,764,586 sq. m.; pop. 
182,182,600; capital, Petrograd. 

Rus'sian. I. a. Pertaining to Russia. II. n. 

An inhabitant of Russia, 
rust, 1 rust; 2 rust. I<*. vt. & vi. 1. To affect, or 
become affected, with rust. 2. To impair by 
inaction. II. n . The reddish or yellowish 
coating caused on iron by oxidation; also, any 
similar coating, as of plants under fungous 
disease. [ < AS. rust, < read, red.] 
rus'tic, 1 rus'tik; 2 rus'tic. I. a . 1. Rural; 
hence, plain; homely. 2. Pertaining to some 
irregular style of work or decoration appro¬ 
priate to the country. II. n . A countryman; 
peasant. [ < F. rustique, < L. rusticus, < rus, 
country.] rus'ti-calj [Archaic].— rus'ti-cal- 
ly, adv . —rus'ti-cate, vt. & vi. [-CAT"ED d ; -catl¬ 
ing.] To send or banish to the country; dwell in 
or go into the country.— rus"ti-ca'tion, n . — 
rus-tic'i-ty, n . [-ties 2 , pi.] Rustic simplicity. 
rus'tl(e p , 1 rus'l; 2 rus'l. I. vt. & vi. [rus'tled, 
rus'tld p ; rus'tling.] 1. To move or cause to 
move or fall w r ith a rustle. 2. [Slang, Western 
U. S.] To act with energy or bustling activity; 
also, to steal, as cattle or horses. II. n . A quick 
succession of small, light, frictional sounds as 
of dry leaves or silken garments. [Freq. < Sw. 
rusta, stir, O. Sw. ruska, shake.]—rus'tier, n. 
rust'y, 1 rust'i; 2 rust'y, a . [rust'i-er; rust'i- j 


est.] 1. Covered or affected with rust. 2. 
Consisting of rust. 3. Having the appearance 
of rust. i. Impaired by inaction. [ < AS. 
rustig, < rust; seeRUST.]— rust'l-ly, adt>.— rust'- 
i-ness, n. 

rut, 1 rut; 2 rut. I. vt. [rut'ted<1; rut'ting.] 
To make ruts in. II. n. A sunken track worn 
by a wheel, as in a road; any beaten track. 
[For route.]— rut'ty, a. 

ru"ta-ba'ga, 1 ru"ta-be'ga; 2 ru"ta-ba'ga, n. 

A cultivated plant or its 
edible yellowish root: al¬ 
lied to the common turnip. 

[Said to be Sw.] 

ruth ||, 1 ruth; 2 ruth, n . Sor¬ 
row; pity. [< Ice. hrygth, < 
hryggr, sorrowful.] — ruth'- 
less, a. Merciless, -ly, adv. 

-ness, n. 

Ruth, 1 ruth; 2 ruth, n. Bib. A 
woman of Moab, daughter* 
in*law of the Israelite, Na¬ 
omi; she left her own people 
and went to Bethlehem, 
where she married Boaz, thus 
becoming an ancestress of 
David. Her story is told in 
the Old Testament book of a. a part of the head In 
this name. maturity. 

R.V., abbr. Revised Version (of the Bible).— R.W., 
abbr. Right Worshipful, Right Worthy. — Ry., 
abbr. Railway. 

rye, 1 rai; 2 ry, n. The grain or seeds produced 
by a cereal grass nearly allied to wheat; also, 
the plant. [ < AS. ryge, rye.] 

ry'ot, 1 rai'at; 2 ry'ot, n. In India, a tenant; peas¬ 
ant. [ < Hind, raiyat, < Ar. raiya, a subject.] 



S 


S, s, 1 es; 2 8s, n. [s’s, S’s, or Ss, 1 es'ez; 2 8s'8g, 
pi.] The nineteenth letter in the English 
alphabet. 

S., abbr. Saint, Saturday, Saxon, school, senate, 
signa (L., label, write). Signor, Socialist, socius or 
sodalis (L.,Fellow), society, south, sun,Sunday.— 
S., Sa., Sat., abbr. Saturday.— S., Sab., abbr. 
Sabbath.—s., abbr. Second, section [ss., pi.], 
series, set, shilling, singular, sinister, substantive. 
—S. A., abbr. South Africa, South America, 
South Australia.—s. a., abbr. [L.] Secundum 
arlem (according to art), sine anno (without date). 
Sab'a-oth, 1 sab'i-eth; 2 sab'a-oth, n. pi. Armies. 

[ < Heb. tsebadth, pi. of tsaba, army.] 

Sab'bath, 1 sab'ath; 2 sab'ath, n. 1. The sev¬ 
enth dayof the week, appointed in the decalog 
as a day of rest. 2. Sunday. 3. A period of rest 
and peace. < Heb. shabbath, < shabath, rest from 
labor.]— sab"ba-ta'ri-an. I .a. Pertaining to the 
Sabbath or its observance. II. n. A strict ob¬ 
server of the Sabbath; one who observes the 
seventh day as the Sabbath.— Sab-bat 'i-cal, a. 
Pertaining to the Sabbath. Sab-bat'ict. 
sa'ber, / 1 se'bar; 2 sa'ber. I. vt. [sa'bered, 
sa'bre, ) sa'bred; sa'ber-ing, sa'bring.] To 
strike or arm 
with a saber. 

II . n. A heavy Si 

cavalry sword, often curved. [ < F. sabre.] 
Sa'bine, 1 se'bain; 2 sa'bin, n. One of an ancient 
Italian people, whose daughters the early Ro¬ 
mans married by force ( The Rape of the Sabines) ; 
also, their language. [< L. Sabinus.] 



sa'ble, 1 se'bl; 2 sa'bl. I. a. Sable*colored; 
black or dark*brown. II. n. I. A Siberian 
carnivore related to the marten, also, its fur. 
2. The color black; hence, mourning. [OF., 
< Rus. soboll, sable.] 

sa"bot', 1 sa"bo'; 2 sa"bo', n. A wooden shoe, 
as of a French peasant. [F.] 
sa"bo"tage', 1 sa"bo'ta 3 '; 2 sa"- 
bo"tazh', n. 1. The act of cut¬ 
ting shoes or sockets for 
railroad*ties. 2. The act of 
tying up a railroad by mali¬ 
cious damage. 3. Hence, the 
act of producing poor work 
damage; also, the damaging 
wrecking of industrial plants, as by strikers or 
malcontents. [F.] 
sac, 1 sak; 2 sac, n. Biol. 

pouch; a cavity or receptacle. [F.] 
sac'cha-rin, ) 1 sak'a-rin, -rin or -rln; 2 sae'a- 
sae'eha-rine, \ rin, -rln or -rin, a. Pertaining 
to or like sugar; sweet. [< Gr. L+F sakchar, 



Sabot. 

so as to cause 
of machinery or 


A membranous 


sakcharon, sugar.] 

sac'cha-rin, ) n. A white crystalline coahtar 
sac'cha-rine, \ product, 300 times sweeter than 


cane*sugar. 

sac"er-do'taI, 1 sas"er-dd'tal; 2 s&s"er-do'tal, 
a. Pertaining to a priest or priesthood. [ < L. 
sacerdos, priest.]—sac"er-do'tal-ism, n. 
sa'chem, 1 se'dhem; 2 sa'chgm, n. A North* 
American Indian chief. [Am. Ind.] 
sa"chet', 1 sa"£he'; 2 sa"che', n. A small orna¬ 
mental bag for perfumed powder. [F.] 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fit, fare, fiat, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn. 















515 


Russia 

sagital 


sack 1 , 1 sak; 2 sak. I 1 , vt. To put into, cover 
with, or carry in a sack. II. n. 1. A bag for 
holding bulky articles. 2. A measure or weight 
of varying amount. 3. A loose garment with 
sleeves, sacquej. [ < AS. sacc, < L. saccus, 
< Gr. sakkos, < Heb. saq, sac.]—sack'cloth", 
n. 1. A coarse cloth used for making sacks, etc. 
sack'ingf. 2. Coarse cloth worn in penance.— 
sack 'ful, n. Enough to till a sack. 
sack 2 . I', vt. To plunder or pillage (a town or 
city). II. n. The pillaging of a captured town 
or city; booty obtained by pillage, 
sack'but, 1 sak'but: 2 sak'but, n. 1. A primitive 
winddnstrument. 2. Bib. A stringed instrument. 
Sac Ta-ment, 1 sak'ra-ment or -msnt; 2 sac'- 
ra-ment, n. A solemn religious rite, as bap¬ 
tism, or the Lord’s Supper. [OF., < L. sacra- 
mentum, oath.]—sac"ra-men'tal, -ta-ry, a. 
Sac"ra-men 'to, 1 sak"ra-men'to; 2 sae"ra-men'to, 
n. 1. A river in N. central California; 400 m. to 
San Francisco Bay. 2. A city, capital of Cali¬ 
fornia; pop. 65,910. 

Sa'cred, 1 se'kred; 2 sa'cred, a. 1. Set apart or 
dedicated to religious use; hallowed. 2. Per¬ 
taining or related to deity or religion. 3. Con¬ 
secrated; inviolable. [< L. F sacro, < sacer, 
holy.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
sac'ri-fice, 1 sak'n-faiz; 2 sac'ri-fiz, v. [-ficed; 
-fic"ing.] 1. 1. To offer as a sacrifice; give up; 
surrender. II. i. To make a pious offering, 
sac'ri-fice, 1 sak'ri-fais; 2 sac'ri-fig, n. 1. The 
act of making an offering to a deity, in wor¬ 
ship or atonement. 2. That which is sacri¬ 
ficed. 3. A giving up of some cherished object. 
4. Loss suffered without return. [F., < L. 
sacer, sacred, + facio, make.]— sac'ri-fic"cr, n. 
— sac"ri-fi'cial, a. Pertaining to or of the nature 
of a sacrifice, -ly, adv. 

sac'ri-lege, 1 sak'ri-lij; 2 sak'ri-leg, n. The 
profaning of anything sacred. [OF., < L. 
sacer, sacred, + lego, pick.]—sac"ri-le'gious, a. 
Of the nature of sacrilege; impious, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

sac'ris-tan, 1 sak'ris-tan; 2 sac'ris-tan, n. An 
officer having charge of a sacristy. [< F. 
sacristain, <L. sacer, sacred.] 

—sac'ris-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi] 

A room in a religious house 
for the sacred vessels and 
vestments. 

sad, 1 sad; 2 s5d, a. [sad'- 
der; sad'dest] 1 . Feeling 
or expressing grief or sor¬ 
row. 2. Causing sorrow 
or pity; distressing. 3||. 

Dark*colored; somber. [ < 

AS. seed, sated.]—sad'den, 
vt. & vi. To render or become 
sad. — sad'ly, adv. — sad'- 
ness, n. 

sad'die, / 1 sad'l; 2 sad'l. 
sad'l p , )I. vt. [sad'dled; English Hunting- 
sad'dling.] 1 . To put a saddle, 

saddle on, as a horse. 2. l, knee-putr, and 2, 

To load, as with a burden, thigh-pmt; of the flap. 

II. n. 1. A seat or pad to support a rider. 2. 
The two hind quarters or the loins of a carcass, 
as of mutton or venison. [ < AS. sadol, saddle.] 
—sad'dle=bags", n. pi. A pair of pouches at¬ 
tached to a saddle.—s.*bow, n. a pommel.— 
sad'dler, n. A maker of saddles.—sad'dler-y, 
n. [-ies 2 , pi] 1. Saddles, harness, and fittings, 
collectively. 2. The business of a saddler.—sad'- 
dle-tree", n. The frame of a saddle. 



Sad du-cee, 1 sad'yu-sl; 2 sad'yu-ce, n. A skepti¬ 
cal Jewish school that arose in the 2nd century 
before Christ, whose members adhered only to 
the Mosaic law. [ < Gr. Saddoukaioi, Sadducees, 
< Heb. Tsadoq, Zadok, their founder.]— Sad"- 
du-ce'an, a. [flatdron. 

sad'd"ron, 1 sad'=ai"arn; 2 sad'*I"ern, n. A 
safe, 1 sef; 2 saf. I. a. 1. Free from danger or 
evil. 2. Unharmed. 3. Not hazardous; pru¬ 
dent. 4. Not likely to disappoint. II. n. A 
strong iron=and*steel receptacle, usually fire* 
proof, for protecting valuables; any place 
of safe storage. [ < OF. sauf, < L. salvus, 
whole.] -Iy, adv.— safe'=con"duct, n. Inter. 
Law. An official document given, assuring pro¬ 
tection on a journey or voyage, as in time of war. 
— safe'guard", n. One who or that which guards 
or keeps in safety.— s.=keep'ing, n. The act or 
state of keeping or being kept in safety.— safe'- 
ty, n. The state or condition of being safe.— 
safe'ty damp", n. 1. A lamp for miners sur¬ 
rounded by line wire gauze, which prevents the 
ignition of explosive gases: called from its inven¬ 
tor a davy. 2. A specially protected electric lamp. 
— safe'ty=matcli", n. A match that will ignite 
only when struck upon a chemically prepared 
surface.— safe'ty*pin", n. A pin whose point 
springs into place within»a protecting sheath.— 
safe'tysvalve", n. A valve in a steam=boiler, etc., 
for automatically relieving excessive pressure, 
saf'fron, 1 saf'ran; 2 saf'ron. I .a. Of the color 
of saffron. II. n. 1. The dried orange*colored 
stigmas of the saffron=plant, used for coloring 
purposes. 2. An autumn=flowering species of 
crocus. 3. A deep orange color. [ < Ar. F 
za'faran, < safra, yellow.] 

S. Afr., abbr. South Africa, South ^African, 
sag, 1 sag; 2 sag, vt. & vi. [sagged, sagd 8 ; sag'- 
ging.] To bend or cause to bend downward, 
especially in the middle. [ < Sw. sacka, settle. ] 


sa'ga, 1 sa'ga; 2 sa'ga, n. A Scandinavian myth 
or heroic story. [Ice.]— sa'ga-man, n. A 
Scandinavian bard, 
sa-ga'cious, 1 sa-ge'ifhus; 2 
shus, a. Keen; 
shrewd; wise; 
quick of scent, as 
a hound. [ < L. 
sagio, perceive 
quickly.] -ly, adv. 

-ness, n. — sa- 
gac'i-ty, n. The 
quality of being 
sagacious; ready 
and accurate judg¬ 
ment. 

sag'a-more, 1 sag'- 

a-mor; 2 sag'a- 
mor, n. An In¬ 
dian tribal chief. 

[Am. Ind.] Garden Sage, 

sage, 1 sej; 2 sag, a. a < the flower ; b < a stamen. 

1. Characterized by calm, far*seeing wisdom 
and prudence. 2. Befitting a sage; profound. 
[F.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

sage 1 , n. A venerable man of experience, pru¬ 
dence, and foresight. 

sage 2 , n. A plant of the mint family, used for 
flavoring meats, etc. [< F. sauge.] — sage'- 
brush", n. A shrubby plant, abundant on the 
elevated plains of the western United States. 
sag'It-tal, 1 saj'i-tel; 2 sag'i-tal, a. Pertaining 
to or shaped like an arrow. [ < L. sagitta, 
arrow.] sa^it-tatef. 



1:3 = final; l = hablt^ esSsle; cm = out; ©II; 10 = feud; <fhin; go; I) = sin*?; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dq; book, boot; fqll, njle, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, £em; ink; thin, this. 












Sagitarius 

Samos 


516 


Sag"it-ta'ri-us, 1 sajVte'ri-us; 2 sag^'i-ta'ri- 
us, n. Astron. 1. A zodiacal constellation, the 
Archer. 2. The ninth sign of the zodiac, with 
the symbol t. [L.] 

sa'go, 1 se'go; 2 sa'go, n. A farinaceous food 
prepared from inner portions of various 
palms. [ < Malay sagu.] 

Sa-ha'ra, 1 sa-hfi'ra; 2 sii-ha'ra, n. An Immense 
desert plateau of N. E. Africa; 3,500,000 sq. m. 

sa'hib, 1 sa'ib; 2 sa'ib, n. Master; lord; Mr.; sir. 
[Hind., < Ar. sahib.) 

said, 1 sed; 2 sfid, imp. & pp. of say, v. 

Sai-gon', 1 sou-gen'; 2 sl-g6n', n. A seaport city 
on a river of the same name, capital of Cochin* 
China, French Indo*China. 

sail, 1 sel; 2 sal, v. I. t. To manage the motion 
of on the water; navigate. II. i. 1. To be 
driven forward on the water by the wind: said 
also of mechanical propulsion, as by steam. 
2. To travel by water. 3. To begin a voyage. 
4. To float, as a cloud. [ < AS. seglian, < 
segl, sail.] — sail 'er, n. A vessel that sails.— 
sail 'or, n. A seaman; mariner. 

Sail, n. 1. A piece of canvas, etc., attached, as 
to the mast or yards of a vessel, to secure its 
propulsion by the wind. 2. A sailing vessel 
or craft. 3. A trip in a sailing vessel. [ < AS. 
segl, sail.]—sail'boat", n. A small boat pro¬ 
pelled by a sail or sails.—sail-cloth", n. Any 
heavy fabric suitable for sails. 

saint, 1 sent; 2 sant. l d . vt. To canonize; ven¬ 
erate as a saint. II. a. Holy; canonized: as a 
title, abbreviated to St. III. n. 1. A holy, 
godly, or sanctified person. 2. Such a person 
who has died and been enrolled among those 
venerated by certain churches, as the Roman 
Catholic. 3. Any one of the blessed in heaven. 
4. An angel.—saint'ed, a. Numbered among 
the saints; consecrated; beatified.—saint'li-ness, 
n. The quality of being saintly.—saint'ly, a. 
Like a saint; godly; holy. 

Saint Ber"nard\ 1 san ber"nar' or sent bar- 
nard'; 2 sari ber"nar' or sant ber-nard'. Great. 
A pass in the Alps, between Switzerland and 
Italy; 8,108 ft. high; crossed bj ? Napoleon’s army, 
May, 1800.—Saint Bernard dog, one of a breed 
of large sagacious dogs bred at the monastery of 
Saint Bernard, Switzerland, and employed by the 
monks to seek snowbound or distressed travelers. 

Saint E-li'as, 1 sent l-lai'as; 2 sant e-ll'as. A vol¬ 
canic peak in S. Alaska; 18,100 ft. high. 

Saint Goth'ard. 1 sent gefh'ard; 2 sant gdth'ard. 
A mountain chain, pass, and railroad tunnel (9j 
m.) between Switzerland and Italy. 

Saint He-le'na, 1 sent hi-ll'na; 2 sant he-le'na. A 
British island in the S. Atlantic, 1.200 m. VV. of 
Africa; Napoleon held captive, 1815-1821, and 
Boer prisoners, 1901-1902. 

Saint John’s, 1 sent jonz; 2 sant ]6n§. The capi¬ 
tal of Newfoundland; pop. 34,050. 

Saint Law'rence, 1 le'rens; 2 la'rgnc. 1. A river 
of Canada, the outlet of the Great Lakes; 1,900 
m. to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. 2. Gulf of, an 
inlet of the Atlantic ocean, W. of Newfoundland. 

Saint Lou 'is, 1 lu'is or lO'i; 2 lu is or lq'i. A city in 
Missouri, on the Mississippi river; pop. 772,810. 

SaInt"*MI"lilel% 1 saiT-mrel'; 2 sah''mi"61', n. 
A town in N E. France; scene of German defeat 
by United States Army, Sept., 1918. 

Saint Nich'o-las. See Santa Claus. 

Saint Paul, 1 pel; 2 pal. 1. See Paul. 2. A city, 
capital of Minnesota; pop. 234,700. 

Saint Pe'ters-burg, 1 pl'tarz-burg; 2 Peters¬ 
burg. See Petrograd. 

Saint'—Quen"tin', 1 sah"*kah"tai¥; 2 sah"*kah"- 


t&n', n. A town in N. E. France; pop. 56,000; 
taken by the Germans, March 21.1918, recovered 
by Americans, British and French, Oct. 1, 1918. 
sake, 1 sek; 2 sak, n. 1. Purpose of obtaining 
or accomplishing. 2. Interest; regard. [< 
AS. sacu, strife.] 

sa-laam', 1 se-ldm'; 2 sa-lam'. I. vt. & vi. To 
greet with or make a salaam. II. n. A re¬ 
spectful Oriental salutation approaching pros¬ 
tration. [ < Ar. salam, < salm, saluting.] 
sal, 1 sal; 2 sill, n. [L.] Salt; used in chemistry 
and pharmacy; as, sal am-mo'ni-ac, chlorid 
of ammonia, sal so'da, washing soda, sal vo-la'- 
ti-le, ammoniated smelling salts. 
sal'a-bl(e p , 1 sel'a-bl; 2 sal'a-bl, a. Such as may 
be sold (see sale, n.); marketable; hence, 
venal. —sal'a-bil'i-ty, sal'a-bl(e-ness p , n. 
—sal'a-bly, adv. 

sa-la'cious, 1 sa-le'^hus; 2 sa-la'shus, a. Lust¬ 
ful; lecherous; impure. [< L. salax ( salac -), 
< salio, leap.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
sal'ad, 1 sal'ad; 2 sal'ad, n. A dish, as of green 
uncooked vegetables, served with a dressing. 

[ < F. salade, < L. LL sal. salt.] 

Sal'a-din, 1 sal'a-din; 2 s&l'a-din, n. (1137-1193.) 
Salah*ed*din Yusuf Ibn Ayub, sultan of Egypt 
and Syria; defended Acre against the crusaders, 
sa-lam', i. & n. Same as salaam. 
sal'a-man"der, 1 sal'a-man"dar; 2 sal'a-man"- 
der,n. A lizard*likeB 
amphibian without scales, 
formerly fabled to live in 
and extinguish fire. [< 

Gr. L+ Y salamandra, sala¬ 
mander. ]—sal"a-man'- 
drin(e 8 , a. 

Sal 'a-mis, 1 sal'a-mis; 2 sal'a- Spotted 
mis, n. Bib. 1. A city of Salaman- 
Cyprus. Acts xiii, 5. 2. An der. Vs 
island off Attica, Greece; 36 sq. m.; Greeks de¬ 
feated Persians in naval battle, 480 B. C. 
sal 'a-ry, 1 sal'a-rt ; 2 sal'a-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] A 
sum paid periodically for services; wages. [ < 
~L.°r solarium. <salarius.of salt.]— sal'a-rled,pa. 
sale, 1 sel; 2 sal, n. 1. The act of selling. 2. An 
auction. 3. Opportunity of selling; market. 
[< AS. sala, < scllan, sell.]— sale'a-bl(e p , a. 
Same as salable. — sales'inan, n. [-men, pi.) A 
man who sells goods.— sales'wo"nian, n. fern. 
Sa'lem, 1 se'lern; 2 sa'lem, n. The capital of 
Oregon: pop. 18,000. 

sal"e-ra'tus, 1 sal"i-re'tus; 2 sS.l"e-ra'tus, n. 
Carbonate of soda and salt prepared for use 
in cookery. [ < NL. sal aeratus, aerated salt.] 
Sal'ic, 1 sal'll:: 2 s&l'ic, a. Characterizing a law, 
the Salic law, derived from Teutonic sources in 
the 5th century, and providing that males should 
inherit lands in preference to females: long ob¬ 
served in regard to the succession to European 
thrones. [ < F. salique, < Salii, a tribe of Franks.] 
sa'li-ent, 1 se'li-ent; 2 sa'li-ent. I. a. 1. Stand¬ 
ing out prominently; striking. 2. Extending 
beyond the general line; projecting. 3. Leap¬ 
ing; springing. II. n. A salient angle, as of a 
fortification. [ < F. saillant, < L. salio, leap.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n .— sa'li-encc, n. sa'li-en-cyt. 
sa'line, 1 se'lain; 2 sa'llne, o. Constituting or 
consisting of salt; containing salt; salty.— 
sa-lin 'i-ty, n. 

Sails'bur-y, 1 selz'bar-u 2 salg'bur-y, n. 1. Mar¬ 
quis of (1830-1903), Robert Gascoigne Cecil, an 
English statesman and diplomat. 2. A cathedral 
town in Wiltshire, England; pop. 22,867. 3. 

Plain, a level tract in Wiltshire, England; con¬ 
tains Stonehenge. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 





517 


Sagitarius 

Samos 


sa-li'va, 1 sa-lai'vo; 2 sa-li'va, n. The fluid se¬ 
creted by the glands of the mouth; spittle. 
[L.]—sal'i-va-ry, a. — sal'i-vate, vt. [-vat"ed^; 
-vat"ing.] To produce salivation in.— sal"i-va'- 
tion, n. An abnormally increased flow of saliva, 
sal'low, 1 sal'o; 2 sal'o, o. Of an unhealthy 
yellowish color. [ < AS. salo, sallow.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n .— sal'low-ish, a. [AS. sealh, sallow.] 
sal'low, n. Any one of various willows. [< 
Sal'lust, 1 sal'ust; 2 sal'ust, Caius Sallustius 
Crlspus (86-35 B. C.). A Roman historian, 
sal'ly, 1 sal'i; 2 sal'y. 1. vi. [sal'lied; sal'ly- 
xng.] To make a sally; set out with spirit. 
II. n. [sal'lies 2 , pi.] 1. A rushing forth, as 
of besieged troops against besiegers; sortie. 

2. A going forth, as on a w r alk. 3. A sudden 
overflow of spirits. [ < L. OF salio, leap.] 

sal"ma-gun'di, 1 sal"m,9-gun'di; 2 sal"ma- 
giin'di, n. A dish of chopped meat, anchovies, 
eggs, onions, etc., mixed and seasoned; hence, 
any medley or miscellany. [ < F. salmigondis, 

< It. salame, salt meat, + condito, seasoned.] 
salm'on, 1 sam'an; 2 sam'on, n. 1. A fish of 

the North Atlantic, browmish above, silvery 
on the sides, with black spots. 2. A color of a 
reddish* or pinkish*orange tint. [ < F. sau- 
mon, < L. salmo(n-), salmon.] 

Sa-lo'me, 1 so-lo'mi; 2 sa-lo'me, n. Bib. 1. Mother 
of James and John. 2. Daughter of Herodias, w T ho 
asked from Herod the head of John the Baptist. 
sa"lon', 1 sa"len'; 2 sa"lon', n. An apartment 
in which company is received; a drawing* 
room; hence, a fashionable reception. [F.] 
Sa"lo-ni'ki, 1 sd'lo-nl'kl; 2 sa"lo-n'i'ki\ n. A Greek 
city on a gulf of the same name; pop. 157,890; 
captured from Turkey, 1913; occupied by Anglo* 
French Army, October, 1915: anciently Thessa- 
lonica. Sa"lo-ni'kaf. _ 
sa-loon', 1 sa-lun'; 2 sa-loon', n. 1. A drawing* 
room or assembly*room; salon: now rare. 2. 
The main cabin of a steamship. 3. [U. S.] A 
place for the sale of liquor. [ < F. salon.] 
sal'si-fy, 1 sal'si-fi; 2 sal'si-fy, n. An Old World 
plant of the chicory family ( Cichoriacese) with 
white edible root. Called also oyster*plant and 
vegetable oyster. [ < It. F sassefrica, goat’s*beard, 

< L. saxum, rock, + frico, rub.] 

salt, 1 selt; 2 salt. I d . vt. To apply salt to; cure 
or season with salt. II. a. 1. Flavored with 
salt; salty; saline; briny. 2. Cured with salt. 

3. Containing salt. III. n. 1. A widely dis¬ 
tributed compound of chlorin and sodium, 
abundant in sea*water. 2. Chem. A com¬ 
pound of any base with an acid. 3. Figura¬ 
tively, liveliness; brightness; wit. [< AS. 
seaff, salt.]— salt'cel"lar, n. A small receptacle 
for table*salt.— salt'ness, n. 

sal-ta'tion, 1 sal-te'^han; 2 sal-ta'shon, n. 1. 
A leaping or. leap, as in a dance. 2. A throb¬ 
bing or palpitation, as of a blood*vessel. [F. 

< L. saltalio, < salto, dance, < salio, leap.]— sal'- 
ta-to-ry, a. Moving by leaps; leaping; adapted 
for leaping, sal'tantf; sal"ta-to'n-alf. 

Salt Lake Clt'y. A city, capital of Utah; center of 
Mormonism; pop. 118,110. 
salt"pe'ter, ) 1 selt"pi'tar; 2 salt"pe'ter, n. 
salt"pe'tre, ) Niter. [< L. F sal, salt, + petra, 
rock ] [Same as salt, II. a. 1. 

salt'y, 1 solt'i; 2 salt'y, a. [salt'i-er; saltT ; est.] 
sa-Iu'bri-ous, 1 sa-liu'bn-us; 2 sa-lu bri-us, a. 
Conducive to health; healthful; wholesome. 
[< L. salubris, < salus, health.] -ly, adv.— sa- 
lu 'bri-ty, n. sa-lu'bri-ous-nesst. 
sal'u-ta-ry, 1 sal'y u-te-ri; 2 sal yu-ta-ry, a. 


Calculated to bring about a sound condition 
by correcting evil or promoting good; cor¬ 
rective; beneficial; healthful. [ < L. salutaris, 
< salus, health.]— sal'u-ta-ri-ly, adv.— sal'u- 
ta-rl-ness, n. 

sal"u-ta'tion, 1 sal"yu-te'£han; 2 sal"yu-ta'- 
shon, n. The act of saluting; a greeting.— 
sa-!u"ta-to'ri-an, n. One who delivers a salu¬ 
tatory.— sa-lu'ta-to-ry. I. a. Pertaining to 
salutation. II. n. [U. S.] [-ries z , pi.] An opening 
oration, as at a college commencement, 
sa-lute', 1 so-liut'; 2 sa-lut', v. [sA-LUT'ED d ; 
sa-lut'ing.] I. t. 1. To accost in welcome or 
reverence. 2. To honor with an official salute. 
II. i. To offer a salute. [ < L. saluto, salute.] 
—sa-lut'er, n. 

Sa-lute', n. 1. A greeting by display of mili¬ 
tary, naval, or other official honors. 2. The 
act of or attitude assumed in giving a military 
salute. 3. A salutation. 4. A kiss. 
Sal"va-dor', 1 sal"va-dor; 2 sal"va-dor, n. A re¬ 
public in Central America; 13,183 sq. m.; pop. 

I, 336,440; capital, San Salvador, 
sal'vage, 1 sal'vij; 2 sal'vag, n. 1. The saving 

of a ship, cargo, etc., from loss. 2. That which 
is rescued from shipwreck; also, compensa¬ 
tion to the rescuers. [OF., ult. < L. salvus, 
safe.]— sal'vage, vt.— sa!'vag-er, n. 
sal-va'tion, 1 sal-ve'^hon; 2 sal-va'shon, n. 1. 
The state of being saved. 2. Deliverance from 
sin and penalty, realized in a future state. 3. 
Any means of deliverance from evil. [ < LL. 
salvalio(n-), < salvo, save.] 
salv(e pl , 1 sav; 2 sav, vt. To dress with salve; 

heal; palliate. [at sea. [< salvage.] 

salve 2 , 1 salv; 2 salv, vt. & vi. To save from loss 
salv(e p , 1 sav; 2 sav, n. 1. A thick, adhesive 
ointment for local ailments. 2. Anything that 
heals or mollifies. [ < AS. sealf, salve.] 
sal'ver, 1 sal'var; 2 sal'ver, n. A tray, as of 
silver. [ < Sp. salva, < salvar, save.] 
sal'vo, 1 sal'vo; 2 sal'vo, n. A simultaneous 
discharge of artillery. [ < It. salva, a salute.] 
S. Am., abbr. South America, South=American.— 
Sam., Sami., abbr. Samuel.— Sam., Samar., 
abbr. Samaritan. 

sa-ma'ra, 1 sa-me'ra; 2 sa-ma'ra, n. A one* 
seeded fruit, as of the elm, ash, or maple, pro¬ 
vided with a membrane or wing. [L., elm*seed.] 
Sa-ma'ri-a, 1 sa-me'ri-e; 2 sa-ma'ri-a, n. Bib. 1. 
A city of Palestine or the hill on which it was 
built, capital of the northern kingdom of Israel. 
2. The territory occupied by the kingdom of 
Israel, or, later, a restricted portion of central 
Palestine occupied by a mixed people.— Sa- 
mar'l-tan. I. a. Of or pertaining to Samaria. 

II. n. One of the people of Samaria, or their lan¬ 
guage.— The Good Samaritan, a parable of 
Christ or its chief character. Luke x, 30-37. 

Sam Browne belt. A leather belt with shoulder* 
strap diagonally from right to left: from Col. 
Samuel Browne of British Indian Army, 
same, 1 sem; 2 sam, a. 1. Having individual or 
specific identity or equality; identical. 2. 
Similar in kind; equal. [< Ice. samr, same.] 
— same'ness, n. 1. Lack of change or variety. 
2. Close similarity. 3. Identity, 
sa'mite, 1 se'mait; 2 sa'mit, n. A rich medieval 
silk fabric. [ < Gr. hex, six, + mitos, thread.] 
Sa-mo'a, 1 sa-mo'a; 2 sa-mo'a, n. An island group 
in the S. W. Pacific; 1,200 sq. m.; pop. 49,190; 
capital, Apia.— Sa-mo'an, a. & n. 

Sa'mos, 1 se'mes; 2 sa'mos, n. An island in the 
jEgean sea (181 sq. m.; pop. 68,950), or its 
ancient capital, now in ruins. 


l-a = final* I = habit; aisle; au = o«t; ell; Iu = feud; (fiiin; go; O = sin*;; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; mk: thin, this. 







samovar 

Sat. 


518 


sam'o-var, 1 sam'o-var; 2 s&m'o-var. A Rus¬ 
sian copper urn for keeping water hot, as for 
making tea. [ < Russ, samovaru.] 
sain'pan, 1 sam'pan; 2 sam'p&n, ra. A Chinese 
and Javanese flat=bottomed river=boat. [Chin. 
sam, three, + pan, board.] 
sam'pl(e p , 1 sam'pl; 2 s&m'pl. I. vt. [sam'- 
pl(e)d p ; sam'pling.] To test by means of a 
portion or specimen. II. to. A portion, part, 
or piece taken as a representative of the 
whole. [< OF. example, example.]—sam'- 
pler, to. 1. One who tests by samples; one who 
exhibits samples. 2. Formerly, a piece of needle¬ 
work as a sample. 

Sainp'son, 1 samp'san; 2 samp'son, William 
Thomas (1840-1902). An American rear*ad- 
miral; commanded American fleet at Santiago, 
July 3, 1898. 

Sam 'son, 1 sam'san; 2 sam'son, to. Bib. A Hebrew 
judge of abnormal physical strength. Judges 
xiii, 24. 

Sam'u-el, 1 sam'yu-el; 2 sam'yti-€l, ra. Bib. 1. A 
Hebrew judge and prophet. 2. Either of two 
books of the Old Testament, recounting his life* 
history. 

San., Sans., Sansc., Sansk., abbr. Sanskrit, 
san'a-tive, ) 1 san'e-tiv; 2 sSn'a-tiv, a. Heal- 
san'a-tiv 8 , ) ing; sanatory. [ < L. sanatus, pp. 
of sano, heal.]—san"a-to'ri-um, to. A health 
retreat. — san 'a-to-ry, a. Promotive or pro¬ 
tective of health; curative. 

San'cho Pan'za, 1 san'tfho pan'za; 2 san'cho 
pan'za. In Cervantes’s Don Quixote, the squire 
of that knight, a practical, sensible fellow, 
sanc'ti-fy, 1 saqk'ti-fai; 2 sanc'ti-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] 1. To make holy; purify. 2. To set 
apart as holy; consecrate. [< F. sanctifier, 
make holy.]—sanc"ti-fi-ea'tion, to. The act of 
sanctifying, or the state of being sanctified.— 
sanc'tl-fi-er, to. 

sanc'ti-mo-ny, 1 s&qk'ti-mo-m; 2 s&nc'ti-mo- 
ny, to. A show of holiness; exaggerated grav¬ 
ity or solemnity. [ < L. OF sanctimonia, holi¬ 
ness.]—sanc"ti-mo'ni-ous,a. -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
sanc'tion, 1 saqk'^han; 2 s&nc'shon. I. vt. To 
approve authoritatively; approve; counte¬ 
nance. II. to. I. Final and authoritative con¬ 
firmation; justification; confirmation. 2. A 
formal decree. [F., < L. sanctio(n-), decree.] 
sanc'ti-ty, 1 sar)k'ti-ti; 2 sSnc'ti-ty, to. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] The state of being holy; holiness; sacred¬ 
ness; solemnity, sanc'ti-tudej. 
sanc'tu-a-ry, 1 sarjk'chu-[or -tiu-]e-ri; 2 sanc'- 
ch\i-[or -tu-]a-ry, to. [-ries 2 , pi.] 1. A holy or 
sacred place. 2. A place of refuge; asylum; 
hence, immunity. [ < F. sanctuaire, < L. LL 
sanctus, holy.] 

sane 'turn, 1 saqk'tum; 2 sane'ttim, to. A sacred spot; 
colloquially, a private room, as of an editor. [L.]— 
sane'turn sanc-to'rum, the holy of holies (see 
holy) ; humorously, a place of great privacy, 
sand, 1 sand; 2 sand. I d . vt. To sprinkle, cover, 
or mix with sand. II. to. 1. A hard, granular, 
comminuted rock*material finer than gravel 
and coarser than dust. 2. pi. Sandy wastes. 
3. [Slang, U. S.] Grit; courage. [ < AS. 
sand, sand.]—sand Gbag", to. A bag filled with 
sand, for use in building fortifications; also, 
a long, narrow bag of sand for use as a foot* 
pad’s weapon, etc.—sand'blind", a. Partially 
blind: false*sighted.—s.=glass, to. Anhour*glass. 
—sand'man", to. A mythical personage of nur¬ 
sery lore, who makes children sleepy by casting 
sand into their eyes.—sand'pa"per, to. Stout 
paper coated with sand, for smoothing or polish¬ 


ing.— sand'pip"er, ra. A snipe*like seashore 
bird.—sand'stone", to. A rock consisting chiefly 
of quartz sand cemented with silica.—sand'ed, 
a .— sand 'y, a. 1. Consisting of or covered with 
sand. 2. Yellowish*red in color.—sand'i-ness, to. 
san'dal, 1 san'dal; 2 san'dal, to. 1. A foot*cov- 
ering, consisting usu¬ 
ally of a sole only, 
held to the foot by 
thongs. 2. A light 
slipper or overshoe. 

[ < Gr. sandalion, dim. 
of sandalon, sandal.] — 
san'dated, a. san'- 
dalledf. 

san'dal-wood", 1 san'- 
dal-wud"; 2 san'dal- 
wood", TO. The fra- 1. Roman sandal. 2. Egyptian 
grant wood of any sandal, 

one of several East*Indian trees. [Ult. < 
Sans, chandana.] 

Sand'hurst, 1 sand'hurst; 2 s&nd'hurst, to. A 
village in Berkshire, England; seat of the Royal 
Military College. 

sand'wich, 1 sand'whfh; 2 siind'wlch. I 1 , vt- 
To place between two layers. II. to. TwothiD 
slices of bread, having between them meat, 
cheese, or the like. [ < the 4th earl of Sandwich.] 
Sand 'wlch Is 'lands. Same as Hawaiian Islands. 
sane, 1 sen; 2 san, a. 1. Mentally sound. 2. 
Proceeding from a sound mind. [ < L. sanus, 
whole.] -ly, adv. -ness, to. 

San Fran-cis'co, 1 san fran-sis'ko; 2 s&n fran-cls'- 
co. A commercial seaport (pop. 506,680) of W. 
California, on San Francisco Bay; shaken by 
an earthquake followed by fire, Apr. 18, 1906. 
sang, 1 saq; 2 sang, imp. of sing, v. 
san"ga-ree', 1 saq"ga-rl'; 2 san"ga-re', n. Red 
wine and water, spiced and sugared. [< Sp. 
sangria, ‘bleeding.’] 

sang" droid', 1 sdn"*frwd'; 2 san**frwa', ra. Calm¬ 
ness of demeanor amid trying circumstances. [F.] 
san'guine, (1 saq'gwin; 2 s&n'gwin, a. 1. Of 
san'guin 3 , ) buoyant disposition; hopeful; con¬ 
fident. 2. Having the color of blood; of, like, 
or full of blood. [ < L. F sanguineus, < san¬ 
guis, blood.] -ly, adv. -ness, ra.—san'gui-na- 
ry, a. 1. Attended with bloodshed. 2. Blood¬ 
thirsty. 3. Consisting of blood.—san'gui-na- 
ri-ly, adv. —san'gui-na-ri-ness, to. 
San'lie-drin, )1 san'hT-drin, -drim; 2 san'he- 
San'he-drim, v drin, -drim, to. The supreme 
council of the Jewish nation. [ < Heb. sanhe¬ 
drin, < Gr. synedrion, < syn, with. + hedra, seat.] 
san 'i-ta-ry, 1 san'i-te-n; 2 san'i-ta-ry, a. 1. 
Relating to the preservation of health. 2. 
Same as sanatory. [ < L. sanitas; see san¬ 
ity.] san'l-to-ry$.—san"I-ta'ri-an, a. & to.— 
san'i-ta-rl-ly, adv. —san"i-ta'ri-um, to. [-ums 2 
or -ri-a, pi.] A sanatorium.—san"l-ta'tion, ra. 
The practical application of sanitary science, 
san'i-ty, 1 san'i-ti; 2 siln'i-ty, to. The state of 
being sane. [ < L. sanitas, < sanus, whole.] 
San Ju-an', 1 san hu-an'; 2 san hu-an'. 1. A sea¬ 
port, the capital of Porto Rico; pop. 70,710. 2. A 
hill near Santiago, Cuba, taken by United States 
troops, July 1, 1898, in Spanish*American War. 
sank, 1 saqk; 2 sank, imp. of sink, v. 
sans ||, 1 sanz; 2 sang, prep. Without. [F.] 

San Sal'va-dor, 1 san sal'va-dor; 2 s&n sfil'va-dor. 
An island of the Bahamas, the first landing*place 
of Columbus in the New World, 1492. 
sans-cu-lotte', 1 sanz-kiu-lot'; 2 sang-cu-16t', to. 
A French revolutionist of 1789-1793; a Jacobin; 
hence, any revolutionary anarchist. [F., lit. 



Sandals. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, dr, wdn’ 









519 


samovar 

Sat. 


without breeches: orig. opprobrious.]—sans"cu- 
lot'tie, a. 

San'skrit, 1 san'skrit; 2 oSn'skrlt, n. The 
ancient and classical language preserved in 
the Hindu sacred writings. [ < Sans, sam- 
skrita, perfect.] 

San'ta Claus, 1 san'ta klez; 2 san'ta cla§. In 
nursery folk-lore, a friend of children who brings 
presents on Christmas Eve: usually represented 
as a fat, jolly old man who drives over the roofs 
in a sleigh drawn by reindeer. 

San'ta Fe, 1 san'ta fe; 2 san'ta fe. 1. A province 
in Argentine Republic, South America (50,929 sq. 
m.; pop. 899,000), or its capital (pop. 59,000). 
2. The capital (founded, 1605) of New Mexico 
(pop. 7,240); also, the county (pop. 15,000) con¬ 
taining it. 

San"ti-a'go de Cu 'ba, 1 san"tI-a'go, ku'ba; 2 san'- 
tl-a'go. eu'ba. A district and city (pop. 70,230) 
of E. Cuba, off which United States navy de¬ 
stroyed Spanish fleet, July 3, 1898. 

San'to Do-min'go, 1 san'to do-mirj'go; 2 san'to 
do-min'go. 1. A republic in Eastern Haiti; 
18,045 sq. m.; pop. 1,000,000. 2. Its capital; 

burial-place of Columbus; pop. 26.800. 
sap, 1 sap; 2 sap, vt. & vi. [sapped 1 , sapt 8 ; 
sap'ping.] 1. To make weak; enervate; im¬ 
pair. 2. Mil. To undermine, as a wall, by 
digging.— sap'per, n. 

sap 1 , n. 1. The liquid juice of plants. 2. Any 
vital fluid; vitality. ( < AS. seep.]— sap'Iess, a. 
sap 2 , n. Mil. A deep, narrow ditch in connec¬ 
tion with siege-works. [ < LL. F sapa, hoe.] 
sa'pi-ence, 1 se'pi-ens; 2 sa'pi-enq, n. Wisdom 
or knowledge. [F., < L. sapientia, wfisdom.] 
sa'pi-cn-cyf. — sa'pi-ent, a. Wise, -ly, adv. 
sap'ling, 1 sap'liy; 2 sap'ling, n. A young tree, 
sa-pon'i-fy, 1 sa-pen'i-fai; 2 sa-pon'i-fy, vt. 
[-fied; -fy"ing.] To convert into soap. [< 
L. sapo(n-), soap, + -fy.] — sap"o-na'ceous,a. 
Of the nature of soap.— sa-pon"i-fi-ca'tlon, n. 
Sap-phi'ra, 1 sa-fai'ra; 2 sa-fl'ra, n. Wife of 
Ananias. Acts v, 1. 

sap'phire, ) 1 saf'air; 2 saf'Ir, n. 1. A hard, 
saf'fire p , ) transparent, colored mineral cut 
for a gem: usually blue. 2. Deep pure blue. 
[Ult. < Heb. sappir, sapphire.] 

Sap'pho, 1 saf'o; 2 saf'o, n. A Greek lyric poetess 
of Lesbos, 7th century B. C.: the Tenth Muse, 
sap'py, 1 sap'i; 2 sap'y, a. [-pi-er; -pi-est.] 1. 
Full of sap; juicy. 2. Immature; silly.— sap'- 
pi-ness, n. 

sap'ro-phyte, 1 sap'ro-fait; 2 sap'ro-fyt, n. 
Biol. An organism that lives on dead organic 
matter. [ < Gr. sapros, rotten, + phyton, a 
plant.]— sap"ro-phy'i'ic, a. 

Sar., abbr. Sardinia, Sardinian.— S. A. It., abbr. 

Sons of the American Revolution, 
sar'a-band, 1 sar'a-band; 2 sar'a-b&nd, n. A 
stately Spanish dance or its music. [ < F. sar- 
abande, < Sp. zarabanda, < Per. serbend, song.] 
Sar'a-cen, 1 sar'a-sen; 2 sar'a-<?en, n. A nomad 
Arab; a Moslem enemy of the medieval Chris¬ 
tians. [ < Ar. GK sharqin, Oriental.]— Sar"a- 
cen'ic, a. 

Sar"a-gos'sa, 1 saPs-ges'a; 2 sar'a-gds'a, n. 1. 
A province in N. E. Spain; 6.726 sq. m. 2. Its 
capital, former capital of Aragon; pop. 125,000; 
captured by the French, Feb. 20, 1809. 

Sa'rah, 1 se'ra; 2 sa'ra, n. Bib. Wife of Abraham. 
Sar"a-to'ga, 1 sar'a-to'ga; 2 sar"a-to'ga, n. A lake 
in a county of the same name in E. New York.— 
Saratoga Springs, a summer resort in Saratoga 
county, N. Y., noted for mineral springs; Bur- 
goyne’s surrender, Oct. 17, 1777. 


sar'casm, 1 sar'kazm; 2 sar'ca§m, n. A keenly 
ironical or scornful utterance. [ < Gr. sar- 
kazb, tear flesh, sneer.]— sar-cas'tic, a. Taunt¬ 
ing; cutting, sar-cas'ti-calt.—sar-cas'ti-cal- 
Iy, adv. 

sar-coph'a-gus, 1 sar-kef'a-gus; 2 sar-eof'a- 



Sarcophagus. 


gus, n. [-gi, pi.] A stone coffin or a chest-liko 
tomb. [ < Gr. sarx, flesh, fi- phagein, eat.] 
Sar"da-na-pa'Ius, 1 sdr"da-ne-pe'lus; 2 sar"da- 
na-pa'lus, n. Ashur-bani-pal: Greek form of 
the name of a king (668—624 B. C.) who united As¬ 
syria and Babylonia; subject of fabulous legends. 
Sar-dine' 1 , ) 1 sar-dln'; 2 sar-dln', n. A small 
sar-din' 8 , f herring-like fish preserved in oil. 
[F.] 

Sar-din'I-a, 1 sar-din'i-a; 2 sar-din'i-a, n. 1. An 
Italian island in the Mediterranean, W. of Italy; 
164 by 61 m. 2. A former kingdom (1720-1860) 
of N. Italy, including the island of Sardinia with 
Savoy and Piedmont.— Sar-din 'l-an, a. & n. 
Sar'dis, 1 sar'dis; 2 sar'dis, n. An ancient city, 
capital of Lydia, Asia Minor, 
sar'di-us, 1 sar'di-us; 2 sar'di-us, n. 1. A red 
gem stone. 2. A stone in the breastplate of 
the Hebrew high priest, sardj; sar'dine 2 ]:. 
sar-don'lc, 1 sar-don'ik; 2 sar-don'ie, a. 1. In¬ 
sincere and derisive; sneering. 2. Unnatural 
or forced, as laughter. [ < Gr. F sardanios, 
bitter.]— sar-don'i-cal-ly, adv. 
sar'do-nyx, 1 sdr'do-niks; 2 sar'do-nyks, n. A 
variety of onyx consisting of alternate layers 
of chalcedony and reddish carnelian. 
sar-gas'so, 1 sar-gas'o; 2 sar-gas'o, n. Gulf- 
weed. [Pg.] sar-gas'so*weed"t; sar-gas'- 
sumj, — Sargasso sea, a region of the North 
Atlantic (lat. 16°-38° N.; long. 30°-50° W.), whose 
surface is partly covered with floating gulf-weed. 
sar"sa-pa-ril'la, 1 saF'se-pa-ril's; 2 sar"sa-pa- 
rfl'a, n. The dried roots of a tropical Ameri¬ 
can climbing plant; also, a preparation made 
from them. [ < Sp. zarzaparilla, < zarza, 
bramble, + parra, vine.] 

sarse'net, i sars'net; 2 sars'n&t, n. A fine, thin 
silk, used for linings. [ < LL. saracenatus, < 
Saracenus, Saracen.] sarce'nett. 

Sar'to, 1 sar'to; 2 sar'to, Andrea Vannuchi 
del (1487-1531). An Italian painter; commonly 
known as Andrea del Sarto. 
sash 1 , 1 sa^h; 2 sash, n. A frame, as of a win¬ 
dow, in which glass is set. [ < L. F capsa, case.] 
sash 2 , n. An ornamental band, worn as around 
the waist. [ < Per. shast, gin " 
Sas-katch'e-wan, 1 sas-katfh'i- 
wen; 2 sas-kach'e-wan, n. 1. 

A river of W. Canada; 1,200 
m. to Lake Winnipeg. 2. A 
province in W. Canada; 251,- 
700 sq. m.; pop. 744,000; 
capital, Regina. 

sas'sa-fras, 1 sas'a-fras; 2 
sas'a-fras, n. A tree of the 
laurel family; also, the bark 
of the roots, an aromatic 
stimulant. [ < L. BP saxi- 
fraga.] [satef. 

sat, 1 sat; 2 sat, imp. of sit, v. Leaves and Fruit 
Sat., abbr. Saturday. of the Sassafras. 



l:a = final; l = hablt^ aisle; au = <mt; oil; lu = fe«d; (fhin; go; I) = sinp; fhin, this, 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; ftjll, irule, cure, but, btkrn; oil, boy; go, fcem: ink; thin, this. 










Satan 

scale 


520 


Sa'tan, 1 se'tan; 2 sa'tan, n. The chief of evil 
spirits; the devil. [< Heb. satan, enemy.] — 
sa-tan'ic, a. Devilish; infernal; wicked, sa¬ 
tan 'i-cal i.-sa-tan'i-cal-ly, adv. [bag. 

Batch'el, 1 sadh'el; 2 s&ch'el, n. A small hand* 

sate 1 , 1 set; 2 sat, vt. [sat'ed^; sat'ing.] To 
satisfy the appetite of; satiate. [Abbr. of sa¬ 
tiate.] 

sate 2 1|, imp. of sit, v. 

sat'el-lite, 1 sat'e-lait; 2 sat'e-lit, n._ A secon¬ 
dary planet, as the moon, revolving round 
a primary planet; an obsequious attendant. 
[F., < L. salelles, guard.] 

sa'ti-ate, 1 se'shi-et; 2 sa'shi-at. I. vt. & vi. 
[sA'Ti-AT"ED d ; sa'ti-at"ing.] To gratify to 
the utmost; satisfy desire or need to or be¬ 
yond the utmost limit. II. a. Filled to sati¬ 
ety; satiated. [< L. satio, pp. satiatus, < 
satis, enough.]— sa'tia-bl(e p , a. — sa-tl'e-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pl.] Repletion; surfeit. sa"ti-a'tionf. 

sat'in, 1 sat'in; 2 sat'in, n. A silk fabric of thick 
texture, with glossy face and dull back. [F.] 
— sa-teen', n. A cotton or worsted fabric with 
glossy surface.— sat"i-net', n. 1. A strong fabric 
with cotton warp and woolen filling. 2. A thin 
satin.— sat'in-wood", n. One of several satin* 
like woods used in cabinetwork.— sat'in-y, a. 

sat'ire, 1 sat'air; 2 sat'Ir, n. The employment 
of sarcasm, irony, or ridicule; any writing in 
which vice or folly is held up to ridicule. [F.] 
—sa-tir 'ic, sa-tir 'i-cal, a.— sa-tir 'i-cal-ly, adv. 
— sat'l-rist, n. A writer of satire.— sat'i-rize, 
vt. [-rized; -riz"ing.] To treat with sarcasm; 
ridicule, sat'i-risef. 

sat'is-fy, 1 sat'is-fai; 2 sSt'is-fy. *>• [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To gratify to the full; content. 

2. To free from doubt or anxiety. 3. To pay 
off or discharge. II. t. To give satisfaction. 
[< F. satisfaire, < L. satis, enough, + facio, 
make.]— sat"is-fac'tion, n. 1. Complete grati¬ 
fication. 2. The making of amends or payment. 

3. That which satisfies.—sat"is-fac'to-ry, a. 
Giving satisfaction; atoning.—sat"ls-fac'to-ri- 
ly, adv. —sat"is-fac 'to-ri-ness, n. 

sa'trap, 1 se'trap; 2 sa'tr&p, n. A governor of a 
province in ancient Persia; hence, any petty ruler 
under a despot. [< Gr. satrapos.] — sa'trap-al, 
a. sa-trap 'i-al t; sa-trap 'i-cal J.—sa 'trap-y, n. 
The territory or the jurisdiction of a satrap, sa'- 
trap-atet. 

sat'u-rate, lsa<5h'u-[or sat'yu-lret; 2sach'y-[or 
sat'yy-]rat. I. vt. [-ratted 3 ;-rat'Tng.] To 
soak or imbue thoroughly; fill to the utmost. 
II. a. Saturated. [< L. saturatus, pp., < 
satur, full.]— sat'u-ra-bl(e p , a.— sat"u-ra'tion, 
n. The act of saturating; complete impregnation. 

Sat'ur-day, 1 sat'sr-di; 2 s&t'ur-dy, n. The 
seventh or last day of the week. [ < AS. Saeter- 
dxg, < L. Saturnus, Saturn, + AS. dveg, day.] 

Sat'urn, 1 sat'arn; 2 sat'urn, n. 1. The planet 
next beyond 
Jupiter. 2. 

Myth. The 
god of seed* 
time and 
harvest. [ < 

L. Saturnus, < 
satus, pp. of 
sero, sow.] — 

Sat"ur-na'li- 
a, n. pl. Rom. Antiq. 1. A feast of Saturn held 
at Rome in mid*December. 2. [s-] Any season 
or period of general license: so construed as a 
singular; as, a saturnalia of crime.— Sa-tur'ni- 
an, a. Of or pertaining to the god, or to the 


planet Saturn; especially to a fabled golden age 
under the reign of Saturn; marked by simplicity, 
virtue, and happiness.—sat'ur-nin(e 8 , a. 1. 
Under the influence of the planet Saturn; gloomy; 
morose. 2. [S-] Pertaining to Saturn, 
sat'yr, 1 sat'ar; 2 sat'yr, n. Gr. Myth. A wood¬ 
land deity, having goatdike ears, pug*nose, 
short tail, and budding horns. [ < Gr. satyros, 
a satyr.]—sa-tyr'ic, sa-tyr'i-cal, a. 
sauce, 1 ses; 2 sag. I. vt. [sauced 1 ; sauc'ing.] 
To dress with sauce; season; give zest to. II. 
n. 1. An appetizing accompaniment of a 
meal. 2. A dish of fruit*pulp stewed and 
sweetened. [F., < L. salsa, salt food.] — 
sauce'pan", n. A metal pan with projecting 
handle, for cooking sauces, etc.—sau'cer, n. A 
small dish for holding a cup, or in which to serve 
fruits, etc. — sau'cy, a. [sau'ci-er; sau'ci- 
est.] 1. Disrespectful to superiors; impudent. 
2. Piquant; sprightly.—sau'ci-ly, adv. —sau'- 
ci-ness, n. 

sauer'kraut", 1 saur'kraut"; 2 sour'krout", n. 

Chopped and fermented cabbage. [G.] 

Saul, 1 sol; 2 sal, n. 1. A king of Israel. 1 Sam. ix, 2. 

2. The Apostle Paul: Hebrew name. Acts xiii, 9. 
Sault Sainte Ma'ric, 1 sQ sent me'rl; 2 su sant 
ma're. Either of two towns on the Sault Sainte 
Marie Falls between lakes Superior and Huron, 
one in Michigan, pop. 12,100, and one in Ontario, 
Canada, pop. 21,230; connected by a bridge, 
saun'ter, 1 san'tar or sen'tar; 2 san'ter or san'- 
ter. I. vi. To walk in a leisurely or lounging 
way; stroll. II. n. 1. A careless, leisurely 
manner of walking. 2. An idle stroll. [ < OF. 
s’aventurer, for se, self, + aventurer, adventure.] 
—saun'ter-er, n. 

sau'ri-an, 1 se'n-an; 2 sa'ri-an, n. A lizard, or 
a lizarddike reptile. [ < Gr. sauros, lizard.] 
sau 'sage, 1 se'sij ; 2 sa'sag, n. 1 . Finely chopped 
and highly seasoned meat, commonly stuffed 
into the prepared entrails of some animal. 2. 
Atypeofair*shipor kite-balloon shaped likeasau- 
sage. [ < F. saucisse, < L. salsus, pp. of salio, salt.] 
sav'age, 1 sav'ij; 2 s&v'ag. I. a. 1. Wild and 
untamed; uncivilized; primitive. 2. Enraged; 
cruel. II. n. A wild and uncivilized human 
being; brutal person; barbarian. [< F. sau- 
vage, < L. silvaticus, < silva, wood.] -ly, adv .— 
sav'age-ry, n. 1. The state of being savage, 
sav'age-nessf. 2. Savages collectively, 
sa-van 'na, ) 1 se-van'a; 2 sa-vftn'a, n. A tree- 
sa-van'nail, s less plain. [< O. Sp. savana , 
sheet.] 

Sa-van'nah, 1 sa-van's; 2 sa-van'a, n. 1. A river 
between Georgia and South Carolina; 450 m. to 
the Atlantic. 2. A city and cotton port in Georgia; 
pop. 83,250. 

sa"vant\ 1 sa'van'; 2 sa'vah', n. [sa'vants' or 
SA'VANs't, pl.] A man of special learning. [F.] 
save, 1 sev; 2 sav, v. [saved; sav'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To make safe; rescue; protect. 2. To prevent 
waste of. 3. To prevent; excuse. II. i. 1. 
To avoid needless waste; be economical. 2. 
To be preserved. [< F. sauver, < L. salvus, 
safe.]—sav'er, n.—sav'lng-ly, adv. 
save, prep. & conj. Excepting; unless, 
sav'ing, 1 sev'irj; 2 sav'ing. 1. prep. & conj. 1. 
With the exception of; save. 2. Without dis¬ 
respect to. II. pa. Redeeming; economical; 
qualifying. III. n. 1. Preservation; redemp¬ 
tion. 2. Avoidance of waste; economy. 3. pl. 
Sums laid away.—sav'ings*bank", n. An 
institution for receiving and investing savings 
and paying interest on deposits. 



Saturn, showing its Rings and 
the Belts on the Planet. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; net, or; full, rQle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit. Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 

















521 


Satan 

scale 


Sav'ior, 




) 1 sev'yar; 2 sav'yor, n. 1. Jesus 
Sav'iour, ) Christ, the Redeemer. 2. [s-] One 
who saves or rescues. [ < LL. F sah>afor, savior.] 
Sa"vo-na-ro'la, 1 sa"vo-na-ro'la; 2 sa"vo-na-ro'la, 
Girolamo (1452-1498). An Italian monk and 
moral reformer at Florence; executed for heresy, 
sa'vor, 1 se'var; 2 sa'vor, v. I. t. 1||. To have 
the flavor of. 2. To season. II. i. To have a 
specified flavor or quality. [ < F. savourer, < 
L. sapor, taste.] sa'vourj. 

Sa'vor, n. Flavor; relish; specific quality, sa'- 
vourj. — sa'vor-less, a. Tasteless; insipid.— 
sa'vor-y, a. 1. Appetizing. 2. In good repute.— 
sa'vor-I-Iy, adv. —sa'vor-i-ness, n. 
sa'vor-y, n. A hardy annual aromatic herb. 
Sa-voy ', 1 sa-vei'; 2 sa-voy', n. A former duchy 
south of Lake Geneva, Switzerland, now divided 
into two French departments. 
saw 1 , 1 so; 2 sa, v. [sawed or sawn; saw'ing.] 
I . t. To cut, shape, or fashion with a saw. II. 

1. 1. To be cut with a saw. 2. To use or make 
motions like one using a saw. 

saw 2 , imp. of see, v. 

saw 1 , n. 1. A cuttingdnstrument with pointed 
teeth arranged con¬ 
tinuously along the 
edge of the blade. 

2. A machine for 
operating a saw or 

gang of saws. [ < _ _ 

AS. saga, saw ]— ft \ 

saw'dust", n. Small 
fragments, as of wood, 
cut or torn out by a 

saw.—saw'fish", n. , __ , „ . _ 

A species of ray hav- 1-H an d s saw. 2.Meat*saw. 

ing an elongated body and the snout pro¬ 
longed into a flat blade armed with teeth on 
each edge.— saw 'fly", n. A hymenopterous in¬ 
sect having a saw*like ovipositor for piercing 
plants, soft wood, etc., in which to lay its eggs.— 
saw'horse", n. A support to sustain wood in 
sawing, saw 'buck"t. — saw 'mill", n. 1. An 
establishment for sawing logs into lumber. 2. A 
large sawing-machine.— saw'«set", n. An instru¬ 
ment to give set to the teeth of a saw.— saw'yer, 
n. 1. One who saws logs. 2. [Western U. S.] A 
fallen tree the root end of which rests on the bot¬ 
tom of a stream, the top rising and falling with 
the current. 

saw 2 , 1 so; 2 sa, n. A proverbial or famdiar 
saying. [ < AS. sagu, < secgan; see say, r.] 
sawn, 1 sen; 2 san, pp. of saw, v 
Sax., abbr. Saxon, Saxony. 

Saxe, 1 saks; 2 saks, Comte de (1696—1750). Her¬ 
mann Maurice, a French marshal; won the battle 
of Fontenoy, 1745. 

Saxe"»Co'burg=Go'tha, 1 saks"*ko'burg-go'ta; 2 
saks"»co'burg*go'ta, n. A former German duchy, 
proclaimed a republic Nov., 1918, now divided be¬ 
tween Bavaria (Coburg, 216 sq. m.; pop. 74,134) 
and Thuringia (Gotha, 548 sq. m.; pop. 433,959). 
sax'i-frage, 1 saks'i-frij; 2 
perennial herb, growing 
in rocky places. [F., < 

L. saxum, stone, + frango, 
break.] 

Sax'on, 1 saks'an; 2 
saks'on. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to the Sax¬ 
ons. II. n. 1. One 
of a Teutonic tribe 
that, with the 
Angles and Jutes, conquered England in the 
5th and 6th centuries. 2. An Anglo-Saxon. 



Purple Saxifrage. 


3. A native of Saxony. 4. The language of 
the Saxons. [ < AS. Seaxan.] 

Sax'o-ny, 1 saks'o-m; 2 saks'o-ny, n. A former 
kingdom of central Germany; 5,789 sq. m.; pop. 
4,664,000; capital, Dresden; proclaimed a re¬ 
public Nov. 9, 1918. 

sax'o-phone, 1 saks'o-fon; 2 saks'o-fon, n. A brass 
keyed wind instrument, resem- «®dhss&x 
bling, but more powerful than, jl 

a clarinet. [< Sax, its inventor, + K 
-phone.] 

say, 1 se; 2 sa, v. [said ; say'ing.] 1. 1. 

1. To speak; utter; also, to declare Kit 
either orally or in writing. 2. To 
suppose. II. i. To make an asser- jiiLjfegfc 
tion. [ < AS. secgan, say.] mp fl B v T 

say, n. What,, one has said or has to 
say. — say'ing, n. An utterance; a ejjRjT 
maxim. JatJj 

S. B., abbr. Bachelor of Science, South 
Britain.— sb., abbr. Substantive.— ... 

Sc., abbr. Scotch.— sc., abbr. Scene, „ ^ “ 

scilicet (L„ namely, to wit) sculpsit ftax °I inone . 
(L., engraved [it]).— s. e., s. caps., sm. caps., 
abbr. Small capitals.— S. C., abbr. South Caro¬ 
lina, Supreme Court. 

scab, 1 skab; 2 scab, n. 1. A crust formed on 
the surface of a sore. 2. A contagious disease 
among sheep. [ < L. AS scabies, itch.] — 
scabbed, a.—scab'by, a.— scab'bi-ly, adv.— 
scab'bfr-ness, n. 

scab'bard, 1 skab'ard; 2 scab'ard, n. A sheath, 
as of a sword. [ < OF. escauber, scabbard.] 
sca'bi-es, 1 ske'bi-lz; 2 sea'bi-es, n. Pathol. The 
itch. [L., < scabo, scratch.] 
sca'brous, 1 ske'brus; 2 sca'brus, o. Rough¬ 
ened with minute points; rough; rugged; 
scurfy. [ < LL. scabrosus.] 
scaf'fold, 1 skaf'ald; 2 seaf'old, n. 1. A tem¬ 
porary elevated structure for the support of 
workmen, materials, etc., as in building. 2. 
A platform for the execution of criminals. 
[< F. echafaud, scaffold.] —scaf'fold-ing, n. A 
scaffold, or system of scaffolds, 
sca-lade', 1 ska-led'; 2 sea-lad', n. 1||. A scaling- 
ladder. 2t. Escalade. 

scald, 1 skold; 2 scald, vt. To burn with a hot 
fluid; cook slightly in hot liquid; cleanse with 
very hot water. [ < L. OF ex, out, + caldus, hot.] 
scald 1 , n. 1. A burn or injury of the skin by a 
hot liquid. 2. An act of scalding. 
scald 2 , 1 skeld or skald; 2 scald or scald, n. An 
ancient Scandinavian bard or minstrel. [ < 
Ice. skald, poet.] skald t.—seal'die, a. 
scale 1 , 1 skel; 2 seal, v. [scaled; scal'ing.] 1. 1. 

1. To clear of or to cover with scale or scales. 

2. To pare down. II. i. 1. To come off, as 
scales or flakes 2. To become crusted. 

scale 2 , vt. 1. To surmount by climbing. 2. To 
make a drawing of, according to a scale. 3. 
To reduce according to a scale. [ < L. L1 * scala, 
ladder ] — seal'a-bl(e p , a. Capable of being 
scaled, as a wall. 
scale 3 , vt. To weigh. 

scale 1 , n. 1. Zool. A thin, flat, horny, or mem¬ 
branous outgrowth of the skin, as of fishes 
and reptiles; also, some structure resembling 
this, as on a butterfly’s wing. 2. Any thin, 
hard, flaky incrustation, as on the skin, on a 
leaf or fruit, on metal after fusing or heating, 
on the inside of a boiler from salts deposited 
from water, etc.; a scab; flake. [ < AS. sceale, 
scale.] 

scale 2 , n. 1. The ruled lines on a measure, or a 


1:d = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; XJ = sinp; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dq; book, boot; full, rule, cOre, but, bOrn; 611, b6y; go, gem; iok; thin, this. 














scale 

schooner 


522 


measure so ruled. 2. A system of fixed units 
of measurement. 3. Any graded series; a 
gradation. 4. Mus. The tones or notes in an 
octave or more. [ < L. scala, ladder.] 

scale 3 , n. 1. The platform or pan of a weighing* 
instrument or balance; also, the balance it¬ 
self. 2. pi. Any form of weighing*machine. 
[ < AS. scale, bowl.] 

sca-lene', 1 ske-lin'; 2 sea-len', a. Having 
sides no two of which are equal. [ < L. scale- 



Scallop. 


nus, uneven.] 

scal'er, 1 skel'ar; 2 scal'er, n. One who or that 
which scales in any sense of scale 1 or 
SCALE 2 , V. [SHALLOT, 

seal'lion, 1 skal'yan; 2 se&l'yon, n. Same as 
scal'lop, 1 skel'ep; 2 seal'op. I l . vt. 1. To cook 
in a scallop shell; 
bake, as oysters, 
with crums and sea¬ 
soning. 2. To shape 
with scallops. II. n. 

1. A bivalve having 
a nearly circular 
shell, with radiating 
ribs and wavy edge, 
formerly worn as a 
pilgrim’s badge. 2. 

One of a series of 
semicircular curves 
along an edge. [ < 

OF. escalope, < D. schelp, shell.] 
scalp, lskalp; 2 scalp. Ib vt. To tear or remove 
the scalp from. II. n. The skin, or skin and 
hair, of the top of the skull. [ = scallop.]— 
scalp'er, n. One who or that which scalps; 
specif., one who buys and sells railroad or other 
tickets at less than official rates; a ticket*broker. 
seal'pel, 1 skal'pel; 2 scal'pel, n. A small 
pointed knife 
used in dissec- j 
tions and in 
surgery. [F] 
seal 'y, 1 skel'i; 2 

seal'y, a. Covered with scales; of the nature 
of a scale; incrusted; scurfy.— scal'i-ness, n. 
scamp 1 ,1 skamp; 2 scamp, vt. To perform careless¬ 
ly or dishonestly. [< Ice. skamla; see scant, t>.] 
scamp, n. A confirmed rogue; rascal. [ < OF. 

escamper; see scamper, r.]— scamp'lsh, a. 
scain'per, 1 skam'par; 2 sc&m'per. I. vi. To 
hurry to escape; hasten away. II. n. A hur¬ 
ried flight. [ < L. OF ex, out, + campus, field.] 
scan, 1 skan; 2 setln, vt. & vi. [Scanned; scan¬ 
ning.] 1. To read metrically, as verse; con¬ 
form to metrical rules. 2. To scrutinize; 
examine with care. [ < L. F scando, climb.]— 
scan'sion, n. The act of scanning verse so as to 
show its metrical parts. 

Scan., Scand., abbr. Scandinavian, 
scan'dal, 1 skan'dal; 2 se&n'dal, n. 1. The 
heedless or malicious dissemination of evil 
reports; slander. 2. Reproach caused by dis¬ 
graceful conduct. [ < Gr. OF skandalon, snare.] 
—scan'dal-ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] 1. To shock 
the feelings of. 2. To traduce; malign. 3. To 
bring into reproach, scan'dal-iset.—scan'dal- 
ous, a. Causing scandal; disgraceful; injurious 
to reputation, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
scan'dent, 1 skan'dent; 2 se&n'dSnt, a. Bot. 
Climbing, or aiding to climb; as, a scandent 
plant. [ < L. scando, climb.] 

Scan'der-beg, 1 skan'dar-beg; 2 scan'der-beg, n. 
(1403-1468.) George Castriot, an Albanian chief; 
maintained Albanian independence against Tur- 


Scalpel for Dissecting. 


key. [Cor. of Iskander Beg, i. e., Alexander Bey.l 
Scan"di-na'vi-a, 1 skan"di-ne'vi-a; 2 sean'di-na'- 
vi-a, n. A peninsula of N. W. Europe, occupied 
by Sweden and Norway; formerly the whole 
land of the Norsemen, including, also, Denmark 
and Iceland.—Scan"di-na'vi-an, a. & n. 
scan-so'ri-al, 1 skan-so'ri-al; 2 scan-so'ri-al, a. 
Pertaining to or adapted for climbing. [ < L. 
scansonus, < scansus, pp. of scando, climb.] 
scant, 1 skant; 2 scant. I d . vt. & vi. To restrict 
or limit the supply of; render small; stint; 
become scanty; lessen; fail. II. a. 1. Scarcely 
enough. 2. Insufficiently supplied. [ < Ice. 
skamla, dole out ] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
scant'ling, 1 skant'hrj; 2 sc&nt'ling, n. 1. 
Timber less than 5 inches in breadth and 
thickness, used for studding, etc. 2. Ship » 
building. A set of fixed or prescribed dimen¬ 
sions, as for the plates or flooring of a vessel, 
scant 'y, 1 skant'i; 2 se&nt'y, a. [scant'i-er; 
scant'i-est.] Limited in extent; restricted 
in quantity or number.— scant'i-ly, adv .— 
scant'i-ness, n. 

Sca'pa Flow, 1 ska'po flO; 2 sca'pa flO. A sea- 
basin of Orkney Islands, where surrendered 
German fleet was Interned, Nov., 1918-June 
28, 1919, until sunk by the Germans left on board 
the ships in violation of terms of armistice, 
scape, 1 skep; 2 scap, n. A stem-like part, ris¬ 
ing from a subterranean or depressed stem, 
as in the dandelion; also, the shaft of a feather 
or of a column. [F., < L. scapus, stem.] 
scape'goat", 1 skep'got"; 2 scap'got", n. 1. 
Bib. A goat upon which the sins of the people 
were symbolically laid, and which was then 
sent away into the wilderness. 2. A person 
made to bear blame for others, 
scape'grace", 1 skep'gres"; 2 scap'grac", n. A 
graceless, mischievous, or incorrigible person, 
scap'u-la, 1 skap'yu-la; 2 se&p'yy-la, n. [-l.e, 
pi.] The shoulder-blade. [LL., < L. scapulae, 
shoulder-blades.]—scap'u-lar, n. R. C. Ch. A 
narrow strip of cloth crossing the shoulders, worn 
by members of Roman Catholic orders, 
scar, 1 skar; 2 sear. I. vt. & vi. [scarred, 
scard p ; scar'ring.] To mark, or become 
marked, with a scar. II 1 . n. The mark left on 
the skin after the healing of a wound; any 
mark of past injury, abrasion, etc.: often used 
figuratively. [ < L. F eschara, scab.] 
scar 2 , n. A cliff or rocky place on the side of a 
hill or mountain. [ < Ice. sker, < skera, shear.] 
scar'ah, 1 skar'eb; 2 scar'ab, n. 1. A beetle 
worshiped by the ancient Egyptians as the 
symbol of resurrection. 2. A gem represent¬ 
ing this beetle and inscribed with symbols, 
used in ancient Egypt as an amulet. [ < L. 
scarabceus, beetle.] scar"a-b;e'ust. 
scarce, ) 1 skars; 2 scare, a. 1. Rarely met 
scarse p , ) with; infrequent. 2. Scant, -ly, adv. 

-ness,».—scar'cl-ty,n. Scantiness; Insufficiency, 
scare, 1 skar; 2 scar. I. vt. & vi. [scared; 
scar'ing.] To frighten, or take fright. II. n. 
Sudden fright; panic. [ < Ice. skjarr, timid.] 
— scare 'crow", n. 1. Any effigy set up to scare 
crows from growing crops. 2. A cause of false 
alarm. 3. A wretched-looking person. 
scarf 1 , 1 skarf; 2 scarf, vt. To unite with a 
scarf-joint; also, to cut a scarf in. 
scarf 1 , n. Carp. 1. A lapped joint made as by 
beveling off or notching two timbers at the 
ends, and bolting them together, scarf'* 
joint"]:. 2. A timber so cut. See next page. 
[ < Sw. skarf, seam, < Ice. skera, shear.] 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, g5; net, Sr; full, rOle; but, bfrrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e-* i = e; go, not, or, w6n. 

















523 


scale 

schooner 


scarf 2 , to. 1. A long and wide band, especially 
when worn about the head and neck. 2. A 
necktie. [ < OHG. OF scharpe, scrip.] 
scarf Gskin", to. The epidermis, 
scar'i-fy, 1 skar'i-fai; 2 sear'i-fy, vt. [-fied; 


-fy"ing.] 1 . To 
scratch or make 
slight incisions 
in. 2. To criti¬ 
cize severely. 

[ < Gr. L+F skari- 
phaomai, sketch.] 
— scar'd - fi - ca '- 
tion, n.—scar'i- 
fi"er, to. One who 
or that which 
scarifies; specif., a 
cultivator for 
loosening the soil 






f 









4^ 



i i 


^_, 



Scarf=joints. 

without turning it over. 
scar"la-ti'na, 1 skar"la-ti'no; 2 scar"la-tl'na, to. 
An infectious fever characterized by a dif¬ 
fused scarlet rash, scarlet fever]:, 
scar'let, 1 skar'let; 2 scar'let. I. a. Of a scarlet 
color. II. to. 1. A brilliant red, inclining to 
orange. 2. Cloth or clothing of a scarlet color. 
[Ult. < Per. saqalat, scarlet cloth.] 
scarp, 1 skarp; 2 scarp. Ib vt. To cut to a steep 
slope. II. n. Any steep slope. [ < OF. escar- 
per, cut steep.] 

scathe, ) 1 sketh, skafli; 2 scath, scath. I. vt. 
scath, ([scathed; scath'ing.J To injure 
severely; harm. II. to. Severe injury. [ < AS. 
sceathan, injure.]—scathe'less, a. Free from 
harm.—scath'ing, pa. Damaging; merciless in 
severity. -iy, adv. 

scat'ter, 1 skat'ar; 2 scat'er, v. I. t. 1. To cast 
about irregularly; strew. 2. To cause to sep¬ 
arate; disperse; defeat. II. i. To disperse. 
[< AS. scaleran .] — scat'ter-brain", n. A per¬ 
son without concentration of mind or purpose.— 
scat'tersbralned", a .— seat'ter-er, n. 
scaup, 1 skbp; 2 seap, to. A sea=duck of north¬ 
ern regions, having the head and neck black 
in the male. [ < Ice. skalp, scaup.] 
scav'en-ger, 1 skav'en-jar; 2 scav'8n-ger, n. 
A street*cleaner; an animal that feeds on car¬ 
rion, as the buzzard. [ME. scavager , < OF. 
scawageour, < escavage, inspection.] 
sce-na'ri-o, 1 £he-na'ri-o; 2 she-na'ri-o, n. [It.] 
The plot of a dramatic work; by extension, the 
skeleton of a motion*picture play, 
scene, 1 sin; 2 sen, n. 1. A landscape, etc., as 
presented to one’s view. 2. The place 
represented on the stage of a theater. 

3. A division of an act of a play. 4. 

The canvas setting for a play. 5. Any 
striking exhibition or display, as of 
passion [OF., < Gr. L skene, stage.]— 
scen'er-y, n. [-iesz, pi.] Natural or 
theatrical scenes collectively.—seen'ic, 
a. 1. Artistic. 2. Picturesque. 3. Re¬ 
lating to stage scenery, seen'1-calf.— 
scen'I-cal-Iy, adv. 

scent d , ) 1 sent; 2 sent, v. I. t. 1. To 
sent p , ) perceive by the sense of smell. 

2. To render odorous; perfume. II. i. 

To hunt by scent, as dogs. [ < F. sen- 
tir, discern by the senses.] 
scent, n. 1. An odor, pleasant or un¬ 
pleasant. 2. The effluvium by which 
an animal can be tracked. 3. The 
sense of smell. -less, a. 

sep'tar; 2 sep'ter. I. vt. To invest 
rith royal power. II. to. 1. An orna- 


# o 

King’s 


seep'ter, ) 1 s 

}, ) wit 


seep'tre. 


mental staff as the badge of command or sov¬ 
ereignty. See illus. in preceding col. 2. 
Hence, kingly office or power. [< Gr.i-+r s&ep- 
tron, < skepto, prop.] 

seep'tic, -ti-cal, scep'ti-cism, etc. Same as 
skeptic, etc. [schr., abbr. Schooner, 

sch., schol., abbr. [L.] Scholium (a note).— sch., 
sclied'ule, 1 skej'ul; 2 scej'ul. I. vt. [-uled; 
-ul-ing.] To enter, as in a schedule. II. to. A 
written or printed statement; inventory. 
[OF., < LL. schedula, small leaf of paper.] 
Scheldt, 1 Shelt; 2 shelt, n. A river in N. France, 
Belgium, and Netherlands; 270 m. to North Sea. 
scheme, 1 skim; 2 seem. I. vt. & vi. [schemed; 
schem'ing.] To form a scheme; plan; devise. 
II. n. 1. A plan of something to be done; plot; 
device. 2. A list or arrangement; schedule; 
table. [ < Gr. L schema, form.]— schem'er, n. 
Schil'ler, 1 Shil'ar; 2 shil'er, Johann Christoph 
Friedrich von (1759-1805). A German poet, 
dramatist, and historian. 

schism, 1 sizm; 2 si§m, n. A division of a 
church into factions, or a part separated by a 
factional division. [< Gr. L+F schisma, split.] 
—schis-mat'ic, a. & n. —schis-mat'i-cal, a. 
schist, 1 ^hist; 2 shist, n. Any rock that readily 
splits or cleaves. shisTtf. [ < Gr. L+F scMsfos, 
< schizo, cleave.]—schis'tose, a. 
Schles'wig=Hol'stein, 1 ghlez'viH=ho’'ghtain; 2 
shie§'viH=hol'shtIn, n. A peninsular (5.805 sq. m.; 
pop. 1,462,190), taken from Denmark by Prussia 
in war of 1864: capital, Schleswig: northern zone 
restored to Denmark by plebiscite, Feb. 1920, 
southern zone remaining Prussian. 

Schley, 1 slai; 2 sly, Winfield Scott (1839-1911), 
Rear*admiral U. S. navy: second in command in 
battle off Santiago, July 3, 1898. 
schnapps, 1 Shnaps; 2 shnaps, n. Holland gin; 

loosely, any ardent spirits. [ < G. schnapps, dram.] 
schol 'ar, ) 1 skel'er; 2 scol'ar, n. 1. One who 
scol'are, (learns under a teacher; a pupil; 
learner. 2. A person eminent for learning. 3. 
The holder of a scholarship. [ < Gr. L+AS schole, 
school.]— schol'ar-Iy, a. Like a scholar; learned; 
erudite.— schol'ar-ship, n. 1. Learning. 2. 
Maintenance for a student awarded by an edu¬ 
cational institution.— scho-las'tic, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to scholars or schools. 2. Pedantic.— 
scho-las'ti-cal-ly, adv. —scho-las'ti-cism, n. 
scho'li-um, 1 sko'li-um; 2 sco'Ii-um, n. [-oms* 
or -a, pi.] An explanatory marginal note. — 
scho'li-ast, n. A commentator; annotator. 
school 1 , ) 1 skul; 2 scool. I. vt. To instruct in a 
scool p , ( school; train; discipline. II. n. 1. An 
educational institution. 2. A schoolhouse or 
schoolroom. 3. A schoobsession. 4. The 
pupils in an educational institution. 5. A 
body of disciples; a sect, etc. 6. Any sphere 
or means of instruction. [ < AS. scolu, school.] 
— school'book", n. A book for use in school; 
text=book.— school'boy", school'girl", n. A 
boy or girl attending school.— school'fel"low, n. 
A schoolmate.— school'house", n. A building 
in which a school is conducted.— school'ing, n. 
Instruction given at a school; education.— 
school'man, n. One of the theologians of the 
middle ages.— school 'mas"ter, n. A man who 
teaches school.— school 'mate", n. A fellow pupil. 
— school 'mis"tress, n. A woman who teaches 
school.— school'room", n. A room in which 
instruction is given to pupils. 
school 2 , 1 skul; 2 sebbl. I. vi. To run together 
in a school, as fish. II. n. A large company, 
as of fish; shoal. [ < AS. scolus see school 1 .] 
sehoon'er, ) 1 skun'or; 2 seoon'er, n. 1. A 
scoon 'er p , ( fore*and*aft rigged vessel having 


l:a = final; I = hablG aisle; au = (mt; oil; iu = fe«d; tfhin; go; g = sin^; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






































Schopenhauer 

scrawny 


534 



two or more masts. See illus. below. 2. 
[U. S.] A large covered emigrant-wagon of 
the Western prairies. prai'rie*schoon"ert. 
3. [Colloq. U. S.] A large beer-glass, holding 
about a pint. [Orig. scooner, < scoon, skim, 
< Norw. skunna, hurry.] 

Scho'pen-hau"er, 1 £ho'pen-hau"9r; 2 shO'pen- 
hou"er, Arthur (1788-1860). A German pessi¬ 
mistic philosopher, who taught that the world 
and human life are essentially evil.— Scho'pen- 
hau"er-i-an, a. —Scho'pen-hau"er-lsm, n. 

schot-tische', 1 Sho-ti^h'; 2 shd-tish', n A dance 
similar to the polka, but 
somewhat slower; also, 
the music for such a 
dance. [<G. 
schottisch, 

Scottish .] 
s c h o t - 
tlsli't. 

Schu'bert, 1 

khu'bart; 2 
shu'bert, 

Franz Peter 
(1797-1828). 

An Austrian 
composer. 

Schu ' in a n n. Schooner-yacht. 

1 ghu'man; 2 l- Foretopmast-stavsail or jib-topsail. 2. Jib. 
shu'man, 71. Forestaysail. 4. Fore patT^topsail. 5. Fore- 
< I* l a r o* sail. 6. Mamtopmast'staysail. 7. Main gaff*top- 
■ * ** l d r A sail. 8. Mainsail. 

Josephine 

(nee Wieck) (1819-1896). a German pianist; wife 
of Robert Schumann. 2. Robert (1810-1856), 
a German composer. 

sei., abbr. Science, scientific. 

sci 'a-graph, etc. Same as skiagraph, etc. 

SCi-at'ic, 1 sai-at'ik; 2 si-at'ic. I. a. Pertaining 
to or affecting the hip or its nerves. II. n. A 
sciatic nerve or part. [ < F. sciatique, ult. < 
Gr. ischion, hip.] —sci-at'l-ca, n. Neuralgia of 
the hip and thigh. 


sci'cnce, 1 sai'ens; 2 sl'£nc, n. 1. The sum of 
universal knowledge. 2. The system of knowl¬ 
edge concerning some subject or group of 
subjects. [F., < L. scientia, < scio, know.]— 
sci"en-tif'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to or used in 
science. 2. Systematic; exact. 3. Versed in 
science.— sci"en-tif'i-cal-Iy, adv. — scl'en-tist, 
n. One versed in science; a savant, 
sell., abbr. [L.] Scilicet (namely), 
sclm'i-ter, n. Same as simitar, sclm'1-tart, 
scin-til'la, 1 sin-til'a; 2 sin-tfl'a, n. A spark; 
hence, a trace; iota. [L.l — scin'til-lant, 
a. Emitting sparks; scintillating.— scin'til- 
late, vt. & vi. [-lat"ed<i; -lat"ing.] To send forth 
sparks or like sparks; flash; often figurative, as of 
humor.— scIn"til-la'tion, n. 
sci'o-list, 1 sai'o-list; 2 si'o-list, n. A pretender 
to scientific attainment. [ < LL. sciohis, < L. 
scio, know.] — scl'o-llsm, n. Charlatanism.— 
scl"o-lls'tlc, a. 

sci'on, 1 sai'an; 2 sl'on, n. 1. A piece cut from 
a twig or shoot, as for grafting. 2. A shoot. 
3. A child or descendant. [F.] 

Sclp'i-o, 1 sip'i-o; 2 sip'i-o, n. 1. S. Africanus, 
“ The Elder ” (237-183 B. C.); Publius Cornelius; 
a Roman general; consul; defeated Hannibal at 
Zama, 202 B. C. 2. S. Africanus, “The Young¬ 
er” (185-129 B. C); Roman general; consul; 
burned Carthage. 

scis'sion, 1 si^h'an or si 3 'an; 2 sish'on or sizh'- 
on, n. The act of cutting, or the state of being 
cut; division. [ < LL. scissio, < scindo, cut.] 
scis'sors, / 1 siz'arz; 2 sI§'or§, n. pi. A cutting- 
sis 'sors 3 , ) implement with handles and a pair 


of pivoted blades. [ < F. cisoires, ult. < L. 
scissus, pp. of scindo, cut.]— scls'sor, vt. To cut 
with scissors. 

Sclav, Sclav 'ic, etc. Same as Slav, etc. 

Sclav., abbr. Sclavonic. 

scle-ro'sis, 1 skli-ro'sis; 2 scle-ro'sis, n. 1. The 
thickening and hardening of a tissue. 2. 
Specif., the hardening of the coats of the 
arteries. ar-te"ri-o-sele-ro'sis|. [< Gr. 
sklerdsis, < skleros, hard.] — scle-rot'lc. I. a. 
1. Dense; hard, as the white of the eye. 2. Per¬ 
taining to sclerosis. II. n. The white of the eye. 
scle-rot'1-cat. 

scoff, / 1 skef; 2 seof. I*, vt. & vi. To treat with 
SCof p , \ derision or scorn; mock. II. n. An ex¬ 
pression or an object of contempt or derision. 
— scof'fer, n. — scoff'ing-ly, adv. 
scold, 1 skold; 2 scold. I d . vt. &yi. To reprove 
or find fault with harshly or noisily. II. n. One 
who scolds, especially a virago, scold'erj. 
scol'lop, etc. Same as scallop, etc. 
sconce, ) 1 skens; 2 scone, n. 1. A protecting 
SConse p , ) shelter or covering. 2. 

A bulwark; fort. 3. A helmet. 

4. The head; skull; brains. 5. 

An ornamental walbbracket f or 
holding a light; a lantern. [ < 

OF. esconce, hiding-place.] 
scone 1 ,1 skon; 2scon, n. [Scot.] 

A thin cake, as of oatmeal or 
barley, baked on a griddle. 

Scone 2 ,1 skim; 2 segn, n. A 
village in Perthshire. Scot¬ 
land; coronation place of 
Scottish kings, 1153 to 1488. Modern Sconce of 
scoop, 1 skup; 2 scoop. I 1 . Wrought Iron. 
vt. & vi. To lade out, remove, or excavate with 
a scoop; use a scoop; hollow out; dig. II. to. 

1. A shovel-like implement with bowl-shaped 
blade for handling coal, dredging, dipping, etc. 

2. An act of scooping. 3. A hollow. [< AS.s^opo.j 
scoot, 1 skut; 2 scoot, vi. [Colloq. U. S.] To 

scurry off; make off fast; skim, as a bird, 
scope, 1 skop; 2 scop, n. A range of view or ac¬ 
tion; outlook; capacity for achievement; aim. 

[ < Gr.LL+rr skopos; see -scope.] 

-scope, suffix. Manifester; indicator: chiefly in 
names of instruments of observation; as, tele¬ 
scope, microscope, etc. [ < Gr. skopos, watcher.], 
-scopy, suffix. Observation: chiefly in names of 
sciences, etc.; as, microscopy. [< Gr. -skopia, < 
skopos; see -scope.] 

scorch 1 , 1 skerdh; 2 scorch, vt. & vi. 1. To burn, 
or be burnt, superficially; singe; wither or 
shrivel by heat. 2. [Slang.] To go, or travel, 
at a high rate of speed, as a motor*vehicle. 
[< Norw. skrokkna, shrivel.]— scorch'er, n. 
score, 1 skor; 2 seor. I. vt. & vi. [scored; scor'- 
ing.] 1. To mark with cuts, notches, lines, or 
stripes; groove. 2. To scourge so as to leave 
marks upon; censure; upbraid. 3. To form or 
to obliterate by incising, marking, etc. 4. To 
keep account of; keep score or tally; win 
points, as in a game. II. n. 1. An account 
kept, as by notches; record; debt. 2. Some¬ 
thing charged or laid up against one; a grudge; 
difference. 3. A tally. 4. The notes of a musi¬ 
cal composition, or the sheets or book con¬ 
taining them. 5. The number twenty, (i. A 
notch, cut, line, etc. [ < AS. scor, twenty, < 
scoren, pp. of sceran, cut.]— scor'er, n. 
sco'ri-a, 1 sk5'ri-a; 2 sco'ri-a, n. [-^e, 1 -I; 2 -e, pi.] 
Fragmentary lava; slag. [L., < Gr. skoria, ref¬ 
use.]— sco"ri-a'ceous, a. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whad, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; i = e: go, not, or, w6n, 





















525 


Schopenhauer 

scrawny 


scorn, 1 skern; 2 scorn. I. vt. & vi. To hold in 
or treat with extreme contempt. II. n. 1. 
Extreme contempt; disdain. 2. The expres¬ 
sion of such a feeling; derision. 3. An object 
of supreme contempt. [ < OF. escarn, < 
OHG. seem, mockery.)—scorn'er, n.— scorn '- 
ful, a. Full of, expressing, or producing scorn. 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. 

Scor'pi-o, 1 sker'pi-o; 2 seor'pi-o, n. Astron. 1. 
The Scorpion, a constellation. See constella¬ 
tion. 2. The eighth sign of the zodiac, 
scor'pi-on, 1 sker'pi-an; 2 seor'pi-on, n. Any 
one of many 
tropical 1 o b - 
ster®like ar- 
thropods, 
from 2 to 8 
inches long, 
and having a 
poisonous 
sting. [F., < 

Gr. L skorpios, Scorpion. 1 /t 

scorpion.] 

Scot 1 ,1 sket; 2 scot, n. A native of Scotland.— 
Scots. I. a. Scottish II. n. The Scottish dia¬ 
lect.— Scots'man, n. A Scotchman. — Scot'- 
tl-cism, n. A form of expression, or an idiom 
peculiar to the Scotch. Scot'i-cism|.—Scot¬ 
tish, a. Pertaining to or characteristic of Scot¬ 
land or its people. 

scot 2 1|, n. An assessment; tax. [< AS. scot, < 
scoten, pp. of sceotan. shoot.)—scot'free, a. Free 
from scot; untaxed; unharmed. 

Scot., abbr. Scotch, Scotland, Scottish, 
scotch*, 1 sketdh; 2 scotch, vt. 1. To cut with 
shallow incisions. 2. Hence, to wound slight¬ 
ly. 3. To dress, as stone, with a pick. 
scotch 1 , n. A superficial cut; scratch. [Form 
of scratch, v.\ confused with scutch.) 

Scotch 2 , n. 1. The people of Scotland: used 
as a plural. 2. One of the languages spoken 
by Scots. [For Scottish.]— Scotch, a. Scot¬ 
tish.— Scotch 'man, n. AScot. 

Scotland, 1 sket'land; 2 seot'land, n. A country, 
the N. part of Great Britain; 30,405 sq. m.; pop. 
4,882,290; capital, Edinburgh. 

Scott, 1 sket; 2 scot, n. 1. Robert Falcon (1868- 
1912), an English Antarctic explorer; reached 
South Pole, Jan. 17, 1912; perished on return jour¬ 
ney. 2. Sir Walter (1771-1832), a Scottish novel¬ 
ist and poet: Waverley Novels; Lady of the Lake. 
3. Winfield (1736-1866), an American general; 
in war of 1812 and Mexican and Civil wars, 
scoun'drel, 1 skaun'drel; 2 scoun'drel. I. a. 
Pertaining to or characteristic of a.scoundrel. 
scoun'drel-Iy|. II. n. A thoroughgoing ras¬ 
cal. [Ult. < AS. scunian, shun.]— scoun'- 
drel-dom, n. Scoundrels collectively; scoundrel- 
ism. —scoun'drel-ism, n. 
scour 1 , 1 skaur; 2 scour, vt. & vi. 1. To clean a 
surface by thorough washing and rubbing. 
2. To purge. 3. To become bright or clean by 
rubbing. [ < L. OF excuratus, carefully attend¬ 
ed to.]—seour'er 1 , n. 

scour 2 , vt. & vi. 1. To traverse thoroughly; 
move in careful search. 2. To skim or scurry 
along. [ < L. OF excurro, < ex, out, + curro, 

run.)—seour'er 2 , n. 

scourge, ) I skurj; 2 scftrg. I. vt. [scourged; 
scurge p , ) scourg'ing.] To punish with a 
scourge; lash. II. n. A whip; hence, severe 
punishment. [ < L. OF ex-, intensive, + cor- 
rigia, thong.) 

scouse, 1 skaus; 2 scous, n. A stew of meat and 


potatoes, or a sailors’ dish of sea=biscuit and vege¬ 
tables, sometimes with meat. 
scout 1 , 1 skaut; 2 scout. I d . vt. & vi. To follow 
and spy upon; go or act as a scout. II. n. A 
person sent out to observe and get informa¬ 
tion, as of the position or strength of an enemy. 
[ < OF. escoute, < escouter (< L. ausculto) , listen.) 
SCOUt 2<l , vt. To reject with disdain; spurn. [ < 
Ice. skuti, a taunt.) 

scow, 1 skau; 2 scow, n. [U. S.) A boat with a 
flat bottom and square ends. [< D. schouw, 
scow.) 

Scowl, 1 skaul; 2 scowl. I. vi. To frown deeply 
or forbiddingly; hence, to look threatening; 
lower. II. n. A lowering of the brows; 
gloomy aspect. [ < Dan. skule, scowl.] 
scr., abbr. Scruple. 

scrab 'hie, \ 1 skrab'l; 2 serab'l. I. vt. & vi. 
scrab'l p , ) [scrab'bled, scrab'ld p ; scrab'- 
bling.] 1. To scribble. 2. To scramble. II. 
n. A scrambling. 

scrag, 1 skrag; 2 scrag, n. 1. Something thin 
or lean and rough or coarse; a neck*piece. 2. 
A remnant. [ < Sw. dial, skraka, great dry 
tree.]— scrag'ged, a. Rough; shaggy; scrawny, 
scrag 'glyt; scrag'gyt. — scrag 'gi-ly, adv. — 
scrag'gi-ness, n. 

scram 'bl (e p , 1 skram'bl; 2 scram'bl, v. [scram'- 
bl(e)d p ; scrambling.] I. t. 1. To prepare 
hurriedly or confusedly. 2. To prepare (eggs) 
by stirring together while cooking. II. i. To 
clamber with hands and feet; struggle in a 
disorderly manner. [Freq. of scramb, var. of 
scramp, a form of scrape, p.) —scram'bier, n . 
scram 'bl(e p , n. The act of scrambling; any 
disorderly performance, 
scrap, 1 skrap; 2 scrap, n. 1. A small piece; 
fragment. 2. A brief extract. 3. Old or ref¬ 
use metal. [ < Ice. skrap, trifles.]—scrap'* 
book", n . A book in which printed scraps are 
pasted.—scrap'py, a. Composed of odds and 
ends: fragmentary. 

scrape, 1 skrep; 2 scrap, v. [scraped 1 ; scrap'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To scratch with a hard surface 
or edge. 2. To draw over a surface roughly. 
3. To remove by scraping. 4. To accumulate 
little by little: usually with up or together. 
II. i. 1. To rub anything with a hard instru¬ 
ment. 2. To practise economy. 3. To bow 
awkwardly with a backward motion of the 
foot. 4. To play unskilfully, as on a violin. 
[< Ice. skrapa, scrape; akin to sharp, a.]— 
scrap'er, n. Any instrument used for scraping, 
scrape, n. 1. The act or effect of scraping. 2» 
A difficult situation; predicament, 
scrap'pie, 1 skrap'l; 2 scrap'l, n. Meal or flour 
boiled with scraps of pork, seasoned, and fried in 
slices. [Dim. of scrap, n.) 
scratch, \ 1 skradh; 2 scrach. I*, vt. & vi. 1. 
scrach p , j To make scratches on, as with claws 
or nails. 2. To move by scraping. 3. To 
write awkwardly. 4. To erase or cancel by 
scratches. II. n. 1. A shallow mark, groove, 
furrow, or channel. 2. A slight flesh*wound. 
3. Athletics. The line from which contestants 
start. [Ult.<Gr. charasso, scratch.)—scratch'y, 
a. Characterized by scratches or making a 
scratching noise. 

scrawl, 1 skrel; 2 serai. I. vt. & vi. To write 
hastily or illegibly. II. n. Irregular or un¬ 
skilful writing. [Contr. of scrabble.] 
scraw'ny, 1 skre'm; 2 sera'ny, a. Lean and 
bony; skinny; thin. [Cp. scrag, n.]— scraw'- 
ni-ness, n. 



1:» = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; o = sin^; fhin, this. 
2:wolf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









screak 

sea 


520 


screak, 1 skrlk; 2 screk. Ik vi. To creak; 

screech. II. ra. A screech; also, a creak, 
scream, 1 skrlm; 2 screm. I. vt. & vi. To utter 
in a loud and shrill voice; emit a piercing or 
prolonged sound. II. ra. A loud, shrill, pro¬ 
longed cry or sound. [ < Ice. skrsema, scare.] 
—scream'er, n. 

screech, 1 skrich; 2 serech. Ik vt. & vi. To 
shriek. II. ra. A shrill, harsh cry; shriek. [< 
Ice. skrxkja, shriek.]—screech'er, ra.—screech= 
owl, ra. Any owl that screeches instead of hooting, 
screed, 1 skrid; 2 scred, ra. 1. A harangue. 2. 

A long strip or shred. [Var. of shred, ra.] 
screen, 1 skrln; 2 scren. I. vt. 1. To shield 
from observation or annoyance. 2. To sift. 
II. ra. 1. Anything that separates or cuts 
off, or obscures, as a light partition, smoke, 
etc. 2. A sieve or riddle, for sifting. [ < F. 
ecran, OF. escren, screen.]—screenings, ra. 
■pi. The waste of anything passed through a 
screen or sieve, as refuse coal. 
scre>v, 1 skru; 2 scru, v. I. t. 1. To tighten or 
fasten by means of a screw. 2. To treat with 
oppression or extortion. 3. To twist; distort. 

II. i. 1. To turn in the manner of a screw. 
2. To twist about. 3. To practise oppression. 

screw' 1 , n. 1. A cylinder, as of metal, grooved 
in an advancing spiral on 
its outer surface; also, a hoi- £ 
low cylinder having such a « 
groove on its inner surface. 

2. Anything having the ac¬ 
tion of or resembling a 
screw, as a screw propeller. 

3. A turn of a screw. 4. 

An extortioner. 5. Pres¬ 
sure; force. [ < OF. es- „ .,. A 
croue, < L. scrobis, trench.] V screw. 

—screw '=driv"er, ra. A tool for driving screws. 
screw 2 , ra. [Eng.] A worthless horse. [Var. of 
shrew 1 , ra.] 

scrib'ble,/I skrib'l; 2 scrib'l. I. vt. & vi. 
scrib'l p ) [scrib'bled, scrib'ld p ; scrib'- 
bling.] To write hastily and carelessly; 
scrawl with unmeaning lines. II. ra. 1. 
Hasty, careless writing. 2. Any scrawl. 
[Freq. of scribe, ».]—scrib'bler, ra. 
scribe, 1 skraib; 2 serlb. I. vt. [scribed; 
scrib'ing.] To mark or scratch with a 
pointed instrument. II. ra. 1. An ancient 
Jewish instructor in the Mosaic law, acting 
also as a writer and interpreter. 2. A pen¬ 
man. 3. A scrivener. [F., < L. scriba, < 
scribo, write.] 

scrim, 1 skrim; 2 scrim, ra. Strong cotton or linen 
cloth for upholstery*linings, curtains, etc. In¬ 
dia scrim J. 

scrim'mage, 1 skrim'ij; 2 scrim'ag, ra. A 
rough*and*tumble contest; fracas; in football, 
a play depending upon the concentrated 
movement of a number of players. [Corr. of 
skirmish, ra.] 

scrimp, 1 skrimp; 2 scrimp. Ik vt. & vi. To be 
sparing or niggardly toward or of; skimp; 
stint. II. a. Scanty; short, scrimp'y|. 

III. ra. A miser; niggard. [Akin to shrink.] 
scrip 1 , 1 skrip; 2 scrip, n. 1. A provisional 

document certifying that the holder is en¬ 
titled to receive something else, as stock, 
bonds, etc. 2. A scrap of paper containing 
writing. [For script.] [Ice. skreppa , bag.] 
scrip 2 , ra. A wallet or small bag; satchel. [< 
script, 1 skript; 2 script, n. 1. Writing of the 


ordinary cursive form. 2. Type, or printed or 
/ine is in scrt/t/. 

engraved matter, in imitation of handwriting. 
[< OF. escripl, < L. scriptum, < scribo (pp. 
scriptus ), write.] 

Script., abbr. Scriptural, scripture, 
scrip'ture, 1 skrip'dhur or -tiur; 2 serip'chur 
or -tur, n. 1. The sacred writings of any peo¬ 
ple; specifically [S-], the Bible: often plural. 
2. A text from the Bible. [ < L. OF scriptura, 
< scribo, write.]—Scrip'tur-al, a. -ly, adv. 
scriv'en-er, 1 skriv'n-ar; 2 scriv'n-er, ra. One 
who draws deeds, contracts, and other writ¬ 
ings; a clerk. [< OF. escrivain, < LL. scri- 
banus, < L. scribo, write.] 

scrof'u-la, 1 skref'yu-la; 2 scrof'yq-la, ra. A 
morbid constitutional condition that pre¬ 
disposes the system to the development of 
glandular tumors. [ < L. scrofulse, < scrofa, 
breeding sow.]—scrof'u-lous, a. 
scroll, 1 skrbl; 2 scrol, ra. 1. A roll of parch¬ 
ment, paper, etc., contain- 

ing writing. 2. Anything 
resembling a parchment 
roll. 3. Any spiral line used 
as an ornament. [ < OF. 
escro(u)ele, strip.] “ 

scrub, 1 skrub; 2 scrub. I. Scroll (Def. 3). 
vt. & vi. [scrubbed; scrub'bing.] To rub 
vigorously; cleanse by hard rubbing. II. a. 
Stunted; inferior; mean. III. ra. 1. A stunted 
tree or shrub; brush; jungle. 2. A small, mean, 
or worthless thing. 3. [U. S.] (1) A second 
or inferior team in football or baseball, scrub 
tcamj. (2) A form of baseball played by boys 
where there are not enough players to form 
sides, the players batting, etc., in rotation. 

[ < AS. scrob, shrub.]—scrub'ber, ra.—scrub'by, 
a. Stunted: worthless, scrubbed!, 
scruff, 1 skruf; 2 scruf, ra. The nape or outer 
back part of the neck. [ < Ice. skopt, hair of 
the head ] 

scrunch, r. & ra. [Colloq.] Same as crunch. 
scru'pl(e p , 1 skru'pl;,2 scru'pl, vt. & vi. [scru'- 
pl(e)d p ; scru'pling.] To entertain scruples 
concerning; doubt; hesitate.—scru"pu-los'- 
1-ty, ra. Scrupulousness.—scru 'pu-lous, a. 1. 
Nicely conscientious. 2. Exact: precise, -ly, 
adv. -ness, ra. 

scru'pic, ra. 1. Doubt or uncertainty regard¬ 
ing a question of moral right or duty. 2. An 
apothecaries’ weight of twenty grains. See 
weight. . 3. A minute quantity. [ < L. OF 
scrupulus, dim. of scrvpus, sharp stone.] 
scru'ti-ny, 1 skru'ti-m; 2 scru'ti-ny, ra. [-nies z , 
p/.] The act of scrutinizing; close investiga¬ 
tion.— scru 'ti-nlzc, vt. & vi. [-nized; -niz'ing.] 
To observe carefully in detail, -nlsef. 
scud, 1 skud; 2 scud. I. vi. [scuD'DED d ; 
scud'ding.] To move, run, or fly swiftly; 
run rapidly before the wind, as a ship. II. ra. 1. 
The act of scudding. 2. Light clouds driven 
rapidly before the wind. [ < Dan. skyde, scud.] 
scuff, 1 skuf; 2 scuf, vi. To walk w'ith a drag¬ 
ging movement of the feet; shuffle. [ < Sw. 
skuffa, shove.] 

scuf 'fie, ) 1 skuf'l; 2 scuf'l. I. vi. [scuf'fled, 
scuf'l p , ) scuf'ld p ; scuf'fling.] 1. To strug¬ 
gle roughly or confusedly. 2. To make one’s 
way by struggling. II. ra. A disorderly strug¬ 
gle; confused fracas. [Freq. of scuff, v., < 
Sw. skuffa, shove.] 



Forms of 
Screws. 

1. Lag-screw. 
: 2.Wood-screw. 

r r v. ii k . 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, won’ 














527 


screak 

sea 


scull, ) 1 skul; 2 seul. 


I, ) 1 skul; 2 seul. l.vt.&vi. Boating. To 
scul p , ) use a scull or a pair of sculls. II. n. 1. 
A long 
o 




a r 
worked 

over the stern. 2. 
spoon*oar, used in pairs by one person. 3. A 
small boat for sculling. [ < scull, bowl.]— 

scull'er, n. 


Scull (2). 

A light, short=handled 


seul 'ler-y, 1 skul'ar-i; 2 seiil'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 
A room where kitchen utensils are kept and 
cleaned. [< L. LL+OF scutella, tray.]— scul'- 
lion, n. A servant who cleans pots and kettles, 
sculp., sculpt., abbr. Sculpsit (L., engraved [it]), 
sculptor, sculptural, sculpture, 
seul'pin, 1 skul'pm; 2 scul'pin, n. A fish of in¬ 
ferior food value with large, spiny head, 
sculp'ture, 1 skulp'fihur or -tiur; 2 seulp'chur 
or -tur. I. t it. [sculp'tured; sculp'tur-ing.] 
To fashion, as statuary; portray in sculpture. 
II. n. 1. The art of fashioning figures of stone 
or bronze by modeling, carving, or casting. 2. 
Any sculptured work. [F., < L. sculptura, < 
sculpo, carve.]— sculp'tor, n. One who designs 
or executes statues by carving, modeling, or 
graving.— sculp 'tress, n.fem. — sculp 'tur-al, a. 
scum, 1 skum; 2 scum, n. Impure or extrane¬ 
ous matter that rises to the surface of boiling 
or fermenting liquids; froth; refuse. [ < Dan. 
skum.] 

scup, 1 skup; 2 scup, n. A valuable food-fish 
of the eastern coast of the United States. [ < 
Am. Ind. misheup, thick*scaled.] 
scup'per, 1 skup'er; 2 seup'er, n. Naut. A 
hole or gutter bordering a deck, to let water 
run off. [ < OF. escupir, < L. exspuo, spit out.] 
scup'per-nong, 1 skup'ar-ner); 2 seup'er-nong, n. 
A variety of grape cultivated in the southern 
United States, or a white wine made therefrom. 
[Am. Ind.] 

scurf, 1 skurf; 2 sefirf, n. Loose scarf=skin 
thrown off in minute scales, as in dandruff. 
[ < AS. scurf, < sceorfan, scrape.]— scurf'y, a. 
scur'ri-lous, 1 skur'i-lus; 2 scur'i-lus, a. Gross¬ 
ly offensive or vulgar; opprobrious. [ <L. scur- 
rilis, < scurra, jester.] scur'rilet. — scur-ril'i- 
ty, n. Coarse, vulgar abuse.— seur'ri-lous-ly, 
adv.-~ scur'ri-lous-ness, n. 
scur'ry, 1 skur'i; 2 seur'y. I. vt. & vi. [scttr'- 
ried; scur'ry-ing.] To move, or cause to 
move, precipitately; scamper. II. n. [scur'- 
ries z , pi.] 1. A precipitate movement. 2. A 
flurry; whirl. [ < scour 2 , r.] skur'ryj. 
scur'vy, 1 skur'vi; 2 sefir'vy, a. [scur'vi-er; 
scur'vi-est.] Meanly low or contemptible; 
base. [For scurfy.] — scur'vi-ly, adv. 
scur'vy, n. A disease characterized by livid 
spots under the skin, by swollen and bleed¬ 
ing gums, and by great prostration: caused 
by continued use of salt meats. [ < LL. scor¬ 
butus (see scorbutic) ; confused with scurvy, g.] 
scu'tate, 1 skiu'tet; 2 seu'tat, a. 1. Covered with 
shielddike plates or scales. 2. Shield-shaped. [ < 
L. scutum, shield.] scu'tel-latcf. 
scutch'eon, 1 skufih'sn; 2 scuch'on, n. 1. An 
escutcheon. 2. A shield. [Contr. of escutch- 

EON ] 

scu-tel'Ium, 1 skiu-tel'um; 2 seu-tel'um, n. 
[-la, pi.] A small shield or plate; scale. [ < 
L. scutum, shield.] 

scut'tle 1 ,) 1 skut'l; 2 scut'l. I. vt. [scut'tled, 
scut'l p , J scut'ld p ; scut'tling.] To sink (a 
ship) by making holes in the bottom. II. n. 
1. A small opening or hatchway, as in the roof 


of a house. 2. Any hole. [ < D. OP schoot, lap, 
bosom.] [run. [Freq. of scud. 

scut'tle 2 . I. vi. To scurry. II. n. A hurried 
scut'tle 3 , n. A metal hod for holding coal; 

coabscuttle. [ < L. AS scutella, tray.] 

Scyl'la, 1 sil'a; 2 syl'a, n. Class. Myth. A six* 
headed sea=monster that dwelt in a cave on the 
Italian coast oppositeCharybdis. See Charybdis. 
scythe, ) 1 saith; 2 syth, n. A long curved 
sithe 8 , 5 blade for mowing, reap¬ 
ing, etc., fastened at an angle to j 

a long bent handle or snath. [ < ^ v 
AS. sif^e.] 

Scyth'i-a, 1 sifh'i-a; 

2 syth'i-a, n. An 
ancient country 
along the N. shore 
of the Black Sea.— . ... ,. 

b ' ade or scythe proper; n, mbs or 
til a. oc 71. handles; s, snath; t, head of the blade, 

S. Cl abbr. [L.] Sine showing the tang. 

die (without day). 

S. D., S. Dak. (official), abbr. South Dakota, 
se-, prefix. Apart. [< L. se-, by oneself, < se, 
oneself.] 

S. E., abbr. Southeast, southeastern, 
sea, 1 si; 2 se, n. 1. The great body of salt 
water covering the larger portion of the 
earth’s surface. 2. A considerable body of 
oceanic water partly enclosed by land. 3. 
The swell of the ocean. 4. That which re- 



Scythe and its Snath. 


sembles or suggests the sea. [ < AS. sse, sea.] 
— sea'*a-nem"o-ne, n. A soft*bodied marine 
animal, that attaches itself to rocks, etc., whose 
coloring and outspread tentacles suggest a flower. 
— sea'board". I. a. Bordering on the sea. II. n. 
The seashore or seacoast.— sea-breeze, n. A 
breeze blowing from the sea toward the land.— 
sea-calf, n. The common seal.— sea'coast", n. 
The seashore. — sea-cow, n. 1. A toothless 
aquatic arctic mammal attaining a length of about 
25 feet. 2. The walrus. —sea-dog, n. 1. A seal 
or seadion. 2. An old sailor or buccaneer.— sea- 
elephant, n. A large antarctic seal having the 
nose in the male prolonged into a flexible pro¬ 
boscis.— sea'far"er, n. A seaman.— sea'far"- 
Ing, a. Following the sea as a calling.— sea'go"- 
ing, a. 1. Adapted for use on the ocean. 2. 
Skilful in navigation; seafaring.— sea-green. I. 
a. Of a bluish=green color. II. n. A deep bluish 
green, as sea*water.— sea -gull, n. Any gull or 
large tern. — sea-hog, n. A porpoise. — sea¬ 
horse, n. 1. A small fish having a head resem¬ 
bling that of a horse. 2. A hippopotamus. 3. A 
walrus.— sea-king, n. A viking as a maritime 
leader.— sea-legs, n. pi. [Colloq.] The power to 
adapt oneself easily to the motion of a ship.— 
sea-level, n. The level continuous with that of 
the surface of the ocean at mean tide.— sea-line, 
n. The horizon at sea.— sea-lion, n. One of vari¬ 
ous large, eared seals.— sea'man, n. A mariner; 
sailor.— sea'man-ship, n. Skill in navigation. 
— sea-mew, n. A gull, especially the European 
mew.—sea 'port", n. A harbor so situated as to 
provide for the accommodation and security of 
vessels, or a town located on such a harbor.— 
sea-purse, n. The rectangular capsule enclosing 
the eggs of certain sharks and rays.— sea-room, 
n. Sufficient offing for a vessel to be maneuvered. 
— sea'scape, n. 1. A picturesque ocean view. 
2. A picture presenting a marine view.— sea- 
serpent, n. A snakedike animal, of monstrous 
size, believed by many to inhabit the ocean in 
very limited numbers.— sea'shore", n. Land 
adjacent to or bordering on the ocean.— sea'- 
sick", a. Suffering from seasickness.— sea'- 
sick"ness, n. Nausea, dizziness, and prostra¬ 
tion caused by the motion of a vessel.— sea'- 


1*3 = final- i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; IQ = feud; tfhin; go; Q = Bing; thin, this. 
2: wolf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 










seal 

seduce 


528 


side". I. a. Beside the sea. II. to. The seashore, 
especially as a place of resort.— sea rnrchin, to. 
A marine animal with a variously shaped shell 
bearing numerous spines.— sea'ward. I. a. 
Being toward the sea. II. adv. In the direction 
of the sea. sea'wardst.—sea'way", ra. 1. A 
way over the sea or progress through the waves. 
2. A rough sea.— sea'weed", «. A plant living 
or growing in the sea.— sea'wor"thy, a. In fit 
condition for a voyage: said of a vessel.— sea'- 
wor"thi-ness, to. 

seal 1 , 1 sil; 2 sel. I. vt. 1. To fasten up with a 
seal; close tightly; keep secret. 2. To affix a 
seal to; stamp a seal upon; confirm. II. to. 1. 
An instrument used for making an impression 



upon wax or 
the like; also, 
the impres¬ 
sion so made, 
or the wax, 
wafer, or the 
like bearing 
such impres¬ 
sion and af- 
fixed to a 
document. 2. 

Anything 
that fastens 
or closes 
securely, as 
against inter- 
f 6 r 6 n c g or 
leakage 3. A Seal of Massachusetts. 

pledge; authentication. [< OF. seel, < L. 
sigillum, dim. of signum, mark, sign.]— seal'er 1 , 
«. An official who inspects weights and mea¬ 
sures, or a person deputed to affix official seals.— 
seal'lng-wax", w. A mixture, as of shellac and 
turpentine with a pigment, used for making seals, 
as on letters.— seal'urlng", to. A ring on which, 
or on the stone of which, a seal is engraved. 
seal 2 . I. vi. To hunt seals. II. to. An aquatic 
carnivorous mammal, mostly of high latitudes, 
of which some species, as the fur*seal, yield 



Fur-seal. Vso 

valuable fur. (< AS. seol, seal.]— seal'er 2 , n. 
A person or ship employed in the trade of hunt¬ 
ing seals.— seal'er-y, to. A seal-hunting station. 
— seal 'skin", to. 1 . The under fur of the fur-seal, 
when dressed and dyed. 2. A coat of this fur. 
seam, 1 slm; 2 sem. I. vt. & vi. To unite by a 
seam; inflict a furrow upon; become fissured. 
II. to. A visible line of junction between parts; 
a crack; fissure; scar; w’rinkle. [ < AS. seam, 
< siwian, sew\]— seam'less, a. Having no 
seam.— seam'stress, to. A woman skilled in 
needlework.— seanr'y, a. 1. Full of seams, as the 
wrong side of a garment. 2. Hence, figuratively, 
showing the worst aspect; as, the seamy side. 
se"anee', 1 se"ans'; 2 se"an?', to. A session or 
sitting; especially a meeting of persons seek¬ 
ing spiritualistic manifestations. [F.] 
sear, 1 sir; 2 ser. I. vt. & vi. To wither or cause 
to wither, as by heat; cauterize; harden. II. 
a. Dried or blasted; withered. [ < AS. searian, 
wither.] 

search, ) 1 surrfh; 2 serch. I 4 . vt. & vi. To ex- 
serch p , j plore thoroughly; scrutinize; try; ex¬ 


amine; seek or look carefully. II. to. The act 
of seeking or looking diligently; investiga¬ 
tion; inquiry. [ < F. chercher, seek.]— search 
a-ble, a. —search 'er, to.— search'ing-ly, adv. — 
search 'slight", to. A powerful electric arc-light 
set in a reflector, and so mounted that a beam of 
Intensely brilliant light may be thrown in various 
directions for search or signaling.— s.swarrant, 
to. A warrant directing an officer to search a place 
for things alleged to be unlaw fully concealed there, 
sea'son, 1 si'zn; 2 se'.sn, ». 1. 1. 1. To give relish 
or zest to. 2. To render more suitable for use; 


prepare. 3. To mitigate; moderate. II. i. To 
become dry or fit for use; mature.—sea'soil¬ 
ing, to 1. The act or process by which some¬ 
thing, as lumber, is rendered fit for use. 2. Some¬ 
thing added to food to give relish. 3. Acclimation. 

sea'soil, to . 1 . A division of the year, as spring, 
summer, autumn, or winter. 2. A period of 
time. 3. A fit time. [ < F. saison, < L. 
salio(n-), planting, < sero, sow.]—sea'son-a- 
bl(e p , a. Being in keeping with the season.— 
sea'son-a-bl(e-ness p , to.— sea'son-a-bly, adv 
—sea'son-al, a. Characteristic of, or occurring 
at, a certain season. 

seat, 1 sit; 2 set. I d . vt. 1. To place on a seat; 
cause to sit down. 2. To have seats for. 3. 
To locate. 4. To fix a seat on or in; equip with 
seats. II. to. 1. That on which one sits; a 
chair, bench, etc. 2. That' 
part of the body, of a gar¬ 
ment, or of any support, on 
which one rests in sitting. 

3. The place where any¬ 
thing is situated; site. 4. 

The manner of sitting, as 
on horseback. [ < AS. swt, 
place to sit in ambush, < 
sittan. sit.] Z T . 

Se-at'tle, 1 si-at'l; 2 se-at'l, «. Marble Seat ^ of 
A seaport on Puget Sound, Chief Priest, 

Wash.; pop. 315,310; seat of Dionysian Thea- 
the University of Washington. ter> Athens. 



se-ba'ceous, 1 si-be'^hus; 2 se-ba'shus, a. Per¬ 
taining to, appearing like, or secreting fat; 
fatty; oily. [ < L. sebaceus, < sebum, suet.] 
Se-bas'to-pol, 1 si-bas'to-p51; 2 se-b&s'to-pol, n. 
A fortified seaport in the Tauride republic: Cri¬ 
mea, Russia; pop. 62,000; captured by Englishand 
French, Sept. 20, 1855. 

Sec., abbr. Secretary.—sec., abbr. Secant, second. 

—sec., sect., abbr. Section, 
se'cant, 1 sl'kant; 2 se'kant. I. a. Cutting, 
especially into two parts; intersecting. II. to. 
Math. A straight line that intersects a curve 
or figure. [ < L. secan(t-)s, cutting.] 
se-cede', 1 si-sld'; 2 se-ced', vi. [se-ced'ed^ ; 
se-ced'ing.] To withdraw from a body; sepa¬ 
rate. [ < L. se-, aside, + cedo, go.]— se-ced'- 
er, to.— se-ces'slon, to. 1. The act of seceding. 
2. Specif. (U. S. Hist.), the attempted with¬ 
drawal of the Southern States from the Union in 
1860-1861.—se-ces'sion-lsm, to. The principles 
or doctrine of secession.— se-ces'sion-ist, n. One 
who believes in or favors secession, as of the 
Southern States in 1860. 

Sec. Leg., abbr. Secretary of Legation, 
sc-clude', 1 si-klud'; 2 se-clud', vt. [se-clud'- 
ED d ; se-clud'ing.] To remove and keep 
apart, as from society. [ < L. se-, aside, + 
claudo, shut.] — se-clud'ed, pa. — se-clud'ed- 
ness, to.— se-clu'slon, ». 1. The act of seclud¬ 
ing; solitude; retirement. 2. A secluded place.— 
se-clu'siv(e 8 , a. 

sec'ond d , 1 sek'and; 2 sSc'ond, vt. To support 


1; artistic, drt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2:art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, gll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 








529 


seal 

seduce 


or assist a person in his acts; promote; join 
with another to offer a motion, resolution, 
etc.— sec'ond-er, n. 

sec'ond, a. 1. Next in order after the first. 2. 
Of inferior quality or value; subordinate. 3. 
Another; other. 4. Mus. Lower in pitch. 
[F., < L. secundus, following, < sequor, follow.] 
—sec 'ond «class", a. Ranking next below the 
first or best.—s.diand, a. Received from or 
through another; previously used; not new; not 
direct.—s.diand, n. The hand that marks the 
seconds on a clock or watch, seconds shandf. 
—s.srate, a. Secondhand.—s. sight, a faculty 
claimed by certain persons of foretelling the 
future.—sec'on-da-ry. I. a. Subordinate; sec¬ 
ond-rate. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. An assistant; 
deputy. 2. Anything secondary.—secondary 
school, one imparting instruction between the 
elementary grades and the college course.—sec'- 
on-da-rl-ly, adv. —sec'ond-ly, adv. In the sec¬ 
ond place. 

sec'ond 1 , 1 sek'and; 2 sec'ond, n. 1. The one 
next after the first. 2. An attendant, as in a 
duel. 3. pi. An article of merchandise of 
second grade. 

sec'ond 2 , n. 1. A unit of time, 1 /eo of a minute. 
2. A unit of angular measure, 1 / 60 of a min¬ 
ute of arc. [ < F. seconde, < LL. secunda, < 
L. secundus; see second, a.] 

se'cret, 1 si'kret; 2 se'erSt. I. a. 1. Kept sep¬ 
arate or hidden. 2. Affording privacy; se¬ 
cluded. 3. Good at keeping secrets; close* 
mouthed. II. n. 1. Something not to be told. 

2. A thing undiscovered or unknown. 3. An 
underlying reason. fF., < L. se-, aside, + 
cerno, separate.]— se'cre-cy, n. [-cies z , pi.] 1. 
The condition of being secret. 2. Secretiveness. 

3. Privacy; retirement.— se'cret-ly, adv. 

sec're-ta-ry, 1 sek'ri-te-ri; 2 sec're-ta-ry, n. 

[-ries z , pi.] 1. One who attends to correspon¬ 
dence, keeps records, etc. 2. An executive 
officer who manages a department. 3. A 
writing*desk. [ < F. secretaire, < LL. secre- 
tarius, < L. secretus; see secret, a.] — sec"re- 
ta'ri-al, a.— sec're-ta-ry-shlp, n.— secretary 
bird, a South*African bird, with very long legs 
and a crested head, that preys on reptiles. 

se-crete', 1 si-krlt'; 2 se-eret', vt. [se-cret'ed^ ; 
se-cret'ing.] To remove or keep from ob¬ 
servation; conceal; hide.— se-cre'tion, n. 1. 
The process by which materials are separated 
from blood or sap and elaborated into new sub¬ 
stances. 2. The substance secreted, as saliva or 
milk. 3. The act of concealing.— se-cre'tiv(e 8 , a. 
1. Inclined to secrecy. 2. Producing secretion.— 
se-cre'tiv(e-ness 8 , n. — se-cre'to-ry, a. Per¬ 
taining to secretion. 

sect, 1 sekt; 2 sSct, n. 1. A body of persons dis¬ 
tinguished by peculiarities of faith and prac¬ 
tise; a denomination. 2. A party or faction. 
[< F. secte, < L. secla, faction, school, < seco, 
separate.]— sec-ta'ri-an. I. a. Pertaining to 
a sect; bigoted. II. n. One who is sectarian.— 
sec-ta'ri-an-ism, n. —sec'ta-ry, n. [-ries z , 
pi.] A sectarian. 

sec'tile, 1 sek'til; 2 sgc'til, a. Admitting of 
being cut. [ < L. sectilis, < seco, cut.] 

sec'tion, 1 sek'^han; 2 sfic'shon, n. 1. A sep¬ 
arate part or division; a portion. 2. A view 
of something, as a machine, as if cut by an 
intersecting plane. 3. Print. The character §, 
indicating a subdivision. [F., < L. sectioin-), 
< seco, cut.]—sec'tion-al, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
section; local. 2. Made up of sections.—sec'- 
tion-al-ism, n. [U. S.] Regard for a particular 


section of the country rather than the whole; 
sectional prejudice. 

sec 'tor, 1 sek'tar; 2 see'tor, n. A part of a circle 
bounded by two radii and the arc subtended by 
them. [L. cutter, < seco, cut.] 
sec'u-lar, 1 sek'yu-lar; 2 sSe'yu- 
lar, a. 1. Pertaining to this world 
or the present life; worldly, as 
contrasted with religious or spiri¬ 
tual. 2. Brought about in the 
course of ages. 3. Not bound by 
monastic vows. [ < F. seculier, < L. 
ssecularis, < sseculum, age.]— sec'u-lar-ism, n. 
Regard for worldly as opposed to spiritual mat¬ 
ters.— sec'u-lar-ist, n. — sec"u-lar'i-ty, n.— 
sec'u-lar-ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To render 
secular; make worldly, sec'u-lar-iset. — sec"u- 
Iar-i-za'[or -sa']tion, n. —sec'u-lar-Iy, adv. 
se-cure', 1 si-kiur'; 2 se-cur'. I. vt. [se-cured'; 
se-cur'ing.] 1. To make secure; protect; 
guarantee. 2. To fasten or confine so as to 
prevent from getting loose; close. 3. To get 
safely in possession; obtain or acquire. II. a. 
1. Guarded against danger. 2. Free from fear, 
apprehension, etc.; confident; careless. [< L. 
securus, < se-, without, + cur a, care.] -ly, adv. — 
se-cur'a-bl(e p , a. —se-cu'ri-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.) 
1. The state of being secure, se-cure'nessf. 2. 
One w r ho or that which secures; surety. 
se-dan' 1 ,1 si-dan': 2 se-dan', n. A closed chair, 
for one passenger, carried by two or more men 
by means of poles at the 
sides. [ < Sedan, in France.] 
se-dan'schair"t. 

Se-dan' 2 , lsa-ddn'; 2se-dan', 
n. A town and fortress in N. 

E. France; Napoleon III. 
defeated, and surren¬ 
dered to Prussians with 
82,000 men, Sept. 1, 1870; 
captured by United States 
troops from Germans, Nov. 

7, 1918. 

se-date', 1 si-det'; 2 se-dat', Sedan. 
a. Characterized by habitual composure; so¬ 
ber; staid. [ < L. sedatus, pp. of sedo, allay.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.— sed'a-tiv(e s . I. a. Having a 
soothing tendency; in medicine, allaying irrita¬ 
tion; assuaging pain. II. n. Any means, as a 
medicine, of allaying irritation or soothing pain, 
sed 'en-ta-ry, 1 sed'en-te-ri; 2 sed'eri-ta-ry, a. 
1. Sitting much of the time; sluggish. 2. 
Characterized by sitting. [ < L. sedentarius, 
< seden(t-)s, ppr. of sedeo, sit.]— sed'en-ta-rl- 
ly, adv. —sed'en-ta-ri-ness, n. 
sedge, 1 sej; 2 s£dg, n. Any coarse, rushdike or 
flagdike herb growing in a wet place, [ < AS. 
secg, cutter, < Teut. base seg, cut.]— sedg'y, a. 
sed'i-ment, 1 sed'i-ment or -mant; 2 sSd'i- 
ment, n. Matter that settles to the bottom of 
a liquid. [ < L. OF sedimentum, settling.]— 
sed"l-men'ta-ry, a. Formed by sediment, as 
certain rocks.— sed"i-men'tal, a. — sed"i-men- 
ta'tion,«. Accumulation of sediment, 
se-di'tion, 1 si-di^h'an; 2 se-dish'on, n. Popu¬ 
lar disorder or commotion tending toward 
insurrection. [OF., < L. seditio(n~), < sed-, 
aside, + ttio, going.]— se-di'tlous, a. -ly, adv. 
se-duce', 1 si-dius'; 2 se-du^', vt. [se-duced' 1 ; 
se-duc'ing.] 1. To draw into error or evil; 
lead astray. 2. Specifically, to entice to sur¬ 
render chastity. [ < L. seduco, < se-, aside, + 
duco, lead.]— se-duc'tlon, n. se-duce'mentt. 
— se-duc'er, n.— se-duc'tlv(e 8 , a. Tending to 
seduce; enticing. 




1:» = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; o •= sin^; Chin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cOre, but, bQrn; 611, b6y; go, gem; ink; thin, tbis. 









sedulous 

senary 


530 


sed'u-lous, 1 sed'yu-lus; 2 sgd'yu-lus, a. Con¬ 
stant in application or attention; assiduous. 
[< L. sedulus, diligent, < sedeo, sit.] -iy, adv. 
-ness, n. 

see, 1 si; 2 se, v. [saw; seen; see'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To perceive by the eye; observe. 2. To per¬ 
ceive with the mind; understand; compre¬ 
hend. 3. To ascertain or find out. 4. To call 
on or visit. 5. To grant an interview to; meet; 
receive. 6. To escort. 7. To have as a care; as, 
see that you do it. II. i. 1 . To have the 
power of sight. 2. To have mental perception; 
comprehend. 3. To make inquiry. [< AS. 
seon, see.] 

See, 1 si; 2 se, n. Episcopal or papal jurisdic¬ 
tion; a bishop’s or pope’s office; the territory 
embraced within such jurisdiction. [ < OF. 
se, sed, < L. sedes, seat, < sedeo, sit.] 
seed d , 1 sid; 2 sed, v. I. t. 1. To sow with seed. 
2. To remove seeds from. II. i. 1. To sow 
seed. 2. To go to seed; shed the seed.—seed'- 
er, n. One who or that which sows seed; specif., 
one of various machines made for this purpose, 
seed, n. 1. The ovule from which a plant may 
be reproduced. 2. That from which anything 
springs; a first principle; source. 3. Off¬ 
spring; children. [ < AS. sxd, < sawan, sow.]— 
seed '=bud", n. Bot. The germ or embryo within 
a seed; also, the ovule.—seed'less, a .—seed'- 
Hng, n. 1. A plant grown from a seed, as dis¬ 
tinguished from one propagated by grafting. 2. 
A very small or young tree or plant.—seeds'- 
man, n. [-men, pi.] A dealer in seeds.—s.*time, 
n. The proper time for sowing seed.—s. ^vessel, 
n. The part of a plant that contains the seeds; 
pericarp. 

seed'y, 1 sid'i; 2 sed'y, a. [seed'i-er; seed'i- 
est.] 1 . Abounding with seeds; going to seed. 
2. Poor and ragged; shabby. [since, 

see'ing, 1 si'ir); 2 se'ing, conj. Considering; 
seek, 1 sik; 2 sek, v. [sought; seek'ing.] I. t. 
1 . To go in search of. 2. To strive for; en¬ 
deavor. 3. To inquire or appeal for. II. 
i. To look; search. [< AS. secan, seek.]— 
seek'er, n. 

seem, 1 slm; 2 sem, vi. To create or give the 
impression of being; appear. [< Ice. saema, 
conform to.]— seem'er, n. — seem'ing. I. pa. 
Having the appearance or semblance of reality; 
apparent. II. n. Appearance; semblance. — 
seem'ing-ly, adv. 

Seem'ly, 1 sim'li; 2 sem'ly, a. [seem'li-er; 
seem'li-est.] Befitting the proprieties; prop¬ 
er; decorous. [ < Ice. ssemiligr, < samr, same.] 
—seem'li-ness, n. 

seen, 1 sin; 2 sen, pp. of see, v. 

seep, 1 sip; 2 sep, vt. & vi. [U. S. & Scot.] To drain 
or soak through, as pores; percolate. [< AS. 
sipian, soak.]— seep'age, n. [prophet, 

seer, 1 sir; 2 ser, n. One who foretells events; a 
seer'suck"er, 1 slr'suk"ar; 2 ser'suk"er, n. A thin 
linen or linen and silk fabric, usually striped in 
pale blue, and having an irregularly crimped sur¬ 
face. [E. Ind.] 

See'saw", 1 si'se"; 2 se'sa". I. vt. & vi. To act 
in an alternating manner. II. a. Moving to 
and fro; vacillating. III. n. 1 . A sport in 
which persons sit or stand on opposite ends 
of a balanced plank and oscillate it up and 
down. 2. A plank or board balanced for this 
sport. 3. Any up*and*down or to*and*fro 
movement. [Reduplication of saw 1 , ».] 
Seethe, 1 slth; 2 seth, vt. & vi. [seethed or 
formerly sod; seethed or formerly sod'den 


or sod; seeth'ing.] To boil or steep; be in a 
state of ebullition. [ < AS. sedthan, boil.] 
seg'ment, 1 seg'ment or -ment; 2 sSg'ment, n. 

1. A part cut off; a section. 2. 

Geom. A part of a figure cut off; 
the part of a circle included 
within a chord and its arc. [ < segment. 

L. segmentum, < seco, cut.]— seg'men-tal, a. 
seg'men-ta-ryt.—seg"men-ta'tion, n. The 
act of cutting or dividing into segments or the 
state of being so divided; specif., the cleavage of 
a cell into parts. 

seg're-gate, 1 seg'ri-get; 2 sSg're-gat. I. vt. & 
vi. [-GAT"ED d ;- gat"ing.] To separate, or be¬ 
come separated; isolate. II. a. Separated or 
set apart from others; select; solitary. [ < L, 
segregatus, pp. of segrego, separate, < se-, aside, 
+ grex (greg-), flock.]— seg"re-ga'tion, n .— 
seg're-ga"tiv(e 8 , a. 

Seid'litz, 1 sed'hts; 2 s£d'lits, a. Pertaining to 
or derived from Sedlitz (Seidlitz), Bohemia: 
designating alkaline waters that are found 
there, or powders possessing similar proper¬ 
ties, called Seidlitz powders. Sed'litzf. 
sei'gnior, 1 sln'yar; 2 sen'yor, n. A lord; in 
southern Europe, equivalent to English sir. 
[< F. seigneur, < L. senior, compar. of senex, 
old.] sei'gneurt. — sei'gnior-age, n. 1. A 
charge made by a government for coining bul¬ 
lion; also, the difference between the cost of 
bullion and the face value of coin made from it. 

2. A royalty.— sei'gnior-y, n. The authority, 
territory, or jurisdiction of a seignior. 

seine 1 , 1 sen; 2 sen, n. Any large encircling 
fish=net. [ < L. AS sagena, seine.] 

Seine 2 , n. 1. A river on which Paris lies, in N. W 
France; 480 m. to English Channel. 2. A depart¬ 
ment in N. central France; 185 sq. m.; pop. 
4,154,000; capital, Paris. 

seis'mic, 1 sens' mik; 2 sls'mic, a. Pertaining 
to, characteristic of, or produced by earth¬ 
quakes. [ < Gr. seismos, earthquake, < seid, 
shake.] seis'mi-calt; seis-mot'lcj. 
sets'mo-, 1 sais'mo-; 2 sls'mo-. From Greek seismos, 
earthquake: acombiningform.— seis'mo-graph, 
n. An instrument for making an automatic record 
(sets 'mo-gram) of an earthquake*shock.— seis- 
mog'ra-phy, n. The study or description of 
earthquakes.— seis-mog'ra-pher, n .— seis-mo- 
graph 'ic, a.— seis-mol 'o-gy, n. The science of 
earthquake*phenomena.— seis"mo-Iog 'i-cal, a. 
—seis-mol 'o-gist, n. —seis-mom 'e-ter, n. An 
instrument for measuring the intensity and direc¬ 
tion of an earthquake*shock. seis'mo-scope t. 
— seis-mom'e-try, n. The scientific recording 
of facts regarding earthquakeqihenomena. 
seiz(e p , 1 sTz; 2 sez, v. [seiz(e)d p ; seiz'ing.] 1. 1. 
1. To grasp suddenly or forcibly. 2. To take 
possession of by force. 3. To come upon or 
affect suddenly and powerfully. 4. Naut. To 
bind by turns of cord; lash. II. i. To take 
forcible or sudden possession. [ < OHG. LL+F 
sezzan, set.]— seiz'a-bl(e p , a .— seiz'er, n. — sei'- 
zure, n. 1. The act of seizing. 2. A sudden or 
violent attack. 

scl., abbr. Selected, selection, 
sel'dom, 1 sel'dem; 2 sSl'dom. I||. a. Rare; in¬ 
frequent. II. adv. At widely separated inter¬ 
vals of time; infrequently. [ < AS. seldum, < 
seld, rare.] 

se-lect', 1 si-lekt'; 2 se-lgct'. I d . vt. & vi. To 
take in preference to another or others; 
choose. II. a. 1. Chosen in preference to 
others. 2. [Colloq.] Exclusive. [ < L. se-, 
apart, + lego, pick.]— se-iec'tion, n. 1. The act 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, ndt, dr, wdn, 






531 


sedulous 

senary 


of selecting; choice. 2. Anything selected; a col¬ 
lection made with care.—se-lec'tiv(e 8 , a. Per¬ 
taining to selection; tending to select, 
se-le'ni-um, 1 si-li'm-um; 2 se-le'ni-um, n. A 
non=metallic chemical element, varying great¬ 
ly in electrical resistance under the influence 
of light and heat. [ < Gr. selene, moon.] 
Se-leu'cus, 1 si-liu'kus; 2 se-lu'eus, n. (350?-280? 
B. C.) A general of Alexander the Great; estab¬ 
lished (312 B. C.) a kingdom including Syria and 
great part of Asia Minor, which was held till 64 
B. C. by his descendants, the Seleuoidae. 
self. I. a. 1. Same; identical: obsolete except 
in the compound selfsame. 2. Pure; unmixed: 
applied especially to colors. II. n. [selves, 
pi.] 1. An individual known or considered 
as the subject of his own consciousness; 
any thing considered as having a distinct per¬ 
sonality. 2. Personal interest or advantage. 
[ < AS. self.] 

Self affixed to certain personal pronouns and 
pronominal adjectives gives forms that (1) ex¬ 
press emphasis; as, I my self will go; or (2) are 
used reflexively; as, he has hurt himseZ/. Self is a 
frequent initial element in compound words, be¬ 
ing (1) sometimes the object of a verb contained 
in the second element, as in sef/*abhorrence (the 
act of abhorring oneself), and (2) sometimes its 
subject or agent, as in se?/=diffusive (diffusive by 
its own power). Most of these words require no 
definition other than that given under the second 
element, taken in connection with this note. 

— self"*con-ceit', n. An unduly high opinion 
of oneself; vanity; egotism.— s.=conce!ted, a .— 
s.sconscious, a. Unduly conscious that one is 
observed by others.— s.=defense, n. Defense of 
oneself, one’s property, or one’s reputation.— s.s 
denial, n. The act or power of denying oneself. 
— s.=denying, a.— s.*esteem, n. A good opin¬ 
ion of oneself or of one’s attainments or powers.— 
s.sevident, a. Carrying its evidence or proof in 
itself. — s.sexistence, n. Inherent, underived, 
independent existence: an attribute of God.—s.» 
existent, a— s.dnduction, n. Elec. The pro¬ 
duction of an induced or extra current in a circuit 
by the variation of the current in that circuit, es¬ 
pecially when it is started or stopped.—s. induc¬ 
tive, a. — s.interest, n. One’s own interest or 
advantage, or the principle of seeking it. — s.» 
love, n. The desire that leads one to seek to pro¬ 
mote his own welbbeing. — s. =inade, a. Having 
attained honor, wealth, etc., by one’s own efforts. 
— s.=possessed, a.— s.=possession, n. Presence 
of mind; selPcommand.—s. ^righteous, a. Right¬ 
eous in one’s own estimation; Pharisaic.— self '- 
saine", a. Identical.— s.ssufflcient, a. 1. Hav¬ 
ing overweening confidence in oneself; conceited; 
overbearing. 2. Capable of obtaining one’s ob¬ 
ject or desires unaided.— s.=will, n. Pertinacious 
adherence to one’s own will with disregard of the 
wishes of others.—s. swilled, a. Headstrong. 

self'ish, 1 self'ufh; 2 sSlf'ish, a. 1. Caring only 
or chiefly for self. 2. Characterized by undue 
love of self, -iy, adv. -ness, n. 

Sel-juk', 1 sel-juk'; 2 sel-juk', n. A member of one 
of several Turkish dynasties from the 11th to the 
13th centuries. [< Seljut, a Turkish chieftain.] 
—Sel-ju'ki-an, a. 

Sel'kirk, 1 sel'kurk; 2 sel'kirk, Alexander (1676- 
1721). A Scottish sailor who lived alone four years 
on Juan Fernandez Island, Pacific ocean: pro¬ 
totype of Robinson Crusoe. 

sell, ) 1 sel; 2 sel, vt. & vi. [sold; sell'ing.] 1. 

sel p , \ To transfer property to another for valu¬ 
able consideration; dispose of by sale. 2. To 
give up for a price; be sold. [< AS. sellan, 
give.]—sell'er, n. 


Selt'zer,) 1 selt'sar, sel'tarz; 2 selt'ser, sel'terg, n. 

Sel'ters, (An effervescing mineral water, origi¬ 
nally from Nieder Selters, a village in Prussia. 
Selt'zer wa'tert. 

sel'vage, 1 sel'vij; 2 sel'vag, n. 1. The edge of 
a woven fabric so finished that it will not 
ravel. 2. An edge. [ < MD. selfegge, < self, 
self, + egge, edge.] sel'vedgej. 

selves, 1 selvz; 2 selv§, n. Plural of self, n. 

Sem., abbr. Seminary, Semitic. —sent., abbr. Semi¬ 
colon. 


An 



sem'a-phore, 1 sem'a-for; 2 sSm'a-for, n. 
apparatus for making signals, as 
with movable arms. [ < Gr. 
sema, sign, 4- pherd, bear.]— 
sem"a-phor'Ic, a. 
sem 'blance, 1 sem'blans; 2 sem'- 
blanQ, n. 1. Mere show; pre¬ 
tense. 2. Looks; likeness; 
image. [F.] 

se-mes'ter, 1 si-mes'tar; 2 se- 
mes'ter, n. A college haif=year, 
as in various universities of the 
United States and continental 
Europe. [< L semestris, < sex, 
six, + mensis, month.] 
semi-, prefix. Half; partly. [< 

L. semi-, half.] — sem"i-an'nu- 
al, a. Half*yearly. -ly, adv. — 
sem'i-breve", n. Mus. A note 
equal to half a breve; a whole note. Marine Sema- 
— sem'i-cir"cle, ». 1. A half* phore. 
circle; an arc or a segment of in the code of dia- 
180°. 2. Any semicircular struc-tanccsignais, a rap¬ 
ture. — SeiIl"i-Cir'CU-lar, a. —resents the pennant; 

sem 'i-co"lon, n. A mark (;) of b ’ the ball; c ’ tbe flag - 
punctuation, indicating a greater degree of separa¬ 
tion than the comma.—sem"i-lu'nar, a. Resem¬ 
bling or shaped like a balf=moon; crescentic. 
sem"l-lu'natet. — sem"i-month'ly. I. a. 
Taking place twice a month. II. n. A publication 
issued twice a month. III. adv. At half=monthly 
intervals.—sem'i-qua"ver, n. Mus. A sixteenth 
note.—sem'i-tone, n. Mus. Half a major tone. 
—sem"i-vow'el, n. A sound having the charac¬ 
ter of both a vowel and a consonant, and used as 
either, as w or y .—sem"i-week'ly. I. a. Issued 
or recurring twice a week. II. n. A publication 
issued twice a week. III. adv. At half=weekly 
intervals. 


sem'i-nal, 1 sem'i-nal; 2 s8m'i-nal, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to reproduction; germinal; propagative. 
[OF., < L. seminalis, < semen, seed.] 
sem'i-na-ry, 1 sem'i-ne-n; 2 sem'i-na-ry. I. a. 
1. Seminal. 2. Pertaining to a seminary. II. 
n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. A special school, as of theol¬ 
ogy; also, a school of higher education. 2, 
The place where anything is nurtured. [ < F. 
seminaire, < L. seminarium, seed*plot.] 
Se-mir'a-mis, 1 si-mir'a-mis; 2 se-mlr'a-mis, n. 
The legendary wife and successor of Ninus, 
founder of Nineveh. 

Se-mit'ic, 1 si-mit'ik; 2 se-mit'ic. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to the descendants of Shem, includ¬ 
ing Assyrians, Hebrews, Phenicians, Arabs, 
Abyssinians, etc. II. n. The Semitic lan¬ 
guages collectively. 

sein"pi-ter'nal, 1 sem"pi-tur'nal; 2 sem"pi- 
ter'nal, a. Everlasting. [ < L. F sempiternus, 
everlasting.] [seamstress, 

semp 'stress, 1 semp'stres; 2 semp'stres, n. A 
Sen., abbr. Senate, Senator.— Sen., Senr., abbr. 
Senior. 

sen'a-ry, 1 sen'a-n; 2 sSn'a-ry, a. 01 or per¬ 
taining to six; containing six units. [< L. 
senarius, <sex, six.] 


l-d = final* i = habit; alole; an = out; oil: Iu = feud; tfhin; go; I) = sinp; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, bdct; iljll. rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 












senate 

seraph 


532 


sen'ate, 1 sen'it; 2 sen'at, n. 1. [S-] That 

branch of a legislative body which is designed 
to be the more stable or conservative, as the 
United States Senate, formed of two sena¬ 
tors from each State. 2. A legislative body; 
council. [ < L. F senatus, < senex, old.]— 
sen'a-tor, n. A member of a senate.— sen"a- 
to'rl-al, a. Pertaining to or befitting a senator 
or senate.— sen'a-tor-ship, n. 
send, 1 send; 2 send, v. [sent; send'ing.] I. t. 
1. To cause, authorize, or command to go; 
dispatch; forward; throw; cast; hurl. 2. To 
cause to befall; grant; inflict; bestow. II. i. 
To dispatch an agent, message, or messenger. 
[ < AS. sendan, send.] 

Sen. Doc., abbr. Senate Document. 

Sen'e-ca, 1 sen'i-ka; 2 sen'e-ca, Lucius Annaeus 
(3 B. C.-A. D. 65). A Roman Stoic philosopher, 
statesman, and author. 

Sen"e-gal', 1 sen"i-gel'; 2 sSn'e-gal', n. A river 
(890 m. to Atlantic ocean) and a colony (74,000 
sq. m. ; pop. 1,204,113) of French W. Africa, 
se-nes'cent, 1 si-nes'ent; 2 se-nes'ent, a. Grow¬ 
ing old; characteristic of old age. [< L. 
senesco, be aged, < senis, old.]— se-nes'cence, n. 
sen'e-schal, 1 sen'a-jflial; 2 sen'e-shal, n. 1. An 
official in the household of a medieval prince 
or noble; a steward. 2. [Eng.] A cathedral 
official. [OF., < LL. senescalcus, steward ] 
se'nile, ) 1 sl'nail or -nd ; 2 se'nll or -nil, a. Per¬ 
se'nil 8 , ) taining to, characteristic of, or af¬ 
fected by old age; infirm; weak. [OF., < L. 
senilis, < senex, old.] —se-nil'i-ty, n. 
se'nior, 1 sln'yar; 2 sen'yor. I. a. 1. Older in 
years or office; elder. 2. [U. S.] Pertaining to 
the closing year of a college course. II. n. 1. 
An elder; elderly person. 2. [U. S.] A member 
of a senior class. [L., compar. of senex, old.]— 
se"ni-or'i-ty, n. [Battle of. 

Sen'lac, 1 sen'lak; 2 s§n'l&c, n. See Hastings, 
sen'na, 1 sen'a; 2 s8n'a, n. A leguminous plant, 
used medicinally as a pur¬ 
gative. [ < Ar. sena.] 

Sen-naeh'e-rib, 1 se-nak'i- 
rib; 2 se-nac'e-rib, n. Bib. 

A king of Assyria ( -681 

B. C.) who invaded Pales¬ 
tine. 2 Kings, xviii, 13. 
sen'nit, 1 sen'it; 2 sen'it, n. 1. 

Naul. Plaited cordage, of from 3 to 
9 strands, used for making gaskets, 
etc. 2. Plaited grass or straw. [< 

SEVEN + KNIT.] 

se-nor', 1 se-ny6r'; 2 se-ny5r', n. A 
gentleman; Mr.; sir. [Sp., < L. se¬ 
nior, senior.]— se-no'ra, n. A lady; 

Mrs.; madam.—se"no-ri'ta, 1 s6*- w . ) . <3 
nyo-rt'ta;2se''nyo-n'ta, n. A young, " bd »enna. 
unmarried lady; miss. the r ‘ oia ' 

sen-sa'tion, 1 sen-se'^hsn; 2 s&n-sa'shon, n. 1. 
The conscious state resulting from the stimu¬ 
lation of some organ of sense. 2. That which 
produces interest or excitement; an excited 
condition. 3. A condition of mind; emotion. 
[F., < L .sensalus, intelligent.]—sen-sa'tion-al, 
a. 1. Pertaining to emotional excitement. 2. 
Pertaining to physical sensation. 3. Causing 
unnatural emotional excitement; melodramatic; 
trashy.—sen-sa'tion-al-ism, n. 1. Philos. The 
theory that all knowledge originates in sensation 
or consists of modified sense*elements. 2. The 
use of sensational methods, as in writing, speak¬ 
ing, advertising, etc.—sen-sa'tion-al-ist, n. 
Sense,! sens; 2 sens. I. vt. To learn or know 
through the senses; perceive. II. n. 1. The 



faculty of sensation. 2. Any one of the five 
senses. 3. Bodily feeling. 4. Realization. 5. 
Good or natural judgment. 6. Signification. 
7. A consensus of opinion. [ < F. sens, < L. 
sensus, < sensus, pp. of sentio, feel.]—sense'- 
less, a. Without sense; unconscious; also, fool¬ 
ish; meaningless.—sen"si-bil'i-ty, n. [-ties*, 
■pi.] 1. The capability of sensation; power to 

feel. 2. Sensitiveness.—sen'si-bl(e p , a. 1. Pos¬ 
sessed of good mental perception; discreet. 2. 
Capable of physical sensation; sensitive. 3. Ap¬ 
preciable.—sen'si-bly, adv.— sen'si-tiv(e 8 , a. 

1. Excitable or impressible; in photography, 
capable of being affected by light. 2. Pertaining 
to the senses or sensation, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
sen"sl-tiv'I-tyt. — sen'si-tivesplant", n. A 
shrubby tropical herb, whose leaves close at a 
touch.—sen'sl-ti/e, vt. [-tized; -tiz*ing.] To 
render sensitive; specif. (Phot.), to make sensi¬ 
tive to light, as a plate or film.—sen"sl-ti-za'- 
tion, n. —sen'si-tiz"er, n. 

sen-so'ri-um, 1 sen-so'ri-um; 2 sgn-so'ri-Gm, n. 
[-ri-a, pi.] The nervous system, including the 
cerebrum, as the collective organ of sensation. 
[LL. < L. sensus; see sense.]— sen'so-ry, a. Of 
or pertaining to the sensorium or to sensation, 
sen-so 'ri-alf. 

sen'su-al, 1 sen'sTu-el; 2 s£n'shu-al, a. 1. Un¬ 
duly indulgent to the appetites; lew'd. 2. Per¬ 
taining to the body or the senses; carnal. -Iy, 
adv. -ness, «.—sen 'su-al-ism, n. 1. Sensuality. 

2. Philos. A debased sensationalism. 3. Ethics. 
A system holding the pleasures of sense to be the 
highest good. 4. Esthet. Emphasis of the sensu¬ 
ous elements of beauty, rather than the ideal.— 
sen'su-al-ist, n. 1. A sensual person. 2. An 
advocate of sensualism.—sen"su-al'i-ty, n. The 
state of being sensual; sensual or animal indul¬ 
gence.—sen'su-al-ize or -Ise, vt. & vi. [-ized; 
-iz"ing.] To debase by or indulge in sensuality. 
—sen"su-al-i-za '[or -sa ']tion, n. 

sen'su-ous, 1 sen'shu-us; 2 sgn'shu-us, a. 1. 
Pertaining to or derived from the senses: used 
in a higher and purer sense than sensual. 2. 
Keenly appreciative of beauty, refinement, or 
luxur\ -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

sent, 1 sent; 2 sent, imp. & pp. of send, v. 

sen'tence, 1 sen'tens; 2 sgn'tgn?. I. vt. [sen'- 
tenced 1 ; sen'tenc-ing.] To pass sentence 
upon. II. n. 1. Gram. A related group of 
words expressing a complete thought. 2. Law. 
A final judgment; penalty pronounced upon 
a person convicted. 3. A determination; 
opinion. 4. A maxim. [F., < L. sententia, 
opinion.]— sen-ten'tial, a. Gram. Pertaining 
to a sentence. —sen-ten 'tious, a. 1. Abounding 
in terse sentences; axiomatic. 2. Habitually using 
terse, laconic, or axiomatic language, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

sen'ti-ent, 1 sen'^fii-ent; 2 sen'shi-gnt. I. a. 
Possessing powers of sense or sense*perception. 
II . n. One capable of sensation or perception. 
[< L. sentio (ppr. sentien(t-)s), feel.] 

Sen'ti-ment, 1 sen'ti-ment or -mant; 2 s&n'ti- 
ment, n. 1. Noble, tender, or artistic feeling, 
or susceptibility to such feeling. 2. Rational 
feeling. 3. A feeling of personal sympathy 
or admiration toward one of the opposite 
sex. 4. An opinion or judgment; expressive 
thought. [F., < L. LL sentio, feel.]—sen"ti- 
men'tal, a. Characterized by sentiment; emo¬ 
tional, often to excess. — sen"ti-men'tal-lsm, 
sen"ti-men-tal 'i-ty, n. The state of being sen¬ 
timental, or its manifestation.—sen"ti-nien 'tal- 
Ist, n.— sen"ti-men'tal-ly, adv. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, f Are; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, Sr; full, riile; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, pr£y, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not. or, won. 








533 


senate 

seraph 


se'pi 


sen'ti-nel, 1 sen'ti-nel; 2 sen'ti-nel, n. A sol¬ 
dier on guard, to warn of danger; any guard or 
watch. ( < F. sentinelle, ult. < L. semita, path.] 
sen'try, 1 sen'tri; 2 sen'try, n. [sen'tries 2 , pi.] 
1. A sentinel. 2. The watch kept by a sentinel. 
Se-oul', 1 se-ul'; 2 se-ul', n. A city, capital of 
Chosen; pop. 302,700. Se-ul'*. 

sep., abbr. Separate.—Sep., Sept., abbr. Septem¬ 
ber, Septuagint. 

sep'al, 1 sep'al; 2 sSp'al, n. One of the individ¬ 
ual leaves of a calyx. [ < L. separ, separate.] 
— sep'a-lin(e 9 , sep'a-lous, a. 
sep'a-rate, 1 sep'a-ret; 2 sep'a-rat., v. [-rat"- 
ED d ; -rat"ing.] I. t. 1. To disconnect; dis¬ 
sever. 2. To keep apart. 3. To consider sep¬ 
arately II. i. To be disconnected. [ < L. se-, 
apart, + paro, prepare.]— sep'a-ra-bl(e p , a. 
Capable of being separated or divided.— sep'a- 
ra-bly, adv. — sep"a-ra'tion, n. 1. The act of 
separating; division. 2. The state of being dis¬ 
connected. —sep'a-ra"tiv(e 8 , sep'a-ra-to-ry,a. 
—sep'a-ra"tor, n. 

sep'a-rate, 1 sep'a-nt; 2 sgp'a-rat, a. Existing 
or considered apart from others; unconnected. 

a, 1 sl'pi-a; 2 se'pi-a. I. a. Dark-brown 
with a tinge of red. II. n. 1. A dark-brown 
pigment prepared from the ink of the cuttle¬ 
fish. 2. A picture done in this pigment. 3. 
The ink of the cuttlefish; a cuttlefish; cuttle- 
bone. [L., < Gr. sepia, cuttlefish.] 
se'poy, 1 sl'poi; 2 se'poy, n. A native East* 
Indian soldier equipped and 
trained in European style. [Ult. 

< Per. sipdhi, < sipah, soldiers.] 
sep'sis, 1 sep'sis; 2 sep'sis, n. 

Poisonous putrefaction or infec¬ 
tion. [ < Gr. sepsis, < sepo, 
make putrid.] 

sept, 1 sept; 2 sept, n. A branch 
of a tribe ruled by a heredi¬ 
tary chief; clan. [Corr. of 
sect, n.] 

Sep-tem'ber, 1 sep-tem'bar; 

2 sep-tem'ber, n. The ninth 
month of the year, having 30 
days. [ < F. Septembre, < L. 

September, < septem, seven (as 
numbered in the Roman 
calendar).] 

sep-te'mi-a, 1 sep-ti'mi-a; 2 
sep-te'mi-a, n. Pathol. A 
morbid condition of the blood 
due to poisonous products of 
putrefaction; septic infec¬ 
tion. [ < Gr. septos, rotten, 

+ haima, blood.] sep"ti-ce'- 
[or -cae ']ml-a *.—sep-te 'mic, 
a. sep"ti-ce'[or-cae'lmic*. 
sep'te-na-ry, 1 sep'ti-ne-ri; 2 
sep'te-na-ry, a. 1. Consist¬ 
ing of, pertaining to, or being 
seven. 2. Septennial. [ < 

L. septenarius, < septem, seven.] 
sep-ten'ni-al, 1 sep-ten'i-al; 2 sgp-tgn'i-al, a. 
1. Recurring every seven years. 2. Continu¬ 
ing seven years. [ < L. septem, seven, -f- an¬ 
nus, year.] 

sep'tic, 1 sep'tik; 2 sep'tic, a. Pathol. Of or 
pertaining to sepsis; productive of putrefac¬ 
tion; putrid. [< Gr. septikos, < sepo, rot.] 
sep'tl-cal*.—sep'tic, n— sep"ti-ce'[or -cse']- 
mi-a, n. Same as septemia. 
sep-ti!'lion, 1 sep-til'yan; 2 sgp-til'yon, n. A 



Sepoy. 


cardinal number: in the French system (also 
U. S.) 1 followed by 24 ciphers; in the En¬ 
glish system, 1 followed by 42 ciphers. [ < 
sept- + million.]— sep-til'lioiith, a. & n. 
sep"tu-ag"e-na'ri-an, 1 sep"tiu-aj"i-ne'ri-an; 
2 sep"tu-ag"e-na'ri-an, n. A person 70 years 
old, or between 70 and 80. [< L. septuagena- 

rius, < septuaginta, seventy.] — sep"tu-ag'e- 
na-ry, a. 

Sep"tu-a-ges'i-ma, 1 sep"tiu-a-jes'i-ma; 2 
sep"tu-a-ges'i-ma, n. The third Sunday be¬ 
fore Lent. [L., fem. of septuagesimus, seven¬ 
tieth.] Septuagesima Sunday*.—sep"tu-a- 
ges'i-mal, a. Consisting of 70, esp. of 70 years. 
Sep'tu-a-gint, 1 sep'tiu-a-jint; 2 sep'tu-a- 
gint, n. An old Greek version of the Old 
Testament Scriptures. [< L. septuaginta, 
seventy: reputed to have been made by seventy 
(translators).] 

sep'turn, 1 sep'tum; 2 sep'tum, n. [sep'ta, 
pi.] A dividing wall; partition. [L., < sepes, 
fence.] 

sep'tu-pl(e p , 1 sep'tiu-pl; 2 s£p'tu-pl, a. 1. 
Consisting of seven; sevenfold. 2. Multiplied 
by seven; seven times repeated. [F., < L. 
septem, seven, + -plus, -ple.] \ 

sep'ul-cher, ) 1 sep'al-kar; 2 sep'ul-cer. I. vt. 
sep'ul-chre, ) To place in a sepulcher; entomb. 
II. n. A buriabplace, as in a rock; tomb. [ < 
L.p p sepulcrum, burial-place, tomb.]— the Holy 
Sepulcher, the rock-hewn tomb in which the 
body of Jesus was buried.— se-pul'chral, a. 1. 
Pertaining to a sepulcher. 2. Dismal; funereal. 
— sep'ul-ture, n. The act of entombing; burial. 

seq . ,abbr. [L.] Sequentes, sequentia (thefollowing). 
se'quel, 1 sl'kwel; 2 se'kwel, n. A continuing 

and concluding portion, as of a story; result; 
event; upshot. [ < LL. P sequela, result, < 
sequor, follow.]—se-que 'la, n. [-la:, pi.] One who 
or that which follows; specif. {Pathol.), a morbid 
condition resulting from a preceding disease, 
se 'quenco, 1 sl'kwens; 2 se'kwenQ, n. 1. Suc¬ 
cession or successiveness. 2. Arrangement. 
3. A series. 4. Loosely, an effect or conse¬ 
quence. [< F. sequence, < LL. sequentia, < L. 
sequor (ppr. sequen{t-)s), follow.!—se'quent, a. 

1. Following in order. 2§. Consequent, 
se-ques'ter, 1 si-kwes'tar; 2 se-kwSs'ter, v. I. 

t. 1. To put aside; separate, as from society or 
public life; seclude 2. To sequestrate; con¬ 
fiscate. II. i. Law. To disclaim or re¬ 
nounce. [ < LL. F sequestro; see sequestrate.] 
—se-ques'tered, pa. Retired; secluded, 
se-ques'trate, 1 si-kwes'tret; 2 se-kwes'trat, 
vt. [-TRAT"ED d ; -trat"ing.] Law. (1) To 

seize, especially for the use of the government; 
confiscate. (2) To take possession of "for a 
time. [ < LL. seqxtestro, surrender, lay aside.] 
—se-ques 'tra-bl (e p , a. Liable to sequestration. 
—seq"ues-tra 'tion, n. Seizure; confiscation, 
se'quin, 1 si'kwin; 2 se'kwin, n. Formerly, a 
gold coin of the Venetian republic, worth 
$2.25. [F.] [wood. 

se-quol'a, 1 si-kwei'a; 2 se-kw6i'a, n. See red- 

ser. , abbr. Series, sermon. 

se-ra'glio, 1 se-ra'lyo; 2 se-ra'lyo, n. 1. The 
old palace of the sultans at Constantinople. 

2. A harem. [ < It. serraglio, < L. sera, lock.] 
ser'aph, ) 1 ser'af; 2 ser'af, n. [ser'aphs or 
ser'afp, ( ser'a-phim, pi.] An angel of the 

highest order, f < Heb. seraphim, < saraph, 
burn.]—se-raph'ic, a. Pertaining to a seraph; 
angelic, se-raph'i-cal*.—se-raph'i-cal-ly,adp. 


1:» = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = <mt; ©II; IO = feud; (fhin; go; o = sin#; thin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 611, boy; go, fcem; ink; thin, this. 










Serb 

sex 


534 


Serb., abbr. Serbian. 

Ser'bi-a, 1 sur'bi-a; 2 ser'bi-a, n. A kingdom of 
S. E. Europe; 33,891 sq.m.; pop.4,956,000; capi¬ 
tal, Belgrade; declared independent in 1878; 
overrun by Austro*German»Bulgarian troops, 
October, 1915.—Ser'bi-an, a.& n. Serb*. 

sere, v. & a. Same as sear. 

ser"e-nade', 1 ser"i-ned'; 2 ser"e-nad'. I. vt. & 
vi. [-nad'ed* 1 ; -nad'ing.] To entertain or 
honor with a serenade; engage in or tender a 
serenade. II. n. An evening song, usually 
rendered as a tribute in the open air at night. 
[ < F. serenade, < It. sereno (< L. serenus) , clear, 
bright.]—ser"e-nad 'er, n. 
se-rene', 1 si-rln'; 2 se-ren', a. 1. Clear, or fair 
and calm. 2. Marked by peaceful repose. 3. 
Of exalted rank; as, his Serene Highness. [ < 
L. serenus, clear.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —se-ren'I- 
ty, n. [-TIES 2 , pi.) 

serf, 1 surf; 2 serf, n. 1. A person whose ser¬ 
vice is attached to the estate on which he 
lives; loosely, a peasant. 2. One in servile 
subjection. [F., < L. servus, slave.]—serf'- 
dom, n. serf'age:}:; serf'hood J. 

Serg., Sergt., abbr. Sergeant, 
serge, 1 surj; 2 serg, n. A strong twilled silk or 
worsted stuff. [F., < Gr. L Seres, an Indian 
silksproducing people.] 

ser'geant, 1 sar'jsnt; 2 sar'gent, n. 1. A non* 
commissioned military officer ranking next 
above a corporal. 2. One of various minor 
officials. [ < F. sergent, < L. servio, serve.] 
ser'jeantf.—ser'geanGaOarms', n. An exec¬ 
utive officer in a legislative body who enforces 
order, etc.—ser'gean-cy, ser'geant-cy, n. 
se'ri-al, a. & n. See under series. 
se"ri-a'tim, 1 si"ri-e'tim; 2 se"ri-a'tim, adv. 

One after another; in connected order. [LL.] 
se'ries, 1 sl'rlz or sl'n-iz; 2 se'reg or se'ri-e§, n. 
An orderly arrangement of one thing after 
another; a connected succession. [L., < sero, 
join.]—se'ri-al. I. a. 1. Of the nature of a 
series. 2. Published in a series at regular inter¬ 
vals. 3. Successive. II. n. A literary composi¬ 
tion published in parts in successive issues, 
se'ri-ous, 1 sl'n-us; 2 se'ri-us, a. 1. Grave and 
earnest in quality, feeling, or disposition; 
thoughtful; sober. 2. Said, planned, or done 
with full practical intent; being or done in 
earnest. 3. Of grave importance; weighty. 
[< L. ll +f serins, serious.]—se'ri-o=eom'ic, a. 
Mingling mirth and seriousness or comic with ap¬ 
pearance of gravity. 

Serj., Serjt., abbr. Serjeant, 
ser'mon, 1 sur'man; 2 ser'mon, n. A religious 
discourse, based on a text of the Bible; any 
serious discourse. [F., < L. ser mo {n-), dis¬ 
course.]— ser'mon-ize, vl. & vi. 
se'rous, 1 sl'rus; 2 se'riis, a. Pertaining to, 
producing, or resembling serum, 
ser'pent, 1 sur'pent; 2 ser'pSnt, n. 1. A scaly, 
limbless reptile; a snake, especially when of 
large size. 2. Anything of serpentine form or 
appearance. 3. An insinuating and treacher¬ 
ous person. [F., < L. serpen (t-)s, creeping.] 
— ser'pen-tine, 1 sur'pen-tain or -tin; 2 ser'- 
pgn-tln or -tin. I. a. Pertaining to or like a ser¬ 
pent; zigzag or sinuous; crawling sinuously. II. 
n. A varicolored or mottled marble*like rock, 
ser 'rate, )1 ser'et, -et-ed; 2 s6r'at, -at-8d, 
ser'rat"ed, ( a. Toothed or notched like a saw. 
See ill us. in next'column. [ < L. serratus, < serra, 
saw.]— ser-ra'tion, n. ser'ra-turet. 
ser'ried, 1 ser'id; 2 ser'id, pa. Compacted in 
rows or ranks, as soldiers. [ < L. F sero, join.] 



Doubly Ser¬ 
rate Leaves 
of an Elm. 

4. To con- 


se'ruin, 1 si'rum; 2 se'rum, n. A watery animal 
fluid, as the watery portion of the blood. [L.] 

Serv., abbr. Servia, Servian, Servius. — serv., 
servt., abbr. Servant. 

ser 'van t, 1 sur'vant; 2 ser'vant, n. 1. A person 
employed to labor for another; 
a domestic; bondman. 2. Any 
one devoted to the service of an¬ 
other. [F., < LL. servien{t-)s, < 

L. servio, serve.] 

serve, / 1 surv;2 serv, v. [served. 

serv 8 , j servd 8 ; serv'ing.] I.f. 1. 

To be in the employment of; 
work for. 2. To aid. 3. To be 
subordinate to; be of use to or for 
tent; satisfy. 5. To treat; requite. 6. To 
carry on the services of. 7. To manipulate; 
handle. 8. To wait on; arrange. II. i. 1. 
To act as a servant or employee; be in sub¬ 
jection. 2. To perform the duties of any 
station. 3. To be sufficient and effective for 
a purpose. [ < F. servir, < L. servio, serve.] 
—ser'vice, n. 1. The work or position of a ser¬ 
vant; work performed for the benefit of another. 
2. One’s official work; public or stated religious 
exercise; military or naval duty. 3. A set of ves¬ 
sels, utensils, etc., for a specific use, as at table.— 
servk*e=day, n. [U. S.] June 2d, the day on 
which the first draft of troops was drawn in 
1917 for the World War (1914-1918).— ser'- 
viee-a-bl(e p , a. Adapted for service or use; 
durable.— ser'vice-a-bl(e-ness p , n. — ser'vlce- 
a-bly, adv. — ser'vil(e 8 , a. 1. Slavish; abject. 

2. Pertaining to slaves or servants. 3. Being of a 
subject class. 4. Obedient, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— ser-vll'I-ty, n. Cringing submission; slavish¬ 
ness.—ser'vi-tor, n. A serving*man; follower.— 
ser'vi-tude, n. 1. The condition of a slave; 
bondage. 2. A state of subjection to anything. 

3. Menial service. 


Ser'vi-a, Ser'vi-an, etc. Same as Serbia, etc. 
ser"vi-ette', 1 sur"vi-et'; 2 ser'vi-et', n. A table* 
napkin. [F.] 

ses'a-me, 1 ses'a-mi; 2 sgs'a-me, n. An East* 
Indian herb, containing oily seeds. — open 
sesame,a charm tosecure admission, originally to 
the robbers' cave, in the story of Ali Baba and the 
Forty Thieves in the Arabian Nights. — ses'a- 
inoid, a. & n. 

ses"qui-pe-da'II-an, 1 ses"kwi-pi-de'li-an; 2 s£s*- 
kwi-pe-da'li-an, a. Measuring a foot and a half; 
long and ponderous, as words. [< L. sesqui- 
pcdalia, < sesqui-, one*half more, + pes, foot.] 
sess., abbr. Session. 

ses'sile, ) 1 ses'il; 2 ses'il, a. Immediately at- 
ses'sil 8 , \ tached by its base, without a stalk, 
as a leaf. [ < L. sessilis, < sedeo, sit.] 
ses'sion, 1 se^h'an; 2 sgsh'on, n. 1. The sit¬ 
ting together of an organized body for the 
transaction of business. 2. The time during 
which a deliberative assembly or court sits. 
3. Any one of certain courts. [F., < L. ses- 
sio(n-), < sessus; see sessile.] —ses'sion-al, a. 
ses-ter'ti-us, 1 ses-tur'Shi-us; 2 ses-ter'shi-us, n. 
[-ti-i, pi.) A Roman coin, worth }4 of a dena¬ 
rius, about 4H cents. ses'terceL 
ses'tet, 1 ses'tet; 2 ses'tgt, n. 1. The last six lines 
of a sonnet; any sixdine stanza. 2. A sextet, 
set, 1 set; 2 sSt, v. [set; set'ting.] 1. 1. 1. To 
cause to sit or rest on a seat. 2. To put in 
place. 3. To appoint; settle. 4. To fix (a 
price). 5. To adjust; arrange; place; put. 
II. i. 1. To pass below the horizon; decline; 
sink; fade. 2. To congeal; solidify. 3. To 
become fixed. 4. To tend; incline. 5. To ex¬ 


it artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rttle; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; 1 = e; go, not, or, wdn. 







535 


Serb. 

sex 


ert one’s powers. 6. To fit. f < AS. settan, 
set, causal of sittan , sit.]—set'soff", n. 1 . An 
offset or counterpoise. 2. A decorative contrast 
or setting. 3. A counterclaim. — set'ter, n. 1. 
One who or that which sets. 2. One of a breed 
of hunting=dogs, formerly trained to crouch, but 
now to stand rigidly and point at game.—sea¬ 
ting, n. 1. The act of anything that sets. 2. 
An insertion. 3. That in which something is set; 
a frame; environment. 

set, pa. 1. Fixed; unyielding; obstinate. 2. 
Established or prescribed. 3. Fully formed 
and regular. 4. Rigid; stationary. 
set 1 , n. 1. A collection; series; group; class. 2. 
The act or result of giving fixed form, posi¬ 
tion, or direction; a drift; course; tendency. 
3. The act of sinking below the horizon, as a 
heavenly body. 4. A cutting; seedling. [< 
set, v. Def. 1, var. of sept, n. Def. 3, < AS. sell.] 
Set 2 , n. Adaptation or adjustment, as of a gar¬ 
ment, to the figure; fit. [ < sit, r.] 
se-ta'ceous, 1 si-te'slius; 2 se-ta'shus, a. Of, like, 
or covered with bristles; bristly. [< L. seta, 
a hair, bristle.] 

se'ton, 1 sl'tan; 2 se'ton, n. Surg. A bristle, or 
a few threads, passed through a fold of the 
skin and left there to produce an issue for re¬ 
lief of subjacent parts. [ < F. seton, < L. seta, 

bristle.] 

se'tose, 1 si'tos; 2 se'tds, a. Setaceous; bristly. 

[< L. setosus, < seta, bristle.] se'tousf. 
set-tee', 1 se-tl'; 2 se-te', n. A long wooden 



seat with a high 
back. [ Var. of 
settle, n.] 
set'tle 1 , 1 1 set'l; 
set'l p , S 2 set'l, v. 

[set'tled, set'- 
ld p ; set'tling.] 

1. t. 1. To cause 
to become fixed. 

2. To determine 

n l ™ * Settee of Carved Oak. 

JL o still t cal m <>• 

4. To people; colonize. II. i. 1. To become 
clarified, as a liquid; sink to the bottom, as 
dregs. 2. To come to rest. 3. To subside. 
4. To fix one’s home or abode. 5. To deter¬ 
mine. [ < AS. setlan, < setl, bench.]— set'¬ 
tle, n. Same as settee. 

set'tle 2 , / v. [This word, tho etymologically dif- 
set'l p , ) ferent from settle 1 , has become pop¬ 
ularly so identified with it that many of the mean¬ 
ings of each combine the two senses and can not be 
closely discriminated.] [set'tled, set'ld p ; set'¬ 
tling.] 1. 1. 1. To put in order; arrange. 2. To 
appoint; set. 3. To decide. 4. To pay. II. 1. 1. 
To adjust differences. 2. To pay one’s bill. [<AS. 
sahtlian, reconcile, < saht, settlement, < sacan, 
contend.]—set'tle-ment, n. 1. The act of set¬ 
tling. 2. A colonized region. 3. An accounting, 
as of a debt.— set 'tier, n. l.Acolonist. 2. Apan, 
etc., in which settlings are obtained.— set'tling, 
n. 1. The act of settling. 2. pi. Dregs; sediment, 
set'sto", 1 set'*tu"; 2 set'*to", n. A bout, as at 


boxing. 

sev'en, 1 sev'n; 2 sev'n. I. a. Consisting of one 
more than six. II. n. 1. The sum of one and 
3 ix. 2. The symbol of that number, as 7 or 
VII. — sev'en-fold, a. 1. Seven times as 
many or as great. 2. Made up of seven; septuple. 
3. Folded seven times.— sev'en-fold, adv.— 
sev'en-teen". I. a. Consisting of seven more 
than ten. II. n. The sum of ten and seven, or 


the symbols representing this number, as 17 or 
XVII.— sev'en-teenth". I. a. 1. Seventh in 
order after the tenth. 2. Being one of seventeen 
equal parts. II. n. One of seventeen equal 
parts of anything.— sev'enth. I. a. 1. Next 
in order after the sixth. 2. Being one of seven 
equal parts. II. n. One of seven equal parts; 
the quotient of a unit divided by seven, -ly, 
adv.— sev'en-ti-eth. I. a. 1. Tenth in order 
after the sixtieth. 2. Being one of seventy equal 
parts. II. n. One of seventy equal parts; the 
quotient of a unit divided by seventy.— sev'en- 
ty. I. a. Consisting of ten more than sixty, or of 
seven times ten. II. n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The sum of 
ten and sixty, or the symbols representing this 
number, as 70 or LXX. 

sev'er, 1 sev'ar; 2 sgv'er, v. I. t. To disjoin; 
separate; cleave asunder. II. i. To part from 
one another; go asunder. [< F. sevrer, < L. 
separo, separate.]— sev'er-ance, n. The act of 
severing; separation; partition. 

sev'er-al, 1 sev'ar-ol; 2 sev'er-al, a. 1. Being 
of an indefinite but small number; divers. 2. 
Considered individually; pertaining to an in¬ 
dividual; single; separate. [OF., < L. separo, 
separate.]— sev'er-al-ly, adv. 

se-vere', 1 si-vir'; 2 se-ver', a. 1. Hard to bear; 
painful; trying. 2. Rigorous in the treatment 
of others; unsparing; harsh; merciless. 3. 
Conformed to rigid rules; marked by pure 
and simple excellence. 4. Serious; grave; 
sedate. [< F. severe, < L. severus, severe.]— 
se-vere'ly, adv. — se-ver'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
The quality of being severe, se-vere 'ness f. 

Sev'ern, 1 sev'arn; 2 sev'ern, n. A river in W. 
England and N. Wales; 210 m. to the Bristol 
Channel. 


Se-ve'rus, 1 si-vl'rus; 2 se-ve'rus, n. 1. Lucius 
Septimius (146-211), a Roman emperor; built 
military wall across the north of England. 2. 
Marcus Aurelius Alexander (205-235), a Ro¬ 
man emperor and general. Alexander Severus f. 
Sev'ille, 1 sev'il or si-vil'; 2 sev'il or se-vil', n. A 
city of S. Spain; former capital of Castile; pop. 
164,050. 



Se'vres, 1 sa'vr; 2 se'vr, n. 1. A city of N. central 
France; has large porcelaimworks. 2. Sevres por¬ 
celain.— Se'vres, a. 

sew, 1 so; 2 so, v. [sewed; sewed or sewn; 
SEW'lNG.] I. t. To 
make, mend, or 
fasten, as with 
needle and thread. 

II. i. To occupy 
oneself with sew¬ 
ing. [ < AS. seow- 
ian, sew.] 

sew'age, 1 siu'ij; 2 
su'ag, n. 1. The 
waste matter car¬ 
ried off in sewers. 

2. Loosely, sewer¬ 
age. 

sew'er 1 , 1 s5'ar; 2 
so'er, n. One who 
sews or stitches. 

sew'er 2 , 1 siu'ar; 2 water.pipes; w, water.main; wc, wire 

sii'er, n. A con- cabIe8 - 

duit to carry off drainage, as of a city; any 
large drain. [< OF. seuwiere.] —sew'er-age, n. 
1. A system of sewers. 2. Loosely, sewage, 
sewn, 1 son; 2 son, pp. of sew, v. 


City Sewer. 

c, compressed-air pipe; d, drain: v . 


sex, 1 seks; 2 seks, n. 1. The physical difference 
between male and female; the character of 


1:3 = final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; tfhin; go; p = Bing; thin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iyk; thin, this. 





























sex- 

sharp 


536 


being male or female. 2. Males or females of 
a group, collectively. 3. Women in general; 
womankind: usually, with the definite article, 
the sex. [ < L. F sexus, sex.]— sex'less, a. Hav¬ 
ing no sex; neuter. -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
sex-, sex'i-, 1 seks-, seks'i-; 2 sSks-, sSks'i-. 
Combining forms. [ < L. sex, six.]— sex"a- 
ge-na'ri-an, to. A person between sixty and 
seventy years of age.— sex-ag'e-na-ry. I. a. Of 
or pertaining to the number sixty. II. ra. A sexa¬ 
genarian.— sex-en'ni-al. I. a. Happening once 
every six years, or lasting six years. II. to. A sixth 
anniversary, -ly, adv. —sex'tant, n. 1. An in¬ 
strument for measuring angular distance, as in 
determining latitude at sea. 2. Math. The sixth 
part of a circle; an arc of 60 degrees.— sex-tet', n. 
Mus. A band of six singers or players; a composi¬ 
tion for six parts, sex-tette'f.—sex-til'llon, n. 
A cardinal number: (1) In the French system 
(also U. S.), the seventh power of a thousand, 
represented by a figure 1 followed by 21 ciphers. 
(2) In the English system, the sixth power of a 
million, represented by a figure 1 followed by 36 
ciphers; also, the symbols representing either of 
these numbers. 



Log Shack. 


Sex"a-ges'i-ma, 1 seks"a-jes'i-m9; 2 sSks"a- 
ggs'i-ma, n. The second Sunday before Lent. 

[ < L. sexagesimus, sixtieth.] Sexageslnia Sun¬ 
day]:. — scx"a-ges'i-inal, a. Pertaining to or 
founded on the number sixty, 
sex 'toil, 1 seks'tsn; 2 sSks'ton, to. A janitor of a 
church; also, formerly, a grave*digger. [Corr. 
of sacristan.] — sex 'ton-ship, n. [fold. [F.] 
sex'tu-ple, 1 seks'tiu-pl; 2 s6ks'tu-pl, a. Six- 
sex 'u-al, 1 sek'ghu-al; 2 sSk'shq-al, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to the 
sexes, or sex; 
characterized 
by sex.— sex"- 
u-al'i-ty, n.— 
sex ' u - al - ly, 
adv. 

sfz., abbr. [It.] 

Mus. Sforzando 
(to be sounded 
with sudden ex¬ 
plosive force).— 

S. G., abbr. Solicitor ^General. — s. g., abbr. 
Specific gravity. — sh., abbr. Shilling. — Sh., 
Shak., Shaks., abbr. Shakespeare, 
shab'by, 1 ghab'i; 2 shab'y, a. [shab'bi-er; 
shab'bi-est.] Threadbare; ragged; mean; 
paltry.—shab'bi-ly, adv— shab'bi-ness, n. 
Shack, 1 inhale; 2 shak, n. [N. Am.] A rude 
cabin, as of logs. [ < shake.] 
shack'l(e p . I. vt. [shack'l(e)d p ; shack'ling.] 
To restrain or fasten, as 
with shackles; fetter. 

II. n. 1. A fetter; gyve. 

2. A fastening, as a link 
for coupling railway*cars. 

[ < AS. sceacel, < sceacan, 
shake.] 

Shack'le-ton, 1 ghak'l-tan; 2 
shak'l-ton, Sir Ernest 
Henry (1874-1922). An English naval officer; led 
expedition which came within 111 miles of the 
South Pole, January, 1909. [fish. 

Shad, 1 ghad; 2 shad, n. A deep*bodied food* 
Shad'dock, 1 ghad'ak; 2 shad'ok, n. A tropical 
fruit akin to the orange; also, the tree yielding 
it. 

Shade, 1 ghed; 2 shad, v. [shad'ed 11 ; shad'ing. 
I. t. 1. To screen from light and heat, as 
the sun; dim; darken; overshadow; cloud. 2. 



Shackles for the 
Legs. 


3 o 1 


To shield or protect. 3. To blend by grada¬ 
tions, as colors; modify. II. i. To pass, blend, 
change, or soften by gradations. 

shade, n. 1. Relative obscurity from inter¬ 
ception of the rays of light; gloom; darkness; 
obscurity; the state of being outshone. 2. A 
shady place; secluded retreat. 3. A screen 
that shuts off light, heat, air, dust, etc. 4. A 
gradation of color; slight degree; minute dif¬ 
ference. 5. Art. The unilluminated part of a 
picture. (». A disembodied spirit; ghost; in the 
plural, the abode of departed spirits; Hades. 
7. Something unreal; a semblance; shadow. 
[< AS. scead, shade.]— shade'less, a. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

shad'ow, 1 ghad'o; 2 shSd'o. I. vt. & vi. 1. To 
cast a shadow; shade; darken. 2. To fore¬ 
show or typify dimly: often with forth or out. 
3. To follow as a spy; dog. II. n. 1. Partial 
darkness caused by the interception of fight; 
also, the surface or portion of a surface thus 
darkened; shade; gloom; darkness; obscurity; 
sadness. 2. Something shadowy; a type or 
symbol; a reflected image; a shade; ghost. 3. 
A faint trace; slightest degree. 4. Shelter; 
covert; protection. [< AS. sceadu, shadow.] 
— shad 'ow-less, a .— shad'ow-y, a. 1. Full of 
shadows;. producing shade; dark. 2. Like a 
shadow; obscure; vague; unreal; ghostly. 3. 
Shadowing forth; symbolical. 

shad'y, 1 ghed'i; 2 shad'y, a. [shad'i-er; 
shad'i-est.] 1. Full of shade; casting a shade; 
shaded or sheltered. 2. Dubious; suspicious. 
—shad'l-ly, adv. —shad '1-ness, n. 

shaft 1 , 1 ghaft; 2 shaft, n. 1. A missile weapon 
having a stock or stem; a spear; dart; arrow; 
also, the stock or stem, without the head. 2. 
The part of a column between capital and 
base; the trunk of a tree; an axle, handle, thill, 
or the like. [ < AS. sceaft, < scafan, shave.] 

shaft 2 , n. A welblike excavation connected 
with a mine; the tunnel of a blastfurnace. 
[< AS .<* sceaft, shaft 1 , n.] 

shag, 1 ghag; 2 shag. I. vt. & vi. [shag'ged^; 
shag'ging.] To make or become shaggy; 
roughen. II. n. A rough coat or mass, as of 
hair. [< AS. sceacga, hair.]—sliag'bark", to. 
The white hickory. sin*U'bark"f.—shag'ged, 
a. Shaggy; scrubby.—shag'gy, a. [shag'gi-er; 
shag'gi-est.] Having, consisting of, or resem¬ 
bling rough hair or wool; rugged; rough.— 
shag'gi-Iy, adv. —shag'gi-ness, ra. 

Sha-green', 1 gha-grin'; 2 sha-gren', to. 1. The 
rough skin of various fishes: used for polish¬ 
ing. 2. A rough*grained Oriental leather. [ < 
TurkJ T+p saghrl, shagreen.] 

shah, 1 glia; 2 sha, n. A king or ruler; honored per¬ 
sonage. [Per.] schahL 

shake, 1 ghek; 2 shak. I. vt. & vi. [shook; 
SHAKEDf; shak'en; shak'ing.] 1. To move 
rapidly to and fro or up and down; agitate; 
jolt; wave; brandish; tremble; quiver; trill. 
2. To weaken; impair; shatter. II. to. 1. A 
shaking; concussion; agitation; vibration; 
shock; jolt. 2. The state of being shaken; a 
trembling; tremor. [ < AS. sceacan, shake.]— 
shake 'down", to. A makeshift bed.—shak'er, 
to. 1. One who or that which shakes. 2. [S-] A 
member of a communistic celibate religious sect 
in the United States.—shak'y, a. [shak'i-er; 
shak'i-est.] Habitually shaking or tremulous; 
tottering; weak; unsound. — shak'i-ly, adv. — 
shak 'i-ness, to. 

Shake'speare, 1 ghek'splr; 2 shak'sper, William 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n, 













537 


sex- 

sharp 


dramatist, 

literature. 



Shako. 


(1564-1616). An English poet and 
conceded the greatest in English 
Shake 'speref; Shak'spearef. 
shak'o, 1 sfflak'o; 2 shak'o, n. A high, stiff 
military hat. [Hung. csaAro.] 
shale, 1 ^hel; 2 shal, re. A fragile 
argillaceous rock resembling slate. 

[ < G. schale, shell.] 

£hall? 1 ^hal; 2 shal, v. [should 
(sHOLDf, SHOLDEf).] [A de¬ 
fective auxiliary verb having 
no participles, imperative, or 
infinitive.] 1. Am to, or are 
to: expressing simple futur¬ 
ity. 2. [shalt, 2d 'per. sing.-, 
shall, 3d per. sing. & pi.] Art 
to, is to, or are to: expressing 
subjection to a command, obli¬ 
gation, promise, or per¬ 
mission. 

Shall and will are used 
as auxiliaries in the simple 
future tense as follows: I 
shall; thou wilt; he will; we 
shall; you will; they will. As auxiliaries express¬ 
ing a promise, determination, threat, command, 
or permission, their use is precisely the opposite, 
as follows: I will; thou shalt; he shall; we will; 
you shall; they shall. Various exceptions dis¬ 
criminate fine shades of meaning. [ < AS. sceal, 
I am obliged.] 

Shal'lop, 1 shal'ap; 2 shal'op, re. An open 
boat; specifically, a rowboat for two oarsmen. 
[< OF. chaluppe .] 

shal-lot', 1 ^ha-let'; 2 sha-lot', *. An onion* 
like culinary vegetable. [ < Gr. OF Askalon, 
in Syria.] 

Shal'low, 1 ^hal'o; 2 shal'o. I. vt. & vi. To 
make or grow shallow. II. a. Lacking depth; 
shoal; superficial. III. n. A shallow place; 
shoal. -iy, adv. -ness, n. 
shalt ||, 1 Shalt; 2 shalt, 2d per. sing. pres, ind.ot 
shall, v. [like shale, 

shal'y, 1 Shel'i; 2 shal'y, a. Pertaining to or 
Sham, 1 Sham; 2 sham. I. vt. & vi. [shammed, 
shamd 9 ; sham'ming.] To pretend falsely; 
simulate; feign. II. a. Pretended; counter¬ 
feit; mock. III. re. 1. A false pretense; im¬ 
posture; deception; deceptive imitation. 2. A 
pretender, sham'inert. [Corr. of shame.] 
sham'bl(e p , 1 Sham'bl; 2 sham'bl. I. vi. 
[sham'bl(e)d p ; sham'bling.] To walk with 
shuffling gait. II. re. A shambling walk; 
shuffling gait, 
sham'bles, n. pi. 
a meat*market 
bench.] 

Shame, 1 Shem; 2 sham. I. vt. [shamed; 
sham'ing.] 1. To make ashamed; mortify; 
abash; disgrace. 2. To impel by a sense of 
shame: with into or out of. II. re. 1. A painful 


A slaughter-house; formerly, 
[ < L. A8 seamellum, little 


sense of guilt or degradation. 2. The restrain¬ 
ing sense of pride or modesty. 3. That which 
brings reproach; a disgrace. [< AS. scamu, 
shame.]—shame'ful, a. Deserving shame or 
disgrace; disgraceful; scandalous; indecent, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. — shame'less, a. Immodest; im¬ 
pudent. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Shamc'faced", 1 ^hem'fest"; 2 sham'fagt", a. 
Easily abashed; showing shame or bashful¬ 
ness in one’s face; modest; bashful. [< AS. 
seamu, shame, + fxst, fast.] shame'fastf. -ly, 
adv. -ness, re. 


sham'my, 1 gham'i; 2 sham'y, n. Same as cham¬ 
ois. sham 'ois t; sham 'oy j. 
sham-poo', 1 ^ham-pu'; 2 sham-poo'. I. vt. To 
wash and rub or knead thoroughly, as the skin 
of the head or body. II. n. The act or process 
of shampooing. [ < Hind, champna, press.] 
sham'rock, 1 ^ham'rok; 2 sham'rok, re. Any 
one of several trifoliolate plants, as 
the white clover, accepted as the na¬ 
tional emblem of Ireland. 

Shang'hai, 1 Sharj'hai; 2shang'hi, n. A 
seaport and commercial metropolis of 
N.E.China; pop. 1,000,000.—shang'¬ 
hai, vt. [Naut. Slang.] To ship as a 
sailor when drugged or drunk. 

Shank, 1 ^harjk; 2 sh&nk, n. The leg 
between the knee and the ankle; the 
shaft of a tool connecting with the 
handle. [ < AS. scanca, shank.] 
sha n t, 1 :ihont; 2 shant. [Colloq.] Shamrock, 
Shall not: written also shan't. 

Shan"tung', 1 ^hdn'tup'; 2 shan"Uing', n. A 
peninsula and province of N. E. China. See 
Kiaochow. 

shan'ty, 1 ^han'ti; 2 shan'ty, n. [shan'ties z , 
pi.] A rickety dwelling; hut. shan'teej. 
shape, 1 ^hep; 2 shap. I. vt. & vi. [shaped 1 
(rarely shap'en, anciently shop'en) ; shap'- 
ing.] To mold; form; model; adjust; adapt; 
modify; imagine. II. n. Outw’ard form or ex¬ 
pression; configuration; contour; guise; as¬ 
pect; statement. [< AS. sceapan, shape.]— 
shap'er, n .— shape'less, a. Having no definite 
shape; lacking symmetry; formless, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —shape'ly, a. [shape'li-er; shape- 
li'est.] Having a pleasing shape; graceful; sym¬ 
metrical.— shape'li-ness, n. 
shard ||, 1 Shard; 2 shard, n. 1. A broken piece, as 
of an earthen vessel; a potsherd. 2. A hard, thin 
shell or a wing=cover. [ < AS. sceran, shear.] 
share, 1 ^har; 2 shar, v. [shared; shar'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To give a part of to another or others; 
divide: followed by with. 2. To enjoy or en¬ 
dure in common; participate in. 3. To divide 
into portions; distribute; apportion: with 
between or among. II. i. To have a part or a 
share; participate.— shar'er, n. 

Share 1 , re. A portion; allotted or equitable part; 
specif., one of the equal parts into which the 
capital stock of a company or corporation is 
divided. [< AS. scearu, < sceran, shear.]— 
share'hold"er, re. An owner of a share or shares 
of a company’s stock; a stockholder. 

Share 2 , re. A plowshare; a blade, as of a culti¬ 
vator. [ < AS. scear, < sceran, shear.] 
shark, 1 ^hark; 2 shark, re. A voracious car- 



White Shark. 1 /mo 

a, mouth; b, tooth. 


tilaginous fish having lateral gilbopenings. 
[ < Gr. L karcharias, a kind of shark.] 

Shar'on, 1 ghar'an; 2 shar'on, re. Bib. A fertile 
plain in W. Palestine. Song of Solomon, ii, 1. 
sharp, 1 ifflarp; 2 sharp. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To 



1:3 = final; l = hablt^ aisle; au = out; ell; 10 = feud; <5hin; go; o = sire#; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cOre, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; iok; thin, this. 





























Shasta 

shillalah 


538 


sharpen. 2. Mus. To raise in pitch, as by a 
half step; sing or play above the right pitch. 
3. To act the sharper. II. a. i. Having a keen 
edge or an acute point. 2. Keen of perception 
or discernment. 3. Ardent; quick; eager, as 
the appetite; impetuous; vigilant. 4. Afflic¬ 
tive; poignant; censorious; acrimonious; rig¬ 
orous; stern; sarcastic; bitter. 5. Shrill. 6. 
Pinching; cutting, as cold. 7. Having a sting¬ 
ing acid or pungent taste. 8. Distinct, as an 
outline; not blurred or hazy. 9. Mus. Being 
above the proper or indicated pitch; sharped. 
III. n. 1. Mus. (1) A character (#) used on 
a natural degree of the staff to make it repre¬ 
sent a pitch a half step higher. (2) The tone 
so indicated. 2. A long and slender needle. 3. 
A sharper. IV. adv. 1. In a sharp manner; 
sharply. 2. [Colloq.] Promptly; exactly; on 
the instant. [ < AS. scearp.] -ly, adv. -ness, 
n .— sharp 'en, vt. & vi. To make or become 
sharp. — sharp'er, n. A swindler. — sharp '- 
shoot"er, n. A skilled marksman. 

Shas'ta, 1 Shas'ta; 2 shas'ta, n. A mountain in N. 

California; 14,380 ft. high, 
shat'ter, 1 Shat'ar; 2 shat'er, vt. & vi. 1. To 
break into many pieces; fall or fly in pieces; 
smash; shiver. 2. To break the health or tone 
of, as the body or mind; defeat, as an army or 
a plan; derange; dissipate; disorder. 3. To 
have a sound as of breaking or crashing, 
shave, 1 Shev; 2 shav. I. vt. & vi. [shaved; 
shav'en or shaved; shav'ing.] 1. To make 
bare or smooth by scraping; remove, as hair 
or beard, with a razor. 2. To remove from 
the surface with an edged instrument: some¬ 
times with off. 3. To skim along the surface 
of; graze past; slice very thin. 4. To cheat; 
fleece; strip. II. n. 1. The act of shaving. 2. 
A knife or blade, mounted between two 
handles, as for shaving wood. 3. A shaving. 
[< AS. scafan, shave.)—shave'ling, n. One who 
is shaven; opprobriously, a monk.—shav'er, n. 
1. One who shaves; sharper. 2. [Colloq.] A lad. 
—shav'ing, n. 1. The act of one who shaves. 2. 
A thin paring shaved from anything. 

Shawl, 1 Shel; 2 shal, n. A wrap, as a square of 
cloth, worn over the upper part of the body. 
[ < Per. shal, shawl.] 

Shay, 1 She; 2 sha, n. A chaise: a corruption 
due to mistaking chaise for a plural, 
shell, 1 Shi; 2 she, n. A female; woman. 

She, pron. [her or hers, poss. ; her, obj. ; they, 
nom. pi.; their or theirs, poss. pi.; them, 
obj. pli\ This or that woman or female named or 
understood; the feminine pronoun of the 3d per¬ 
son. [ < AS. sed, fem. of se, that.] 
sheaf, 1 Shif; 2 shef, n. [sheaves, pi] A quan¬ 
tity of the stalks of cut grain or the like, bound 
together. [ < AS. sceaf, < scufan, shove.] 
Shear, 1 shir; 2 sher, vt. & vi. [sheared or 

SHORE, SHEARD 3 ; SHEARED Or SHORN; SHEAR'- 

ing.] To clip close with shears or scissors. 
[< AS. sceran, shear.]— shear'er, n. 
shears, 1 Shlrz; 2 sher§, n. sing. & pi. 1. Any 
large cutting* or clipping* 
instrument worked by the 
crossing of cutting edges, 
as for shearing sheep. 2. 

Same as sheers. [ < AS. 
sceara, < sceran, shear.] Sheep*shears. 

Sheath, 1 Shith; 2 sheth, n. An envelope or 
case, as for a sword; scabbard. [ < AS. sceath, 
sheath.] — sheath'=gown", n. A close*fitting 



gown sometimes slit below the knee. —sheathe, vt. 
[sheathed; sheath'ing.] To put into or as into 
a sheath; cover; conceal; protect with covering. 
— sheath'ing, n. 1. A casing, as of a building, 
or the protective covering of a ship’s hull. 2. The 
act of one who sheathes.— sheath'less, a. Des¬ 
titute of a sheath. 

sheave, 1 Shiv; 2 shev, n. A grooved pulley* 
wheel; also, a pulley*wheel and its block, 
sheaves, 1 Shlvz; 2 shev§, n. Plural of sheaf. 
She'ba, 1 Shl'ba; 2 she'ba, n. Bib. A country of S. 

Arabia, whose queen visited Solomon. 1 Kings, x. 
shed, 1 Shed; 2 shed, vt. & vi. [shed; shed'- 
ding.] 1. To throw off; cast off; molt. 2. To 
suffer or cause to flow out, as tears or blood; 
emit. 3. To turn off or aside, as rain; flow 
off. 4. To divide; separate: obsolete except 
in weaving. [ < AS. sceddan, separate.] — 
shed'der, n. 

shed 1 , 7i. That which sheds, as a sloping sur¬ 
face; the act of shedding; a parting. 
shed 2 , n. A small low building; cab’n; hut. 

[Var. of shade.] [radiant, 

sheen||, ]. shin; 2 shen, a. Shining; bright; 
sheen, n. A glistening brightness, as if from 
reflection. [< AS. scene, bright.]—sheen'y, 
a. Having a sheen; shining, 
sheep, 1 ship; 2 shep, n. sing. & pi. 1. A medi- 



Sheep. Vso 

um*sized ruminant quadruped highly prized 
for its flesh and wool. 2. Leather made from 
its skin, sheep 'skin"f. [ < AS. sceap, sheep.] 
— sheep'scote", n. A small enclosure for the 
protection of sheep.— s.*foId,ra. A place where 
sheep are enclosed at night.— sheep 'ish, a. Awk¬ 
wardly diffident; abashed, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— sheep’s '*eye", n. A bashful, sidelong, or 
amorous glance: usually in the plural.— sheeps'- 
head", n. A common food*fish of the Atlantic 
coast of the United States. — sheep'walk", n. 
[Gr. Brit.] A pasture*range for sheep, sheep'* 
ranch"! [U. S.]; sheep'*run"t [Austral.]. 
Sheer, 1 Shir; 2 sher, vi. To swerve from a 
course; turn aside; slope away. [ < D. scheren, 
shear.] 

sheer, a. 1 . Unmitigated; absolute; down¬ 
right; utter. 2. Exceedingly thin and fine, as 
a fabric. 3. Perpendicular; steep. [< Ice. 
skcerr, cp. AS. sclr, clear.] —sheer, sheer'ly, adv. 
sheer, n. 1 . The upward curve of the lines of a 
vessel’s hull. 2. A swerving or curving course, 
sheers, 1 shlrz; 2 shers, n. An apparatus of 
poles or spars and hoisting*taekle, used for 
raising heavy weights, as in loading a vessel. 
[Var. of shears.] shears!. 

Sheet, 1 Shit; 2 shet. I d . vt. 1. To cover or en¬ 
velop as in a sheet or sheets; shroud. 2. To 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ftll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 












539 


Shasta 

shillalah 


furnish with sheets. 3. To spread out into a 
sheet or sheets; expand. II. n. 1. A very thin 
and broad piece of any substance, as of paper 
or metal, or of cloth for a bed; any broad, flat 
surface, as of water. 2. A rope or chain from 
a lower corner of the sail to extend it or move 
it; a sail. [ < AS. scete, sheet, < sceat, corner.] 
— sheet'san"chor, n. One of two anchors for 
use only in emergency; figuratively, a sure de¬ 
pendence.— sheet 'ing, n. 1. The act of sheet¬ 
ing, in any sense. 2. Material for making sheets 
for beds. 

Shef'field, 1 ghef'ild; 2 shef'eld, n. A manufactur¬ 
ing town in Yorkshire, England; famous for its 
steel* and ironworks; pop. 490,730. 
she:k, 1 ^hlk; 2 shek, n. In Mohammedan 
countries, a venerable man; the head of a 
tribe. [ < Ar. sheikh, < shakha, old.] scheikt; 
shaikf; sheikh:; sheykt.—Sheik ul Islam, 
the head of the hierarchy in Turkey, 
shek'el, 1 ^hek'el; 2 shek'el, n. 1. An Assyrian 
and Babylonian weight. 2. A 
Hebrew silver coin worth about 
60 cents. [ < Heb. sheqel, < 

Shagal, weigh.] 

She-ki'nah, 1 Shi-kai'na; 2 she-kl'- 
na, n. Jewish Theol. A cloud of 
glory which accompanied the 
tabernacle of the Jews, as the 
symbol of the divine presence, 
shel'drake", 1 khel'drek"; 2 shel'drak", n. An Old 
World goose=like duck. [< ME. scheldrak, < 
sheld, shield, + drake, drake.] 

Shelf 1 , 1 £helf; 2 shelf, n. [shelves, pi.] A 
board or slab set horizontally into or against 
a wall. [ < AS. scylfe, shelf.]—shelf'ful, n. 
shelf 2 , n. A flat projecting ledge, as of rock; 

a reef; shoal.—shelf'y, a. 

Shell, ) 1 £hel; 2 shel, v. I. t. 1. To enclose in or 
Shel p , ) divest of a shell; separate from the cob, 
as Indian corn. 2. To bombard with shells. 
II. i. To shed the husk.—shell 'er, n. 
shell, ) n. 1. A hard structure, incasing an ani- 
Shel p ,) mal, egg, or fruit. 2. A hollow structure, 
vessel, or framework; a light racing rowboat. 
3. A hollow metallic projectile filled with 
an explosive; a metallic cartridge*case for 
breech*loading small arms. 4. [Poet.] The 
lyre. [< AS. scell, shell.]—shell'«fish", n. 
Any aquatic animal having a shell, as a mollusk 
or a crustacean.—shell'dess, a. —shell'y, a. 
Shel-lac', 1 ^he-lalc'; 2 she-lae', n. Crude lac 
melted into plates or cakes for varnish. [ < 
shell + lac 1 , n.) shel'Iack"t; shell Mac":, 
shell'bark", n. See hickory. 

Shel'ley, 1 Shel'i; 2 shgl'y, Percy Bysshe (1792- 
1822). An English poet; Ode to the Skylark, etc. 
Shel'ter, 1 ^hel'tar; 2 shSl'ter. I. vt. To cover 
from harm or danger; screen; shield; house. 
II. n. A place of safety; refuge; retreat; se¬ 
curity; a cover from the weather; house; lodg¬ 
ing; home. [ < AS. scyld, shield, + truma, 
battalion.]—shel'ter-er, n. —shel'ter-less, a. 1. 
Destitute of shelter; homeless. 2. Affording no 
shelter. [land pony, shelt'yt. 

shelt'ie, 1 ghelt'i; 2 shelt'i, n. [Scot.] A Shet- 
shelve 1 , ) 1 sffielv; 2 shglv, vt. [shelved, 
shelv 8 , ) shelvd 8 ; shelv'ing.] 1. To lay on 
the shelf; postpone; put aside; retire. 2. To 
provide or fit with shelves. 
shelve 2 , vi. To incline gradually.— shelv'y* a. 
Shem, 1 Shem; 2 shgm, n. Bib. The eldest Son of 
Noah. Gen. v, 32. 

Shen"an-do'ali, 1 ghen"an-do'a; 2 shen"an-do'a. 


n. 1 . A valley in W. Virginia, scene of various 
battles during the Civil War. 2. A river in Vir¬ 
ginia and West Virginia; 200 m. to the Potomac. 
She'ol, 1 ^hl'ol; 2 she'ol, n. The underworld; 

place of departed spirits. [< Heb. she'ol, cave.] 
shep'herd, 1 ^hep'ard; 2 shep'erd. I. vt. To 
watch and tend as a shepherd; guard; protect. 
II. n. 1 . A keeper of sheep. 2. Figuratively, a 
pastor, leader, or guide.— shep'herd-ess, n. 
fem. 

sher'bet, 1 .<hur'bet; 2 sher'bet, n. 1. A fla¬ 
vored water*ice. 2. An Oriental drink, of fruit* 
juice sweetened and diluted with water. 
[Turk., < Ar. sharbat, < shariba, he drank.] 
Sherd, 1 fihurd; 2 sherd, n. A fragment of pot¬ 
tery; shard: often in composition; as, pot sherd. 
Sher'1-dan, 1 Sher'i-dan; 2 sher'i-dan, n. 1. Philip 
Henry (1831-1888), a United States general in 
the Civil War. 2. Richard Brinsley (1751- 
1816), an English dramatist; School for Scandal. 
she-rif', 1 khe-rlf'; 2 she-rif', n. The chief magis¬ 
trate of Mekka. [Ar.] 

Sher'iff, 1 £her'if; 2 sher'if, n. The chief admin¬ 
istrative officer of a county, who executes the 
mandates of courts, etc. [ < AS. scire (see 
shire) + gerefa, officer.]— sher'iff-al-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.) The office, functions, jurisdiction, or 
term of office of a sheriff, sher'iff-hoodt; sher'- 
iff-shipt; shriev'al-ty|. 

Sher'man, 1 Shur'man; 2 sher'man, n. 1. John 
(1823-1900), an American statesman; Secretary 
of State. 2. William Tecumseh (1820-1891), a 
United States general in the Civil War; led march 
from Atlanta to the sea, 1864. 
sher'ry, 1 ffher'i; 2 sher'y, n. [-ries 2 , pi.] The 
wines of Jerez, in Andalusia, Spain, sher'risf. 
Shet'land Is 'lands, 1 khet'land; 2 shet'land. An 
island group N. of Scotland; 100 islands of 551 
sq. m.; pop. 25,520; capital, Lerwick.— Shet'¬ 
land po'ny, one of a hardy breed of small horses 
from the Shetland Islands, 
shew ||, shew 'bread", etc. Same as show, etc. 
shib'bo-Ieth, 1 iffiib'o-leth; 2 shib'o-lSth, n. A 
test*word or pet phrase of a party. [Heb.; see 
Judges, xii, 4-6.] 

Shield, 1 £hild; 2 sheld. I d . vt. To protect from 
danger as with a shield; defend; 
guard. II. n. 1. A broad piece 
of defensive armor, commonly 
carried on the left arm; a large 
buckler. 2. A defense or defend¬ 
er; shelter. [ < AS. scild, shield.] 
shift d , 1 lAhift; 2 shift, vt. & vi. To 
change, as in position, form, or 
character; substitute; try expe¬ 
dients; manage; evade; equivo¬ 
cate. [ < AS. sciftan, divide.] — 
shift'er, b. 

shift, b. 1. The act of shifting. 

2. A contrivance adopted in the 
absence of direct means; substi¬ 
tute; expedient; artifice; trick; 
evasion. 3. An undergarment; Reverse of a 
chemise. 4. A relay of workmen; Norman 
also, the working time of each Shield, 
gang. — Shift 'less, a. Ineffi- . ••■‘W fo [ * he 

e . , 6 . , , . • , , hand; b, shoulder* 

cient; incapable; improvident. 8trap- 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. — shift'y, a. 

[shift'i-er; shift'i-est.] 1 . Full of expedients; 
alert; capable. 2. Artful; tricky; fickle.— shift'- 
i-ness, n. 

shil-la'lah, 1 ^hi-le'la; 2 shi-la'la, n. A stout 
cudgel. [< Shillelagh, barony in Ireland.] 

shil-le'lah:; shil-la'lyt. 




1:3 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = owt; eil; Iu = fettd; tfhin; go; rj = Bing; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, r«le, cure, but, bffrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 
















shilling 

shovel 


540 


Shining, 1 r^hil'ig; 2 shll'ing. n 
silver coin of Great 
Britain, worth 24 
cents. 2. [U. S.] A 
former denomina¬ 
tion of money, vary¬ 
ing in value from 
\2\ to 16§ cents. 3. Lord 
The Spanish real, 
worth 12 j cents. [ < 

AS. scilling. 


current 



Baltimore Shilling, 
coined in Maryland in 
(One*half actual 


1659. 
size.) 

shiny*shal"ly, 1 ghil'i«£hal"i; 2 shll'y*shal"y. 
I. vi. [shil'ly*shal"lied; shil'ly*shal"ly- 
ing.] To vacillate; trifle. II. n. Weak vacil¬ 
lation; irresolution. [Varied corruption of 
shall I .)— shH'lysshal"li-er, n. 

Shi'loh, 1 Shai'lo; 2 shi'15, n. 1. Bib. A region of 
central Palestine, N. W. of the Dead Sea, site of 
Jewish sanctuary. 1 Sam. iv, 4. 2. A battle* 
field in Tennessee, scene of a Union victory, 
April 6, 1862. See Pittsburg Landing. 

shi'ly, adv. Same as shyly. 

shim'mer, 1 ifhim'er; 2 shim'er. I. vi. To emit 
a tremulous light; glimmer. II. n. A tremu¬ 
lous shining or gleaming; glimmer. [< AS. 


scimrian, < scima, glimmer.] 

Shin, 1 £hin; 2 shin. I. vt. & vi. [shinned, 
shind s ; shin'ning.] To climb, as a pole, by 
the clasp of the hands or arms and the shins 
or legs; also, to walk or trot, about. II. n. 1. 
The front part of the leg below the knee; also, 
the shin*bone. 2. The lower leg or shank. 
[< AS. scina, shin.]— shln'*bone", n. The tibia. 
Shin'dy, 1 ghin'di; 2 shin'dy, n. [shin'diesz, pi.] 
1. [Slang.] A riotous quarrel; row. 2. The game 
of shinny. [Perh. of Gipsy orig.] 

Shine, 1 ^hain; 2 shin. I. vt. & vi. [shone; 
shin'ing.] To give light; beam; glow; gleam; 
be conspicuous or illustrious. II. n. Bright¬ 
ness; fair weather; sunshine. [ < AS. scinan.] 
—shin'er, n .— shin'ing, a. & n. -ly, adv. 
shin'gle, 1 ^hirj'gl; 2 shln'gl, vt. [shin'gled; 
shin'gling.] 1. To cover with or as with 
shingles. 2. To cut (the hair) short, all over 
the head.— shin'gler, n. 
shin'gle, n. One of certain thin, tapering 
pieces of wood, used in courses to cover roofs. 
[< L. LL schidia, splinter, < scindo, cleave.] 
shin'gles, 1 ghip'glz; 2 shln'glg, n. A skin disease, 
due to nervous derangement, often accompanied 
by eruptions extending half round the body like 
a girdle. [< OF .cengle, < L. cingo, gird.] 
shin'ny, 1 ^hin'i; 2 shin'y, n. A game resem¬ 
bling hockey, but loosely played, or one of 
the sticks or clubs used by the players. [ < 
Gael, sinteag, bound.] shin'neyf; shln'tlet. 
Shin'to, 1 ghin'to; 2 shin'to, n. The primitive 
religion of Japan, a species of ancestor*worship. 
[< Chin, shin, god, + tao, doctrine.] Shin'to- 
lsmf.—Shin'to-ist, n. 

shin'y, 1 ^hain'i; 2 shin'y, a. [shin'i-er; shin'- 
i-est .] 1. Glossy; glistening. 2. Bright; clear. 
Ship, 1 Ship; 2 ship, v. [shipped 1 , shipt 8 ; ship'- 
ping.] I. t. 1. To transport by ship or other 
mode of conveyance. 2. To receive or fit in 
place on shipboard; hire, as sailors. II. i. To 
go on board ship; enlist as a seaman. [ < AS. 
scipian, < scip, ship.] 

ship, n. A large seagoing vessel with usually 
three masts, carrying square sails; loosely, 
any vessel suitable for deep*water navigation, 
as a steam ship, sailing ship. [ < AS. scip, 
ship.]— ship'board", n. The side or deck of a 
ship; hence, a vessel: only in phrase on ship¬ 


board or a=shipboard.—ship'mas"ter, n . The 

captain or master of a merchant ship.— shlp'- 
mate", re. A fellow sailor.— ship'inent, n. The 
act of shipping, or that which is shipped.— shlp'- 
per, n. —ship 'ping, n. 1. Ships collectively. 2. 
The act of shipping.— ship'shape", a. & adv. 
Well arranged; orderly; neatly.— ship'sworni", 
n. A worm*like marine bivalve ( Teredo navalis) 
that bores into ship*bottoms, piles, etc.— shlp'- 
wreck". I', vt. To wreck, as a vessel; ruin; de¬ 
stroy. II. n. The partial or total destruction of 
a ship at sea; destruction; ruin.— shlp'wright", 
n. A ship*carpenter or ‘builder.— ship 'yard, n. 
An enclosure where ships are built or repaired, 
-ship, suffix. Condition; office; profession; as, 
friendship; consulship. [ < AS. - scipe .] 
shire, 1 £hair or £hir ; 2 shir or shir, n. A county. 

[ < AS. scire, < scirian, cut off.] 

Shirk, 1 £hurk; 2 shirk. I 1 , vt. & vi. To avoid 
or evade, as work or obligation. II. n. 1. One 
who shirks. 2f. A trickster; adventurer, 
shirr, 1 shur ; 2 shir. I. ri. 1. To gather on par¬ 
allel gathering*threads. 2. To poach in 
cream, as eggs. II. n. A fulling or gathering 
by threads.— shirred, pa. 

Shirt, 1 shurt; 2 shirt, n. A cotton or linen 
undergarment of men. [ < Ice. skyrta, skirt.] 
— shirt 'ing, n. Material used for making shirts, 
shist, sliist 'ie, etc. Same as schist, etc. 
shit'timswood", 1 £hit'im*wud"; 2 shit'im*wood", 
n. Bib. The wood of a species of acacia used in 
making the furniture of the tabernacle. [< Heb. 
shittah, kind of acacia.] 

Shiv'er 1 , 1 shiv'er; 2 shlv'er. I. i>t. & vi. To 
break suddenly into fragments; shatter. II. 
n. A splinter; sliver.— shiv'er-y 1 , a. Brittle. 
shiv'er 2 . I. vt. & vi. To tremble, as with cold 
or fear; shake; vibrate; quiver. II. n. A 
shivering, shaking, or quivering from any 
cause. — shiv'er-y*, a. Chilly; tremulous. 
shoal 1 , 1 ^hol; 2 shol. I. vt. & vi. To make or 
grow shallow. II. a. Of little depth; shallow. 
III. n. A shallow place in any body of water; 
a sand*banlc or *bar. [ < Ice. skjalgr, oblique.] 
—shoal 'y, a. Abounding in shoals.— shoal'1- 
ness, n. shoal'ness J. 

shoal 2 . I. vi. To throng in shoals or multitudes. 
II. n. An assemblage or multitude; throng, 
as of fish. [ < AS. scolu.] 
shoat, 1 ^hot; 2 shot, n. A young hog. 

Shock 1 , 1 shok; 2 shok. I 1 , vt. To shake by sud¬ 
den collision; jar; give a shock to; horrify; 
disgust. II. n. 1. A violent collision or con¬ 
cussion; impact; blow. 2. A sudden and 
violent effect on mind or nerves; agitation; 
startling emotion. [ < MD. schock, < V of 
shake.] — shock 'er, n .— shock 'ing, pa. Causing 
a mental shock; striking as with horror or dis¬ 
gust; repugnant; distressing, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— shock troops (Mil.), seasoned or picked men 
selected to lead an attack. 
shock 2 . I 1 , vt. & vi. To gather (grain) into a 
shock or shocks. II 1 . n. A collection of 
sheaves of grain, stalks of maize, or the like, 
set together upright in a field. 
shock 3 . I. a. Shaggy; bushy. II 2 . n. A coarse 
tangled mass, as of hair. [Var. of shag.] 

shod, 1 Shed; 2 shod, imp. & pp. of shoe, v. 
shod'dy, 1 Shed'i; 2 shod'y. I. a. [shod'di-er; 

shod'di-est.] Made of or containing shoddy; 
sham. II. n. 1. Fiber or cloth manufactured 
of slfredded woolen rags. 2. [Colloq.] Vulgar 
assumption or display. [Prob. < shed, r.] 

shoe, 1 Shu; 2 sho. I. vt. [shod; shod or shod'- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, dr; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 
















541 


shilling 

shovel 


den; shoe'ing.] To furnish with shoes or the 
like. II. n. [shoes, pi.] An outer covering, 
as of leather, for the human foot; protection, 
as of iron on the hoof of an animal, or under 
a sleigh-runner. [ < AS. seed, shoe.]— shoe '- 
black", n. A bootblack.— slioe'=horn", n. A 
curved Implement of horn or metal inserted in the 
heel of a shoe to aid in putting it on.— shoe'- 
inak"er, n. —sho'er, n. 

sho'gun, 1 gho'gun; 2 sho'gun, n. The hereditary 
commander-in-chief of the Japanese army until 
1867; known to foreigners as the tycoon. [Jap. < 
sho, lead, + gun, army.] 
slione, 1 ghon; 2 shon, imp. & pp. of shine, v. 
shook, 1 :Shuk; 2 shook, imp. & pp. of shake, v. 
shook, 1 £huk; 2 shook, n. A bundle of barrel 
staves, shaped and chamfered, in order for 
setting up. [Var. of shock 2 , n.] 

Shoot, 1 ^hut; 2 shoot, v. [shot; shoot'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To hit, wound, or kill w r ith a missile. 2. 
To propel with sudden force; discharge, as a 
projectile or a firearm; cause to grow forth; 
protrude. 3. To rush or glide rapidly over or 
through; as, to shoot rapids. II. i. 1. To dis¬ 
charge a projectile from a weapon; dart along 
swiftly; flash along, as a bird, meteor, or 
rocket. 2. To extend rapidly in length by or 
as by growth. 3. To jut out; protrude. [ < AS. 
scedtan, shoot.]—shoot'er, n. —shoot'ing, n. 
Shoot, n. 1. A young branch or sucker of a 
plant; offshoot. 2. A narrow passage in a 
stream; a rapid. 3. An inclined passage down 
which anything may be shot; a chute. 4. The 
act of shooting; a shot. 5. A shooting-match 
or shooting-party. 6. The thrust of an arch. 
7. A shoat. 

shop, 1 £hep; 2 shop. I. vt. [shopped 6 , shopt 8 ; 
shop'ping.] To visit shops or stores for in¬ 
spection or purchase of goods. II. n. 1. A 
place for the sale of goods at retail. 2. A place 
for making or repairing any article, or the car¬ 
rying on of any artizan craft. [ < AS. sceoppa, 
booth.]—shop'lift"er, n. One who steals goods 
from a store or shop.—shop's worn", a. Dete¬ 
riorated, as by being a long time in stock in a 
store.—shop'per, n.~ shop 'ping, n. 


Shore, 1 ^her;2shor, vt. [shored; shor'ing.] To 
prop, as a wall, by a vertical or sloping timber. 

Shore 1 , n. A beam set endwise as a prop. [ < 
AS. scoren, pp. of sceran, cut.] 

Shore 2 , n. The coast or land ad¬ 
jacent to an ocean, sea, lake, 
or large river. [ < AS. score, 

< sceran, cut.]—shore'less, a. 

Boundless. 

shore ||, 1 ghor; 2 shor, imp. of 
shear, v. 

shorn, 1 ghern; 2 shorn, pp. of 

shear, v . 

Short, 1 ^hert; 2 short. I. a. 1. 

Of slight or moderate length, 
height, or duration; not long 
or tall; brief; deficient; in¬ 
adequate ; scant. 2. Abrupt in 
manner; curt; petulant. 3. 

Not having or not being in Method of Prop- 
possession at the time of sale, P ln S a Wall by 
as stocks. 4. Breaking or a Shore (s). 
crumbling easily; friable; crisp. II. n. 1. The 
compressed substance or pith of a matter. 2. 
Anything that is short; a short syllable, 
vowel, or time; a deficiency. III. adv. In 
a short manner. [ < AS. sceort, short.]— 



short'age, n. The amount by which anything 
is short; deficiency.—short'cake", n. 1. A cake 
made short and crisp with butter or lard and 
baked. 2. Cake served with fruit between layers; 
as, strawberry shortcake. —short circuit, in an 
electric circuit, a path of low resistance estab¬ 
lished between any two points, thus shortening 
the distance traveled by the current.—short'* 
cir"cuit, vt. & vi.— short'com"ing, n. Failure; 
remissness; delinquency.—short'en, vt. & vi. 1. 
To make or become short'or shorter; curtail; re¬ 
duce; diminish; lessen; contract; confine; re¬ 
strain. 2. To make brittle or crisp, as pastry.— 
short'en-er, n.— sliort'en-ing, n. Material, as 
lard or butter, used to make pastry crisp.—• 
short'hand", n. Stenography or phonography, 
—short'dived", a. Living or lasting but a short 
time.—short 'ly, adv. 1. At the expiration of a 
short time; quickly; soon. 2. In few words; 
briefly. 3. Curtly; abruptly.—short'ness, n. — 
short'*sight"ed, a. 1. Unable to see clearly at 
a distance; near-sighted. 2. Lacking foresight or 
capacity of discernment, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
short'*stop", n. Baseball. A fielder stationed 
between second and third bases.—short'*wind"- 
ed, a. Affected with difficulty of breathing; be¬ 
coming easily out of breath. 

Shot 1 , 1 £het; 2 shot, vt. [shot'ted^; shot¬ 
ting.] To load with shot. 
shot 2 , imp. & pp. of shoot. 
shot, 1 iffiet; 2 shot, n. [shot or shots, pi.] 1. 
A missile, as a ball of iron, or a bullet, or pel¬ 
let of lead, to be discharged from a firearm; 
also^ such spherules or pellets collectively. 
2. The act of shooting; any stroke, hit, or 
blow. 3. One who shoots; a marksman. 4. 
The distance traversed or that can be trav¬ 
ersed by a projectile; reach; range. [< AS. 
gesceot, < scedtan, shoot.]—shot'gun", n. A 
light gun adapted for the discharge of shot: often 
breech-loading and double-barreled, 
shote, n. Same as shoat. 

should, 1 ihud; 2 shud, imp. of shall: used (1) 
in indirect discourse to express simple futur¬ 
ity, from the standpoint of past time; (2) to 
denote supposition or concession; and (3) 
obligation, usually milder than ought. [ < AS. 
scolde, pret. of sculan, owe.] 

Shoul'der, 1 ^hol'dar; 2 shdl'der. I. vt. & vi. 1. 
To assume as something to be borne; sustain; 
bear. 2. To push with or as with the shoulder 
or shoulders. II. n. 1. The part of the trunk 
between the neck and the free portion of the 
arm or fore limb; also, the joint connecting 
the arm or fore limb with the body. 2. An 
enlargement, projection, or offset. [ < AS. 
sculder, shoulder.]—shoul'der *blade", n. The 
scapula.—shoul'der *strap", n. A strap worn 
on or over the shoulder; specif., a strap of cloth 
edged with gold lace, worn by army and navy 
officers as an indication of rank. 

Shout, 1 £haut; 2 shout. I d . vt. & vi. To utter 
with a shout; utter a shout; cry out loudly. 
II. n. A sudden and loud resonant outcry. 
Shove, ) 1 £huv; 2 shov. I. vt. & vi. [shoved, 
Shuv p , S shuvd p ; shov'ing.] To push along, as 
on a surface; press forcibly against; jostle. II. 
n. The act of pushing or shoving; a strong 
push. [ < AS. scofian, shove.]— shov'er, n. 
shov'el, ) 1 ^huv'l; 2 shov'l. I. vt. & vi. [shov'- 
shuv'el p , ) eled or shov'elled, shov'eld 8 ; 
shov'el-ing or shov'el-ling.] To take up 
and move or gather with a shovel; work with 
a shovel. II. n. A flattened scoop with a 


1: a = final; l = habit^ aisle; au = ont; oil; iu = feud; tfhin; go; I) = sing; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 












show 

side 


543 


handle, as for digging. [ < AS. scofi, < scofen, 
pp. of scufan, shove.]— shov'el-board", n. A 
game played on shipboard in which wooden disks 
are shoved with a cue or mace toward numbered 
squares marked on the deck. shuf'fle-board"*. 
—shov'el-er, n. 

Show, 1 £ho; 2 shd, v. [showed; shown or 
showed; show'ing.] I. t. 1. To present to 
view; exhibit; expose; explain; reveal; tell; 
prove; demonstrate. 2. To make (something) 
known to (a person); explain to; convince. 
3. To give or offer in a marked manner; con¬ 
fer; bestow. II. i. To become visible or 
known; appear; seem. [< AS. sceawian, see.] 
— show'ing, n. 1. Show; display, as of a quality. 
3. Presentation; statement, as of a subject. 
Show, n. 1. That which is shown; a public 
spectacle; exhibition. 2. The act of showing; 
display; parade; pretense; semblance. 3. That 
which shows; an indication; promise; sign. 
[< AS. sceawe, < sce&wian, see.]— show'bill", n. 
A poster announcing a play or show.— show'- 
bread", n. In the Jewish ritual, the loaves of 
unleavened bread set forth in the sanctuary, and 
changed every Sabbath.— show'=case", n. A 
glass case protecting articles exposed as for sale. 
— show'room", n. A room for the display of 
merchandise. 

Show 'er, 1 ^hau'ar; 2 show'er, vt. & vi. To sprin¬ 
kle; discharge in a shower; pour out; rain; 
scatter; fall, as in a shower. 

Show'er 1 , n. A fall, as of rain, hail, or sleet, of 
short duration; abundant supply. [ < AS. 
scUr, show r er.]— show 'ersbath", n. An arrange¬ 
ment for showering water all over the body, or a 
bath taken in that way.— show 'er-y, a. Abound¬ 
ing with showers; resembling a shower.— show'- 
er-i-ness, n. 

Show'er 2 , 1 S'ho'or; 2 sho'er, n. One who shows, 
show'y, 1 £ho'i; 2 sho'y, a. Making a great dis¬ 
play; gaudy; gay; splendid; ostentatious.— 
show'i-ly, adv. —show'i-ness, n. 
shrank, 1 Shrank; 2 shrank, imp. of shrink, v. 
shrap'nel, 1 ^hrap'nel; 2 shrap'nel, n. A shell 
filled with bullets to be scattered by its ex¬ 
plosion; such shells collectively. [ < Brit. 
Gen. Shrapnel.) 

Shred, 1 ^hred; 2shr&d. I. of. [shred or shred'- 
DED d ; shred'ding.] To tear or cut into shreds. 
II. n. A small strip torn or cut off; a bit; frag¬ 
ment; particle. [ < AS. screddian, shred.] 
shrew 1 , 1 ^hru; 2 shru, n. A vexatious, scolding 
woman. [ < 

AS. screawa, 
lit. a biter.] 
shrew 2 ,™. A 
diminutive 
mouse* like 
animal. [< 

AS. screawa .] 
shrew's 
mouse"*. 



shrewd, 1 ^hrud; 2 shrud, a. 1. Having keen 
insight; sharp; sagacious. 2||. Artful; sly. 3||. 
Keen or sharp; biting. If. Shrewish; also, 
vexatious; vicious. [ME. shrevted, pp. of 
schrewen, curse.]— shrewd'ly, adv.— shrewd '- 
ness, _n. [adv. -ness, w. 

shrew'ish, a. Like a shrew; ill*teinpered. -ly, 
shriek, 1 ^hrik; 2 shrek. I*, vt. & vi. To utter 
with a shriek; utter a shriek. II. n. A sharp, 
shrill outcry, as of agony or terror; a scream. 
[ < Ice. shriJcja, shriek.]— shriek'er, n. 
shriev'al-ty, 1 Shriv'al-ti; 2 shrev'al-ty, n. [-ties 2 . 


pi.) The office, term, or jurisdiction of a sheriff, 
shriv'al-ty*. [solution, 

shrift, ™. The act of shriving; confession; ab- 
Shrike, n. A rapacious bird with hooked bill, 
short wdngs, and long tail, butch'er*bird"J. 
shril(l p , 1 ^hril; 2 shrfl. I. vt. & vi. To give 
forth or cause to utter a shrill sound. II. a. 
Sharp and piercing, as a sound. [ < Norw. 
skryla, cry shrilly.]—shrfl (l'y p , a. Rather shrill. 
—shril(l'y p , adv. In a shrill manner. shril(l p *. 
—shrii(l'ness p , n. 

shrimp, 1 Shrimp; 2 shrimp, n. A diminutive, 
long*tailed, lobsterdike crustacean, 
shrine, 1 slirain; 2 shrln. I. vt. [shrined; 
shrin'ing.] To enshrine. II. n. A receptacle 
for sacred relics; a place, as a chapel, of pecu¬ 
liar sanctity. [ < L. AS scrinium, box.] 

Shrink, 1 ^hriyk; 2 shrink, vt. & vi. [shrank, 
shrunk; shrunk; shrunk'en, formerly 
shrinked 1 ; shrink'ing.] 1. To draw to¬ 
gether; contract; diminish. 2. To draw back; 
withdraw; recoil: with from. [ < AS. scrincan, 
shrink.]—shrink'a-b!(e p , a. —shrink'age, n. 
Contraction: also, the amount lost by contrac¬ 
tion.—shrink'er, n .—shrink 'ing-ly, adv. 
shrive, 1 ^liraiv; 2 shrlv, vt. & vi. [shrove, 
shrived; shriv'en, shrived; shriv'ing.] R . C . 
Ch. To grant or receive absolution upon con¬ 
fession. [ < AS. scrifan, < L. scribo, write.] 
shriv'el, 1 ^hriv'l; 2 shrlv'l, vt. & vi. [-eled or 
-ELLED, -ELD 8 ; -EL-ING Or -EL-LING.] To 
shrink and wrinkle; wither; contract. 
shroud d , 1 Shroud; 2 shroud, vt. & vi. 1. To dress 
for the grave; clothe in a shroud. 2. To envelop, 
as with a veil; conceal; shelter or take shelter. 
shroud 1 , ™. A dress or garment for the dead; 

winding*sheet. [ < AS. scrud, garment.] 
shroud 2 , n. One of a set of ropes fitted in pairs 
and constituting 
part of the standing 
rigging of a vessel; 
also, a guy. Usually 
in the plural. [ < Ice. 
skrudh, rigging.] 
shrove, 1 Shrov;2shrov, 

imp. of SHRIVE, V. 

Shrove 'tide", 1 shrov'- 
tciid"; 2 shrov'tld", n. 

Literally, confes- 
sion*time; the three 
days immediately 
preceding Lent. — 

Shrove Sunday, S. Shrouds and their Con- 
Monday, S. Tues- nections. 

day, the Sunday,®’ shrouds; g. ratlines; h, topmast* 

Monday, and Tues- backstays, 

day immediately preceding Ash Wednesday. 
shrub 1 , 1 ^hrub; 2 shrub, n. A wmody, peren¬ 
nial plant smaller than a tree; a bush. [ < AS. 
scrob, shrub.]—shrub'ber-y, n. [-ies 2 , pi.) 1. 
Shrubs collectively. 2. A shrubby place; a col¬ 
lection of shrubs — shrub'by, a. [shrub'bi-er; 
shrub'bi-est.] 1. Containing many shrubs; cov¬ 
ered with shrubs. 2. Of, pertaining to, or like 
a shrub or shrubs; stunted.—shrub'bi-ness, n. 
shrub 2 , ™. A beverage of sweetened fruit*juice, 
sometimes w'ith spirits. [Ult. < Ar. sharab. j 
shrug, 1 ^hrug; 2 shrug. I. vt. & vi. [shrugged, 
shrugd 8 ; shrug'ging.] To draw up (the 
shoulders), as in displeasure. II. n. The act 
of shrugging the shoulders. [ < Dan. skrukke, 
skrugge , stoop.] 

shrunk, imp. & pp. of shrink. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but. burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ah; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won| 

























543 


show 

side 


shrunk'en, 1 sShrurjk'en; 2 shrunken, pa .; 

also pp . of shrink. Contracted and atrophied, 
shuck, 1 ghuk; 2 shuk, v. & n . [Prov.] Same as 

HUSK. 

shud'der, 1 ^hud'or; 2 shud'er. I. vi. To trem¬ 
ble or shake, as from fright or cold; shiver; 
quake. II. n. The act of shuddering; con¬ 
vulsive shiver, as from horror or fear; aver¬ 
sion; tremor.—shud'der-ing, pa . Having or 
causing a shudder, -ly, adv. 

Shuf'fle,) 1 ^huf'l; 2 shuf'l. v. [shuf'fled, 
shuf'I p , ) shuf'ld p ; SHUF'FLING.] I. t. 1. To 
shift this way and that; mix; confuse; dis¬ 
order. 2. To make up fraudulently or has¬ 
tily; also, to put aside carelessly: with up, off, 
or out . II. i. 1. To change the relative posi¬ 
tion of cards in a pack; change position; shift 
ground; evade; prevaricate. 2. To scrape the 
feet along; struggle along awkwardly. [Freq. 
of shove.] — shuf'fle-board", n . Same as shov- 
elboard. — shuf'fler, n . — shuf'fling, pa . 1. 
Marked by awkward or clumsy movements. 2. 
Prevaricating. 

shuf'fle, n. A shuffling; evasion, 
shun, 1 slum; 2 shun, vt. [shunned; shun'- 
ning.] To avoid; refrain from. [< AS. 
scunian .] 

Shunt, 1 ifliunt; 2 shunt. I d . vt. & vi. To turn 
aside; in railroading and electricity, to switch. 
II. n. 1. A turning aside; the act of using a 
switch or shunt. 2. A switch. 3. Elec. A con¬ 
ductor joining two points in a circuit and de¬ 
signed to divert part of the current. [ < AS. 
scyndan , hasten; akin to shun.] — shunt'er, n. 
Shut, 1 ^hut; 2 shut, v. [shut; shut'ting.] 1. 1. 
1. To close, as a door, lid, or valve; stop; ob¬ 
struct. 2. To bar out; exclude: with out, out 
of, out from. 3. To keep in; confine; enclose; 
restrain; imprison: with up, in, into, etc. 4. 
To close, fold, or bring together. 5. To ob¬ 
scure or hide from sight: with in or out. II. i. 
To close itself; be or become closed; have the 
effect of closing or fastening. [ < AS. scyttan, 
< sceolan , shoot.] 

Shut, pa . 1. Made fast or closed. 2. Not so¬ 
norous; dull: said of sound. 

Shut'ter, 1 ^hut'or; 2 shiit'er, n. One who or 
that which shuts; a hinged cover for a win¬ 
dow; a curtain for a photographic lens, 
shut'tie, ) 1 £hut'l; 2 shut'l, n. A device used 
shut'l p , 5 in weaving to carry the weft to and 
fro. [ < AS. scyttels, bolt of a door, < sceotan, 
shoot.]—shut'tle-cock", n. A rounded piece of 
cork, with a crown of feathers, used in the game 
of battledore and shuttlecock; the game itself, 
s. h. v., abbr. [L.] Sub hoc verbo (under this word). 
Shy 1 , 1 ^hai; 2 shl. I. vi. [shied; shy'ing.] To 
start suddenly aside: said of a horse. II. a . 
[shy'er; shy'est; or shi'er; shi'est.] 1. 
Easily frightened; timorous; coy. 2. Circum¬ 
spect, as from motives of caution; watchful; 
wary. III. n. A starting aside, as in fear. [ < 
AS. sceoh , shy.] -ly, adv : -ness, n . 

ShyA I. vt . To throw with a sidelong motion; 
fling carelessly, as a stone. II. n. A careless 
or sidelong throw; fling. 

Shy 'lock, 1 Shai'lek; 2 shy'ldk, n. In Shakespeare’s 
Merchant of Venice , an avaricious Jew who en¬ 
deavors to exact a pound of flesh from Antonio’s 
body as a forfeit for nonpayment of a debt, 
shy'ster, 1 ^hai'star; 2 shy'ster, n. A lawyer 
who practises in an unprofessional or tricky 
manner. [ < shy, a.] 


si, 1 si; 2 si, n. Mus. The seventh note of the 
diatonic scale. 

S. I., abbr. Sandwich Islands, Staten Island.—SI., 
abbr. Silicon. 

Si-am', 1 sai-am'; 2 sl-am', n. 1. A kingdom of 
S. E. Asia; 195,000 sq. m.; pop. 8,819,700; capital, 
Bangkok. 2. Gulf of, an arm of the China sea, 
S. of Siam; 240 by 180 m.—Si"a-mese', a. & n. 
Sib., abbr. Siberia, Siberian. 

Sl-be'rl-a, 1 sai-bi'ri-a: 2 si-be'ri-a, n A country 
of Asiatic Russia; 4,831,882 sq.m.; pop. 10,377.- 
900. —Si-be'ri-an, a. & n. 
sib'i-lant, 1 sib'i-lant; 2 sib'i-lant. I. a. Made 
with a hissing sound; hissing. II. n. A hiss¬ 
ing sound, as of s, z, etc. [ < L. sibilo (ppr. 
sibilan(t-)s), hiss, < sibilus, hissing.] — sib'i- 
lance, n. sib'i-ian-cy*.—sib-i-la'tion, n. 1. 
The act of hissing. 2. A hissing sound, 
sib'yl, 1 sib'il; 2 sib'yl, n. 1. Anc. Myth. A 
prophetess: used chiefly of the priestesses of 
Apollo. 2. A sorceress. [ < Gr. L sibylla.]— 
sib'yl-line, a. Of, pertaining to, or like a sibyl, 
as the sibylline books, a collection of oracles, 
long preserved in ancient Rome and consulted 
by the senate in times of peril, sib'yl-licf. 

Sic., abbr. Sicilian, Sicily. 

Sic'i-Iy, 1 sis'i-h; 2 sic'i-ly, n. An island in the 
Mediterranean sea, S. of Italy; 9,937 sq. m.; pop. 
3,672,000; devastated by an earthquake, Dec. 

. 28, 1908.—Si-cil'i-an, a. & n. 
sick, 1 sik; 2 sik, a. 1. Affected with disease; ill. 
2. Desiring to vomit; nauseated. 3. Disin¬ 
clined by reason of satiety; surfeited. 4. 
Languishing, as with some unattained desire. 
[< AS. sedc, sick.]— sick'en, v. I. t. To make 
sick; disgust; weary. II. i. 1. To grow ill; be 
disgusted or wearied. 2. To deteriorate; decay. 
— sick'en-lng, pa.— sick'ish, a.— sick'ly, a. 
1. Habitually indisposed; ailing. 2. Faint. 3. 
Mawkish.— sick'li-ness, n.— sick'ness, n. 1. 
Illness; nausea. 2. A particular form of disease, 
sick'le, 1 sik'l; 2 sik'l, n. A reaping implement 
with a long, curved 
blade mounted on a fjf 

short handle. [ < I 

AS. sicel, < L. secu- Sickle. 

la, < seco, cut ] ' \ 

side, 1 said; 2 sld.^^ \ 

I. vi. [siD'ED d ; sid'ing.] To range oneself 
on the side of; take the part of. II. a. 
Situated at or on one side; lateral; hence, 
minor. III. n. 1. Any one of the bound¬ 
ing lines or surfaces of an object. 2. A 
lateral part of a surface or object. 3. One of 
two or more contrasted surfaces, parts, or 
places. 4. A faction; sect. 5. One of two op¬ 
posite opinions. [ < AS. side, < sid, wide.]— 
side'board", n. A piece of dining-room furni¬ 
ture for holding tableware.—side'ling. I. a. 
Having a slanting or oblique position or motion. 

II. ado. Sidewise. — side 'flight", n. A side 
window, or light coming from the side; hence, fig¬ 
uratively, incidental illustration.—slde'Iong". 
I. a. Inclining or tending to one side; lateral. II. 
adv. In a lateral or oblique direction.—side'* 
sad"dle, n. A saddle for the use of women, hav¬ 
ing but one stirrup and a cushioned projection 
above it.—side'strack". I*, vt. & vi. [U. S.] To 
run upon a siding; divert from the main issue; 
reduce to inactivity. II. n. A railroad*siding.— 
side'walk", n. A path for the use of foot-pas¬ 
sengers at the side of the street.—side'wise". I. 
a. Sideward; sidelong. II. adv. 1. Toward or 
from the side. 2. On one side only, side'ways''*. 
—sid'ing, n. 1. A railway-track by the side of 


1:8 = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Ifl = feud; <fhin; go; g = Bing; thin, this. 
$;wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but. barn; oil, boy; go, fcem; ink; thin, this. 









sidereal 

sincere 


544 


the main track. 2. The boarding that covers the 
side of a wooden house.—si'die, vl. & vi. [si'dled; 
si'dling.] To move, or cause to move, sidewise, 
si-de're-al, 1 sai-di'ri-al; 2 si-de're-al, a. Per¬ 
taining to stars; constituted of or containing 
stars. [ < L. sidus (sider -), star.] sid'er-alj. 
SId'ney, 1 sid'rn; 2 sid'ny, Sir Philip (1554-1586). 

An English soldier and author; model of chivalry. 
Si'don, 1 sai'den; 2 sl'ddn, n. A seaport city of 
Phenicia; taken by Cyrus, 537 B. C.; by Alexan¬ 
der, 333 B. C.; and by the Turks and English, 1840. 
—Si-do'ni-an, a. & n. 

Siege, 1 slj; 2 seg, n. The besieging of a town or 
a fortified place. [ < F. siege, < L. sedeo, sit.] 
Si-en'na, 1 si-en'a; 2 si-gn'a, n. 1. A brownish 
orange*yellow clay used as a pigment. 2. 
Orange*yellow. [ < It. Siena (city in Italy). 


sl-er'ra, 1 si-er'a; 2 si-Cr'a, n. A mountain range or 
chain; a term occurring in the names of mountain 
ranges in Spain and her former colonies, as Sierra 
Nevada, Sierra Blanca, etc. [Sp.] 

Si-er'ra Le-o'ne, 1 le-o'ne; 2 lg-o'ne. A British 
colony (300 sq. m.; pop. 76,000) and protectorate 
(30,000 sq. m.; pop. 1,400,000) on the W. coast of 
Africa. [nap. [Sp.] 

si-es'ta, 1 si-es'ta; 2 si-es'ta, n. A mid*day 
sieve, / 1 siv; 2 siv, n. 1. A utensil or apparatus 
Siv s , ) for sifting, consisting of a frame pro¬ 
vided with meshes, as of 
wire. 2. A garrulous per¬ 
son. [ < AS. sife, sieve.] 
sift d , 1 sift; 2 sift, v. I. t. 1. 

To separate with a sieve. 

2. To examine minutely; 
scrutinize. II. i. 1. To 



Sieve. 


pass through a sieve. 2. To practise scrutiny. 
[< AS. siftan, sift.]— sift'er, n. 

Sigh, 1 scd ; 2 si, v. 1. 1. To utter with sighs. II. t. 
1. To utter a sigh; lament. 2. To yearn strong¬ 
ly; long: often with for. [ < AS. sican, sigh.] 
sigh, n. A deep and long*drawn respiration, as 
an expression of sorrow, anxiety, etc. 
sight, 1 sait; 2 sit. I d . vt. 1. To discover by 
looking. 2. To furnish with sights, as a gun. 
3. To aim, as a gun. II. n. 1. The faculty of 
seeing; vision. 2. That which is seen; a view; 
spectacle; show. 3. The limit of eyesight. 4. 
Thepoint of view; estimation. 5. Insight. 6. 
A device to assist aim, as on a gun, leveling* 
instrument, etc. [ < AS. gesihth, sight, < seon, 
see.]— sight'less, a. 1. Blind. 2. Invisible.— 
sight'Iy, a. 1. Pleasant to the view; comely. 2. 
Affording a grand view or prospect, -ness, n.— 
sight'see"ing, n. The visiting of objects of 
interest. 


sign, 1 sain; 2 sin. I. vt. & vi. To affix one’s 
signature to; write one’s name as a signature; 
also, to make signs; signal. II. n. 1. A panto¬ 
mimic gesture. 2. An inscription or represen¬ 
tation to indicate a place of business. 3. An 
arbitrary mark; symbol. 4. A token; emblem. 
[< L J signum, sign.]— sign'er, n. 

Sig'nal, 1 sig'nal; 2 sig'nal. I. vt. & vi. [sig'- 
NALED or -NALLED, -NALD 8 ; SIG'nAL-ING Or 
-nal-ling.] To make signals to; communi¬ 
cate by signals. II. a. Distinguished as by 
some special sign; remarkable; conspicuous. 
III. n. A sign agreed upon or understood, and 
used to convey information. [F., < L. LL sig- 
num, sign.]— sig'nal-er or-ler, n.— sig'nal-ize, 
vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To render noteworthy.— 
sig'nal-ly, adv. In a signal manner; eminently, 
sig'na-to-ry, 1 sig'na-to-ri; 2 sig'na-to-ry. I. a. 


Bound by the terms of a signed document; 
having signed; as, signatory powers. II. n. 
One who has signed or is bound by a docu¬ 
ment; specif., a power so bound. [ < L. sig- 
natorius, < signatus; see signature.] 
sig'na-ture, 1 sig'na-dhur or -tiur; 2 slg'na- 
chur or -tur, n. The signing of one’s name, or 
the name signed, in token of agreement or 
acknowledgment. [F., < L. LL signatus, pp. of 
signo, sign.] 

sig'net, 1 sig'net; 2 slg'nSt, n. A seal; private 
seal of a sovereign. [F., < L. LL signum, mark.] 
sig-nif'i-cant, 1 sig-nif'i-kant; 2 slg-nlf'i-cant, 
a. 1. Having or expressing a sense. 2. Hav¬ 
ing some covert meaning. 3. Important, as 
pointing out something weighty; momentous. 

[ < L. signurn, sign, + facto, make.] -iy, adv. — 
sig-nif'i-cance, n. Expressiveness; meaning; 
consequence, sig-nif'i-can-cyt. — sig"ni-fi-ca'- 
tion, n. That which is signified; meaning; the 
act of signifying.— sig-nif'l-ca-tiv(e 8 , a. 
sig'ni-fy, 1 sig'm-fai; 2 slg'ni-fy, v. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] I. t . 1. To make known by signs or 
words; betoken in any way. 2. To amount 
to; matter. II. i. To be of importance, 
si'guior, n. Same as seignior or signor. 
sl'gnor, 1 sl'nyer; 2 si'nydr, n. Anglicized form of 
the Italian title signore: equivalent to sir or A fr. 
[< It. signore, < L. senior; see senior.] — si¬ 
gno 'ra, «. The equivalent to madam or Mrs. [It.} 
— si"gno-ri 'na, n. The equivalent to miss. [It.} 
si'lage, 1 sai'hj; 2 sl'lag, n. Same as ensilage. 
si'lence, 1 sai'lens; 2 si'lSnc. I. vt . [si'lenced 1 ; 
si'lenc-ing.] 1. To render silent. 2. To put 
to rest. II. n. 1. The state of being silent. 2. 
Absence of sound or noise. 3. Secrecy; obliv¬ 
ion. [F., < L. silentium, < silen(t-)s, ppr. of 
sileo, be still.]— si'lenc-er, n . 1. A tubular de¬ 
vice attached to the muzzle of a firearm render¬ 
ing the discharge noiseless. 2. Same as muffler. 
si'lent, a. 1. Not making any sound; still; un¬ 
spoken. 2. Not speaking; mute. 3. Not men¬ 
tioning. 4. Inactive; without authority; as, 
a silent partner, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 


Si-ie'nus, 1 sai-ll'nus; 2 sl-le'niis, n. Gr. Myth. The 
oldest of the satyrs, teacher and companion of 
Bacchus. 

Si-le'si-a, 1 si-H'ffhi-a: 2 si-16'shl-a, n. 1. A region 
of the Czecho*Slovak Republic; 1,987 sq. m.; 
pop. 608,126. 2. A province in S. E. Prussia; 

15,569 sq. m.; pop. 5,871,900.—Sl-le'si-an, a. 
si 'lex, 1 sai'leks; 2 si'lfcks, n. Same as silica. 
sil"liou-ette', 1 sll"u-et'; 2 sll"q-£t', n. A pro¬ 
file drawing or portrait 
having its outline filled in 
with uniform color, often 
cut out, as from cardboard; 
a shadow*picture. [F.J 
sil'i-ca, 1 sil'i-ka; 2 sfl'i-ea, 
n. A white or colorless, ex¬ 
tremely hard, crystalline 
substance, the principal I 
constituent of quartz and 
sand. [< L. silex ( silic -), 
flint.]— sil'i-cate, n. A salt 
of silicic acid.— sl-Iio'ic, a. 

Pertaining to or consisting of Method of Taking 
silica. — si-lic'ic a'cid, a Silhouettes, 
gelatinous compound consisting of silica and 
water.— sl-Ii 'ceous, a. 1. Pertaining to or con¬ 
taining silica. 2. Pertaining to a class of sponges, 
si-li 'clous t. sll 'I-con, n. A non-metalllc ele¬ 
ment: the base of silica. 

si-lique', 1 si-llk'; 2 si-llk', n. A narrow, dry. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh?t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n| 















545 


sidereal 

sincere 


two*valved pod or fruit produced by plants 
of the mustard family only. See illus. below. 
IF.,< L. siliqua, pod.] sil'i-quaf. 
silk, 1 silk; 2 silk. I. a. Consisting of silk; silk¬ 
en; silky. II. n. 1. A fine, delicate, glossy, 
fibrous substance produced by the larvae of 
silkworms, to form their cocoons. 2. Cloth or 
garments made of silk. 3. Anything 
silky. [Ult. < Gr. Serikos, < Seres, a 
people of Asia.]—silk'en,a. 1. Made of 
or like silk. 3. Luxurious.—silk'i-ness, 
ra.—silk'worm", ra. The larva of a cer¬ 
tain moth that produces a dense silken 
cocoon. See illus. below.—silk'y, a. 
[silk'i-er;silk'i-est.] Likesilk; silken. 

Sill, ) 1 sil; 2 sil, to. A horizontal mem- 
Sll p , J ber forming the foundation, or 
part of the foundation, of a structure 
of any kind. [ < AS. syll, sill.] 
sil'li-bub, 1 sil'i-bub; 2 sll'i-bub, to. A 
dish made of milk and wine or cider, 
forming a soft curd, sil 'la-bub$; silique. 
syl'la-bubj. 

sil'ly, a. [sil'li-er; sil'li-est.] Destitute of 
ordinary good sense; foolish; stupid. [< AS. 
sxlig, fortunate.]—sil'li-ness, ra. 

Si'lo, 1 sai'lo; 2 si'lo, to. Any close pit in which 
fodder, grain, 
or other food 
is stored. [Sp., 

< L. situs, < 

Gr. siros, a pit 
for corn.] 

Si-lo'am, 1 si-[or 
sai-llo'am; 2 si- 
[or si-]15'am, n. 

Bib. A fountain Silkworm. 

and pool at Je- „ _ 

rusalem. John Female moth Adu 2 { t ^ 3 ‘ Coooon - 4 ‘ 

ix 7. 

Silt, 1 silt; 2 silt. I d . vt. & vi. To obstruct with 
sediment. II. n. Fine earthy sediment car¬ 
ried and deposited by water. [ < LG. silen, 
filter.]—silt'y, a. Like or filled with silt, 
sil'va, sil'van, etc. Same as sylva, etc. 
sil'vcr, 1 sil'var; 2 sll'ver. I. vt. 1. To coat or 
plate with silver or the like. 2. To impart a 
silvery hue to. II. a. 1. Made of silver. 3. 
Resembling silver; having a pure, bell-like 
tone. III. n. 1. A white, ductile metallic ele¬ 
ment; one of the precious metals. 2. Silver 
coin or silverware. 3. The luster or color of 
silver. [< AS. seolfor, silver.]—sil'ver-ing, 
n A plating or covering of silver. — sil'ver- 
smith", n. A worker in silver; a maker of sil¬ 
verware.—sil'ver-ware", ra. Articles made of 
S il ver _ s i!'ver-y, a. Containing, adorned with, 
or like silver.—sil'ver-i-ness, n. 
si-mar't, n. A light garment or robe for women. 

cy-mar'f. [An ape or monkey. 

Sim'i-an. I. a. Like an ape or monkey. II. to. 
siin'i-Iar, 1 sim'i-ler; 2 slm'i-lar, a. Bearing re¬ 
semblance to one another or to something 
else; like. [< L. similis, similar.] — sim"i- 
lar'i-ty, to. [ ties*, ol.] A state of resemblance 
or coincidence.—sim 'i-lar-ly, adv. 

Sim'i-le, 1 sim'i-li; 2 slm'i-le, to. A rhetorical 
figure expressing comparison or likeness, by 
the use of nich terms as like, as, so, etc. [L., 

< similis, similar.] . , 

Si-mil'i-tude, 1 si-mil'i-tiud; 2 si-mil'i-tud, to. 

1. Similarity. 2. That which is similar. 3. 
A simile. [F., < L. similitudo, likeness.] 
sim'i-oid, sim'i-ous, a. Same as simian, a. 




Sim'i-tar, 1 sim'i-tar; 2 sim'i-tar, to. An Orien¬ 
tal sword or 
saber of ex¬ 
treme curve. 

[ < OF. simi- 
terre, corr. or 

T>pr QhnTnQhiT 

< sham, nail, + shir, lion.] scirn'l-tarf; scim'- 
I-terf. 

sim'mer, 1 sim'ar; 2 slm'er, vt. & vi. To boil, 
or cause to boil, gently or with a singing 
sound. [ < Sw. dial, summa, buzz (imitative).] 
Sim'o-ny, 1 sim'o-m; 2 sim'o-ny, to. Traffic in 
sacred things; the purchase or sale of eccle¬ 
siastical preferment. [ < Gr. Simon, Simon; 
see Acts viil, 18, 19.]—si-mo'ni-ac, to. 
si-moom', 1 si-mum'; 2 si-moom', to. A hot, 
dry, and exhausting wind of the desert, as in 
Africa and Arabia. [ < Ar. samum, < samma, 
be poisoned.] si-moon'f. 
sim'per, 1 sim'par; 2 slm'per. I. vi. To smile 
in a silly, self-conscious manner. II. to. A 
silly, self-conscious smile. [< Norw. semper, 
smart.]—sim'per-ing-ly, adv. 
sim'pl(e p , 1 sim'pl; 2 sim'pl. I. a. [sim'pler; 
sim'plest.] 1. Consisting of one thing; single. 
2. Not complex or complicated. 3. Without 
embellishment; plain; unadorned. 4. Free 
from affectation; sincere; artless; unsophisti¬ 
cated. 5. Of weak intellect; silly; feeble* 
minded. II. to. 1. That which is simple. 2. 
A medicinal plant. 3. A simpleton. [F., < L. 
simplex, lit. onefold.] — sim'pl(e-ton p , to. A 
weak-minded or silly person. — sim'plex, a. 
Simple; noting a form of telegraphy in which 
only one message is sent over a wire at a time.— 
slm-pllc'i-ty, to. [-ties 55 , pi.] The state of be¬ 
ing simple. sim'pl(e-ness p t.—sim'pli-fy, vt. 
[-fied ; -fy"ing.] To render simple or more intel¬ 
ligible.— sim"pli-fi-ca'tion, to.— sim'ply, adv. 
Sim'plon, 1 sim'plen; 2 slm'plon, ra. A mountain 
pass in S. W. Switzerland; 6,594 ft. high; under 
it is a railroad tunnel 12 m. long. 

Slm'u-late. 1 sim'u-let; 2 slm'yu-lat, vt. [-lat"- 
ED d ; -lat"ing.] To assume the form of; imi¬ 
tate; counterfeit; mimic. [ < L. simulo (pp. 
simulatus), < similis, similar.] — sim"u-la'- 
tlon, to. 

slm"ul-ta'ne-ous, 1 sim"ul-te'm-us; 2 s!m"ul- 
ta'ne-iis, a. Occurring, done, or existing at 
the same time. [ < L. ll simul, together.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, to. 

sin, 1 sin; 2 sin. I. vt. & vi. [sinned: sin'ning.] 
To commit sin; transgress or disregard the 
moral law or any duty. II. to. Any transgres¬ 
sion of a rule or requirement of rectitude or 
duty; a fault; error; offense. [< AS. syn .]— 
sin'ful, a. Consisting in or tainted with sin; 
wicked. -iy, adv. -ness, ra.—sin'less, a. Having 
no sin; guiltless: innocent.—sin'ner, to. 1. One 
who has sinned. 2. An irreligious person, 
sin., abbr. .Sine.—sin., sing., abbr. Singular. 
Si'nai, 1 sai'nai or sai'm-ai; 2 sl'nl or si'ni-I, n. 
Bib. A mountain in Arabia on which the com¬ 
mandments and law were given to Moses.—Si"- 
na-it'ic, a. 

since, ) 1 sins; 2 sing. I. adv. 1. From a past 
sinse p ,) time up to the present. 2. After and 
in the mean time. 3. Before now. II. prep. 
Ever after, or at a time after. III. conj. 1. 
From and subsequently to the time when. 2. 
Seeing that; because. [< AS. siththan, < 
slth, after, + tham, dat. of thset, that.] 
Sin-cere', 1 sin-sir'; 2 sln-ger', a. 1. Being in 



1:a = final; i = habits aisle; au = orat; ell: Iu = feud; tfhin; go; D = smj; thin, this, 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bQrn; 6il, boy; go, gem; ipk; thin, tfaie, 











Sindbad 

skim 


546 


reality as in appearance. 2. Intending pre¬ 
cisely what one says or what one appears to 
intend; honest in one’s action or profession. 
[< L. sincerus, probably, < sin, one, wholly, 4- 
cerno, separate.]—sin-cere'ly, adv. —sin-cer'i- 

n ei tiaPPrp 'npsst. 

Sind'bad, 1 sind'bad; 2 slnd'bad, the Sailor. In 
the Arabian Nights' Entertainment, a traveling 
merchant of Bagdad, who relates marvelous ad¬ 
ventures. Sin'bad t- 

Sine, 1 sain; 2 sin, n. The perpendicular dropped 
from one end of a circular arc upon the radius 
of the other end; the ratio of this perpendicu¬ 
lar to the radius. [ < L. sinus, bend.] 
Si'ne-cure, 1 sai'm-kiur; 2 si'ne-cur, n. An 
office or position having emoluments with few 
or no duties. [ < L. sine, without, + cura, care.] 
sin'ew, 1 sin'yu; 2 sln'yq. I. vt. 1. To strength¬ 
en or knit together, as with sinews. 2. To 
make strong or robust. II. n. 1. A tendon or 
other fibrous cord. 2. Strength, or that which 
supplies strength. [ < AS. sinu, sinew.] — 
sinews of war, money.—sin'ew-less, a. —sin'- 
ew-y, a. 1. Characteristic of a sinew, 2. Well 
braced with sinews; strong, 
sing, 1 sip; 2 sing, v. [sang or sung; sung; 
sing'ing.] I. t. 1. To utter as a song. 2. To 
charm or otherwise affect with singing. II. i. 
1. To utter a song. 2. To have a sensation of 
buzzing or humming. [ < AS. singan, sing.] 
Sin"ga-pore', 1 sir)"ga-por'; 2 sin*ga-por', n. 1. A 
British island near S. Malay peninsula; 217 
sq. m.; pop. 369,780. 2. Its capital, a seaport 
town; pop. 193,000. 

singe, 1 sinj; 2 sing. I. vt., [singed; singe'ing.] 
1. To burn slightly; scorch. 2. To parch. II. 
n. 1. The act of singeing. 2. A heat that 
singes. [ < AS. sengan, caus. of singan, sing.] 
sing'er 1 , 1 sirj'er; 2 sing'er, n. One who sings; a 
poet. [which singes. 

sing'er 2 , 1 sinj'ar; 2 sing'er, n. One who or that 
sin'gl(e p , 1 siq'gl; 2 sin'gl. I. vt. & vi. [sin'- 
gl(e)d p ; sin'gi.ing.] i. To choose (one) from 
others. 2. To separate. II. a. 1. Consisting 
of one only; individual. 2. Alone; unmarried. 
3. Singular; uncommon. III. n. A unit; one 
[OF., < L. singulus, single.]— sin'gleshand"ed, 
a. Without assistance; unaided.— s.*hearted,a. 
Of sincere and frank disposition.— sln'gle-ness, 
n. — sin'gle-stick", n. 1. A cudgel; specif., abas- 
ket*hilted stick used in fencing. 2. A bout with 
cudgels, or the art of fencing with them.— sin 'gly, 
adv. Without companions; one by one. 
sing'song", n. 1. Monotonous inflection or 
cadence. 2. Inferior verse; doggerel, 
sin'gu-lar, 1 sirj'giu-lar; 2 sln'gu-lar. I. a. 1. 
Standing by itself; isolated; hence, peculiar; 
odd; remarkable. 2. Denoting a unit; single. 
I!. n. Gram. The singular number, or a word 
in that number, f < L. singularis, < singulus; 
see single.] — sln"gu-lar'l-ty, n. [-ties*, pi.] 

1. The state of being singular; uncommonness. 

2. A peculiarity. 3. A singular or remarkable 
thing.—sin'gu-lar-Iy, adv. 

siil'is-ter, 1 sin'is-tar; 2 sln'is-ter, a. 1. Situ¬ 
ated on the left. 2. Boding disaster; inaus¬ 
picious. 3. Evil. [ < L. p sinister, left.]—Sin'- 
is-tral, a. Of, pertaining to, or turned toward the 
left side or left hand, sin'is-trosej; sin"is-tro'- 
salj; sin'is-troust. 

sink, 1 siqk; 2 sink, v. [sank or sunk; sunk or 
sunk'en; sink'ing.] 1. 1. 1. To submerge, as 
in water. 2. To excavate downward. 3. To 
cause to descend. 4. To debase or degrade. 


5. To diminish, as the voice; depress, as 
stocks; dissipate, as money; suppress, as one’s 
feelings. II. i. 1. To descend by force of grav¬ 
ity, as through a liquid or fluid. 2. To fall or 
fail. 3. To set; decline. 4. To cower; droop; 
shrink. [ < AS. sincan, sink.[— slnk'er, n. 
sink, n. A basin connected with a drain, to 
receive waste water, etc.; a cesspool, or the 
like; hence, a low resort. 

Sinn Fein, 1 shin fen; 2 shin fen. [Ir.] Literally, 
we ourselves: the name of an Irish party origi¬ 
nated, about 1905, for cultural development and 
independent government. 

sin'u-ate, 1 sin'yu-et; 2 sln'yy-at, vt. [-at"ed^ ; 
-at"ing.] To curve in and out; turn; wind. 
[< L. sinuo (pp. sinuatus), < sinus, curve.] -ly, 
adv .— sln"u-a'tion, n. A winding, 
sin'u-ous, 1 sin'yu-us; 2 sln'yu-us, a. Char¬ 
acterized by bends or folds; winding. [ < L. 
sinuosus, < sinus, bend.]— sin"u-os'i-ty, n. 1. 
Sinuous quality. 2. A winding; deflection.— 
sin'u-ous-ly, adv.— sin'u-ous-ness, n. 

Si'on, n. Same as zion. 

sip, 1 sip; 2 sip. I. vt. & vi. [sipped 4 ; sip'ping.] 
To take (a liquid) with the lips in very small 
drafts. II. n. 1. A mere taste. 2. The act of 
sipping. [ < AS. *syppan, < siipan, sup.] 
si'phon, / 1 sai'fen; 2 si'fon. I. vt. & vi. To 
si'fon p , \ draw off by or pass 

through a siphon. II. n. A bent If A 
tube used for drawing liquids fpfp 
over the intervening side of a |gg§| || 

vessel. [F., < Gr. sip/ifln.]—si'- tv! 
plion-age, n. _>* - * * ' | 

sir, 1 sur; 2 sir, n. 1. The conven- K. 

tional term of respectful address to 
men. 2. [S-] [Eng.] A title of baronets ^| | 

and knights. [ < F. & OF. sire, < L. 
senior; see senior.] Siphon. 

Sire, 1 sair; 2 sir. I. vt. [sired; sir'ing ] To be¬ 
get: now used chiefly of animals. II. n. 1. An 
ancestor or progenitor. 2. A form of address 
to a king or prince. [OF. & F.; see sir.] 
si'ren, 1 sai'ren; 2 sl'rSn, n. 1. A fabulous sea* 
nymph, half woman and half bird, that lured 
sailors by song to destruction. 2. Hence: (1) 
A fascinating, dangerous woman. (2) A sweet 
singer. 3. A fog*horn. [ < L. siren, < Gr. 
seirSn, siren.]—si'ren, a. 

Sir'I-us, 1 sir'i-us; 2 slr'i-us, n. The dog*star. 

Sir'loin, 1 sur'lein; 2 slr'loin, n. A loin of beef. 

[ < F. sur, over; and see loin.] sur'loin"J. 
sir'namet, n. Same as surname. 
si-roc'co, 1 si-rok'o; 2 si-roe'o, n. The simoom: 
so called around the Mediterranean. [ < It. 
sirocco, < At. sharq, east.] 
sir'rah ||, 1 sir'a; 2 slr'a, n. Fellow’; sir: used in con¬ 
tempt or annoyance. [ < sir.] 
sir'up, ) 1 sir'up; 2 sir'up, n. A thick sweet 
syr'up, ) liquid, as the boiled juice of fruits, 
sugar*cane, etc. [ < Ar. IT+p sharab, sirup.]— 
sir'up-y, syr'up-y, a. 

Sis'er-a, 1 sis'ar-a; 2 sls'er-a, n. A Canaanite chief¬ 
tain defeated by the Israelites. Judges iv, 2; v, 20. 
sis 'ter, 1 sis'tar; 2 sis'ter, n. 1. A female person 
having the same parents or parent as another. 
2. Hence, a woman or girl allied to another or 
others by some association, as a nun. [ < AS. 
sweostor, sister.]— sis'tcr-hood, n. 1. A body of 
sisters united by some bond. 2. The sisterly rela¬ 
tionship.— sis 'ter sin daw", n. [sisters*in»law, 
pi.] A sister by marriage.— sis'ter-ly, a. 
Sis'tine, a. See under Sixtus. 

Sis'y-plius, 1 sis'i-fus; 2 sls'y-fus, n. Gr. Myth. A 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, Sr; full, rQle; but, b©rn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all;, me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; ii = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdni 









547 


Sindbad 

skim 


king of Corinth, condemned in Hades to roll up¬ 
hill a huge stone that always rolled down again, 
sit, 1 sit; 2 sit, v. [sat or (archaically) sate; 
sat; sit'ting.] I. t. To have or keep a seat 
upon. II. i 1. To rest upon, take or occupy 
a seat. 2. To perch or roost. 3. To remain in 
a seated position. 4. To hold a session. 5. To 
be becoming; fit; suit. [< AS. sittan, sit.]— 
sit'ter, re.— sit'ting, re. 1. The act or position 
of one who sits; hence a seat. 2. A single period 
of uninterrupted application. 3. A session or 
_ term. 4. An incubation, 
site, 1 sait; 2 sit, re. 1. Situation wfith regard 
to surroundings. 2. A plot of ground set apart 
for specific use. [F., < L. situs, pp. of sino, put.] 
sith||, adv., prep, and conj. Since, sitlief. 
sit'u-ate, 1 sidh'u-[or sit'yu-]et; 2 slch'y-for 
sit'yu-]at, I. vt. [-.vr"ED d ; -at"ing.] 1. To fix 
a site for. 2. To locate. II. a. Situated. [ < 
LL. situo, place, < L. situs, site.]—sit"u-a"tion, 
re. 1. The place in which something is situated; 
locality. 2. Condition; status. 3. A post of em¬ 
ployment. 4. A complication; crisis, 
sitz, 1 sits; 2 sits, re. A sitting; as, a sitz bath. [G.] 
Six, 1 siks; 2 siks. I. a. Consisting of one more 
than five. II. re. 1. The sum of five and one. 
2. The symbols 6 or VI. [ < AS. six, six.]— 
six'fold", adv. —six'pence, re. A British silver 
coin of the value of six British pennies, or about 
12 cents.—six'peu"ny, a. —six'teen". I. a. 
Consisting of six more than ten. II. re. 1. The 
sum of ten and six. 2. The symbols 16 or XVI.— 
six'teenth", a. & re.—sixth. I. a. 1. Next in 
order after the fifth. 2. Being one of six equal 
parts. II. re. 1. One of six equal parts. 2. Mus. 
The interval between any note and the sixth note 
above or below it on the diatonic scale.—sixth'- 
ly, adv. —six'ty. I. a. Consisting of ten more 
than fifty. II. re. The sum of ten and fifty; also, 
the symbols representing it, as 60 or LX.—six'- 
tl-eth, a. & re. 

Six'tus, 1 siks'tus; 2 siks'tus, re. One of five popes, 
especially Sixtus V. (1521-1590), Felice Pereth, 
who supported the Spanish Armada.—Sis'tine, 
a. Pertaing to a pope of this name, as the Sis- 
tine Chapel, at the Vatican, built by Sixtus IV. 
siz'a-bl(e p , 1 saiz'a-bl; 2 slz'a-bl, a. Of com¬ 
paratively large or convenient size, size'a- 
bl(c p t.—siz'a-bl(e-ness p , re.—siz'a-bly, adv.. 
Siz'ar, 1 saiz'ar; 2 slz'ar, n. At Cambridge Uni¬ 
versity, England, and Trinity College, Dub¬ 
lin, a student allowed free commons, etc.; for¬ 
merly required to perform menial services, 
sls'arf; siz'erf.—siz'ar-ship, re. 
size 1 , 1 saiz; 2 slz. I. vt. [sized; siz'ing.] 1. To 
gage the size of. 2. To distribute or classify 
according to size. II. re. 1. Comparative 
magnitude or bulk. 2. One in a series of 
graded measures. [ < F. assise, measure, al¬ 
lowance.] 

Size 2 . I. vt. [sized; siz'ing.] To treat with size. 
II. re. A solution of gelatinous material, used 
to glaze a surface, as of paper, siz'ing]:. [< 
Old It. sisa, glue.] [sound. 

Sizz, 1 siz; 2 slz, vi. [Imit.] To make a hissing 
siz'zle, 1 slz'l; 2 slz'l. I. vt. & vi. [siz'zled; siz'- 
zling.] To emit a hissing sound under the action 
of heat. II. re. A hissing sound as from frying or 
effervescence. [Freq. of sizz.] 

S. J., abbr. Society of Jesus.—S. J. C., abbr. Su¬ 
preme Judicial Court, 
skald, re. Same as scald 2 . 

skate, 1 sket; 2 skat, vi. [skat'ed^ ; skat'ing.] 
To move over ice or other smooth surface on 
skates.—skat'er, re. 


skate 1 , re. A flat-bodied fish having a pointed 
snout. [ < Ice. skata, skate.] 
skate 2 , re. A contrivance for the foot, enabling 
the wearer to glide 
rapidly over ice or 
other smooth surface. 

[ < D. schaats, skates.] 
skein, 1 sken; 2 sken, re. A fixed quantity of 
yarn or thread, doubled and knotted. [ < Ir. 
sgainne, < sgain, rend.] 

skel'e-ton, 1 skel'i-tan; 2 skel'e-ton. I. a. Con¬ 
sisting merely of a framework or outline; at¬ 
tenuated. II. re. 1. The framework of an ani¬ 
mal body, composed of bone and cartilage. 

2. Any open framework. 3. A mere sketch or 
outline. [ < Gr. skeleton, dried body.] 

skep'tic, )1 skep'tik; 2 skep'tic, re. 1. One who 
seep'tic, \ questions the fundamental doc¬ 
trines of religion, especially of the Christian 
religion. 2. One who doubts anything. [ < 
Gr. skeptikos, reflective, < skeptomai, consider.] 
—skep'ti-cai, scep'ti-cal, a. skep'ticf; scep'- 
ticf.—skep'[or scep']ti-cal-ly, adv. —skep'[or 
scep']ti-cism, re. 

sketch, 1 1 skedh; 2 skSch. I 1 , vt. & vi. To make 
skech p , ( a sketch. II. re. An incomplete but 
suggestive delineation; outline; a short litera¬ 
ry or dramatic composition. [ < L. IT+U sche- 
dium, < schedius, made suddenly.]—sketch'y, a. 
Like a sketch; rough; unfinished.—sketch'i-ly, 
adv. —sketch'i-ness, re. 

skew, 1 skiu; 2 sku. I. vt. & vi. To put askew; 
move obliquely; sidle. II. a. Askew. III. re. 
1. A distortion; perversion. 2. A squint. [< 
D. schuwen, < schuw, shy.) 
skew'er, 1 skiu'ar; 2 sku'er. I. vt. To run 
through with a skewer. II. re. A long pin, as 
of wood, used chiefly for fastening meat to 
keep it in shape while roasting. [ < skiver, re.] 
Ski, 1 sld or ( Norw .) shl; 2 ski or ( Norw.) shi. I. 
vi. To slide on skis. II. re. [ski or skis, pi.] A 
runner (6-12 ft. long by 4V 2 -6 in. wide) at¬ 
tached to the foot after the manner of a snow- 
shoe, for sliding over snow or ice. [Dan.] 
ski'a-graph, 1 skai'a-graf; 2 ski'a-graf, re. A per¬ 
manent shadow-picture produced by Roent¬ 
gen rays passing through the object and falling 
upon a sensitive photographic film. Compare 
fluoroscope; Roentgen rays. [< Gr. skia, 
shadow, -f grapho, write.] ra'di-o-graph"t; 
sci'a-graphf; shad'ow-graph"t; ski'[or sci']- 
a-grainf; sko'to-graph"f. 
ski'a-scope, 1 skai'a-sk5p; 2 ski'a-seop, re. See 
fluoroscope. [< Gr. skia, shadow, + skopeO, 
view.] 

skid, 1 skid; 2 skid, re. 1. One of a pair of tim¬ 
bers to support a heavy tilting or rolling ob¬ 
ject. 2. Naut. A fender over a vessel’s side. 

3. A shoe or drag on a wagon-wheel. [ < Ice. 
skldh, small stick of wood.] 

Skif(f p , 1 skif; 2 skif, re. A small, light rowboat. 

[ < OF. esquif, < MHG. skif, ship.] 
skil(l p , 1 skil; 2 skil, re. The familiar knowledge 
of any science, art, or handicraft, with prac¬ 
tical efficiency. [ < Ice. skil, knowledge.]— 
skilled, a. Expert; proficient.—skil'ful, a. 1. 
Having skill; clever; dexterous; able. 2. Showing 
or requiring skill, skill'fulf. 
skil'let, 1 skil'et; 2 skil'St, re. A small kettle or 
frying-pan. [ < L. OF scutella, < scutra, dish.] 
skim, 1 skim; 2 skim, vt. & vi. [skimmed, 
skimd 8 ; skim'ming.] 1. To remove floating 



Skate. 


1:» = final; i = hablt^ aisle; au = out; ©il; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; u = sirep; thin, this. 
2;wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










skimp 

slew 


548 


matter from the surface of a liquid. 2. To 
move lightly over the surface of; hence, to 
glance over superficially. [For scum, r.] —• 
skim'nier, n. 1. A flat ladle or other utensil for 
skimming. 2. One who skims.—skim'-milk", n. 
Milk from which the cream has been removed.— 
skim'ming, n. 1. The act of one who or that 
which skims. 2. That which is skimmed off. 
Skimp, 1 skimp; 2 skimp, vt. & vi. To supply 
stingily; dole out; stint; also, to slight,as work. 
[For scamp, ».]— skimp'ing, skimp'y, a. 
Skin, 1 skin; 2 skin. I. vt. & vi. [skinned, 
skind 8 ; skin'ning.] 1. To strip the skin from. 
2. To cover or become covered with skin. II. 
n. 1. The membranous external covering of 
an animal. 2. A pelt. 3. A vessel made of 
skin. 4. An outside layer; membrane. [< 
AS. scinn, < Ice. skinn, skin.]— skin'-deep", a. 
& adv. Superficial; superficially.— skin'flint", 
n. A miser.— skin'less, a. Destitute of skin.— 
skin'ner, n. — skln'ny, a. [skin'ni-er; skin'- 
ni-est.] 1. Consisting of or like skin. 2. Wanting 
flesh so that the skin is wrinkled.— skin'ni-ly, 
adv. — skin 'ni-ness, n. 

Skip, 1 skip; 2 slap. I. vt. & vi. [skipped 1 ; 
skip 7 ping.] To jump lightly over; omit: caper. 
II. n. 1. A light bound. 2. A passing over 
without notice. [Prob. < Ir. sgiob, snatch.] 
skip'per 1 , n. One who or that w’hich skips, 
skip'per 2 , n. The master of a small trading* 
vessel. [< D. schipper, sailor, < schip, ship.] 
skir'mish, 1 skur'mi^h; 2 sklr'mish. I 1 , vi. To 
fight in a preliminary or desultory way. II. n. 
A light combat, as between small parties. [ < 
F. escarmouche, fight.]—skir'mish-er, n. 
skirt, 1 skurt; 2 skirt. I d . vt. & vi. To lie along 
the edge of; be on or move along an edge or 
border. II. n. 1. That part of a garment that 
hangs from or below the waist; a petticoat; 
the loose hanging part of various things. 2. 
Margin; border. [ < Ice. slcyrta, shirt.] 
skit'tish, 1 skit'i^h; 2 sklt'ish, a. 1. Easily 
frightened; timid. 2. Capricious; uncertain; 
tricky. [ < Sw. skutta, leap, < skjuta, shoot.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Skive, 1 skaiv; 2 sklv, vt. [skived; skiv'inc,.] 
To shave or pare the surface of, as of leather; 
also, to grind off, as the surface of a gem. [ < 
Ice. ski/a, a slice.]—skiv'er, n. 

Skr., Skt., abbr. Sanskrit. 

Skulk 1 , 1 skulk; 2 skulk, vi. To move about a 
place furtively or slyly. [ < Dan. skulke, 
skulk.]—skulk'er, n. 

skull, ) 1 skul; 2 skul, n. The framework of the 
skul p , $ head of a vertebrate animal; cranium. 
£ ^ Ice skal ] 

skull'cap", 1 skul'kap"; 2 skiil'cap", n. A 
plant of wet shady places, 
with large solitary blue 
flowers. 

Skull '«cap", n. A cap close¬ 
ly fitting the skull, 
skunk, 1 skurjk; 2 skunk, 
n. An American noctur¬ 
nal, burrowing carnivore, 
with a bushy tail and large 
anal glands that secrete a 
liquid of very offensive 
odor. [ < Am. Ind. se- skunk. »/« 
ganku .] 

Sky, 1 skai; 2 sky, n. [skies 2 , pi.] 1. The blue 
vault, or a part of it, that seems to bend over 
the earth. 2. The upper regions of the atmos¬ 


phere. 3. Heaven. [ < Ice. sky, cloud.]— 
sky 'lark", n . A lark that mounts singing toward 
the sky. — sky 'Iark"ing, n . Boisterous sport or 
frolicking. — sky 'light", n. A w indow facing 
skyward. — sky '=rock"et, n . A rocket used for 
display and discharged skyward. —sky'sail", n . 
A light sail above the royal in a square-rigged 
vessel. —sky'scrap"er, n . Anything that ex¬ 
tends high into the air, as a tall building. —sky'- 
ward, adv. Toward the sky. sky'wardsf. 

S. L., abbr. Sergeant at Law r , Solicitor at Law.— 
S. 1., S. lat., abbr. South latitude, 
slab, 1 slab; 2 slab, n . 1. The outside cut made 
from a log in sawing it into boards. 2. Any 
flat plate-like substance. [ < Norw. sleip , 
slippery.] 

slab'ber, 1 slab'ar; 2 slab'er, vt. & vi. To wet 
with saliva; spill or drip from the mouth. [ < 
MD. slabberen, frcq. of slabben, slaver.] 
slack 1 , ( 1 slak, slak'n; 2 slak, slak'n, v. I. t. 
slack'en, \ 1. To make slack; loosen; relax; re¬ 
tard. 2. To slake, as lime. II. i. 1. To become 
slack, remiss, or negligent. 2. To slake, 
slack, a. 1. Hanging or extended loosely. 2. 
Remiss; careless. 3. Lacking activity or ur¬ 
gency. 4. Listless; feeble; sluggish. [< AS. 
slsec, slack.]— slack, adv. slack'lyj. — slack'er, 
n. One w r ho shirks his duties; specif., one who 
seeks to evade enlistment in the military service, 
—slack'ness, n. 

slack 1 , n . The part of anything, as a rope, that 
is slack or loose; also, a slack condition, 
slack-, n . Small coal; coal-dirt or -screenings. 

[ < G. schlacke, slack.] 

slag, 1 slag; 2 slag, n . 1. Metallic dross sepa¬ 
rated in the reduction of ores. 2. Volcanic 
scoria. [ < Sw. slagg, refuse.] 
slake, 1 slek; 2 slak, v . [slaked 1 ; slak'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To render inoperative or harmless; 
quench; appease. 2. To mix w’ith water, as 
lime. 3. To make slack. II. i . To become 
disintegrated by absorbing and combining 
with water: said of lime. [ < AS. sleacian , < 
slave , slack.] 

slam, 1 slam; 2 slim. I. vt. & vi. [slammed, 
slamd 8 ; slam'ming.] To pull or push to, or 
strike against something, with violence and 
a loud noise; bang. II. n. A closing or strik¬ 
ing with a bang. [ < Sw\ sldmma, slam.] 
slan'der, 1 slan'dar; 2 slan'der. S. vt. & vi. To 
injure by maliciously uttering a false report; 
defame; calumniate. II. n. A false tale or re¬ 
port uttered with malice; defamation. [< 
Gr.LL+OF skandalon , snare.)— slan'der-er, n .— 
slan'der-ous, a. 1. Uttering slander. 2. Con¬ 
taining or constituting slander; calumnious, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

slang, 1 slag; 2 slang, n. Inelegant and unau¬ 
thorized popular language. [ < sling, r.]— 
siang'y, a .— slang'I-Iy, adv — slang'i-ness, n . 
slank, imp. of slink, v. 

slant, 1 slant; 2 slant. I d . vt. & vi. To give an 
oblique or sloping direction to; inclire; lean. 
II. a. Lying at an angle; sloping. III. n. A 
slanting direction, course, or plane; slope; in¬ 
cline. [ < Sw. sldnta. slant.] -ing-ly, adv. 
slant-Iy||t; slant'wisej. -ing-ness, n. 
slap, 1 slap; 2 slap. I. vt. [slapped 1 , slapt 8 ; 
slap'ping.] To deal a slap to or w r ith. II. n. 
A blow delivered with the open hand or with 
something flat. III. adv. [Colloq.] Abruptly; 
plump. [ < LG. slapp, < slappen, slap.] 
slash, 1 sla^h; 2 sl&sh. I 1 , vt. & vi . To strike, 
with a long sweeping stroke or strokes, as 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 







549 


skimp 

slew 


with a cutting instrument or with a whip; 

slit; gash. II. n. A sweeping random cut or 
stroke; a slit or gash. [< OF. esclescher, 

sever.]—slash'er, n— slash'ing, a. & n. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

slat, 1 slat; 2 slat, n. A thin, flat, narrow strip, 
as of wood. [ < OF. esclat, splinter, chip.] 
slate, 1 slet; 2 slat. I. vt. [slat'ed^ ; slat'ing.] 

1. To roof with slate. 2. To put on a political 
slate. II. n. 1. Any kind of rock that splits 
readily into even layers; also, a piece of such 
rock shaped for roofing, writing upon, etc. 

2. U. S. Polit. A list of candidates, made up 
beforehand for nomination or appointment. 
[< OF. esclat; see slat, n.] — slat'er, n. — slat'¬ 
ing, n. — slat'y, a. Composed of or like slate. 

slat'tern, 1 slat'ern; 2 slat'ern, n. A negligent 
or untidy woman.— slat'tern-ly, a. & adv. 
slaughter, ) 1 sle'tor; 2 sla'ter. I. vt. 1. To 
slau'ter p , 3 kill wantonly or savagely, espe¬ 
cially in large numbers. 2. To butcher. II. n. 
1. Wanton or savage killing; massacre. 2. 
Butchering. [ < Ice. sldtr, a slaughtering.]— 
slaugh'ter-er, n.— slaughter=house", n. A 
place where animals are butchered. 

Slav, 1 slav or slav; 2 slav or slav, n. A member 
of one of various people of northern or eastern 
Europe, as a Russian, Bulgarian, Croatian, 
Pole, Serbian, etc. [ < G. sklave.] 

Slav., abbr. Slavic, Slavonian, Slavonic, 
slave, 1 slev; 2 slav. I. vt. & vi. [slaved; slav'- 
ing.] To work like a slave; toil; drudge. II. n. 
A person in slavery; bondman; drudge. [ < F. 
esclave, < G. sklave, < Sklave, Slav.] —slave'- 
hold"er, n. An owner of slaves.—slave 'hold"- 
lng, n. 

slav'er, 1 slav'er; 2 slav'er, vt. & vi. To dribble 
saliva over; drivel; drool. [< Ice. slafra, 
slaver.l— slav'er-er, n. 

slav'er 1 , 1 slev'or; 2 slav'er, n. A person or a 
vessel engaged in the slave*trade. 

Slav'er 2 ,1 slav'er; 2 slav'er, n. Drivel, 
slav'er-y, 1 slev'er-i; 2 slav'er-y, n. 1. Involun¬ 
tary servitude; complete subjection of one 
person to another. 2. Mental, moral, or spiri¬ 
tual bondage, as to appetite. 3. Drudgery. 
Slav'ic, 1 slav'ik; 2 slav'ic, a. & n. Same as Sla¬ 
vonic. 

slav'ish, 1 slev'ish; 2 slav'ish, a. 1. Pertaining 
to or befitting a slave; servile; base. 2. En¬ 
slaved.— Slav 'ish-ly, adv.— slav'ish-ness,n. 
Sla-vo'ni-an, 1 sla-vo'ni-an; 2 sla-vo'ni-an. I. 
a. 1. Relating to Slavonia, a Jugo'Slav 
state. 2. Slavonic. II. n. 1. A native of 

Slavonia. 2. A Slav. 

Sla-von'ic, 1 sla-ven'ik; 2 sla-von'ic, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to Slavs or their languages. 2. Sla¬ 
vonian. 

slaw, 1 sle; 2 sla, n.^Cabbage sliced or chopped, 
and served, raw or cooked, as a salad. [ < D. 
slaa, < salaad, salad.] 

slay, 1 sle; 2 sla, vt. [slew; slain; slay'ing.] 
To kill, especially by violence. [ < AS. slean, 

slay.] —slay'er, n. 
sld., abbr. Sailed. 

slea'zy, 1 sll'zi; 2 sle'zy, a. Thin and flimsy. 

[ < G. schleissig, worn out, < schleissen, rend.]— 
slea'zi-ly, adv .— slea'zi-ness, n. 
sled, 1 sled; 2 sled. I. vt. & vi. [sled'ded^; 
sled'ding.] To convey on a sled; use a sled. 
II. n. A vehicle on runners, designed for use 
on snow and ice. [ < D. slede, < V of slide. 1 
sledge 1 , 1 slej; 2 slgdg, n. 1. A vehicle mounted | 


on runners, or a dragdike vehicle for travel 
over snow and ice. See illus. below. 2. A sled. 
3. [Eng.] A hurdle. [For sled, n.] 
sledge 2 , n. A heavy hammer for blacksmiths' 
use, or for breaking stone, etc. 

[ < AS. slecg, < slean, strike.] 
sledge'5ham"merf. 
sleek, 1 slik; 2 slelc. I 1 , vt. 1. To 
make smooth, even, 
or glossy. 2. To 
soothe; mollify. 3. 

To smooth over. 

II. a. 1. Smooth Siberian 

and glossy. 2. Post=sledge. 

Smoothspoken; oily; flattering. [ < Ice. sllkr 
sleek, < V in slink, ».] -ly, adv. -ness, n . 
sleep, 1 slip; 2 slep, v. [slept; sleep'ing.] 1. 1. 
To rest or repose in (sleep); as, to sleep the 
sleep of death. II. i. 1. To be asleep; slumber. 
2. To be dormant, quiet, or benumbed. [ < 
AS. slsepan, sleep.] 

sleep, 71 . 1. A state or period of complete or 
partial unconsciousness, normal and periodic 
in the higher animals; slumber. 2. Any con¬ 
dition of inactivity or rest; specif., the rest 
of the grave; death. [< AS. sleep, < slxp- 
an, sleep.]—sleep 'i-ly, adv. In a sleepy man¬ 
ner; drowsily.—sleep'i-ness, n. Drowsiness.— 
sleep'ing=car", n. A passenger railway=car with 
accommodations for sleeping.—sleep'less, a. 
Unable to sleep; wakeful; wide awake; restless; 
unquiet, -ly, adv. -ness, n. Wakefulness; in¬ 
somnia. — sleep'swalk"er, n. One who walks 
in his sleep; a somnambulist.—sleepGwalk"- 
ing, n.—sleep'y, a. [sleep'i-er; sleep'i-est.] 
Inclined to sleep; drowsy; sluggish; dull; heavy; 
conducive to sleep. 

sleep'er 1 , 1 sllp'ar; 2 slep'er, n. 1. One who 
sleeps; figuratively, a dead person. 2. [U. S.] A 
sleeping=car. [ < AS. sleepere, < slsepan, sleep.] 
sleep'er 2 , n, A heavy beam resting on or in 
the ground, as a support for a roadway, rails, 
etc. [ < Norw. sleip.\ 

sleet, 1 slit; 2 slet. I d . vi. To deposit or let fall 
sleet. II. n. A drizzling or driving of partly 
frozen rain, or rain that freezes as it falls. 
[Perh. < Norw. sletta, slap.]—sleet'y, a. 
sleev(e p , 1 sliv; 2 sI6v. I. vt. [sleev(e)d p ; 
sleev'ing.] To furnish with a sleeve. II. n. 

1. The part of a garment that covers the arm. 

2. Mech. A tube surrounding something. [ < 
AS. slefe, prob. < slupan, slip.] 

sleigh, 1 sle; 2 sle, n. A light vehicle with run¬ 
ners, for use on snow and ice. [ < D. slede, < 
V of slide.]— sleigh 'ing, n. 1. The act of riding 
in a sleigh. 2. The condition of the roads that 
admits of using a sleigh. 

sleight, ) 1 slait; 2 slit, n. 1. The quality of 
slight 8 , 3 being skilful in manipulation. 2. A 
juggler’s trick. [ < Ice. slsegdh, < slxgr, cun¬ 
ning.] —sleight of hand, legerdemain, 
slen'der, 1 slen'dor; 2 slen'der, a. 1. Slim; 
thin; feeble; frail. 2. Having slight founda¬ 
tion. 3. Moderate; insignificant. [< OF. 
esclendre, < MD. slinder, slender, < slinderen, 
drag.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. • 
slept, 1 slept; 2 slept, imp. & pp. of sleep, v. 
sleuth, 1 slufh; 2 sluth, n. 1. The track of man 
or beast, as followed by the scent. 2. [Colloq. 
U. S.] A detective. [< Ice. sloth, trail ] — 
sleuth, vt. & vt. To follow as a detective; play 
the detective. — sleuth Miound", n. A blood* 
hound, s.sdogf. 
slew, 1 siu; 2 sly, imp. of slay, v. 



I: 3 = final; i = hablt: aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; cfhin; go; r)==sin^; thin, this. 
2; wplf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











slice 

smatter 


550 


slice, 1 slais; 2 sIIq. I. vt. [sliced 4 ; slic'ing.] 

1. To cut into broad, thin pieces. 2. To cut 
from a larger piece. 3. To sunder; split. II. 
n. 1. A piece; especially, a thin, broad piece 
cut off from a larger body. 2. One of various 
tools for slicing. [ < OHG. OF slizan, slice.]— 
slic'er, n. 

slick, 1 slik; 2 slik. I*, vt. To make smooth, trim, 
glossy, or oily. II. a. 1. Smooth; slippery. 

2. Flattering; obsequious. [Var. of sleek.] 

slid, 1 slid; 2 slid, imp. & pp. of slide, v. 

slide, 1 slaid; 2 slid. I. vt. & vi. [slid; slid or 
slid'den; slid'ing.] 1. To pass along over a 
surface with a smooth, slipping movement. 
2. To move easily and smoothly. 3. To pass 
gradually. II. n. 1. Something that slides. 

The act of sliding. 3. A place where per¬ 
sons or things slide. [ < AS. slldan, slide.]— 
slid 'er, n. 

slight, 1 slcut; 2 slit. I d . vt. 1. To manifest in¬ 
tentional neglect of. 2. To do imperfectly or 
carelessly. II. a. 1. Of small importance; in¬ 
considerable. 2. Slender; frail. III. n. A dis¬ 
paraging or neglectful action. [ < OD. slicht, 
plain.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — slight'Ing, pa. 
-ly, adv. 

sli'ly, adv. Same as slyly. 

slim, a. [slim'mer; slim'mest.] 1. Small in 
thickness in proportion to height or length. 

2. Having little logical strength; weak. 3. 
Constructed unsubstantially; flimsy. [< Ir. 
slim, thin, or MD. slim, bad.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Slime, 1 slaim; 2 slim. I. vt. & vi. [slimed; 
slim'ing.] To smear, cover, or become cov¬ 
ered, with slime. II. n. Any soft, sticky, or 
dirty substance, as mud. [ < AS. slim, slime.] 
—slim'y, a. [slim'i-er; slim'i-est.] 1. Covered 
or bedaubed with slime. 2. Containing slime. 3. 
Slime-like; hence, nauseous.—slim'i-ly, adv. — 
slfm'i-ness, n. 

sling, 1 slip; 2 sling. I. vt. [slung; sling'ing.] 

1. To fling from a 
sling; hurl; fling. 2. 

To hang up as in a 
sling. II. n. 1. A 
strap or pocket with 
a string attached to 
each end, for hurl¬ 
ing a stone or other 
missile. 2. One of 
various construc¬ 
tions, as of rope, for 
suspending or 
hoisting something. Double Chain-slings. 

3. A Sudden throw; «. With sliding hooks; b, with fixed 
cast; fling. [< AS. hooka - 

slingan, sling.]—sling'er, n. One who slings. 

slink, 1 slirjk; 2 slink, vi. [slunk or slank; 
slink'ing.] To creep away or steal along 
furtively. [< AS. slincan, creep, < V of G. 
schleichen, creep.] 

slip, 1 slip; 2 slip. I. vt. & vi. [slipped 4 or 
slipt; slip'ping.] 1. To cause to glide or 
slide. 2. To let loose; go free. 3. To lose one’s 
footing. 4. To err. 5. To escape; leave slyly. 
II. n. 1. The act'of slipping; a sudden slide. 

2. A lapse in conduct; a fault. 3. A small nar¬ 
row piece of something; strip. 4. A space or 
passage long in proportion to its width. 5. 
A cutting from a plant. 6. Something that 
may be slipped on or off. [ < AS. slipan .]— 
slip-knot", n. 1. A bow-knot. 2. A running 
knot.—slip'per, n. A low light shoe, for indoor 


wear.—slip'pered, a.— slip'per-i-ness, n. The 
state or quality of being slippery.—slip'per-y, 
a. 1. Having a surface so smooth that bodies 
slip easily on it. 2. Elusive; tricky.—slip'- 
shod, a. Down at the heel; slovenly. 

Slit, 1 slit; 2 slit. I. vt. [slit or slit'ted^ ; slit'- 
ting.] 1. To make a long incision in. 2. To 
cut lengthwise into strips. II. «. A cut that 
is relatively long; also, a long and narrow 
opening. [ < AS. slite, < slitan, slit.] 
sliv'er, 1 sliv'er; 2 sllv'er. I. vt. & vi. 1. To 
cut or split into long thin pieces. 2. To cut 
or break off. II. n. 1. A splinter. 2. Corded 
textile fibers drawn into a fleecy strand. [ < 
AS. sllfan, cleave.] 
slob'her, v. & n. Same as slabber. 
sloe, 1 slo; 2 slo, n. A small plum-like astringent 
fruit; also, the shrub that bears it; the black¬ 
thorn. [ < AS. sla, sloe.] 

Slo'gan, 1 slo'gan; 2 slo'gan, n. A battle- or 
rallying-cry: originally of the Highland clans. 

[ < Gael, sluagh, army, + gairm, yell.] 
sloid, ) 1 sleid; 2 sloyd, n. A system of ele- 
sloyd, S mentary manual training originating 
in Sweden, having exercises graduated from 
the simplest use of tools to the most complete 
joinery. [< Sw. slojd, skill.] slojdj. 
sloop, 1 slup; 2 sloop, n. A single-masted fore* 
and-aft rigged vessel, 
of broad beam. [ < D. 
sloep, perhaps < OF. 
chalupe, shallop.] 
slop, 1 slop; 2 slop, v. 

[slopped or slopt; 

SLOP'PING.] I. t. l.To 
cause to dash over; 
spill. 2. T o make 
sloppy. II. i. To dash 
over; spill. 

slop, 7i. 1. A liquid that 
has been slopped. 2. 
pi. Waste and dirty 
water. 3. pi. Thin 
liquid food; any weak 
beverage. [< AS. 
sloppe, droppings of a 
cow, < slupan, slip.]— 
slop'py, a. [slop'pi- Sloop. 

er; slop'pi-est.] Muddy; splashy; slovenly.— 
slop'pi-ly, adv. —slop'pj-ness, n. 
slope, 1 slop; 2 slop. I. vt. & vi. [sloped 4 ; 
slor'ing.] To incline or be inclined from the 
level or the vertical; slant. II. n. Any slant¬ 
ing surface or line; a declivity or acclivity. 
[< AS. slopen, pp. of slupen, slip.]— slop'ing, a. 
-ly, adv. 

slops, n. pi. [Naut. or Colloq.] Cheap ready¬ 
made clothing; among sailors, clothes, bed¬ 
ding, etc. [ < Ice. sloppr, < sleppa, slip.]— 
slop'-shop", n. A shop for the sale of cheap 
clothing.—s.swork, n. Manufacture of cheap 
ready-made clothing; also, any cheap work. 
slot 1 , 1 slot; 2 sl5t, n. A long narrow groove or 
opening; slit. [ < AS. slat, pret. of slitan, slit.] 
slot 2 , n. The trail of an animal, as a deer. [ < 
Ice. sldth, trail.] 

Sloth, 1 sldth or sloth; 2 sloth or sloth, n. 1. 
Disinclination to exertion; laziness. 2. A 
slow-moving tree-dwelling mammal of trop¬ 
ical America. [< AS. slaw, slow.]—sloth 
ful, a. Sluggish; lazy; indolent, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Slouch, 1 slouch; 2 slouch. I‘. vt. & vi. 1. T 0 
hang or droop in a careless manner. 2. Tq 




1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; 


not, or; full, rflle; but, bum; 
i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 












551 


slice 

smatter 


have a downcast or clownish look or manner. 
II. n. 1. A movement or appearance caused 
as by depression or drooping. 2. An awk¬ 
ward, heavy, clownish fellow. [ < Ice. slokr.] 

— slouch'y, a.— slouch'i-ly, adv.— slouch'i- 
ness, n. 

Slough 1 , ) 1 sluf; 2 sluf, vt. & vi. To cast off, or 
sluf 1 *, ) be cast off, as dead tissue. 
slough 1 , 1 slau; 2 slou, n. A place of deep mud 
or mire; bog. [ < AS. sloh, < Ir. sloe, hollow, 
< slugaim, I swallow.]— slough 'y 1 , a. Swampy. 
slough 2 , 1 sluf; 2 sluf, n. 1. Dead tissue sep¬ 
arated and cast off from the living parts. 2. 
A skin, as of a serpent, that has been shed. 
[< V of slip.] —slough'y 2 , a. Containing dead 
tissue; tending to slough. 

slov'en, 1 sluv'n; 2 slov'n, n. One habitually 
untidy. ( < AID. slof, negligent man.]— 
slov'en-li-ness, n.—slov'en-ly, a. & adv. 
slow, 1 slo; 2 slo. I. vt. & vi. To slacken in 
speed. II. a. 1. Having small velocity; not 
quick. 2. Behind the standard, as a time¬ 
piece. 3. Not hasty. 4. Mentally sluggish. 
[ < AS. slaw, slow.]— slow -hound", n. A sleuth* 
hound.— s.*match, n. A slowly burning fuse.— 
slow'ly, adv . slowf.—slow'ness, n . 
sloyd, n. See sloid. 

sludge, 1 sluj; 2 sludg, n . Slimy mud; slush. 
[Prob. < D. slljk, dirt.] 

slue, 1 slu; 2 slu. I. vt. & vi. [slued; slu'ing.] 
To sling around; turn about. II. n. A sluing 
or turning. [Cp. Ice. snua, turn.] slew}, 
slug, 1 slug; 2 slug, vt. & vi. [slugged; slug'ging.] 
[Slang.] To strike heavily or brutally. l< AS. 
sloh, pret. of slean, smite.] 
slug 1 , n. Any small rounded or irregular chunk 
of metal; especially, one used as a bullet or 
missile. [Prob. < Dan. slug, sluggish.] 
slug 2 , n. 1. A gastropod of elongated form 
having no 
visible 
shell. 2. 

A slug- 
g a r d ; 
drone. [< I 
Dan. slug, 
sluggish.] 
slu.g'- 
gard, 1 
slug'ard; 

2 slug'- 

ard, n. A person habitually lazy or idle; a 
drone. [ < Dan. slug, sluggish.] 
slug'gish, 1 slug'isli; 2 slug'ish, a. 1. Slow 7 ; in¬ 
active; torpid. 2. Habitually idle and lazy. 
[< Dan. slug, sluggish.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
sluice, 1 slus; 2 slug. I. vt. [sluiced 1 ; sluic - 



Slugs. 

1. Common slug. 2. Sea slug. 



Section of a Miner’s Sluice. 
ing.] To operate with a sluice; w 7 ash in a 
sluice. II. n. Any artificial channel for con¬ 
ducting water, or the stream so conducted; a 
flood*gate; flume. [< L. F exeludo, exclude.] 
slum, 1 slum; 2 slum. I. vi. To visit slums as 
from curiosity or charity. II. n. A lqw, filthy 
quarter of a city or town. [ < Akin to slump ] 
—slum'mer, n— slum'ming, n. 
slum'her, 1 slum'bar; 2 slum'ber. I. vt. 1. To 
sleep. 2. To be inactive. II. n. Sleep; for¬ 


merly, fight sleep; more recently, complete, 
quiet sleep. [ < AS. sluma, slumber.]— slum'- 
ber-er, n. — slum'ber-ing-ly, adv. — slum '- 
ber-ous, a. Inviting to, being in, suggesting or 
resembling slumber; soporific; drowsy; sleepy, 
slum'brousf. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
slump, 1 slump; 2 slump. I 1 , vi. To break 
through a crust and sink down; collapse. II. 
n. A breaking through; collapse. [Akin to 
Dan. slumpe, stumble suddenly.] 
slung, 1 slur); 2 slung, imp. & pp. of sling, v. 
slung—shot", 1 slug—sliet"; 2 slung-shot", n. 
A weight attached to a thong or cord; a ruf¬ 
fian’s weapon. 

slunk, 1 slupk; 2 slunk, imp. & pp. of slink, v. 
slur, 1 slur; 2 slur. I. vt. [slurred, slurd 8 ; 
slur'ring.] 1. To slight; disparage. 2. To 
suppress; conceal. 3. To run together, as 
words. 4. To smear; soil. II. n. 1. A dis¬ 
paraging remark or insinuation; disparage¬ 
ment; stigma. 2. Mus. A curved line ( w or 
) indicating that tones so tied are to be 
sung to the same syllable. 3. A blur. [ < AID. 
sleuren, train.] 

slush, 1 slusb; 2 slush, n. 1. Soft, sloppy mate¬ 
rial, as melting snow 7 or soft mud. 2. Greasy 
material used for lubrication, etc. [For 
sludge.] —slush'y, a. 

slut, 1 slut; 2 slut, n. 1. A female dog; bitch. 2. 
A slatternly woman. [ < Sw. dial, slata, slut, 
< slola, droop.]— slut'tlsh, a. Slatternly; dirty, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

sly, 1 slai; 2 sly, a. [sli'er or sly'er; sli'est or 
sly'est.] Artful in doing things secretly; cun¬ 
ning; crafty. [< Ice. slsegr, sly, perhaps < V 
of slay, r.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

S. M., abbr. Sa Majesty (F„ His, or Her, Majesty), 
senior magistrate, Sergeant*Major, short meter. 
Sons of Malta. State Militia. 
smack 1 , 1 smak; 2 smak. I 1 , vt. & vi. To give 
or make a smack. II. n. A quick sharp sound, 
as of the lips; a noisy kiss; a sounding blow 
or slap. [ < AID. smacken, strike.] 
smack 2 . I 1 , vi. To have a taste or flavor. II. n. 

1. A suggestive tincture, taste, or flavor. 2. 
A mere taste. [< AS. smsec, taste.] 

smack 3 , n. A small coasting* or fishing=vessel. 
[< MD. smacke, smack.] 

small, 1 smel; 2 smal, a. 1. Relatively inferior 
in size, amount, or quantity; diminutive; 
little; slight; unimportant. 2. Paltry; mean. 
3. Alildly alcoholic: as, small beer. [< AS. 
smsel, small; cp. Goth, smals, small.]— small 
arms, portable firearms.— small-clothes", n. 
pi. A man’s nether garments; knee*breeches.— 
s. fry, small people or things.— small 'ish, a. — 
small'ness, n. — small'pox", n. An acute, spe¬ 
cific, infectious disease characterized by deep*seat- 
ed pustules.— s. talk, trivial conversation, 
smart, 1 smart; 2 smart. I d . vi. To experience 
an acute painful sensation, bodily or mental. 

II. a. A. Quick in thought or action; clever. 

2. Impertinently witty. 3. Stinging; pungent. 

III. n. An acute stinging sensation; distress; 
suffering. [ < AS. smeortan.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

smash, 1 sma^h; 2 smash. I 1 , vt. & vt. 1. To 
break in pieces; shiver; shatter. 2. To put out 
of shape; crush. II. n. An act or incident of 
smashing; destruction. [ < Sw. dial, smaska, 
smack.] 

smat'ter, 1 smat'ar; 2 smat'er, vt. & vi. To 
have but a smattering of; talk superficially. 
[< Sw. smattra, crackle.] — smat'ter-er, n. — 


1*8 = final’ l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; IQ = feud; <fhin; go; 0 = Bing; fhin, this. 
2: wolf, dp’; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; dll, boy: fro. fcem: ipk; thin. this. 













sm. c. 
snob 


552 


smat'ter-ing, n. A superficial degree or kind 
of knowledge. -ly, adv. [Short meter double, 
sm. c., abbr. Small capitals. —S. M. D., abbr. 
smear, 1 smir; 2 smer. I. vt. To bedaub or 
cover with a viscous substance. II. n. A 
soiled spot made by some viscous or fluid 
substance. [ < AS. srneru, grease.] 
smell, / 1 smel; 2 smgl, v. [smelled or smelt, 
smel p , 3 smeld 8 ; smell'ing.] I. t. 1. To per¬ 
ceive by means of the nose and its olfactory 
nerves; scent. 2. To test by odor. II. i. 1. 
To emit an odor or perfume. 2. To be mal¬ 
odorous. 3. To use the sense of smell; sniff; 
snuff: often followed by of. [Akin to D. 
smeulen, < LG. smelen, smolder.) — smell 'cr, n. 
smell, n. 1. That sense by means of which 
odors are perceived. 2. An odor; perfume. 
smelt d , 1 smelt; 2 sm£lt, vt. & vi. To reduce 
(ores) by fusion in a furnace. [ < D. smelten, 
melt, or Dan. smelte.] — smelt'er, n.— smelt '- 
er-y, n. An establishment for smelting, 
smelt, 7i. A small silvery food*fish, of north¬ 
ern seas. [ < AS. 
smelt, smelt.] 

smi'lax, 1 srr... . . 

laks; 2 smi'laks, 
n. A d e 1 i c ate 
twining plant of 
the lily family, 
from South Africa, with greenish flowers. [ < 
Gv.^smilax, yew.) 

smile, 1 smail; 2 smil. I. vi. [smiled; smil'- 
ing.] 1. To give a smile; wear a cheerful as¬ 
pect. 2. To show approval. II. n. 1. A 
pleased or amused expression of the face, char¬ 
acterized by lateral upward extension of the 
lips. 2. A pleasant aspect. 3. Favor; blessing. 
[< Sw. smila . smile.]—smil'lng-ly, adv. 
smirch, 1 smurdh; 2 smirch. I 1 , vt. 1. To soil; 
smear. 2. To defame. II. n. The act of 
smirching. [ < AS. smerian, smear.] 
smirk, 1 smurk; 2 smirk. Ib vi. To smile in a 
silly or affected manner. II. n. An affected 
or artificial smile. [ < AS. smercian, smirk.] 
—smirk 'ing-ly, adv. 

smite, 1 smait; 2 smlt, vt. [smote or smit; 
smit'ten or smit; smit'ing.] 1. To strike 
(something) with sudden force. 2. To cut or 
break by a blow; afflict; devastate. 3. To 
affect powerfully with sudden feeling. [ < 
AS. smltan, stroke.]—smit'er, n. 



American Smelt. 


smith’, 1 smith; 2 smith, n. One who shapes 
metals as by hammering. [ < AS. smith, 
smith.]—smith'er-y, n. [-ies*, pi.] A smith’s 
shop.—smith 'y, n. [-ies z , pi.] 1 . A place where 
a smith w'orks; a forge. 2. A smith. 

Smith 2 , n. 1. Adam (1723-1790), a Scottish politi¬ 
cal economist; Wealth of Nations. 2. Goldwin 
(1823-1910), an English critic and publicist. 3. 
Captain John (1579-1631), an English ad¬ 
venturer; president of Virginia colony, 1608. 4. 
Joseph (1805-1844), founder and first prophet 
of the Mormon Church. 

Smlth-so'ni-an, 1 smith-so'm-an; 2 smlth-s5'ni- 
an, a. Of or pertaining to James Smithson (1765- 
1829), an English chemist, and to the Institution 
founded with funds left by him at Washington in 
1846 “ for the increase and diffusion of know'ledge 
among men,” now r the United States National 
Museum. 

smock, 1 smek; 2 smok, n. 1. A woman’s un¬ 
dergarment; chemise. 2. A smock*frock. [ < 
AS. smoc.]—smock'sfrock", n. [Eng.] A shirt* 
like outer garment worn by field*laborers. 


smoke, 1 smok; 2 smok, t>. [smoked 4 ; smok'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To affect with smoke; cure or 
flavor by smoke. 2. To inhale and exhale the 
smoke of, as tobacco. II. t. 1. To give out 
smoke. 2. To use tobacco, etc., by burning 
for inhalation. 3. To send smoke out unsuit¬ 
ably, as a stove. 

smoke, n. 1. The vapordike products of the 
burning of coal, wood, etc.; less properly, 
fumes, steam, etc. 2. Anything transient and 
unsubstantial. 3. The act of smoking a pipe, 
etc. [ < AS. smcca, < smedcan, smoke.]— 
smoke'Iess, a. Having or emitting no smoke.— 
smok'er, n. I. One who or that which smokes. 
2. A smoking*car. 3. [Colloq.] An entertain¬ 
ment at which smoking is permitted.— smoke'* 
hel"met, n. A head*dress worn, as by soldiers, 
for protection against poisonous gas*fumes and 
smoke.— smoke'*stack", n. An upright pipe 
through which the smoke from a boiler*furnace 
is discharged into the air.— smok'y, a. [smok'- 
i-er; smok'i-est.] Giving forth, mixed with, or 
like smoke; liable to smoke, 
smol'der, 1 smol'der; 2 smol'der, vi. 1. To 
burn and smoke in a smothered way. 2. To 
exist in a latent or suppressed state. [ < AS. 
smorian, smother.] smoul'dert. 
smooch, vt. & vi. Same as smutch. 
smooth, 1 smuth; 2 smooth. I. vt. & vi. To 
make or become smooth; soften; extenuate. 
II. a. 1. Having a surface without irregular¬ 
ities; not rough. 2. Having no impediments 
or obstructions; easy. 3. Calm and unruffled. 
[< AS. smothe, smooth.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
smooth'bore", n. A firearm, as a shotgun, w'ith 
unrifled bore. — s.*bored, a. s.*boret. — s.* 
faced, a. 1. Beardless. 2. Of smooth surface, as 
a w all. etc. 3. Bland or mild in expression, es¬ 
pecially with deceitful intent, 
smote, 1 smot; 2 smot, imp. of smite, v. 
smoth'er, 1 smuth'er; 2 smoth'er. I. vt. & vi. 
1. To suffocate; stifle. 2. To cover or be cov¬ 
ered without vent or air, as a fire. 3 . Figura¬ 
tively, to hide or suppress; be hidden or sup¬ 
pressed. II. n. 1. That which smothers. 2. 
The state of being smothered. [ < AS. 
smorian, smother.]— smoth'er-y, a. Suffocating, 
smudge, 1 smuj; 2 smudg. I. vt. [smudged; 
smudg'ing.] To smear; soil; fumigate. II. n. 
1. A soiling; smear; stain. 2. A smoky fire, as 
for driving aw r ay insects, etc.— smudg'y, a. 
—smudg'l-ly, adv.— smudg'I-ness, n. 
smug, 1 smug; 2 smug, a. Trim and nice, espe¬ 
cially with conceit or affectation; smooth and 
self‘satisfied. [< I.G. smuk, elegant.] -ly, adi>. 
-ness, 7i.—smug'sfaced", a. 
smug'gle, ) 1 smug'l; 2 smug'l, v. [smug'gled; 
smug'lp, 5 smug'gling.] I. t. 1 . To take 
(merchandise) into or out of a country with¬ 
out payment of lawful duties. 2. To bring in 
or introduce illicitly or clandestinely. II. i. 
To practise smuggling. [ < LG. smuggeln, < 
V of Ice. smjuQa, creep.] —smug'glor, n. 1. One 
who smuggles. 2. A vessel used in smuggling.— 
smug'gling, n. 

smut, 1 smut; 2 smut. I. vt. & vi. [smut'ted^; 
smut'ting.] 1. To blacken or be stained as 
with soot or smoke. 2. To affect with smut, 
as growing grain. 3. To pollute; defame. II. 
n. 1. The blackening made by soot, smoke, or 
other dirty substance. 2. Obscenity. 3. A 
disease induced in higher plants by parasitic 
fungi, f < AS. smitta, spot.]— smiit'ty, a. — 
smut'tl-Iy, adv.— smut'ti-ness, n. 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rGle; but, b©rn 
2: art- ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn 


* 







553 


sm. c. 
snob 


smutch, v. & re. Soil; smudge, smoochf. 
Smyr'na, 1 smur'na; 2 smyr'na, re. A seaport town 
in W. Asia Minor; pop. 375,000.— Smyr'ni-ot, 
a. & re. Smyr'ni-otet. [nature), 

s. n., abbr. [L.] Secundum naturam (according to 
snack, 1 snak; 2 snak, n. [Colloq.] 1. A portion or 
share. 2. A slight, hurried lunch. [Akin to ME. 
snacken, snatch.] 

snaf 'fie, ) 1 snaf'l; 2 snaf'l, re. A horse’s bit, 
snaf'l p , ) jointed in the 
middle. [ < D. snavel, dim. 
of MD. snabbe, bill of a bird.] 
snag, 1 snag; 2 snag. I. vt. 

To injure or impede by a 
snag. II . n. 1. A jagged or 
gtumpy knot or protuber- Snafileffiit. 
ance. 2. The root or remnant of a tooth. 3. 
A branch of a deer’s antler. 4. [U.S.] A tree* 
trunk stuck in a river’s bed; hence, an impedi¬ 
ment. [< Norw. srea</.]— snagged, snag'- 
gy, a. Full of snags, knots, or stubs, 
snail, 1 snel; 2 snal, n. 1. A gastropod mollusk 
with a spiral shell. 

2. A s 1 o w or lazy 
person . [ < AS. 

snsegl, snail.]—snail's 
pace", n. A very slow 
movement. — s.s 
paced, a. Edible Snail. Vs 

snake, 1 snek; 2 snak. I. vt. [snaked*; snak'* 
ing.] 1. [Colloq., U. S.] To haul along the 
ground, as a log. 2. To effect by snakelike 
» motion. 3. Naut. To fasten by winding 
spirally with cords. II. n. 1. A serpent. 2. 
A lizard. 3. A treacherous or insinuating per¬ 
son. [ < AS. snaca, snake, < snican, sneak.] 
—snake'sroot", n. Any one of various plants 
supposed to cure snakeffiites.—snak 'y, a. 1. Of, 
pertaining to, or like a snake. 2. Insinuating; 
treacherous. 

snap, 1 snap; 2 snap, v. [snapped* or snapt 3 ; 
snap'ping.] I. t. 1. To strike, press, shut, 
etc., with a snap. 2. To break suddenly with 
a cracking noise. 3. To seize suddenly. II. i. 

I. To emit a sharp, cracking sound. 2. To 
part with a snap. [ < D. snappen, snap.]— 
snap'drag"on, n. 1. A plant having solitary 
axillary flowers, likened to dragons’ heads. 2. A 
game in which raisins, etc., are snatched from 
burning brandy.—snap'per, re. 1. One who or 
that which snaps, as a cracker. 2. A large food 3 
fish of the Gulf coast. 3. A snapping turtle.— 
snapping turtle, a large voracious turtle of 
North America. snap'durtlej.—snap-shot", 
re. 1. A shot without deliberate aim. 2. An 
instantaneous photograph. 

snap, re. 1. A sharp, quick sound. 2. A sudden 
breaking of anything. 3. Any device that 
closes with a snapping sound. 4. A sudden 
effort to seize with the teeth. 5. A brief spell, 
as of cold weather.— snap'pish, a. 1. Apt 
to speak petulantly or tartly. 2. Disposed to 
snap, as a dog. -iy, adv. -ness, re.— snap py, a. 
1§. Snappish. 2. [U. S.] Brisk, vivid, and ener¬ 
getic; vivacious. 

snare, 1 snar; 2 snar. I. vt. & vi. [snared; 
snar'ing.] To catch with a snare; use snares. 

II. re. 1. A device, as a noose, for catching 
birds or other animals. 2. An allurement; 
wile. 3. A cord to produce a rattling on a 
drumdiead. [ < AS. snear, string, < V of OHG. 
snerhan, bind.]—snare'*drunri", re. A small drum 
having snares stretched across one head. 

snarl 1 , 1 snarl; 2 snarl. I. vt. & vi. To growl 


harshly, as a dog; speak angrily. II. re. A 
harsh, angry growl. [ < MD. snarren.] — 
snarl'y, a. Snappish; surly; ilbtempered. 
snarl 2 . I. vt. & vi. 1. To put or get into a snarl 
or tangle. 2. To emboss or flute (hollow metal 3 
ware). II. re. A tangle, as of hair or yarn; 
hence, any entanglement. [Freq. of snare.) 
snatch, ) 1 snadh; 2 snach. I*, vt. & vi. To 
snach p , (seize suddenly, hastily, or eagerly; 
catch something with a sudden, eager motion. 
II. re. 1. An act of snatching; a grab. 2. A 
portion snatched or grabbed. 3. A quibble. 
[< snack, ».] 

snath(e p , 1 sneth; 2 snath, re. The long curved 
handle of a scythe. Written also snead, 
sneed, etc. [ < AS. snsed, perh. < snithan, cut.] 
sneak, 1 snlk; 2 snek. I*, vi. 1. To move or go 
in a stealthy manner. 2. To act with covert 
cowardice or servility. II. re. One who sneaks; 
a mean, cowardly fellow. [ < AS. snican, 
creep.] sneak'ert.—sneak'ing, pa. 1. Cring¬ 
ing. 2. Secretly entertained or cherished, 
sneer, 1 snlr; 2 sner. I. vt. & vi. To utter with a 
sneer; affect by a sneer; express contempt by 
a sneer. II. re. 1. A grimace of contempt or 
derision. 2. A contemptuous insinuation; a 
fling. [ < D. snserre, snarl like a dog.] 
sneez(e p , 1 snlz; 2 snez. I. vi. [sneez(e)d 3 ; 
sneez'ing.] To drive air forcibly through the 
nose, by an involuntary spasm. II. re. An act 
of sneezing. [ < AS. fnedsan, sneeze.] 
snick, 1 snik; 2 snik, a. & re. Nick; snip, 
snick'er, 1 snik'ar; 2 snik'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
laugh slyly and foolishly; giggle, snig'gerj. 
II. re. A half=repressed laugh. [Imitative.] 
sniff, / 1 snif; 2 snif. 1*. vt. & vi. To breathe 
snif p , > through the nose in short, quick inhala¬ 
tions: sometimes as an expression of con¬ 
tempt, suspicion, etc. II. re. 1. An act of 
sniffing. 2. Perception by or as by sniffing. 
[_< Dan. snive, sniff.] 

snip, 1 snip; 2 snip, v. [snipped*, snipt 8 ; 
snip'ping.] I. t. To cut with a short, light 
stroke of scissors or shears; also, to produce 
by such cutting. II. i. To make snips; clip. 
[< D. snippen, snip.]—snip, re. 1. An act of 
snipping; a clip. 2. A small piece snipped off. 3. 
Anything small; specifically {pi.), small shears. 
—snip'py, a. Fragmentary, 
snipe, 1 snaip; 2 snip, vt. [sniped; snip'ing.] Tg 
shoot from cover.—snip'er, re. One who shoots 
an enemy from cover.—snip'ing, re. Sharp* 
shooting. 

snipe, re. A small shore=bird 
having a long beak, and 
esteemed as a game s bird. 

See bird. [ < Ice. snipa, 
snipe, < V of snip.]— 
snip'y, a. 

sniv'el, 1 sniv'l; 2 sniv'l. I. Great Snipe. Vs 
vi. [sniv'eled or sniv'elled, sniv'eld 8 ; sniv'- 
el-ing or snivelling.] To cry in a snuffling 
manner; run at the nose; snuffle; make affect¬ 
edly tearful professions. II. re. 1. Discharge 
from the nose 2. The act of sniveling. [ < AS. 
snofl, mucus.]—sniv'ei-er, re. sniv'el-lerj. 
snob, 1 snob; 2 snob, re. One who makes birth 
or wealth the sole criterion of worth, and is 
cringing to superiors and overbearing with 
inferiors in position; also, any vulgar pre¬ 
tender to gentility. [< Ice. snapr, dunce.]—• 
snob'ber-y, re. The characteristics of snobs.— 
snob'bish, a. -ly, adv. -ness, re. 





1:3 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = fe«d; tdiin; go; r) = sire^; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










snood 

soldier 


554 


snood, 1 snud; 2 snood, n. [Scot ] A fillet for¬ 
merly worn about the hair by an unmarried 
woman. _ 

snooze, ) 1 snuz; 2 snooz. I. vi. [snoozed, 
snooz p , ) snoozd 8 ; snooz'ing.] [Colloq.] To 
sleep lightly; doze. II. n. [Colloq.] A short 
and light sleep. [Imitative.] 
snore, 1 snor; 2 snor. I. vi. [snored; snor'- 
ing.] To breathe noisily in sleep. II. n. An 
act of snoring. [ < AS. snora .] 
snort, 1 snort; 2 snort. I d . vi. To force the air 
violently and noisily through the nostrils, as 
spirited horses. II. n. The act or sound of 
snorting. [< D. snorken, < V of snore.] — 
snort'er, n. 

Snout, 1 snout; 2 snout, n. 1. The forward pro¬ 
jecting part of a beast’s head; muzzle. 2. A 
nozle or the like. [ME. snute; cp. G. schnauze, 
D. snuil, Sw. snut .] 

snow, 1 sno; 2 sno, v. I. t. 1. To cover or ob¬ 
struct with snow. 2. To let fall like snow. 
II. i. To let snow fall. 





Snow T , n. 1. Precipitation taking the form of 
minute 
crystals of 
ice formed 
from aque¬ 
ous vapor Snow Crystals, 

in the air, and usually falling in irregular 
masses or flakes. 2. Something that resem¬ 
bles snow. 3. A fall of snow. [ < AS. snaw, 
snow.] — snow 'ball". I. vt. & vi. To throw 
snowballs. II. n. A small round mass of snow, 
to be thrown as in sport.— snow 'bird", n. A 
small finch, of northern North America, com¬ 
monly seen in flocks during winter.— snow'* 
blind", a. Affected with snow*blindness.—s.* 
blindness, n. An impairment of vision, caused 
by exposure of the eye to the glare of snow.—s.« 
bound, a. Hemmed in or confined in place by 
snow.— s.=drift, n. A pile of snow heaped up by 
the w ind.— snow'drop", n. A low European 
early*blooming bulbous plant.— snow'fall", n. 
1. The amount of snow that falls in a given 
period. 2. A gentle fall of snow: distinguished 
from snow-storm. — snow 'Hake", n. One of the 
small feathery masses in w'hich snow falls.—s.* 
plow, n. 1. A large plow'*like structure for clear¬ 
ing railw'ay*tracks of snow. 2. An A*shaped 
snow*scraper for clearing roads.— s.*slied, n. A 
timber structure built over portions of a rail¬ 
way, as a protection from snow'slides.— s.*shoe, 
n. A device, usually a network of sinew in a 
wooden frame, to be fastened on the foot by a 
strap across the toes, as a support in w r alking 
over snow.— snow' 'slide", n. An avalanche.— 
s.sstorin, n. A storm with falling snow.—s.* 
white, a. White as snow.— snow'y, a. [snow'- 
i-er; snow'i-est.] 1. Abounding in or full of 
snow. 2. Snow*w T hite; spotless.— snow'i-ly, adv. 
—snow'i-ness, n. 

snub, 1 snub; 2 snub. I. vt. [snubbed; snub'- 
bing.] 1. To check contemptuously; rebuff; 
slight. 2. To bring to a sudden stop. 3. To 
stop suddenly, as a rope in running out, or a 
moving vessel; make fast. II. a. Short; pug: 
said of the nose. III. n. 1. An act of snub¬ 


bing. 2. A snub nose. [< Ice. snubba, snub.] 

—snub'*nosed", a. 

snuff 1 , ) 1 snuf; 2 snuf. lb vt. & vi. To draw in 
Snuf p , ) (air or scent) through the nose; catch 
the scent of; smell; sniff; take snuff. II. n. 1. 
An act of snuffing; sniff; also, perception by 
smelling. 2. Pulverized tobacco to be in¬ 


haled into the nostrils. [< MD. snuffen; cp* 
sniff.] —snuff'box", n. A small box for carry¬ 
ing snuff about the person. — snuf'fer 1 , n. — 
snuff'y, a. Pertaining to or like snuff; soiled 
with snuff.—snuf'ti-ly, adv.— snuf'fi-ness, n. 
snuff 2 . I', vt. To crop the snuff from (a wick). 
II. n. The charred portion of a wick. [ < Sw. 
dial, snoppa, snip.)—snuf'fer 2 , n. 1. One who 
snuffs (a candle). 2. pi. A scissor«like instru¬ 
ment for removing the snuff from a candle, pair 
of snuffers;. 

snuf'fie, t 1 snuf'l; 2 snuf'l. I. vi. [snuf'fled; 
snuf'l p , j snuf'fling.] To breathe with diffi¬ 
culty and somew'hat noisily through the nose; 
also, to talk through the nose; snivel. II. n. 

1. An act of snuffling, or the sound made by 
it. 2. pi. Nasal catarrh. [Freq. of snuff 1 , ».] 

snug, 1 snug; 2 snug, v. [snugged; snug'ging.] 

I. 1 . To make snug, smooth, or neat and trim. 

II. i. To snuggle. 

snug, a. [snug'ger; snug'gest.] Close or 
compact; comfortably sheltered or situated; 
cozy. [ < Ice. snoggr, smooth.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n .— snug'ger-y, it. [-ies z , pi.) [Colloq.] 
A cozy and comfortable place or room.—snug'- 
gle, vt. & vi. [snug'gled; snug'gling.] To draw 
close; nestle; cuddle. 

so, 1 so; 2 so. I. adv. 1. To this or that extent. 

2. In such a manner. 3. Just as said or im¬ 

plied. 4. Very. 5. Because; therefore. 6. 
Thereabouts. II. conj. Provided that. [ < 
AS. swa, so.]—so'sso", a. & adv. Passable; tol¬ 
erable. [—So., abbr. South. 

S. O., abbr. Subofflce.—s. o. ,abbr. Seller’s option. 
soak 1 , 1 sok; 2 sok, v. I. t. 1. To saturate; 
steep; drench. 2. To suck in; absorb. II. i. 

1. To lie or remain in liquid till saturated. 

2. To permeate. [ < AS. socian, < sucan, 
suck.]—soak, n. The act or process of soaking, 
or the liquid in which something is soaked. 

soap, 1 sop; 2 sop. Ib vt. To rub with soap; put 
soap on. II. n. Any compound formed by the 
union of a fatty acid with a base: used for 
cleansing purposes. [ < AS. sape; akin to sap, 
resin, or step, sap.]— soap'=ber"ry, n . See buck¬ 
eye.— s. ^bubble, n. An inflated bubble of soap* 
suds, forming a hollow' globule.— soap'stone", 
n. Massive talc.—s. *suds, n. sing. & pi. Soapy 
water, especially when worked into a foaim 
—soap'y, a. [soap'-i-er; soap'i-est.] 1. Re^- 
sembling or consisting of soap. 2. Smeared with 
soap. 

soar, 1 sor; 2 sor. I. vi. 1. To float aloft through 
the air on wings, as a bird. 2. To rise in 
thought; aspire. II. n. A range of upward 
flight. [ < F. essorer, < L. ex, out, -f- aura, 
breeze, air.] 

sob, 1 sob; 2 sob. I. vi. [sob (be) d; sob'bing.] 

1. To weep with short, catching inspirations. 

2. To make a sound like a sob, as the wind. 
II . n. The act or the sound of sobbing; also, any 
similar sound. [Imitative; cp. AS. sedfian.] 

so'bor, 1 so'bar; 2 so'ber. I. vt. & vi. To make 
or become sober; render grave or thoughtful. 
II. a. 1. Possessing properly controlled fac¬ 
ulties. 2. Grave; sedate. 3. Not under the 
influence of an intoxicant; not drunk. 4. 
Moderate in the use of intoxicating drink. [ < 
L.ll sobrius, < se-, priv. + ebrius, intoxicated.] 
—so'ber-ly, adv. —so'ber-ness, n. — so-bri'e- 
ty, n. The state of being sober. 
so"bri-quet\ 1 so"bn-ke'; 2 so"bri-ke\ n. A fanci¬ 
ful or humorous appellation. [F.] sou"bri"- 
quet't. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not.br; full, rille; but, bum; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 






555 


snood 

soldier 


Soc., abbr. Society, Socrates. 
so'cia-bl(e p , 1 so'sha-bl; 2 so'sha-bl. I. a. 1. 
Inclined to seek company; social. 2. Com¬ 
panionable; genial. II. n. [U. S.] An in¬ 
formal social gathering. [F., < L. sociabilis, 
< socius; see society.] — so'cia-bl(e-ness p , n. 
so"cia-bil'i-tyt.—so'eia-bly, adv. 

SO'cial, 1 so'shal; 2 so'shal, a. 1. Pertaining to 
society. 2. Disposed to hold friendly inter¬ 
course; companionable. 3. Constituted to 
live in society. [ < L. socialis, < socius; see 
society.] — so'cial-ism, n. A theory of civil 
polity that aims at the public collective ownership 
of land and capital, and the public collective 
management of all industries.—so'cial-ist. I. a. 
Of or pertaining to socialism. II. n. One who ad¬ 
vocates socialism. — so"ciaI-is'tic, a. —soci¬ 
al'i-ty, n. 1. The state or character of being 
social; sociability. 2. A social custom or action. 
—so'cial-ly, adv. —so'cial-ness, n. 
so-ci'e-ty, 1 so-sai'i-ti; 2 so-Ql'e-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. The collective body of persons com¬ 
posing a community. 2. Any body of persons 
connected by some tie. 3. The more favored 
or fashionable class of a community. 4. Com¬ 
panionship; association; fellowship. [< F. 
societe, < L. societas, < socius, companion, < 
sequor, follow.] 
sociol., abbr. Sociology. 

SO"ci-ol'o-gy, 1 s5"shi-el'o-ji; 2 so"shi-ol'o-gy, 
n. The science that treats of the origin and 
history of human society and social phenom¬ 
ena— so"ci-o-log'i-cal, a. -Iy, adv.—so"- 
ci-ol'o-gist, n. 

Soc. Isl., abbr. Society Islands. 

sock, 1 sek; 2 sok, n. A short stocking. [ < AS. 

socc, < L. soccus, slipper.] 
sock'et, 1 sok[et; 2 sok'St, n. A cavity or an 
opening specially adapted to receive and hold 
some corresponding piece. [ < L. OF soccus, 
slipper.] 

Soc'ra-tes, 1 sek'ra-tiz; 2 soc'ra-tes, n. (469-399 
B. C.) An Athenian philosopher; the chief char¬ 
acter in the dialogs of Plato: accused of impiety 
and innovation, he was condemned to death and 
drank poison in prison. 

So-crat'ic, 1 so-krat'ik; 2 so-erat'ie, a. Per¬ 
taining to or characteristic of Socrates. So- 
crat 'i-cal J.—So-crat 'i-cal-ly, adv .—Soc 'ra- 
tism, n. The philosophy or doctrines of Soc¬ 
rates.— Soc'ra-tist, n. 

sod, 1 sed; 2 sod. I. vt. [sod , ded c * ; sod'ding.J 
To cover with sod. II. n. Grassy surface*soil 
held together by matted roots; turf. [From 
its sodden condition in wet weather.] 
sod, imp., sod'den, pp. of seethe, v. 
so'da, 1 so'da; 2 so'da, n. 1. A white alkaline 
compound, the basis of salt. 2. Soda*water. 
[It., < solido (< L. solidus), solid.]—so'da* 
foun"tain, n. An apparatus from which soda* 
water is drawn, usually containing receptacles 
for sirups and ice.—s.*\vater, n. An effervescent 
drink consisting of water strongly charged under 
pressure with purified carbon=dioxid gas. 
SO-dal'i-ty, 1 so-dal'i-ti; 2 so-dal'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] A brotherhood. [ < L. sodalitas, < so- 
dalis, companion.] 

SOd'den, 1 sod'n; 2 sod'n, pa. Soaked with 
moisture; soggy. [ < AS. soden, pp. of seothan, 

boil.]— sod'den-ness, n. 

so'di-um, 1 s 5 'di-um; 2 so'di-um, n. A silver* 
white alkaline metallic element: the base of 
soda.— sodium benzoate ( Chem .), a powder 
(NaC 7 Hs 02 + H 20 ) used as an antiseptic, food* 
preservative, etc. 


Sod'om, 1 sed'am; 2 sod'om, n. Bib. A city on 
the shore of the Dead Sea; destroyed because of 
the wickedness of its people. Gen. xiii, 10. 
so-ev'er, 1 so-ev'ar; 2 so-ev'er, adv. A word 
often added to who, which, what, how, etc., to 
form the compounds whosoever, etc., and giving 
them a general or universal sense: often used 
separately, as how great soever he might be. 
so'fa, 1 so'fa; 2 so'fa, n. A long seat, uphol¬ 
stered and having a back and raised ends, or 
sometimes pillows. [ < Turk, soffa, < saffa, 
put in line.] [garia; pop. 103,000. 

So-fi'a, 1 so-fl'a; 2 so-fi'a, n. A city, capital of Bul- 
S. of Sol., abbr. Song of Solomon, 
soft, 1 soft or soft; 2 soft or soft. I. a. 1. Being 
of a substance that yields easily to pressure 
without fracture; ductile. 2. Smooth and 
delicate to the touch. 3. Gentle; tender; ef¬ 
feminate. 4. Sibilant: said of sounds, as c in 
cent. II. adv. Softly. III. interj. Proceed 
softly; be quiet or slow. [ < AS. softe, soft.]— 
sof'ten, vt. & vi. To make soft; become soft or 
softer.— soft'ly, adv. & interj.— soft'ness, n. 

S. ofT., abbr. Sons of Temperance, 
sog'gy, 1 seg'i; 2 sog'y, a. [sog'gi-er; sog'- 
gi-est.] Saturated with water or moisture; 
soaked. [Cp. Ice. soggr, wet; akin to soak.] 
sol"*di"sant', 1 swa"*di"zcin'; 2 swa*di"san', a. 
Self*styled; pretended: usually implying false 
pretense. [F.] 

soil 1 , 1 soil; 2 soil, v. Id. 1. To make dirty; be¬ 
foul. 2. To manure. II. i. To become soiled; 
tarnish. [< F. souiller, < L. sus, swine ] 
soil 2 , vt. To feed, as stalled cattle, with freshly 
cut, green food. [ < F. souler, fill.] 
soil 1 , n. That portion of the surface of the earth 
in which plants grow; the ground in general; 
native land. [ < L. F solum, bottom.] 
soil 2 , n. That which soils; foul matter. 
soi"ree', 1 swa"re'; 2 swa"re', n. An evening social 
party. [F.] 

so'journ, ) 1 so'jurn; 2 so'jftrn. I. vi. To reside 
so'jurn p , ) or dwell temporarily. II. n. Tem¬ 
porary residence, as of one in a foreign land. 
[< F. sejourner, < L. sub, under, + diurnus, 
daily.]—so'journ-er, n. [tonic scale. [It.j 

sol, 1 sol; 2 sol, n. Mus. The fifth note of the dia- 
Sol., Solr., abbr. Solicitor.—sol., solut., abbr. 
Solution. 

sol'ace, 1 sel'is; 2 sol'a<?. I. vt . [sol'aced 4 ; 
sol'ac-ing.] 1. To cheer in trouble. 2. To 
alleviate, as grief. II. n. Comfort in grief, 
trouble, or calamity. [< L. solatium, solace.] 
so'lar, 1 so'lar; 2 so'lar, a. Pertaining to or 
connected with the sun; determined or mea¬ 
sured by the sun. [< L. Solaris, < sol, sun.] 
so-la'ri-um, 1 so-le'ri-um; 2 so-la'ri-um, n. [-ri-a, 
pi.] A room or place open to the sun’s rays, as in 
a sanatorium; sun-parlor. [L.] 
sold, 1 sold; 2 sold, imp. & pp. of sell, v. 
sold'er, 1 sed'er; 2 sod'er. I. vt. 1. To unite, 
as two metallic substances by solder. 2. To 
unite; repair. II. n. 1. A fusible alloy used 
for joining metals. 2. Anything that unites. 
|.< L. F solido, consolidate.] 
sol'dier, sol'jar; 2 sSl'jer. I. vi. 1. To be a 
soldier. 2. To make a mere show of working; 
shirk. II. n. 1. A person engaged in military 
service. 2. A brave, skilful, or experienced 
warrior. 3. Asljirk. [OF., < LL. solidarius, < 
soldus, hire.] — sol'dier-ly, a. Brave; martial.— 
sol'dier-ship, n. The state of being a soldier; 
soldierly character; military ability.— sol 'dier-y, 
n. 1. Soldiers collectively. 2. Military service. 


1*0 = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Iu = feud; cfhin; go; r) = sinfir; fhin, this. 
2: wqIi, do’; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







sole 

sordid 


556 


sole, 1 sol; 2 sol. I. vt. [soled; sol'ing.] To 
furnish with a sole; resole, as a shoe. II 1 . n. 1 . 
The bottom of the foot. 2. The bottom of a 
shoe, boot, etc. 3. The lower part of a thing, 
t < AS. sole, < L. solea, sandal.] 

Sole, a. 1 . Being alone or the only one. 2. Law. 
Unmarried; single. 3. Absolute. [< OF. sol, 
< L. solus, alone.]— sole'ly, adv. 
sole 2 , n. A flatfish; also, one of various floun¬ 
ders. [F., < L. solea, < 
solea, sandal.] 

sol'e-cism, 1 sel'i-sizm; 2 
sol'e-<;f§m, n. 1. A viola¬ 
tion of grammatical rules 
or of the approved idio¬ 
matic usage of language. 

2. Any incongruity. [< 

Gr. F+L soloikos, speaking 
incorrectly.]—soi 'e-cist, n. 

One who commits solecisms. American Sole. V 20 
SOl'emn, ) 1 sol'ein; 2 s51'- 1. Upper side. 2. Lower 
sol'em 8 , j ein, a. 1. Ex- 6ide - 

citing serious thought; impressive; awe-in¬ 
spiring. 2. Characterized by ceremonial ob¬ 
servances; religious; sacred. 3. Marked by 
gravity. [ < F. solennel, < L. sollemnis, an¬ 
nual.]— sol'em-ness, n. sol'emn-nessf. —so- 
lem'ni-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] 1. The state of being 
solemn. 2. A thing of a solemn nature; religious 
rite; legal formality.— sol'em-nize, vt. [-nized; 
-niz"ing.] To perform with solemn ceremonies. 
—sol"em-ni-za'tion, n. —sol'emn-ly, adv. 
Sol"-fa ', 1 sol"=fu'; 2 sol"-fa'. Mus. I. vt. & vi. 
To sing syllables instead of words to notes. 
H. n. 1. Syllables collectively used in sol- 
mization; the act of singing them. 2. Rarely, 
a scale. [ < F. solfier, < sol, -f- fa.] 

SO-Iic'it d , 1 so-lis'it; 2 so-lfg'it, vt. & vi. 1. To 
ask for earnestly; make entreaty. 2. To beg 
of persistently. 3. To excite desire in; allure. 
[< F. solltcUer, < L. sollicilo, agitate, solicit.]— 
so-lic"i-ta'tion, n. 1. Importunity. 2. Allur¬ 
ing or enticing influence.— so-lic'i-tor, n. 1. An 
attorney at law; legal adviser. 2. A person who 
solicits. — so-lic'i-tor-ship, n. — so-lic'i-tous, 
a. Full of anxiety or concern, as for the attain¬ 
ment of something. -ly, adv. -ness, n. — so-lic'- 
1-tude, n. Solicitous condition, 
sol'id, 1 sol'id; 2 s51'id. I. a. 1. Having its 
constituent particles firmly coherent; com¬ 
pact, firm, and unyielding. 2. Capable of re¬ 
sisting ordinary force; substantial; stable. 3. 
Not hollow. 4. Sound; not sickly. 5. Hav¬ 
ing three dimensions—length, breadth, and 
thickness. II. n. 1. A mass of matter of 
which the shape can not be changed per¬ 
manently and greatly without fracture. 2 . 
A magnitude that has length, breadth, and 
thickness. [ < F. solide, < L. solidus, dense.] 
— sol"i-dar'l-ty, n. Coherence and oneness in 
nature, relations, or interests, as of a race, class, 
etc. — sol'i-da-ry, a. — so-lid'I-fy, vt. & vi. 
[-fied; -fy"wg.1 To make or become solid.— 
so-lid"i-fi-ca'tion, n.— so-lid 'l-ty, n. The state 
of being solid: (1) The property of occupying 
space. (2) Extension in the three dimensions of 
space. (3) Incompressibility. — sol'id-ly, adv. 
—sol'id-ness, n. 

SO-Iil'o-quy, 1 so-lil'o-kwi; 2 so-lfl'o-kwy, n. 
f-QUiES z , pi.] A talking to oneself; a mono¬ 
log. [< L. LIj solus, alone, + loquor, talk.]— 
so-lil'o-quize, vi. [-qttized; -quiz"ing.] To dis¬ 
course to oneself. so-lH'o-quiset. 
sol"i-taire', 1 selVtar'; 2 sol"i-tar', n. 1. A 


diamond or other gem set alone. 2. One of 
many games played by one person. [F., < L. 
solitarius, solitary, < solus, alone.] 
sol'i-ta-ry, 1 sel'i-te-ri; 2 sol'i-ta-ry. I. a. 1. 
Living or being alone. 2. Secluded; lonely. 
3. Made or done alone. 4. Lonesome. 5. 
Single. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] A hermit; recluse. 
[< L.f solitarius, solitary, < solus, alone.]— sol 
i-tude, n. 1. Loneliness; seclusion. 2. A deserted 
place.— sol'i-ta-ri-Iy, adv.— sol'i-ta-ri-ness, n. 
Sol"mi-za'tion, ) 1 sel"nn-ze'shan; 2 sol"mi- 
sol"mi-sa'tion, 5 za'shon, n. Mus. The use of 
syllables as names for the notes or tones of 
the scale. The syllables now commonly used 
are do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si. [ < sol -f- mi.] — 
sol'mi-zate, vi. To sing by syllables; sol-fa. 
sol'mi-satef. 

so'lo, 1 so'lo; 2 so'lo, n. Mus. A composition 
or passage for a single voice or instrument; 
also, its rendition. [It., < L. solus, alone.]— 
so 'lo-ist, n. One who performs a solo. 
Sol'o-mon, 1 sel'o-man; 2 s61'o-mon, n. Bib. A 
son of David (1033-975 B. C.); king of Israel; 
noted for his wisdom and magnificence. 

So'lon, 1 so'lan; 2 so'lon, n. (638-558 B. C.) An 
Athenian lawgiver; included among the Seven 
Sages of Greece. 

sol'stice, / 1 sol'stis; 2 sSl'stig, n. 1. The time 
sol'stis 8 , ) of year when the sun is at its great¬ 
est declination, either north or south, usually 
on June 21 and December 22 : called the 
summer and winter solstices. 2. Either of 
the points midway between the equinoxes; 
hence, a culminating point; epoch. [F., < L. 
sol, sun, + sto, stand.]—sol-sti'tial, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to a solstice. 

Sol'u-bl(e p , 1 sel'yu-bl; 2 sol'yu-bl, a. 1. Capa¬ 
ble of being dissolved. 2. Susceptible of being 
solved or explained. [F., < L. solubilis, < 
solvo, solve.] — sol"u-biPi-ty, n. sol'u-bl(e- 
nessf. 

SO-lu'iion, 1 so-liu'^han; 2 so-lu'shon, n. 1. 
The change of matter from the solid or 
gaseous into the liquid state by combination 
with a liquid. 2. The combination of a non¬ 
liquid substance with a liquid. 3. The act or 
process of solving. [F., < L. solutioin-), < 
solvo, loosen.] 

solve, ) 1 selv; 2 s51v, vt. [solv(e)d s ; solv'ing.] 
solv 8 , ) 1. To free from perplexing difficulties. 
2. To obtain an answer to by calculation or 
reasoning. [ < L. OF solvo, loosen, solve.]— 
solv"a-bil'i-ty, solv'a-bl(e-ness p , n. —solv'a- 
bl(e p , a. That may be solved.—solv'er, n. 

Sol'vent, 1 sol'vent; 2 sol'vfnt. I. a. 1. Having 
means sufficient to pay all debts. 2. Having 
the power of dissolving. II. n. A fluid capable 
of dissolving substances.—sol'ven-cy, n. 
Sol'y-man, 1 sel'i-man; 2 sol'y-man, II. (1496- 
1566.) “ The Magnificent”; the greatest of Ot¬ 

toman sultans. Su'lei-manJ. 

SO-mat'Ic, 1 so-mat'ik; 2 so-mat'ic, a. 1. Of or 
relating to the body, as opposed to the spirit; 
physical; corporeal. 2. Of or pertaining to the 
body-cavity or its walls. [ < Gr. somatikos, < 
soma, body.] 

SO"ma-tol'o-gy, 1 so"ma-tel'o-ji; 2 so"ma-tol'- 
o-gy, n. 1. The science of organic bodies, 
especially of the human body. 2. The branch 
of anthropology that treats of the physical 
nature of man as related to racial distinctions. 
[< Gr. somalt-), body, + -logy.]— so"nia-to- 
log'i-cal, a. -ly, adv.— so"ma-tol'o-gist, n. 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, till; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 









557 


sole 

sordid 


SOin'bcr, ) 1 sem'bar;2 som'ber, a. 1. Partially 
SOin'bre, J deprived of light; dusky; murky; 
gloomy. 2. Somewhat melancholy; depress¬ 
ing. [ < F. sombre. ] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
soni-bre'ro, 1 sem-bre'ro; 2 som-bre'ro, re. A 
broad*brimmed hat, usually of felt, much 
used in Mexico and the S. W. United States. 
[Sp., < sombra, shade.] 

some, ^1 sum; 2 som. I. a. 1. Of indetermi- 
SUin p , \ nate or moderate quantity or amount. 
2. Not definitely known. 3. Part, but not all. 
II. pron. 1. A portion. 2. Certain particular 
ones not specifically designated. III. adv . 
[Colloq.] In an approximate degree; about. 
[< AS. sum, some.]— some'bod"y, n. 1. A per¬ 
son unknown or unnamed. 2 . A person of con¬ 
sequence or Importance.— some'liow", adv . In 
someway.— something. I. n. 1. A particular 
thing indefinitely conceived or stated. 2 . Some 
portion or quantity. 3. A thing having real 
existence or importance. II. adv . Somewhat.— 
some 'time", adv . 1. At some time. 2 . Same as 
sometimes. — some'times", adv . At times; oc¬ 
casionally.— some'what". 5. re. More or less; 
something. II. adv . In some degree.— some 
where", adv . 1. In or to some place unspecified or 
unknown. 2. Approximately. 

-some, ) suffix. A termination used in forming 
-sum p , ) from nouns and adjectives certain 
adjectives indicating a considerable degree of 
the quality expressed; as blithesome, dark¬ 
some, quarrelsome, etc. 

som'er-sault, ) 1 sum'ar-selt, -set; 2 som'er- 
soin'er-set, $ salt, -set, n. A leap in which a 
person turns neels over head and lights on his 
feet. [ < F. soubresaut, < L. super, over, + 
saltus, leap.] 

Somme, 1 sdm; 2 som, n. A river in N. W. France, 
on banks of which Germans were defeated by 
British and French July 1, 1916. 
som-nam'bu-lism, 1 som-nam'biu-lizm; 2 
som-nam'bu-lism, n. The act of walking and 
performing other actions during sleep. [ < L. 
somnus, sleep, + atnbulo, go about.] — som- 
nam'bu-list, n. One affected with somnam¬ 
bulism.—som-nif'er-ous, a. Tending to pro¬ 
duce sleep; narcotic. som-nif'ic$.—som-nil'o- 
quist, n. One who talks in his sleep.—som'no- 
lence, re. som'no-len-cyt.—som'no-lent, a 
1. inclined to sleep; drowsy. 2. Tending to in 
duce drowsiness. 

son, 1 sun; 2 son, n. 1. A male offspring, infant 
or adult. 2. A male descendant. 3. A native 
or inhabitant of a country or place. 
sunu, son.] — son'dndaw", 
n. The husband of one’s 
daughter.—son'ship, re. 

SO'nant, 1 so'nant;2s5'nant. 

I. a. 1. Uttered with vo¬ 
cal vibration; sounded; in¬ 
toned; voiced. 2. Sound¬ 
ing; resonant. II. n. A so¬ 
nant letter. [ < L. sono, 
sound.]—so'nan-cy, n. 
so-na'ta, 1 so-na'ta; 2 so- 
na'ta, n. An instrumental 
composition, for the piano, 
in three or four movements. 

[It., < sonare, < L., sono, 
sound.] 

song, 1 seq; 2 . song, re. 1; „ 

The rendering of vocal bong s P arrow - 
music; any melodious utterance. 2. A musi¬ 
cal composition. 3. Poetry; verse. 4. A mere 


[< AS. 



trifle. [ < AS. sang, < singan, sing.]— song'* 
spar"row, n. A common North*American spar¬ 
row, noted for its song.— song'ster, n. A person 
or bird given to singing.— song'stress, n. , 
son'net, 1 sen'et; 2 son'et, re. A poem of four¬ 
teen lines; any short song or poem. [F.]— 
son"net-eer', n. A composer of sonnets; hence, 
contemptuously, a half=fledged poet, 
so-no'rous, 1 so-no'rus; 2 so-no'rus, a. 1 . 
Capable of sound*vibrations; sounding. 2. 
Loud and fulbsounding; resonant. [< L. 
sonorus, < sono, sound.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
so-nor'i-tyf. 

soon, 1 sun; 2 soon, adv. 1. At a future time 
not long distant. 2. With haste and celerity. 
3. Early. [ < AS. sona, soon.] 
soot, 1 sut or sut; 2 soot or soot. I d . vt. To soil 
or cover with soot. II. n. A black substance, 
essentially carbon, as from the inside of 
chimneys. [ < AS. sot, soot.] — soot'y, a. 
[soot'i-er; soot'i-est.] 1. Blackened or stained 
by soot. 2. Producing or consisting of soot. 3. 
Black.—soot'i-ness, n. 

sooth ||, 1 suth; 2 sooth, n. Truth; reality. [< AS. 
soth, true.]— sooth'say"er, n. One who claims to 
have supernatural insight.— sooth'say"ing, n. 
soothe, 1 suth; 2 sooth, vt. [soothed; sooth'- 
ing.] 1. To reduce from excitement to a quiet 
state. 2. To mitigate. 3. To humor. [ < AS. 
ge-sd-thian, confirm, < soth, true.]— sooth'er, n. 
sop, 1 sop; 2 sop. I. vt. & vi. [sopped 1 , sopt 3 ; 
sop'ping.] To dip and moisten or soak in a 
liquid; soak in, as a liquid; take up by absorp¬ 
tion. II. n. 1. Anything dipped and softened 
in liquid, as bread. 2. Anything given to 
pacify. 3. Any soggy mass. [ < AS. supan ,. 
sup.]— sop'py, a. [Sophocles, sophomore, 

sop., abbr. Soprano.— Soph., abbr. Sophist, 
soph'ism, ) 1 sef'izm; 2 sof'igm, n. 1. A false 
sof'ism p , 5 argument used to deceive. 2. The 
doctrine or method of the sophists. [ < Gr. 
sophisma, < sophizo, teach, < sophos, wise.]— 
soph'1st, n. One who argues cleverly but fal¬ 
laciously.— so-phis 'tic, so-phis'tl-cal, a. Re¬ 
lating to or of the nature of sophistry; fallacious; 
quibbling.— so-phis'ti-cal-ly, adv .— so-phis '- 
ti-cate, vt. [-cat"ed<i; -cat"ing.] 1. To beguile 
with sophistry; mislead. 2. To alter deceptively; 
adulterate; render artificial. — so-phis"ti-ca'- 
tion, n .— so-phis 'ti-ca"tor, n. —soph'ist-ry, 
n. [-riesz, pi.] Subtly fallacious reasoning. 
Soph'o-cles, 1 sef'o-kllz; 2 sof'o-ele§, n. (495-406 
B. C.) An Athenian tragic poet; Electra, etc. 
soph'o-more, ) 1 sef'o-mor; 2 sof'o-mor, n. In 
sof'o-more p , ) American colleges, a student in 
the second year of a four*year course.— 
soph"o-mor'ic, a. 

so'por, 1 so'por; 2 so'por, n. Pathol. Deep lethargic 
sleep. [L.]— so"po-rif'er-ous, a. Bringing sleep. 
— so"po-rif'ic, 1 so"po-[or sep"o-]rif'ik; 2 so"po- 
[or s 6 p"o-]rif'ie. I. a. Causing or tending to pro¬ 
duce sleep. II. n. A medicine that produces sleep. 
SO-pra'no, 1 so-pra'no; 2 so-pra'no, n. [-nos z 
or -ni, pi.] Mus. 1. A woman’s or boy’s voice 
of high range. 2. The music intended for such 
a voice. 3. A person having such a voice. [It., 
< sopra, above, < L. supra; see supra-.] 
sor'cer-y, 1 ser'sar-i; 2 sor'ger-y, re. [-ies z , pi.] 
Pretended employment of supernatural agen¬ 
cies; magic; witchcraft; witchery. [< OF. 
sorcerie, < sorcier, < L. sor(t-)s, fate.]— sor'cer- 
er, re. A wizard; conjurer.— sor'cer-ess, re. Jem. 
sor'did, 1 ser'did; 2 sor'did, a. 1. Meanly 
avaricious; mercenary. 2. Of degraded char- 


1*a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = fered; <fhin; go; rj = sire^; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bdrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








sore 

span 


558 


acter; vile; base; squalid. [< L. F s ordidus, 
squalid.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
sore, 1 s5r; 2 s5r. I. a. [sor'er; sor'est.] 1. 
Having a sore. 2. Pained or distressed in 
mind; aggrieved; touchy. 3. Causing extreme 
distress; also, very great; extreme. II. n. 1. 
A bruised or inflamed place on an animal 
body. 2. A painful memory; trouble. [ < AS. 
sar, painful.] -ly, adv. -uess, «. 
sor'ghum, 1 ser'gum; 2 sor'gum, n. A stout 
cane*like grass, cultivated for 
its saccharine juice; also, mo- 
lasses prepared from its juice. jHBSkr 

[< Sp. sorgo, < LL. _ fflftygyiC ' 

surgum, sorghum.] 
so-ror'i-clde, 1 so- 

ror'i-said; 2 so-ror'i- ftlig vwK 

tfd.n. 1. The kill- JJ0 

ing of a sister. 2. One who Mi 

kills a sister. [ < L. soror, nM® 
sister, + cxdo, kill.] ^4 W 

so-ror'i-ty, 1 so-rer'i-ti; 2 so-r5r'i-ty, II ^ 
n. [-ties z , pi .] A sisterhood; specif., II 
a woman’s club or young girls’ college ^ . 

association corresponding to the col- sorgnum ‘ 
lege*men’s fraternity. [ < L. soror, sister.] 
so-ro'sis, 1 so-ro'sis; 2 so-ro'sis, n. 1. A com¬ 
pound fleshy fruit, as in the pineapple. 2 . 
[U. S.] [S-] A women’s club or society. [ < 
Gr. sdros, heap.] 

sor'rel 1 , 1 sor'el; 2 sor'el. I. a. Of a reddish* or 
yellowish*brown. II. n. 1. A reddish* or yel- 
lowish*brown color. 2. A sorrel*colored ani¬ 
mal. [OF., < sor, < MLG. sor, withered.] 
Sor'rel 2 , n. Any one of several low perennial 
herbs with acid leaves. [ < F. surelle, < sur 
(< G. saner), sour.] 

sor'row, 1 ser'o; 2 sor'o. I. vi. To feel sorrow; 
be sad. II. n. 1. Pain or distress of mind; 
grief; trouble. 2. An affliction; trial. 3. Lam¬ 
entation. [< AS. sorg, care.]— sor'row-ful, 
a. Sad; unhappy; mournful, -ly,adv. -ness,n. 
sor'ry, 1 ser'i; 2 sor'y, a. [sor'ri-er; sor'ri- 
est.] 1. Grieved or pained; also, feeling some 
slight regret. 2. Poor; paltry. 3. Melan¬ 
choly; dismal. [< AS. sarig, < sar, pain.]— 
sor'ri-Iy, adv. —sor'ri-ness, n. 
sort, 1 sort; 2 sort. I d . vt. 1. To separate into 
grades or sizes. 2. To put in a grade or rank 
apart from others. II. n. 1. A collection or 
number of persons or things having identical 
or similar qualities; a land; species; class. 2 . 
Form of being or acting; manner. [ < L. F 
sor (t-) s, condition.] —sor t 'a- bl (e p , a. —sort 'er , n. 
sor'tie, 1 ser'ti; 2 sor'ti, n. A sally of troops 
from a besieged place to attack the besiegers. 
[F., < sortir, go forth.] 

S. O. S., abbr. Wireless Teleg. A code»signal 
summoning assistance, as by a ship in distress: 
erroneously interpreted “Suspend other service.” 

sot, 1 set; 2 sot, n. A person stupid by habitual 
drunkenness. [< OF. sot, foolish.] — sot'- 
tlsh, a .—sot'tish-ly, adv .—sot'tish-ness, n. 

sou, 1 stl; 2 su, n. A former small French coin, equal 
to about one cent in United States money. [F.] 

Sou., abbr. Southern. 

sou"brette', 1 su"bret'; 2 su"br6t', n. Theat. An 
actress in light comedy, originally impersonating 
a pert, intriguing lady’s*maid. [F.] 
sou-chong', 1 su-iflier)'; 2 su-^hSng', n. A va¬ 
riety of black tea, or the infusion made from 
it. [F., < Chin, siao, small, -f- chung, plant.] 
Sou-dan', n. Same as Sudan. 
souP'fle', 1 sQ"fle'; 2 su"fle', a. Cookery. Made 


light and frothy, and fixed in that condition by 
heat. [F. pp. of souffler, blow.]— souP'fle', n. 
sough, 1 sau or suf; 2 sou or suf. I. vi. To blow 
with a sighing sound, as the wind. II. n. A 
deep, murmuring sound, as of the wind 
through trees. [ < Ice. sugr, whistling sound.] 
sought, 1 set; 2 sot, imp. & pp. of seek, v. 
soul, 1 sol; 2 sol, n. 1. The incorporeal part, 
or the spiritual nature, of man. 2. A spiritual 
being. 3. The vital principle. 4. The essence 
or heart of anything. 5. Nobleness; generos¬ 
ity. 6. The moral* and emotional nature of 
man as distinct from the intellectual. [ < 
AS, sawel, 60 ul.]— soul'fill, a. Full of that 
which appeals to or satisfies the higher feel¬ 
ings; emotional; spiritual, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
soul'less, a. 1. Having no soul. 2. Heartless; 
unemotional, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
sound ld , 1 sound; 2 sound, v. I. t. 1. To cause 
to send forth a sound. 2. To make audible. 
3. To make known. II. i. To send forth a 
sound; be conveyed by sound; give a signal 
by sound. [ < F. sonner, < L. sono-, sound.] 
sou»d 2d , v. I. t. 1. To try the depth of. 2. To 
examine or test. II. i. To sink a weight in 
order to ascertain depth. [ < F. sonder .] 
sound, o. 1. Normal; unimpaired; healthy. 
2. Perfect of its kind. 3. Founded in truth; 
right. 4. Correct in views. 5. Solvent. 6. 
Thorough. [ < AS. gesund.) -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
sound 1 , n. 1. The sensation produced through 
the organs of hearing. 2. The waves that 
carry sound. 3. The vibration of some sound¬ 
ing body. 4. Noise of any specified quality. 
5. Sounding or hearing distance. [ < F. son, 

< L. sonns, sound.]—sound'less, a. Having or 
making no sound; silent, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

sound 2 , n. A long and narrow body of water, 
more extensive than a strait, connecting larg¬ 
er bodies. [< AS . sund, < swimman, swim.] 
sound 3 , n. The air*bladder of a fish. [< AS. 

sund , swimming, < swimman, swim.] 
sound 4 , n. Surg. A probe. [< F. sonde, < 
sonder; see sound 2 , t>.] [sleeping, 

sound, adv. Soundly; profoundly: said of 
sound'ing, 1 saund'ir); 2 sound'ing. I. pa. 
Giving forth a full sound; sonorous. 2. Hav¬ 
ing much sound with little significance; noisy 
and empty, -ly, adv. II. n. 1. The act of one 
who or that which sounds in any sense. 2. 
Measurement of the depth of water; also, the 
depth of water as sounded, 
soup, 1 sup; 2 sup, n. Liquid food made by 
boiling meat, vegetables, etc., in water, with 
seasoning. [ < F. soupe, < D. sop.] 
soup"con', 1 sup"soil'; 2 sup'con', n. Literally, a 
suspicion; hence, a minute quantity; a taste. [F.] 
sour, 1 saur; 2 sour. I. vt. & vi. To make or be¬ 
come sour, bitter, or morose. II. a. 1. Sharp 
to the taste; acid. 2. Made acid by fermenta¬ 
tion. 3. Austere; morose. III. n. Something 
sour. [ < AS. sur, sour.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
source, ) 1 sors; 2 sorQ, n. That from which 
sourse p , S anything proceeds; place where found 
or whence taken; origin; fountainhead. [F., 

< OF. sordre (< L. surgo), rise.] 

souse, 1 saus; 2 sous, vt. & vi. [soused 1 , soust 8 ; 
sous'ing.] To dip into a liquid suddenly; 
plunge; splash. 

souse, n. 1. Pickled meats, as the head, feet, 
and ears of swine. 2. A plunge in water, 
souse, adv. With a plunge; all over, 
south, 1 sauth; 2 south. I. a. Situated in a 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whgt, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 










559 


sore 

span 


southern direction; facing south; proceeding 
from the south; southerly; southern. II. n. 

1. That one of the four cardinal points of the 
compass which is directly opposite to north. 

2. A region lying southward. III. adv. 1. 
Toward or at the south. 2. From the south. 
[< AS. suth, south; orlg. an adv. akin to sun, n .] 
— south"east', n. That point of the compass 
midway between south and east.— south"east'- 
er, n. A gale from the southeast.— south"- 
cast'er-ly, a. & adv. —south"east'ern, a. — 
southeast'ward, a. & adv. Toward the south¬ 
east.— south"east'ward-ly, adv. south"east'- 
wardsf.—south'er, 1 sauth'ar; 2 south'er, n. 
A gale from the south.— south'er-ly, 1 suth'or- 
h; 2 suth'er-ly, a. 1. Situated in or tending 
toward the south. 2. Proceeding from the south. 
—south'er-ly, adv. — south'er-Ii-ness, n. — 
south'ing, n. Difference of latitude measured 
toward the south. — south'ron, 1 sutii'ran; 2 
suth'ron, n. A person who lives in the south. 
— south'ward, 1 sauth'ward; 2 south'ward. I. 
a. Situated in or toward the south. II. adv. In 
a southerly direction, south'ward-lyt; south '- 
wards]:. — south"west'. I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to or facing the southwest. 2. Proceeding from 
the southwest. II. n. That part of the hori¬ 
zon which is midway between south and west. 
— south"west'er, n. 1. A wind, gale, or storm 
from the southwest. 2. A tarpaulin hat with 
a broad brim behind. sou"west'ert [NawL].— 
south"west'er-ly, a. & adv. —south"west'ern, 
a. — soutli"west'ward, a. & adv. Toward the 
southwest.— south"west'ward-ly, adv. south"- 
west 'wards J. 

South Af'ri-ca. Union of. Four British colonies: 
the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, the Transvaal, and 
the Orange Free State, united May 31, 1910; 
473,100 sq. m.; pop. 5,973,394. capital, Pretoria; 
South-amp'ton, 1 sauth-amp'tan; 2 south-amp'- 
ton, n. A county and seaport in S. England; 
pop. 161,000. 

South Aus'tra-li-a, 1 es-tre'li-a; 2 as-tra'li-a. A 
State of the Commonwealth of Australia, 380,- 
070 sq. m.; pop. 408,560; capital; Adelaide. 
South Car"o-li'na, 1 kar"o-lai'ne; 2 €ar"o-lI'na. 
A S. Atlantic State of the United States; 30,989 
sq. m.; pop. 1,683,724; capital Columbia. 
South Da-ko'ta, 1 da-ko'ta; 2 da-ko'ta. A State 
in the N. central division of the United States; 
77,870 sq. m.; pop. 636,547; capital, Pierre, 
south'ern, 1 suth'arn; 2 suth'ern, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to the south or a place relatively in 
the south. 2. Proceeding from the south, as a 
wind. [< AS. sutherne, < suth, south.]— 
south'ern-er, n. One born or residing in the 
south.— south'ern-most, a. Farthest south. 
South 'ey, 1 sauth'i or suth'i; 2 south'y or suth'y, 
Robert (1774-1843). An English poet laureate. 
sou"ve-nir', 1 su"vi-n!r'; 2 su"ve-nir', n. A 
memento; keepsake. [F., < souvenir, recollect.] 
sov'er-eign, ) 1 sev'[or suv']ar-in; 2 sov'[or 
sov'er-en 8 , jsov']er-in. I. a. 1. Exercising or 
possessing supreme jurisdiction or power; 
royal. 2. Preeminent; paramount. 3. Supe¬ 
rior in efficacy; potent. II. n. 1. One who 
possesses supreme authority; a monarch. 2 . 
An English pound sterling. See coin. [<OF. 
sovrain, < LL. superanus, < L. super, over.] sov'- 
ranf [Poet.].— sovereigns of England, see En¬ 
gland.— sov'er-eign-ty, n. [-ties*, pi] 1. The 
state of being sovereign: supreme authority. 2. The 
supreme power in a state. 3. A sovereign state. 
so"viet', 1 so'vyet'; 2 so^vyet', n. [Rus.] Acouncil; 

esp., a soldiers’ and workmen’s council, 
sow, 1 so; 2 so, v. [sowed; sown or sowed, 


sowd 8 ; sow'ing.] 1 . 1 . 1 . To scatter, as seed; 
figuratively, to disseminate. 2. To plant with 
seed. II. i. To scatter seed for a harvest. 
[< AS. sawan, sow.]— sow'er, n.— sow'ing, n. 
sow, 1 sau; 2 sow, n. 1. A female hog. 2. A 



Essex Sow. 1 /25 

small bug, found under logs, stones, etc. 
sowsbugt. [ < AS. sugu, sow.] 
soy, 1 sei; 2 soy, n. A Chinese or Japanese con¬ 
diment made from a native bean. [ < Jap. si* 
yan, soy, a bean.] 

s. p., abbr. [L.] Sine prole (without issue).— Sp., 
abbr. Spain, Spanish, Spirit.—sp., abbr. Species, 
spelling, spirit. 

spa, 1 spa; 2 spa, n. Any locality frequented 
for its mineral springs. [ < Spa, in Belgium.] 
space, 1 spes; 2 spag. I. vt. & vi. [spaced 1 ; 
spac'ing.] To set apart by spaces; also, to ar¬ 
range into spaces. II. n. 1. An interval be¬ 
tween points or objects. 2. Continuous or 
unlimited extension. 3. An interval of time; 
period. 4. An occasion or opportunity. [ < 
L.e spatium, space.]— spa'ci-al, a. Same as 
spatial. — spa'clous, a. 1. Of indefinite or vast 
extent. 2. Affording ample room; capacious, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

spade, 1 sped; 2 spad, vt. [spad'ed* 1 ; [spad'ing.] 
To dig with a spade.— to spade In (Mil.), to 
entrench. 

spade 1 , n. A shovel-like implement, but with 
narrower and 
flatter blade, 
used in digging 
in the ground. 

[< AS. spadu .] 

—spad'er, n. 

—spade'ful,n. 

As much as a Spades. 

spade will hold. Common. 2. Tree-digging. 3. Post-hole. 

spade 2 , n. A figure like a heart, with a triangu¬ 
lar handle, on a playing-card. [ < Sp. espada, 
appar. < espada, sword.] 

spa'dix, 1 spe'diks; 2 spa'diks, n. A spike or 
head of flowers with a fleshy axis, usually with¬ 
in a spathe. [GrA spadix, < spad, break.) 
spa-ghet'ti, 1 spa-get'i; 2 spa-ggt'i, n. A cord* 
like paste intermediate in size between maca¬ 
roni and vermicelli. [It.] 

Spain, 1 spen; 2 span, n. A kingdom in S. W. 
Europe; 194,783 sq. m.; pop. 20,783,840; capi¬ 
tal, Madrid. [speak, v. 

spake, I spek; 2 spak [Archaic or Poet.], imp. of 
span, 1 span; 2 span. I. vt. [spanned, spand 8 ; 
span'ning.] 1. To measure with an expanded 
hand. 2. To extend over. II. n. 1. The ex¬ 
treme space over which the hand can be ex¬ 
panded: about 9 inches; figuratively, any 
small interval or distance. 2. The space or 
distance between the supports of an arch. 3. 
A pair of matched horses, etc. [ < AS. span- 



1-» = final- l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feudj_ <5h_in; go; _ g = sing; thin, this. 
2' wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, burn; oil, boy, go, gem, ink, thin, this. 















spangle 

spell 


560 


nan, bind.]—span'worm", n. The larva of a 
species of moth, that progresses by alternately 
looping and straightening its body. 
span'gl(e p , 1 sparj'gl; 2 span'gl- I. vt. [span'- 
gl(e)d p ; span'gling.] To adorn with span¬ 
gles. II. n. 1. A small bit of brilliant tin* or 
metaWoil, used for decoration in dress. 2. 
Any small sparkling object. [ < AS. spange.] 
Span'iard, 1 span'yerd; 2 span'yard, n. A 
native or naturalized citizen of Spain, 
span'iel, 1 span'yel; 2 span'yel, n. 1. One of a 
breed of dogs having large pendulous ears 
and long silky hair. 2. A sycophant. [ < Sp. OP 
Espahol, Spanish.] 

Span'ish, 1 span'ish; 2 span'ish. I. a. Pertain¬ 
ing to Spain, the Spaniards, or their language. 
II. n. The language of Spain and her colonies, 
spank, 1 sparjk; 2 spank, v. [spanked 1 , 
spankt 3 ; spank'ing.] I. t. To slap forcibly 
on the buttocks. II. i. To move briskly, as 
a horse.— spank'er, n. 1. One who or that 
which spanks. 2. Naut. A fore»and*aft sail ex¬ 
tended by two spars from the after side of the 
mizzenmast.— spank'ing, pa. Moving rapidly; 
swift; dashing. 

span'iier, 1 span'ar; 2 span'er, n. One who or 
that which spans; specif., a form of wrench. 
spar 1 , 1 spar; 2 spar, vt. [sparred, spard 8 ; 

spar'ring.] To furnish with spars. 
spar 2 , vi. 1. To engage in boxing. 2. To defend 
oneself in boxing. 

spar 1 , n. A round timber for extending a sail, 
as a mast, yard, or boom. [ < AS. *spearra ] 
spar 2 , n. The act or practise of boxing, as by 
pugilists. [< OF. esparer, kick.] spar'ringt. 
spar 3 , n. A vitreous, crystalline, easily cleav- 
able, lustrous mineral. [ < AS. spxr* in spser* 
slan, chalkstone.]— spar'ry, a. 
spare, 1 spar; 2 spar, v. [spared; spar'ing.] 

1. t. 1. To be chary of. 2. To forbear to in¬ 
jure or punish; permit to live. 3. To dispense 
w-ith; hence, to bestow-. II. i. 1. To be lenient 
or forgiving; hence, to refrain. 2. To be 
frugal. f < AS. sparian, < spser, spare.]— 
spar'ing, a. 1. Scanty; slight. 2. Frugal; stingy, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

spare, a. 1. That can be spared or used at will. 

2. Held in reserve. 3. Thin; lean. 4. Not 
abundant. [< AS. spser, spare.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. — spare'rib", n. A piece of pork con¬ 
sisting of ribs somewhat closely trimmed. 

spark 1 , 1 spark; 2 spark. I 1 , vt. & vi. To throw- 
out sparks; sparkle; scintillate. II. n. 1. An 
incandescent particle thrown off from a red* 
hot or burning body. 2. Any glistening or 
brilliant point or transient luminous particle. 
[< AS. spearca, spark.]— spark'er, n. 1. One 
who or that w-hich sparks. 2. An electric device 
to prevent injurious sparking at the opening and 
closing of a circuit.— spark'l(e p . I. vt. & vt. 
[spark'l(e)d; spark'ling.] To emit sparks; flash 
aswithsparks. II. n. Aspark; gleam.— spark'- 
ler, n.— spark'ling, pa.— spark-plug", n. A 
device for igniting the charge in an internal*com- 
bustion engine by means of an electric current. 
spark 2 . I. vt. & vi. To woo; court. II. n. A 
man fond of gallantry; lover; suitor. [Cp. Ice. 
sparkr, lively, sprakki, dandy.] 
spar'row, 1 spar'o; 2 spar'o, n. One of various 
small plainly colored birds, as the common 
European house*sparrow or the American 
song*sparrow. [< AS. spearwa.\ — spar'row-* 
hawk", n. A small falconoid bird that preys on 
sparrows. See bird. 


sparse, 1 spars; 2 spars, a. Scattered at con¬ 
siderable distances apart; thinly diffused. [ < 
L. OF spargo (pp. sparsus ), scatter.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

Spar'ta, 1 spar'ta; 2 spar'ta, n. A town in S. 

Greece; long a rival of Athens. 

Spar'ta-eus, 1 spdr'ta-kus; 2 spar'ta-cus, n. Leader 
of the slaves in the w-ar of the gladiators against 
Rome (73-71 B. C.). 

Spar'tan, 1 spar'tan; 2 spar'tan. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to Sparta or the Spartans; heroically 
brave and enduring. II. n. A native or citizen 
of Sparta, in ancient Greece; hence, one of 
exceptional valor and fortitude, 
spasm, 1 spazm; 2 spagm, n. Any sudden or 
convulsive action or effort, as of the muscles; 
a convulsion. [ < Gr. F spasmos, < spao, 
draw.] — spas-mod'ic, a. 1. Of the nature of 
a spasm; convulsive. 2. Violent, or impulsive 
and transitory, spas-rnod'i-ealf. — spas-mod'- 
i-cal-ly, adv. 

spat 1 , 1 spat; 2 spat.. I. vt. & vi. [spat'ted 11 ; 
spat'ting.] To spawn, as shell*fish. II. n. 1. 
Spawn of shelbfish. 2. A young oyster. [ < 
spat, imp. of SPIT 1 .] 

spat 2 . I<*. vt. & vi. [U. S.] To slap lightly; also, 
to engage in a petty quarrel or dispute. II. n. 
1. A slight blow-; slap. 2. A splash; spatter. 3. 
A petty dispute. [Prob. imitative; cp. pat 1 , n.] 
spat 3 , imp. & pp. of spit, v. 

spat 3 , n. A short gaiter worn over a shoe with 
fastening underneath: commonly in plural, 
spathe, 1 speth; 2 spath, n. A large bract or 
pair of bracts sheathing a flower*cluster, as a 
spadix. [ < L. spatha, < Gr. spathe, broad¬ 
sword.]— spa-tha'ceous, a. Bearing or of the 
nature of a spathe. spa'those'J; spa'thousj. 
— spa'that, a. Of, enclosed in, or relating to a 
spathe. spathedj. 

spath'ic, 1 spath'ik; 2 spSth'ic, a. Mineral. 
Of, pertaining to, or resembling spar. [< G. 
spath, spar.] spath'ose 2 t. 
spa'tial, 1 spe'siiel;2 spa'shal, a. Pertaining to 
space; involving or having the nature of space. 
[< L. spatium, space.] spa'eialf. -ly, adv. 
spat'ter, 1 spat'sr; 2 sp&t'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
sprinkle or scatter something in drops. II. n. 

I. The act of spattering; a splash. 2. A pat¬ 
tering noise. [Freq. of spot, r.] 

spav'in, 1 spav'in; 2 spav'in, n. A disease of 
the hock*joint of horses, stiffening the joint, 
t < OF. esparvain.] —spav'ined, a. 
spawn, 1 spon; 2 span. I. vt. & vi. 1. To de¬ 
posit eggs or roe. 2. To produce as offspring. 

II. n. 1. The eggs of fishes, amphibians, mol- 
lusks, etc., especially in masses. 2. Product; 
yield. 3. Very small fish. [< OF. espaundre, 
< L. expando-, see expand.] 

spay, 1 spe; 2 spa, vt. To remove the ovaries 
from (a female animal). [Of Gaelic origin.] 

S. P. C. A., abbr. Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Animals.—S. P. C. C.. abbr. Society 
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 
speak, 1 spTk; 2 spek, v. [spoke (spake||); 
spok'en. (spoke||); spf.ak'ing.] I. t . 1. To 
utter, as a word; articulate. 2. To cause to 
be known; reveal. II. i. 1. To use language 
orally; talk. 2. To make a speech. [< AS. 
specan, sprecan, speak.]—speak'a-bl(e p , a. That 
may, or may properly, be spoken.—speak's 
eas"y, n. [Slang, U. S.] A saloon w-here liquor 
is sold contrary to law-.—speak'er, n. 1. One 
who speaks; an orator. 2. [S-] The presiding 
officer of any one of various legislative bodies.— 


1 : artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won, 






561 


spangle 

spell 


Speak 'er-ship, n. The office of Speaker in a 
legislative assembly.—speak'ing, pa. Expres¬ 
sive; vivid; telling. 

spear, 1 sp!r; 2 sper, v. 1. t. To pierce with a 
spear. II. i. To send forth spires, as a plant, 
spear, n. 1. A weapon consisting of a pointed 
head on a long shaft. 2. A similar barbed in¬ 
strument, for catching fish. 3. A spire of 
grass. [ < AS. spere, spear.]—spear'man, n. 
[spear'men, pi.] A man armed with a spear.— 
spear'mint", n. An aromatic herb of wet places, 
similar to peppermint. 

spec., abbr. Special, specially.—spec., specif., 
abbr. Specific, specifically, 
spe'cial, lspe^h'sl; 2 spesh'al, a. 1. Singular or 
unique; particular. 2. Designed for a specific 
purpose. 3. Distinguishing; differential. [< 
L.f specialis, < species; see species.] —special¬ 
ist, n. A person devoted to some one line of 
study or professional work.—spe"ci-al'i-ty, 
1 speShC-al'i-ti; 2 spesh"i-al'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.) 
Specific or individual character; peculiarity. — 
spe'cial-ly, adv. 1. In a special manner; par¬ 
ticularly. 2. For a specific purpose. — spe'- 
cial-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] An occupation or study 
limited to one particular line; an article dealt 
in exclusively or chiefly. 

spe'cie, 1 spl'^hi; 2 spe'she, n. Coined money; 

coin. [L., abl. s. of species; see species.] 
spe'cies, 1 spi'slnz or spi'^hi-Iz; 2 spe'she§ or 
spe'shi-e§, n. sing. & pi. 1. A group of animals 
or plants subordinate to a genus. 2. A kind; 
sort; variety; form. [L., look, form, kind, < 
specio, behold.] 

spe-eif'ic, 1 spi-sif'ik; 2 spe-gif'ie. I. a. 1. 
Definite or determinate; particular. 2. Per¬ 
taining to a species. 3. Peculiar; special. 4. 
Physics. Possessed by some particular sub¬ 
stance as distinguished from others; as, 
specific gravity, spe-cif'i-calj:. II. n. Any¬ 
thing specific or adapted to effect a specific 
result. [ < L. F species (see species) + facio, 
make.] —spe-cif'i-cal-Iy, adv. 
spec'l-fy, 1 spes'i-fai; 2 spSg'i-fy, vt. _ [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] 1. To state in full and explicit terms. 
2. To embody in a specification. [ < L. LL+F 
species, species, + facio, make.]— spec"i-fi-ca '- 
tion, n. 1. The act of specifying. 2. A definite 
and complete statement. 

spec'i-men, 1 spes'i-men; 2 spSg'i-men, n. One 
of a class of persons or things regarded as 
representative of the class; an example; 
sample. [L., < specio, behold.] 
spe'cious, 1 spi'^hus; 2 spe'shiis, a. Appearing 
right and true; plausible. [ < L. F speciosus, 
fair.]—spe'cious-ly, adv .—spe'cious-ness, n. 
spe"cI-os'i-tyt. 

speck, 1 spek;2spfik. I 1 , vt. To spot or stain with 
spots; speckle. II. n. A small spot; a little 
stain; any very small thing. [ < AS. specca, 
speck.]— speck 'l(e p . I .vt. [speck'led; speck'- 
ling.] To besprinkle with spots. II. n. A speck. 
Spec'ta-cl(e p , 1 spek'ta-kl; 2 spec'ta-cl, n. 1. 
That which is exhibited to public view. 2. pi. 
A pair of glasses, with hinged bows to secure 
them before the eyes. [F., < L. spectaculum, 
< specio, freq. of specio, see.]— spec'ta-cled, a. 
Wearing spectacles or having markings resem¬ 
bling a pair of spectacles, as the spectacled bear. 
—spec-tac'u-lar, a. Characterized by grand 
scenic display, -ly, adv. 

spec-ta'tor, 1 spek-te'tar or -ter; 2 spec-ta'tor, 
n. 1. One who beholds or looks on; an eye* 
witness. 2. [S-] The, an English periodical 


conducted by Joseph Addison and Sir Richard 
Steele from Mar. 1, 1711, to Dec. 6, 1712. 
spec'ter, / 1 spek'tar; 2 spee'ter, n. A fantom 
spec'tre, j of the dead; ghost; apparition. [ < 
L.f spectrum, vision, apparition.]— spec'tral, a. 

I. Pertaining to a specter; ghostly. 2. Pertaining 
to the spectrum.—spec'tral-Iy, adv. 

spec'tro-scope, 1 spek'tro-skop; 2 spec'tro- 
scop, n. An optical instrument for forming 
and analyzing the spectra of the rays emitted 
by bodies or substances.— spec"tro-scop'ic, 
a. spec"tro-scop'I-calt. — spee"tro-scop'i-cal- 
Iy, adv. —spec-tros'co-pist, n. —spec-tros'co¬ 
py, n. 1. The branch of physical science treating 
of the phenomena observed with the spectro¬ 
scope. 2. The art of using the spectroscope, 
spec'trum, 1 spek'trum; 2 spee'trum, n. 
[spec'tra, pi.] 1. An image formed by rays 
of refracted light displaying the colors of the 
rainbow. 2. The image of a bright object seen 
after the eye is withdrawn. [L.; see specter.] 
spec'u-lar, 1 spelc'yu-lor; 2 spec'yu-lar, a. Per¬ 
taining to a speculum or a mirror; reflecting. 
[< L. specularis, < speculum, mirror.] * 
spec'u-late, 1 spek'yu-let; 2 spec'yu-lat, vi. 
[-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] 1. To form conjectures 
regarding anything without experiment; the¬ 
orize; conjecture. 2. To make an investment 
involving a risk, but with hope of gain. [ < L. 
speculatus, pp. of speculor, behold, < specio, see.] 
— spcc"u-la'tion, n. 1. The act of theorizing; a 
theory. 2. A more or less risky investment.— 
spec'u-Ia"tiv(e 8 , a. 1. Given to speculation. 2. 
Strictly theoretical. spec'u-Ia"to-ry $.— spec'- 
u-la"tiv(e-ly s , adv. —spec'u-la"tiv(e-ness 8 , n . 
— spec'u-Ia"tor, n. One who speculates. 
spec'u-Ium, 1 spek'yu-lum; 2 spec'yu-lum, n. 
[-la, pi.] 1. A mirror of polished metal. 2. A 
surgeon’s exploring instrument, often fitted 
with a mirror and light. [L., < specio, see.] 
sped, imp. & pp. of speed, v. 
speech, 1 spiefh; 2 spech, n. 1. The power of 
speaking. 2. The act of speaking; conversa¬ 
tion; talk. 3. A public address; discourse. 4. 
A tongue or language. [ < AS. spvec, speech, 
< sprecan, speak.]— speech'i-fy, vi. [Humor¬ 
ous.] To make speeches.— speech'less, a. 1, 
Mute; dumb. 2. Silent.— speech'less-Iy, adv. — 
speech'less-ness, n. 

speed, 1 spld; 2 sped. I. vt. & vi. [sped or 
sPEED'ED d ; speed'ing.] To urge on or ad¬ 
vance with swiftness; expedite; dispatch; 
progress. II. n. 1. The act or state of pro> 
gressing rapidly; celerity; swiftness. 2. Rata 
of motion. 3. Progress; degree of prosperity. 
[< AS. sped, < spowan, succeed.]— speed'er, n. 
One who or that which speeds, in any sense; 
specif., an attachment on a motor for regulating 
its speed. — speed'y, a. [speed'i-er; speed'i- 
est.] 1. Characterized by speed; swift. 2. With¬ 
out delay.— speed'i-Iy, adv. — speed'i-ness, n. 
— speed-om'e-ter, n. A speed=indicator, as for 
an automobile.— speed'way, n. [U. S.] A spe¬ 
cially reserved or prepared road for the speeding 
of harness*horses. 

speiss, 1 spais; 2 spis, n. A metallic compound, 
as of copper, iron, and nickel with arsenic and 
sulfur, used in smelting. [ < G. speise, food.] 
spoil 1 , I 1 spel; 2 spel, v. [spelled or spelt, 
spel p , \ speld 8 ; spell'ing.] I. t. 1. To give the 
letters of (a word) in their order. 2. To con¬ 
sider the letters or characters of; decipher. 
3. To cast a spell upon; fascinate; bewitch. 

II. i. To frame words out of letters. [ < AS, 


1: a = final; inhabit; aisle; au = out; ell; iu = fcud; dhin; go; g = Bing; thin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






spell 

spitfire 


562 


spellian, disclose, < spel, narrative.)— spell 'er, 

n. 1 . One who spells. 2. A spelling*book.— 
spelling, ». 1. The act of one who spells; also, 
orthography. 2. The way in which a word is 
spelled.— spell'ingsbook", n. A book of exer- 

pjcpq ir» <?npllin° r 

spoil 2 , vt. [spelled; spell'ing.) [Colloq.] To re¬ 
lieve temporarily from duty. [< AS. spelian .] 
spell', n. 1. A turn of duty in relief of another. 

2. Any relatively short period of time. 
spell 2 , 7 i. A formula used as a charm; incanta¬ 
tion; charm; hence, fascination. [ < AS. spel, 
tale.]— spell'bound", a. Bound as by a spell, 
spelt, 1 spelt; 2 spelt, n. A cereal intermediate 
between wheat and barley. [ < AS. spelt.] 
spel'ter, n. Zinc: a commercial term. 

Spen'cer, 1 spen'sar; 2 spen'cer, Herbert (1820- 
1903). An English philosopher; exponent of 
organic and social evolution. 

Spen-ce'ri-an, 1 spen-sl'ri-an; 2 spgn-ge'ri-an, 

o. 1. Pertaining to Herbert Spencer. 2. Per¬ 
taining to a system of free*hand penmanship 
devised by P. R. Spencer about 1855. 

spend, 1 spend; 2 splnd, v. [spent; spend'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To pay out, as money, in making pur¬ 
chases. 2. To part with by degrees; squander; 
waste. 3. To pass or employ, as time. 4. To 
wear out with effort; exhaust; use up. II. i. 

1. To disburse money. 2. To waste or w r ear 
away. ( < L. AS spendo, in expendo, dispendo; 
see expend.) — spend 'thrift"* n. One who is 
wastefully lavish of money, spend'erf. 

Spen'ser, 1 spen'sar; 2 spen'ser, Edmund (1552— 
1599). An English poet; Faerie Queene, etc. 
sperm, 1 spurm; 2 sperm, n. 1. A sperm=whale. 

2. Spermaceti. [Short for spermaceti.] — 
sperm'soil", n. Oil obtained from sperm*whale 
blubber.— s.swbale, tj. A whale of warm seas. 



Sperm=whale. 1 /3oo 


having the head high and truncate in front, and 
teeth in the lower jaw only. 
sper"ma-ce'ti, 1 spur"ma-sl'ti or -set'i; 2 
sper"ma-ge'ti or -gSt'i, n. A white, brittle, 
fatty substance present in the oil found in the 
head of the sperm*whale. [F., < L. sperma, 
seed, spawn, + ceti, gen. s. of cetus , whale.) 
sper'ma-to-phyte, 1 spur'ma-to-fait; 2 sper'- 
ma-to-fyt, n. Any seed*bearing or flowering 
plant. [< Gr. sperma(t-), seed, + phyton, 
plant.) 

spew, 1 spiu; 2 spu, vt. & vi. To vomit up; 

vomit; cast forth. [ < AS. spiwan, spit.] 
sp. gr., abbr. Specific gravity, 
sphe'noid, 1 sfl'neid; 2 sfe'nSid, a. Wedge* 
shaped; as, the sphenoid bone. [ < Gr. sphen, 
wedge, + eiclos, form.) 

sphere, ) 1 sfir; 2 sfer. I. vt. [sphered; spher'- 
sfere p , ) ing.J 1. To place in a sphere. 2. To 
make spherical; encircle. II. n. 1. A solid 
every part of whose surface is equidistant 
from a point within called the center. 2. Any 


approximately globular body; a globe; star. 
3. Field of action, influence, or existence. [ < 
F. sphere, < L. sphsera (< Gr. sphaira), sphered 
— spher'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to the heavenly 
bodies; hence, celestial. 2. Spherical.— kpher'i- 
cal, a. 1. Shaped like a sphere; globular. 2. 
Pertaining to a sphere.— spher'i-oal-ly, adr. — 
splier'i-cal-ness, n. —sphe-ric'i-ty, n . The 
state of being a sphere; spherical form.— sphe'- 
roid, n. A body having nearly the form of a 
sphere.— splie-roi'dal, a. spke-roi'dicj; sphe- 
rol'di-calt.— splier'ule, n. A minute sphere; 
globule. 

sphinx, ) 1 sfirjks; 2 sflnks, n. [sphinx'es or 

sfinx 1 ', ) sphin'ges, pi.] 1. [s- or S-] 'Gr. Myth. 
A winged monster, with a woman’s head and 
a lion’s body, that destroyed those unable to 
guess riddles she propounded. See CEdipus. 
2. A mysterious or enigmatical person. [L., 
< Gr. sphinx, < sphingo, strangle.) 


sphyg'mo-graph, 1 sfig'mo-graf; 2 sfyg'mo- 
graf, n. An instrument which, when placed 
over the heart or an artery, records the char¬ 
acter, rate, and force of the pulse. [ < Gr. 
sphygmos, pulse, + -graph.) 
spice, 1 spais; 2 spR. I. vt. [spiced 1 ; spic'ing.] 
To season with spice; add zest to. II. n. 1. 
An aromatic, pungent vegetable substance, 
used to flavor food and beverages. 2. That 
which gives zest or adds interest. [ < OF. 
espice, < L. species; see species.) — spic'er, ti.— 
spic'er-y, n. Spices collectively or a place where 
spices are kept.— spic'y, a. [spic'i-er; spic'i- 
est.) 1. Containing, flavored, or fragrant with 
spices. 2. Producing spices. 3. Having zest or 
pungency.— spic'i-ly, adv. — spic'i-ness, n. 
spick and span. Perfectly new, or so appear¬ 
ing; newly clad or made, 
spic'ule, 1 spik^yul; 2 spfc'yul, n. A small, 
slender, sharp*pointed body. [ < L. spiculum, 
dim. of spicum, point, spike.) spic'u-laj. — 
spic'u-lar, a. Of or like a spicule; bearing 
spicules; sharp.pointed; acute, spic'u-latet. 
spi'der, 1 spai'dar; 2 spl'der, n. 1. An insect* 
like creature that 
spins a thread and 
makes webs to catch 
its prey, as flies or 
other insects. 2. A 
long=handled frying* 
pan; also, one of va¬ 
rious other imple¬ 
ments. [ME. spin- 
nere, spither, < AS. 
spinnan, spin.) 
spig'ot, 1 spig' at; 2 
splg'ot, n. A plug or 
faucet for the bung* 



si..-.' 

"•-i--—”• 
Common Spider. 


V* 


hole of a cask. [ < Ir. spiocaid, dim of spice, 
spike.) 

spike, 1 spaik ;2 sp!k. I. vt. [spiked 1 ; spik'ing.] 
To fasten with spikes; provide with spikes. 
II. n? 1. A stout piece of metal, like a large 
nail. 2. An ear, as of grain. 3. A flower* 
cluster in which there are numerous flowers 
arranged closely on an elongated common 
axis. [ < L. spica, spike.]— spike'let, n. A 
secondary spike, as in grasses.— spik'y, a. Re¬ 
sembling a spike; pointed, 
spike 'nard, 1 spaik'nard; 2 splk'nard, n. An 
ancient fragrant and costly ointment pre¬ 
pared mainly from a plant of the same name. 
[ < L.of spica, spike, + nardus, nard.) 
spile, 1 spoil; 2 spll, n. 1. A large timber driven 


. 1: artistic, art; fat, f&re; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, {ill; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 




































563 


spell 

spitfire 


into the ground to serve as a foundation; a pile- 
2. A wooden pin; a spigot. [ < D. spijl, bar.] 
spil(l p , 1 spil; 2spfl,r. [spilled or spilt, spild 8 ; 
spill'ing.] I. t. 1. To suffer to fall or run 
out, as a liquid. 2. To cause to be shed. II. i. 
To run out; be wasted. [ < AS. spillan, de¬ 
stroy.] [a vehicle; tumble. 

spill 1 , ft. [Colloq.] A fall to the ground, as from 
spill 2 , n. [Prov.] A thin, slender piece of any¬ 
thing, as a slip of wood, a rolled strip of paper 
for lighting lamps, etc. 

spin, 1 spin; 2 spin. I .vt.&vi. [spun, formerly 
span; spun; spin'ning.] 1. To draw out and 
twist into threads. 2. To form by drawing 
out and-twisting. 3. To compose; tell; as a 
story. 4. To whirl rapidly, as a top; twirl. 
II. n. An act of spinning; a rapid whirling. 
[< AS. spinnan, spin.]—spin'ner, n.—spin'- 
ningswheel", n. A household implement for¬ 
merly used for spinning yarn or thread, consist¬ 
ing of a rotating spindle operated by a fly=wheel 
and treadle. 

spin'ach, ; 1 spin'ij or spin'idh; 2 spm'ag or 
spin'age, ) spin'ach, n. An edible garden an¬ 
nual pot*herb or its fleshy leaves. [ < LL. OF 
spinacia, < L. spina, thorn.] 
spin'dl(e p , 1 spin'dl; 2 spin'dl. I. vi. [spin'- 
dl(e)d p ; spin'dling.] To grow long and 
slender. II. n. A slender rod or pin, espe¬ 
cially one that rotates, and on which some¬ 
thing may be wound. [ < AS. spindle, < 
spinnan, spin.]—spln'dledegged", a. Having 
long, slender legs, s.sshankedj.—spin'dling, 
a. Long and thin. 

spin'drift, 1 spin'drift; 2 spin'drift, n. Naut. 

Blown spray or scud, spoon'driftf. 
spine, 1 spain; 2 spin, n. 1. The spinal column 
of a vertebrate; back=bone. 2. Bot. A stiff, 
sharp=pointed woody process; thorn. 3. A 
projecting eminence or ridge. [ < OF. espine, 
< L. spina, spine.]—spi'nal, a. 1. Pertaining 
to the backbone. 2. Pertaining to a thorn; 
thorny.—spine'less, a. Lacking a spine; hence, 
without decision of character.—spi'nous, a. 1. 
Having spines. 2. Spinedike; prickly, spi'- 
nose"J.—spin'y, a. [spin'i-er; spin'i-est.] 1. 
Having spines; thorny. 2. Difficult; perplexing, 
spin'el, 1 spin'el or spi-nel'; 2 spin'el or spi-nel', n. 
A hard mineral of various colors, the red variety 
of which is used as a gem under the name of 
spinel ruby. [< F. spinelle, < L. spina, spine.] 
spin'et, 1 spin'et; 2 spin'et, n. A musical in¬ 
spin'a-kar; 2 
spm'a-ker, n. 

Naut. A large jib=shaped sail sometimes carried 
on the mainmast of a racing vessel. [< spin.] 
spin'ner-et, 1 spin'ar-et; 2 spin'er-et, n. An organ, 
as of spiders and silkworms, for spinning silk, 
spin 'ney, 1 spin'i; 2 spin'y, n. [Eng.] A small wood 
or thicket. [< OF. espinay, < L. spina, thorn.] 
spin'nyj. 

spin'ster, 1 spin'star; 2 spin'ster, n. An un¬ 
married woman, especially when no longer 
young. [ < AS. spinnan, spin.] 
spir'a-cle, 1 spir'[or spair']a-kl; 2 spir'for 
splr']a-el, n. A breathingdiole, as of an in¬ 
sect, or the blow=hole, as of a whale. [OF., < 
L. spiraculum, air*hole, < spiro, breathe.] 
spi'ral, 1 spai'ral; 2 spi'ral. I. a. 1. Winding 
about and constantly receding from a center. 
2. Winding and advancing; helical. 3. Wind¬ 


ing and rising in a spire. II. n. Anything of 
spiral form.—spi'ral-ly, adv. 
spire 1 , 1 spair; 2 splr, n. 1. The tapering or 
pyramidal roof of a tower; also, a steeple. 2. 
A slender stalk or blade, as of grass. 3. The 
summit of anything. •[ < AS. spir, stalk.] 
spire 2 , n. A spiral or a single turn of one; whorl; 

twist. [F., < L. spira, coil, wreath.] 
spir'it, 1 spir'it; 2 spir'it. I d . vt. To carry off; 
kidnap: with away, off, etc. II. n. 1. The part 
of man that has intelligence and is invisible 
and incorporeal. 2. A rational being not con¬ 
nected with a material body; the Deity or 
the third person of the Trinity, called the 
Holy Spirit. 3. A ghost. 4. The quality of 
acting with energy; ardor; dash. 5. Pervad¬ 
ing influence. 6. Distilled liquor, especially 
alcohol. [< L. F spiritus, breathing, < spiro, 
breathe.]—spir'it-ed, a. Full of spirit; ani¬ 
mated. -ly, adv. -ness, n. — spir'it-less, a. 
Haying no spirit; listless; dead, 
spir'i-tu-al, 1 spir'i-ehu-al or -lt-yu-ol; 2 spir'- 
i-cln.i-al or -it-yu-al, a. 1. Pertaining to spirit, 
as distinguished from matter. 2. Affecting 
the soul. 3. Coming from the Divine Spirit; 
holy; pure. 4. Sacred; religious. [< L. L1,+OF 
spiritus, spirit.] —spir'i-tu-al-ism, n. 1. The 
belief that departed spirits communicate with 
men, or the practises connected with that belief. 
2. Philos. The doctrine that there are beings not 
cognizable by the senses, spir'it-lsmi. 3. The 
state of being spiritual.—spir'1-tu-al-ist, n. — 
spir"i-tu-al-ls'tic, a. — spir"i-tu-al'i-ty, n. 
[-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The state of being spiritual. 2. 
That which belongs to the Church.—spir'i-tu- 
al-lze, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To render spiritual. 
—spir"i-tu-al-i-za'[or -sa']tion, n. — spir'i- 
tu-al-iz"[or -is"]er, n. 

spir"i-tu-elle', 1 spir"i-tiu-el'; 2 spir"i-tu-gl', a. 
Characterized by refinement, grace, and deli¬ 
cacy: said of women. [F.] 
spir'i-tu-ous, 1 spir'i-dhu-us or -it-yu-us; 2 
spir'i-chu-iis or -it-yu-iis, a. Containing al¬ 
cohol; intoxicating; distilled, 
spi-rom'e-ter, 1 spai-rom'i-tar; 2 spi-rom'e-ter, 
n. An instrument for measuring the capacity 
of the lungs. [ < L. spiro, breathe, -|— meter.] 
—spi"ro-met'ric, a.— spi-rom'e-try, n. 
spirt, v. & n. Same as spurt. 

spir'y, 1 spair'i; 2 spir'y, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
spire. 2. Abounding in spires. 3. Having a spire. 
spit 1 , 1 spit; 2 spit. I. vt. & vi. [spit; spat: for¬ 
merly sometimes spit'ted 11 ; spit'ting.] 1. To 
eject (saliva, etc.) from the mouth. 2. To 
come down in scattering drops or flakes. II. 
n. 1. Spittle; saliva. 2. An act of spitting. 
[< AS. spillan, spxtan, spit.]—spit'tle, n. The 
fluid secreted by the glands of the mouth; saliva; 
spit.—spit-toon', n. A receptacle for expecto¬ 
rations. 

spit 2 . I. vt. [spiT'TED d ; spit'ting.] 1, To trans¬ 
fix with a spit. 2. To string on a stick. II. n. 
1. A pointed rod on which meat is turned 
and roasted. 2. A point of low land extending 
into the water. [ < AS. spitu, spit.] 
spite, 1 spait; 2 spit. I. vt. [spit'ed^; spit'ing.] 
To vex maliciously; thwart. II. n. 1. Mali¬ 
cious bitterness prompting to vexatious acts; 
grudge. 2. That which is done in spite. [Abbr. 
of despite, n .]—spite 'fill, a. Filled with spite; 
prompted by spite, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
spit'fire", 1 spit'fair"; 2 spit'fir", n. A quick® 
tempered person who is given to saying spite¬ 
ful things. 


1- a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; ail = out; oil; iG = feud; ifhin; _go; _ 0 = sinp; thin, this. 

2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, tins. 
















spitz 

sprinkle 



spitz, 1 spits; 2 spits, n. One of a breed of small 
Pomeranian 
dogs with a ta¬ 
pering muzzle. 

[G., < spitze, 
point.] spitz'* 
dog"J. 

splash, 1 splash; 

2 splash. I 1 , vt. 

& v i . 1 . T o 

dash or spatter _ , 

(a liquid) s P itz - 

about. 2. To spatter, wet, or soil with a liquid 
dashed about. II. n. 1. The act or noise of 
splashing. 2. A spot made by a liquid or color 
splashed on. [Var. of plash, ».]— splash 'er, n. 
— splash'y, a. Slushy; wet. 
splat'ter, 1 splat'ar; 2 splat'er, vt. & vi. To 
make* a continuous slight splashing sound; 
splash about. [Var. of spatter.] 
splay, 1 sple; 2 spin, a. Spread out; displayed; 
hence, broad and clumsy, as a foot. [Abbr. < 
display, ».]— splay 'foot", a. Having splay feet, 
s.sfootedj. 


spleen, 1 splin; 2 splen, n. 1. An organ found 
in most vertebrates, near the stomach, that 
produces certain modifications in the blood. 2. 
Ill temper; spitefulness. 3. Lowness of spirits. 
[ < L. splen ( < Gr. splen), spleen.]— spieen'- 
ful, a. Affected with spleen; peevish; ill-tempered. 
— splen'ic, a. Of or pertaining to the spleen, 
splen'did, 1 splen-did; 2 splgn'did, a. 1. Giv¬ 
ing out or reflecting brilliant light. 2. Mag¬ 
nificent; imposing. 3. Inspiring to the imagi¬ 
nation; glorious; illustrious. [< L. F splendi- 
dus, < splendeo, shine.] — splen'did-ly, n. — 
splen 'dor, n. 1. Exceeding brilliancy from emit¬ 
ted or reflected light. 2. Magnificence; pomp. 
3. Preeminence; illustriousness, splen'dour f. 
sple-net'ic, 1 sph-net'ik; 2 sple-net'ie. I. a. 

1. Pertaining to the spleen. 2. Fretfully 
spiteful; peevish. II. «. One suffering from 
disease of the spleen; a peevish person. 

splice, 1 splais; 2 spile. I. vt. [spliced 4 ; 
splic'ing.J To unite so as 
to form one continuous 
piece. II. n. A union of J ' 
the ends of joined parts, 
especially of ropes, made 
by intertwining the 
strands. [ < D. splitsen, 

< splijten, split.] 
splint, 1 splint;2splint. I d . Partially Formed 
vt. To confine or support Splices, 
with splints, as a fractured 1. An eye-splice. 2. A short 
limb. II. n. A thin fiat 6 P lice in a three-stranded 
piece split off; a thin strip, rupe ‘ A cut * s P llce - 

as of wood, to hold a fractured limb in place; 
splinter. [< Sw. splinta, splint.]— splint'* 
bone", n. One of the small rudimentary lateral 
bones on the legs of the horse, etc. 
splin'tor, 1 splin'tar; 2 splln'ter. I. vt. & vi. 1. 
To split or separate into splinters or frag¬ 
ments. 2. To support by splints. II. n. A 
sharp piece split off from a solid body. [Freq. 
of splint.]— splin'ter-y, a. 
split, 1 split; 2 split, v. [split or spi,it'ted4 ; 
split'ting.1 I. t. 1. To tear asunder; rend. 

2. To divide longitudinally; rive. 3. To dis¬ 
rupt; divide. II. i. I. To suffer disruption; 
cleaveapart. 2. To disagree. [ < Dan. splitte.] 
—to split hairs, to make overnice or trivial dis¬ 
tinctions. See HAIR-SPLITTING. 



split, n. 1. The act or result of splitting; a 
longitudinal fissure. 2. Schism; rupture, 
splotch, 1 spledh; 2 sploch. I. vt. To soil with 
a splotch or splotches. II. n. An irregular 
discolored spot, as of ink, etc.; a splash; daub; 
spot. [ < AS. splot, spot.] —splotch'y, a. 
splurge, 1 splurj; 2 splflrg. I. vi. [splurged; 
splurg'ing.] To make a splurge. II. n. A con¬ 
ceited, ostentatious, personal display. [Imitative.] 
splut'ter, 1 splut'ar; 2 splut'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
speak hastily and confusedly. II. n. A noise 
as of spluttering; bustle. [Var. of sputter.] 
—splut'ter-er, n. 

spoil, 1 spoil; 2 spoil. I. vt. & vi. [spoiled or 
spoilt; spoil'ing.] 1. To impair or destroy the 
value, usefulness, or beauty of; become tainted 
or putrid. 2. To practise robbery; despoil. II. 
n. 1. Plunder seized by violence; booty. 2. 
The act of pillaging. [ < L. F spolium, booty.] 
Spo-kane', 1 spo-kan'; 2 spo-kan', n. A com¬ 
mercial city, E. Washington; pop. 104,440. 
spoke, 1 spok; 2 spok. I. vt [spoked 4 ; spok'- 
ing.] To supply with spokes. II. n. 1. One 
of the radial members of a wheel. 2. The rung 
of a ladder. [ < AS. spaca, spoke; cp. spike, «.] 
spoke, 1 spok; 2 sp5k, imp. of speak, v.: also (in 
old usage) pp. —spo'ken, pp. of speak, v. 
spokes'man. 1 spoks'man; 2 spoks'man, n. 

[-men, pi.] One who speaks for others. 
spo"Ii-a'tion, 1 sp6"h-e'. < ffi8n; 2 spo"li-a'shon, 
n. 1. The act of spoiling. 2. Destruction. 
[< L. spoiio, despoil ]— spo'li-a"tor, n. 
spoil 'dee, 1 spen'di; 2 spon'de, n. Pros. A 
poetic foot consisting of two long syllables or 
in English verse of two accented syllables. 
[Ult. from Gr. spondeios, < sponde, libation.]— 
spon-da'ic, a. spon-da'i-calt. 
spon'dyl, 1 spen'dil; 2 spon'dvl, n. 1. A joint; 

joining. 2. A vertebra. [ < Gr . spondylos.] 
spong., abbr. Spongology. 
sponge, )1 spunj; 2 spong, v. [sponged 
spunger, j spong'ing.] I. t. 1. To cleanse or 
operate upon or absorb with a sponge. 2. To 
wipe out; expunge. 3. To get by mean device 
or at another’s expense. II. i. I. To live in 
mean dependence on another. 2. To gather 
sponges. 3. To absorb.— spong'er, n. 
sponge, n. 1. A fixed (usually marine) animal 
with porous body. 2. The skeleton or net¬ 
work of elastic fibers that remains after the 
removal of the living matter from certain 
sponges: used as an absorbent, for bathing, 
etc. 3. Leavened dough. 4. One who lives at 
the expense of another. [ < Gr. L+OF spongia, 
spongos, sponge.] — spong 'y, a. [spong'i-er; 
spong'i-est.] Like a sponge; elastic; porous; ab¬ 
sorptive.— spong'i-ness, n. 
spon-gol'o-gy, 1 spun-jol'o-ji; 2 spon-g&l'o-gy, n. 

The branch of zoology that treats of sponges, 
spoil'son, 1 spen'san; 2 spon'son, n. A curved 
projection or bulge from the hull of a vessel, 
as for the training of a gun. 
spoil'sor, 1 spon'sar; 2 spon'sor, n. One who 
makes himself responsible for another; a god¬ 
father. [L., < sponsus, pp. of spondeo, prom¬ 
ise.]— spon-so'ri-al, a.— spon'sor-ship, n. 
spon-ta 'ne-OUS, 1 spen-te'm-us; 2 spon-ta'ne- 
us, a. 1. Done or acting from native and in¬ 
herent impulse; voluntary. 2. Indigenous. 3. 
Biol. Apparently arising without external 
cause. [ < LI., spontaneus, < L. sponte, of 
freewill.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— spon"ta-ue'J-ty, 
n. [-tiesz, pi.] Spontaneous quality. 


1: ortistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = 


or; full, rule; but, bOrn; 
e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 











565 


spitz 

sprinkle 


2. A 

The Corona¬ 
tion -spoon 
of the Mon- 
archs of 
England. 


spook, 1 spuk; 2 spook. [Colloq.] j. u. & vi. To 
haunt or act as a ghost. II. to. A ghost; appari¬ 
tion. [D.]—spook/ish, spook'y, a. 
spool, 1 spul; 2 spool. I. vt. To wind on a spool. 
II. to. 1. A small cylinder, commonly of wood, 
upon which thread or the like may be wound. 
2. The quantity of thread held by a spool. 3. 
Any similar device upon which cord, wire, 
etc., may be wounck [ < D. spoel, spool.] 
spoon, 1 spun; 2 spoon, to. A utensil having a 
shallow ovoid bowl and a handle, 
used in serving or eating food. [< 

AS. spon, chip.]—spoon'bili, to. 1. Aj 
bird related to uhe ibis. 2. A variety of j 
duck.—spoon'ful,_ro. [-fuls, pi.] 
spoor, 1 spur; 2 spoor, n. [S.-Afr. D.] 

A track; trail; footprint. [< D. spoor, 
track.] 

spo-rad 'ic, 1 spo-rad'ik; 2 spo-rad'ie, 
a. Occurring here and there; sepa¬ 
rate; isolated. [ < Gr. sporadikos, < 
sporas, < speiro, scatter.) 
spore, 1 spor; 2 spor, n. 1. The re¬ 
productive body in flowerless plants. 

2. Biol. A minute body that develops 
into a new individual. 3. A germ. 

[ < Gr. spora, seed, sowing.] 
sport d , 1 sport; 2 sport, v. I. t. To 
display ostentatiously. II. i. To 
play; frolic; make sport; jest, 
sport, to . 1 . Diversion; pastime, 
particular game, play, or out¬ 
door diversion. 3. Pleasantry; 
raillery. 4. A mockery. [Abbr. 
of disport.]— sport'ful, spor'- 
tiv(e 8 , a. Relating to or fond of 
sport or play; frolicsome, -ly ,adv. 

-ness, to . —sports'man, to . [-men, pi.] 1 . A 
person who is fond of field-sports, as hunting and 
fishing. 2. One who competes fairly in any con¬ 
test, according to the rules and spirit of sports¬ 
manship.—sports'man-like, a. Pertaining to 
sportsmen; skilful in field-sports; conformable to 
the rules and spirit of field-sports. sports'man¬ 
ly J.—sports'man-ship, to. The art or practise 
of field-sports, 
sport., abbr. Sporting. 

spot, 1 spot; 2 spot, v. [spot'tedc 1 ; spot'ting.] 

I. t. To mark, stain, or soil in or with spots. 

II. i. To make a stain or discoloration, 
spot, to . 1 . A particular place or portion of 

small extent. 2. A locality. 3. A small portion 
of a surface differing in color from the rest; 
a stain; hence, a blemish; reproach. [ < V of 
spit 1 , v.] —spot'less, a. Free from spot or stain; 
innocent; pure, -ly, adv. -ness, n. —spot'ted, 
pa. 1. Discolored in spots. 2. Characterized by 
spots.—spot'ty, a. Having many spots; spotted, 
spouse, 1 spauz; 2 spou§, n. A partner in mar¬ 
riage; one’s husband or wife. [ < L , ov sponsus; 
see sponsor.]— spou'sal. [Poet.] I. a. Pertain¬ 
ing to marriage. II. to. Marriage; espousal, 
spout, 1 spaut; 2 spout. I d . vt. & vi. 1. To pour 
out copiously; spurt forth. 2. To declaim. 
II. to. 1. A tube, trough, etc., for the discharge 
of a liquid. 2. A continuous stream of fluid. 

S. 1*. Q. R., abbr. [L.] Senatvs Populusque Ro- 
manus (the Roman Senate and People), 
sprain, 1 spren; 2 spran. I. vt. _ To cause a 
sprain in; overstrain. II. to. A violent strain¬ 
ing or twisting of the ligaments surrounding 
a joint, [ < L. OF exprimo; see express, r.] 
sprang, 1 sprarr, 2 sprang, imp. of spring, v. 
sprat, 1 sprat; 2 sprat, n. A herring-hke fish. 
[< D. sprot, < V of SPROUT.] 


sprawl, 1 sprel; 2 spral. I. vt. & vi. 1. To lie or 
move with the limbs stretched out ungrace¬ 
fully. 2. To spread out irregularly, as vines. 
II. to. The act or position of sprawling. [ < 
AS. spreawlian, spraw'l.] 

spray, 1 spre; 2 spra, vt. & vi. To disperse (a 
liquid) in fine particles. 

spray 1 , n. 1. Water or other liquid dispersed 
in fine particles. 2. An instrument for spray¬ 
ing, as an atomizer, spray 'erj. [ < V of 

SPREAD.] 

spray 2 , to. A small branch bearing dependent 
branchlets or flowers. [ < Dan. sprag.] 
spread, ) 1 spred; 2 spred, v. [spread; spread'- 
spred s , ) ing.] I. t. 1. To extend the parts of, 
over a wider space. 2. To distribute about. 
3. To publish. 4. To expand; unfold. II. i. 1. 
To become dispersed. 2. To be distributed. 
3. To be thrust apart. [ < AS. spreedan, 
spread.]—spread'er, to. 

spread, to. 1. The act of spreading. 2. An open 
expanse. 3. The extent of expansion. 4. A 
covering as for a bed, table, etc. 

Spree, 1 sprl; 2 spre. I. vi. To get drunk. II. to. 

1. A drinking-spell; drunken carousal. 2. A 
gay frolic. [Cp. Ir. spre, spark, animation.] 

sprig, 1 sprig; 2 sprig, to. 1. A shoot or sprout 
of a tree or plant. 2. An offshoot from an 
ancestral stock. [ < MLG. sprik, twig.] 
sprightt, to. Same as sprite. 
spright'ly, ) 1 sprait'li; 2 sprlt'ly, a. [spright'- 
sprite'ly 1 *, )li-er; spright'li-est.] Full of 
animation and spirits; vivacious; lively. [< 
spright, sprite, to.]— spright'li-ness, to. 
spring, 1 sprig; 2 spring, v. [sprang or sprung; 
sprung; springing.] I. t. 1. To release the 
spring of. 2. To do or cause to act unexpect¬ 
edly and suddenly. 3. To bend by force; 
strain. II. i. 1. To move quickly from a sup¬ 
port or position by the use of the limbs; bound; 
leap. 2. To move suddenly, as by elastic 
reaction. 3. To proceed; originate. 4. To be 
warped or bent. [ < AS. springan, spring.] 
spring, b. 1. An elastic body or contrivance 
that yields under stress, and returns to its 
normal form when the stress is removed. 2. 
Elastic quality or energy. 3. Recoil. 4. A 
cause of action. 5. A jump; bound. 6. The 
season in which vegetation starts anew. 7. A 
flow r or fountain, as of water. 8. A springing; 
source; origin. [< AS. spring, < springan, 
spring.]—spring'er, to.— spring'}-, a. 1. Elastic. 

2. Spongy; wet.—spring'i-ness, to.— spring'- 
halt", to. A convulsive movement of the hind 
legs of a horse, as in walking.—spring'-head", to. 
A fountain head; source.—spring'-tide", to. A 
high tide occurring near the new and the full 
moon, under the combined attraction of sun and 
moon; figuratively, any great wave of feeling, 
influence, etc.—spring'time, to. The season of 
spring, spring'tidef. 

spring'all, 1 sprip'al; 2 spring'al, to. [Scot, or Obs.] 
A youth, sprlng'alt; spring'aldf. 
spring'bok", 1 sprig'belt"; 2 spring'bok", to. A 
South-African gazel, with a wdiite stripe down 
the back. [S.*Afr. D.] spring'buck"t. 
springe, 1 sprinj; 2 spring, to. A snare or noose, 
arranged with a spring. [ < spring, v.\ 
Spring'fieid, 1 sprig'fild; 2 spring'feid, to. A manu¬ 
facturing city in S. Massachusetts; pop. 129,610. 
sprin'ki(e p , 1 sprig'kl; 2 sprfn'kl. I. vt. & vi. 
[sprin'kl(e)d p ; sprin'kling.] To scatter in 
drops or small particles; rain in scattering 
drops. II. to. A falling in drops or particles, 


1:3 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = owt; ell: Iu = feTOd; <fhin; go; rj = sinp; €hin, this. 
2: wolf, d»; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bdrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











sprint 

stable 


566 



or that which so falls; a sprinkling; hence, a 
small quantity. [ < AS. sprengan, make 
spring.],— sprin'kler, ». — sprin'kling, n. 1. 
That which is sprinkled; a small, scattering 
quantity. 2. The act of scattering drops of liquid, 
sprint, 1 sprint; 2 sprint. I d . vi. To run, as in 
a sprint. II. n. A short race run at the top 
of one’s speed.— spriut'er, n. 
sprit, 1 sprit; 2 sprit, n. 1. A small spar for 
stretching a sail. 2. The bowsprit. [ < AS. 
spredl, < spredtan, sprout.]— sprit'sail, n. A 
sail extended by a sprit. 

sprite, 1 sprait; 2 sprit, n. A fairy, elf, or gob¬ 
lin. [ < F. esprit, < L. spiritus, spirit.] 
sprock'et, 1 sprek'et; 2 sprdk'et, n. 1. A pro¬ 
jection, as on the periphery 
of a wheel, as for engaging 
with the links of a chain. 

2. A wheel bearing such 
projections. 

sprout' 1 , 1 spraut; 2 
sprout, v. I. t. To cause 
to put forth shoots. II. 

1. 1. To develop shoots. 

2. To grow. [ < a var. of 
AS. spredtan, sprout.] V /S 

sprout, n. A new shoot or Bicycle Sprocket 
bud on a plant. (s). 

spruce, 1 sprus; 2 sprug, vt. & vi. [spruced 1 ; 

spruc'ing.] To make oneself spruce, 
spruce, a. Having a smart, trim appearance. 

—spruce'ly, adv. —spruce'ness, n. 

Spruce, n. An evergreen tree with needle-like 
leaves and pendulous cones; also, its wood, 
sprung, 1 sprurj; 2 sprung, imp. & pp. of spring, v. 
spry, 1 sprai; 2 spry, a. Quick and active; agile. 

[ < Sw. dial, sprygg, active.] 
spt., abbr. Seaport. 

spud, 1 spud; 2 spud, n. 1. A spade-like tool with 
narrow blade or prongs, as for removing 
weeds; also, one of various implements or 
objects resembling thi§. 2. [Prov.] A potato. 
[Cp. D. spyd, spear.] 

spue, vt. & vi. Same as spew. 

spume, 1 spium; 2 spurn. I. vi. [spumed; 
spum'ing.] To froth; foam. II. n. Froth; 
foam; scum. [F., < L. spuma, foam.] — spu¬ 
mes'cence, n. Frothiness.—spu'mous, a. 
Foamy, spum'yt. 

spun, 1 spun; 2 spun, imp. & pp. of spin, v. 
spunk, 1 spuqk; 2 spunk, n. 1. [Colloq.] Quick, 
ardent temper; courage; pluck. 2. Punk. [< 
Gael, sponc, tinder, < L. spongta; see sponge, 
n.] — spunk'y, a. [spunk'i-er; spunk'i-est.J 
[Colloq.] Spirited; courageous; touchy, 
spur, 1 spur; 2 sphr. I. vt. [spurred; spur'- 
ring.] 1. To goad 

by use of the spur. _ 

2. To furnish with r 1 

spurs. II. n. 1. 

A pricking or goad¬ 
ing instrument ^ ron Spur. 

w r orn on a horseman’s heel. 2. Anything that 
incites or urges. 3. A stiff sharp spine, as on 
the leg of a rooster. 4. A projecting crag, 
ridge, or the like. [< AS. spora, < V of spurn, 
t>.]‘— spurred, a. Wearing or having spurs, 
spurge, 1 spurj; 2 spflrg, n. A plant bearing 
flowers with 3-lobed ovaries on long pedicels, 
spu'ri-ous, 1 spiu'ri-us; 2 spii'ri-us, a. Not 
genuine; false; counterfeit. [< L. spurius, 
spurious.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
spurn, 1 spurn; 2 spCirn, vt. 1. To reject with 



disdain. 2. To drive back or away as by kick' 
ing. [ < AS. speornan, kick.] 
spurt 1 , 1 spurt; 2 spdrt. I d . vt. & vi. To force 
out or come forth in a jet; squirt. II. n. 1. A 
sudden gush of liquid. 2. Any sudden out¬ 
break. [ < AS. sprittan, sprout.] 
spurt 2 . I d . vi. To make a sudden and extreme 
effort. II. n. An extraordinary effort of brief 
duration. [ < Ice. spretta, start.] 
sput'tcr, 1 sput'er; 2 sput'er. I. vt. & vi. 1. To 
spit outwith vehemenceand irregular noise. 2. 
To speak in a confused, explosive w r ay. II. n. 

A sputtering; jabbering. [Freq. of spout, ».] 
spy, 1 spai; 2 spy, v. [spied; spy'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To discover; see by looking carefully or 
stealthily. 2. To catch a glimpse of; espy. 
II. i. To act as a spy; investigate; pry. [ < 
OHG.of spehon, watch.] — spyGglass", n. A 
small terrestrial telescope, 
spy, n. [spies 2 , pi.] 1. One who enters an 
enemy’s military lines covertly to get infor¬ 
mation. 2. One who watches others secretly. . 
sq., abbr. Sequens (L., the following [one]), square. 

—sq. ft., sq. in., abbr. Square foot, square 
inch.—sqq. ,abbr. [L.] Sequenles, sequentia (the 
following [ones]). 

squab, 1 skweb; 2 skwab. I. a. 1. Fat and 
short. 2. Half-grown. II. n. 1. A young 
pigeon. 2. A fat, short person. [Cp. Sw. dial. 
sqvabb, fat flesh.] 

squab 'ble, 1 skwob'l; 2 skwab'l. I. vi. [squab'- 
bled; squab'bling.] To engage in a petty 
wrangle; quarrel. II. n. The act of squab¬ 
bling; a petty wrangle. [< Sw. skvappa, 
chide, < skvapp, splash.]— squab'bler, n. 
squad, 1 skwod; 2 skwad, n. A small group of 
persons; a small detachment of troops or 
police. [ < OF. esquadre.] 
squad'rou, n. 1. An assemblage of war* 
vessels smaller than a fleet; one of the divi¬ 
sions of a fleet. 2. A division of a cavalry regi¬ 
ment. 3. [Recent.] A number of military aero¬ 
planes detailed lor special service. [ < It. OF 
squadrone .] 

squal'id, 1 skwol'id; 2 skwal'id, a. Having a 
mean, poverty-stricken appearance; dirty, 
neglected, and wretched. [ < L. squalidus, < 
squaleo, be foul.]— squal'Id-ly, adv .— squal'- 
id-ness, n, squa-lid'i-tyf. 
squall, 1 skw r 61; 2 skwal, vf.& vi. To cry loudly, as 
an angry child. — squall 'er, n. [skvala, scream.] 

squall 1 , n. A loud, screaming outcry. [ < Ice. 
squall 2 , n. A sudden burst of wind. [ < Sw. 
sqval, rush of water, < sqvala, gush.]—squall'y, 
a. Stormy; blustering. 

squal'or, 1 skwel'er or skwe'lsr; 2 skw'al'er or 
skwa'lor, n. The state of being squalid. [L., 

< squaleo, be foul.] 

squa'mous, 1 skwe'mus; 2 skwa'mus, a. Covered 
with scales; scaly; scale-like. [< L. squamosus, 

< squama, scale.] squa'mosef. 

squall 'der, 1 skw r en'der; 2 skwan'der, vt. & vi. 
To spend money, etc., lavishly and waste- 
fully.— squau'der-er, n. 
square, 1 skwar; 2 skwar, v. [squared; squar'- 
ing.] 1. 1. 1. To make square. 2. To form into 
a right angle. 3. To balance, as accounts; 
make even. 4. To cause to conform; adapt. 

5. Math. To multiply (a number or quan¬ 
tity) by itself. 6. To determine the contents 
or area of in square measure; find a square 
equivalent to; as, to square the circle. II. i. 1. 
To be at right angles. 2. To fit; agree. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; 1 = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 









567 


sprint 

stable 


square, a. 1. Being a square; loosely, ap¬ 
proaching a square in form. 2 . Characterized 
by a right angle. 3. Just; equitable. 4. 
Balanced; even. 5. Absolute. 6. Solid; satis¬ 
fying. -ly, adv. -ness, n .— square measure, 
a system of measures applied to surfaces. See 
measure. — square-rigged", a. Having the 
principal sails extended by horizontal cross* 
yards: said of ships, brigs, etc. 
square, n. 1. A figure having four equal sides 
and four right angles. 2. Any object that is 
square or nearly square. 3. An instrument by 
which to measure or lay out right angles. 4. 
A town or city block. [ < OF. esquare, es- 
quarre, < L. ex, out, + OF. quarre, square, < L. 
quadra, < quattuor, four.] 

squash 1 , 1 skwe^h; 2 skwash, vt. & vi. [Colloq.] 
To beat or press into a pulp; be mashed into a 
soft mass. [< OF. esquacher, crush.] 
squash 1 , n. The fleshy edible fruit of various 
trailing annuals of the gourd family; also, any 
one of the plants that bear this fruit. [ < Am. 
Ind. asquash, pi. of asq, green, raw.] 
squash 2 , n. 1. A soft or unripe object. 2. A 
crushed or mashed object. 3. The sudden 
fall of a heavy, soft, or bursting body.— 
squash'y, a. 

squat, 1 skwet; 2 skwat. I. vt. & vi. [squat— 
TED d or squat; squat'ting.] 1. To crouch, or 
cause to crouch, in a sitting posture. 2. To 
settle on a piece of land without right. 14. a. 
1. Short and thick. 2. Being in a squatting 
position. III. n. A squatting attitude or posi¬ 
tion. [ < F. esquatir, < es- intens. + quatir, 
press down.]— squat'ter, n. One who settles 
on land without right or without permission.— 
squat'ty, a. Disproportionately short and thick, 
squaw, 1 skwe; 2 skwa, n. An American Indian 
woman or girl. [ < Mass. Ind. squa, woman.] 
squawk, 1 skwek; 2 skwak. I 1 , vi. To utter a 
shrill, harsh cry, as a hen. II. n. 1. A harsh 
cry, as of certain birds. 2. The black*crowned 
night*heron. [For squeak.] 
squeak, 1 skwlk; 2 skwek. I 1 , vt. & vi. To utter 
or effect with a squeak; make a squeak. II. n. 
A thin, sharp, penetrating sound. [ < Sw. 
sqvaka, croak.]— squeak'er, n .— squeak'y, a. 
Making a squeaking noise.— squeak'i-ly, adv .— 
squeak'i-ness, n. 

squeal, 1 skwil; 2 skwel. I. vi. 1. To utter a 
sharp, shrill, somewhat prolonged cry. 2 . 
[Slang.] To turn informer. II. n. A shrill, 
prolonged cry, as of a pig. [Ult. < Ice. skvala, 
scream.]— squeal'er, n. 

squeam'ish, 1 skwlm'i^h; 2 skwem'ish, a. 
Easily disgusted or nauseated; unduly scrupu¬ 
lous. [ < Ice. sveimr, a.bustle.]— squeam'ish- 
ly, adv.— squeain'lsh-ness, n. 
squeez(e p , 1 skwiz; 2 skwez, v. [squeez(e)d s ; 
squeezing.] I. t. 1. To press closely; com¬ 
press. 2. To draw forth by pressure. 3. To 
crowd. II. i. To force one’s way by pressing; 
push. [< AS. ewesan, crush.]— squeez'er, n. 
One who or that which squeezes; specif., one of 
various mechanical devices for applying pressure, 
as to express air*bubbles from puddled iron, etc. 
squeez(e p , n. The act or process of squeezing. 
squelch 1 , 1 skwel.<h; 2 skwel?h, vt. & vi. 1. To 
disconcert. 2. To be crushed or subdued. 3. 
To make a noise as if walking in wet snow or 
mud. [ Var. of quelch; akin to quell.] — 
squelch'er, n. 1. One who or that which 
squelches. 2. [Colloq.] A silencing retort. 


squib, 1 skwib; 2 skwlb. I. vt. & vi. [squibbed; 
squib'bing.] To attack by means of squibs; 
lampoon. II. n. 1. A mild lampoon; pithy 
paragraph. 2. A tubular case filled with gun¬ 
powder, as for firing a charge. [Var. of,swiPE.] 
squid, n. A ten*armed cuttlefish, especially 
one of the small species. [Cp. squirt.] 
squill 1 , 1 skwil; 2 skwil, n. The sliced bulb of a 
medicinal plant of the lily family, 
having diuretic and expectorant vMA/ i/\ 
properties. [ < F. squille, < L. WMb/y 
sqziilla, squill.] VmyjkJ L 

squill 2 , n. 1 . A crustacean; Wmal j 
shrimp. 2. A mantis. [< L. KlMw// 
squilla, squill.] 'wffli lI/vZ 

squint, 1 skwint; 2 skwmt. I d . 
vt. & vi. 1. To make or be cross* 
eyed. 2. To look with half*closed mw 

eyes, or with a side glance. II. a. 

Having a squint; looking ob- 
liquely. III. n. 1. An affection /M/iiWim 
of the eyes in which their axes Mu I MW 
are differently directed; strabis- 
mus. 2. The act of squinting. 

[< Gw. svinka, shrink.]— Squill, 

squint-eye", n. Strabismus, 
squire, 1 skwair; 2 skwir. I. vt. & vi. To at¬ 
tend upon as a squire. II. n. 1. An esquire; 
justice of the peace; lawyer or prominent 
citizen; attendant, as of a knight, or of a 
lady. 2 . In England, a landed proprietor of 
long standing. [ = esquire, n.] 
squirm, 1 skwurm; 2 skwlrm. I. vi. 1. To bend 
and twist the body; wriggle; writhe. 2. To 
climb by shinning. II. n. A squirming mo¬ 
tion; a wriggle. [Var. of squir, ult. = whir.] 
squir'rel, 1 skwur'el or skwir'el; 2 skwiir'Sl or 
skwir'61, n. A slender rodent, with a very 
long bushy tail, living mainly in trees. [Ult. 
<Gr. skiouros, < skia, shade, + oura, tail.] 
squirt, 1 skwurt; 2 skwirt. I d . vt. & vi. To force 
out in a spurting stream. II. n. 1. The 
act of squirting or spurting. 2. A syringe 
or squirt*gun. [ < LG. swirtjen, squirt.]— 
squlrt'er, n. 

Sr., abbr. Senior, sir.—S. R. S., abbr. [L.] So- 
cietatis Regix Socius (Fellow of the Royal 
Society).—S. S ,,abbr. Sabbath*school, Secretary 
of State, simplified spelling, Statistical Society, 
Straits Settlement.—s. s., abbr. Screw steamer, 
steamship.—SS., abbr. Saints, sanctissimus (L„ 
most holy), scilicet (L., to wit): on legal docu¬ 
ments.— ss., abbr. [L.] Semis (half).—SS. D., 
abbr. [L.] Sanctissimus Dominus (Most Holy 
Lord [the Pope]).—S.S.E., abbr. South*south- 
east.—S. S. W., abbr. South*southwest.—s. t., 
abbr. Senza tempo (It., Mus., without marked 
time), short ton.—St., abbr. Saint, state, street. 
—st.. abbr. Stanza, stet, stone, strophe, 
stab, 1 stab; 2 stab. I. vt. & vi. [stabbed, 
stabd 8 ; stab'bing.] To pierce with a pointed 
weapon; wound with a dagger. II. n. A 
thrust made with any pointed weapon; a 
wound made by stabbing. [Perhaps < Ir. 
stob, stake.]—stab'ber, n. 
stab'i-lize, 1 stab'i-lniz; 2 st3b'i-llz, vt. [-lized; 
-liz'ing.] To make stable; specif., to secure 
equilibrium, as in an aeroplane, etc. [ < L. 
stabilis, see stable.] —stab'i-liz"er, n. A bal¬ 
ancing device, as in an aeroplane. 

Sta'ble, 1 ste'bl; 2 sta'bl. I. vt. & vi. [sta'bled; 
sta'bling.] To lodge in a stable. II. n. A 
building set apart for lodging and feeding 


1:3 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; Iu = feud; <fhin; go; O = sin0; thin, this. 
2 : wolf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 










stable 

stannic 


568 


horses or cattle. [ < L. op stabulum, < sto, 
stand.] — sta'bling, n. 1 . The act of one who 
stables. 2. Room or accommodation in a stable. 
Sta'ble, a. 1. Standing firmly in place; fixed. 
2. Marked by fixedness of purpose. 3. Having 
durability or permanence. [F., < L. sta- 
bilis, < sto, stand.]— sta-bil'i-ty, n. The state of 
being stable, sta'ble-nessf.—sta'bly, adv. In 
a stable manner; so as to be firm, 
stac-ca'to, 1 ste-kd'to; 2 sta-ea'to, a. Mus. 1. 
Played in an abrupt, disconnected manner. 2. 
Marked by abrupt, sharp emphasis. [It.] 

Stack, 1 stale; 2 stak. I 1 , vt. To gather or place 
in a pile; pile up in a stack. II. n. 1. A large 
orderly pile of unthrashed grain, hay, or 
straw; commonly conical. 2. Any systematic 
pile or heap. 3. A vertical main smoke*flue. 
[ < Ice. stakkr, stack.] 

stad'hold"er, >1 stad'[or stat']hold"er; 2 
Stadt'hoId"er, ) stad'[or stat']hold"er, n. Dutch 
Hist. A viceroy or governor of a province or 
town as the representative of the sovereign; 
specif., the chief magistrate of the Nether¬ 
lands, a hereditary office in the family of the 
Princes of Orange. [ < MD. stad, place, + 
houder, holder.] 



sta'i 

pi. 

At 


'di-uni, 1 ste'di-um; 2 sta'di-um, n. [-di-a, 
1. The foot*race course at Olympia, 
. lens, and elsewhere in Greece where games 
were celebrated: that at Athens has recently 
been restored for the revived Olympian 
games. 2. Some similar structure, as the 
stadium at Harvard. 3. A Greek measure of 
length, about 600 feet. [L., < Gr. stadion, 
< histemi, stand.] 

Staff 1 , / 1 staf; 2 staf, n. [staves, 1 stevz or 
Staf p , ) stdvz; 2 stav§ or stavg, staffs, stafs p , 
pi.] 1. A stick or piece of wood carried for 
some special purpose. 2. A shaft or pole. 3. 
Mil. A body of officers attached to a com¬ 
mander. 4. The combined lines and spaces 
used in written or printed music. [ < AS. 
stsef, stick.] 

Staff 2 , n. A 
plastic com¬ 
position used 
instead of 
stone for tem¬ 
porary build¬ 
ings, statuary, 
etc. [Prob. 
var. of stuff.] 
stag, 1 stag; 2 
stag, n. 1. 

The red deer, 
especially the 
matured male. 

2. The male of 
other large 
deer. 3. 

[Colloq.] A 
man, especial- 


Full *grown 
Royal Stag. Vso 


ly when not in the company of women: used 
in special compounds, as a sfag*dinner (one 
at which only men are present), etc. [ < Ice. 
steggr , male anima < stlga, mount.]—stag'- 
hournl", n. A dog, resembling a large grey¬ 
hound with a shaggy coat, used for hunting the 
stag. 

stage, 1 stej; 2 stag. I. vt. [staged; stag'ing.] 

1. Theat. To mount or arrange for the stage. 

2. To exhibit on the stage. II. n. 1. The 
raised platform, with scenery, etc., on which 


the performance takes place in a theater. 2. 
The profession of an actor. 3. A scene of 
action. 4. An elevated platform; staging. 5. 
A step or degree. 6. One of several regular 
stopping*places in a route. 7. A large four* 
wffieeled conveyance. stage'*coach"i. [< 
OF. estage, < L. sto, stand.]— stag'er, n. A 
stage*horse; especially in the phrase old stager 
(one who has had long experience at anything). 
— stag'ing, n. 1. A scaffolding or temporary 
platform. 2. The act of putting a play upon the 
stage.— stag'y, a. Having a theatrical manner; 
belonging to or befitting the stage.— stag'I- 
ness, n. 

stag'ger, 1 stag'ar; 2 stag'er, v. I. t. 1. To 
cause to reel. 2. To cause to hesitate; over¬ 
come, as with surprize. II. i. 1. To move un¬ 
steadily to one side and the other; reel. 2. 
To waver. [ < Ice. stalcra, freq. of staka, push.] 
— stag'ger, n. A reeling motion.— stag'ger-er, 
n. —stag'ger-Ing-ly, adv. 
stag'nant, 1 stag'nant; 2 stftg'nant, a. 1. 
Standing still; not flowing; hence, foul from 
long standing. 2. Lacking activity; sluggish. 
[F., < L. stagno, stagnate, < stagnum, pool.]— 
stag'nan-cy, n. A stagnant condition.— stag'- 
nate, vi. [STAG'NAT"ED d ; stag'nat"ing.] 1. To 
be or become stagnant. 2. To become inert.— 
stag-na'tion, n. 

staid, 1 sted; 2 stad, imp. & pp. of stay, v. 
staid, a. Steady and sober; sedate. [< staid, 
pp. of stay, r.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
stain, 1 sten; 2 stan, v. I. t. 1. To make a stain 
upon; discolor. 2. To color by the use of a 
dye or stain. II. i. To take or impart a stain. 
[Abbr. of distain.]— stain'er, n. 

Stain, n. 1. A discoloration from foreign mat¬ 
ter, etc. 2. A dye used in staining. 3. A moral 
taint; tarnish.— stain 'less, a. 
stair, 1 star; 2 star, n. 1. A step, or one of a 
series of steps. 2. A series of steps: usually 
plural. [ < AS. stseger, < stigan, climb.] — 
stair 'case", n. A set of stairs. stair'\vay"J. 
stake 1 , 1 stek; 2 stak. I. vt. [staked 1 ; stak'- 
ing.] 1. To fasten or support by means of a 
stake. 2. To mark the boundaries of with 
stakes. II. n. 1. A stick or post, as of wood, 
sharpened for driv- ir;n. v . jiiiu ill ^ ,-^m 
ing into the ground, -v-fw./ 1 

2. A post to which a vjja“ jw| 1 

E erson is bound to dJtjEj®!]* ‘ M ' : 

e burned alive. [< 

AS. staca, stake.] 
stake 2 . I c . vt. To put 
at hazard; wager; 
risk. II. n. 1. Some¬ 
thing wagered or 
risked; a prize for 
competition. 2. The 
condition of being in 
hazard or in ques¬ 
tion: chiefly in the 
phrase at stake, as 
my whole future was 
at stake. 3. An in¬ 
terest. [Special use 
of stake 1 , n .]— 
stake 'hold"er, n. One who holds the stakes, as 
in a wager. 

sta-lae'tite, 1 sta-lak'tait; 2 sta-lae'tlt, n. An 
elongated pendulous, icicledike form in which 
certain minerals are sometimes deposited, as 
from the roof of a cave. [< Gr. stalalctos, drop¬ 
ping^ slalasso, drop.]— stal"ae-tit'ic, -i-eal, a. 



Stalactite Column 
(broken) in the Jenloan 
Cave, New South Wales. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, bOrn- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go. Dot. or, won’ 
















/ 


569 


stable 

stannic 


sta-lag'mite, 1 ste-lag'mait; 2 sta-lag'mlt, re. 
An incrustation on the floor of a cavern: the 
counterpart of a stalactite. [ < Gr. stalagmos, 
dropping, < stalasso, drop.] — stal"ag-init'ie, 
-i-cal, a. 

Stale, 1 stel; 2 stal, a. Having lost freshness; 
deteriorated; vapid; stagnant; decayed; worn 
out; overtrained; trite. [< OF. estale, < 
MD. stel, old.]—stale'ness, re. 

Stale'mate", 1 stel'met"; 2 stal'mat", n. Chess. 
A position in which a player can make no 
move without putting his king in check. [ < 
AS. < stalu, theft, < stelan, steal, + mate 2 .] — 
stale'mate", vt. Chess. To put Into a condition of 
stalemate. 

stalk, 1 stek; 2 stak. I. vt. & vi. 1. To ap¬ 
proach stealthily, for the purpose of killing, 
as in hunting. 2. To pace in a dignified man¬ 
ner. Hi. re. 1. The act of stalking game. 2. A 
stately step or walk. [ < AS. stselcan, walk 
slowly, < stelan, steal.]—stalk'er, n. —stalk'- 
ing=horse", re. 1. A horse behind which a hunter 
conceals himself in stalking game. 2. Hence, 
anything serving to conceal one’s real intention; 
a pretense. 

stalk 2 , re. 1. The stem or axis of a plant, espe¬ 
cially when herbaceous. 2. A supporting part; 
stem. [Akin to Ice. stilkr, stalk.] 
stall, 1 stdl; 2 stal. I. vt. & vi. 1. To place or 
keep in a stall, as cattle for fattening. 2. To 
furnish with stalls. 3. To fix or stick in mire 
or snow, as a wagon. II. re. 1. A compart¬ 
ment in which a horse or bovine animal is 
confined and fed. 2. A small booth, enclosed 
seat, etc. [ < AS. steal, < V of stand.]— fin'- 
ger*stall", re. A cover to protect an injured 
finger.—stall'*feed", vt. To feed (as cattle) in 
a stall or stable; fatten.—s.*fed, a. 
stal'lion, 1 stal'yan; 2 stal'yon, re. An uncas¬ 
trated male horse or other equine animal. 
See illus. at horse, fig. 8. [ OF. estalon, < 

LL. slallum, stall.] 

stal'wart, 1 stel'wart;2 stal'wart, o. 1. Largeand 
strong. 2. Muscular; brawny. [< AS. stsel- 
wyrthe, good, serviceable.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
sta'men, 1 ste'men; 2 sta'mgn, re. [sta'mens, 
rarely stam'i-na, -pi.] The organ that con¬ 
tains the pollen in a flower. [L., < sto, 
stand.] — stam'i- 
na, re. [Originally 
thepluralof stamen, 
now commonly 
construed as a sin¬ 
gular.] 1. Strength; 
vigor. 2. The sup¬ 
porting part of a 
body. — stain '1- 
nal, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to a stamen. 2. 

Relating to stami¬ 
na.—stam'i-nate, 
a. Having stamens, 
stam'mer, 1 stam'- 
ar; 2 stam'er. I. 
vt. & vi. To utter 
with a stammer. 

II. re. A halting, 

defective utter - Stamp (Canceled) made up- 



ance: a stutter. 


der the “Stamp Act. 


[< AS. stamur, stammering.]—stam'mer-er, re. 
stamp*, 1 stamp; 2 stamp, v. I. t. 1. To make 
by impressing. 2. To impress upon anything 
by a stamp. 3. To affix a postage=stamp upon. 
4. To bring down quickly and heavily, as 
the foot. 5. To crush (ores). 6. To stigma¬ 


tize; brand. II. i. To strike the foot forcibly 
upon the ground. [ < AS. stempan, stamp.]— 
stamp'er, re. 

Stamp, re. 1. A mark made by stamping; de¬ 
vice; design. 2. An implement or machine 
for stamping. 3. Any characteristic mark. 4. 
Kind; sort. 5. The act of stamping. 6. A 
device printed and sold, as by a government, 
for attachment, as to a letter (postage* 
stamp), commodity (revenue*s.)» etc., as 
proof that the tax or fee has been paid; 
also, one to encourage thrift (war=saving s.). 
Stam-pede', 1 stam-pld'; 2 stam-ped'. I. vt. 

& Vi . [STAM-PED'ED d ; STAM-PED'iNG.] To 
cause a stampede. II. re. 1. A sudden start¬ 
ing and rushing off through panic. 2. A sud¬ 
den, impulsive, tumultuous movement on the 
part of a crowd. [ < Sp. estampida, crash.] 
stanch, ) 1 stnndh; 2 stanch. I*, vt. To stop 
staunch, ( or check the flow of (blood), as from 
a wound. II. a. 1. Firm in principle; con¬ 
stant; faithful; hearty. 2. Strong and vigor¬ 
ous. [ < OF. estancher, < L. stagno; see 

STAGNANT.] 

stan'cliion, 1 stan'iffian; 2 stan'chon, re. 1. 
An upright bar or timber forming a principal 
support. 2. One of a pair of upright timbers 
used to confine cattle in a stall. [ < LL. OF 
stantia, chamber, < L. stan(t-)s, ppr. of sto, stand.] 
Stand, 1 stand; 2 stand, v. [stood; stand'ing.] 
1. 1. 1. To place upright. 2. To put up with; 
bear. II. i. 1. To rest erect; be or remain 
upright. 2. To be in a particular condition. 
3. To go; step; pass: usually with an adverb 
of motion, as stand from under, stand out of 
the ranks. 4. To be situated; lie. 5. To rest; 
depend. [ < AS. standan, stand; cognate with 
L. sto, stand.]—stand'ing. I. pa. 1. Remaining 
erect. 2. Maintained for regular or permanent 
use. 3. Stagnant. 4. Permanent. II. re. 1. Rela¬ 
tive position, as in social or moral relations. 2. 
A station. 3. Duration. 4. The act of one who 
stands. — stand'point", re. A position from 
which things are viewed or regarded.—stand'- 
still, re. A complete pause; halt: rest. 

Stand, re. 1. A structure upon which things 
may stand; platform; small table, etc. 2. 
Position; place. 3. The act of standing. 4. 
A halt; hesitation; resistance, 
stand'ard, 1 stand'ard; 2 stand'ard, a. Having 
the accuracy or authority of a standard. 
stand'ard 1 , re. 1. Any established measure of 
extent, quantity, or value.. 2. A type, mod¬ 
el, or example for comparison. —standard¬ 
ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To make to a standard; 
to regulate by a standard, stand'ard-isej.— 
stand"ard-i-za'[or -sa'jtion, re. 
stand'ard 2 , re. An upright timber, post, etc. 
stand'ard 3 , re. A flag, ensign, or banner, con¬ 
sidered as an emblem. 

Stan'dish, 1 stan'dnffi; 2 stan'dish, Miles (1584- 
1656). An English soldier and emigrant in the 
“Mayflower”; military leader of the Pilgrims: 
subject of a poem by Longfellow. 

Stan'ley, 1 stan'li; 2 stan'ly, Sir Henry Morton 
(1840-1904). Name adopted by John Rowlands, 
born in Denbigh, Wales. An Anglo=American 
explorer in Africa; discoverer of Livingstone, 
1872: crossed African continent from West to 
East, 1887-1889. 

stall'nic, 1 stan'ik; 2 stan'ic, a. Chem. Of or per¬ 
taining to tin, especially in its higher valence. 
[< L. stannum, tin.]—stan'nous, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to tin, especially in its lower valence. 


1-3 = final- B = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; cfhin; go; rj = siregr; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, r«le, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, this. 



















































































stanza 

steam 


570 


Stan'za, 1 stan'za; 2 st&n'za, n. Pros. A group 
of rimed lines, forming one of a series of divi¬ 
sions in a poem. [It., abode, < LL. stantia, 
chamber.] 

Sta'ple, 1 ste'pl; 2 sta'pl, a. 1. Regularly and 
constantly produced or sold. 2. Commercially 
established. 

Sta'ple 1 , ». 1. A well-established article of 

commerce. 2. A chief element or main factor. 
3. The fiber of cotton or wool. 4. Raw ma¬ 
terial. [ < OF. estaple, < MD. stapel, market.] 
Sta'ple 2 , n. A U-shaped piece of metal with 
pointed ends: often driven into wood, to serve 
as a fastening. [ < AS. stapel, < stapan, step.] 
star, 1 star; 2 star, v. [starred; star'ring.] I. 
t. 1. To set with stars. 2. To mark with an 
asterisk. II. i. To act as a dramatic star. 
Star, n. 1. A celestial body so distant as to ap¬ 
pear like a luminous point. 

The stars are classified according to their rela¬ 
tive brightness in what are known as magnitudes, 
the first being the brightest and the sixth the 
faintest visible to the naked eye. The following 
table gives the names of the brightest stars of the 
first magnitude, in the order of their brilliancy, 
with the constellation in which each may be 
found. See constellation. 


Table of Principal Stars 


Relative 

Brilliancy 

Star 

Constellation 

1 

Sir'i-us. 

Canis Major 

2 

Ca-no'pus.... 

Puppis 

3 

Arc-tu'rus.... 

Bootes 

4 

Ri'gel. 

Orion 

5 

Ca-pel'la. 

Auriga 

6 

Ve'ga. 

Lyra 

7 

Pro'cy-on. 

Canis Minor 

8 

Bun'gu-la. 

Centaurus 

9 

Bet'el-guese.. . 

Orion 

10 

A'cher-nar . . . 

Eridanus 

11 

Al-deb'a-ran. . 

Taurus 

12 

An-ta'res. 

Scorpio 

13 

Pol'lux. 

Gemini 

14 

A-ge'na. 

Centaurus 

15 

Az"i-mech'.. . 

Virgo 

16 

Al-tair'. 

Aquila 


2. A figure having radiating points, generally 
five. 3. An asterisk (*). 4. An actor who 

plays the leading part. [ < AS. steorra, star.] 
— star'cham"ber, n. An ancient English court 
exercising despotic powers, abolished by Parlia¬ 
ment, July 16, 1641.— star'flsh", n. A marine 
animal having radiat¬ 
ing arms. — star's 
gaz"er, n. One who 
studies or gazes at the 
stars; specif., an as¬ 
tronomer or astrologer. 

—star'sgaz"ing, n. — 
star'less, a. Being 
without stars or star¬ 
light.— star'light, n. 

The light given by a 
star or stars.— star'- 
like", a. Like a star; 
bright; luminous; shin- _ „ 

ing.— star'lit", a. — Starfish. 

Starred, a. 1. Spangled Under side of a starfish: TO, 
with stars; marked mouth;», suckers, 

with stars or a star. 2. Affected by astral in¬ 
fluence: chiefly in composition; as, Ill-starred. — 
star'ry, a. [star'ri-er; star'ri-est.] 1. Per¬ 
taining to. set with, or lighted by stars. 2. Shining. 


star'board, 1 star'berd; 2 star'bord. I d . vt. To 
put or turn (the helm) to the starboard. II. 
a. Pertaining to the right of a vessel. III. n. 
That side of a vessel on the right hand of one 
facing the bow. [ < AS. stebr, rudder, bord, 
side.] 

starch, 1 starvfh; 2 starch. I 1 , vt. To apply 
starch to. II. n. 1. A white odorless, taste¬ 
less substance found in the seeds, pith, or 
tubers of plants. 2. A gummy solution of the 
above, as prepared for use in stiffening clothes 
in the laundry. 3. Figuratively, stiffness or 
formality; also, courage; backbone. [< AS. 
stearc, strong.]—starch 'y, a. 1. Stiffened with 
starch; stiff; formal; precise. 2. Farinaceous, 
stare, 1 star; 2 star. I. vt. [stared; star'ing.] 
To fix the eyes in a steady gaze, as expressing 
amazement, horror, admiration, or insolence. 
II. n. A steady, fixed gaze with wide-open 
eyes. [ < AS. starian, stare.] 

Stark, 1 stark; 2 stark. I. a. 1. Stiff or rigid, as 
in death; figuratively, stubborn; inflexible. 
2. Complete; utter. II. adv. Completely; 
utterly. [ < AS. stearc, stiff.] 
star'ling, 1 star'liq; 2 star'ling, n. 1. An Old 
World bird, 
brown glossed 
with black. 2. 

A similar 
American bird, 
starred, star'ry, 
etc. See star. 

Starts, 1 start; 2 
start, v. 1. 1. 1. 

To originate 
motion or 
action in. 2. 

To originate; 
begin. 3. To 
call, forth; 
evoke. II. i. 1. 

To make an 
involuntary 
startled move¬ 
ment; move 
suddenly. 2. 

To set out; 
proceed. 3. To 
become loose. _ 

[ME. s ter ten; Common Starlings. */• 

akin to Dan. styrle, ruin, D. storten, G. sturzen, 
precipitate.] 

start, n. 1. A quick, startled movement or 
feeling. 2. A beginning. 3. Distance in ad¬ 
vance; lead. 4. Impetus at the beginning of 
motion. 

Start 'l(e p , 1 star'tl; 2 star'tl, vt. & vi. [start'- 
l(e)d p ; start'ling.] To arouse or excite 
suddenly; be suddenly aroused or excited. 
[Freq. of start, p.] 

Starve,) 1 starv; 2 starv, vt. & vi. [starved, 
starv 8 , s starvd 9 ; starv'ing.] 1. To reduce to 
a state of extreme hunger; famish. 2. To kill 
by depriving of nourishment. [ < AS. steorfan, 
die.) — star-va'tlon, ». — starve'ling, n. A 
person or animal that is starving or emaciated. 
Stat., abbr. Slatim (L., immediately), statuary, 
statute. 

state, 1 stet; 2 stat. I. vt. [stat'ed^ ; stat'ing.] 
To set forth explicitly, as in speech or writing. 
II. a. 1. Pertaining to the state; public. 2. 
Intended for or used upon occasions of cere- 




1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rQle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go. ndt, or, w6n. 
























571 


stanza 

steam 


mony. III. n. 1. Mode of existence; condi¬ 
tion; situation. 2. A commonwealth; nation. 
3. A community forming part of a federal 
monarchy or republic; especially [S-], one 
of the United States. 4. Civil govern¬ 
ment. 5. Ceremonious style; dignity. [< 
L. OF status, < slo (supine slatum), stand.]— 
state'craft, n. The art of conducting affairs of 
state.— stat'ed, pa. Established; regular; fixed. 
— stat'ed-ly,ad». — State'diouse", n. [U. S.] A 
building used for sessions of a State legislature 
and for other public purposes; a State capitol.— 
state'ly. I. a. [state'li-er; state'lx-est.J Dig¬ 
nified; lofty. W.adv. Loftily.— state'li-ness, n. 
— state'ment, n. 1. A summary of facts; nar¬ 
ration. 2. That which is stated.— state'room", 
n. A private sleeping-apartment, as in a vessel. 
— states 'man, n. [-men, pi.] One who is skilled 
in the science and art of government.— states '- 
raan-like, a. states'man-lyf.—states'man- 
ship, n. The art or skill of a statesman, 
sta'ter, 1 ste'tar; 2 sta'ter, n. 1. A gold coin of 
ancient Greece, worth 20 drachmas, or about 
$4.00. 2. Later, a silver coin, worth 4 drachmas: 
the “ piece of money ” of Malt, xvii, 27. [< Gr. 

stater .] 

Stat'ic, ) 1 stat'ik, -l-kel; 2 stat'ie, -i-cal, a. 
Stat'i-cal, ) 1. Pertaining to bodies at rest or 
forces in equilibrium. 2. Acting as weight, 
but not moving. 3. Elec. Of, pertaining to, 
or designating electricity at rest. See elec¬ 
tricity. [ < Gr. statilcos, causing to stand.]— 
stat'ics, n. The science of bodies at rest. 
Sta'tion, 1 ste'^lian; 2 sta'shon. I. yt. To as¬ 
sign to a station. II. n. 1. An assigned loca¬ 
tion. 2. An established place or building 
serving as a starting-point, stage, or stopping- 
place, as on a railway. 3. Social condition; 
rank; standing. [F., < L. statio(n-), < sto, 
stand.]— sta'tion-a-ry, a. 1. Remaining in one 
place. 2. Fixed. 3. Exhibiting no change of char¬ 
acter or condition.— sta'tion-er, n. A dealer in 
stationery. — sta'tion-er"y, n. Writing-mate¬ 
rials in general; especially, note-paper and en¬ 
velops. _ [ < STATE, Tl .] 

sta'tlst, 1 ste'tist; 2 sta'tist, n. A statistician, 
sta-tis'tics, 1 sta-tis'tiks; 2 sta-tis'tics, n. pi. 
Systematized numerical facts collectively. 
[< statist.] —sta-tis'ti-cal, a. sta-tis'ticf.— 
sta-tis'ti-cal-ly, adv.— stat"is-ti'eian, n. One 
skilled in collecting and tabulating statistics, 
stat'ue, 1 stadh'u or stat'yu; 2 stach'u or stat'-- 
yu, n. A representation of a human or animal 
figure, as carved in marble, cast in bronze, 
etc.: distinguished from painting or relief. 
[F., < L. stalua, < sto, stand.]— stat'u-a-ry, n. 
[-riesz, pi .] 1. Statues, collectively considered. 
2. A statue-maker. 3. The art of making statues. 
— stat"u-esque', a. Resembling a statue. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.— stat"u-ette\ n. A small statue. 
Stat'ure, 1 stach'ur or stat'yur; 2 stach'ur or 
stat'yur, n. The natural height of an animal 
body: used especially of man. [F., < L. 
stalura, < sto, stand.] 

sta'tus, 1 ste'tus; 2 sta'tus, n. 1. State, condi¬ 
tion, or relation. 2. Relative position. [L.] 
Stat'ute, 1 stadh'ut or stat'yut; 2 stach'ut or 
stat'yut, n. A legislative enactment duly 
sanctioned and authenticated; any authori¬ 
tatively declared ordinance or law. [< F. 
stalut, < LL. statutum, < L. sto, stand.] stat'u- 
to-ry, a. Pertaining to a statute; created by 
legislative enactment, 
staunch, v., a., & n. Same as stanch. 
stave, 1 stev; 2 stav. I. vt. [staved or stove; 


stav'ing.] 1. To break in the staves or 
strakes of (a cask or a boat, etc.); crush the 
shell or surface of; break in pieces; smash: 
often with in. 2. To make (a hole) by crush¬ 
ing or collision. 3. To furnish or fit with 
staves. 4. To ward off, as with a staff; ar¬ 
rest the performance of: usually with off. 
II. n. [staves, 1 stevz; 2 stavz, pl.\ 1. A 
curved strip of wood, forming a part of the 
sides of a barrel, tub, or the like. 2. Mus. 
A staff. 3. A stanza; verse. [ < AS. stsef, staff.] 
staves, 1 stevz; 2 stav§, n. Plural of staff. 
stay, 1 ste; 2 sta, v . [stayed or staid; stay'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To stop the progress of. 2. To 
be a support to; prop. 3. To postpone. ' 4. 
To satisfy temporarily; appease. 5. To sup¬ 
port with stays, as a mast. II. i. 1. To re¬ 
main; tarry. 2. To halt. 3. [Colloq.] To have 
a temporary abode; be a guest; as, he is 
staying at the hotel. [ < MD. OF staeye, stay.] 
stay, n. 1. The act or time of staying. 2. That 
which checks or stops; specif., a suspension 
of judicial proceedings. 3. A prop; support; 
especially, a rope, bar, etc., for holding a 
mast, or the like, in position. 4. pi. Corsets. 
—stay'sail", n. A sail, usually triangular, ex¬ 
tended on a stay. 

S. T. D., abbr. [L.] Sacrse Theologix Doctor (Doctor 
of Sacred Theology).—Ste., abbr. [F.] Sainte 
(saint, fern.). 

Stead, ) 1 sted; 2 stSd, n. 1. Place of another 
Sted 8 , ) person or thing: preceded by in. 2. 
Place or attitude of support; use; service: in 
phrase to stand (one) in stead or in good 
stead. [ < AS. stede, place, or stxth, harbor; 
both < V of STAND.] 
stead'fast, a. See stedfast. 
stead'y, ( 1 sted'i; 2 sted'y. I. vt. & vi. [stead'- 
Sted'y s , )ied; stead'y-ing.] To make, hold, 
or become steady. II. a. [stead'i-er; stead'- 
i-est.] 1. Stable in position; firm. 2. Con¬ 
stant in movement or action; regular; uni¬ 
form. 3. Free from dissipation. 4. Stedfast. 
[< AS. stxlhlhtg, < sixth, bank.]— stead'i-ly, 
adv. —stead'i-ness, n. 

Steak, 1 stek; 2 stale, n. A thick slice of meat, as 
of beef, usually broiled or fried. [ < Ice. stei/c.\ 
Steal, 1 stil; 2 stel, vt. & vi. [stole; sto'len; 
steal'ing.] 1. To take without right, author¬ 
ity, or permission; commit larceny; secure 
dishonestly. 2. To act in a concealed, silent, 
or surreptitious manner. [ < AS. stelan , steal.] 
Stealth, t 1 stelth; 2 stelth, n. The quality or 
stelth s , ) habit of acting secretly; secret move¬ 
ment. [< AS. stelan, steal.]— stealth'y, a. 
Moving or acting secretly or slyly. —stealth'i« 
ly, adv. —stealth'i-ness, n. 

Steam, 1 stlm; 2 stem, v. I. t. To saturate, 
cook, or otherwise affect by steam. II. t. 1. 
To make, give off, or send out steam. 2. To 
move by steam, as a vessel, 
steam, n. 1. Water in the form of vapor. 2. 
Any kind of vaporous exhalation. [ < AS. 
steam, vapor.] — steam'boat", n. A boat or 
vessel propelled by steam.—steam'-en"gine, 
n. An engine that derives its motive force from 
the action of steam.—steam'er, n. 1. Something 
propelled or worked by steam; especially, a 
steamship. 2. A vessel in which something is 
steamed.—steam'ship", n. A large vessel for 
ocean traffic, propelled by steam. — stcr,m'» 
tug", n. A tug propelled by steam.—steain'y, 
a. Full of steam; misty.—steam'i-ness, n. 


l-a = final- 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; thin; go; 0 = amp; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







stearin 

stiff 


572 


Ste'a-rin, 1 stl'a-rin; 2 ste'a-rin, n. A white, 
pearly, crystalline compound contained in 
many animal and vegetable fats. [< Gr. 
stear, suet.l ste'a-rinej. — ste-ar'ic, a. 
ste'a-tite, n. See talc. 

Sted 'fast, 1 1 sted'fost or -fast; 2 sted_ fast or 
Stead'fast, )-fast, a. 1. Firmly fixed in faith 
or devotion to duty; constant. 2. Directed 
fixedly at one point or to one end, as the gaze 
or purpose; steady. [< AS. stede, place, + 
/vest, fast.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. . 

Steed, 1 stld; 2 sted, n. A horse; especially, a 
war*horse. [< AS. steda .] 

Steel, 1 stll; 2 stel. l.vt. 1. To cover with steel; 
plate with or furnish with steel. 2. To make 
hard or unyielding. II. a. Made or composed 
of steel; hence, hard; obdurate.. III. n. 1. 
A compound of iron (chiefly with carbon), 
decidedly malleable at some high temperature 
and hardening greatly by sudden cooling. 2. 
Something made of steel. [ < AS. style, steel.] 
— steel'y, a. Of or like steel; having a steehlike 
hardness. 

Steele, 1 stll; 2 stel. Sir Richard (1672-1729). 

An Irish dramatist and essayist. See Spectator. 
steel 'yard, 1 stll'yard; 2 stel'yard, n. A simple 
device for weighing, ^ 

consisting of a scale 3 A 

beam, counterpoise, 
and hooks. [ < , \T i 

steel, n., + yard My Steelyard. A 

(enclosure); meant to %I » • “ 

be a translation of 
MD. slaelhof, sample=yard.] steel'yardsf. 
steep*, 1 stlp; 2 step ,vt.&vi. To soak in a liquid; 
mingle gradually in an infusion; macerate. 

[ < Ice. steypa, overturn, < stupa,, stoop.] 
steep. I. a. 1. Making a great incline; pre¬ 
cipitous; sheer. 2. [Colloq.] Exorbitant; high. 
II. n. A precipitous place; a hill. [< AS. 
sleap, steep; akin to stoop, v .] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
stee'pl(er, i sti'pl; 2 ste'pl, n. A lofty structure 
rising above the roof of a church; a spire. [ < 
AS. stepel, < steap, steep.]—stee'ple-ehase", n. 
A race on horseback across country.—stee'ple- 
chas"er, n. 

steer, 1 stir; 2 ster, v. 1. 1. To turn or keep on a 
given course, as by a rudder. II. t. 1. To 
guide a vessel by means of a rudder. 2. To 
guide or direct one’s course. [ < AS. stedran, 
< steor, rudder.]— steers 'man, n. [-men, pi ] 
One who steers a boat. 

steer, n. A young male of the ox kind; espe¬ 
cially, a castrated male. [< AS. steor, steer; 
akin to OHG. start, strong.] 
steer'age, 1 stlr'ij; 2 ster'ag, n. 1. That part 
of an ocean passenger*vessel occupied chiefly 
by immigrants. 2. The act of steering. 3. The 
state of being steered.—steer'age-way", n. 
Sufficient movement of a vessel to enable it to 
answer the helm. 

stein, 1 stain; 2 stln, n. A stone beer*mug, holding 
usually a pint; also, the quantity of beer it con¬ 
tains. [G.] 

Stel'lar, 1 stel'er; 2stel'ar, a. Pertaining to the 
stars; astral. [ < LL. stellaris, < L. Stella, 
star.] — stel'late, a. Star*shaped or starlike. 
stel'lat"edf.—stel'li-form, a. Star*shaped.— 
stel'lu-lar, a. Set or bespangled with fine stars. 
stem 1 , 1 stem; 2 st8m, vt. & vi. [stemmed, 
stemd; stem'ming.] To make headway against, 
as a current. [supply with stems. 

stein 2 , vt. 1. To remove the stems from. 2. To 
stem 1 , n. 1. The stock, as of a tree or other 


plant. 2. The pedicel, stalk, etc., that sup¬ 

ports the fruit, flower, or leaf of a plant. 3 . 
The stock of a family. [ < AS. stemn, stem, 
< V of stand.] — stem'*wlnd"er, n. A watch 
that is wound by turning a projecting head on the 
end of the stem.—s.* winding, a. 
stem 2 , n. A nearly upright timber or metal 
piece constituting the forward member of a 
vessel’s hull. [ < AS. stefn, prow of a ship.] 
stench, 1 stentfh; 2 stSnch, n. An offensive 
odor; foul smell. [< AS. stenc, < stincan, 
smell.] 

sten'cil, 1 sten'sil; 2 sten'cil. I. vt. [sten'- 
ciled or -cilled, -ciLD 8 ; sten'cil-ing or 
-cil-ling.] To make with a stencil. II. n. 1. 
A thin sheet or plate in which a pattern is 
cut by spaces, through which a color applied 
to the surface penetrates to a surface beneath. 
2. A decoration or the like produced by sten¬ 
ciling. [ < OF. estinceller, sparkle, < L. scin- 
tillo; see scintillant.]— sten'cil-er, n. sten'- 
cil-lerj. 

sten'o-graph, ) 1 sten'o-graf; 2 sten'o-graf, n. 
sten'o-graf 1 ’, >A character or writing in 
shorthand. —ste-nog'ra-pher, n. One who 
writes stenography or phonography, ste- 
nog'ra-phlstf.—ste-nog'ra-phy, n. The art 
of writing by the use of contractions or arbitrary 
symbols. —sten"o-graph 'ic, sten"o-grapli '1- 
cal, a. —sten"o-graph'i-caI-Iy, adv. 
sten-to'ri-an, 1 sten-to'ri-en; 2 stSn-t5'ri-an, a. 

Having or producing a loud tone; loud*voiced. 
step, 1 step; 2 step, v. [stepped 1 or stept; 
step'ping.] 1. 1. 1. To place, set, or move, as 
the foot, in taking steps. 2. To insert the 
lower end of (a mast) in a socket. II. i. To 
take a step or steps; move the feet, as in walk¬ 
ing. [ < AS. steppan, step, < V of stand.] — 
step'pingsstone", n. A stone affording a foot* 
rest, as for crossing a stream, etc.; hence, that by 
which one rises or advances, 
step, n. 1. A motion by change of position of a 
foot. 2. The distance passed over in making 
such a motion. 3. That upon which the foot 
is placed in ascending or descending, as a 
stair*tread or ladder*rung. 4. A single action 
regarded as leading to something. 5. An ad¬ 
vance or promotion. 6. Walk; gait. 7. A 
footprint. 8. Mus. An interval measuring a 
difference of pitch. J). A step*like projection 
or part. 10. A socket in which the end of 
something may rest.— step'lad"der, n. Aset 
of portable steps with, usually, a hinged frame 
at the back, which may be extended as a support, 
step-. A prefix denoting relationship through the 
marriage only of a parent, and not by blood. [< 
AS. steop, orphaned.] — step'broth"er, n. — 
step'child", n. —step'daugh"ter, n. —step'- 
fa"ther, n. —step'moth"er, n. step'*dame"t. 
—step'*par"ent, n. —stcp'sis"ter, n. —step'- 
son, n. 

Ste'phen, 1 stl'ven; 2 ste'vgn, n. 1. Bib. The first 
Christian martyr. Acts vii, 58. 2. Saint (979- 
1038), first king of Hungary; established Chris¬ 
tianity in Hungary. 3. King of England (1105- 
1154). 

Ste'phen-son, lstI'ven-san;2ste'ven-son, George 
(1781-1848). An English engineer; invented the 
locomotive; introduced steam»railways. 
steppe, 1 step; 2 st?p, n. A vast plain devoid of 
forest, as in Siberia. [ < Rus. stepl, heath.] 
-ster, suffix. A termination denoting profession, 
occupation, or agency: originally the feminine 
form of -er as still in the single example spin- 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 









.573 


stearin 

stiff 


ster. After the 14th century it denoted simple 

agency or profession, often with a shade of con¬ 
tempt or depreciation: as, seamsZer; punster; 
rimesfer. [< AS. -eslre, fem. suffix.] 
ster., stereo., abbr. Stereotype, stereotyper.—• 
ster., stg., abbr. Sterling. 

Stere, 1 stir; 2 ster, n. A cubic unit of metric 
measure, equal to one kiloliter (1,000 liters) 
or one cubic meter. See metric system. [ < 
F. sUre, < Gr. stereos, solid.] 
ster'e-o-, 1 ster'i-o-; 2 ster'e-o-. A combining 
form. [ < Gr. stereos, solid, firm, hard.]—• 
ster'e-o-gram, n. A picture or diagram giving 
the impression of a solid in relief, or two pictures 
so combined as to produce this effect, ster'e-o- 
graphf.—ster"e-og'ra-phy, n. The art of con¬ 
structing on a flat surface lines representing sol¬ 
ids: perspective.— ster"e-o-graph'ic, a. — ster"- 
e-o-graph 'i-cal-Iy, adv. —ster"e-op'ti-con, n. 
A double magic lantern: used to bring one image 
after another on the screen by the alternate use of 
the lanterns. — ster'e-o-scope, n. An optical 
instrument for blending into one image twrn pic¬ 
tures of an object from slightly different points 
of view, so as to produce upon the eye the im¬ 
pression of relief.— ster"e-o-scop'ic, -i-cal, a. 
— ster'e-o-type. I. vt. [-typed*; -typTng.] 1. 
To make a stereotype of. 2. To furnish stereo¬ 
type plates for. II. n. A cast or plate taken in 
stereotype-metal from a matrix, as of paper, re¬ 
producing the surface from which the matrix 
was made.— ster'e-o-type=met"al, n. An alloy 
of type-metal, but containing more lead.— stcr'- 
e-o-typ"er, n. 

ster'ile, ) 1 ster'il; 2 ster'il, a. Having no ro¬ 
ster 'll 9 , $ productive power; barren. [< L. 
sterilis, barren.]—ste-ril'i-ty, n .—ster'il-ize, 
vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] 1. To deprive of productive 
power. 2. To destroy bacteria in; make free from 
germs, ster'ii-isej.—ster'il-i-za'[or -sa']tion, 
n. —ster'il-iz"[or -is"]er, n. 
ster'ling, 1 stur'lip; 2 ster'ling, a. 1. Having a 
standard of value or fineness established by 
the British government. 2. Having accept¬ 
ed worth; genuine. [< Easterlings, German 
traders in England, < AS. eastan, from the east.] 
stern, 1 sturn; 2 stern, a. 1. Marked by sever¬ 
ity or harshness. 2. Strict; severe. 3. Inspir¬ 
ing fear; repelling. [ < AS. styrne, stern.]— 
stern 'ly, adv. —stern'ness, n. 

Stern, n. The aft part of a ship, boat, etc. [ < 
Ice. sljorn, steering, < V of steer, v .]—stern's 
chase", n. A chase in which the pursuing vessel 
follows in the other’s wake.—s.sdiaser, n. A 
cannon mounted in the stern to annoy a chasing 
ship.—s. foremost, hind side foremost; mov¬ 
ing with the stern in advance.—stern'ward, a. 
& adv .—stern'way", n. The backward motion 
of a vessel. 

ster'nuin, 1 stur'num; 2 ster'niim, n. [ster'na 
or -nums z , pi.] The breast-bone. [ < Gr. 
slernon, breast.]— ster'na!, a. 
ster"nu-ta'tion, 1 stur"niu-te'^lien; 2 ster"- 
nu-ta'shon, n. The act of sneezing. [ < L. LL 
sternuto, intens. of sternuo, sneeze.]— ster-nu'- 
ta-tive, a.— ster-nu'ta-to-ry, a. & n. 
ster'tor-ous, 1 stur'tor-us; 2 ster'tor-us, a. 
Characterized by snoring; accompanied by 
a snoring sound; as, stertorous breathing. [< 
L. sterto, snore.] ster-to'ri-oust.—ster'tor- 
ous-Iy, adv.— ster'tor-ous-ness, n. 

Stet, 1 stet; 2 stet, vt. & vi. [stet'ted^ ; stet'- 
ting.] In proof-reading, a direction to let 
stand as originally written or printed. [L., 
let it stand.] 



stick 1 , 1 stik; 2 stik, v. [stuck; stick'ing.] I. 
t. 1. To cause to pierce; thrust; stab. 2. To 
fix in place by inserting or piercing. II. i. 1. 
To be held or supported by being thrust in. 

2. To protrude, with out, through, and from. 
[< AS. *stecan, = OS. slekan, pierce.]—stick'- 
er 1 , n. 

Stick 2 , v. [stuck; stick'ing.] I. t. To attach 
by some adhesive substance. II. i. 1. To 
cleave to a surface; adhere. 2. To stay at¬ 
tached. 3. To be stopped, perplexed, or dis¬ 
concerted. 4. To have misgivings or objec¬ 
tions; hesitate: with at; as, he sticks at noth¬ 
ing. [< AS. stician, stab, cleave.]— stick'- 
er 2 , n. — stick 'y, a. [stick'i-er; stick'i-est.] 
Adhering to a surface; adhesive. — stick'!- iy, 
adv. —stick'i-ness, n. 

stick 1 , n. 1. A piece of wood that is long, com¬ 
pared with its cross-section. 2. Anything 
resembling such a piece; a rod, wand, or cane. 

3. Print. A metal frame in which type is com¬ 
posed. [ < AS. sticca, stick, < V of stick 1 , v.] 

stick 2 , n. A penetrative thrust; stab. 

stiek'I(e p , 1 stik'l; 2 stik'l, vi. [stick'l(e)d p ; 
stick'ling.] To contend about trifling mat¬ 
ters. [Ult. < AS. stilitan, govern.]— stick'- 
ler, n. 

stick'le-back", 1 stik'l-bak"; 2 stik'l-bak", n. A 
small f res ha and salt-water fish of northern re¬ 
gions, having from 2 to 15 sharp free dorsal 
spines: it builds nests for the reception of its 
eggs, which the males defend until hatched. 

Stiff, / 1 stif; 2 stif, a. 1. Resisting the action 

stif p , j of a bending force; rigid. 2. Not easily 
moved. 3. Constrained and awkward. 4. 
Viscous. 5. Firm in resistance; obstinate. 6. 
Hard; severe. [< AS. stif, stiff.] -Iy, adv. 
-ness, n. —stiff'en, vt. & vi. To make or become 


1: a = final; i = habiG aisle; au = ottt; oil; iu = feud; (Thin; go; o = si ng; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bfilrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









stifle 

stop 


574 


stiff or stiffer.— stiff-necked", n. Not yielding 
to influence; stubborn; incorrigible, 
sti'fle, 1 stai'fl; 2 stl'fl, v. [sti'fled; sti¬ 
fling.] I. t. 1. To kill by stopping respira¬ 
tion. 2. To extinguish. 3. To conceal; sup¬ 
press. II. i. To die from suffocation. [ < Ice. 
sti/la, choke.] 

Sti'fle, n. The joint next the body, in the hind 
leg of a horse. See illus. under horse, sti'- 
flc*joint"t. 

stig'ma, 1 stig'me; 2 stig'ma, n. [stig'mas 2 or 
stig'ma-ta, pi.] 1. A mark of infamy, or 
token of disgrace. 2. That part of a pistil 
which receives the pollen. 3. A mark; spot; 
scar. [L., < Gr. stigma, < stizo, prick.]— 
stig-mat'ic, a. — stig'ma-tize, vt. [-tized; 
-tiz"ing.] To brand as ignominious. [< Gr. 
stigmatizo, < stigma; see stigma.] stlg'ina- 
tlsej.—stig"ma-ti-za'[or sa'Jtion, n. 
stile, 1 stail; 2 stll, n. A series of steps for cross¬ 
ing a fence or wall. [ < AS. stigel, < stigan, 
climb.] 

Sti-Iet'to, 1 sti-let'o; 2 sti-let'o, n. A small dag¬ 
ger with slender blade. [It., dim. of stilo, < 
L. stilus, pointed instrument, style.] 
still, ) 1 stil; 2 stll. I. vt. To cause to be still; 
stil p , ) put to rest or silence. II. a. 1. Being 
without movement. 2. Free from distur¬ 
bance. 3. Making no sound. 4. Inanimate. 
III. n. Stillness; calm. IV. adv. 1. Now or 
then; as previously; yet. 2. Notwithstand¬ 
ing. 3. In increasing degree; even yet. [ < 
AS. stille, < stille, a., still.]—still-born", a. 
Lifeless at birth.—still fiiess, n.—still'y. I. a. 
[Poet.] Still; silent. II. adv. Calmly; quietly, 
still, n. 1. An apparatus in which a substance 
is vaporized by heat, and the vapor then 
liquefied in a condenser and collected: used 
especially for distilling liquors. 2. A distillery. 
Stilt, 1 stilt; 2 stilt, n. 1. One of a pair of slen¬ 
der poles, each having a projection 
to support the foot abovethe ground 
in walking. 2. One of various other 
supports. [ < Sw. stylta, prop.]— 
stilt'ed, a. Artificially or formally ele¬ 
vated in manner; bombastic; inflated. 

—stilt 'ed-ness, n. 

stim'u-lant, 1 stim'yu-lent; 2 stlm'- 
yu-lant. I. a. Serving to stimu¬ 
late. II. n. Anything that stimu¬ 
lates, as an excitant or intoxicant. 

[< L. stimulo (ppr. stimulan(t-)s), 
prick, < stimulus, goad.] — stfin'u- 
late, vt. & vi. [-lat"ed<i; -lat"ing.] 

1. To rouse to activity; excite; animate. 

2. To affect by intoxicants; take stim¬ 
ulants. —stim"u-la'tion, n. —stim'- 
u-la"tiv(e s , a. & n. —stim'u-la"tor, qf . nt 
n. — stim'u-lus, n. [-u.pl.) Any- 1 
thing that rouses the mind or spirits, or that ex¬ 
cites action in a nerve or muscle. 

Sting, 1 stir); 2 sting. I. vt. & vi. [stung; 
sting'ing.] 1. To pierce with a sting; use a 
sting. 2. To cause a sensation, as from a 
sting. 3. To stimulate. 4. To be keenly pain¬ 
ful. II. n. 1. The act of stinging; the wound 
made by a sting. 2. Zool. A sharp offensive 
or defensive organ capable of inflicting a 
painful and poisonous wound, as the modified 
ovipositor of bees, wasps, etc. 3. Spur; goad. 
[< AS. slingan, sting.]— sting'er, n .— sting¬ 
ray", n. A ray having near the base of the whip* 
like tail a sharp spine capable of inflicting a 
dangerous wound. 



still'gy 1 , 1 stin'ji; 2 stin'gy, a. [stin'gi-er; 
stin'gi-est.] 1. Extremely penurious or seh 
fish. 2. Scanty, as from penurious giving. 
[< sting, v.]— stin'gi-ly, adv. — stin'gi-ness, n. 
sting'y*, 1 stio'i; 2 sting'y, a. [Colloq.] Stinging; 
piercing. 

stink, 1 stiijk; 2 stink. I. vi. [stank or stunk; 
stink'ing.] To give forth a foul odor. II. n. 
A foul odor; stench. [ < AS. stincan, smell.] 
stint, 1 stint; 2 stint. I J . vt. 1. To provide for 
or serve scantily. 2. To allot a specific task 
to. II. n. 1. A fixed amount, as of work; al¬ 
lowance. 2. A prescribed bound; restriction. 
[ < AS. slyntan, blunt.]— stint'er, n. 
stipe, 1 staip; 2 stip, n. A stalk or stalkdike 
support; petiole; stem. 

[F., < L. stipes, branch.] 
sti'pend, 1 stai'pend; 2 sti¬ 
pend, n. A salary that 
affords a bare livelihood. 

[ < L. stipendium, tax.]— 
sti-pen'di-a-ry, n. [-ries z , 
pi.] One who receives a sti¬ 
pend, as a clergyman, 
stip'pie, 1 stip'l; 2 stip'l. I. vt. 

To draw, paint, or engrave by 
means of dots instead of lines. 

II. n. In painting, etching, 
etc., a method of employing 
dots instead of lines, or the 
effect thus produced, stip¬ 
pling!.— stip 'pier, n. 

Stip'u-late, 1 stip'yu-let; 2 stip'- 
yu-lat, v. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] 

I. t. 1. To specify as the terms 
of an agreement. 2. To particularize. II. i. To 
make stipulations. [ < L. stipulor (pp. stipu¬ 
late), bargain for.]— stip"u-la'tion, n. 1. The 
act of stipulating. 2. Anything stipulated; an 
agreement or contract.— stip'u-Ia"tor, n. 



Stipes (s) of a 
Maidenhair 
Fern. 


stip'ule, 1 stip'yul; 2 stip'yul, n. One of a pair 
of leafdike appendages at the base of the 
petiole of certain leaves. [ < L. stipula, stalk.] 
—stip'u-late, a. Having stipules. 

Stir, 1 stur; 2 stir, v. [stirred; stir'ring.] 1. 1. 
1. To alter the relative position of the parti¬ 
cles or components of, as by imparting to 
them circular motion. 2. To cause to move; 
disturb. 3. To bestir; rouse. II. i. 1. To be 
active or in motion. 2. To move. [< AS. 
styrian, stir.]—stir'ring, pa. Stimulating; in¬ 
spiring. 

stir, n. The act of stirring; activity; excite¬ 
ment; commotion. 

stir'rup, 1 stir'up or stur'up; 2 stir'up or stir'- 
iip, n. 1. A support for the foot, suspended 
from the side of a saddle. 2. A loop or metal 
strap, as for supporting a bar or beam. [ < 
AS. sllrap, < stigan, mount, + rtp, rope.]— 
s(ir"rup=cup\ n. A parting*cup of liquor taken 
by a mounted horseman; hence, a last cup before 
parting. 

stitch, / 1 sticfh; 2 stich. I*, vt. & vi. To join 

stich p , (together with stitches; sew. II. n. 1. 
A single passage of a threaded needle; also, 
the thread or yarn thus placed. 2. A sharp 
sudden pain, as in the side. [< AS. stice, 
pricking.]— stitch 'er, n. One who or that which 
stitches; especially a machine for that purpose, as 
in book*binding. 


stlth'y, 1 stith'r, 2 stith'y. [stith'ies z , pi.] A 
smithy. [< Ice. stethi.] 

sti'ver, 1 stai'var; 2 sti'ver. n. 1. A small Dutch 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not. or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; ii = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n, 










575 


stifle 

stop 



coin, worth 2 cents. 2. Anything of little 
value. [ < D. stuiver, stiver.] 

Stoat, 1 st5t; 2 stot, n. The ermine, especially 
in its summer coat, 
reddish *brown 
above, yellow below. 

[ < Ice. stutr, a 
bull.] 

Stock 1 , 1 stole; 2 stok, 
v. I. t. 1. To fur¬ 
nish with stock. 2. 

To supply with a 
handle. 3. To lay by 
for the future. II. i. 

To lay in or provide 
supplies. 

Stock, a. Continually kept ready; standing. 

Stock, n. 1. The trunk or main support of a 
plant. 2. Line of descent; lineage; family. 
3. Domestic animals. 4. Goods and merchan¬ 
dise employed in trade, as by a merchant. 5. 
Any reserve supply. 6. Certificates of shares 
or indebtedness. 7. The handle of a gun, etc. 
8. A support, as for a vessel during construc¬ 
tion. 9. A broad stiffened band, as of cambric 
or silk, worn as a cravat and often fastened 
with a buckle at the back; neckcloth. 10. A 
block, stake, post, or log of wood; anything 
heavy and senseless. [ < AS. stoc, stock.]— 
stock'sbro"ker, n. Finance. One who buys and 
sells stocks for others.—s. company, an incor¬ 
porated company that issues stock.— stock '- 
Iiol<l"er, n. One who holds certificates of owner¬ 
ship, as in a stock company.— s.*jobber, n. A 
dealer or speculator in stocks.— s.^jobbery, n. 
s.sjobbingt.—stock 'man, n. 1. A man having 
charge of stock, as on a ranch. 2. One who raises 
stock.— s.sstill, a. Still as a stock or post; mo¬ 
tionless.— s.^yard, n. A large yard with pens, 
stables, etc., where cattle are kept ready for 
shipping, slaughter, etc. 

stock-ade', 1 stek-ed'; 2 stok-ad'. I. yt. 
[sTOCK-AD'ED d ; stock-ad'ing .] To fortify 
with a stockade. II. n. A line of stout posts, 
stakes, etc., set upright in the earth to form 
a fence or barrier. [ < stock, n., imitating F. 
eslacade, < It. steccata, palisade.] 

Stock'holm, 1 stek'holm; 2 stok'holm, n. A sea¬ 
port city, capital of Sweden; built partly upon 
islands; pop. 415,200. 

stock'ing, 1 stek'irr, 2 stok'ing, n. A woven or 
knitted covering for the foot and lower part 
of the leg. 

Stock 'y, 1 stek'i; 2 stok'y, a. Short and stout. 

stodg'y, 1 stej'i; 2 stodg'y. a • [Colloq.] 1. 
Crammed full; distended; lumpy. 2. Stupid; 
dull; heavy. [For stogy = stocky.] 

sto'gy, 1 sto'gi; 2 sto'gy, n. 1. [Colloq.] A stout 
coarse boot or shoe. 2. [U. S.] A coarse cigar, 
sto'giet- 

Sto'ic, 1 sto'ik; 2 stofie, n. 1. A member of a 
school of Greek philosophy that sternly re¬ 
pressed all emotion. 2. [s-] A person indiffer¬ 
ent to pleasure or pain. [Ult. < Gr. Stoa 
PoikilS, ‘the Painted Porch,’ at Athens, fre¬ 
quented by Zeno, founder of the Stoic school.]— 
Sco'l-cal, a. —Sto'i-cal-ly, adv — Sto'i-cism, 
n. 1. The doctrines of the Stoics. 2. [s-] Stoical 
indifference to pleasure or pain, sto '1-cal-ness t . 

Stoke, 1 stok; 2 stok, vt. & vi. [stoked 4 ; stok'- 
ing.] To supply (a furnace) with fuel; serve 
as a stoker. [ D. sto/cen, stir a fire, stok, 
stick.]—stok'er, n— stoke'diole", n. Thespace 


about the mouth of a furnace; the space allotted 
to the stokers on a steamer. stokeChold"t. 
stole, sto'Ien, imp. & pp. of steal, v. 
stole, 1 stol; 2 stol, n. 1. Eccl. A narrow band 
fringed at the ends, worn by the clergy of 
various churches while officiating. 2. Any 
ecclesiastical vestment. [ < L. OF stola, outer 
garment of a Roman matron.] 
stol'id, 1 stol'id; 2 stol'id, a. Having or ex¬ 
pressing no power of feeling or perceiving; im¬ 
passible; dull. [< L. stolidus, dull.] -ly, adv. 
—sto-lid'i-ty, n. stol'id-nesst. 
stom'ach, / 1 stum'ak; 2 stom'ae. I 4 , vt. To 
stum'ac p , S accept, as by the stomach, with¬ 
out opposition; hence, to put up with. II. n. 
1. A dilatation, or dilatations, of the alimen¬ 
tary canal, serving as one of the principal 
organs of digestion. 2. The abdomen; belly. 
3. Desire of food; appetite. [< Gr. L+F stom- 
achos, < stoma, mouth.]— stom'ach-er, n. A 
former ornamental article of women’s dress for 
the breast and stomach.— sto-mach'lc, a. Per¬ 
taining to the stomach, stom'ach-alj; sto¬ 
mach'i-calf. 

stone, 1 ston; 2 ston. I. vt. [stoned; ston'ing.] 
1. To hurl stones at. 2. To remove the stones 
or pits from. 3. To furnish, as a well, with 
stone. II. n. 1. A small piece of rock, as a 
cobble or pebble. 2. Rock, or a piece of rock 
hewn or shaped. 3. A gem. 4. A stony con¬ 
cretion in the bladder, or a disease character¬ 
ized by such concretions. 5. The bony cover¬ 
ing of the kernel in a fruit. 6. [Brit.] A mea¬ 
sure of weight, avoirdupois, usually 14 pounds. 
[< AS. stan, stone.]— stone'scoal", n. Hard 
or anthracite coal.— s.=color, n. Bluish gray.— 
s.scutter, n. One who or that which cuts stone; 
specif., a machine for facing stone.— s.*cutting, 
n .— s.*dead,a. Quitedead.— s.sfrult, n. A fruit 
having a stone; a drupe.— stone’s cast, the 
distance a stone may be cast by hand, stone’s 
throwt. — stone'ware", n. A variety of pot¬ 
tery.— stone'work", n. Work made of stone.— 
ston'y, a. [ston'i-er; ston'i-est.] 1. Abound¬ 
ing in stone. 2. Hard as stone; hence, unfeeling. 
—ston'i-ness, n. 

Stone'lienge, 1 ston'henj; 2 ston'heng, n. A 
ruined structure of giant stones on Salisbury 
Plain, Wiltshire, England; of great antiquity; 
perhaps once a temple of the sun. 
stood, 1 stud; 2 stood, imp. & pp. of stand, v. 
stool, 1 stul; 2 stool, n. 1. A backless seat in¬ 
tended for one person. 2. Any low chairdike 
support. 3. A commode; also, feces. [< AS. 
stol, seat, < V of stand.] — stool'spig"eon, n. 
A decoy pigeon; specif., one employed to decoy 
others, as into a gamblingdiouse; a police=spy. 
stoop 4 , 1 stup; 2 stoop, vt. & vi. 1. To bend or 
lean forward; bow, or be bowed down. 2. To 
bring down from dignity or rank; condescend. 
3. To swoop. [ < AS. stupian, stoop.] 
stoop 1 , n. 1. An act of stooping. 2. Conde¬ 
scension. 3. A swoop, as of a bird of prey. 
stoop 2 , n.- [U. S.] An uncovered platform at 
the door of a house; a porch; veranda. [ < D. 
stoep, stoop, < V of STEP.] 
stoop 3 , ) n. 1. A drinking*cup or flagon. 2. 
stoup, £ Eccl. A receptacle for holy water, as 
at the entrance of a church. [ < AS. steap, 
cup.] 

stop, 1 step; 2 stop, v. [stopped 4 , stopt 8 ; 
stop'ping .] I. t. 1. To bring from motion to 
rest; cause to cease; bring to an end. 2. To 
check beforehand; prevent. 3. To close; keep 


l:a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = o«t; 

2 : wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule. cure. 


ell; lu = feud; cfhin; go; l) = sinff; thin, this, 
but, bArn; 611, boy; go, gem; i©k; thin, this. 









stop 

strength 


576 


back. II. i. 1. To come to rest. 2. To cease; 
discontinue. [ < AS. stoppian, prob. < LL. 
slupo, stop.]— stopGcock", n. A faucet having 
a stop or valve.— stop'^gap", n. That which 
stops a gap.— stop'page, n. 1. The act of stop¬ 
ping. 2. A deduction from pay.— stop'per. I. of. 
To secure with a stopper. II. n. One who or that 
which stops up or closes, as a plug or cork.— 
stop'ple. I. vt. [stop'pled; stop'pling.] To 
close with a stopple. II. n. A stopper, plug, cork, 
or bung.— stop'swatch", n. A watch having a 
hand indicating fractions of a second, which may 
be stopped or started by the pressure of a spring: 
used for timing races, etc. 

Stop, n. 1. The act of stopping; a halt; cessa¬ 
tion. 2. An obstruction; hindrance. 3. A 
contrivance in musical instruments for regu¬ 
lating tones. 4. A punctuation=mark. 

stope, 1 st5p; 2 st5p. I. vt. & vi. To exca,vate. 
as ore, rock, etc., in stopes. II. n. Mining. 
An excavation from which the ore has been 
removed, either above or below a level, in a 
series of steps. 

Store, 1 stor; 2 stor. I. vt. [stored; stor'ing.] 
1. To put away for future use. 2. To provide- 
3. To place in deposit for safe=keeping. II. n- 
1. That which is stored or laid up. 2. pi. 
Supplies. 3. A place where merchandise is 
kept for sale. [Ult. < L. instauro, restore.]— 
stor'age, n. 1. The depositing of articles in a 
warehouse for safekeeping. 2. Space for storing 
goods. 3. A charge for storing.—stor'age=bat"- 
ter-y, n. Elec. A battery whose electrical energy 
is chemically produced by a current being run 
through-it for a certain period: it is then ready 
to give off current temporarily in a reverse direc¬ 
tion.—store'house", n. A warehouse: deposi¬ 
tory.—store'keep"er, n. One who keeps a store. 
—store'room", n. A room in which things are 
stored, as household supplies. 

sto'rey, n. Same as story 2 . 

sto'rled 1 , 1 sto'nd; 2 sto'rid, a. 1. Having a 
notable history. 2. Related in a story. 

sto'ried 2 , a. Having or consisting of stories, 
as a building; as, si ^storied. 

stork, 1 stork; 2 stork, n. A long»necked and 
longdegged wading bird related 
to the herons. [< AS. store, 
stork.] 

Storm, 1 storm; 2 storm, v. 1. 1- 
Mil. To take, or attempt to 
take, by storm. II. i. 1. To 
take place, as a storm. 2. To 
give vent boisterously 
to passion. 3. To go 
noisily about. 

storm, n. 1. A distur¬ 
bance of the atmos¬ 
phere, generally a great 
whirling motion of the air, 
accompanied by rain. 2. 

A violent commotion of 
any sort; ebullition of 
passion or excitement. 3. storks and Nests. 

A violent and rapid as¬ 
sault on a fortified place. [ < AS. storm, 
storm.]—storm 'y, a. [storm'i-er; storm'i-est.] 
1. Characterized by storms; boisterous; passion¬ 
ate. 2. Accompanying storms.—storm '1-Iy, adv. 
—storm'i-ness, n. 

Stor'thing", 1 stor'tir)"; 2 stor'ting", n. The 
Norwegian parliament. [< Norw. storthing, 
< stor, great, + thing, meeting.] 


sto'ry, 1 sto'ri; 2 sto'ry. I. vt. & vi. [sto'ried; 

sto'ry-ing.] To tell stories. 
sto'ry 1 , n. [sto'ries 2 , pi.] 1. A narrative or 
recital; especially, a short tale, novel, anec¬ 
dote, etc. 2. Anything reported or told. 3. 
[Colloq.] A lie. [Short for history.] 
sto'ry-’, 1 sto'ri; 2 sto'ry, n. [sto'ries 2 , pi.] A 
division in a building comprising the space be¬ 
tween two successive floors. [ < OF. estoree, 
fern. pp. of eslorer, build.] sto'rey J. 
stoup, n. Same as stoop 3 , n. 
stout, 1 staut; 2 stout. I. a. 1. Strong or firm; 
tough. 2. Determined. 3. Fat; bulky. 4. 
Having muscular strength. II. n. A strong, 
very dark porter or beer. [OF., < MD. stolt, 
D. stout, < L. stultus, foolish.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
—stout'sheart"ed, a. Brave; courageous; also, 
stubborn, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
sto'va-ine, 1 sto'va-in; 2 sto'va-in, n. A local anes¬ 
thetic used in combination with strychnin, 
stove, 1 stov; 2 stov, imp. & pp. of stave, v. 
stove, n. An apparatus, usually of metal and 
portable, in which fuel is consumed for heat¬ 
ing or cooking. [ < D. stoof, stove.] 
stow, 1 sto; 2 sto, vt. 1. To put away compact¬ 
ly; pack. 2. To hide away; also, to lodge. [ < 
AS. slowigan, < stow, place.]— stow'age, n. 1. 
The act or manner of stowing, or the state of 
being stowed. 2. Space or charge for stowing 
goods. — stow'a-way", n. One who conceals 
himself, as on a vessel, to obtain free passage. 
Stowe, 1 sto; 2 sto, Harriet Beecher (1812-1896). 

An American author; Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

S. T. P., abbr. [L.] Sacrx Theologix Professor (Pro¬ 
fessor of Sacred Theology).—str., abbr. Steamer, 
stra-bis'mus, 1 stra-bis'[or -biz']mus; 2 stra- 
bis'[or -big']mus, n. A condition in which 
the eyes squint; cross*eye or walbeye. [ < Gr. 
slrabis?nos, < slrabos, oblique, < strephd, turn.]— 
stra-bis'mie, a. 

Stra'bo, 1 stre'bo; 2 stra'bo, n. (63? B. C.-A. D. 

24?) A Greek geographer and historian, 
strad'dle, 1 strad'l; 2 str&d'l. I. vt. & vi. 
[strad'dled, strad'ldp; strad'dling.] To 
stretch the legs widely apart; sit or mount 
astride. II. n. 1. A going, standing, or sit¬ 
ting with legs wide apart. 2. The space be¬ 
tween the legs of one who straddles. [For 
striddle, freq. of stride.] 

Stra"di-va'ri, 1 stra"dl-va'rl; 2 stra'di-va'ri, 
Antonio (1644-1737). A violin*maker of Cre¬ 
mona, Italy, whose models have been followed 
by the modern school. Strad"i-va'ri-usJ. 
Straf'ford, 1 straf'ard; 2 straf'ord, Earl of (1593- 
1641). Thomas Wentworth, an English states* 
man; beheaded. 

strag'gle, 1 strag'l; 2 strS.g'1, vi. [strag'gled, 
strag'ld p ; strag'gling.1 1. To wander 
apart from the main body, etc.; stray. 2. 
To ramble. 3. To spread out unduly. [ < AS. 
strac, pret. of strlcan, go.] — strag'gler, n.— 
strag'gly, a. Irregularly scattered or spread 
out; scattering. 

straight, 1 stret; 2 strat. I. a. 1. Extending 
uniformly in the same direction without 
curve or bend. 2. Free from kinks, as hair. 
3. Not stooped or inclined; erect, as in pos¬ 
ture. 4. Not deviating from truth; accurate. 
II. adv. 1. In a straight line. 2. Correspond¬ 
ingly. 3. Straightway. [ < AS. streccan (pp. 
streht), stretch.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— stralght'- 
en, vt. & vi. To make or become straight.— 
stralglit'en-er, n. —straight"for'ward,a. Pro¬ 
ceeding in a straight course or direct manner; 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n, 







577 


stop 

strength 


frank. -if, adv. -ness, n. —straight'way"||, adv. 
Immediately. 

strain, 1 stren; 2 stran, v. I. t. 1. To exert to 
the utmost of one’s ability. 2. To cause a 
strain in. 3. To constrain. 4. To purify by 
the use of a strainer. II. i. 1. To make vio¬ 
lent efforts. 2. To percolate; filter. 3. To be¬ 
come wrenched or twisted. [ < OF. streindre, 
< L. stringo, bind tight.]—strain'er, n. A uten¬ 
sil or device through which liquids are passed to 
separate them from coarse particles. 

Strain 1 , n. 1. A violent effort or exertion. 2. 
The injury due to excessive tension or effort. 
3. A melody; tune. 4. Prevailing tone. 

strain 2 , n. 1. Line of descent; race; stock. 2. 
Natural tendency. [< AS. strynd, < stred- 
nan, beget.] 

strait, 1 stret; 2 strat. I. a. 1. Of small dimen¬ 
sions; narrow. 2. Close; tight. II. n. 1. A 
narrow passage of water connecting two larg¬ 
er bodies of water. 2. Any narrow pass or 
passage. 3. Perplexity or distress; necessity. 
[< OF. estrait, < L. stringo (pp. striclus), bind 
tight.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.— strait'en, vt. 1. To 
make strait or narrow; contract; restrict. 2. To 
distress; hamper.— strait'<jack"et, n. A jacket 
of strong canvas, for confin¬ 
ing the arms of dangerous 
lunatics or violent prisoners. 

— s.daced, a. 1. Tightly 
laced as/.or as in, stays. 2. 

Strict, especially excessively 
strict, in morals, manners, or 
religion. 

Straits Set'tle-ments. A 

British colony in S. E. Asia; 
capital, Singapore; pop. 

820,870. 

strake, 1 strek; 2 strak, n. A 

breadth of planking or Strait-jacketasused 
plating on a vesse 1’ s in Sing Sing Prison, 
hull. [Var. of streak, in8ide P°° ket » in 

w., and of stroke 1 , n.j 

strand 1 , 1 strand; 2 strand. I d . vt. & vi. To 
run aground; be left helpless. II. n. [Poet.] 
A shore or beach. [ < AS. strand .] 

strand 2 . I d . vt. 1. To break a strand. 2. To 
make by twisting strands. II. n. 1. One of 
the principal members of a rope. 2. A fiber, 
hair, etc. [ < D. streen, skein.] 

Strange, 1 strenj; 2 strang, a. 1. Unheard of; 
unfamiliar. 2. Unaccountable; remarkable. 
3. Of a different class or kind. 4. Foreign. 
[< OF. estrange , < L. exlraneus, foreign.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.— stran 'ger, n. 1. One who is not 
an acquaintance. 2. An unfamiliar visitor. 3. A 
foreigner. 



Stran'gl(e p , 1 straq'gl; 2 stran'gl, vt. & vt ., 
[stran'gl(e)d p ; strangling.] 1. To choke 
to death; throttle; suffocate; stifle. 2. To re¬ 
press; suppress. [< Gr. L+OF strangalao, < 
strangale, halter.] — stran'gu-late, vt. [-laT'- 
ed; -lat"ing.] 1. To strangle. 2. To compress or 
obstruct, especially so as to cut off circulation of 
the blood, as in hernia.— stran 'gu-lat"ed, va. 
stran'gu-latef.—stran"gu-Ia'tion, n. 
strap, 1 strap; 2 strap. I. vt. [strapped 1 , 
strapt 3 ; strap'ping.] 1. To fasten with a 
strap. 2. To strop. II. n. 1. A long, narrow, 
and flexible strip of leather, or the like, for 
binding about objects. 2. A razor*strop. [ < 
L A9 stroppus, thong.] [robust, 

strapping, a. [Colloq.] Large and muscular; 
Strasbourg, 1 stras'bur'; 2 stras"bor', n. A 
fortified cathedral city, capital of Bas»Rhin, for- 


merly Alsace»Lorraine. Surrendered by the French 
to Germany, Sept. 28,1870, and by the Germans 
to the French, June 28, 1919; pop. 179,000. 
strass, 1 stras; 2 stras, n. Same as paste, 3. [< 
Josef Slrasser, the inventor.] 
stra'ta, 1 stre'ta; 2 stra'ta, n. Plural of stratum. 
strat'a-gem, 1 strat'a-jem; 2 strat'a-ggm, n. A 
maneuver designed to deceive or outwit an ene¬ 
my. [ < Gr. strategema, < strategos, general.] 
strat'e-gy, 1 strat'i-ji; 2 strat'e-gy, n. [-gies z , 
pi.] 1. The science of military position and of 
means for gaining advantage in war. 2. The 
use of stratagem or artifice, as in business.— 
stra-teg'ic, 1 stra-tej'ik or -tl'jik, 2 stra-teg'ic 
or -te'gie, stra-teg'i-cal, a. Pertaining to strate¬ 
gy. strat"e-get'lc, -i-calf. -t-cal-ly, adv. 
— strat'e-gist, n. One versed in strategy. 
Strat'ford sons A'von, 1 strat'ferd=en=e'ven; 2 
strat'ford=6n=a'v6n, n. A town in Warwickshire, 
England; birthplace and place of burial of Shake¬ 
speare; pop. 9,400. 

stra'tuni, 1 stre'tum; 2 stra'tum, n. [stra'ta, 
less commonly, stra'tums 2 , pi.] A natural or 
artificial layer, bed, or thickness, as of rock. 
[L., < stratus, pp. of sterno, spread.]—strat'l- 
fy, vt. & vt. [-fied; -fy"ing.] To form or be 
formed in strata.—strat"i-fi-ca'tion, n. 
stra'tus, 1 stre'tus; 2 stra'tus, n. Meteor. A 
low horizontal sheet of cloud. [L., see stratum.] 
Strauss, 1 straus; 2 strous, Johann (1825-1899). 

An Austrian composer; Blue Danube Waltz, etc. 
straw, 1 stre; 2 stra, n. 1 . A dry or ripened 
stalk; also, stems or stalks of grain, collec¬ 
tively, after the grain has been thrashed out. 
2. A mere trifle. [ < AS. streaw, straw, < V 
of strew.]— straw 'ber"ry, n. [-ries®, pi.] 1. 
The scarlet berry=like edible fruit of a running 
plant. 2. The plant that bears this fruit.— 
straw'board", n. Coarse board made of straw, 
as for paper boxes or book=covers.—straw's 
col"or, n. A pale yellow color, as of clean ripe 
straw, s.scolourf:.—s.=colored, a. —straw'y, a. 
stray, 1 stre; 2 stra. I. vi. To wander; rove; 
roam. II. a. 1 . Having strayed; straying. 2. 
Irregular. III. n. A domestic animal that 
has strayed; an estray. [ < OF. estraier, < 
estree, street.] 

Streak, 1 strik; 2 strek. I 1 , vt. To mark with a 
streak; stripe. II. n. 1 . A long, narrow mark, 
line, or stripe. 2. A vein; trace; dash. [ < A&. 
slrica, < strlcan, go.]—streaked, pa. —streak'y, 
a. Having streaks.—streak'i-ly, adv. —streak'- 
i-ness, n. 

stream, 1 strim; 2 strem, v. I. t. 1. To pour 
forth in a stream. 2. To wash in running wa¬ 
ter. II. i. 1. To flow in a stream. 2. To move 
in continuous succession. 3. To float with a 
waving movement, as a flag.—stream'er, n. 
An object that streams; aflagthatfloatsextended. 
stream, n. 1 . A current or flow of water or 
other fluid. 2. Anything continuously flow¬ 
ing, moving, or passing, as people. 3. A con¬ 
tinuous course or advance; current. [< AS. 
stream .]—stream'let, n. A rivulet.—stream'y, 
a. Full of streams; flowing as a stream; sending 
forth streams, as of light. 

street, 1 strlt; 2 stret, n. 1 . A public way in a 
city, town, or village. 2. The roadway for 
vehicles, between sidewalks. See illustration 
on next page. [< AS. street, < L.ll strata, fern, 
of stratus; see stratum.] 

strength, 1 strerjfh; 2 strgngth, n. 1 . The qual¬ 
ity or property of being strong. 2. Power in 
general; available numerical force. 3. Degree 
of intensity; concentration. [ < AS. strengthu, 


1:» = final; I = habit; aisle; au = <mt; ell; IQ = fewd; tfhin; go; r) = si ng; thin, this. 
2; wQlf, dp; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink: thi n this. 















strenuous 

studied 


578 


< strang, strong.] —strengthen, vt. & vl. To 
make strong; become or grow strong or stronger. 

—strength'en-er, n. strength'nerf. 



Sectional View of Street«Pavement. 

a , granite block wearing surface; b , eand*cushion, 1" to 2 "; c , 
cement concrete foundation, 0*. 

stren'u-ous, 1 stren'yu-us; 2 strgn'yy-us, a. 
Eagerly pressing or urgent; earnest. [ < L. 
strenuus, active; cp. Gr. sIrenes, strong.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. stren"u-os'i-tyt. 
stress, 1 stres; 2 stres, n. 1. Special weight, im¬ 
portance, or significance. 2. Force exerted; 
strain; tension. 3. Pressure; compulsion. [< 
OF. .eslressier, < L. stringo (pp. striclus), com¬ 
press.] 

-stress, suffix. A feminine termination denoting 
agency; as, songstress. [< -ster + -ess.] 
streteh, ) 1 stredh; 2 strech. I 4 . vt. & vi. 1. To 
Strech p, ) extend or draw out; hence, to draw 
tight. 2. To extend, or be extended; spread; 
figuratively, to exaggerate. II. n. 1. An act 
of stretching; tension. 2. Extent or reach of 
that which stretches. 3. A continuous extent 
of space or of time. [ < AS. streccan, stretch.] 
—stretch'er, n. 1. One who or that which 
stretches. 2. A frame for carrying the wounded 
or dead. 3. In masonry, a brick or stone lying 
lengthwise of a course, i. A tie-beam, etc. 
strew, 1 stru; 2 stru, vt. [strewed, strewd 3 , 
strewed or strewn; strew'ing.] 1. To 
throw or let fall loosely and irregularly. 2. 
To lie loosely here and there upon. [ < AS. 
streawian, stredtvian, strew.] 
stri'ate, 1 strai'et; 2 stri'at. I. vt. [stri'at-ed^ ; 
stri'at-ing.] To mark with stripes. II. a. 
Bearing fine stripes or grooves.—stri'at-ed, 
pa. —stri-a'tion, n. 

strick'en, 1 strik'n; 2 strlk'n, pa. 1. Wounded, 
especially by a missile. 2. Struck down, as by 
calamity. Cp. strike, v. 

Strict, 1 strikt; 2 strict, a. 1. Observing or 
enforcing rules exactly. 2. Rigidly observed. 
3. Exactly defined or applied. [ < L. stringo 
(pp. striclus), bind.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Stric'ture, 1 strik'dhui or -tiur; 2 stric'chur or 
-tur, n. 1. Severe criticism. 2. Pathol. Con¬ 
traction of some channel. [ < L. strictura, < 
striclus; see strict.] 

stride, 1 straid; 2 strid, v. [strode; strid'den, 
formerly strid; strid'ing.] I. t. 1. To span 
with a stride. 2. To straddle; bestride. II. i. 
To walk with strides. [ < AS. stridan, stride.] 
stride, n. A long and sweeping or measured 
step; the space that is passed over by such a 
step; a complete movement of the feet in pro¬ 
gression. 

stri'dent, 1 strai'dent; 2 strl'dSnt, a. Giving a 
loud and harsh sound. [ < L. strido, ppr. stri- 
den(t-)s, creak.] -ly, adv. 

strid'u-late, 1 strij'u[or strid'yu-]let; 2 strlj'- 
u[or strfd'yu-]lat, vi. [-lat"ed; -lat"ing.] To 
make a shrill, creaking noise, as a locust, 
cicada, or the like. [ < L. stridulus, rattling, 
< strido, creak.]— strid 'u-la"tion, n.— strid '- 
u-lous, a. strid 'u-la-to-ryj. 

Strife, 1 straif; 2 strif, n. 1. Angry contention; 
fighting. 2. Rivalry. 3. Strenuous endeavor. 
[< OF. estrif, < Ice. slrlth, < strldha, contend.] 


strike, 1 straik; 2 strlk, v. [struck; struck, 
strick'en, strick'n p , formerly strook; 
strik'ing.] I. t. 1. To bring or cause to come 
into forcible contact with; hit; smite. 2. To 
form by stamping, as coins. 3. To make and 
confirm, as a bargain. 4. To expunge. 5. To 
impress or affect suddenly. 6. To lower or 
haul down, as a flag. 7. To quit or cease, as 
work. II. i. 1. To be in a state of forcible or 
sudden contact; deliver a blow. 2. To come 
by accident. 3. To enter boldly; proceed. 4. 
To cease work, as a means of securing the 
redress of grievances or higher wages. 5. To 
surrender; salute. [ < AS. strican, go.]— 
strik'er, n. One who or that which strikes; es¬ 
pecially, one of a body of employees who jointly 
cease work in order to secure compliance with 
some demand. — strik'ing, pa. Notable; im¬ 
pressive. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
strike, n. 1. An act of striking; a blow. 2. The 
quitting of work by a body of workers to en¬ 
force compliance with some demand. 3. Any 
unexpected or complete success.— strike'* 
break"er, n. 1. One who takes the place of a 
workman on strike. 2. [Recent.] A person who 
supplies workmen to take the place of strikers, 
string, 1 striij; 2 string, v. [strung; string'- 
ing.1 I. t. 1. To suspend on a string. 2. 
To fit with a string. 3. To make tense the 
strings of (a musical instrument). II. i. 1. 
To stretch out into a long, irregular line. 2. 
To appear stringy.— stringed, a. Furnished 
with strings. 

string, n. 1. A slender line thinner than a cord 
and thicker than a thread. 2. A string-like 
organ or formation. 3. A row or series of 
things connected. [ < AS. strenge, perhaps < 
strang, strong.]— string'er, n. 1. A supporting 
timber, usually horizontal. s.*plecej. 2. One 
who strings. — string'y, a. Containing fibrous 
strings; also, tough. —string'i-iy, adv.— string'- 
i-ness, n. [tion. 

string'dialt", n. Same as spring-halt: a corrup- 
strin'gcnt, 1 strin'jent; 2 etrfn'gSnt, a. 1. 
Rigid; severe. 2. Hampered by obstructing 
conditions. 3. Close or tight. [ < L. stringo 
(ppr. stringencies), compress.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— strin'gen-cy, n. Strictness; closeness, 
strip, 1 strip; 2 strip, v. [stripped 4 or stript; 
strip' ping.] I. t. I. To pull off the covering 
from. 2. To rob; plunder. 3. To remove some¬ 
thing from. 4. To tear or cut into strips. II. 
i. 1. To remove one’s clothing; undress. 2. 
To come off in strips. [ < AS. strypan, in be- 
slrypan, plunder.]— strip 'per, n. — strip'ping,n. 
strip, n. A narrow piece, comparatively long, 
as of cloth, wood, etc. [For stripe.] 
stripe, 1 straip; 2 strip. I. vt. & vi. [striped 4 ; 
strip'ing.1 To mark with stripes; make 
stripes. II. n. 1. A line, band, or regular 
streak. 2. Kind; sort. [< D. streep, stripe.] 
Striped, 1 straipt or straip'ed; 2 stript or strlp'- 
6d, a. Having stripes; marked with stripes, 
stripping, 1 strip'luj; 2 stripling, n. A mere 
youth. [ < strip, n.] 
strip'per, strip'ping. See strip, v. 
strive, 1 straiv; 2 strlv, vi. [strove; striv'en, 
striv'np, or strived II; striv'ing.] 1. To make 
earnest effort. 2. To contend; fight. 3. To 
vie; emulate. [ < OF. estriver, strive; of Ger¬ 
manic origin.]— striv'er, n. 
strode, 1 strod; 2 strod, imp. of stride, v. 
stroke, 1 strok; 2 strok, vt. [stroked 4 ; strok'- 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, whsjt, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, dr, won. 















579 


strenuous 

studied 


ING.] To pass the hand over gently or with 
light pressure. 

Stroke 1 , to . 1 . The act or movement of striking. 
2. One of a series of recurring movements, 
as of oars, a piston, etc.; also, the rate of such 
movement. 3. A movement, as of the hand, 
by which something is made or done. 4. A 
blow or any ill effect caused as if by a blow; 
as, a stroke of misfortune or of apoplexy. 5. 
A blow or the sound of a blow of a striking 
mechanism, as of a clock; also, the time so 
indicated; as, the stroke of twelve. H. A sud¬ 
den or brilliant mental act; an effective ac¬ 
tion; a success; feat; coup. [< AS. strdc, < 
strlcan, go.]—stroke'=oar", to. 1. The aftmost 
oar of a boat, whose movement sets the rate of 
rowing. 2. The person who rows with this oar. 
stroket; stroke'=oars"manj:; strokes'man}. 
stroke 2 , to. A light caressing movement; a 
stroking. See stroke, vt. 
stroll, 1 strol; 2 strdl. I. vi. To ramble on foot; 
go from place to place aimlessly. II. to. An 
idle or leisurely walk; a wandering. [< D. 
struikelen, stumble.]—stroll'er, to. 
strong, 1 strep; 2 strong, a. 1. Having physi¬ 
cal strength; muscular. 2. Having great 
mental or moral force. 3. Forceful; violent; 
energetic. 4. Vivid; pungent. 5. Firm; stable. 
C. Being in large numbers. 7. Not mild or 
weak. [< AS., strong, mighty.]—strong'- 
hold", to. A place that nature or art has made 
strongly defensible. — strong'ly, adv. With 
strength, strong}:. 

strop, 1 strep; 2 strop. I. vt. [stropped 1 , 
stropt 8 ; strop'ping.] To sharpen on a strop. 
II. to . 1 . A strip of leather or canvas on w r hich 
to sharpen a razor. 2. A strap. [ < AS. stropp; 
see strap.] 

Stro'phe, 1 stro'fl or stref'i; 2 stro'fe or strof'e, 
to. In ancient poetry, a rhythmical move¬ 
ment, as a distich; also, a modern rimed 
stanza. [ < L. stropha, < Gr. strophe, < 
slrephd, turn.] 

strove, 1 strov; 2 strov, imp. of strive, v. 
strowl|,l stro; 2 stro, vl. [strowed; strow'ing; 

strowed or strown.] Same as strew. 
struck, 1 struk; 2 struk, imp. & pp. of strike, v. 
Structure, 1 struk'dhur or -tiur; 2 strue'chur 
or -tur, to. 1. That which is constructed, as a 
building or machine. 2. Manner of construc¬ 
tion or organization. [F., < L. structura, < 
slructas, pp. oislruo, build.]—struc'tur-al, a. 
Strug 'gle, / 1 strug'l; 2 strug'l. I. vi. [strug'- 
strug'l p , ) GLED, strug'ld; struggling.] To 
engage in a struggle; strive or labor earnestly. 
II. to. A violent effort; contention. [ < D. 

. struikelen, stumble.]—strug'gler, to. 

Strum, 1 strum; 2 strum, vt. & vi. [strummed 
or strumd 8 ; strum'ming.] To play (on a 
stringed instrument) carelessly, noisily, and 
without expression; thrum. [Var. of thrum 1 , r.] 
strum'pet, 1 strum'pet; 2 strum'pet, to. A 
prostitute. 

strung, 1 strup; 2 strung, imp. & pp. of string, v. 
strut, 1 strut; 2 strut, vi. [strut'ted 1 ^; strut¬ 
ting.] To walk with a pompous gait. [ < Dan. 
strulte .] 

strut 1 , to. A proud or pompous step or walk. 
strut 2 , to. A compression*member in a frame¬ 
work, keeping two others from approaching 
nearer together. 

strych'nin, ) 1 strik'mn, -nTn; 2 strye'nin, 
strych'nine, ) -nin, to. A white, crystalline, 


bitter, extremely poisonous compound. [ < 
Gr .^strychnos, kind of nightshade.] strycli'ni-aj. 
sts., abbr. Streets. 

Stu 'art, 1 stiu'art; 2 stu'art, to. 1. A family supply¬ 
ing kings to Scotland, 1371 to 1603, and to En¬ 
gland, 1603 to 1714.- See England. 2. Charles 
Edward (1720-1788), “ the Young Pretender’’; 
son of James F. E.; claimant for the English 
crown; invaded Scotland, 1745, and was defeated 
at Culloden. 3. James E. B. (1833-1864), a 
Confederate cavalry general; sobriquet ‘ ‘Jeb.” 4. 
James Francis Edward (1688-1766), “ the Pre¬ 
tender”; eldest son of James II. of England; 
claimed the throne and invaded Scotland, 1715; 
forced to flee to France. 5. Mary. See Mary, 3. 
stub, 1 stub; 2 stub. I. vt. [stubbed, stubd 8 ; 
stub'bing.] 1. [U. S.] To strike against a 
low obstruction. 2. To grub up, as roots. 3. 
To render stubby. II. n .• 1. The part of a 
tree=trunk, bush, etc., that remains when the 
main part is cut down. 2. Any short project¬ 
ing part or piece; a remnant. 3. [U. S.] In a 
check*book or the like, one of the inner ends 
upon which a memorandum is entered. 4. 
Anything short or stumpy. [ < AS. styb, 
stub.]— stub'bed, a. 1. Made into a stub. 2. 
Full of stubs. 3. Sturdy; blunt, -ness, to.— 
stub'by, a. [stub'bi-er; stub'bi-est.] 1. Short, 
stiff, and bristling. 2. Short and thick; like a 
stub.— stub'bi-ly, adv. — stub'bi-ness, to. 
stub'ble, ) 1 stub'l; 2 stub'l, to. The stubs of 
Stub'l p , ) graimstalks, covering a harvest* 
field after the crop has been cut. [ < OF. 
stuble .]— stub'bly, a. Covered with or like stub¬ 
ble; stubby. 


stub'born, 1 stub'orn; 2 stiib'orn, a. t. Un¬ 
reasonably obstinate. 2. Intractable. 3. 
Characterized by perseverance. [Prob. < AS. 
styb, stub.] -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
stue'eo, 1 stuk'o; 2 stuc'o. I. vt. & vi. To apply 
stucco to; form decorations in stucco. II. to. 
1. A fine plaster for walls or their relief orna¬ 
ments. 2. Any plaster used for the external 
coating of buildings. [It.] 
stuck, 1 stuk; 2 stukMmp. & pp. of stick, v. 
stud, 1 stud; 2 stud, vt. [stud'ded 41 ; stud'- 
ding.] To set thickly with small points, pro¬ 
jections, or knobs. 

Stud 1 , to . 1 . A short inter¬ 
mediate post, as in a 
building=frame. 2. A 
knob, round=headed nail, 
or small ornament. [ < 

AS. studu, post.]—stud'- 
ding, 7i. Studs or joists col¬ 
lectively. 

stud 2 , to. A collection of 
horses and mares for 
breeding, racing, etc. [ < 

AS. stod, stud.] — stud'- 
horse", to. A stallion. Studdingsail. 

stud'ding-sail", TO. An a, a, studdlngsail-boom, 
auxiliary sail set out be- °; lt at lhe port-ends 

yond one of the principal f ( ,retopsailyard; b, studding- 
square sails by an exten- sail set outside of the fore- 
sible yard and boom. topsail, 
stu'dent, 1 stiu'dent; 2 stu'dSnt, to . 1 . A per¬ 
son engaged in a course of study; especially, 
an advanced scholar, as in a college or uni¬ 
versity. 2. One who closely examines or in¬ 
vestigates. [ < L. studeo, be diligent.] 
stud'ied, 1 stud'id; 2 stud'id, pa. Planned: 
premeditated, -ly, adv. -ness, to. 



1* a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; tfhin; go; I) = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









studio 

sublimate 


580 


stu'di-o, 1 stiu'di-o; 2 stu'di-o, n. The work¬ 
room of an artist. 

stu'di-ous, 1 stiu'di-us; 2 stu'di-iis, a. 1. 
Given to study. 2. Assiduous. 3. Studied, 
-ly, adv. -ness, re. 

Stud'y, 1 stud'i; 2 stud'y. I- vt. & vi. [stud'- 
ied; stud'y-ing.] 1. To apply oneself to the 
acquisition of knowledge. 2. To pursue a 
regular course of study. 3. To contemplate. 
II. n. [stud'ies 2 , pi.] 1. The act of studying. 

2. A branch or department of knowledge. 3. 
In art, a first sketch. 4. A room devoted to 
study, reading, etc. 5. Earnest endeavor. [ < 
OF. csludic, < L. studium; see studio.] 

Stuff, I 1 stuf; 2 stuf. Ik vt. 1. To fill to dis- 
stufr, j tention; cram; pack full. 2. To fill out 
with suitable material (the skin of a bird or 
beast). 3. To obstruct by filling. II. n. 1. 
The material out of which something may be 
shaped or made. 2. The fundamental element 
of anything. 3. Products considered collec¬ 
tively; possessions generally. 4. Rubbish; 
trashy, worthless ideas. [ < OF. estoffe, < 
Gr.n sluppS, tow.]—stuffing, re. The material 
with which anything is stuffed; also, the process 
of filling or stuffing. 

Stul'ti-fy, 1 stul'ti-fai; 2 stul'ti-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] To cause to appear absurdly in¬ 
consistent. [ < L. LL stultus, foolish, + facio, 
make.]— stul"ti-fi-ca'tion, re. 

stum, 1 stum; 2 stum, n. Unfermented or partly 
fermented grapeduice; must. [< D. stom, silent.] 

Stum'bl(e p , 1 stum'bl; 2 stum'bl. I. vt. & vi. 
[stum'bl(e)d p ; stum'bling.] 1. To miss one’s 
footing in walking or running. 2. To fall upon 
by chance: with on or upon. II. n. A trip re¬ 
sulting in a fall or partial fall; hence, a blun¬ 
der; false step. [ < Ice. stumra, stumble.]— 
stum'blingddoek", n. Any obstacle or hin¬ 
drance; something that may cause one to err. 
Stump 1 , 1 stump; 2 stump, v. I. t. 1. To can¬ 
vass by making political speeches. 2. To 
challenge, as to a contest or feat. 3. To bring 
to a halt. 13. i. 1. To go about on or as 
on stumps. 2. [Colloq.] To make political 
speeches. 

Stump, n. 1. That portion of the trunk of a 
tree left standing when the tree is felled. 2. 
The part of anything, as of a limb, that re¬ 
mains w hen the main part has been removed. 

3. pi. The legs. 4. A place or platform where 
a stump speech is made. 5. [Colloq.] A chal¬ 
lenge. [< Ice. stumpr.] — stump 'y, a. 1. 
Full of stumps. 2. Like a stump; short and thick. 

stun, 1 stun; 2 stun. I. vt. [stunned, stund s ; 
stun'ning.] 1. To stupefy by a blow. 2. To 
shock; astound. II. n. A stupefying blow, 
shock, or concussion. [ < AS. stunian, make 
a noise.]— stun'ner, n. One who or that w'hich 
stuns; specif. [Colloq.], a person or thing of ex¬ 
traordinary or surprizing qualities. 

stung, 1 stop; 2 stung, imp. & pp. of sting, v. 
stunk, 1 stuck; 2 stunk, imp. & pp. of stink, v. 
stunt, 1 stunt; 2 stunt. I 1 , vt. To check the 
natural development of. II 1 . n. A check in 
growth, progress, or development. [ < AS. 
stunt, dull, < stinian, stop.] 

Stunt 2 , n. A remarkable feat or performance, 
as at a public contest; also, any allotted task, 
stupe, 1 stiup; 2 stup, re. Surg. A compress or 
medicated cloth to be applied to a w ound. 
stu'pe-fy, 1 stiu'pi-fai; 2 stu'pe-fy, vt. [-fied; 
-fy"ing.] To dull the senses or faculties of; 


blunt; deaden. [ < L. stupeo, be stupefied, + 
facio, make.]—stu"pe-fa'cient. I. a. Having 
power to stupefy; stupefying. stu"pe-fac'tivef. 
II. re. Anything that stupefies, as a narcotic.— 
stu"pe-fac'tion. re. The act of stupefying; 
stupor.—stu'pe-fi"er, re. 

stu-pen'dous, 1 stiu-pen'dus; 2 stu-pgn'dus, a. 
Of prodigious size, bulk, or degree. [ < L. 
slupendus, gerundive of stupeo, be astonished.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, re. 

stu'pid, 1 stiu'pid; 2 stu'pid, a. 1. Slow of ap¬ 
prehension or understanding; dulbwitted; 
sluggish; senseless. 2. Stupefied. [ < L. stu- 
pidus, < stupeo, be astonished.] -ly, adv .—stu'- 
pitl-ness, re. stu-pid'i-tyt. 

stu'por, 1 stiu'par; 2 stu'por, n. A condition 
of the body in which the senses and faculties 
are suspended or greatly dulled. [L., < stu¬ 
peo, be stunned.] 

stur'dy, 1 stur'di; 2 stur'dy, a. [stur'di-er; 
stur'di-est.] 1. Possessing rugged health and 
strength; hardy. 2. Firm and unyielding. 

[ < OF. estourdi, pp. of estourdir, astonish, prob. 
< L. ex, out, + torpidus, torpid.] —stur'dl-ly, 
adv. — stur'di-ness, re. 

stur'geon, 1 stur'jan; 2 stfir'gon, n. A large 



1. Common Sturgeon. 1 /so 2. White Sturgeon. 1 /so 

fish of the seas and rivers of northern regions, 
with coarse, oily flesh. 

Stut'ter, 1 stut'ar; 2 stut'er. I. vt. & vi. Ta 
utter with spasmodic hesitations or repeti¬ 
tions; stammer. II. n. The act of stuttering. 
[< Ice. slauta, stutter.]— stut'ter-er, re. 
Stuy've-sant, 1 stai'vi-sant; 2 sty've-sant, Peter 
(16027-1682). A Dutch=American; last Dutch 
. governor (1647-1664) of New York. 
sty 1 , 1 stai;2 sty, re. [sties 2 , pi.] A pen for swine. 

[ < AS. stigu, cattle*pen, < stigan, rise.] 
sty 2 , re. [sties 2 , pi.] A small inflamed swelling 
on the edge of the eyelid. [ < AS. stigend, < 
stigan, rise.] 

style, 1 stail; 2 styl, vt. [styled; styl'ing.] To 
give a title or designation to; name, 
style’, n. 1. Manner of conduct or action. 2. 
Conformity to an approved standard, espe¬ 
cially in social matters; fashion; mode. 3. 
Distinctive or characteristic language. 4. A 
sharp point for writing, engraving, etc. sty'- 
lusj. 5. Zool. A pointed process or part. 6., 
Chronol. A system of arranging the length of 
the years so as to average that of the true 
solar year: called new style, when following 
the arrangement made by Pope Gregory 
XIII. (Gregorian calendar) and used in 
nearly all Christian countries except Russia 
and Greece, and old style when following the 
Julian calendar. The latter is now 13 days 
behind the former. England adopted the 
new style by Act of Parliament in 1752, when 
the difference was 11 days. [F., < L. stilus , 
stake.]—sty'let, re. Any slender pointed instru¬ 
ment, as a poniard or probe.— styl'ist, re. One 
who is a master of literary style.— sty-Iis'tlc, a. 
Style 2 , re. 1. A pin; pointer. 2. Bot. The pro¬ 
longation of a carpel or ovary, bearing the 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 








581 


studio 

sublimate 


stigma. 3. In joinery, an upright piece in a 
frame. [ < Gr. LIj stylos, pillar.] —sty'lar, a. 
styl'ish, 1 stail'isffi; 2 styl'ish, a. Having style; 

fashionable, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
sty'lo-graph, 1 stai'lo-graf ; 2 sty'lo-graf, re. A 



Stylograph. 

n, the needle point, mounted adjustably on the sliding yoke (s)j l, 
, the ink-well; c, the cap. 

penciHike writingdnstrument having an ink* 
reservoir from which ink is fed to a tubular 
writing=point. stylographic pent.—sty"- 
lo-graph'ie, a. —sty-log'ra-phy, re. The art or 
process of writing, engraving, etc., with a style, 
or of writing with a stylographic pen. 

Sty'inie, 1 stai'rm; 2 sty'mi. Golf. I. vt. [sty'- 
mied; sty'my-ing.] To impede (an opponent) 
by a stymie. II. re. A condition obtaining 
when an opponent’s ball lies in the line of the 
player’s put, the balls being more than six 
inches apart. 

Styp'tic, 1 stip'tilc; 2 stvp'tic. I. a. Causing 
contraction of living tissues, as blood-vessels. 
II. re. A substance or agent that, applied 
locally, arrests bleeding. [< Gr. L+F styptikos, 

< slypho, contract.) — styp'ti-eal, a. — styp¬ 
tic '1-ty, re. 

Styx, 1 stiks; 2 styks, re. Class. Myth. A river of 
the lower regions over which the shades were 
ferried by Charon on their way to the abode of 
the dead.—Styg'l-an, a. Pertaining to the river 
Styx or to the infernal regions in general. 

Su., Sun., Sund., abbr. Sunday, 
sua'sion, 1 swe'san; 2 swa'zhon, re. The act of 
persuading; persuasion. [OF., < L. sua- 
sio(re-), < suadeo, persuade, < suavis, sweet.]— 
sua'sive, a. Persuasive. 

suave, 1 swev or swdv; 2 swav or swav, a. 
Smooth and pleasant in manner; bland. [F ; , 

< L. suavis, sweet.]—suave'ly, adv. —suav'i- 
ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The state of being suave; 
urbanity. [< F. suavile, < L. suavita(l-)s, < 
suavis, sweet.] 

SUb-, prefix. 1. Under; from under. 2. Chem. 
Less than normal, as a basic compound; as, 
subacetate of lead (a basic acetate of lead). 
Before c, f, g, m, p, r, sub- becomes usually 
sue-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, and in other 
cases it appears as subs-, sus-, or su-. [ < 'L. sub-, 

< sub, under.] 

A large number of words beginning with sub- 
are self-explaining in the senses: (1) Somewhat; 
slightly; not quite; imperfectly; nearly; as: 
sub-a'gent sub-dea'eon sub-pre'fect 

sub-at'om sub'dean" sub-spe'ei-es 

sub'class" sub"lieu-ten'ant sub-trea'sur-y 

sub"com-mit'tee sub-mul'ti-ple 

subcontract sub-nor'mal 

(2) Subordinate; secondary; inferior; lower in 
position, grade, or rank; produced by subdivi¬ 
sion; as: 

sub-ac'id sub^me-tal'llc sub-trop'i-cal 

sub"a-cute' sub-o'val sub-ver'ti-cal 

sub., abbr. Subject, substitute, suburb, suburban, 
sub-al'tern, 1 sub-el'tarn; 2 sub-al'tern. I. a. 
Subordinate. II. n. A person of subordinate 
rank or position; especially, a military officer 
ranking below a captain. [ < L. LL+F sub, un¬ 
der, + allernus, alternate.] 
sub-a'que-ous, 1 sub-e'kwi-us; 2 sub-a'kwe- 
us. a. 1. Being, formed, or operating under 


water. 2. Having an appearance like that 
produced under water. 

sub-con 'scious, 1 sub-kon'^hus; 2 siib-con'- 
shiis, a. 1. Only dimly conscious; lacking in¬ 
tellectual clearness. 2. Denoting such proc¬ 
esses as seem to have psychical characteristics 
but are not attended by consciousness.—sub¬ 
con 'scious-ly, adv. —sub-con 'scious-ness, n. 
sub"cu-ta 'ne-ous, a. Situated, found, or ap¬ 
plied beneath the skin; hypodermic. 
SUb"di-vide' d , vt. & vi. To divide a part or the 
parts resulting from the previous division of; 
divide again.—sub"di-vi'sion, n. Division 
following upon division. 

sub-duce', ) 1 sub-dius', -dukt'; 2 sub-dug', 
sub-duct',) -duet', vt. [-dtjced'; -duc'ing.] 1. 
To withdraw; takeaway. 2. To subtract. [< 
L. sub, under, + duco, lead.]—sub-duc'tion, n. 
sub-due', 1 sub-diu'; 2 sub-du', vt. [sub¬ 
dued'; sub-du'ing.] 1. To obtain dominion 
over, as by war or force. 2. To render mild; 
tame. 3. To overcome by industrial power 
or skill; cause to become valuable, as land by 
cultivation. 4. To soften. [< L. OF sub, under, 
+ duco, lead.] 

sub'fam"i-Iy, n. Biol. A primary division of 
a family of one or more genera. 
sub'ge"nus, n. Biol. A primary subdivision 
of a genus, including one or more species with 
common characters. 

subj., abbr. Subject, subjective, subjunctive, 
sub-ja'cent, 1 sub-je'sent; 2 sub-ja'gent, a. 
Situated underneath efr at a lower elevation; 
lying below. [< L. sub, under, + jaceo, lie.] — 
sub-ja'cen-cy, n. 

sub-ject' d , 1 sub-jekt'; 2 sub-ject', vt. 1. To 
make subject to some action or agent. 2. To 
expose to the operation of some law or agen¬ 
cy. 3. To place before for consideration and 
disposition. 4. To subdue. [ < L. LL subjicio, 
< sub, under, + jacio, throw.]— sub-jec'tion, n. 
SUb'ject, 1 sub'jekt; 2 sub'ject, a. 1. Being 
under the power of another. 2. Exposed to 
some agency or tendency, 
sub'ject, n. 1. One who is under the govern¬ 
ing power of another, as of a monarch. 2. 
Something subjected to some special opera¬ 
tion, as a dead body for dissection. 3. Some¬ 
thing upon which thought, emotion, or the 
artistic sense is employed; in grammar, the 
noun, phrase, clause, or sentence setting forth 
the thing spoken about; especially, the nom¬ 
inative case. — sub-jec'tlv(e 8 , a. Relating 
to, proceeding from, or taking place within the 
thinking subject: opposed to objective, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. sub"jec-tiv'i-tyt. 
sub-join', 1 sub-join'; 2 sub-join', vt. To add 
at the end; attach; affix.—sub-junc'tion, n. 
The act of subjoining, or that which is subjoined, 
sub'ju-gate, 1 sub'ju-get; 2 sub'ju-gat, vt. 
[-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] To subdue completely. 
[< L. sub, under, + jugum, yoke.]— sub"ju-ga'- 
tion, 're.—sub'ju-ga"tor, re. 
sub-junc'tiv(e, 1 sub-jupk'tiv; 2 sub-jiinc'tiv. 
I. a. Gram. Of or pertaining to that mode of 
the finite verb that is used to express doubt¬ 
ful or conditional assertion. II. re. The sub¬ 
junctive mode, or a verb form of this mode. 

[ < L. sub, under, + jungo, join.] 
sub-let', 1 sub-let'; 2 sub-let', vt. To let to a 
subordinate; underlet. 

sub'li-rnate, 1 sub'h-met; 2 sub'li-mat. I. vt. 
[-MAT"ED d ; -mat"ing.] To convert from a 


l-a = final- l = habit; aisle; au = oret; oil; IQ = feud; <fhin; go; o = sire.£ 7 ; thin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ii)k; thin, this. 

















sublime 

such 


For words in sub- not given below see sub-, prefix, page 581. 


582 


solid to a vapor by heat, and then solidify 
again by cooling; refine; purify. II. a. Sub¬ 
limated; refined. III. n. The product of 
sublimation. [ < L. sublimatus, pp. of sub- 
limo, raise on high, < sublimis, high.]—sub"li- 
ma'tion, n. 1. The act or process of sublimat¬ 
ing. 2. That which has been sublimated; the 
pure essence of a thing; quintessence. 

sub-lime', 1 sub-laim'; 2 sub-llm'. I. vt. & vi. 
[sub-limed'; sub-lim'ing.] 1. To elevate or 
dignify supremely; be ennobled. 2. To subli¬ 
mate or be sublimated. II. a. Characterized 
by sublimity; grand; solemn; majestic; noble; 
supreme; utmost. III. n. That which is 
sublime, in any sense: usually with the defi¬ 
nite article. [ < L. sublimis, lofty.] -ly, adv .— 
sub-llm 'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. The state or 
quality of being sublime, in any sense, sub- 
lime'nesst. 2. That which is sublime; the 
acme; climax; pinnacle. 

sub-lin'gual, 1 sub-liq'gwal; 2 sub-IIn'gw'al, a. 
Anat. Situated beneath the tongue. [< L. sub, 
under, + lingua, tongue.] 

sub'lu-na-ry, 1 sub'liu-ne-ri; 2 sub'lu-na-ry, 
a. 1. Being under the moon. sub-Iu'narj. 
2. Terrestrial. [ < sub- -f- L. luna, moon ] 

sub"ina-rine', 1 sub"ma-rln'; 2 sub"ma-rin'. 



Electric Submarine. 


<?, torpedo^tubee; b, galley and living»compartnient; e, torpedo* 
hatch; tl, periscopes; e, conning*tower; f, storage-batteries; g y 
main ballast*tank; A, engines; i, main motor; j, propellers; k, 
diving*rudder; Z, steering»rudder. 

I. vt. & vi. To sink or be sunk by attack of 
an armed submarine. II. a. Existing, done, 
or operating beneath the surface of the sea. 
III. n. A submarine boat.— submarine boat, a 
boat that may be submerged as by taking in 
water in tanks or by horizontal rudders, and 
then propelled under water, for the purpose of 
firing torpedoes, etc. 

sub-max'il-la-ry, 1 sub-maks'i-le-ri; 2 sub-m&ks'- 
i-ia-ry, a. Anat. Of or pertaining to the lower 
jaw. [< L. sub, under, + maxilla, jaw T *bone.] 

sub-merge', 1 sub-murj'; 2 sub-merg', vt. 
[sub-merged'; sub-merg'ing.] To place, 
plunge, or lie under water; inundate; drown; 
be hidden or buried. [ < L. F submergo, < 
sub, under, + mergo, dip.] sub-merse'J. — sub- 
incr'gencc, n. sub-nier'sionj. 

sub-init', 1 sub-mit'; 2 sub-mit', v. I. t. [sub- 
mit'ted' 1 ; sub-mit'ting.] 1. To give up to 
another; yield. 2. To present for the judg¬ 
ment or decision of another. 3. To present 
as one’s own opinion or statement. II. i. To 
yield; succumb; surrender; be submissive. 
[< L.° p sub, under, + mitto, send.]— sub-mis'- 
sion, n. 1. The act of submitting: obedience; 
yielding. 2. The state or quality of being sub¬ 
missive; humility and resignation or meekness.— 
sub-mis'slv(e, a. Willing or inclined to submit; 
yielding; obedient; docile, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

SUb-or'di-nate, 1 sub-er'di-net; 2 sub-or'di- 
nat. I. vt. [-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To make 
subordinate, subject,‘or subservient. II. 1 
sub-er'di-mt; 2 siib-or'di-nat, a. Belonging 
to an inferior order in a classification; sec¬ 
ondary; subject; subservient; inferior. III. 
n. One who is subordinate; an inferior in 


rank or official position. [ < L. LL sub, under, 
+ ordo, order.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —sub-or"- 
di-na'tion, n. sub-or'di-na-cyt. 
sub-orn', 1 sub-ern'; 2 sub-orn', vt. To induce 
to commit perjury; incite or instigate to an 
evil act; procure or effect by instigation. [< 
L. F suborno, equip, < sub, under, -f orno, fur¬ 
nish.]— sub"or-na'tion, n. —sub-orn'er, n. 
sub-pe'na, 1 sub-pl'na; 2 sub-pe'na. I. vt. 
Law. To notify by writ or subpena. II. n. 
Law. A judicial writ requiring a person to 
appear at a specified time and place under 
penalty for default. [ < L. sub, under, -f- 
pcxna, penalty.] sub-poe 'naj. 
sub-scribe', 1 sub-skraib'; 2 sQb-scrib', vt. & 
vi. [sub-scribed'; sub-scrib'ing.] To write, 
as a name, underneath a document; sign with 
one’s own name; give written promise to pay; 
give one’s assent or consent; pledge oneself to 
pay money, take a periodical, or the like. [ < 
L. sub, under, + scribo, write.]— sub-scrib'er, 
n.— sub-scrip'tion, n. The act of subscribing, 
or that w'hich is subscribed, 
subsect., abbr. Subsection, 
sub'se-queut, 1 sub'si-kwent; 2 sub'se-kwgnt, 
a. Following in time, place, or order, or as a 
result; succeeding; consequent. [< L. sub, 
after, + sequor, follow.] -ly, adv. — sub'se- 
quence, n. sub'se-quen-cy?. 
sub-serve', / 1 sub-surv'; 2 sub-serv', vt. & vi. 
sub-serv's, j To serve subordinated; minister 
to; help on.— sub-ser 'vi-ent, o. Adapted to 
promote some end or purpose; acting in the in¬ 
terests of another; obsequious: truckling, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. — sub-ser'vi-en-cy, n. sub- 
ser'vi-enee{. 

sub-side', 1 sub-said'; 2 sub-sid', vi. [sub-sid'- 
ED d ; sub-sid'ing.] To cease from storm and 
agitation; quiet down; abate; cease; sink; 
settle down. [ < L. subsido, < sub, under, + 
sedeo, sit.]— sub-si'dence, n. 
sub-std 'i-a-ry, 1 sub-sid'i-e-ri; 2 sub-sld'i-a-ry. 
I. a. 1. Assisting in an inferior capacity; 
supplementary; auxiliary. 2. Of or like a 
subsidy. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] An auxiliary; 
assistant. [ < L. subsidiarius, < subsido; see 
subside.]— sub-sid 'i-a-rf-ly, adv. 
sub'si-dy, 1 sub'si-di; 2 sub'si-dy, n. [-dies*, 
pi.] Pecuniary aid granted by a government 
to an individual or commercial enterprise; 
money furnished by one nation to another to 
aid it. in war against a third; formerly, in 
England, a special aid or tax in emergencies, 
granted to the King. [ < L. subsidium, < 
sub, under, -f sedeo, sit.]— sub'si-dlze, vt. 
[-dized; -diz'ing.] To furnish with a subsidy. 
sub-sist' d , 1 sub-sist'; 2 sub-slst', v. I. t. To 
provide with sustenance; support. II. t. 1. 
To be furnished with sustenance; live. 2. To 
exist in or by something; inhere. 3. To exist; 
continue. [ < L. F subsisto, < sub, under, + 
sislo, stand.]— sub-sis'tence, n. 1. The act of 
subsisting; also, that on which one subsists; sus¬ 
tenance. 2. The state of being subsistent; in¬ 
herent quality. 3. That which subsists; real be¬ 
ing. sub-sis'ten-cyt. — sub-sis'tent, a. 1. 
That subsists or is inherent. 2. Existing; having 
real being or action. 

sub'soil", 1 sub'seil"; 2 sub'soil". I. vt. To 
turn up the subsoil of; plow w r ith a subsoil* 
plow. II. n. The stratum of earth next be¬ 
neath the surface soil.—sub 'soil *plow", n. 
A plow specially designed for loosening or turn¬ 
ing up the subsoil. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ad; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = g; go, not, or, wdn„ 













583 


sublime 

such 


For words in sub- not given below see sub-, prefix, page 581. 


subst., abbr. Substantive, substitute 
sub'stance, 1 sub'stans; 2 sub'stan?, n. 1. 
The material of which anything is made. 2. 
The essential part of anything; brief sum¬ 
mary; solid basis. 3. Material possessions; 
wealth; property. [F., < L. substantia, < 
sub, under, + sto, stand.]—sub-stan 'tial, a. 1. 
Of real worth and importance; solid; strong; val¬ 
uable; considerable and sure. 2. Possessed of 
wealth or sufficient means; responsible. 3. Of or 
pertaining to substance; having real existence; 
actual; permanent; lasting. 4. Containing or 
conforming to the essence of a thing; giving the 
correct idea; essential; material; fundamental.— 
sub-stan"tl-al'i-ty, n. sub-stan'tial-nesst. 
—sub-stan'tlal-ly, adv.— sub-stan'ti-ate, vt. 
[-AT"EDd; -at’ing.] To establish; verify.—sub- 
stan"ti-a'tion, n. 

sub'stan-tive, ) 1 sub'sten-tiv; 2 sub'stan-tiv. 
sub'stan-tiy 8 , J I. a. 1. Gram. Capable of be¬ 
ing used as a noun; denoting existence. 2. 
Having substance or reality; hence, lasting; 
explicit. II. n. Gram. A noun, or something 
used as a noun, -ly, adv .— sub'stan-tiv-al, 
a. 1. Gram. Of or pertaining to a substantive. 
2. Self-existent. 

sub'sti-tute, 1 sub'sti-tiut; 2 siib'sti-tut. I. 
vt. [-TUT"ED d ; -tut"ing.] To put in the 
place of another person or thing; replace by 
substitution. II. n. One who or that which 
takes the place of another. [ < L. sub, under, 
+ statuo, caus. of sto, stand.]—sub"sti-tu'tlon, 
n. The act of substituting, or the state of being 
substituted, in any sense. 

sub-stra'tum, 1 sub-stre'tum; 2 sub-stra'tum, 
n. [-stra'ta, pi.] An underlying stratum; 
foundation; groundwork, 
sub-struc'ture, 1 sub-struk'dliur or -tiur; 2 
siib-struc'chur or -tur, n. An under-structure 
or foundation. 

sub-suine', 1 sub-sium'; 2 sub-sum', vt. 
[-sumed'; -sum'ing.] Logic. To place in 
some particular class; classify; include, as the 
specific or individual in the general. [ < 
sub- -f L. sumo, take.] 

SUb-tend' d , 1 sub-tend'; 2 sub-tgnd', vt. 1. 
Geom. To extend opposite to, as the chord of 
an arc. 2. Bot. To enclose in its axil; as, a 
leaf subtends a bud. [ < L. sub, under, + 
tendo, stretch.]—sub-tense', n. Math. A line 
that subtends an arc or angle, 
sub'ter-, 1 sub'tar-; 2 sub'ter-, prefix. Under; less 
than. [ < L. subter, below.] 
sub'ter-fuge, 1 sub'tar-fiuj; 2 sub'ter-fug, n. 
That to which one resorts for concealment; a 
false excuse. [ < L. subter (see subter-) -f- 
fugio, flee.] 

sub"ter-ra 'ne-an, 1 sub"te-re'ni-an; 2 siib"t8- 
ra'ne-an, a. Underground; hidden. [ < L. sub, 
beneath, + terra, earth.] sub"(er-ra'ne-ousf. 
sub'tile, ) 1 sub'til or sut'l; 2 sub'til or sut'l, a. 
sub'til s , j 1. Having fine structure; delicately 
formed; ethereal; rarefied; refined; hence, 
penetrating; pervasive. 2. Subtle. [ < L. 
subtilis, < sub, beneath, + tela, web.] -Iy, adv. 
— sub-til'i-ty, n. The quality or state of being 
subtile; thinness; fineness. sub'til(e-ness 8 .— 
sub"tiI-i-za'tlon or -sa'tion, n. — sub'til-ize, 
v. [-ized; -iz"ing.] I. t. To render subtile or 
ethereal; refine. II. i. To draw subtile distinc¬ 
tions. sub'til-iset. — sub'til-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] 
Refinement or niceness: a nicety, 
sub'tie, ) 1 sut'l ; 2 sut'l, a. 1. Characterized 
sut'l?, (by cunning, craft, or artifice; wily; 


crafty. 2. Keen; penetrative; discriminating; 
also, overrefined. 3. Apt; skilful. 4. Execut¬ 
ed with nice art; ingenious; clever. 5. Sub¬ 
tile. [< L. OF subtilis; see subtile.] — sub'- 
tle-ty, n. [-tiesz, pi.] The state or quality of 
being subtle; artifice; cunning, sub'tle-nessi. 
— sub'tly, adv. In a subtle manner, 
sub-tract'd, 1 sub-trakt'; 2 sub-tract', vt. To 
take away, as a portion from the whole, or 
one quantity from another; deduct; withdraw. 
[< L. sub, under, + traho, withdraw.]— sub¬ 
tracter, n.— sub-trac'tion, n. The act or 
process of subtracting; a deducting.— sub-trac'- 
tiv(e s , a. Serving or tending to diminish; that is 
to be subtracted. 

sub'tra-hend", 1 sub'tra-hend"; 2 siib'tra- 
hend", n. That which is to be subtracted, 
sub'urb, 1 sub'arb; 2 sub'urb, n. A place ad¬ 
jacent to a city; in the plural, collectively, en¬ 
virons; outskirts. [ < L. OF sub, under, + urbs, 
city.]— sub-ur'ban, a. Pertaining to a suburb, 
sub-vene', 1 sub-vln'; 2 sub-ven', vi. [-vened'; 
-ven'ing.] To come or happen so as to affect 
a result, especially by preventing something; 
intervene. [ < F. subvenir, < L. sub, under, 
+ venio, come.]— sub-ven'tion, n. 1. The act 
of subvening; giving of succor; aid. 2. That 
w'hich aids, especially a grant, as of money; sub¬ 
sidy.— sub-ven'tlon-a-ry, a. 
sub-vert'd, 1 sub-vurt'; 2 sub-vert', vt. To 
overthrow from the very foundation; utterly 
destroy. [ < L. F sub, under, + verto, turn.]— 
sub-ver'sion, n. Overthrow; ruin.— sub-ver'- 
siv(e 8 , a. Tending to subvert; destructive.— 
sub-vcrt'er, n. 

sub'way", 1 sub'we"; 2 sub'wa", n. 1. An 
artificial passage below the surface of the 
ground; specif., for traffic, water* and gas- 
mains, electric cables, etc. 2. [U. S.] An elec¬ 
tric railroad beneath the street, 
suc-ceed'd, 1 suk-sid'; 2 sue-Qed', vt. & vi. 1. 
To be or take place immediately after; follow. 
2. To come next in order. 3. To meet with 
success. [ < L. F sub, under, + cedo, go.]— 
suc-ceed'er, n .— suc-cess', n. 1. A prosper¬ 
ous or advantageous issue. 2. A successful per¬ 
son or affair.— suc-cess 'ful, a. Obtaining suc¬ 
cess; prosperous, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — suc¬ 
cession, n. 1. A following consecutively. 2. 
A sequence. — suc-ces'siv(e 8 , a. Following in 
succession; consecutive, suc-ces'sion-alf.— 
suc-ces'slv(e-ly 8 , adv. suc-ces'sion-al-Iyf.— 
suc-ces'sor, n. One who or that which follows 
in succession. 

Slic-clnct', 1 suk-siijkt'; 2 sue-Qinct', a. Com¬ 
prised wdthin a narrow compass; concise. [< 
L. sub, below, + cingo, gird.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
suc'cor, 1 suk'ar; 2 siic'or. I . vt. To go to the 
aid of; help. II. n. 1. Help or relief rendered. 
2. One who or that which affords relief. [ < F. 
secours, < L. LL sub, under, + curro, run.] 
suc'co-tash, 1 suk'o-ta^h; 2 suc'o-tftsh, n. 
[U. S.] A stew of green Indian corn and 
beans. [ < Am. Ind. m' sickquatash.] 
suc'cu-lent, 1 suk'yu-lent; 2 sue'yu-lSnt, a. 
Juicy; fleshy, as a plant. [ < L. succulentus, 
< succus, juice.]— suc'cu-lence, n. suc'cu- 
len-cyf. 

suc-cumb', ) lsu-kum';2su-cum',m.l.Tosink 
suc-cum'e, ( down as under a burden; yield. 

2. To die. [ < L .’sub, beneath, + cubo, recline.] 
such, 1 sudh; 2 such. I. o. 1. Of that kind; 
being the same. 2. So extreme, desperate, or 
the Uke: an emphatic use; as, we are come to 


1* a = final* 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = fewd; dhin; go; rj = sinp; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







suck 

summon 


584 


such a pass. II. pron. Such a person or thing. 
III. adv. So. [ < AS. swylc, such.1 

suck 1 , 1 suk; 2 suk, v. I. t. 1. To draw into the 
mouth by lips and tongue; to draw liquid 
from with the mouth. 2. To absorb or drink 
in by any means. II. i. 1. To suckle. 2. To 
draw m liquid by suction. [ < AS. sucan, 
suck.]—suck, n. 1 . The act of sucking; suction. 

2. That which is sucked or comes by sucking.— 
suck'er, n. 1 . One who or that which sucks. 2. 
One of various fishes with thick and 
fleshy lips adapted for sucking in 
food, as plants and small animals. 

3. An organ by which an animal 
adheres to other bodies. 4. A shoot 
or sprout arising at or near the root Head of Mis- 
of a plant. 5. Anything that acts g ou ‘ r i Sucker 
by or is used for suction.—suck'- 

l(c p , vt. & vi. [suck'l(e)d p ; suck'lxng.] To give 
suck to, as at the breast; suck; take nourishment by 
suction.—suck'ling, n. An unweaned mammal; 
hence, a young, inexperienced person.—suc'- 
tion', re. The act of sucking; the production of a 
partial vacuum, as by pumping.—suc-to'ri-al, 
a. Adapted for sucking or for adhesion. 

Su-dan', 1 su-dan'; 2 su-diin', n. A vast region of 
N. Africa extending from the Atlantic ocean to 
the Red Sea south of the Sahara; divided into 
Western or French, Central, and Eastern 
Sudan. The latter was subdued by the British 
in 1898, and reorganized as Anglo -Egyptian 
Sudan, with an area of 950,000 sq. m.; pop. 
3,000,000; capital, Khartum. Sou-dan't.— 

Su"da-nese', a. & n. 

sudd, 1 sud; 2 sud, n. A floating mass of vegetation 
that frequently obstructs navigation on the Nile 
above Khartum. [Ar.] 

sud'den, 1 sud'n; 2 sud'n. I. a. Happening 
quickly and without w-arning; hurried; hasty. 
II. n. The state of being sudden. [ < L. p 
subitaneus, < subilus, sudden.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 

su"dor-if'er-ous, 1 siu"dar-if'ar-us; 2 su"dor- 
lf'er-us, a. Sweat-producing. SU'da-to-ryf. 
—su"dor-if'ic, a. & n. 

suds, 1 sudz; 2 suds, n. pi. Soapy water; foam. 

sue, 1 siu; 2 su, vt. & vi. [sued; su'ing.] 1. To 
institute legal proceedings against. 2. To use 
earnest entreaty; petition; beg. [< F. suivre, 
< L. sequor, follow.] 

suede, 1 swed; 2 swed, re. Undressed kid: often 
attributively; as, suede gloves. [F. Suede, 
Swede.] 

su 'et, 1 siu'et; 2 su'St, n. The fatty tissues about 
the loins and kidneys of sheep, oxen, etc. f < 
F. suif, < L. sebum, grease.]—su'et-y, a. 

Sue-to'ni-us, 1 swl-t5'ni-us; 2 swe-td'ni-us, Caius 
Tranquillus (70?-140?). A Roman historian. 

Su-ez', 1 sQ-ez'; 2 su-€z', n. 1. Gulf of, the N. W. 
arm of the Red Sea; the southern outlet of the 
Suez canal. 2. Isthmus of, the neck of land 
joining Asia and Africa; between the Gulf of Suez 
and the Mediterranean; 72 m. wide; traversed 
by the Suez canal.—Suez canal, a canal tra¬ 
versing the isthmus, constructed (1859-1869) by 
Ferdinand de Lesseps: now open to vessels of all 
nations by agreement of the powers. 

suf. , stiff., abhr. Suffix. 

suf'fer, 1 suf'ar; 2 suffer, vt. & vi. 1. To have a 
painful experience; feel pain. 2. To bear with 
endurance; endure; sustain. 3. To be affected 
by; undergo; experience. 4. To sustain loss or 
injury. 5. To grant leave or assent to; tol¬ 
erate; allow. [ < F. souffrir, < L. suffero , < 
sub, beneath, + fero, bear.]— suf'fer-a-bl(e p , a. 
Such as can be suffered or endured; endurable, 
-ness, n. —suf'fer-a-bly, a.— suf'fer-ance, re. 



1. Negative consent. 2||. Suffering; wretched¬ 
ness. 3)| . Submission.— suf'fer-er, n .— suf'- 
fer-lng, n. Misery; distress, 
suf-fice', 1 su-fais'; 2 sii-fTg', vt. & vi. [suf¬ 
ficed' 1 ; suf-fic'ing.] To be sufficient for; be 
satisfactory or adequate. [< L. F sufficio, af¬ 
ford.]— suf-fi'cicn-cy, n. 1. The state of being 
sufficient. 2. That which is sufficient. 3. Full 
capability or qualification; efficiency. 4. Con¬ 
ceit; self-sufficiency.— suf-fi'cient, a. Being all 
that is needful or requisite; enough, -ly, adv. 
suf-fix' 1 , 1 su-fiks'; 2 su-flks', vt. To add as a 


suffix; append. 

suf'fix, 1 suf'iks; 2 suf'iks, n. 1. A formative 
element attached to the end of a word or root 
to modify it. 2. Any added title or designa¬ 
tion. [ < L. sub, under, -j- figo, fix.] 
suf'fo-cate, 1 suf'o-ket; 2 suf'o-eat, v. [-cat"- 
ed j ; -cat'Tng.] I. t. 1. To kill by choking. 
2. To oppress (the breathing). 3. To extin¬ 
guish effectually; stifle. II. i. To become 
choked or stifled. [ < L. sub, under, + fauces, 
gullet.]— suf"fo-oa'tion, n. 
suf'frage, 1 suf'nj; 2 suf'rag, n. 1. A vote in 
support of some measure or candidate; hence, 
approbation; assent. 2. The right of voting. 
[F., < L. suflragium, voting tablet, vote.]— 
woman suffrage, political suffrage as belonging 
to or exercised by women, female suffrage]:. — 
suf'fra-gist, n. 1. A voter. 2. An advocate of some 
particular form of suffrage, as woman suffrage. 
suf"fra-gette', 1 suf"ra-jet'; 2 suf"ra-g6t', n. A 
woman who advocates female suffrage; specif., a 
member of a militant organization demanding 
suffrage for women. 


suf-fuse', 

suf-fuze' p 


u 

, ) FI 


su-fiuz'; 2 su*fu§', vt. [suf¬ 


fused'; suf-fus'ing.] To over¬ 
spread, as with color. [ < L. sub, beneath, -+■ 
/undo, pour.]—suf-fu'sion, n. 

sug'ar, 1 sliug'ar ; 2 shug'ar. I. vt. To sw T eeten, 
cover, or coat with sugar. II. n. 1. A sweet 
crystalline compound derived chiefly from 
the juice of the sugar-cane or sugar*beet; 
called, according to its source, beet-sugar, 
cane-s., date-s., grape-s., maple-s., etc. 
2. Any of many sweet compounds, as glucose, 
cane-sugar, etc. [Ult. < Sans, qarkara, sugar.] 
— sug'ar sheet", n. Any sugar-producing variety 
of the common garden beet.— s.-cane, n. A tall, 
stout, perennial grass of tropical regions, » 
rich in sugar.—s. -loaf, n. 1. A conical y 
mass of hard crystalline sugar. 2. 

A conical hat or hill.— s.-loaf, a. 

Having the rounded conical shape 
of a sugar-loaf. —s.smaple, n. 

The hard maple, from the sap of 
which maple sugar is made.—s.s> 
plum, re. A small sweetmeat.—; 
sug'ar-y, a. 

sug-gest'J, 1 sug-jest'; 2 sug- 
j£st', vt. 1. To impart indi-' 
rectly the idea of; hint; inti¬ 
mate. 2. To bring up (an idea) 
by association. 3. To propose 
for the consideration of others. 

[ < L. sub, under, -f gero, bring.]— 
sug-gest'er, re.—sug-ges'tlon, «. 

1. The act of suggesting. 2. A hint; „ 
insinuation. 3. The spontaneous Sugar*cane. 
calling up of an idea in the mind by a connected 
idea. 4. In hypnotism, the causing of an idea or 
action on the part of the subject by the will-power 
of the operator; also, the idea so suggested.—sug- 
ges'tiv(e 8 , a. Fitted or tending to suggest, -ly, 
adv. -ness, re. 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police_; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, bum; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, whgit, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, w6n. 









585 


suck 

summon 


su'i-cide, 1 siu'i-said; 2 su'i-Qid, re. 1. The in¬ 
tentional taking of one’s own life; self*mur- 
der. 2. Self-inflicted political, social, or com¬ 
mercial ruin. 3. One who commits self- 
murder. [ < L. sui, of oneself, + ceedo, kill.] 
su'i-eid"al, a. Self-destructive; ruinous to 
oneself.—su'i-cid"al-ly, adv. 
suit, 1 siut; 2 sut. I d . vt. & vi. 1. To meet the 
requirements of; agree. 2. To meet the wishes 
or tastes of; please. II. re. t. The act of su¬ 
ing; solicitation. 2. A judicial action for the 
recovery of a right. 3. A group or series of 
things of like kind; specif., one of the four 
sets of thirteen cards that make up a pack 
of playing-cards. [< F. suite; see suite.] — 
suit'a-bl(e p , a. Capable of suiting — suit'a- 
bly, adv. — suit"a-bil'i-ty, re. suit'a-bl(e- 
ness p t.—suit'or, re. 1. One who institutes a 
suit in court. 2. A wooer. 3. A petitioner, 
sult'-case", n. A hand-bag used as for carrying a 
dress suit. Called also dress-suit case, 
suite, 1 swit; 2 swit, re. 1. A succession of 
things forming a series; a set; specif., a 
number of connected rooms. 2. A retinue. 

[ < F. suite, following, < L. seguor, follow.] 
sul'cate, 1 sul'ket; 2 sul'cat, a. Having long 
narrow furrows or channels; grooved; fluted. 
[< L .sulcatus, < sulco, plow.] sul'cat-ed|. 
Su'Iei-man, n. Same as Solyman. 
sul'fur, ) 1 sul'far; 2 sul'fur, n. A pale-yel- 
sul'phur, flow, non-metallic crystalline ele¬ 
ment found largely native, used in making 
gunpowder, matches, vulcanized rubber, and 
sulfuric acid. [ < L. sulfur, the usual spelling, 
also sulphur, as if Gr.]—sul'fur-bot"toin, n. A 
North-Atlantic whale having a yellowish belly 
and attaining a length of 100 feet.—sul'fate, 
sul'phate, n. A salt of sulfuric acid.—sul'fid, 
sul'phid, n. A compound of sulfur with an ele¬ 
ment or radical.—sul'fu-rate, sul'phu-rate. 

I. vt. [-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] To treat with sulfur. 

II. a. Sulfureous. III. re. Sulfid.—sul-fu're- 
ous, sul-phu're-ous, a. Of or like sulfur.— 
sul'fu-ret, sul'phu-ret, re. A sulfid.—sul-fu'- 
ric, sul-pliu'ric, a. Pertaining to or derived 
from sulfur.—sulfuric acid, a colorless, cor¬ 
rosive liquid compound of sulfur, oil of vit¬ 
riol!.—sul'fur-ous, sul'phur-ous, sul'fur-y, 
a. Pertaining to or like sulfur. 

sulk, 1 sulk; 2 sulk. Ib vi. To be sulky or 
sullen. II. re. A sulky mood or humor: often 
plural. [< AS. solcen, languid.]—sulk'y, a. 
[sulk'i-er; sulk'i-est.] Silently and sullenly 
cross.—sulk'i-ly, adv.— sulk'i-ness, re. 
sulk'y, 1 sulk'i; 2 sulk'y, re. [sulk'ies 2 , pi.] A 
light two-wheeled one-horse vehicle for one 
person. [ < sulky, a. (because one rides alone).] 
Sul'la, 1 sul'a; 2 sul'a, Lucius Cornelius (138-78 
B. C.). A Roman general and dictator. Syl'laJ. 
sul'len, 1 sul'en; 2 siil'gn, a. 1. Obstinately 
and gloomily ill-humored. 2. Depressing; 
somber; as, sullen clouds. 3. Slow in move¬ 
ment; sluggish. [ < L. OF solus, alone.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, re. 

sul'ly, 1 sul'i; 2 siil'y. I. vt. & vi. [sul'lied; 
sul'ly-ing.] To injure the brightness or 
purity of; tarnish. II. re. [sul'lies 2 , pi.] 
Anything that tarnishes; a stain; spot; blem¬ 
ish. [ < AS. sylian, < sol, mire.] 
sul'phur, sul-phu'ric, etc. See sulfur, etc. 
Suit., abbr. Sultan. 

sul'tan, 1 sul'tan; 2 sul'tan, re. The sovereign of 
Turkey; loosely, any Mohammed sovereign. 
[Ult. < Ar. sultan, < sulta, sway.]—sul-ta'na, 

1 sul-ta'na; 2 sul-ta'na, re. 1. A sultan’s wife, 


daughter, or mother. 2. A variety of raisin from 
the district of Smyrna, Asia Minor.— sul'tan- 
ate, re. sul'tan-ship t. 

sul'try, 1 sul'tn; 2 sul'try, a. [sul' tri-er ; 

SUL tri-est.] 1 . Hot, moist, and still; close. 
2. Emitting an oppressive heat. [Corr. of 
sweltry, < swelter.]— sul'tri-ly, adv.— sul'- 
tri-ness, re. 


^hu'mak; 


sum, 1 sum; 2 sum. I. vt. [summed, sumd 8 ; 
sum'ming.] 1 . To recapitulate succinctly: 
with up. 2. To add into one total. 3. Math. 
To ascertain the sum of. II. re. 1. Math. The 
result obtained by addition. 2. The whole. 
3. Any indefinite amount. 4. A problem in 
arithmetic. [ < L. F summa, sum.] 

su'mac, 1 su'mak or 
shu'mac, re. A 
shrub, whose dried 
and powdered 
leaves are much used 
for tanning and dye¬ 
ing. [ < Ar.v sum- 
mdq, sumac.] su'¬ 
mac h t • —poi"son - 
s u ' in a c, re. See 
poison-ivy under 
poison. 

Su-ma'tra, 1 su-md'- 

tra; 2 su-ma'tra, re. 

A western island of Common Sumacs, 
the Malay archi- LA panicle and leaf of the eta?, 
pelago; under Dutch horn Buma °- -■ A leaf of the dwarf 
control; 161,612 sq. BUmao; flower - 



m.; pop. 5,027,070.—Su-ma'tran, a. & re. 
sum'ma-ry, 1 sum'a-ri; 2 sum'a-ry. I. a. 1. 
Giving the substance or sum; concise. 2. 
Performed without ceremony or delay; in¬ 
stant; offhand. II. re. [-ries z , pi.] An abridg¬ 
ment or epitome. [ < L. summarium, < sum¬ 
ma; see sum.]— sum'ma-rize, vt. [-rized; -riz"- 
ing.] To make a summary of.—sum'ma-ri-ly, 
ado. —sum'ma-ri-ness, re. 
sum-ma'tion, 1 sum-me'^han; 2 siim-ma'- 
shon, re. The act or operation of obtaining a 
sum; addition. 

sum'mer 1 , 1 sum'ar; 2 sum'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
keep or care for through the summer; pass 
the summer. II. re. The hottest or warmest 
season of the year: including June, July, and 
August, in the northern hemisphere. In the 
southern hemisphere the summer occurs dur¬ 
ing the months of the northern winter. [ < 
AS. sumer, summer.]—sum'mer-house", re. A 
rustic structure, as in a garden, for rest or shade. 
—sum 'mer-ing, re. The act of passing the sum¬ 
mer or part of it in a certain manner, as for recrea¬ 
tion; also the period so passed; a summer holiday. 
—sum 'mer-time", re. Summer; the summer sea¬ 
son. sum'mer-tide"!.—sum'mer-y, a. Per¬ 
taining to or characteristic of summer. 
sum'mer 2 , re. A heavy horizontal beam or girder 
supporting a superstructure or a large stone, as on 
a column, supporting an arch. [< F .sommier, < 
Gr. sagma, pack-saddle.] 
sum 'mer 3 , re. One who sums or adds skilfully, 
sum'mer-sault, re. A somersault, sum'mer- 
sett. 

sum 'mi t, 1 sum'it; 2 sum'it, re. The highest 
part; the top; maximum. [< L. F summum, 
apex.] 

sum'moil, 1 sum'an; 2 sum'on, vt. 1. To com¬ 
mand to appear. 2. To require the immediate 
attendance of; call; send for. 3. To call into 
action; arouse: usually with up; as,to summon 
up courage. 4. To bid or call on for a specific 


1: a = final; I = habitq aisle; au = owt; oil; iu = fered; cfhin; go; I) = sire^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 













Sumner 

supplant 


586 


act. [ < L. OF sub, slightly, + moneo, warn.]— 
sum'mon-er, re.— sum'mons, n. A call to at¬ 
tend, act, answer, surrender, etc.; specif., a notice 
to appear in court. 

Sum'ner, 1 sum'nar; 2 stim'ner, Charles (1811- 
1S74). An American statesman and abolitionist, 
sump'ter, 1 sump'tar; 2 sump'ter, n. A pack* 
animal; as, a sumpter-horse or sumpter-mule. 
[Ult. < Gr. sagma, pack*saddle.] 
sump'tu-a-ry, 1 sump'dhu-[or -tiu-]e-ri; 2 
sump'chu-[or -tu-]a-ry, a. Pertaining to ex¬ 
pense; limiting or regulating personal expendi¬ 
ture, as some laws. [ < L. sumptuarius, < 



sub, under, + emo, buy.] 

Sump'tu-ous,l sump'(5hu-[or -tiu-]us; 2 sump - 
chy-[or -tu-]us, a. Involving or showing lav¬ 
ish expenditure; hence, luxurious. [< L. 
sumptuosus, < sub, under, + emo, buy.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

sun, 1 sun; 2 sun. I. vt. & vi. [sunned, sund 8 ; 
sun'ning.] To expose to the sun. II. n. 1. 
The heavenly body that is the center of at¬ 
traction and the main source of light and 
heat in the solar system. 2. Any star that is 
the center of a system. 3. Sunshine. [ < AS. 
sunne, sun.]—sun'beam", n. A ray or beam of 
the sun; [pi.] sunlight.—sun'bird", re. A bril¬ 
liantly colored Oriental bird resembling the hum¬ 
ming-bird, feeding, by means of its protractile 
tongue, on small insects found in the nectar of 
flowers.—sun'bon"net, re. A bonnet of light 
material with projecting 
brim and a cape covering 
the neck. — sun'burn". 

I 1 , vt. & vi. To affect, or 
be affected, with sunburn. 

II. re. Discoloration or 
Inflammation of the skin, 
produced by exposure to 
the sun.—sun'burnt", a. 
sun'burned"!. — sun'- 
dew", re. A plant exuding 
from the tips of hairs on its 
leaves a viscid liquid, by 
which insects are caught 
and utilized by the plant as food.—sun'-di"al, 
re. A device that measures time by shadow.— 
sun'-dog", re. A mock sun, or bright spot ap¬ 
pearing near the sun, sometimes with a luminous 
train: due to the presence of ice-crystals In the air. 
—sun'down", re. Sunset.—sun'fisli", re. l.A 
large pelagic fish with deep compressed body, 
truncate behind. 2. A North* 

American fresh-water perch* 
like fish. — sun'How "er, re. 

A tall, erect, stout, rough herb 
of the aster family, with very 
large, terminal, flat, circular 
heads of flowers.—sun'less, 
a. Dark; cheerless.—sun'- 
light", re. The light of the 
sun.—sun'ny,a. [sun'ni-er; 
sun'ni-est.] 1. Filled with/ 
the light and warmth of the 
sun. 2. Bright like the sun. 

—sun'ni-ly, adv .—sun'ill¬ 
ness, re.—sunny side, the 
side, as of a hill, facing the sun; 
hence, the cheerful view of any 
situation, question, etc.— 
sun'rise", re. 1. The daily 
first appearance of the sun. 2. 

The time at which the sun rises. 3. The east; 
orient. sun'ris"lng||t.—sun'set", re. 1. The 
daily disappearance of the sun. 2. The time at 
which the sun sets; the early evening; twilight. 
3. The west; Occident. 4. Figuratively, the end- 


Sunflsh. 



Sunflower. 


ing or decline, as of life. sun'set"tingt.—sun'- 
shlne", re. 1. The shining light and radiance of 
the sun. 2. Figuratively, brightness.— sun'- 
shin"y, a. —sun'spot, re. One of many dark 
irregular spots appearing periodically on the sur¬ 
face of the sun, near its equator: believed to have 
connection -with terrestrial magnetic storms.— 
sun'stroke", re. Prostration from excessive heat. 
— sun'struck", a.— sun'ward, a. Facing to¬ 
ward the sun.— sun'ward, sun'wards, adv. 

Sun 'day, 1 sun'di; 2 sun'dy, n. The first day 
of the week; the Christian Sabbath. [< AS. 


sunnan dxg; sunnan, gen. of swrerec.sun; tfa? 0 ,day.] 
sun'der, 1 sun'der; 2 sun'der, vt. & vi. To 
break; part, or be parted; sever. Compare 
asunder. [< AS. sundor, apart.] 
sun'dry, 1 sun'dn; 2 sun'dry, a. Various; sev¬ 
eral. [ < AS. sundrig, < sundor, apart.]— 
sun'dries, re. pi. Items or things not separately 
specified. 

sung, 1 sup; 2 sung, imp. & pp. of sing, v. 
sunk, 1 supk; 2 sunk, imp. & pp. of sink, v. 
sunk'en, I suqk'n; 2 sunk'n, a. 1. Deeply de¬ 
pressed. 2. Located beneath the surface, 
sup, 1 sup; 2 sup, v. [supped 1 , supt 8 ; sup'- 
ping.] I. t. To take, as fluid food, in succes¬ 
sive mouthfuls. II. i. 1. To partake of supper. 
2. To sip. [ < AS. supan, sup.]—sup, n. A 
mouthful or taste of liquid or semiliquid food, 
sup., abbr. Supine, supra.—sup., super., abbr. 
Superior, superfine.—sup., superl., abbr. Su¬ 
perlative.—sup., supp., abbr. Supplement.— 
sup., supr., abbr. Supreme.—Sup. Ct., abbr. 
Superior Court, Supreme Court, 
su'per-, 1 siu'par-; 2 su'per-, prefix. Above; 
over; beyond. (1) Above in position. (2) 
Above in degree or amount: usually denoting 
excess. [ < L. super-, < super, over.] 

The following self-explaining words are formed 
by the addition of super- in sense (2): 


su'per-a-cute' 
su"per-dain'ty 
su"per-ex"al-ta'tion 
su"per-ex'cel-lence 
su"per-ex'cel-lent 
su"per-ex"ci-ta'tion 
su'per-flux 
su"per-heat' 
su" per-or' di-na-ry 


su'per-sat'u-rate 
su'per-sat"u-ra'tion 
su"per-sen'si-ble 
su" per-sen'si-t ive 
su" per-spir' i-tu-al 
su"per-stra'tum 
su"per-sub'tle 
su"per-ten'sion 


su"per-a-bouiid' d , 1 siu"par-a-baund'; 2 su"- 
per-a-bound', vt. To abound to excess.—su"- 
per-a-bun'dance, re.—su"per-a-bun'dant, a. 
Abounding excessively; excessive, -ly, adv. 
su"per-add' d , 1 siu"par-ad'; 2 su"per-ad', vt. 
To add in addition to what has been added.— 
su"per-ad-di'tion, re. 

su"per-an'nu-ate, 1 siu"par-an'yu-et; 2 su"- 
per-Sn'yu-at. I. vt. & vi. [-AT"ED d ; -aid¬ 
ing] To incapacitate by age; retire on ac¬ 
count of age: chiefly used in past participle. 
II. a. Superannuated. [ < super- + L. an¬ 
nus, year.]—su"per-an"nu-a'tton, re. 
sti-por!)', 1 adu-purb'; 2 su-perb', a. 1. Having 
grand, impressive beauty; majestic. 2. Lux¬ 
urious; rich and costly. [ < L. superbus, < 
super, over.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
su"per-car'go, 1 siu"par-kdr'go; 2 su"per- 
ear'go, re. An agent on board ship, sent by 
owners of merchandise in charge of the cargo. 
su"per-cil 'i-OUS, 1 siu"[or su"]par-sil'i-us; 2 
su"[or su"]per-Qfl'i-us, a. Exhibiting haughty 
contempt or indifference; arrogant. [< L. 
superciliosus, < super, over, + cilium, eyelid.] 
-ly, ado. -ness, re. [per-eni'l-nent, a. 

su"per-em'i-nence, re. Preeminence. — su"- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art. ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ftll; me, get, prgy, fgrn; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won, 






587 


Sumner 

supplant 


su"per-er"o-ga'tion, 1 siu"par-er"o-ge'sfhan; 
2 su"per-8r"o-ga'shon, n. The performance 
of any meritorious act in excess of the de¬ 
mands of duty; hence, something superfluous. 
[< L super, over, + erogo, expend.]— su"per- 
e-rog'a-to-ry, a. 

SU^per-fl'cial, 1 siu"par-fi£h'al; 2 su"per-fish'- 
al, a. 1. Pertaining to surface. 2. Not 
learned or profound; shallow. 3. Cursory; 
hasty; slight. [< L. LL superficies; see super¬ 
ficies.] -ly, adv. — su"per-fi"ci-al'i-ty, n. 
su"per-fi'cial-nesst. 

su"per-fi'ci-es, 1 siu"par-fi^h'i-Iz or -fisli'iz; 
2 su"per-fish'i-eg or -fish'es, n. A surface or 
its area; superficial area. [L., < super, over, 
+ facies, face.] 

su'per-fine, 1 siu'par-fain; 2 su'per-fin, a. 1. 
Of surpassing fineness or quality. 2. Overre¬ 
fined. 

su-per'flu-ous, 1 siu-pur'flu-us; 2 su-per'flu- 
us, a. 1. Being more than is needed. 2. 
Mus. Augmented. [ < L. superfluus, < super, 
over, + fluo, flow.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —su"- 
per-flu'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] Superabundance or 
that which is superabundant or superfluous. 

su"per-hu'man, 1 siu"par-hiu'man; 2 su"per- 
hu'man, a. Above the range of human power 
or skill. -ly, adv. 

su"per-iin-pose', 1 siu"par-im-poz'; 2 su"per- 
im-p5§', vt. To lay or impose upon.— su"« 
per-lm"po-si'tion, n. 

su"per-in-cum'bent, 1 siu"par-in-kum'ben t; 
2 su"per-in-eum'bgnt, a. Resting or lying 
upon something else. [ < L. superincumbo, 

lie upon.]— su"per-ln-cum'bence, su"per-in- 
eum'ben-cy, n. 

su^'per-in-duce'S 1 siu"par-in-dius': 2 sfi"per- 
In-duc', vt. To induce or give rise to addi¬ 
tionally.— su"per-in-duc'tion, n. 

su"per-in-tend' d , 1 siu"par-in-tend'; 2 su"per- 
in-tend', vt. & vi. To have the charge and 
direction of; manage; supervise. [< L. LIi 
super, over, + inlendo, direct.]— su"per-in-ten'- 
dence, n. Direction and management. su"per- 
in-ten'den-cyf:.—su"per-in-ten'dent, n. One 
whose function is to superintend some particu¬ 
lar work. 

su-pe'ri-or, 1 siu-pl'n-ar; 2 su-pe'ri-or. I. a. 

1. Surpassing; more excellent; preferable. 

2. Of higher grade. 3. Higher; upper. II. n. 
1. One who surpasses another. 2. The ruler 
of an ecclesiastical order or house. [ < L. p 
superior, compar. of superus, upper.] -ly, adv. 
-ness§, n. —su-pe"ri-or'i-ty, n. 

Su-pe'ri-or, 1 siu-pl'n-ar; 2 su-pe'ri-or, Lake. 
The northernmost and largest of the North* 
American Great Lakes; 412 by 160 m. 

SU-per'la-tive, ) 1 siu-pur'la-tiv; 2 su-per'la- 

su-per'Ia-tiv s , ) tiv. I. a. 1. Elevated to the 
highest degree. 2. Expressing the highest 
degree. II. n. 1. That which is of the high¬ 
est possible excellence or eminence. 2. The 
highest degree of comparison of the adjective 
or adverb. [ < L. LL+F super, over, + latus, 
borne.] -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 

SU-per'nal, 1 siu-pur'nal; 2 su-per'nal, a. 
Heavenly; exalted; lofty. [ < L. supernus, < 
super, over.] 

SU"per-na'tant, 1 siu"par-ne'tant; 2 su per- 
na'tant, a. Floating uppermost or above 
something.— su"per-na-ta'tion, n. Flota¬ 
tion on a liquid surface. 

su"per-na'tion-al, 1 siu"par-nafm an-al; 2 
su"per-nash'on-al, a. Pertaining to all man¬ 


kind, rather than to one nation only —su"- 

per-na'tion-al-ism, n. 

su"per-nat'u-ral, 1 siu"par-nadh , u-[or -nat'- 
yu-]ral; 2 su"per-nach'u-[or -nat'yu-]ral. I. a. 
1. Transcending the forces of nature; miracu¬ 
lous. 2. Pertaining to the supernatural. II. n. 
That which transcends nature and includes 
the Creator, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — su"per- 
nat'u-ral-ism, n. 1. The quality of being super¬ 
natural. 2. Theol. Belief in the supernatural. 
su"per-nu'mer-a-ry, 1 siu"par-niu'mar-e-n; 
2 su"per-nu'mer-a-ry. I. a. Being beyond a 
fixed, customary, or necessary number; su¬ 
perfluous. II. n. [-ries 2 , pi.] A person or 
thing in excess of the regular number; a stage 
performer without any speaking part. 
su"per-pose', 1 siu"par-poz'; 2 su"per-po§', vt . 
(-posed; -pos'ing.] To lay over or upon 
something else; in geometry, to suppose (one 
figure) to be placed upon another. Cp. su¬ 
perimpose. [< F. superposer, < L. super, 
over; and see pose 1 , ».]— su"per-pos'a-bl(e p , a. 
—su"per-posed', pa. — su"per-po-si'tion, n. 
su"per-scribe', 1 siu"par-skraib'; 2 su"per- 
scrib', vt . [-scribed'; -scrib'ing.] To write 
or engrave on the outside or on the upper part 
of. [< L. super, over, + scribo, write.]— 
su"per-scrip'tion, n. The act of superscribing 
an address on a letter; the address superscribed. 
su"per-scde', 1 siu"par-sid'; 2 su"per-sed', vt. 
[-sed'ed 11 ; -sed'ing.] 1. To take the place of; 
replace. 2. To suspend; annul. [ < L. F super, 
over, + sedeo, sit.]— su"per-se 'dure, n. su"- 
per-ses 'sionj. 

su"per-ser'vice-a-bl(e p , 1 siu"par-sur'vis-a-bl; 
2 su"per-ser'vi(?-a-bl, a. Attempting need¬ 
lessly or disagreeably to be of service; officious. 
su"per-sti'tion, 1 siu"par-sti^h'an; 2 su"per- 
stish'on, n. 1. A belief founded on irrational 
notions and marked by credulity; also, any 
rite or practise inspired by such belief. 2. 
Belief in omens, charms, and signs. [F., < L. 
super, over, + sto, stand.]— su"per-sti'tlous, a. 
1. Disposed to believe in superstitions. 2. In¬ 
volving superstition. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
su"per-struc 'ture, 1 siu"par-struk'chur or 
-tiur; 2 su"per-struc'chur or -tur, n. Any 
structure considered in relation to the part on 
which it rests. [ < L. super, over, -f- struo, 
build.] su"per-struc't!on:t. 
su"per-vene ', 1 siu"par-vin'; 2 su"per-ven', vi. 
[-vened'; -ven'ing.] To follow closely upon 
something; to happen. [ < L. super, over, -f- 
venio, come.]— su"per-ve'ni-ent, a. — su"per- 
ven'tion, n. 

su"per-vise', 1 siu"par-vaiz'; 2 su"per-vls', vt. 
[-vised'; -vis'ing.] To superintend; inspect. 
r< L. super, over, + video, see.]—sn"per-vt'- 
slon, n. su"per-vis'alt.—su"per-vi'sor, n. A 
superintendent; inspector.—su"per-vi'so-ry, a. 
Sll-pine', 1 siu-pain'; 2 su-pin', a. 1. Lying on 
the back. 2. Inactive. 3. Inclined. [ < L. 
supinus, < sub, under.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
su'plne, 1 siii'pain; 2 su'pin, n. One of two 
parts of the Latin verb, regarded as verbal 
nouns. 

sup'per, 1 sup'ar; 2 sup'cr, n. The last meal 
of the day; also, a banquet. [ < F. souper .]— 
sup'per-less, a. Having no supper; hungry, 
sup-plant' d , 1 su-plant'; 2 su-plant', vt. To 
take the place of, as by treachery; displace. 
[< L A sub, under, + planta, sole.]—sup-plant'- 
er, n. One who supplants. 


T a = final - l = habit; aisle; au = out-, eil; iu = feud: cfhin; go; rj = sin^; fliin, this. 
2: wolf, dp: book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil. boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






supple 

sustain 


588 


sup'pie, ) 1 sup'l; 2 sup'l. I. vt. & vi. [sup'- 
sup'l p , ) pled; sup'pling.] To render supple. 
II. a. 1. Easily bent; flexible; pliant. 2. Com¬ 
pliant. [< L. p supplex, submissive.] -ness,n. 
sup'ple-inent, 1 sup'li-ment or -mant; 2 sup'- 
le-ment. I d . vt. To make additions to. II. n. 
Something added; especially, an addition to a 
publication. [OF., < L. sub, under, + pleo, 
nil.] —sup"ple-men'tal, a. Like a supplement; 
supplementing. sujp"ple-men'ta-ryt. 
sup'pli-ant, 1 sup'li-ant; 2 sup'li-ant. I. a. 

1. Entreating earnestly and humbly. 2. 
Manifesting entreaty. II. n. One who sup¬ 
plicates. [F., < L. supplico, beg.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

sup'pli-cate, 1 sup'li-ket; 2 sup'li-cat, vt. & vi. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] 1. To seek humbly by 
earnest prayer. 2. To pray to grant a favor. 
[< L. supplicatus, pp. of supplico, beg.]— sup'- 
pll-cant. I. a. Asking or entreating humbly. 
II. n. One who supplicates, -ly, adv. — sup"- 
pii-ca'tlon, n.— sup'pli-ca"to-ry, a. 
sup-ply', 1 su-plai'; 2 su-ply'. I. vt. [sup¬ 
plied'; sup-ply'ing.] 1. To furnish with 
what is needed; provide: often followed by 
with. 2. To give, as something needful; af¬ 
ford. 3. To occupy temporarily, as a substi¬ 
tute; make up, as a loss; fill, as a vacancy; 
specif., to fill temporarily, as a pulpit. II. n. 
[sup-plies' z , pl.\ 1. The available aggregate 
of things needed or demanded. 2. An amount 
sufficient for a given use. 3. A temporary 
incumbent. [ < L. F sub, below, + pleo, fill.] 
sup-port', 1 su-port'; 2 su-port'. I d . vt. 1. To 
bear the weight of; keep from falling; sustain. 

2. To provide means for the maintenance of. 

3. To carry on; keep up. 4. To bear or endure; 
tolerate. 5. To give assistance to; defend; 
aid; nourish. II. n. 1. The act of supporting. 
2. One who or that which supports. 3. Sub¬ 
sistence; living. [ < L. F sub, beneath, + porto, 
carry.)— sup-port"a-bil'i-ty, n .— sup-port'a- 
bl(e p , a. That may be supported; bearable; 
endurable. — sup-port'a-bl(e-ness p , n.— sup¬ 
port 'a-bly, adv. —sup-port'er, n. 

sup-pose', 1 su-poz'; 2 su-po§', v. [sup-posed'; 
sup-pos'ing.] I. t. 1. To think or imagine to 
oneself as true; believe. 2. To assume as true 
for the sake of argument or illustration. II. i. 
To frame a supposition; think. [< F. sup - 
poser , < sup -, under, + poser ; see pose 1 , p.] — sup- 
pos'a-bl(e p , a. That may be supposed.— sup¬ 
posed ', pa . Accepted as genuine; imagined: often 
ironical.— sup-pos'ed-ly, adv . — sup-pos'er, n . 
sup"po-si'tion, 1 sup"o-ziffi'an; 2 sup"o-gish'- 
on, n. The act of supposing; conjecture. [ < 
.L.ll+f sub , under, + pono , place.]— sup-pos"i- 
ti'tious, a. Supposed; fraudulent, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

sup-press' 1 , 1 su-pres'; 2 su-prgs', vt. 1. To put 
down or end by force; overpower; crush. 2. 
To withhold from publication; repress; con¬ 
ceal. 3. To cause to stop; arrest; extinguish. 
[< L. sub, under, + premo, press.]— sup-press'- 
er, sup-pres'sor, n. —sup-pres'sion, n.— sup- 
prcs'slv(e 8 , a. 

sup'pu-rate, 1 sup'yu-ret; 2 siip'yu-rat, vi. 
[-RAT"ED d ; -rat"ing.] To form or generate 
pus. [< L. sub, under, + pus (pur-), pus.]— 
sup"pu-ra'tion, n. —sup'pu-ra-tiv(e 8 , a. 
su'pra-, 1 siQ'pra-; 2 su'pra-, prefix. Above; be¬ 
yond; in such adjectives as su"pra-mun'dane 
(placed above the world; supernatural); su"pra- 
or'bi-tal (above the orbit of the eye); su"pra- 


re'nal (situated above the kidneys, etc.). [<L. 
supra-, < supra, above.] 

su-preme', 1 siu-prlm'; 2 su-prem'. I. a. 
Highest in power, degree, etc. II. n. 1. The 
supreme or highest point. 2. A superior; 
chief. [ < L. F supremus, superl. of superus, 
higher.] -ly, adv. -ness, n— su-prein'a-cy, n. 
The state of being supreme; supreme power or 
authority. 

Supt., abbr. Superintendent, 
sur-, prefix. Same as super-. 
su'rah, 1 su'ra or siii'ra; 2 su'ra or su'ra, n. A 
soft twilled silk stuff. [Prob. < Surat, India.] 
sur'base, 1 sur'bes; 2 shr'bas, n. A molding or 
border above a base, as that above the base* 
board of a room, or at the top of a pedestal, 
sur'cin-gle, ) 1 sur'sirj-gl; 2 sur'ctn-gl, n. 1. 
sur'cin-gl p , ) A girth or strap encircling the 
body of a beast of burden, for holding a sad¬ 
dle, etc. 2. A girdle. [ < L. OF super, over, -+• 
cingulum, belt.) 

sure, 1 shur; 2 shur, a. 1. Not liable to change 
or failure. 2. That may be depended on; re¬ 
liable; trustworthy. 3. Free from doubt; 
certain; positive. [< F. sur, < L. securus; 
see secure, a.]— sure'=foot"ed, a. Not liable 
to fall or stumble.— sure'ly, adv. 1. Without 
doubt; certainly; verily. 2. Securely; firmly; 
safely.— sure'ness, n . — sure'ty, n. [sure'ties z , 
pi.] 1. A person who engages to be responsible 
for another’s payment or performance. 2. 
Something deposited as security; a guarantor; 
pledge. 3. That which gives security or confi¬ 
dence. 4. The state of being sure; certainty. [ < 
F. sureti, < L. securita(t-)s, security.]— sure'- 
ty-ship, n 

surf, 1 surf; 2 sflrf, n. The swell of the sea, 
that breaks upon a shore. [Var. of sough.] 
— surf'y, a. 

sur'face, 1 sur'fis; 2 shr'fac, n. 1. The exterior 
part of anything. 2. Geom. That which has 
length and breadth, but not thickness. [F., < 
sur- (see sur-) ; and see face, m.] 
sur'feit, (1 sur'fit; 2 shr'fit. I d . vt. & vi. To 
sur'fit 8 , ) overfeed; supply or be supplied to 
satiety. II. n. 1. Excess in eating or drink¬ 
ing. 2. The result of such excess; satiety. [ < 
L,. OF super, over, + facio, do.]—sur'feit-er, n. 
Surg., abbr. Surgeon, surgery, surgical, 
surge, 1 surj; 2 surg. I. vt. & vi. [surged; 
surg'ing.] To raise or rise high and roll on¬ 
ward, as waves. II. n. 1. A large swelling 
wave; billow. 2. The act of surging. [< L. F 
surgo, contr. of surrigo, raise.) 
sur'geon, 1 sur'jan; 2 shr'gon, n. One who 
practises surgery. [Ult. < Gr. cheirourgos, < 
cheir, hand, + ergon, work.]—sur'ger-y, n. 
[-ies z . pi.] The branch of the healing art that 
relates to injuries, deformities, etc., to be reme¬ 
died by operations or instruments. — sur'gi- 
cal, a. —sur'gl-cal-ly, adv. [form, 

sur'loin", n. Sirloin: the etymologically correct 
sur'Jy, 1 sur'li; 2 shr'ly, a. [sur'li-er; sur'li- 
est.] Persistently rude and ill*humored; 
crabbed; cross; gruff. [< AS. sur, sour; but 
perhaps < sir, meaning like a lord, haughty.]— 
sur'li-ly, adv. —sur'li-ness, n. 
sur-inise', 1 sur-maiz'; 2 s(ir-ml§'. I. vt. [sur¬ 
mised'; sur-mis'ing.J To form opinions con¬ 
cerning on slight evidence; suppose. II. n. 
A conjecture made on slight evidence; sup¬ 
position. [OF., fern. pp. of surmettre, accuse, 
< L. super, over, + mitlo, send.] 
sur-iuount' d , 1 sur-maunt'; 2 sur-mount', vt. 
To mount upon and pass over; overcome; 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; *rt. ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won, 









589 


supple 

sustain 


conquer; cap. — sur-mount'a-bi(e p , a .— 
sur-mount'er, n. 

SUr'name, 1 sur'nem or sur-nem'; 2 sur'nam or 
sur-nam'. I. vt. To call by a surname. II. n. 
A name subjoined to a given name; family 
name. 

sur-pass' 1 , 1 sur-pas'; 2 sur-pas', vt. To go be¬ 
yond or past in degree or amount; exceed; 
excel.— sur-pass 'a-bl (e p , a. — sur-pass 'iiig, 
pa. Preeminently excellent, -ly , adv. 
sur'plice, (1 sur'plis; 2 sftr'pliQ, n. A loose 
sur'plis 8 , ) white vestment 
worn by the clergy of certain 
churches. [< L. LL+F super, 
over, + pellis, skin.] 
sur'plus, 1 sur'plus; 2 sGr'- 
plus, n. That which remains 
above what has been used or 
is required. [F., < L. LL su¬ 
per, over, + plus, more.]— 
sur'plus-age, n. 
sur-prize ) 1 s u r - p r a'i z 
sur-prise) 2 s u r - p r I z'. I. 
vt. [Sur-prized'; sur-priz'- 
ing.] 1. To strike with as¬ 
tonishment by something 
unexpected. 2. To take una¬ 
wares at a disadvantage. 

3. To lead unawares; dupe; 
betray: often with into. II. 
n. 1. The act of surprizing. 

2. A surprized state. 3. A sudden and unex¬ 
pected event. [F., < L. LL super, upon, + 
prendo , grasp.]— sur-priz'al, n . The act of sur¬ 
prizing; surprize. sur-pris'aif. — sur-priz'ing- 
ly, adv . sur-pris'ing-lyt. 
sur-ren'der, 1 su-ren'dar; 2 su-ren der. I. vt. 
& vi. 1. To yield to; give up, as to an enemy 
in warfare, '2. To resign; relinquish. 3. To 
yield to any influence. II. n. The act of sur¬ 
rendering. [ < L. LL+OF super, over, + reddo, 

gj ve J 

sur"rep-ti'tious, 1 sur"ep-ti:fh'us; 2 sur"ep- 
tish'us, a. Accomplished by secret or im¬ 
proper means. [< L. sub, under, + rapio, 
snatch.] -ly, adv. 

sur'rey, 1 sur'i; 2 sur'y, n. [U. S.] A light plea- 
sure*vehicle, having two seats, four wheels, 
and sometimes a top. 

sur'ro-gate, 1 sur'o-get; 2 sGr'o-gat, n. 1. A 
substitute. 2. [U. S.] A probate judge. [ < L. 
surrogattis, pp. of surrogo, substitute.] 
sur-round' d , 1 su-raund'; 2 su-round', vt. 1. 
To place something around; encompass. 2. 
To constitute a border or enclosure around; 
be on all sides of; enclose; encircle. [ < L. LL+OF 
super, above, + unda, wave.]—sur-round 'ing, 
n. That which environs; the act of one who sur¬ 
rounds: usually in plural. 

Surv., abbr. Surveying, surveyor, 
sur-veil'lance, 1 sur-ve'lans or -vel'yans; 2 
siir-ve'lang or -vel'yang, n. The act of watch¬ 
ing, or the state of being watched. [F., < 
surveiller, superintend.] 

sur-vey', 1 sur-ve'; 2 sur-ve'. I, vt. 1. To deter¬ 
mine the area, contour, or boundaries of by 
measurement and calculation. 2. To view in 
its entirety; look over as from a height. 3. To 
view carefully and minutely; scrutinize; in¬ 
spect. II. n. 1. The operation or results of 
surveying. 2. A general or comprehensive 
view. 3. An inspection. [< L. OF super, over, 
+ video, see.]— sur-vey'ing, n. The art of detcr- 


mining the area or configuration of portions of 
the surface of the earth and representing them 
on maps.— sur-vey'or, n. 
sur-vive', 1 sur-vaiv'; 2 sur-viv', v. [sur-vived'; 
sur-viv'ing.] I. t. To outlive; outlast; live 
through. II. i. To remain alive; exist. [< 
L.ll+f super, over, + vivo, live.]— sur-viv'al, n. 
1. The act of surviving; an outliving. 2. Some¬ 
thing surviving.— sur-vi'vor, n. 
sus-cep'ti-bl(e p , 1 su-sep'ti-bl; 2 sti-gSp'ti-bl, 
a. 1. Yielding readily; capable of being in¬ 
fluenced, acted on, or determined: usually 
with of or to; as, susceptible of proof; to ap¬ 
peal. 2. Having delicate sensibility; sensi¬ 
tive; impressionable. [F., < L. sub, under, -f- 
capio, take.] sus-cep'tiv(e 8 f.—sus-cep"ti-bil'- 
i-ty, n. —sus-cep'ti-bly, adv. 
sus-pect' d , 1 sus-pekt'; 2 sus-pgct', v. I. t. 1. 
To imagine to exist; mistrust; conjecture. 2. 
To infer the possible guilt of (a person) on 
slight or no evidence. 3. To view as question¬ 
able; doubt; distrust. II. i. To be suspicious, 
[< L v sub, beneath, + spicio, see.] 
sus-pend ' d , 1 sus-pend'; 2 sus-pend', v. 1. 1. 1. 
To cause to hang down from a support. 2. 
To sustain in the body of a fluid. 3. To inter¬ 
rupt; stay. 4. To hold in a state of indecision. 
5. To debar from any privilege, function, oc¬ 
cupation, etc. II. i. To cease from action or 
operation; stop payment. [ < L. F sub, under, 
+ pendo, hang.]— sus-pend'er, n. One who or 
that which suspends: one of a pair of straps for 
supporting the trousers.— sus-pense', n. 1. The 
state of being uncertain, undecided, or insecure. 
2||. The state of being suspended.— sus-pen'- 
sion, n. The act of suspending; also, that which 
is suspended.— suspension bridge, any bridge 



Suspension Bridge. 

in which the roadway is hung from cables or the 
like, without support from below over the inter¬ 
val to be crossed.— sus-pen'siv(e s , a. Tending 
to suspend or to keep in suspense.— sus-pen'so- 
ry. I. a. Suspending; sustaining; delaying. II. n. 
[-ries z , pi.] That which suspends. 

SUS-pi'cion, 1 sus-pi^h'sn; 2 sus-pfsh'on, n. 1. 
Conjecture; doubt; mistrust. 2. [Colloq.] The 
least particle, as of a flavor.— sus-pi'cious, 
a. 1. Inclined to suspect. 2. Questionable. 3. 
Indicating suspicion, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
sus-pire', 1 sus-pair'; 2 sus-plr', vt. & vi. [-pired; 
-pir'ing.] [Poet, or Obs.] To sigh; long for; 
breathe out. [L. op sub, under, + spiro, breathe.] 
—sus"pi-ra'tion, n. 

Sus"que-lian'na, 1 sus'kwi-han'a; 2 sus'kwe- 
han'a, n. A river in New York, Pennsylvania, 
and Delaware; 420 m. to Chesapeake Bay. 
sus-tain', 1 sus-ten'; 2 sus-tan', vt. 1. To up¬ 
hold, as a weight. 2. To endure without yield¬ 
ing; undergo; suffer. 3. To keep_ up the 
courage or spirits of. 4. To keep alive; sup¬ 
port. 5. To establish; prove. [< L. OF sub, 
under, + teneo, hold.]—sus-tain'a-bl (e p , a.— 



1: a = final- I = habit; aisle; au = out; eil; iu = feud; tfhin; go; . I) = sin#; thin, ttiis. 
2: wolf, do’; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but. bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 





































sutler 

swine 


590 


sus-tain'er, n .—sus'te-nance, n. The act or 
process of sustaining; also, subsistence; food.— 
sus"ten-ta'tion, n. Support of life; mainte¬ 
nance. sus-ten'tionSt. 

SUt'Ier, 1 sut'lar; 2 sut'ler, to. A small trader 
who follows an army and who is licensed 
to sell goods and food. [ < MD. soeteler, < 
soelelen, peddle.] 

sut-tee', 1 su-ti'; 2 su-te'. to. The immolation of 
a Hindu widow on the funeral pyre of her hus¬ 
band; now unlawful in British India. [Hind, sati.] 
SU'tlire, 1 siu'dhur or -tiur; 2 su'chur or -tur, n. 

I. The junction of two surfaces or edges, espe¬ 
cially the joining of two bones by mutually 
serrated edges, as in the skull. 2. The act or 
operation of uniting parts by stitching, as in 
surgery. [ < L. sutura, < sutus, pp. of suo, 
sew.]—su'tur-al, a. 

Su'vla, 1 su'vla; 2 su'vla, to. A bay on Gallipoli 
Peninsula, Ianding*place of Anzacs in Great 
War, 1914-18. 

su'ze-rain, 1 siu'zi-ren; 2 su'ze-ran, n. One 
invested with superior or paramount author¬ 
ity; a nation having paramount control over 
another. [F.] 

S. V., abbr. Sancla Virgo (L., Holy Virgin), Sanc- 
titas Vestra (L„ Your Holiness), Sons of Veter¬ 
ans. — s. v., abbr. [L.] Sub verbo or voce (under 
the word).—S. W., abbr. Southwest, southwest* 
ern.— Sw., Swed., abbr. Sweden, Swedish, 
swab, 1 swob; 2 swab. I. vt. [swabbed; swab'- 
bing.] To clean out w r ith a swab. II. n. A 
cleaning utensil consisting of a soft absorbent 
substance on the end of a handle. [Of D. 
origin.]—swab'ber, to. 

Swa'bi-a, 1 swe'bi-o; 2 swa'bi-a, to. A former 
duchy of S. W. Germany, 
swad'dle, )1 swed'l; 2 swad'l, vt. [swad'- 
swad'dl p , ) dled; swad'dling.] To wrap 
around with a bandage, as an infant, with a 
long strip of linen or flannel; swathe. [ <AS. 
swethel, < swethian, bind.] 
swag, 1 swag; 2 swag, n. [Slang.] Plunder; booty, 
swage, 1 swej; 2 swag, n. A tool or form, often 
one of a pair, for shaping metal by hammering 
or pressure. [Prob. <F. suage, < suer, perspire.] 
swag'ger, 1 swag'er; 2 swag'er. I. vi. 1. To 
walk with a swaying motion; strut. 2. To 
boast; bluster. II. n. Braggadocio. [Fre¬ 
quentative < Norw. svaga, swayj 
swain, 1 swen; 2 swan, n. A youthful rustic; a 
lover. [ < Ice. AS sveinn, youth.] [bleak, 

swale, n. Low, marshy ground. [ < Ice. svalr, 
swal'low, 1 swel'o; 2 swal'o, vt. 1. To take into 
the stomach, as food. 2. To engulf or cause to 
disappear. 3. To believe credulously. 4. To 
endure quietly or submissively. 5. To recant. 
[< AS. swelgan, swallow.] 

swal'low 1 , n. 1. That which is swallowed at 
once; the act of swallowing. 2. The gullet. 
swal'low 2 , n. 1. A small bird with short, 
broad, depressed bill, long, pointed wings, and 
forked tail: noted for swiftness of flight. 2. 
Some other similar bird, as a swift. [ < AS. 
swalewe, swallow.]— swal'lowdalled", a. 1. Hav¬ 
ing a tail like or suggestive of that of a swallow. 
2. In joinery, dovetailed, 
swam, 1 swam; 2 swam, imp. of swim, v. 
swamp, 1 swamp; 2 swamp. I c . vt. & vi. 1. 
To sink, as a boat, by filling with water. 2. 
To ruin; be overwhelmed with difficulties. 

II. n. A tract or region of low land saturat¬ 
ed with water; a wet bog. [< Dan. svamp, 
sponge, fungus.]—swamp 'y, a. Pertaining to or 
like a swamp; boggy. 


A large, webriooted, 



swan, 1 swon; 2 swan, n 
very long* 
necked bird, 
noted for its 
grace on the 
water. [ < AS. 
swan.] —swan's 
song", n. A last 
or dying work, 
as of a p o e t or 
composer; in 

allusion to the 0 .. 

song the swan Swans. As 

was fabled to Tte whoo P in ? Swan. 2. The whistling 
sing when dying. 6wan - 3 ’ The trumpeter 8wan ' 
swap, 1 swop; 2 swap. I. vt. & vi. [swapped 1 ; 
swap'ping.] [Colloq.] To exchange (one 
thing for another); trade. II. n. The act of 
swapping. [ < Prov. Eng. swap, strike, i. e., 
strike a bargain; var. of sweep.] swopf. 
sward, 1 sword; 2 sward, n. Land thickly cov¬ 
ered with grass; turf. [ < AS. sweard, skin.] 
sware||, 1 swar; 2 swar, imp. of swear, v. 
swarm, 1 swerm; 2 swarm. I. vt. & vi. 1. To 
come or bring forth in swarms; congregate; 
throng. 2. To send out a new colony, as 
bees. II. n. A large number of insects oi 
small living things, as bees. [ < AS. swcarm, 
swarm.] 

swarth'y, 1 swerth'i; 2 swarth'y, a. [swarth'- 
i-er; swarth'i-est.] Having a dark hue; 
of dark or sunburned complexion; tawny. 
[< AS. sweart.] swartf.—swarth'i-ly, adv. — 
swart h'i-ness, n. swart'nessf. 
swash, 1 swosh; 2 swash. I 1 , vi. 1. To dash or 
wash with noise, as water. 2. To splash water 
about. 3. To brag; bluster. II. n. 1. The 
splash of a liquid. 2. A narrow channel through 
which tides flow. [ < Sw. dial, stasska .]— 
swash 'buck"Ier, to. A swaggering ruffian. — 
sw ash 'buck"ler-ing, n. —sw ash 'buek"Iing, a. 
swath, 1 swefb or swoth; 2 swath or sw-ath, n. 

I. A row or line of cut grass. 2. The space cut 
by a machine or implement in a single course. 
[ < AS. swathu , swath.] 

swathe, 1 sweth; 2 swath. I. vt. [swathed; 
swath'ing.] To bind or wrap, as in ban¬ 
dages. II. n. A bandage for swathing. [ < 
AS. swathu, band.] 

sway, 1 swe; 2 swa, v. I. t. 1. To cause to lean 
or incline to one side. 2. To cause to bend or 
swing; oscillate. 3. To direct; influence; rule. 

II. i. To swing or bend unsteadily. [ < Ice. 
sveigja, lean.]— sway Gbacked", a. Having the 
back sagged unnaturally, as a horse.—sway'- 
back", n. A sway=backed animal. 

sway, n. 1. Power exercised in governing; 

dominion. 2. The act of swaying, 
swear, 1 swar; 2 swar, v. [swore or sw^areH; 
sworn; swear'ing.] I. t. 1. To utter or af¬ 
firm solemnly, with an appeal to God or some¬ 
thing held sacred; make a solemn affirma¬ 
tion. 2. To utter profanely, as oaths. 3. To 
administer a legal oath to. II. i. 1. To give 
testimony under oath. 2. To vow. 3. To 
utter profanity; blaspheme; curse. [< AS. 
swerian, swear.] 

sweat, ) 1 swet; 2 swet, v. [sweat or sweat'- 
swet p , S ED d ; sweat'ing.] I. t. 1. To send 
forth through the pores. 2. To cause to per¬ 
spire freely. II. i. 1. To exude sensible mois¬ 
ture in minute drops from, or as from, the 
pores of the skin; also, to gather moisture. 2. 
To perspire from hard labor; hence, to toil. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, (ill; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 














591 


sutler 

swine 


[< AS. swxtan, < swat, sweat.]— sweating sys¬ 
tem, in the employment of labor, as in the cloth¬ 
ing-trade, the system by which a contractor em¬ 
ploys workers at extortionately low wages.— 
sweat-shop, n. A place where work is done for 
a sweater or under the sweating system.— 
sweat'er, n. 1. One who or that which sweats; 
specif., an employer who underpays and over¬ 
works his employees. 2. A heavy jersey-like 
outside garment, used by athletes.— sweat'y, a. 
1. Moist with or discolored by sweat. 2. Per¬ 
taining to sweat. 

sweat, n. 1. Sensible perspiration, or any 
gathering of moisture in minute drops like 
those of perspiration on the skin. 2. The act 
or state of sweating. 3. Hard labor. [< AS. 
swat, sweat.] 

Swede, 1 swld; 2 swed, n. A native or natural¬ 
ized inhabitant of Sweden.— Swed'ish. I. a. 
Pertaining to Sweden, the Swedes, or their lan¬ 
guage. II. n. The language of Sweden. 

Swe'den, 1 swl'den; 2 swe'dfin, n. A kingdom in 
N. E. Europe; the E. part of the Scandinavian 
peninsula; 173,035 sq. m.; pop. 5,847,040; cap¬ 
ital, Stockholm. 

sweep, 1 swip; 2 swep, v. [swept; sweep'ing.] 
1. 1. 1. To collect, remove, or clear away with 
a broom. 2. To move forcibly and with a 
broad effect over or through. 3. To cause to 
move with a swift brushing action. II. i. 1. 
To brush a floor, etc., with some form of 
broom. 2. To move with a strong, even ac¬ 
tion. [< AS. swapan, sweep.]—sweep 'er, n. 
One who or that which sweeps.—sweep'ing, pa. 
Carrying off or clearing away with a driving move¬ 
ment; carrying all before it; general and thorough¬ 
going.—sweep'ings, n. pi. Things swept up; 
refuse. 

sweep, n. 1. The act or result of sweeping. 2. 
The range, area, or compass reached by 
sweeping, as extent of stroke, range of vision, 
etc.; a curve or bend, or something bent. 3. 
A sweeper.—sweep 'stakes", n. sing. & pi. 1. A 
gambling arrangement by which all the sums 
staked may be won by one or by a few of the 
bettors, as in a horse-race. 2. A race for all the 
stakes. 

Sweet, 1 swit; 2 swet. I. a. I. Agreeable to the 
sense of taste; having a flavor like that of 
sugar. 2. Fresh, as opposed to salt, sour, or 
rancid; not fermented or decaying. 3. Gently 
pleasing to the senses or to the mind; agree¬ 
able; lovely; restful. 4. Having gentle, pleas¬ 
ing, and winning qualities; marked by kind¬ 
ness and amiability. II. n. 1. The quality of 
being sweet; sweetness. 2. Something sweet; 
a sweetmeat. [ < AS. swete, sweet.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. — sweet'bread", n. The pancreas of 
a calf or other animal.— sweet'bri"er, n. A 
stout prickly rose with aromatic leaves, eg'- 
lan-tinef; sweet'bri"arf.—sweet'en, v. I. t. 

1. To make sweet or sweeter. 2. To make more 
endurable; lighten. 3. To make wholesome. II. i. 
To become sweet or sweeter.— sweet'en-er, n. 
— sweet'en-ing, n. 1. The act of making sweet. 

2. That which sweetens.— sweet'heart", n. 
One who is particularly loved by or as a lover. 
— sweet'ish, a. Somewhat sweet, -ness, n. — 
sweet'meat", n. A confection, preserve, or the 
like.— sweet potato, same as potato, 2. 

swell, I 1 swel; 2 swgl, v. [swelled, sweld 8 , or 

swel p , ) sivoll'en; swell'ing.] I. t. 1. To in¬ 
crease the bulk of; bulge; enlarge. 2. To raise 
to arrogance. II. i. 1. To be inflated. 2. To 
increase in force, intensity, or volume. 3. lo 


rise up or well up; roll up; grow. [< AS. 
swellan, swell.]—swell'ing, n. 1. The act of ex¬ 
panding, inflating, or augmenting. 2. Morbid 
enlargement of a part. 3. A protuberance, 
swell. I. a. Pertaining to swells; dandified. 
II. n. 1. The act, process, or effect of swell¬ 
ing; expansion. 2. A billow. 3. A bulge or 
protuberance. 4. A person of the ultrafash¬ 
ionable set. 

swel'ter, 1 swel'ter; 2 swel'ter, vt. & vi. To op¬ 
press or be oppressed with heat. [ < AS. 
swelsan, die.]—swel'ter-ing, pa. -ly, adv. 
swept, 1 swept; 2 swept, imp. & pp. of sweep, v. 
swerve, ) 1 swurv;2swerv, vt.&vi. [swerv(e)d 8 ; 
swerv 8 , ) swerv'ing.] To turn from a course; 

deflect; deviate. [ < AS. sweorfan, rub.] 
swift, 1 swift; 2 swift. I. a. 1. Traversing a 
great space or performing many movements 
in a brief time; rapid; quick. 2. Capable of 
quick motion; fleet; speedy. 3. Passing rap¬ 
idly, as time or events; also, coming without 
warning; unexpected; sudden. 4. Prompt. 
II. n. A bird of swallow-like form, possessing 
extraordinary pow¬ 
ers of flight. [ < AS. 
swift, < V of sweep.] 

—s w 1 f t' 1 y, adv.— 
swift'ness, n. 

Swift, 1 swift; 2 swift, 

Jonathan (1667- 
1745). An Irish sat¬ 
irist, dean of St. Pat¬ 
rick’s, Dublin; Gulli¬ 
ver's Travels. 

swig, 1 swig; 2 swig, Chimney-swift 
n. A large or deep aQ d h® Nest. Vs 
draft, as of liquor. [ < AS. swelgan, swallow.] 
swill, 1 swil; 2 swll. I. vt. & vi. 1. To drink 
greedily and to excess. 2. To fill; inebriate: 
often used reflexively. II. n. 1. Liquid food 
or kitchen refuse given to swine. 2. Liquor 
drunk greedily or grossly; loosely, liquor in 
general. [ < AS. swilian, bathe.] 
swim 1 , 1 swim; 2 swim, v. [swam or swum; 
swum; swim'ming.] I. t. To move in or pass 
through or over (water) by paddling with the 
limbs, or operating the fins, tail, etc. II. i. 
1. To move through water by natural means 
of propulsion. 2. To float; be buoyed up and 
move along. [ < AS. swimman, swim.]— 
swim'mer, n. — swim'using, ppr. & vn. — 
swim'ming-Iy, adv. In a swimming manner; 
easily, rapidly, and successfully. 
swim 2 , vi. To be dizzy; have a giddy sensa¬ 
tion; seem to go round. [< AS. swima, swoon.] 
swim, n. 1. The action or pastime of swim¬ 
ming. 2. A gliding, swaying motion or move¬ 
ment. 3. [Colloq.] The current of affairs, 
especially of fashionable life. 

Swln'burne, 1 swin'barn; 2 swin'burn, Algernon 
Charles (1837-1909). An English poet and dra¬ 
matic author. 

swin'dler, 1 swin'dlar; 2 swln'dler, n. A 
fraudulent schemer; rogue; cheat. [< G. 
schwindler, < schwindeln. freq. of schwinden, de¬ 
cay.]—swin'd!(e p . I. vt. & vi. [swin'dl(e)d p ; 
swin'dling.] To cheat and defraud grossly or 
deliberately. II. n. A cheating; fraud. [< 
swindler.]— swin'dling, n. 
swine, 1 swain; 2 swln, n. sing. & pi. An om¬ 
nivorous mammal having a long mobile snout 
with flat expanded end containing the nostrils, 
by means of which it obtains its food by 
grubbing in the ground, its flesh being known 



1: a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = owt; eil; iu = feud; <fhin; go; rj = si ng; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil. boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










swing 

synod 


592 


as pork; a domesticated hog. See sow. [ < 
AS. swln, swine.]— swine'herd", n. A tender of 
swine.— swtn'ish, a. Resembling or befitting 
swine, -ly, adv. -ness, n— swlne'=pox", n. 
Chicken-pox in which the pustules are deep-seated. 
swing, 1 swir); 2 swing. I. vt. & vi. [swung or 
swang§; swinging: swung.] 1. To move to 
and fro while suspended; move or wave 
rhythmically. 2. To cause to wheel or turn 
about. 3. To turn, as on a pivot. II. n. 1. 
The action of swinging. 2. A free swaying 
motion. 3. A contrivance of hanging ropes 
with a seat on which a person may move to 
and fro through the air, as a pastime. 4. 
Free course; compass; sweep. [ < AS. swing, 
< swingan. flutter.]— swing'er, n. 



swinge, 1 swinj; 2 swing, vt. [swinged; 
swinge'ing.] 1. To weld together; forge. 2. 
To flog; chastise. [ < AS. swengan, shake.] 
swlng'ing, ppr. & verbal n. of swing, v. 
sWin'gl(e p , 1 switj'gl; 2 swin'gl, n. 1. A wooden 
implement for beating flax. 2. The short 
wooden bar of a flail. [ < AS. swingel, whip, 
< swingan, swing.]—swin'gle-tree", n. A hori¬ 
zontal cross-bar, to the 
ends of which the traces 
of a harness are attached. 
sin 'gle=tree"t. 
swipe, 1 swaip; 2 swlp. 

[Colloq.] I. vt. 1. To 

give a strong blow; strike _ . , ._ 

with a full swing of the Swingletrees. 
arm. 2. [Slang.] To Steal; »• •«. Bwingletreea; t, traces; 
snatch. II. n. A hard doubletree; *>• P lw ' be * m - 
blow, especially in field games; as, he hit the 
ball a swipe. [ < AS. swipian, move rapidly.] 
swirl, 1 swurl; 2 swirl. I. vt. & vi. To whirl 
along, as in eddies. II. n. A whirling along, 
as in an eddy; whirl. [ < Norw. svirla, whirl.] 
swish, 1 swish; 2 swish. I 1 , vt. & vi. To move 
with a sweeping motion and a whistling 
sound, as a whip. II. n. A hissing, swishing 
sound. [Imitative.] 

Swiss, 1 swis; 2 swis. I. a. Pertaining to Swit¬ 
zerland. II. n. [Swiss or Swiss'es||, pi.] A 
native or naturalized inhabitant of Switzer¬ 
land. [ < G. Schweiz, Switzerland.] 

Swit., Swltz., abbr. Switzerland, 
switch, 1 swidh; 2 swlch. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To 
whip or lash with a switch. 2. To shift from 
one track to another, as a car. 3. To make a 
lashing motion. II. n. 1. A small flexible 
rod; light whip. 2. A tress of human or false 
hair. 3. A mechanism for shifting a railway* 
train, making or breaking an electric circuit, 
etc. 4. The act or operation of switching. 
[< MD. swick, < swicken, wag.] — switch'- 
baek", n. 1. Originally a railway ascending or 
descending a steep incline in a series of zigzag 
tracks, the train alternately switching from one 
to another. 2. A railroad at amusement resorts 
in which the cars are hoisted to a starting-point 
and descend along a circuitous route by gravity. 
— switch'back", a. — switch'board", n. A 
board bearing switches for electric circuits. — 
switch'man, n. [-MEN.pl.] One who handles 
railway-switches. 

Swit'zer-land, 1 swit'zar-land; 2 swlt'zer-land, n. 
A federal republic in central Europe; 15,976 sq. 
m.; pop. 3,861,500: capital, Bern, 
swiv'el, 1 swiv'el; 2 swlv'&l, n. A coupling de¬ 
vice that permits either half of a mechanism 
to rotate independently; a pivot turning in all 
directions. [< AS. swifan, revolve.]—swiv'¬ 


el -gun", n. A cannon mounted on a swivel, 
swob, swob'ber. Same as swab, etc. 
swoll'en, 1 swol'n; 2 swol'n, pa. Swelled, swolnf. 
swoon, 1 swun; 2 swoon. I. vi. To sink into a 
fainting-fit. II. n. The act of swooning; a 
fainting-fit. [< AS. swogan, sigh.] 
swoop, 1 swfip; 2 swoop. I 1 , vi. To sweep 
down, as a bird on its prey. II. n. A sweep¬ 
ing down, as by a bird of prey. [ < AS. 
swapan, move quickly.] 

sword, 1 sord; 2 sord, n. 1. A w r eapon consist¬ 
ing of a long blade fixed in a hilt. 2. The 
power of the sword; military power. [ < AS. 
sweord, sword.]—sword'fish", n. A large fish 
of the open sea, having the bones of the upper 
jaw consolidated to form an elongated sword¬ 
like process.—sword '-grass", n. Any of several 
varieties of grass with sharp or serrated edges.— 
s.-knot, n. A tassel of ribbon tied to a sword- 
hilt.—s.-play, n. Attack and defense with the 
sword. — swords'man, n. [swords'men, pi. j 
One skilled -n the use of the sword, 
swore, sworn, imp. & pp. of swear, v. 
swum, 1 swum; 2 swum, imp. & pp. of swim, v. 
swung, 1 swuq; 2 swung, imp. & pp. of swing, v. 
Syb'a-ris, 1 sib'a-ris; 2 syb'a-ris, n. An ancient 
Greek city in Magna Graecia, Italy; destroyed 
510 B. C. — Syb'a-rlte, n. 1. A native of 
Sybaris. 2. [S- or s-] An epicure; a voluptuary. 
syc'a-mine||, 1 sik'a-min; 2 syc'a-mln, n. Bib. 
The black mulberry. [< Gr. sykamincs, mul¬ 
berry-tree.] Luke xvil, 6. 


syc'a-more, 1 sik'a-mor; 2 syc'a-mor, n. 

A medium-si zed 
bushy tree of Syria 
and Egypt, allied to 
the common fig. 2. 

[U. S.] The button- 
wood. [< Gr. L+F 
sykon, fig, + moron, 
mulberry.] syc'o- 
moref [Archaic], 
syce, n. Same as saice. 
syc'o-phant, 1 sik'o- 

fant; 2 syc'o-fant, n. Leaf of the 
A servile flatterer. American 
[< Gr.n+F sykophantes, 

< sykon, fig, + phainO, 
show.] —syc'o-phan- 
cy, n. The practises 
of a sycophant; base flattery; fawning.— syc"o- 
phan'tic, -tl-cal, a. 

Syd'ney, 1 sid'm; 2 syd'ny, n. The seaport-capi¬ 
tal of New South Wales, Australia; pop. 828,700. 
sy'e-nite, 1 sai'i-nait; 2 sy'e-nlt, n. An igneous 
granular rock of feldspar and containing little or 
no quartz. [ < L. syenites, < Syene, ancient name 
of Assuan, Egypt.] 



Sycamore. 

*/» 

a, the fertile head or ■ 
ball.” l/l 


button- 


syl'Ia-ba-ry, 1 sil'a-be-n; 2 syl'a-bii-ry, n. A 
list of characters representing syllables; the 
syllabic characters, collectively, of a lan¬ 
guage. [See SYLLABLE.] 
syl 'la-bl (e p , 1 sil'a-bl; 2 syl'a-bl, n. 1. A single 
or articulated vocal sound forming a word, or 
part of a word. 2. A very slight utterance. 
[< Gr. L+F syn, together, + lambano, take.]— 
syl-lab'Ic, a. Pertaining to or consisting of syl¬ 
lables. syl-lab'l-calj. -cal-ly, adv. —syl-lab'l- 
cate, vt. To divide into syllables, syl-lab'i-fyt. 
—syl-lab"i-ca'tion, n. syl-lab"i-fi-ca'tiont. 
syl'la-bub, n. Same as sillibub. 
syl'la-bus, 1 sil'a-bus; 2 syl'a-bus, n. A con¬ 
cise statement of the main points of a subject; 
outline; schedule. [See syllable.] 
syl 'lo-gism, 1 sil'o-jizm; 2 syl'o-glgm, n. The 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ftll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 









swing 

synod 


£93 


regular logical form of reasoning, in which two 
premises lead necessarily to a conclusion.— 
syl"lo-gls'tic, a. syl"lo-gis'ti-calt.— syl"lo- 
gis'ti-cal-ly, adv. —syl'lo-gize or -gise, vi. To 
reason by syllogism. 

sylph, / 1 silf; 2 sylf, n. 1. Myth. A being liv- 
sylf p , Jing in the air. 2. Hence, a slender, 
graceful girl. [ < F. sylphe, perhaps < Gr. 
silphe, beetle.]—sylph'id, a. & n. sylph'idet. 
—sylph'dike", a. 

syl'va, 1 sil'va; 2 syl'va, n. The forest-trees of a 
region, collectively. [ < L. sylva, forest.] 
syl'van, .1 sil'van; 2 syl'van, a. Pertaining to 
forests; forest-like; rustic; rural. [< L. 
silvanus, < silva, forest.] sil'vanj. 
sym-, prefix. Same as syn-. 
sym., abbr. Symbol, symbolic. 
fiym"bi-o'sis, 1 sim"bi-6'sis; 2 sym"bi-6'sis, n. 
The consorting together or partnership of 
dissimilar organisms, as of the algse and fun¬ 
gi in lichens. [ < Gr. syn, together, + bios, 
life.]— sym"bi-ot'ic, a. sym"bi-ot'i-calt. — 
sym"bi-ot'i-cal-ly, adv. 

sym'bol, 1 sim'bal; 2 sym'bol, n. 1. Some¬ 
thing that stands for something else; an em¬ 
blem; a type. 2. A character, mark, etc., in¬ 
dicating something, as a quantity in mathe¬ 
matics. [ < Gr. L+F symbolon, < syn, together, -+• 
ballo, throw.]— sym-bol'ic, a. sym-bol'i-calt. 
—sym-bol 'i-cal-ly, adv.— sym-bol 'i-cal-ness, 
n. — sym'bol-ism, n. 1. Representation by sym¬ 
bols. 2. A system of symbols.— sym'bol-ist, n. 
—sym"bol-is'tic, a.— sym'boi-ize, vt. [-ized; 
-iz"ing.] 1. To typify. 2. To treat as figurative. 
3. To formulate into a creed, 
sym'met-ry, 1 sim'i-tn; 2 sym'e-try, h. [-ries z , 
pi.] Due arrangement or balancing of parts 
or elements; harmony. [< Gr. L+F syn, with, 
+ metron, measure.]— sym-met'ri-cal, a. Ex¬ 
hibiting symmetry; harmonious, sym-met'rict. 
—sym-met'ri-cal-ly, adv. —sym-met'ri-cal- 
ness, n. —sym'me-trlze, vt. [-trized; triz"- 
ing.] To make sym-metrical. 
sym'pa-thy, 1 sim'pa-thi; 2 sym'pa-thy, n. 
[-thies 2 , pi.] 1. Feeling correspondent to 
that of another; fellow-feeling: followed by 
with. 2. A feeling of compassion for another; 
pity; commiseration: followed by for. 3. 
Agreement of affections, tastes, etc.; con¬ 
geniality; accord; affinity. [< Gr. L sympa- 
theia, < syn, with, + pathos, feeling, passion.]— 
sym"pa-thet'Ic, a. 1. Pertaining to sympathy. 
2. Having a fellow-feeling for others. 3. Con¬ 
genial. sym"pa-thet'i-calj. -l-cal-ly, adv. — 
sym'pa-thize, vi. [-thized; -thiz'ing.] 1. To 
share the sentiments or mental states of another. 
2. To be in harmony with. 3. To suffer sympa¬ 
thetically. 4. [Colloq.] To condole, sympa¬ 
thise!.—sym'pa-thiz"er or -this"er, n. 
sym'pho-ny, 1 sim'fo-m; 2 sym'fo-ny, n. 
[-nies z , pi] 1. A harmonious or agreeable 
mingling of sounds. 2. Mus. (1) A sonata for 
an orchestra. (2) An instrumental prelude, 
interlude, or postlude. [ < Gr. L,+F syn, to¬ 
gether, + phone, sound.]— sym-pho'ni-ous, a. 
sym-phon'ict.—sym-pho'ni-ous-ly, adv._ 
sym-po'si-um, 1 sim-p5'zi-um; 2 sym-po §i- 
um, n. [-si-A, pi] 1. A drinking together; a 
conversational feast or banquet. 2. Hence, a 
collection of opinions or brief essays. [L., < 
Gr. syn, together, + pind, drink. ] 
symp'tom, 1 simp'tam; 2 symp'tom, n. 1. A 
functional or vital phenomenon of disease. 
2. Any sign, token, or indication. [ < Gr 
symptoma, < syn, with, + pipto, fall.] symp - 


to-mat'ic, symp"to-mat'i-caI, a.—symp"- 
to-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

syn-, 1 sin-; 2 syn-, prefix. With. [< L. syn-, < 
Gr. syn-, < syn , with.] 
syn., abbr. Synonym, synonymous, 
syn'a-gog, ) 1 sin'a-geg; 2 syn'a-gog, n. 1. 
syn'a-gogue, ) A place of meeting for Jewish 



Interior of a Synagog. 


worship. 2. A Jewish congregation. [ < Gr. 
syn, together, + ago, lead.] 
syn'chro-nous, 1 sir/kro-nus; 2 syn'cro-nus, a. 

1. Occurring at the same time; coincident. 2. 
Happening at the same rate. 3. Physics. 
Having the same period or rate of vibra¬ 
tion; as, synchronous currents. [ < Gr. L syn, 
together, + chronos, time.] syn'chro-nalt. — 
syn-chron'ic, a.— syn'chro-nism, n. Simul¬ 
taneousness.— syn'chro-nize, vt. To render syn¬ 
chronous, as two clocks or two electric motors. 
— syn'chro-niz"[or -nis"]er, n. —syn'chro- 
nous-ly, adv. 

syn-cli'nal, 1 sin-klai'nal or sirj'kli-nel; 2 syn- 
cli'nal or syn'cli-nal, a. Sloping or dipping 
downward on each side toward a common 
point: said of strata. [ < Gr. syn, together, -f- 
klinb, bend.] syn-clin'i-calt. 
syn'co-pe, 1 sin'ko-pi; 2 syn'co-pe, n. 1. The 
elision of a vowel or syllable from the midst 
of a word, as e'er for ever. 2. Sudden faint¬ 
ness; a fainting-fit. [L., < G. syn, together, 
kopto, cut.] — syn'co-pate, vt. [-pat"ed<i; 
-pat"ing.] 1. To contract, as a word, by syncope. 

2. Mus. To begin, as a tone, on an unaccented 
part of a measure and end on an accented part. 
—syn"co-pa'tion, n. 

syn'di-cal-ism, 1 sin'di-kal-izm; 2 syn'di-cal- 
f§m, n. 1. An economic movement aiming at 
the federation of workers in all trades into 
an effective unity for the purpose of enforcing 
the demands of labor by sympathetic strikes. 
2. The principles underlying this movement. 
— syn'df-cal-ist, n. 

syn'di-cate, 1 sin'di-ket; 2 syn'di-cat. I. vt. 
& vi. [-CAT /, ED d ; -cat"ing.] To form a syndi¬ 
cate. II. n. 1. An association of individuals 
united for the prosecution of some enterprise 
requiring large capital. 2. The office or juris¬ 
diction of a syndic. [ < Gr. LL syn, together, + 
dike, law.]—syn 'die, n. A civil officer or magis¬ 
trate in many countries. 

syn-er 'e-sis, 1 sin-er'i-sis; 2 syn-gr'e-sis, n. 
Gram. The coalescence of two vowels or sylla¬ 
bles, as e'er for ever: opposed to dieresis. [< Gr. 
syn, together, + haired, take.] syn-a;r'e-sis f. 
syn'od, 1 sin'ad; 2 syn'od, n. An ecclesiastical 
council; hence, any deliberative assembly. 


1-8 = final' , = habit; aisle; au = out-, oil; iO = feud; (fhin; go; r| = sing; fliin, this. 
2: wQlf, dj); book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 
























synonym 

tael 


594 


[< Gr. L+F syn, together, + hodos, way.]—sy¬ 
nod 'ic, a. syn 'od-al t; sy-nod 'i-cal f. 

syn'o-nym, 1 sin'o-nim; 2 syn'o-nym, n. 1. A 
word having the same or almost the same 
meaning as some other; oftener, one of a num¬ 
ber of words that have one or more meanings 
in common. 2. The equivalent of a word in 
another language. [ < Gr. L+F syn, together, 
-f onoma, name.] syn'o-nymef.—sy-non'y- 
mous, a. Being synonyms; equivalent or similar 
in meaning; closely related, -ly, adv. —sy-non'- 
y-my, n. The quality of being synonymous; 
sameness of meaning. 

synop., abbr. Synopsis. 

sy-nop'sis, 1 si-nep'sis; 2 sy-nop'sis, n. [-ses, 
pi] A general view, as of a subject or its 
treatment; a summary. [LL., < Gr. syn, 
together, + opsis, view.]—sy-nop'tic, a. 1. 
Giving a general view. 2. Containing parts that, 
when compared, are virtually identical: said of 
the first three Gospels as distinguished from the 
fourth, sy-nop'ti-calf.—sy-nop'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

sy-no'vi-a, 1 si-no'vi-a; 2 sy-no'vi-a, n. The 
albuminous fluid secreted in the interior of 
joints and at other points where lubrication 
is necessary. [ < Gr. syn, together, + don, 
egg.]—sy-no'vi-al, a. 

syn'tax, 1 sin'taks; 2 syn'taks, n. 1. The part 
of grammar that treats of the sentence and 
its construction. 2. The construction of sen¬ 
tences in conformity with rule. [ < Gr. LL+F 
syn, together, + tasso, arrange.]—syn-tac'tic, a. 
syn-tac'ti-calj. 

syn'the-sis, 1 sin'flu-sis; 2 syn'the-sis, n. [-ses, 
pi] The putting of different things together; 
combination; composition; construction. [L., 
< Gr. syn, together, + lithemi, place.]—syn¬ 
thetic,-i-cal, a. —syn-thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

syph'i-Iis, 1 sif'i-lis; 2 syf'i-lls, n. An infectious 
venereal disease, due to a micro-organism, 
communicated by direct contact with the 
virus or due to heredity. [F., < Syphilus, a 
16th century Latin poem on the subject.]— 
syph'i-lit'ic, a. Relating to or affected with 
syphilis. syph'I-lizedf. 

sy'phon, sy'ren, n. Same as siphon, siren. 

Syr., abbr. Syria, Syriac, Syrian. 

Syr'a-cuse, 1 sir'a-kius; 2 syr'a-eus, n. An ancient 
city of S. E. Sicily; taken by the Romans, 212 
B. C.; pop. 44,100.—Syr"a-cu'san, a. & n. 

Syr'i-a, 1 sir'i-a; 2 syr'i-a, n. A country in Asiatic 
Turkey; 114,530 sq. m.; pop. 3,675,000; chief 
town, Damascus. 

Syr'i-ac, 1 sir'i-ak; 2 syr'i-ac. I. o. Pertaining 



Mock- 
orange. 

a, the dehiscent fruit. 


to Syria or its language. II. n. The language 
of Syria. 

sy-rin'ga, 1 si-rirj'ga; 2 sy-rfn'ga, n. 1. An 
ornamental shrub (Phi la- 
delphus coronarius) having 
cream-colored 
flowers resembling 
those of the orange 
in form and fra- 
gr an c e . mock'« 
or"ange|. 2. [S-] A small 
genus of ornamental 
shrubs, the lilacs. [ < Gr. 
syrinx ( syring -), pipe.] 
syr'inge, 1 sir'inj; 2 syr'ing. 

I. vt. [syr'inged; syr'ing- j b 
ing.] To spray or inject by 
a syringe. II. n. An in¬ 
strument by which to withdraw a fluid from 
a reservoir and eject it in a stream. [ < Gr, 
syrinx (syring-), pipe.] 

syr'inx, 1 sir'iqks; 2 syr'inks, n. 1. A special 
modification of the windpipe serving as the 
song-organ in birds. 2. A reed-pipe. 3. [S-l 
Gr. Myth. A nymph beloved by Pan and 
changed into a reed from which he con¬ 
structed his pipes. [ < Gr. syrinx, pipe.] 
syr'up, syr'up-y. Same as sirup, etc. 
syst., abbr. System. 

sys'tem, 1 sis'tem; 2 sys'tSm, n. 1. Orderly 
combination or arrangement, as of parts or 
elements, into a whole; any orderly classifi¬ 
cation. 2. A whole as made up of constitutive 
parts. 3. The state or quality of being or¬ 
derly; orderliness; method. [ < Gr. LL systema, 
< syn, together, 4- histemi, stand.]—sys"tem- 
at'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to system. 2. Methodical. 
sys"tem-at'l-calj; sys-tcm'ict.—sys"tem- 
at'i-cal-ly, adv.— sys'tem-a-tize, vt. [-tized; 
-tiz’ing ] To reduce to a system; dispose me¬ 
thodically. sys'tem-a-tisej.—sys"tem-a-ti- 

za'[or-sa']tion, n. sys"tem-i-za'[or-sa]'tiont. 
sys'to-le, 1 sis'to-li; 2 sys'to-le, n. The regular 
contraction of the heart and arteries that 
impels the blood outwards. Compare dias¬ 
tole. [ < Gr. systole, contraction, < syn, 
together, + slello, place.]—sys-tol'ic, a. 
syz'y-gy, 1 siz'i-ji; 2 syz'y-gy, n. 1. Astron. 
One of two opposite points in the orbit of a 
moving body when it is in conjunction or op¬ 
position to the sun; especially, the points of 
new and full moon on the moon’s orbit. 2. 
Biol. The union of parts or organisms. [ < 
Gr. syn, together, + zeugnymi, yoke.]— syz"- 
y-get'ic, a. —syz"y-get'i-cal-ly, adv. 


T 


T, t, 1 ti; 2 te, n. [tees, T’s, or T s, 1 tiz; 2 tes, 
pi] 1 . A letter: the twentieth in the English 
alphabet. 2. Something shaped like the let¬ 
ter T. 

T., abbr. Territory, Testament, Titus, Tuesday, 
Tullius, Turkish.— t., abbr. Temperature, tem¬ 
pore (L., in the time [of]), tenor, time, tome, ton, 
town, township, transitive, tun. 
tab, 1 tab; 2 t&b, n. A flap, strip, tongue, or ap¬ 
pendage of something. [For tape, n.] 
tab'ard, 1 tab'ard; 2 tab'ard, n. Formerly a 
short, sleeveless or short-sleeved, outer gar¬ 


ment: (1) Heavy and coarsev of the poorer 
classes. (2) Embroidered with his own arms, 
and worn over the armor by a knight. (3) 
Emblazoned with the arms of his sovereign, 
worn by a herald. [OF.] tab'artf; tab'erdf. 
—Tabard Inn, an old inn at Southwark, Lon¬ 
don, the starting point of Chaucer’s pilgrims in 
the Canterbury Tales. 

Ta-bas'co, 1 ta-bas'ko; 2 ta-bas'eo, n. A state in 
S. Mexico, 10,075 sq. m.; pop. 193,675.— tabasco 
sauce, a seasoning or relish made of Cayenne 
peppers, tabasco f. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, Sr; full, rUle; but, bum- 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n| 








595 


synonym 

tael 


tab'by, 1 tab'i; 2 tab'y. I. a. Watered; mot¬ 

tled. II. n. [tab'bies 2 , pZ.] 1. Any watered 
fabric. 2. A brindled, mottled, or streaked 
cat; popularly, any female cat. [< Ar. F 
’ attabi, < ’Allabiya, a portion of Bagdad.] 
tal>'er-na-cl(er, 1 tab'er-na-kl; 2 tab'er-na-cl. 
I. vi. To dwell in a 
tent. II. 7i. 1. A 
tent or similar 
structure. 2. Spe¬ 
cifically, the porta¬ 
ble sanctuary used 
by the Jews in the 
wilderness; hence, 
any house of wor¬ 
ship. [F., < L. tab- 
ernaculum, dim. of 
taberna, shed.] 
tab'la-ture, 1 tab'i a- 
dliur or -tiur; 2 tab'- 
la-chur or -tur, n._ 

A tablet or plate-like structure; tablet-like 
painting, etc. [F., < L. tabula , board.] 
ta'ble, 1 te'bl; 2 ta'bl. I. vt. [ta'bled; ta'- 
bling.] 1. To lay aside, as a motion, resolu¬ 
tion, etc.; postpone for future consideration or 
indefinitely. 2. To place on a table. II. n. 1. 
An article of furniture with a flat horizontal 
top. 2. Entertainment; fare. 3. A company 
about a table. 4. A collection of related num¬ 
bers, signs, or items in condensed form. 5. A 
slab; thin plate. [F., < L. tabula, board.]— 
ta'ble-cloth", n. A cloth, usually white, cover¬ 
ing a table at meals; also, any table-cover.—t.« 
cover, n. A cloth for covering a table: usually 
ornamental.—t.eland, n. An elevated level re¬ 
gion; plateau.—ta'ble-spoon", n. A large spoon 
for table use.—ta'bIe-spoon"ful, n. [-fuls, pi.] 
As much as a spoon will hold.—to lay on the ta¬ 
ble, same as table, v., 1. 

tab'leau, 1 tab'lo; 2 tab'lo, n. [tab'leatjx, tab'- 
leausz, pi.] A picture-like scene represented by 
motionless persons, with suitable adjuncts. [F.] 
ta'ble d’hote, 1 ta'bl dot; 2 ta'bl dot. [ta'bles 
d’hote, 1 ta'bl dot; 2 ta'bl dot, pi.] A common 
table for guests, as at a hotel. [F.; table, table; 
de, of; hdle, host.] 

tab'let, 1 tab'let; 2 tab'let, n. 1. A thin solid 
sheet, as of ivory, for writing on; also, a pad 
of writing-paper. 2. A small table or flat sur¬ 
face, as for an inscription. 3. A lozenge; 
troche. [ < LL. P tabuleta, dim. of L. tabula, 
tablet.] 

ta-boo', v. & n. Same as tabu. 
ta'bor, 1 te'ber; 2 ta'bor, n. A small drum or tam¬ 
bourine without jingles. [< OF .labour, < Ar. 
tambur, kind of lute.] ta'berf; ta'bourt.— 
tab'o-ret, n. dim. —tab'o-rine, n. A tabor, tam¬ 
bourine, or side-drum. tab'ou-rinef. 
tab'ou-ret, 1 tab'u-ret; 2 tab'u-ret, n. 1. Same 
as taboret. 2. A stool or small seat, without 
arms or back. 3. An embroidery frame. 4. A 
ileedle-case. [OF.] 

ta-bu', } 1 ta-bu'; 2 ta-bu'. I. vt. To place a 
ta-boo', ) tabu upon; forbid; exclude. II. n. 
1. A penal system of the Polynesians, whereby 
things are set apart as sacred or forbidden to 
be used. 2. Hence, prejudice or ostracism. 

[ < Polynesian tapu, forbidden.] 
tab'u-Iar, 1 tab'yu-lar; 2 tab'yu-lar, o. 1. Per¬ 
taining to a table or list. 2. Having a flat 
surface; tablet-like. [ < L. tabularis, < tabula, 
table.]—tab'u-late, vt. [-lat"ed<i; -lat"ing.] 



1. To arrange in a table or list. 2. To form with 
a tabular surface. —tab"u-la'tion, n. 

ta-chyg'ra-phy, 1 ta-kig'ra-fi; 2 ta-cyg'ra-fy, 
n. Stenography. [ < Gr. tachys, swift, -f- 
-GRAPHY.] 

tac'it, 1 tas'it; 2 tap'it, a. 1. Existing, inferred, 
or implied. 2§. Silent and quiet. [ < L. taci- 
lus, < laceo, be silent.] -ly, adv. —tac'i-turn, a. 
Habitually silent or reserved; disinclined to con¬ 
versation. -ly, adv. —tac"i-tur'ni-ty, n. 

Tac'i-tus, 1 tas'i-tus; 2 tac'i-tus, Caius Corne¬ 
lius. A Roman historian who flourished about 
55-120 A. D. 

tack 4 , 1 tak; 2 tak, v. I. t. 1. To fasten with 
tacks. 2. To annex; append. II. i. 1. Naut. 
T o change the course of a vessel so as to bring the 
wind to the other side by turning her through 
an arc in such a way that her head points 
momentarily directly to windward: said of a 
sailing-vessel or of the person controlling her. 
Compare wear 2 . 2. To change one’s course; 
veer. —tack'er, n. 

tack, n. 1. A small sharp-pointed nail. 2. A 
fastening; stitch. 3. Naut. (1) A rope for 
hauling down and fastening corners of certain 
sails. (2) The act of tacking; the course sailed 
from one such act to the next. [ < OF. taque, 
of Celtic origin.] 

tack'I(e p , 1 tak'l; 2 tak'l. I. vt. [tack'l(e)d p ; 
tack'ling.] 1. To grapple with. 2. Football. 
To encounter and endeavor to stop (an op¬ 
ponent) in running. 3. To attach by a tackle. 
H. n. 1. A hoisting contrivance of ropes, 
pulley-blocks, etc. 2. Gear; equipment; har¬ 
ness. 3. The act of tackling or seizing, espe¬ 
cially in football. [ < D. takel, tackle, < V 
of take.] —tack'ling, n. Tackle collectively, or 
material for it. 


tact, 1 takt; 2 tact, n. 1. An intuitive apprecia¬ 
tion of what is fit, proper, or right; adroit¬ 
ness; address. 2. Feeling; touch. [<L . tactus, 
< tactus, pp. of tango, touch.]— tact'ful, a. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n— tact'less, a. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
tac'tics, 1 tak'tiks; 2 tac'ties, n. 1. The science 
and art of military and naval evolutions. 2. 
Adroit management. [ < Gr. taktika, < tasso, 
arrange.] — tac'tl-cal, a. tac'ticf. — tac-tl'- 
cian, n. An expert in tactics, 
tac'tile, ) 1 talc'til or -tail; 2 tac'til or -til, a. 1. 
tac'til 3 , )Pe rtaining to 
touch; caused by contact. 

2. Tangible. [F., < L. tac- 
tilis, < tactus, touch.]— 
tac-til'i-ty, n. 

tac'tu-al,ltak'dhu-[or-tiu-] 
el; 2 tae'chu-[or -tu-]al, 
a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
the sense or the organs of 
touch. 2. Derived from or 
caused by touch. [ < L. 
tactus; see tact.] -iy, adv. 
tad'pole, 1 tad'pdl; 2 tad'- 
pol, n. A young amphibi¬ 
an a <3 a frotr nr tnad Showing (1) fully devel- 

an, as a irog or 10 a a, oped gilIs . (2) deve)opment 
breathing by external 0 f hind legs: (S) (ij absorp. 
gills and having a tail with ti,m of tlie tail and appear- 
extended membrane giv- ancc of front leg8 ' 
ing it a fish-like form. [ < AS. tadie, toad, -{- 
poll 1 , n.] 

tael, 1 tel; 2 tal, n. 1. An Oriental weight vary¬ 
ing from 1 to 2}^, ounces, commonly about 
1 }4 ounces. 2. A Chinese monetary unit of 
varying value. See coin. 



Tadpoles. 


1: a = final; l = habiO aisle; au = out; oil; iu = fewd; tfhin; go; rj = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 












taenia 

tank 


596 


tae'ni-a, ) 1 ti'ni-a; 2 te'ni-a, n. 1. Arch. A 
te'ni-a, (band, ribbon, or fillet. 2. A fillet 
on the top of a Doric architrave. See Doric. 
3. A tapeworm (genns Taenia). [L. L. taenia, < 
Gr. tainia, < telno, stretch.] 
taf'fe-ta, 1 taf'i-ta; 2 taf'e-ta, n. A fine, glossy, 
uncorded and untwilled silk fabric: a term 
variously applied at different times, as to 
certain silk-and-linen or silk-and-wool mix¬ 
tures. [ < F. taffetas, < Per. tdftah, < taftan, 
twist.] taf'fa-taf; taf'fe-tyj. 
tafT'rail, 1 taf'rel; 2 tSi'ral, n. 1. The rail 
around a vessel’s stern. 2. The upper part of 
a vessel’s stern. [ < D. tafereel, < tafel, table. ] 
taf'fy, l taf'i; 2 taf'y, n. 1. A sweetmeat of 
brown sugar or molasses boiled down. 2. 
[Slang.] Flattery; blarney. [ < Malay F tafia, 
spirit distilled from molasses.] 

Taft,ltaft; 2 taft, William Howard (1857- ). 

An American statesman; 27th President of the 
United States. See president. Appointed Chief 
Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, 1921. 
tag 1 , 1 tag; 2 tag. I. vt. & vi. [tagged, tagd^; 
tag'ging.] 1 . To supply or label with a tag. 
2. To follow closely or persistently. II. n. 1 . 
Something attached; a label fastened by one 
end. 2. A loose or ragged edge. [ < Sw. tagg, 
point.] 

tag 2 . I. vt. To overtake and touch. II. n. A 
juvenile sport in which the object is to keep 
from being touched by a pursuer. 

Ta'gus, 1 te'gus; 2 ta'gus, n. A river in Spain and 
Portugal; 566 m. to the Atlantic ocean. 

Ta 'hl-ti, 1 ta'hl-tl or ta-hl'tl; 2 ta'hi-ti or ta-hi'tl, n. 



An island of the Society Islands, South Pacific 
ocean; under French control; 600 sq. m.; pop. 
11,690.— Ta-hl'ti-an, a. & n. 
tail 1 , 1 tel; 2 tal, n. 1. The appendage at the 
hindmost part of the body of many animals. 

2. Any pendant, flap, stem, appendage, etc. 

3. The hind or inferior portion of anything, as 
of a coin. [ < AS. tsegl, tail.]— tail'ing, n. 1. 
Refuse or residue: usually in pi. 2. The inner, 
covered end of a projecting brick or stone in a 
wall.— tail'less, a.— tail'-piece", n. An end* 
piece or appendage. [L. F talea, slip of wnod.] 

tail 2 , n. Law. A cutting off; abridgment. [ < 
tai lor, 1 te'lar; 2 ta'lor, n. One who makes to 
order or repairs 
men’s outer gar¬ 
ments. [ < F. tail- 
leur, < tailler, cut.] 

—tal'lor «blrd", n. 
that sews leaves to form a 
r e c e p t a c 1 e for its nest.— 
tai'lor-ess, n. fern. 
taint, 1 tent; 2 tant. I d . vt. & 
vi. To imbue with a taint; 
take or have a taint; in¬ 
fect; c o r r u p t. II. n. A 
trace or germ of decay; a 
cause or result of corrup¬ 
tion, physical or moral. 

[ < OF. teindre, < L. lingo, 
stain.] 

TaP'wan', 1 tai"wan'; 2 tl*- 
wan', n. An island off the 
coast of China; ceded to _ „ , . . , 

Japan, 1895; 13.944 sq. m.; Tailor-bird and its 

pop.3,654,400.For-mo'sat. -Nest. /« 
take, 1 tek; 2 tak, v. [took; tak'en; tak'ing.] 
I. t. 1. To gain possession of by putting forth 
exertion; seize; secure. 2. To carry off; ab¬ 
stract; deduct. 3. To admit. 4. To make 


A bird 


choice of; employ. 5. To contract, as a dis¬ 
ease. II. i. 1. To lay hold of, get, or receive 
anything. 2. To remove. 3. To make a favor¬ 
able impression. [ < AS. tacan, < Ice. taka, 
take.]—tak'er, n. —tak'ing. I. pa. Fascinat¬ 
ing; captivating. II. n. The act of one who takes, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. [taken, 

take, n. The act of taking, or that which is 
talc, 1 talk; 2 talc, ji. A soft, greasy, hydrous 
compound of magnesium and silica. Massive 
varieties are known as soapstone and steatite. 
[F., < Ar. talq, talc.]—talc'ose, talc'ous,a. Com¬ 
posed of or containing talc, talc'yt; talck'yf; 
talk'yt. 

tale, 1 tel; 2 tal, n. 1. A narrative or story. 
2. A counting; reckoning. [ < AS. talu, 
tale, number.] —tale'bear"er, n. One who tells 
mischievous tales.— tale'bear"ing, a. & n. — 
tale'*car"rl-er, n. — tale'tell"er, n. 1. Onewho 
tells stories, etc.; a raconteur. 2. A tale-bearer, 
tal 'ent, 1 tal'ent; 2 t&l'Snt, n. 1. Superior men¬ 
tal endowments or capacities. 2. A particu¬ 
lar faculty or gift. 3. An ancient weight and 
denomination of money (Roman talent = $500, 
Attic $1,200, Hebraic $1,550 to $2,000).— 
tal'ent-ed, a. Having mental ability: gifted, 
tales'mail, 1 telz'men; 2 tals'man, n. [tales'- 
men, pi.] A person summoned to make up a 
jury when the regular panel is exhausted. 

[ < L. tales, pi. of tails, such, + man.] 
tal'is-nian, 1 tal'is-men; 2 t&l'is-man, n. 
[-mans 2 , pi.] Something supposed to produce 
magical effects; a charm. [Sp., < Gr. AR 
telesma , < telos, end.]—tal"ls-man 'ic, -i-cal, a. 

talk, 1 tek; 2 tak. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To give utter¬ 
ance to in words; exercise speech. 2. To con¬ 
verse. II. n. The act of talking, or that which 
is said; report; topic; conference. [< AS. 
talian, speak, < talu, tale.]—talk'a-tiv(e s , a. 
Given to much talking, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
talk'er, n. —talk'ing, pa. & n. 

tall, 1 tel; 2 tal, a. Having more than average 
height; high, -ness, n. 

Tal''ley"rand'*Pe"ri"gord', 1 ta*le''ran'*p6*rr- 
ger' or (Eng.) tal'i-rand; 2 ta' , le*ran'»pe"'ri'’g6r , 
or (Eng.) tal'y-rand, Charles Maurice de (1754- 
1838). A French politician, diplomat, and wit. 
tal'low, 1 tal'o; 2 t&l'o. I. vt. To grease with 
tallow. II. n. A mixture of the harder fats, as 
of beef or mutton. [ < OD. talgh.] 
tal 'ly, 1 tal'i; 2 t&l'y, v. [tal'lied; tal'ly-ing.] 

I. t. To score, as by notches; record; register. 

II. i. 1. To agree precisely. 2. To keep tally, 
tal' ly, n. [tal'lies 2 , pi.] 1. A piece of wood 

on which notches or scores are cut. 2. A score 
or mark; hence, a reckoning; account. 3. A 
counterpart. [ < F. taille; see tail 2 , n.] 
tal'Iydio', 1 tal'i-ho'; 2 tal'y-ho'. I. vt. To 
urge on, as hounds with the cry of “tally-ho.” 
II. n. 1. The cry of “tally-ho.” 2. A four- 
in-hand coach. III. interj. A huntsman’s cry 
to hounds. [ < Norman F. taillus au, to the copse.] 
Tal'mud, 1 tal'mud; 2 titl'mud, n. The body' of 
Jewish civil and canonical law not in the Pen¬ 
tateuch. [ < Chal. talmud, instruction.] 
tal'on, 1 tal'an; 2 t&l'on, n. A claw, especially 
of a bird of prey. [F., < L. talus, heel.] 

Tam., abbr. Tamil. [of being tamed. 

tam'a-bl(e p , 1 tem's-bl; 2 tam'a-bl, a. Capable 
ta-mal', )1 ts-mal', ta-ma'le; 2 ta-mal', ta- 
ta-nia'lc, ( ma'le, n. A Mexican dish made of 
crushed Indian corn, seasoned with meat and 
red pepper, separate portions being wrapped 


1: artistic, art,; fat, fare; fast: get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wOn. 







597 


taenia 

tank 


in corn*husks, dipped in oil, and cooked by 

steam. [Sp.] 

tam'a-rack, 1 tam'a-rak; 2 tam'a-rak, to. 1. The 
American or black larch, hack'ma-tackt. 2. 
A North*American pine. [Am. Ind.] 

tam'a-rind, 1 tam'e-rind; 2 t&m'a-rind, to. A 
tropical tree, with pinnate leaves and showy 
yellow flowers; also, its fruit, a flat brown pod 
with soft acid pulp. [ < Ar. tamr Hindi, In¬ 
dian date.] 

tam'a-risk, 1 tam'a-risk; 2 tam'a-risk, n. An 
evergreen shrub of the Med¬ 
iterranean region, western 
Asia, and India. [ < L. tam- 
ariscus .] 

tam'bour, I tam'bur; 2 tam'¬ 
bur, n. 1. A drum or drum* 
like device. 2. A frame for 
embroidery, or a fabric em¬ 
broidered on it. [F., < Ar. 
tambur, drum.]— tam"bou- 
rine', 1 tam"bu-rln'; 2 tam"- 
bu-rfn', to. Mus. An instru¬ 
ment like the head of a drum, 
with jingles in the rim, played 
by striking it with the hand. 

tame, 1 tern; 2 tam. I. vt. 

[tamed; tam'ing.] 1. To 
reclaim from a wild or 
savage state; make tame; 
domesticate. 2. To bring 
into subjection; conquer. 3. 

[tam'er; tam'est.] 1. Having lost its native 
wildness or shyness; domesticated. 2. Docile; 
tractable. 3. Subdued or subjugated; hence, 
mean*spirited; pusillanimous. 4. Lacking in 
effectiveness; dull; inert. [ < AS. tam, tame.] 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. 

Tam"er-lane', 1 tam"ar-len'; 2 tam’er-lan' 
(1336-1405). A Tatar conqueror of Asia. 



Flowering Branch 
of Tamarisk. 

a, a single flower. 

To soften. II. a. 


n. 


Tam'ma-ny, 1 tam'a-m; 2 tam'a-ny, n. 1. A 
friendly chief of the Delaware tribe of Indians. 2. 
The Tammany Society.—Tammany Society, 
more commonly Tammany Hall, from its meet- 
ing*place, a political organization in New York 
City affiliated with the Democratic party; found¬ 
ed 1789: originally a charitable and social order. 
tamp 1 , 1 tamp; 2 tamp, vt. To ram down, as a 
packing on a charge in a blast*hole. [Ult. < 
tap, bung.]—tamp'er, ». 

tam'per, 1 tam'par; 2 tam'per, vi. To experi¬ 
ment officidusly or fraudulently; make un¬ 
justifiable alterations: followed by with. [For 
temper, ».] [Same as tom*tom. 

tam'*tam", 1 tum'*tum"; 2 tum'*tum", n. 
tan, 1 tan; 2 tan, v. [tanned, tand 9 ; tan'ning.] 
I. t. 1. To convert, as hides, into leather, es¬ 
pecially by treating with tannin. 2. To 
bronze, as the skin. 3. [Colloq.] To flog. II. i. 
To become tanned.— tan'ner, n. One who 
tans hides.— tan 'ner-y, n. A place where leather 
is tanned, tan '*yard"t.— tan'ning, n. The 
art or process of converting hides into leather, 
tan, a. Of a yellowish or reddish brown, 
tan, n. 1. Tan*bark. 2. Yellowish brown 
tinged with red. [F., < Bret, tann, oak.] — 
tan 'shark", n. A bark, as of oak, containing 
tannic acid.—tans vat, n. A vat containing 
the liquor in which hides are tanned, tan spit j:. 
tan., abbr. Tangent. 

tan'a-ger, 1 tan'a-jar; 2 tan'a-ger, n. A finch* 
like bird of North America, usually brilliantly 
colored; as, the scarlet tanager. [< Braz. 
tangara.] 


Tan'ered, 1 tarj'kred; 2 tan’cred, n. (1078-1112.) 

A Norman hero of the first crusade, 
tan'deni, 1 tan'dem; 2 tan'dem. 
ranged one before the other. 

II. n. 1. Two or more horses 
harnessed in single file. 2. A, 


I. a. 



Tandem. 


cycle with seats for two persons, one behind 
the other. III. adv. One before the other, as 
horses. [ < L. tandem, at length.] 
tang 1 , 1 tap; 2 tang, n. A slender projecting 
shank or tongue, as of a metallic implement, 
for insertion into or fixing upon a hilt, handle, 
etc.; tongue*like member. [ < Ice. tangi.] 
tangs, n. 1. A penetrating taste, flavor, or 
odor, commonly disagreeable. 2. Any dis¬ 
tinct quality, especially if disagreeable. [ < 
OD. tanger, sharp.] 

tang 3 , n. One of various seaweeds. [Dan.] 
tang 4 , v. & n. Same as twang. 

Tangs, i tap; 2 tang, n. A Chinese dynasty 
(618-907); the period covering the golden 
age of Chinese literature. 

Tan"ga-nyi'ka, 1 tan"ja-nl'ka; 2 tan’ga-ni'ka, 
n. A lake of central Africa; 400 by 20-40 m.; 
discharges into the Kongo river, 
tan'ge-lo, 1 tan'ji-lo; 2 tan'ge-15, n. A loose* 
skinned, orangedike fruit, a hybrid between 
the tangerine and the pomelo (grape*fruit). 
[<tang{ev'me) + (pom)efo.] 
tan'gent, 1 tan'jent; 2 tan'ggnt. I. a. 1. Geom. 
Meeting a line or a surface at a point and then 
leaving without intersection. 2. Touching. 
II. n. A straight line tangent to a curve. [ < 
L. tango (ppr. tangen(t-)s), touch.]—tan'gen-cy, 
n. [-cies z . pi.] The state of being tangent.— 
tan-gen'tial, a. 

tan"ger-ine', 1 tan"jar-in'; 2 tan"ger-in', n. A 
small red*skinned orange, a variety of the 
mandarine. [ < Tangier.] 
tan'gi-bl(e p , 1 tan'ji-bl; 2 tan'gi-bl, a. Per¬ 
ceptible by touch or by the senses. [F., < 
L. LL tango, touch.]—tan"gi-bil'l-ty, tan'gi- 
bl (e-ness p , to.— tan'gl-bly, adv. 

Tan-gier', 1 tan-jlr'; 2 tan-ger', n. A seaport city 
of Morocco, N. W. Africa; held by English, 1662- 
1684; pop. 46,000. 

tan'gl(e p , 1 taq'gl; 2 tan'gl. I. vt. & vi. [tan'- 
gl(e)d p ; tan'gling.] To intertwine con¬ 
fusedly; complicate inextricably. II. n. 1. A 
confused intertwining of flexible materials in 
a complicated mass. 2. Hence, a state of con* 
fusion. [Ult. < Ice. thang, kelp.] 
tan'go, 1 tap'go; 2 'tan'go, n. An Argentinian 
dance, originally a diagonal shuffle, elaborated 
to include a whirl, a dip, and a swing, executed 
in various ways. [Sp. Am.] ten'got. 
tank, 1 tank; 2 tank, to. 1. A large vessel, 
receptacle, or structure, generally for contain¬ 
ing a fluid. 2. [Recent.] An armored car 
propelled by motor*power with caterpillar 
tractors and mounted with guns. [ < Pg. 
tanque, < L. stagnum, pool.] 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; iu = feud; tfhin; go; l) = sing; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










tankard 

Taurus 


598 



tank'ard. 1 tarjk'ard: 2 tank'ard, n. A large 
drinking*cup. [ < OF. tan- 
guard, tankard.] 
tan 'ner, tan'ner-y,etc. See 
tax, r. or n. 

tan 'nic, 1 tan'ik; 2 tan'ie, a. 

Pertaining to or derived 
from tan. — tannic acid, 
any one of many astringent 
principles contained in vege- 
tables, as in oak* bark, 
tan'nint. 

tan'sy, 1 tan'zi; 2 tan'sy, n. 

A coarse perennial Old 
World herb, 2 or 3 feet high, with rayless 
heads of yellow dowers. [ < Gr. F athanasia. 


Tankard. 


immortality.] 

tan'ta-lize, 1 tan'ta-laiz; 2 tan'ta-llz, rf. 
(-lized; -liz'ixg.] To tease by repeated dis¬ 
appointments in the attainment oi some ap¬ 
parently attainable object; harass. [< L. 
Tantalus ; see TantaX.cs.] tan 'ta-lisef. 

Tan'ta-lus, 1 tan'ta-los; 2 tan'ta-lus, n. Son of 
Zeus and father of Xiobe; for revealing the secrets 
of Zeus he was plunged to the neck in water, with 
beautiful fruit hanging above him, but both re¬ 
treated when he attempted to taste them. 

tan'ta-raount, 1 tan'to-maunt; 2 tan'ta- 
mount, a. Having equivalent value, effect, or 
import; equivalent. [< F. tanl, so much, -j- 


AMOCNT.] 

tan'trum, 1 tan'trum; 2 tan'trum, n. A petu¬ 
lant fit of passion. [ < W. tarU, sudden im¬ 
pulse.] 

tap , 1 tap; 2 tap. I. vt. [tapped 1 , tapt®; tap'- 
pxng.] 1. To draw liquid or the like from, as 
by opening a tap. 2. Figuratively, to make 
connection with for drawing off anything; as, 
this railroad taps the oil*fields. II. n. 1. A 
plug, stopper, or faucet by means of which 
liquid may be drawn from a cask. 2. A tool 
for cutting internal screw*threads. 3. Elec. 
A branch conductor leading from a main cir¬ 
cuit. 4. [Colloq.] A place where liquor is 
served; bar. tap':room"£. [ < AS. Ueppan, < 
tstppa, tap.]— on tap. 1. Contained in a cask, as 
opposed to bottled. 2. Ready to be drawn from; 
as, his eloquence is always cm tap. — tap-root", 
n. The principal descending root of a plant. 

tap 1 . I 1 , rt. <k ri. 1. To touch or strike gently. 

2. To apply leather to (the heel of a shoe] in 
repair. 3. To strike gently with (something, 
as the finger). II. n. 1. A gentle or playful 
blow. 2. Leather put upon the heel of a shoe. 

3. pi. A military signal by trumpet or beat 
of drum, usually sounded 15 minutes after 
tattoo, for the extinguishing of all lights in 
soldiers’ quarters. [ < F. taper, < G. tappen. 


fumble.]—tap'per, n. 

tape, 1 tep: 2 tap. n. A narrow, stout strip of 
woven fabric; also, a flat strip of paper, etc. 
[< L. A * tapete (< Gr. tapis>, carpet.]- red tape, 
the close observance of forms and routine.— 
tape line, a tape for measuring distances, 
marked in feet, inches, etc., and commonly roll¬ 
ing up into a flat case.— tape'worm", n. A 
ribbon*like worm infesting the alimentary canal 
of a vertebrate. 

ta'per, 1 te'por; 2 ta'per. I. rf. <k ri. To make 
or become smaller toward the end; hence, to 
lessen gradually. II. a. Growing small by de¬ 
grees toward the end III. n. 1. A small 
candle. 2. A gradual diminution of size in an 
elongated object. [ < AS. taper.] 


tap'es-try, 1 tap'es-tri; 2 tap'es-try. I. vt. 
[-tried; -try-ixg] To hang with tapestry. 
II. n. [-tries 2 , pi.] A loosely woven, orna¬ 
mental fabric used lor hangings. [Ult. < Gr. 
tape(t-)s, tapestry ] 

tap"i-o'ca, 1 tap i-d ka; 2 tap 1-0 ca, n. A 
starchy substance having irregular grains, 
obtained from cassava. [Sp., < Braz. tipioca, 
juice of the cassava.] 

ta'pir, 1 te'psr; 2 ta'pir, n. A large mam¬ 
mal, having 
short stout 
limbs and 
flexible pro¬ 
boscis. [< 

Braz. sp ta- 
pyra, tapir.] 
ta'pis, 1 te'pis 
or ta-pi'; 2 
ta'pis or ta-pi', 
n. Tapestryu 
now only in 
the phrase 
on the tapis 
(up for con- Malayan Tapir and its Young. 

sideration). 1 /“ 

tap'pet, 1 tap'et; 2 tap'6t, n. A projecting arm 
of a mechanism, to operate an unattached 
part automatically. [Perh. < tap 2 , r.] 
tap'ster, 1 tap'ster; 2 tdp'ster, n. A bartender, 
tar, 1 tar; 2 tar, vt. [tarred; tar'ring.] To 
cover with tar. 



tar-, n. Chem. A dark, viscid, oily liquid ob¬ 
tained from resinous woods, coal, etc. [ < AS. 
teru, tar; akin to tree.] 
tar:, n. [Colloq.] A sailor. [For tarpaulin.] 
tar"an-tel 'la, 1 tar'an-tel'a; 2 tar'an-tSI'a, n. A 
lively Neapolitan dance formerly held to be a 
cure for the bite of a tarantula, or the music 
written for it. 

ta-ran'tu-la, 1 ta-ran'tiu-la; 2 ta-riin'tu-la, n. 

A large, venomous, hairy 
spider. [ < It. tarantola.] 
tar-boosh', 1 tar-bu^h'; 2 tar- | 
boosb', n. A brimless, usu¬ 
ally red, felt cap with colored 
silk tassel, worn by Moslems. 

[< Ar. tarbUsh.] tar-bush'J. 
tar'dy, 1 tar'di; 2 taridy, a. 

[tak'di-er; tar'di-est.] 

I. Not coming at the ap¬ 
pointed time; dilatory; 
late. 2. Having a slow 
movement or gait; slow; 
reluctant. [ <F. lard ( < L. 
tardus), slow.] — tar'di-1), 
adc. —tar'dl-ness, n. 
tare , imp. of tear, v. 
tare : , 1 tar; 2 tar, n. Any 

one of various weeds, as w° r , sa L vpw ... 
vetch. [ < AS. teran, tear ] Male Tarantula.*/« 

ade fc 



tare ; , n. An allowance made for the weight of 
the receptacle in which goods are contained. 


[F., < Ar. larha, < tarah, throw away.] 
Ta-ren'tum, 1 to-ren'tum; 2 ta-rfcn'tGm, n. Anan- 
cientseaport in H. E. Italy; the modern Taranto, 
tar'get, 1 tar'get; 2 tUr'gfct, n. 1. A mark to be 
shot at. 2. A shield or buckler, target. [<F. 
targe, shield, of Teut. origin.] 
tar 'iff, / 1 tariff; 2 tAr'if, n. A schedule of arti- 
tar 'if p , (ties of merchandise with the rates of 
duty to be paid for import or export. [ < 
Ar.® p * 1 ’ ta'nf, < 'arafa, know.] 


1: artistic, art; fat, fdre; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, gd; not, 6r; full, rOle; but, born; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fgrn; hit, ice; 1 = 6; 1 = 6; g6, n6t, or. w6n. 








599 


tankard 

Taurus 


tar'la-tan, 1 tar'la-tan; 2 tar'la-tan, n. An 
open, transparent muslin. [ < Milanese tar- 
lanlanna, linsey*woolsey.] tar'le-tant. 
tarn, 1 tarn; 2 tarn, n. A small mountain lake. 
[Akin to Ice. tjarn. j 

tar'nish, 1 tar'nish; 2 tar'nish. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. 
To lessen the luster of; lose luster. 2. To 
stain; disgrace. II. n. Loss of luster; hence, 
a blemish. [ < OHG. p tarni, hidden.] 
ta'ro, 1 ta'ro; 2 ta'ro, n. One of several tropical 
plants, whose edible roots are used as food 
throughout the tropics, especially in the islands 
of the Pacific. [Polynesian.] 
tar-pau'lin, 1 tar-pe'hn; 2 tar-pa'lin, n. 1. A 
water*proof canvas for covering merchandise. 
2. A sailors’ wide=brimmed storm=hat. [ < 
tar 1 , n„ + vailing, covering; see pall, n.] 
tar'pon, 1 tfir'pan; 2 tar'pon, n. A large fish of 
the West Indies and the Gulf coast of the United 
States; noted as a game=fish, but of poor food 
value. [Am. Ind.] 

Tar'quin, 1 tar'kwin; 2 tar'kwin, n. 1. Lucius 
(Priscus), 5th king of Rome; built sewers and 
other public works. 2. Lucius (Superbus), 7th 
king of Rome; deposed by a revolt, 
tar'ry, 1 tar'i; 2 tar'y, vi. [tar'ried; tar'ry- 
ingJ 1. To put off going or coming; linger. 
2. To remain in the same place; abide; stay. 
[Ult. < L. tardus, slow.]—tar'ri-er, n. 
tar'ry, 1 tar'i; 2 tar'y, a. Covered with tar; 
like tar. 

Tar'shish, 1 tar'Shigh; 2 tar'shish, n. Bib. An 
ancient country, possibly Spain. 1 Kings x, 22. 
tar'sus, 1 tar'sus; 2 tar'sus, n. [tar'si, 1 -sai; 
2 -si, -pi.] 1. The ankle, or, in man, the group 
of seven bones of which it is composed. 2. 
The shank of a bird’s leg. 3. The terminal 
segment of an insect’s limb. [ < tarsos, any 
flat surface.]—tar'sal, a. 

Tar'sus, 1 tar'sus; 2 tar'sus, n. A seaport in S. E. 

Asia Minor; birthplace of St. Paul. Acts ix, 11. 
tart, 1 tart; 2 tart, a. 1. Having a sharp, sour 
taste. 2. Figuratively, severe; cutting. [< 
AS. teart, < teran, tear.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
tart, n. 1. [U. S.] A small piece of pastry with 
fruit filling. 2. [Eng.] A fruit pie. [ < L. LL+F 
tortus, pp. of torqueo, twist.] 

tart. , abbr. Tartaric. 

tar'tan, 1 tar'tan; 2 tar'tan, n. A Scotch plaid 
fabric; also, its design or pattern. [< Sp. F 
tiritana, thin woolen cloth.] 
tar'tar 1 , 1 tar'tar; 2 tar'tar, n. 1. An acid sub¬ 
stance deposited from grape=juice during fer¬ 
mentation. ar'golj. 2. A yellowish incrus¬ 
tation on the teeth. [ < Ar. LL durd, dregs.]— 
tar-ta're-ous, a. Resembling tartar.—tar-tar'- 
ic, a. Pertaining to or derived from tartar.— 
tar'tar-ous, a. Pertaining to tartar. 

Tar'tar 2 , a. & n. Same as Tatar. 

Tar'ta-rus, 1 tar'ta-rus; 2 tar'ta-rus, n. Class. 
Myth. The fabled place of punishment in the 
lower world. 

Tar'ta-ry, 1 tar'ta-ri; 2 tar'ta-ry, n. A region of 
Asia and eastern Europe, varying in extent at 
different periods: not now in geographical use. 

task, 1 tnsk; 2 task. I', vt. 1. To assign a task 
to. 2. To overtax with labor. II. n. 1. A spe¬ 
cific amount of labor imposed or undertaken. 
2. Burdensome work. [<L. LL+OF taxo, ap¬ 
praise, < tango, touch.] — task 'inas"ter, n. One 
who assigns tasks. 

Tas-ma'ni-a, 1 taz-me'm-a; 2 tas-ma'ni-a, n. An 
island state in the Commonwealth of Australia; 
26,215 sq. m.; pop. 216,750; capital, Hobart, 
tas'sel, 1 tas'l ; 2 t&s'l. I. vt. & vi. [tas'seled, 


TAS'SELLED or TAS'SELD 8 ; TAS'SEL-ING Or TAS'- 

sel-ling.] To provide with or form in a tas¬ 
sel; bear a tassel. II. n. 1. A pendent orna¬ 
ment, as a tuft of loose thread. 2. The pendent 
head of some plants or flowers. [OF., clasp.] 
Tas'so, 1 tas'o; 2 tas'o, Torquato (1544-1595). 

An Italian epic poet; Jerusalem Delivered. 
taste, 1 test; 2 tast, v. [tast'ed 11 ; tast'ing.] 

1. t. 1. To perceive the flavor of, as by taking 
into the mouth or touching with the tongue. 

2. To test by taking a little of into the mouth. 

3. To have slight experience of. II. i. 1. To 
take a taste. 2. To have a particular flavor. 
[ < L. OF taxo, freq. of tango, touch.] 

taste, n. 1. The sensation excited when a 
soluble substance is put into the mouth; fla¬ 
vor. 2. That one of the five senses that gives 
such sensation. 3. A small quantity tasted; 
also, the act of tasting. 4. Nice perception of 
artistic excellence. 5. Inclination.— taste'- 
ful, a. 1. Conforming to taste. 2. Possessing 
good taste, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — taste'less, a. 
1. Insipid; dull. 2. Devoid of taste. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —tast'er, n.— tast'y, a. 1. Having 
a fine flavor; savory. 2. [Colloq.] Tasteful.— 
tast'i-ly, adv. —tast'l-ness, n. 
tat, 1 tat; 2 tat, vt. & vi. [tat'ted ' 1 ; tat'ting.] 
To make, as an edging, by tatting. [ < Ice. 
tseta, pick.] tattt. — tat'ting, n. A lace*like 
threadwork, made by hand. 

Ta'tar, / 1 ta'tar; 2 ta'tar, n. 1. A Turk, Cos- 
Tar'tar, ) sack, etc.; also, the dialects spoken 
by these peoples. 2. One of the Moguls of 
the 13th century who ravaged Europe and 
Asia. 3. [T- or t-] A person of savage temper: 
in this sense always Tartar; as, to catch a 
Tartar. [Ult. < Per. Tatar, Tatar.]— Ta-ta'- 
rl-an, a. &n. Tar-ta'ri-ant. 


[tat'tled, 
tell in idle 
n. 1. Idle 


tat'ter 1 , 1 tat'ar; 2 tat'er, n. A torn and hang¬ 
ing shred; rag; in the plural, ragged clothing. 
[< Ice. tolurr, rags.]—tat"ter-de-ma'lion, n. 
A ragged fellow.—tat'ter(e)d s , a. 1. Torn into 
tatters. 2. Clothed in rags; ragged. 
tat'ter 2 , n. A maker of tatting, 
tat'tie, / 1 tat'l; 2 tat'l. I. vt. & vi. 
tat'le, ) tat'ld p ; tat'tling.] To 
talk; blab; tell tales; gossip. II. 
talk or gossip. 2. Prattling speech. [ < LG. 
lateln, tattle.]—tat'tier,_n. 
tat-too' 1 ,1 ta-tu'; 2 ta-too'. I. vt. To prick and 
mark (the skin) in pat¬ 
terns with indelible 
pigments. II. n. A 
pattern so made. [ < 

Tahitian tatu, < ta, mark.] 
tat-too' 2 , n. A continu¬ 
ous beating or drum¬ 
ming; specif., in military 
or naval usage, a beat- 
ing of the drum or 
sounding of the bugle i 
as a signal to repair to 
quarters, usually oc¬ 
curring about 9 P. M. 

[< D. laptoe, ‘the tap is 
closed.’] 

taught, 1 tet; 2 tat, imp. & pp. of teach; v. 
taunt, 1 tant or tent; 2 tant or tant. I d . vt. To 
reproach with insulting words. II. n. A bit¬ 
terly sarcastic remark. [ < L. OF tento, tempto; 
see tempt.]— taunt 'er, n.— taunt'ing-ly, adv. 
Tau'rus, 1 te'rus; 2 ta'rus, n. 1. A constella¬ 
tion, the Bull. 2. The second sign of the zo- 



Tattooing on the Face 
of a Native of New 
Zealand. 


1- a = final; l = habit: aisle; au = out; oil; ifl = feud; Chin; go; g = sm?; fhin, this. 
J2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, burn, oil, boy, go, gem: ink; thin, this. 







taut 

Tell 


600 


diac. [L., < Gr. tauros, bull.—tau'rine.a. Of or 
like a bull; resembling the ox kind, tau'ri-form}:. 
taut, 1 tet; 2 tat, a. Naut. 1. Hard-drawn; 

stretched tight. 2. Tidy. [For tight, a.] 
tau-tog', 1 te-teg'; 2 ta-tog', n. A food-fish, 
the blackfish. [Am. Ind.] 
tau-tol'o-gy, 1 to-tol'o-ji; 2 ta-tol'o-gy, n. 
Unnecessary repetition, whether in word or 
sense. [< Gr. tauto (for to auto), the same, 
lego, speak.]—tau"to-log'ic, tau"to-log'i-cal, 
a. —tau"to-log'i-cal-ly, adv. —tau-tol'o-glst, 
n.—tau-tol'o-gize or -gise, vi. 
tav'ern, 1 tav'ern; 2 tav'ern, n. A public house 
where guests are entertained for pay; a house 
licensed to sell liquors. [< L. F taberna, hut.] 
taw, 1 te; 2 ta, vt. To convert into leather by 
some process other than soaking in tarn* 
liquor. [ < AS. tawian, prepare.] 

taw, n. A game of marbles; a marble. 

taw'dry, 1 te'dri; 2 ta'dry, a. [-dri-er; -pri¬ 
est.] Showy without elegance; gaudy.— 
taw'dri-ly, adv. —taw'dri-ness, n. 
taw'ny, 1 te'm; 2 ta'ny, a. Tan-colored; 
brownish-yellow. [Ult. < Bret, tann, oak.] 

tax, 1 taks; 2 t&ks. I*, vt. 1. To impose a tax 
upon. 2. To subject to a severe strain. 3. To 
ask as a price. II. n. 1. A compulsory contri¬ 
bution for the support of government; any 
assessment. 2. A heavy demand upon one’s 
resources. [ < L. F taxo, tax, < tango, touch.] 
—tax'a-bl(e p , a. Subject to taxation.—tax-a'- 
tlon, n. The act of taxing; also, the amount as¬ 
sessed as a tax.—tax'i-cab, n. A motor-cab 
fitted with a meter to measure distance and re¬ 
cord fares, tax'a-eabt; tax-im'[or -am'le-ter, 
cab"t.—tax-im'e-ter, n. 1. An instrument for 
measuring distances and recording fares. 2. A 
taxicab, tax-ani'e-terf. 

my, n. The art of stuffing and mounting the 
skins of dead animals for preservation. [ < 
Gr. taxis, arrangement, + derma, skin.]—tax'i- 
der"mlst, n. 

tax-on'o-my, 1 taks-en’o-mi; 2 taks-on'o-my, 
n. The department of science that embodies 
the principles of classification, especially in 
relation to living organisms. [ < Gr. taxis, 
arrangement, + nomos, law.]—tax"o-nom'lc or 
-i-cal, a.— tax"o-nom'i-cal-ly, adv.— tax-on '- 
o-inist, n. 

Tay'lor, 1 tS'lar; 2 til'lor. 1. Bayard (1825-1878), 
an American diplomat, traveler, and writer. 2. 
Jeremy (1613-1667), an English bishop and 
author. 3. Zachary (1784-1850). See president. 


tax'i-der"my, 1 taks'i-dur"mi; 2 t&ks'i-der"- 


[tcs.. 


Tierce. 


Tb., abbr. Tiberius. —tc., abbr. 

—T. E., abbr. Topograph¬ 
ical Engineer. 

tea, 1 tl; 2 te, n. 1. An 
evergreen Chinese or Jap-( 
anese shrub or small tree. 
tca'splant"j. 2. The 
prepared leaves of this 
plant, or an infusion of them. 

3. A light evening meal. [ < 

Chin. Amoy te.] —tea'cup", n. 

1. A small cup suitable for 
serving.tea. 2. As much as a 
teacup will hold.— tea'oup"- 
ful, n. [-fuls, pi.] Same as 
teacup, 2. —tea 'ket"tle, n. 

A kettle in which water is 
heated for culinary purposes. 

— tea'pot", n. A vessel in which tea may be 
drawn. — tea'spoon", n. A small spoon used 



Flowering 
Branch of Tea. 


as in stirring and sipping tea and coffee.—tea'- 
spoon"ful, n. [tea'spoon"fuls, pi.] 
teach, 1 tic1i;2 tech, v. [taught; teach'ing.] 

I. t. 1. To impart knowledge to by lessons; 
instruct. 2. To make known; communicate 
the knowledge of. 3. To impart skill, facility, 
etc., to. LL- i. To impart knowledge; give in¬ 
struction. [< AS. tsecan, teach.]—teaeh'a- 
bl(e p , a. 1. Capable of being taught; docile. 2. 
Capable of being imparted, -ness, n. —teach'a- 
bly, adv. —teach'er, n .—teach 'Ing, n. 1. The 
act or business of a teacher. 2. Doctrine. 

teak, 1 tlk; 2 tek, n. A large East-Indian tree, 
yielding durable timber highly prized for 
ship-building. [ < Malayalam tekka, teak.] 

teal, 1 til; 2 tel, n. A small river-duck. 

team, 1 tlm; 2 tern, n. 1. Two or more beasts 
of burden harnessed together; also, locally, a 
single horse and vehicle. 2. A set of workers 
or players. 3. A flock; brood. [< AS. team, 
family, < tedm., draw.]—team'ster, n. One who 
drives a team.—team'avork", n. Work as done 
by a team; hence, united or concerted effort as 
distinguished from individual work. 

tear, 1 tar; 2 tar, v. [tore, formerly tare; 
torn; tear'ing.] I. t. 1. To pull apart, as 
cloth; also, to lacerate. 2. To make by rend¬ 
ing, as a rent in a garment. 3. To sunder or 
sever violently: with from, away from, etc. 

II. i. 1. To part or separate when pulled. 2. To 
move or act with haste. [ < AS. teran, tear ] 

tear 1 , n. 1. A fissure made by tearing; a rent; 

an act of tearing. 2. [Slang.] A carouse, 
tear-, 1 tlr; 2 ter, n. 1. A drop of the saline 
liquid from the eye. tear'sdrop"J. 2. A drop 
or drop-like portion. 3. pi. Sorrow; lamenta¬ 
tion. [< AS. tear, tear.]— tearTuI, a. Full 
of tears; causing tears, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
tear'less, a. Shedding no tears. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
—tear-bomb, t>shell, n. A projectile the 
charge of which when exploded affects the eyes, 
tease, 1 tlz; 2 tes. I. vt. [teased; teas'ing.], 1. 
To vex, irritate, or harass in a petty way. 2. 
To importune persistently. 3. To comb or 
card. II. n. 1. A teaser. 2. The act of teasing. 
[< AS. txsan, tease.]— teas'er, n. 
teat, 1 tit; 2 tet, n. 1. The protuberance on the 
breast or udder through which the milk is 
drawn; a nipple; pap; dug. 2. The mam¬ 
mary gland. [ < AS. tit.) 
tea'zel, 1 tl'zl; 2 te'zl, n. The rough bur of a 
plant, or a mechanical 
substitute: used in dress¬ 
ing cloth. [ < AS. txsel, 

<txsan, pluck.] tea'self, 
tech., abbr. Technical, techni¬ 
cally. — teeli., technol., 
abbr. Technology, 
tech'ni-cal, 1 tek'm-kel; 2 
tSc'ni-cal, a. Pertaining 
to some particular art, 
science, trade, etc.; for¬ 
mal; literal. [ < Gr. tech- 
nikos, < technV, art.] -ly, 
adv. —tech"ni-cal'i-ty, n. 

[-ties 2 , pZ.] 1. The state of 
being technical. 2. A tech¬ 
nical point; also, a petty dis¬ 
tinction; quibble. — tech'- 
nic, n. 1. Same as tech¬ 
nique. 2. pi. The doctrine Teazel, 
of arts. 3. pi. Technical Bin « ,e 
rules, methods, etc.—tech-nol'o-gy, n. 1. The¬ 
oretical knowledge of industries and manufac- 



1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rQle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; rue, get, pr§y, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; i =. e; go, not, or, won. 






601 


taut 

Tell 


tures. 2. The application of science to the arts.— 
tech"no-log'ic, -i-cal,a.—tech-nol'o-gist, a. 

tech-nique', 1 tek-nik'; 2 tgc-nik', n. Manner 
of artistic performance, as in music, 
tech'y, 1 tech'i; 2 tech'y, a. [tech'i-er; tech'- 
i-est.] Peevishly sensitive; irritable.—tech'- 
i-ly, adv. —tech'i-ness, n. 
tec-ton 'ic, 1 tek-ten'ik; 2 tec-ton'ic, a. 1 . Of or 
pertaining to building or construction. 2. 
Geol. Characteristic of or relating to the struc¬ 
ture of the earth’s crust. [ < L. tectonicus, 
< Gr. lektonikos , < tekton, a carpenter.]—tec- 
ton'les, n. sing. & pi. The science or art of con¬ 
struction, as of vessels, buildings, weapons, etc. 
Te-cum'seh, 1 ti-kum'sa; 2 te-eum'se, n. An 
American Indian (1768-1813), chief of the 
Shawnees; British ally in the War of 1812. 

ted, 1 ted; 2 ted, vt. [ted'ded; ted'ding.] To 
stir up and spread loosely for drying, as new¬ 
ly mown grass; to dress, as flax. [< Ice. 
tedhja, manure, < ladh, manure.]—ted'der, n. 
One who or that which teds; specif., a machine 
for tossing and spreading newly mown grass. 

Te De'uni, 1 ti di'um; 2 te de'iim. An ancient 
Christian hymn. [L.; < its opening words Te 
Deum Laudamus (We praise thee, O God).] 
tc'di-ous, 1 ti'di-us; 2 te'di-us, a. Causing 
weariness; wearisome; slow. [< L. ll+of tsedi- 
um, tedium, weariness.] -iy, adv. -ness, n. — 
te'di-um, n. Tediousness; wearisomeness. 

tee, 1 ti; 2 te. I. vt. [teed; tee'ing.] Golf. To 
place, as a ball, on a tee before striking it. II. 
n. 1. In certain games, a mark toward which 
the balls, quoits, etc., are directed. 2. Golf. 
(1) A small pinch or cone of damp sand or 
earth on which the ball is placed in making 
the first play to a hole. (2) The teeing* 
ground. [ < Ice. tjd, mark.] 

teem, 1 tim; 2 tem, vi. 1. To be full, as if 
at the point of producing; abound. 2||. To 
bear fruit. [ < AS. teman, < team, family.]—• 
teem'ing, pa. Prolific; overflowing; abundant, 
teens, 1 tinz; 2 ten§, n. pi. The numbers whose 
names end in -teen; the years of one’s age so 
designated. 

tee'pee, 1 ti'pl; 2 te'pe, n. A conical lodge of 
the North*American Indians, originally of 
skins, now made of cloth. [Am. Ind.] 
tee'ter, 1 ti'tar; 2 te'ter. I. vi. [Colloq. U. S.] 
1. To seesaw or make similar movements; 
move backward and forward. 2. To vacillate; 
waver. II. n. An oscillating motion; seesaw, 
teeth, 1 tlth; 2 teth, vi. To cut or develop 
teeth, teethej.—teeth'ing, n. The process 
of cutting teeth; dentition, 
teeth, 1 tlfh; 2 teth, n. Plural of tooth. 
tee-to'tal, 1 tl-to'tal; 2 te-to'tal, a. 1. Pertaining 
to total abstinence from intoxicants. 2. Total. 
[< tee- (intens.) + total.] — tee-to'tal-er, n. 
A total abstainer. 

tee-to'tum, 1 ti-to'tum; 2 te-to'tum, n. A top, 
often a disk pierced by a peg, spun in certain 
games. [ < Tdotum; L. totum, all.] 

Teg-ner', 1 teg-ner'; 2 t€g-ner\ Esaias (1782- 
1846). A Swedish patriotic poet; Frithiof's Saga. 
teg'u-inent, 1 teg'yu-ment or -mant; 2 tSg'- 
yu-ment, n. An integument.— teg"u-men'- 
ta-ry, a. 

‘Te"he-ran', 1 te'he-ran'; 2 te"h§-ran', n. A walled 
city; capital of Persia; pop. 220,000. 
tel., abbr. Telephone.—tel., teleg., abbr. Tele¬ 
gram, telegraph. 

tel'e-, )1 tel'i-, tel-; 2 tSl'e-, tgl-. From the 
tel-, j Greek tele, far; combining forms: in 
such words as ZeZegraph, tele scope, etc. 


tel'e-gram, 1 tel'i-gram; 2 tSl'e-gram, ». A 
message sent by telegraph. [ < Gr. tele, far 
off, 4- gramma, writing.] 

tel 'e-graph, ) 1 tel'i-grof; 2 tSl'e-graf. I 1 , vt. & 
tel'e-graf s , \ vi. To send by telegraph; com¬ 
municate by telegraph. II. n. Any one of 
various apparatus or devices for transmitting 
messages or signals, especially by closing and 
opening an electric circuit. [ < Gr. tele, far 
off, 4 grapho, write.]—tel-au'to-graph, n. A 
telegraph for reproducing writing or drawing at 
a distance. — te-leg'ra-pher, n. One who tel¬ 
egraphs. te-leg'ra-phistj.—tel"e-graph'lc, a. 
—tel"e-graph'i-cal-ly, adv. —te-leg'ra-phy, n. 
The art of conveying intelligence by telegraph.— 
wireless telegraph, see wireless. 
te-leg 'ra-phone, 1 ti-leg'ro-fon; 2 te-leg'ra- 
fon, n. An instrument for recording and re¬ 
producing speech by means of the magnetiza¬ 
tion of a moving wire or disk of steel. [ < 
tele-, 4 Gr. grapho, write, + phone, sound.] 
Te-lem'a-chus, 1 ti-iem'a-kus; 2 te-lem'a-eus, n. 
Gr. Myth. Son of Ulysses and Penelope; sought 
for his father and, later, helped him slay the 
suitors of Penelope 

tel"e-oI'o-gy, 1 tel"i-el'o-ji; 2 tSl"e-ol'o-gy, n. 
The fact or doctrine of final causes (see final) ; 
specif., the theory of design in nature, assign¬ 
ing a definite end or ends to be accomplished 
in explanation of the structure and behavior 
of organisms, etc. [ < Gr. telos (teleos ), end, 
4- -logy.] —tel"e-o-log'ic, tel"e-o-log'i-cal, 

а. -ly , adv. —tel"e-oi'o-gist, n. A student of, 
believer in, or advocate of teleology. 

te-lep'a-thy, 1 ti-lep'a-£hi or tel'i-path-i; 2 te- 
16p'a-thy or t€l'e-path-y, n. The supposed 
communication of one mind with another at 
a distance; thought*transference. [< tele- 
4- -pathy.] —tel"e-path'ic, a. —tel"e-path'i- 
cal-ly, adv. — te-lep'a-thist, n. One who believes 
in telepathy, tel 'e-path j. 
tel'e-phone, ) 1 tel'i-fon; 2 tel'e-fon. I. vt. & vi. 
tel'e-fone 8 , ) [-phoned; -phon"ing.] To send 
by telephone; talk through the telephone. II. 
n. An instrument for reproducing sound at a 
distant point, by the transmission of im¬ 
pulses over a conducting wire or cord, espe¬ 
cially by means of electricity. [ < Gr. tele, 
far off, 4 phone, sound.]— tel"e-phon'ic, a .— 
tel"e-phon'i-cal-ly, adv. 
tel'e-scope, 1 tel'i-skop; 2 tSl'e-scop. I. vt. & vi. 
[-scoped*' ; -scop"ing.] To drive together like 
the sections of a small telescope. II. n. An 
optical instrument for enlarging the image of 
a distant object, as a star, on the retina of the 
eye. [ < Gr. tele, afar, 4- skopeo, see.]— tel"e- 
scop'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to the telescope. 2. 
Visible only with the aid of a telescope. tel"e- 
scop'i-calj.—te-les'co-py, n. 
tel 'fer-age, etc. See telpherage, etc. 
tell, ) 1 tel; 2 tel, v. [told; tell'ing.] I. t. 1. 
tel p , ) To relate in detail. 2. To communicate 
knowledge of; inform. 3. To command to; 
bid. 4. To utter. 5. To decide; ascertain. 

б. To number; enumerate. II. i. 1. To 
give an account or description. 2. To pro¬ 
duce a marked effect. [< AS. tellan,< talu, 
number.]—tell'er, n. 1. One who relates. 2. 
A person who receives or pays out money, as 
in a bank, or who collects and counts ballots.— 
tell'ing, pa. Producing a great effect; impres¬ 
sive; effective; striking. -ly. adv.— tell'tale". 
I. a. Tattling; betraying. II. n. 1. A tattler; 
tale*bearer. 2. A token; sign; indicator. 

Tell, 1 tel; 2 t6l, William. A legendary Swiss 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; an = out; ell: !0 = feud; cfhin; go; u = sin< 7 ; fhin, this. 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; fyll, rple, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; ipk; thin, this. 







telluric 

termagant 


602 


peasant and liberator, who is said to have ac¬ 
complished the feat of shooting an apple off his 
son’s head when ordered to do so by the Austrian 
governor, Gessler. 

tel-lu'ric, 1 te-liu'rik; 2 tfi-lu'rie, a. 1. Terres¬ 
trial. 2. Derived from or containing tellurium. 
[< L. tellus, earth.]— tel-lu'ri-um, n. A rare 
non-metallic element, having metallic luster. 

tel'pher-age, 1 tel'fsr-ij; 2 tdl'fer-ag, n. Auto¬ 
matic aerial transportation by electricity, as 
along a conducting cable. [ < Gt. tele, far 
off,-f- phero, bear.] tel'fer-agef. — tel'pher, a. 
&n. tel'f erf. 

te-mer'i-ty, 1 ti-mer'i-ti; 2 te-mer'i-ty, n. Ven¬ 
turesome boldness; rashness. [ < L. temeritas, 
< temere, rashly.] 

temp., abbr. Temporal, temporary. 

Tem'pe, 1 tem'pi; 2 tem'pe, n. A valley between 
Mounts Olympus and Ossa in Thessaly, famous 
■for its beauty and mild climate. 

tem'per, 1 tem'par; 2 tdm'per. I. vt. 1. To 
moderate; mitigate; calm. 2. To adjust. 3. 
To bring (a metal) to a certain degree of hard¬ 
ness by heating and suddenly cooling. II. n. 
1. Passion; irritation. 2. Condition or quality 
of mind; disposition. 3. Self-command; calm¬ 
ness. 4. The condition of a metal as regards 
hardness and brittleness. [< L. F tempero; 
see temperate, a.] 

tem'per-a-ment, 1 tem'per-a-ment or -ment; 
2 tem'per-a-ment, n. Individual peculiarity 
of physical and mental constitution; consti¬ 
tution; make-up; adjustment.— tem"per-a- 
men'tal, a. -ly, adv. 

tem'per-aace, 1 tem'par-ans; 2 tem'per-anc, 
n. 1. The state of being temperate; habitual 
moderation. 2. The principle and practise of 
total abstinence from intoxicating beverages. 

tem'per-ate, 1 tem'par-it; 2 tem'per-at, a. 1. 
Observing moderation; not indulging in in¬ 
toxicating liquors. 2. Moderate as regards 
temperature; as, the temperate zones. 3. Not 
excessive. [< L. tempero (pp. temperatus), 
proportion, < tempus, time.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 



tern 'per-a-ture, 1 tem'par-o-chur or -tiur; 2 
tem'per-a-chur or -tiir, n. Degree of sensible 
heat or cold; condition as regards heat or cold, 
tem 'pest, 1 tem'pest; 2 tem'pest, n. 1. An ex¬ 
tensive and violent wind, with rain, snow, or 
hail. 2. A violent commotion. [ < L. OF tem- 
pestas, < tempus, time.]—tem-pes'tu-ous, a. 
Stormy; turbulent, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Tem'plar, 1 tem'plar; 2 tem'plar,«. l.A memberof 
a military order 


founded in the 
12th century for 
the protection 
of pilgrims and 
the defense of 
Jerusalem, and 
known as 
K n 1 g li t s of 
the Temple or 
Knights Tem- 
p 1 a r s . The 
order was sup¬ 
pressed in 1312. 

2. [Eng.] A law 
student, or a 
lawyer, who 
lodges in the 
Temple, London. 
tem'ple 1 , )1 t 
tem'pi p , \ edi 


Temple Beth 
El, New York. 


tem'pi; 2 tem'pi, n. A stately 
edifice, forming a seat of worship. 


[ < L. AS templum, temple.] 


tem 'pie 2 , n. The region on each side of the head 
in front of the ear and above the cheek-bone. 
[OF., < L. tempora, pi. of tempus, temple.] 
tem'plet, 1 tem'plet; 2 tSm'piet, n. 1. A pat¬ 
tern or guide, as of wood or metal, adapted 
to the purpose of shaping something. 2. In 
building, a stout stone or timber for distrib¬ 
uting weight. [ < F. templet, stretcher, < L. 
templum, small timber.) tein'platet. 
tem'po-ral 1 , 1 tem'po-ral; 2 t£m'po-ral, a. 1. 
Pertaining to affairs of the present life; secu¬ 
lar; civil; as opposed to ecclesiastical or spiri¬ 
tual. 2. Pertaining to time, as opposed to 
eternity; earthly; transient. 3. Gram . Per¬ 
taining to or denoting time; as, temporal con¬ 
junctions. [OF., < L. temporalis, < tempus 
C tempor -), time.] -ly, adv. -ness, n.—tem"po- 
ral'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] A temporal or material 
matter, interest, revenue, etc.: usually plural. 
tem'po-ral 2 , a. Pertaining to or situated at 
the temple or temples. 

tem'po-ra-ry, 1 tem'po-re-n; 2 tSm'po-ra-ry, a. 
Lasting or intended to be used for a short time 
only. [ < L. temporarius, < tempus, time.]— 
tem 'po-ra"ri-ly, adv. —tem'po-ra"ri-ness, n. 
tem'po-rize, 1 tem'po-raiz; 2 tSm'po-riz, vi. 
[-rized; -riz'Tng.] 1. To pursue a policy of 
delay or time-serving. 2. To procrastinate. 
[< F. temporiser, < L. tempus, time.] tem'po- 
rlsej.—tem"po-ri-za'[or -sa']tlon, n. —tem'- 
po-riz"[or -rls"]er, n.—teru'po-riz"[or -ris"]- 
Ing-ly, adv. 

tempt 1 ', 1 tempt; 2 t£mpt, vt. 1. To offer or be 
an inducement to (somebody), especially for 
wrong-doing. 2. To provoke; defy. [< L. p 
tento, tempto, touch, try.]—tempt'a-bl(e p , a .— 
temp-ta'tton, n. 1. That which tempts. 2. The 
state of being tempted.—tempt'er, n .—tempt¬ 
ing, a. Alluring; attractive. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
—tempt 'ress, n. A woman who tempts, 
ten, 1 ten; 2 ten. I, a. Consisting of one more 
thannine. II. n. The sum of nine and one; the 
symbols designating it, 10 or X. [ < AS. ten, ten. ] 
ten., abbr. Tenor. 

ten'a-bl(e p , 1 ten'a-bl; 2 t£n'a-bl, a. Capable 
of being held or defended. [F., < tenir, hold ] 
—ten"a-bil'i-ty, n. ten'a-bl(e-nesssf.—ten'¬ 
a-bl y, adv. 

te-na'cious, 1 ti-ne'^hus; 2 te-na'shus, a. 1. 
Having great cohesiveness of parts; tough. 
2. Adhesive; sticky; unyielding. 3. Holding 
or tending to hold strongly, as opinions, 
rights, etc.: followed by of; hence, stubborn; 
obstinate. 4. Strongly retentive, as memory. 

[ < L. tenax. < teneo, hold.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
te-nac'i-tyt. 

ten'ant, 1 ten'ant; 2 tSn'ant. I d . vt. To hold 
as tenant; occupy. II. n. One who holds 
lands or tenements under another; a lessee. 
[F., ppr. of tenir, < L. teneo, hold.]—ten'an-cy, 
n. [-cies 2 , pi.] The state of being a tenant: oc¬ 
cupancy.—ten'ant-a-bl(e p , a. Inhabitable.— 
ten'ant-less, a. —ten'ant-ry, n. Tenants col¬ 
lectively. 

tencli, 1 tendh; 2 tdnch, n. A European fresh¬ 
water fish, very tenacious of life. [ < F. tanch .] 
tend ld , 1 tend; 2 tdnd, vi. 1. To have a bent, 
aptitude, or tendency. 2. To move in a cer¬ 
tain direction. [ < L. F tendo, stretch, tend.]— 
ten'den-cy, n. [-cies 2 , pi.] 1. The quality of 
tending toward some purpose, end, or result. 2. 
That which tends to produce some specified effect. 
ten<l 2d , vt. & vi. To look after; watch over; at¬ 
tend; serve. [Abbr. of attend.] 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n» 








603 


telluric' 

termagant 


ten'der, 1 ten'dar; 2 ten'der, vt. & vi. To pre¬ 
sent for acceptance; offer. [< L. F tendo, 
stretch.] 

ten'der, a. 1. Easily crushed, bruised, or in¬ 
jured. 2. Sensitive; delicate. 3. Easily af¬ 
fected or touched. 4. Requiring delicate 
treatment. 5. Considerate for others’ feelings, 
t < L. F tener, tender.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ten'der 1 , n. The act of tendering; an offer. 
tend'er 2 ,1 tend'ar; 2 tend'er, n. 1. A vessel at¬ 
tending a larger vessel. 2. A vehicle for car¬ 
rying fuel and water for a locomotive. 3. One 
who tends. [ < tend 2 , v.] 
ten'der-loin", 1 ten'dar-loin"; 2 tSn'der-loin", 
n. The tender part of the loin, as of beef, etc. 
ten'don, 1 ten'dan; 2 ten'don, n. One of the 
bands forming the terminations of the fleshy 
portion of the muscles. [ < L. LL tendo, stretch.] 
—ten'di-nous, a. 

ten'dril, 1 ten'dril; 2 ten'dril, n. A slender 
leafless organ of a plant, supporting it, as in 
climbing. [ < F. tendrille, < tendre, tender.] 
Ten'e-dos, 1 ten'i-des; 2 t&n'e-dos, n. An island 
in the iEgean sea off the W. coast of Asia Minor; 
16 sq. m.; pop. 4,000. 

ten 'e-inent, 1 ten'i-ment or -mant; 2 ten'e- 
ment, n. 1. A room or rooms for the occu¬ 
pancy of a family: usually applied to apart¬ 
ments of inferior grade. 2. A dwelling-house. 
[OF., < LL. tenementum, < L. teneo, hold.] 
Ten"er-iffe', 1 ten"ar-if'; 2 ten'er-if', n. An island 
of the Canary group: 785 sq. m.; pop. 180,000. 
ten'et, 1 ten'et; 2 ten'et, n. An opinion, prin¬ 
ciple, dogma, or doctrine. [L., lit. ‘ he holds.’] 
ten'fold, 1 ten'fold; 2 ten'fold. I. a. Made up 
of ten; ten times repeated. II. adv. In a ten¬ 
fold manner. 

Ten'iers, I ten'yarz; 2 ten'yerg, n. Either of two 
Flemish painters: (1) David (1582-1649), “The 
Elder.” (2) David (1610-1690), “ the Younger.” 
Tenn., abbr. Tennessee (official). 

Ten"nes-see', 1 ten"e-sl'; 2 ten"e-se', n. 1. A 
State in S. central United States; 42,022 sq. m.; 
pop. 3,337,885; capital. Nashville. 2. A river in 
central United States; 639 m. to the Ohio river, 
ten'nis, 1 ten'is; 2 ten'is, n. A game played by 
striking a ball with 
rackets over a net 
stretched perpen¬ 
dicularly across a 
space. 

Ten'ny-son, 1 ten'i- 
san; 2 ten'y-son, 

Alfred (1809- 
1892). Lord Ten¬ 
nyson, an English 

poet laureate; In Lawn-tennis Court. 

M e 7U 0 T i a m . a> poles to which the ends of the 

Ten" ny-so'ni-an, net, n, n. are attached; d e. eg, base. 
q lines, 36 feet long; i, k, halfacourt line, 

ten 'nil 1 + pn / ari . O 42 feet long; t-f, m service-lines, 27 
* v i , "*■ . “^rri feet long; g e, c d, side-lines for doub- 
ten on. I. vt I O les, 78 feet long. (For singles, the 
join by a mortise inner parallel lines are used as side 

and tenon. II. n. 

A projection, properly rectangular, on the end 
of a timber for inserting in a socket to form 
a joint. [F., < tenir, hold.] 
ten'or, 1 ten'ar; 2 ten'or, n. 1 . A settled course 
or manner of progress. 2. General purport. 3. 
The highest adult male voice; also, a singer 
having such a voice. [ < L. F tenor, < teneo, 
hold.] 

tense, 1 tens; 2 tens, a. 1 . Stretched tight; 
taut. 2. Under mental or nervous strain; 


* 

* 

ft 

i 

i 

ff 


ft 

71 





k 

< a 

A 


strained. [ < L. tensus; see tension.] -Iy, adv. 
-ness, n. 

tense, n. A form taken by a verb to indicate 
the time of an action, state, etc. [ < F. temps, 
+ L. tempus, time.] 

ten'sile, ) 1 ten'sil or -sail; 2 tSn'sil or -sll, a. 1. 
ten'sil 8 , ( Pertaining to tension. 2. Capable of 
extension. 3. Producing tones from stretched 
strings. [ < L. tensus; see tension.] 
ten'sion, 1 ten'sTian; 2 ten'shon, n. 1. The act 
of stretching; the condition of being stretched 
. tight. 2. Mental strain. 3. Any strained rela¬ 
tion; stress. [ < L. tensio(n~), a stretching.] 
tent 1 , 1 tent; 2 tent. I d . vt. & vi. To cover with 
or as with a tent; camp out. II. n. A shelter 
of canvas or 
the like, sup¬ 
ported by 
poles, and fas¬ 
tened by cords 
to pegs in the 
ground. [< 

L. LL+P lentus, 
pp. of tendo, 
stretch.]—tent'ed, pa. Overspread or covered 
with or sheltered by tents; as, the tented field. 
tent 2 . Surg. I. vt. To keep open with a tent; 
also, to probe. II. n. A small roll or bunch, 
as of lint, to prevent the closure of an ulcer or 
the like. [< L. LL+F tento, touch, try.] 
ten'ta-cl(e p , 1 ten'ta-kl; 2 ten'ta-cl, n. A pro¬ 
truding flexible appendage (usually of the 
head) of certain animals; a feeler. [< L. 
tento, touch, try.]—ten-tac'u-lar, a. 
ten'ta-tive, ) 1 ten'ta-tiv; 2 ten'ta-tiv. I. a. 
ten'ta-tiv 8 , (Used in making a trial; provi¬ 
sional. II. n. An experiment; attempt; trial. 
[< L. F tentativus, < lentalus, pp. of tento, touch, 
try.] 

ten'ter, 1 ten'tar; 2 ten'ter. I. vt. To stretch 
as on tenterhooks. II. n. 1. A machine for 
stretching cloth. 2. A tenterhook. [ < L. LL+F 
tendo, stretch.]— ten'ter shook", n. 1. A hook 
for holding cloth while being stretched. 2. Any¬ 
thing that causes mental tension, 
tenth, 1 tenth; 2 tenth. I. a. 1. Next in order 
after the ninth. 2. Being one of ten equal 
parts. II. n. One of ten equal parts.— tenth'- 
ly, adv. 

ten'u-ous, 1 ten'yu-us; 2 ten'yu-us, a. Thin; 
delicate; rare; subtile. [< L. tenuis, thin.]— 
ten-u'i-ty, n. 

ten'ure, 1 ten'yur; 2 ten'yur, n. 1. A holding, 
as of land. 2. The act of holding in general. 
[F., < tenir, hold.] 

tep'id, 1 tep'id; 2 tep'id, a. Moderately warm; 
lukewarm, as a liquid. [ < L. tepidus, < tepeo, 
he warm.]—tep'id-ness, n. —tep-ld'i-iy, n. 
ter., abbr. Terrace, territory.—terat., teratol., 
abbr. Teratology. 

te-re'do, 1 ti-rl'do; 2 te-re'do, w. See ship-worm. 
Ter'ence, 1 ter'ens; 2 ter'gnc, n. (195-159 B. C.) 
A Roman comic poet. Pub'li-us Te-ren'ti-us 
A'ferf. 

term, 1 turm; 2 term. I. 'vt. To designate by a 
term; name. II. n. 1. A word or expression 
to designate some fixed thing; especially, a 
technical word. 2. pi. Set speech. 3. A fixed 
period or limit of time. 4. pi. Conditions; basis 
of agreement. [ < L. F terminus, boundary.] 
term., abbr. Termination. 

ter'ma-gant, 1 tur'ma-gant; 2 ter'ma-gant, n. 
A brawling, turbulent woman; shrew.— ter'- 

ma-gan-cy, n. 



1-3 = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; (Thin; go; _ r) = sin| 7 ; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, d«; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 


















terminal 

thanksgiving 


604 


ter'mi-rial, 1 tur'mi-nal; 2 ter'mi-nal. I. o. 1. 
Pertaining to a boundary or an end. 2. Per¬ 
taining to a term or name. II. n. A termi¬ 
nating point or station, etc. [F., < LL. ter- 
minalis, < L. terminus, boundary.]—ter'mi- 
na-bl(e p , a. That may be terminated.—ter '- 
mi-nate, vt. & vi. [-nat"ed<i; -nat"ing.] 1. To 
put an end or stop to; come to an end; cease to 
be. 2. To be the boundary of ; be limited.—ter"- 
mi-na'tion, n. 1. The act of terminating. 2. A 
close; end. 3. The terminal letters or syllable of 
a word.—ter'mi-na-tiv(e 8 , a.— ter"mi-nol'- 
o-gy, n. 1 . The correct use and distribution of 
terms. 2. The technical terms, as of a science or 
art, collectively. 

ter'ini-nus, 1 tur'mi-nus; 2 ter'mi-nus, n. 
[-ni, pi] 1. The final point or goal; end; ter¬ 
minal. 2. A boundary or border. [L.] 
ter'mite, 1 tur'mait; 2 ter'mlt, n. A white ant. 

ter'inesj. 

tern, 1 turn; 2 tern, n. A small gulldike bird 
with pointed bill. [ < Dan. 
terne.] 

ter'na-ry, 1 tur'na-n; 2 ter 7 - 
na-ry. I. a. Formed or consist¬ 
ing of three, ter'natet. II. 
n. [-ries z , pi] A group of three; 
a triad. [< L. LI * term, by 
threes.] 

Terp-sich'o-re, 1 turp-sik'o-rl; 2 Common Tern, 
terp-sle'o-rg, n. Gr. Myth. The Vis 

Muse of dancing.— Terp"si-cho-re'an, a. Of or 
relating to Terpsichore, or to dancing, 
ter'ra, 1 ter'a; 2 ter'a, n. The earth; earth. [L.] 
— ter'ra«cot"ta, n. Clay pottery, as for building 
or ornamentation.— t. firma, dry land; mainland, 
ter'race, 1 ter'is; 2 ter'ag. I. vt. [ter'raced 1 ; 
ter'rac-ing.1 To fashion as a terrace; build 
in terraces. II. n. 1. A raised level space, as 
of lawn; also, such levels collectively. 2. The 
flat roof of an Oriental or Spanish house. 
[OF., < It. terraccia, < terra, earth.] 
ter'rane, ) 1 ter'en or te-ren'; 2 ter'an or t6- 
ter'rain, ( ran', n. Geol. 1. A formation or con¬ 
tinuously related series of formations. 2. A 
tract or region considered with reference to 
some special purpose. [ < F. terrain, ground, 
ult. < L. terra, earth.] 

ter'ra-pin, 1 ter'a-pin; 2 t£r'a-pfn, n. One of 
various tortoises, 
ter-ra'que-ous, 1 
te-re'kwi-us; 2 tS- 
ra'kwe-us, a. 

Composed of or 
containing both 
land and water; Salt*marsh Terrapin. Vs 

as, the terraqueous globe (the earth). [< L. 
terra, earth, land, 4- aqua, water.] 
ter-rene', 1 te-rin'; 2 t§-ren', a. 1. Of or per¬ 
taining to earth; earthy. 2. Earthly or terres¬ 
trial; mundane. [< L. terrenus, < terra, 
earth.] 

ter-res'tri-al, 1 te-res'tri-al; 2 te-r6s'tri-al, a. 
1 . Belonging to or identical with the earth: 
opposed to celestial or distinguished from 
what pertains to other planets, to the sun, 
stars, etc. 2. Pertaining to land or earth. 3. 
Living on the earth or land: opposed to 
aquatic, aerial, etc. [OF., < L. terrestris, < 
terra, earth.] 

ter'ret, 1 ter'et; 2 ter'gt, n. One of tw T o metal 
rings projecting from the saddle of a harness, 
through which the reins are passed; also, any 
similar ring. [ < F. touret, small wheel.] 


ter'ri-bl(e p , 1 ter'i-bl; 2 ter'i-bl, a. Of a nature 
to excite terror or dread; appalling. [F., < L. 
terribilts, < terreo, terrify.] -ness, n.—ter'rl- 
bly, adv. 

ter'ri-er, 1 ter'i-ar; 2 tSr'i-er, «. A small dog, 
adapted to pursue burrowing animals or ver¬ 
min. [OF., < LL. terrarius, of the earth.] 
ter'ri-fy, 1 ter'i-fai; 2 t£r'i-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] To fill with extreme terror. [ < L. 
terreo, terrify, 4- facio, make.] — ter-rif'ic, a. 
Such as to inspire with terror; very alarming, 
ter'ri-to-ry, 1 ter'i-to-ri; 2 ter'i-to-ry, n. 
[-ries z , pi] 1. The domain over which a 
sovereign state exercises jurisdiction. 2. Any 
considerable tract of land. 3. [T-] A division 
of the national domain of the United States 
having a separate government in the expecta¬ 
tion that it will become a State. [ < L. F terri- 
torium, < terra, earth.]—ter"ri-to'ri-al, a. Per¬ 
taining to a territory or territories, -ly, adv. — 
ter"ri-to"ri-al'i-ty, n. 1. Possession and right¬ 
ful ownership of territory. 2. The character of 
being a territory or territorial, 
ter'ror, 1 ter'ar; 2 t£r'or, n. 1. Extreme fright. 
2. That which causes extreme fear. [ < L. F 
terror, < terreo, frighten.]—ter'ror-ism, n. The 
act of terrorizing; a system that seeks to rule by 
inspiring terror; coercive intimidation.—ter'- 
ror-ize, vt. To reduce to a state of terror, ter'- 
ror-isej. 

terse, 1 turs; 2 ters, a. Elegantly concise; short 
and pointed; sententious. [ < L. tersus, pp. of 
tergo, rub off.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ter'tian, 1 tur'shen; 2 ter'shan. Med. I. o. 
Recurring on the third day. II. n. A disease, 
the paroxysms of which return with one in¬ 
tervening day. [ < L. tertianus, < ter, thrice.] 
ter'ti-a-ry, 1 tur'^hi-e-n; 2 ter'shi-a-ry, a. 
Third in number or degree. [ < L. tertiarius, 
< tertius, third.] 

Ter-tul'li-an, 1 tar-tul'i-an; 2 ter-tul'i-an, n. A 
writer in the early Latin Church, 2d and 3d 
centuries. 

tes'sel-late, 1 tes'el-et; 2 tSs'el-at, vt. [-lath¬ 
ed' 1 ; -lat'Tng.] To construct in the style of 
checkered mosaic, as pavement. [ < L. tes- 
sellatus, checkered.]—tes"sel-la'tion, n. 
test ld , 1 test; 2 t6st, vt. To try by experiment 
or by examination; prove. 
test° d , vt. To attest. [ < L. testor, testify.] 
test 1 , n. 1. Subjection to conditions that dis¬ 
close the true character of a person or thing. 
2. An examination; critical trial. 3. A crite¬ 
rion or standard. [OF., < L. testum, pot.] 
test 2 , n. A rigid external case or covering; shell 
[< L. tesla, shell.] tes'tat.—Tes-ta'ce-a, 1 tes¬ 
te' Shi-a; 2 tes-ta'shi-a, n. pi. An order of shell* 
bearing invertebrates; shell*fish.—tes-ta'ce-an, 
a. & n. —tes-ta 'ceous, a. 1. Derived from shells 
or shelUfish. 2. Having a hard continuous shell. 
Test., abbr. Testament. 

tes'ta-ment, 1 tes'ta-ment or -mant; 2 t6s'- 
ta-ment, n. 1. The written declaration of 
one’s last will touching the disposition of 
property after death. 2. [T-] One of the two 
volumes of the Bible, distinguished as the 
Old and the New Testament. [F., < L. 
testamentum, < testor, testify, make a will.]— 
tes"ta-men 'tal, a. Pertaining to a testament or 
will.—tes"ta-men'ta-ry, a. 1. Derived from, 
bequeathed by, or set forth in a will. 2. Ap¬ 
pointed by a will. [will before decease, 

tes'tate, 1 tes'tet; 2 tes'tat, a. Having made a 
tes-ta'tor, 1 tes-te'tar or -ter; 2 tSs-ta'tor, n. 




1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 









605 


terminal 

thanksgiving 


The maker of a will; one who has died leaving 
a will.—tes-ta'trix, n. fern. 
test'er 1 , 1 test'ar; 2 t&st'er, n. One who tests; 
a device for testing. 

tes'ter 2 , 1 tes'tar; 2 tSs'ter, n. A flat canopy 
over a tomb, a pulpit, or a bed. [< L. OF 
testa, shell.] 

tes'ti-cle, 1 tes'ti-kl; 2 tSs'ti-el, n. One of the 
two genital glands of the male, f < L. testi- 
culas, dim. of testis, testicle.] tes'tist. 
tes'ti-fy, 1 tes'ti-fai; 2 t£s'ti-fy, v. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To bear testimony to. 2. To de¬ 
clare on oath or affirmation. II. i. 1. To give 
legal testimony. 2. To serve as evidence. [< 
L. OF testis, witness. + facio, make.]— tes'ti-fi- 
ca"to-ry, a .— tes'tl-fi"er, n. 
tes'ti-mo-ny, 1 tes'ti-mo-ni; 2 tes'ti-mo-ny, n. 
[-nies z , pi.) 1. A statement or affirmation of 
a fact, as before a court; evidence. 2. The act 
of testifying; attestation. [< L. testimonium, 
< testor, testify.]— tes"ti-mo'ni-aI. I. a. Per¬ 
taining to testimony or a testimonial. II. n. 1. 
A formal token of regard. 2. A written certificate, 
tes-tu'di-nal, 1 tes-tiu'di-nal; 2 tes-tu'di-nal, a. 
Of, pertaining to, or like a turtle. [ < L. testudo 
ftestudin-), turtle.] tes"tu-din'e-alt. 
tes'ty, 1 tes'ti; 2 tSs'ty, a. [tes'ti-er; tes'ti- 
est.] Having an irritable disposition; quick* 
tempered; touchy. [ < OF. testu, < teste, head.] 
— tes'ti-ly, adv. —tes'ti-ness, n. 
tet'a-nus, 1 tet'a-nus; 2 tet'a-nus, n. Rigid 
spasmodic contraction of the muscles, as in 
lockjaw. [L., < Gr. telanos, rigid.]— te-tan'ic, a. 
tete"*a»tete', 1 tet"*a*tet'; 2 tet"*a*tet'. I. a. 
Being face to face; hence, confidential. II. n. 

1. A private interview. 2. A sofa on which two 
persons may face each other. III. adv. In pri¬ 
vate or personal talk. [F., < tHe, head, -f- a, to.] 

teth'er, 1 teth'ar; 2 tSth'er. I. vt. To confine 
with a tether. II. n. Something used to 
check or confine, especially a rope for fasten¬ 
ing an animal so as to limit its range. [ < AS. 
teddor.] 

tet'ra-, 1 tet'ra-; 2 tSt'ra-. A combining form. 
[< Gr. teltares, four.]—tet'ra-gon, n. A figure 
having four angles; a quadrangle.—tet-rag'o- 
nal, a. —tet"ra-he'dral, 1 tet'ra-hl'dral; 2 t6t'- 
ra-he'dral, a. —tet"ra-he'dron, n. [-dra, pi.] 
A solid bounded by four plane triangular faces. 
—te-tram'e-ter. Pros. I. a. Having four bases 
or measures. II. n. A verse thus composed.— 
tet'rarch, 1 tet'rark or tl'trark; 2 tet'rare or 
te'trarc, n. 1. The governor of one part of a 
country that is divided into four governments. 

2. A tributary prince under the Romans.—tet'- 
rarch-y, n. —tet"ra-syl'la-bl(e p , n. A word of 
four syllables.—tet"ra-syl-lab'ic, a. 

tet'ter, 1 tet'ar; 2 tet'er, n. A vesicular skin* 
disease, as eczema. [ < AS. teter.] 

Teu'cer, 1 tiu'sar; 2 tu'cer, n. Half»brother of 
Ajax; noted as an archer; founder of Salamis. 
Tout., abbr. Teuton, Teutonic. 

Tcu'ton, 1 tiu'tan; 2 tu'ton, n. A German, es¬ 
pecially one of an ancient German tribe [ < 
L. Teuloni, representing the native name.]—Teu¬ 
ton Me, a. Pertaining to the Teutons; German. 
Tewkes'bur-y, 1 tiuks'ber-i; 2 tuks'ber-y, n. A 
borough in Gloucestershire, England, where Ed¬ 
ward IV. defeated Henry VI. and Queen Mar¬ 
garet, May 4, 1471. 

Tex., abbr. Texan, Texas (official). 

Tex'as, 1 teks'as; 2 teks'as. n. A State in S. W. 
United States; 265,896 sq m.; pop. 4,663,228; 
capital, Austin.—Tex'an, a. & n. 
text, 1 tekst; 2 tekst, n. 1. The body of matter 


on a written or printed page, as distinguished 
from notes, illustrations, etc. 2. A verse of 
Scripture. 3. Any subject of discourse; a 
topic; theme. 4. One of several styles of let¬ 
ters or types. [ < L. F textus , < texo , weave.]— 
text'sbook", n. A book used as a standard work 
in any branch; schoobbook; a manual.— tex'tu- 
al,a. 1. Pertaining to the text; verbal. 2. Versed 
in texts.— tex'tu-al-ism, n. 1. Rigid adherence 
to the letter of a text. 2. The art of textual criti¬ 
cism.— tex'tu-al-lst, n. — tex'tu-al-ly, adv. 
tex'tile, / 1 teks'til; 2 teks'til, a. 1. Pertaining 
tex'til 3 , \ to weaving or woven fabrics. 2. 
Manufactured by weaving. [ < L. textilis , < 
textus ; see text.] 

tex'ture, 1 teks'dhur or -tiur; 2 tSks'chur or 
-tur, n. 1. The disposition, arrangement, or 
character presented by the threads, etc., of a 
woven fabric. 2. Hence, structural order, as 
of tissues. 3. A web. [F., < L. textura, < 
texo, weave.] 

Tez-cat"li-po'ca, 1 tes-kdt"H-po'ka; 2 t6s-eat’- 
11-po'ea, n. One of the ancient gods of the Mexi¬ 
can race; brother of Quetzalcoatl. 
tf., abbr. Till forbidden.—t. g., abbr. Type genus, 
-th, suffix. In (1) abstract nouns, as heal//;, weal//;, 
(2) ordinals, as four th, fifth, and (3) the third per¬ 
son singular of the present indicative of verbs, aa 
doth, ha//;. [(1) < *AS. -th, -/. (2) < AS. -tha, 
-the. (3) < AS. -eth, -alh .] [Thursday. 

Th., abbr. Theophilus, Thomas.—Th., Tliu., abbr. 
Thack'er-ay, 1 thak'or-e; 2 thak'er-a, William 
Makepeace (1811-1863). An English novelist; 
satirist: Vanity Fair. 

tha'ler, 1 ta'lar; 2 ta'ler, n. A former monetary 



Crown Thaler of Frederick I. Vs 


unit of some German states, worth about 71 
cents 

Tha'les, 1 fhe'llz; 2 tha'leg, of Miletus (640-546 
B. C.). A Greek physical philosopher, astrono¬ 
mer, and geometer; one of the Seven Sages. 
Tha-li'a, 1 tha-lai's; 2 tha-li'a, n. The Muse of 
joy; presided over comedy, pastoral poetry, etc. 
Thames, 1 temz; 2 temg, n. A river of S. England; 

209 m. through London to the North Sea. 
than, 1 than; 2 than, conj. When, as, or if com¬ 
pared with: used to express comparison. [< 
AS. thanne, than.] 

thane, 1 then; 2 than, n. An ancient English 
warrior or nobleman. [ < AS. thegen, thegn.\ 
thank, 1 fhaqk; 2 thank. I‘. vt. To express 
gratitude to. II. n. The act of thanking; 
gratitude expressed: generally in the plural. 
[< AS. thancian, < thane, thanks, thoughts.]—• 
thank 'ful, a. 1. Deeply sensible of kindness re¬ 
ceived. 2. Done or made to express thanks, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. — thank'less, a. 1. Not grateful. 
2. Unthanked, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — thank'- 
wor"thy, a. Worthy of thanks: meritorious. 
thanks"giv'ing, 1 thar)ks"giv'ir); 2 thanks"- 
giv'ing, n. 1. The act of giving thanks, as to 
God. 2. A form of worship in recognition of 
divine mercies. 3. A public celebration in 
recognition of divine favor.— Thanksgiving 
Day, in the United States, a day, usually the last 


1:a = final; l = habit^ aisle; an = out: oil; iu = fez/d; <fhin; go; ij = sing; thin, this, 
2:wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bhrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 














that 

thick 


606 


Thursday in November, set apart as an annual 
festival of Thanksgiving for the year’s blessings, 
that, 1 that; 2 that. I. a. [those, pi] 1. The 
(one) specially designated. 2. Such. 3. The 
(one) there. II. pron. 1. As a demonstrative; 
the person or thing mentioned or understood. 
2. As a relative, who or which. III. conj. 1. 
As a fact that. 2. So that. 3. Seeing that. 
4. As a result. 5. When. [ < AS. thast.] 
thatch, 1 thadh; 2 thach. I 1 , vt. & vi. To cover 
with a thatch. II. n. 1. A covering of reeds, 
etc., for a roof. 2. A palm used for thatch¬ 
ing. [< AS. thaec, cover.]—thatch 'er, n. 
thau'ma-trope, 1 the'ma-trop; 2 tha'ma- 
trop, «. An optical toy, in which pictures on 
opposite sides of a card appear to blend to¬ 
gether when the card is rapidly twirled, as 
by strings. [ < Gr. thauma, wonder, + tropos, 
turning, < trepo, turn.] 

thau'ma- turge, 1 fhe'ma-turj; 2 tha'ma-tClrg, 
n. One who performs w r onders or miracles; a 
wonder-worker; magician. [< LL. thauma - 
turgus, < Or. lhaumalourgos, < thauma, wonder, 
+ ergon, work.] thau"ma-tur 'gistj.—thau"- 
ma-tur'gic, a.—tliau'ma-tur"gy, n. 
thaw, 1 the; 2 tha. I. vt. & vi. To dissolve or 
melt, as ice or snow. II. n. 1. The act of 
thawing. 2. Warmth of weather such as melts 
things frozen. [ < AS. thawian, thaw.] 
the, 1 thi, thi, or tha; 2 the, the, or the. I. defi¬ 
nite art. or a. Belonging to a distinct and 
definite class. II. adv. By this; for this; to 
this extent; as, the sooner the better. [ < AS. 
demon, th-.] 

the'ar-chy, 1 thi'ar-ki; 2 the'ar-cy, n. 1. Gov¬ 
ernment by a supreme deity. 2. A theocracy. 
[ < Gr. theos, God, + archo, rule.] 
theat., abbr. Theatrical. 

the'a-ter,) 1 fhl'a-ter; 2 the'a-ter, n. 1. A 
the'a-tre, j building especially adapted to 
dramatic representations; playhouse. 2. Any 
place or region that is the scene of events. [ < 
Gr. L+F theatron, < thea, sight.]—the-at'ri-cal. 
I. a. 1. Pertaining to the theater. 2. Designed 
for show, display, or effect, the-at'rict. II. n. 
pi. A dramatic performance.—the-at'ri-cal-Iy, 
adv. —the-at'ri-cal-ness, n. 

Thebes, 1 thlbz; 2 thebg, n. 1. The ancient capital 
of Upper Egypt. 2. The chief city of ancient 
Bceotia; home of many myths; dominant power 
in central Greece until destroyed by Alexander. 
—The'ban, a. & n. 

thee, 1 till; 2 the, pers. pron. The objective 
case of the personal pronoun of the second 
person singular: used in prayer, poetry, etc. 
[ < AS. thi, acc. and dat. of thu, thou.] 
theft, 1 theft; 2 theft, n. 1. The act of thiev¬ 
ing; larceny. 2. That which is stolen. [ < AS. 
theofth, < theof, thief.] 

their, ) 1 thar, tharz; 2 th£r, th6r§, poss. pron. 
theirs, ) pi. Possessive cases of they. [ < AS. 

thara, thxra, gen. of tha, they.] 
the'ism, 1 thl'izm; 2 the'Igm, n. Belief in God; 
opposed to atheism. [ < Gr. theos, god.]— 
the'ist, n .— the-ls'tic, the-is'ti-cal, a. 
them, 1 them; 2 thSm, pron. pi. Objective 
case of they. [< AS. tham.]— them-selves 
pron. Plural of himself, herself, itself. 
theme, 1 thlm; 2 them, n. 1. A subject as of 
discourse; a topic. 2. Any composition writ¬ 
ten as an exercise; an essay; dissertation. 
[OF., < Gr.L thema, < tithemi, place.]—the- 
mat'ic, a. 

The-mis'to-cles, 1 tin-mis'to-kllz; 2 the-mis'to- 


cie§, n. An Athenian statesman and soldier 
(.514?—449 B. C.); created Athenian naval policy, 
then, 1 then; 2 th£n. I. adv. 1. At that time. 
2. Next or immediately afterward. 3. Atanoth- 
er time. II. conj. 1. For that reason; there¬ 
fore. 2. In that case. [ < AS. thaenne, then.] 
thence, ) 1 thens; 2 th8n<;, adv. 1. From that 
thense p , ) place or time. 2 . Therefore. [ME. 
thennes, adv. gen., < AS. thanan.] —thence"- 
forth', adv. From that time forth, tlience"- 
for'wardj. 

the'o-, 1 thi'o-; 2 the'o-. A combining form. 
[< Gr. theos, god.]— the-oc'ra-cy, n. [-ciesz, 
pi.] 1. A government recognizing the immediate 
sovereignty of God. 2. Hence, government by 
ecclesiastics.— the"o-crat'lc, -i-cal, a. — the- 
og'o-ny, w. The generation or genealogy of the 
gods, especially as recited in ancient poetry.— 
the"o-gon'lc, a. — tho-og'o-nist, n. — the'o- 
log, the'o-logue, n. [Colloq.] A theological 
student. — the-ol'o-gy, n. [-giesz, pi.] The 
branch of religious science that treats of God.— 
the"o-lo'gi-an, n. One versed in theology; a 
divine.— the"o-log'ic, the"o-log'i-cal,a. Per¬ 
taining to theology.— the"o-Iog'i-cal-ly, adv. — 
the"o-mor'phic, a. Having the form or like¬ 
ness of God.— the-os'o-phy, n. 1. Mystical 
speculation as used to form a basis for a system 
of philosophy. 2. Specifically, in its modern 
phase, a system claiming to embrace the essen¬ 
tial truth underlying all religion and science.— 
the"o-soph'lc, a. the"o-soph'l-calt.—the"- 
o-soph'i-cal-ly, adv.— the-os'o-phist, n. 
Tlieo., abbr. Theodore. 

The-oc'ri-tus, 1 thi-ek'n-tus; 2 the-6c'ri-tfis, n. 
A Greek poet; probably of Syracuse; flourished 
in the 3d century B. C. 

the-od'o-Iite, 1 thi-ed'o-lait; 2 the-od'o-lit, n. 

One of several sur¬ 
veying and astro¬ 
nomical instruments 
for measuring hori¬ 
zontal and vertical 
angles. [Of Ar. 
origin.] 

The-od'o-rie, 1 fhi- 

ed'o-rik; 2 the-od'o- 
ric, “the Great “(454- 
520). A king of the 
Ostrogoths; ruler of 
Italy. 

The"o-do'si-us, 1 

thUo-do'Shi-us; 2 the"- 
o-do'shi-us, n. “The Great” (346-395). A Ro¬ 
man emperor of the East, 
thcnl., abbr. Theologian, theological, theology.— 
theor., abbr. Theorem. 

the'o-rem, 1 flil'o-rem; 2 the'o-rSm, n. A 
proposition demonstrably true, or one set¬ 
ting forth something to be proved. [ < Gr. 
theorema, < theoreo, look at.] —the"o-rem-at'- 
ic, a. tlie"o-rem'ict.' 

the'o-ry, 1 fhl'o-ri; 2 the'o-ry, n. [-ries z , pl.l 
1. A plan or scheme subsisting in the mind 
only. 2. A body of the fundamental principles 
underlying a science. 3. Abstract knowledge 
of any art. 4. A proposed explanation. [ < 
Gr.n+F theoria, viewing, theory. < theoreo, look 
at.] — the"o-ret'ic, the"o-ret'i-cal, a. Per¬ 
taining to theory; speculative; hypothetical.— 
the"o-ret'i-ca!-ly, adv. — the'o-rlst, n. One 
who theorizes.— tlie'o-rize, vt. & vi. [-rized; 
-riz"ing.] To form or express theories; speculate, 
the'o-risej.—the'o-riz"[or -ris"]er, n. 
theos., abbr. Theosophist, theosophy.— therap., 
abbr. Therapeutic, therapeutics. 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, dr, wdn, 









607 


that 

thick 


ther"a-peu'tic, 1 €her"8-piu'tik; 2 ther"a-pu'- 
tic, a. 1. Having healing qualities. 2. Per¬ 
taining to therapeutics. ther"a-peu'ti-cal:j:. 
l< Gr. therapeutikos, < therapeutes, attendant.] 
—ther"a-peu'tics, n. The department of medi¬ 
cal science that relates to diseases and remedies 
and remedial treatment of disease, tlier 'a-py J. 
there, 1 thar; 2 tlier, adv. 1. In or at that 
place. 2. To that place; thither. 3. At that 
stage. [< AS. ther, thser, there.]— therea¬ 
bout", adv. Near that number, quantity, etc., 
approximately, there'a-bouts"t.—there-aft'- 
er. I. n. The time following an event. II. adv. 
1. Afterward. 2. Accordingly.—there-at', adv. 
Upon that.—tnerc-by', adv. 1. Through the 
agency of that. 2. Connected with that. 3. Con¬ 
formably to that. 4. Near by.—there-for', adv. 
For that or this. — there'fore, adv. & conj. 
For that or this reason; consequently.—there¬ 
from', adv. From this or that time, place, etc.— 
there-in', adv. 1. In that place. 2. In that time, 
matter, etc.—there-of'||, adv. 1. Of this, that, or 
it. 2. Therefrom.—there-on', adv. On this, 
that, or it.—there-out', adv. From or out of 
that or this.—there-to'||, adv. 1. To this, that, 
or it. 2. In addition. there"un-to't.—there"- 
up-on', adv. Upon that.—there-with', adv. 1. 
With this, that, or it. 2. Thereupon.—there"- 
with-al', adv. Besides. 


The-re'sa, 1 ta-rl'sa; 2 te-re'sa, Saint (1515— 
1582). A Spanish 
Carmelite nun and 
writer. 

ther'mal, 1 thur'mal; 

2 ther'mal, a. Per¬ 
taining to, deter- 
mined by, or 
measured by heat. 

tlier'mo-, 1 €hur'- 

mo-; 2 ther'mo-. A 
combining form. 

[< Gr. therme, heat.] 

— t h e r "in o-d y- 
nam'ic, a. Of or 
pertaining to the 
transformation of 
heat*energy into 
motion, or to the re¬ 
lations between 
them.— ther "mo- 



dy-nam'ics. 

Physics. That branch 
of the theory of heat 
treating of the rela¬ 
tions between heat 
and mechanical work. 

— ther"mo - e - lec '- 
trie, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to thermoelec¬ 
tricity, as a thermo¬ 
electric battery, in 
which an electric 
current is set up by 
heating the junction* 
points of two strips 
of different metals.— 
ther"mo-e-iec- 
tric'i-ty, n. Elec¬ 
tricity generated by 
differences of tem¬ 
perature .— ther"- 
mo-gen'ic,a. Heat* 
producing. 

ther-mom'e-ter, 1 thar-mem'e-tar; 2 ther- 
mom'e-ter, n. An instrument for measuring 
degrees of temperature.— ther"mo-met'ri- 


Four Principal Thermo¬ 
metric Scales. 


cal, a.—ther"mo-met'ri-cai-ly, adv.— ther- 
mom'e-try, n. 

ther'mo-pile, 1 thur'mo-pail; 2 ther'mo-pil, n. 
A thermoelectric battery, especially when 
used with a galvanometer to measure small 
amounts of radiant heat. [ < thermo- -f- L. 
pila, pier.] 

Ther-mop 'y-lse, 1 fhar-mep'i-11; 2 ther-mop'y-le, 
n. A narrow mountain pass from Thessaly into 
Greece, defended by Leonidas against Xerxes, 
Aug. 7 to 9, 480 B. C. 

ther'mo-scope, 1 thur'mo-skop; 2 ther'mo- 
scop, n. An instrument for detecting changes 
or differences of temperature without accurate¬ 
ly measuring them. [ < thermo- + -scope- 
ther'ino-stat, 1 thur'mo-stat; 2 ther'mo-stat, 
n. A device for the automatic regulation of 
temperature by utilizing the expansion and 
contraction caused by changes of tempera¬ 
ture in certain metals. [ < thermo- + Gr. 
histemi, stand.]— ther"mo-stat'ic, a. — ther"- 
mo-stat'i-cal-ly, adv. —ther"mo-stat'ics, ra. 
Physics. The theory of the equilibrium of heat, 
the-sau'rus, 1 thi-so'rus; 2 the-sa'rus, n. A 
repository of words or knowledge; a lexicon 
or cyclopedia. [ < Gr. L thesaurus, treasure* 
house, < tilhemi, place.] 
these, 1 thlz; 2 theg, a. & pron. Plural of this. 
The'seus, 1 fhl'sius or -si-us; 2 the'sus or -se-us, n. 
A Greek legendary hero of Attica; center of 
numerous myths. 

the 'sis, 1 thi'sis; 2 the'sis, n. [the'ses, pZ.] 
1. A proposition to be defended. 2. An essay 
or treatise on a particular subject; theme. 
[L., < Gr. thesis, < tithemi, place.] 
Thes'pi-an, 1 thes'pi-an; 2 thes'pi-an, a. Per¬ 
taining to or characteristic of Thespis,reputed 
inventor of Greek tragedy; hence, tragic; dramatic. 
Thess., abbr. Thessalonians. 
Thes"sa-lo'ni-an, 1 fhes"9-lo'm-an; 2 thes"a- 
lo'ni-an, n. 1. A native of Thessalonica (now 
Saloniki), a city of Macedonia. 2. pi. Bib. Two 
of St. Paul’s epistles to the Christians of that 
city.—Thes"sa-lo'ni-an, a. 

Thes"sa-lon'1-ca, 1 Oies"a-len'i-ka or fhes'a-lo- 
nai'ka; 2 thes"a-16n'i-ea or thes"a-lo-nrea, n. 
Same as Saloniki. 

Thes'sa-ly, 1 fhes'a-h; 2 thes'a-ly, n. A district in 
N. Greece; formerly the N. E. division of ancient 
Greece. 4,790 sq. m.— Thes-sa'Ii-an, a. & n. 
The'tis, 1 fhl'tis; 2 the'tis, n'Gr. Myth. A nereid, 
the mother of Achilles, who made her son invul¬ 
nerable by dipping him in the Styx, save for his 
heel, by which she held him. 
the'ur-gy, 1 fhl'ur-ji; 2 the'Ctr-gy, n. The 
production of miraculous results by divine 
agency; magical science as practised by means 
of invocations, talismans, etc. [ < Gr. L theos, 
god, + ergon, work.]— the-ur'gic, the-ur'gi- 
cal, a. —the-ur'gi-cal-ly, adv. 
thew, 1 fhiu; 2 thu, n. A sinew or muscle; in 
plural, bodily strength. [ < AS. theaw, manner.] 
they, 1 the; 2 the, pron. pi. [their or theirs, 
poss.; them, obj .] These or those understood 
or mentioned. [ < AS. tha, pi. of the{se), that.] 
thick, 1 €hik; 2 thik. I. o. 1. Having rela¬ 
tively large depth from one surface to its 
opposite. 2. Having a specified dimension 
distinguished from length and width. 3. Ar¬ 
ranged compactly; close. 4. Set or furnished 
with abundande; abounding; dense. 5. Over¬ 
charged with vapor; foggy; misty; dull. II. 
n. 1. The dimension of thickness. 2. The 
time when or place where anything is thickest 


1* a = final* l = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = fewd; tfhin; go; g = sin 0 ; thin, this. 
2 : wolf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 












































thief 

thrice 


60 $ 


or most intense. III. adv. In a thick man¬ 
ner. [< AS. thicce, thick.]—thick'en, vt. & 
vi. To make or become thick or thicker.—thick '- 
en-ing, n. 1. The act of making or becoming 
thick. 2. Something added to a liquid that in¬ 
creases its consistency. — thick'et, n. A thick 
growth, as of small trees. — thick'ly, adv. — 
thick'ness, n. — thick-set", a. 1. Having a 
short, thick body; stout. 2. Closely planted.— 
thick-skinned", a. Having a thick skin; hence, 
not sensitive; callous. 

thief, 1 fhif; 2 thef, n. [thieves, 1 thivz; 2 thev§, 

; pi .] One who steals, especially one who steals 
furtively. [< AS. theof, thief.]—thiev(e p , vt. & 
vi. [thiev(e)d;thiev'ing.] Totakebytheft; pur¬ 
loin; steal.—thiev'er-y, n. The practise of thiev¬ 
ing.—thiev'ish, a. 1. Addicted to thieving. 2. 
Furtive. 3. Resembling theft, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
Thiers, 1 tyar; 2 tyer, Louis Adolphe (1797— 
1877). A French historian; statesman; president, 
thigh, 1 £hai; 2 thi, n. The part of the leg be¬ 
tween the hip and the knee. [ < AS. theoh, 
thigh. [vehicle. [ < AS. thille, board.] 

thill, 1 €hil; 2 thil, n. One of the shafts of a 
thim'bl (e p , 1 thim'bl; 2 thim'bl, n. A cap, or 
broad ring of metal, worn on the end of the 
finger in sewing; hence, any device of similar 
shape, as a metal ring forming a guard over 
a loop or eye on a sail, etc. [ < AS. thymel, < 
thUma, thumb.]—thim'ble-rig", n. A gambling* 
game in which a pea or ball is shifted about from 
one to another of three inverted thimble-shaped 
cups: frequently used as a means of cheating at 
country fairs, etc.—thim 'ble-rig", vt. & vi. To 
cheat by trickery.—thim'ble-rig"ger, n. 
thin, 1 thin; 2 thin. I. vt. & vi. [thinned, 
thind 8 ; thin'ning.] To make or become thin. 
II. a. [thin'ner; thin'nest.] 1. Having 
opposite surfaces very close to each other; not 
thick. 2. Having little roundness or plump¬ 
ness of figure; lean. 3. Having the compo¬ 
nent parts or particles scattered or diffused; 
sparse; rare. 4. Having little substance or con¬ 
sistency. Ill || • adv. Thinly. [< AS. thynne, 
thin.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. —thin—skinned", a. 
Having a thin skin; hence, easily offended; sen¬ 
sitive. 

thine, 1 thain; 2 thin, a. Of or belonging to 
thee: used now mostly in poetry, prayer, etc. 
[ < AS. thin, gen. of thu, thou.] 
thing, 1 thir); 2 thing, n. 1. Any distinct ob¬ 
ject of thought. 2. Any inanimate substance. 
3. Any object, appearance, or existence, in¬ 
definitely. 4. pi. Personal belongings, as 
clothes. [< AS. thing, thing, cause.] 
think, 1 thirjk; 2 think, v. [thought; think¬ 
ing.] I. t. 1. To produce or form by mental 
processes. 2. To examine mentally. 3. To 
remember. 4. To conceive of; purpose. II. 

1. To exercise the mind actively in any way. 

< AS. thencan, think; cp. thank, n.]—think¬ 
er, n.—think'ing, n. Mental action; thought. 
—think 'ing-ly, adv. 

third, 1 thurd; 2 third. I. a. 1. Next in order 
after the second. 2. Being one of three equal 
parts. II. n. 1. One of three equal parts. 

2. The next one after the second. 3. Mus. 
The interval between any note and the next 
note but one above it on a diatonic scale; 
known as a major third when such interval 
is two whole steps or degrees of the staff, and 
as a minor third when it is a step and a half. 
[< AS. thridda, < threo, three.]— third'ly, adv. 

thirst, 1 thurst; 2 thirst. I d . vt. & vi. To have 


a thirst for; be thirsty: have eager desire: 
usually with for. II. n. 1. A general sensa¬ 
tion calling for relief by drinking; specif., a 
distressful feeling of dryness in the throat 
and mouth. 2. Any eager desire or longing. 
[< AS. thyrst, thirst.]—thirst'y, a. [thirst'- 
i-er; thirst'i-est.] 1. Affected with thirst. 2. 
Lacking moisture: parched 3. Eagerly desirous. 
—thirst 'i-ly, adv. —thirst'i-ness, n. 
thir-teen', 1 thur-tin'; 2 thir-ten'. I. a. Con¬ 
sisting of one more than twelve. II. n. The 
sum of ten and three, or the symbols repre¬ 
senting it, as 13 or XIII. [ < AS. threotyne, < 
threo, three, + ten. ten.]—thirteenth". I. a. 
1. Third in order after the tenth. 2. Being one of 
thirteen equal parts. II. n. 1. One of thirteen 
equal parts. 2. The next one after the twelfth, 
thirty, 1 thur'ti; 2 thirty. I. a. Consisting 
of ten more than twenty. II. n. [thir'ties 2 , 
pi.] The sum of ten and twenty; also, the 
symbols representing it, as 30 or XXX. [ < 
AS. thrltig, < threO, three, + -tig, -ty 1 .] —thir'- 
tl-eth. I. a. 1. Tenth in order after the twen¬ 
tieth. 2. Being one of thirty equal parts. II. n. 
1. One of thirty equal parts of anything. 2. The 
tenth in order after the twentieth, 
this, 1 this; 2 tins. I. a. [these, pi.] That is 
here present. II. pron. The person or thing 
present, or as if present. III. adv. In this way; 
to this degree. [ < AS. thes, inasc., this, neut.j 
This'be, 1 fhiz'bl; 2 thlg'be, n. A Babylonian 
maiden beloved by Pyramus. He killed himself, 
thinking that she had been slain by a lion, and 
she ended her life on discovering his body. See 
Pyramus. 

this'tl(e p , 1 fhis'l; 2 thls'l, n. One of various 
vigorous prickly plants. [ < 

AS. thislel, thistle.]—this'tly, 
a. Abounding in or resembling 
thistles. 

thith'er, 1 thith'er; 

2 thith'er, adv. 1. To 
that place; in that 
direction. 2. To that 
end, point, or result. [ < 

AS. thider, thither.] — 
thi til'or-ward, adv. In that 
direction. 

thir., abbr. Thaler. — Tho., 

Thos., abbr. Thomas, 
tho, )1 tho; 2 tho. conj. 
though, \ 1. Notwithstanding 
the fact that. 2. Even if. 3. Common Thistle, 
And yet; however. 4. Never- or Bull-thistle, 
theless. [ < AS. thedh, tho.] 
thole, 1 thol; 2 thol, n. A pin serving as a ful¬ 
crum for an oar in rowing. [ < AS. thol, pin.] 
Thom'as, 1 tem'as; 2 tdm'as, n. I. Bib. That one 
of the twelve apostles characterized by his 
doubting disposition. John xx, 27. I)id'y- 
musj. 2. (ieorge II. (1816-1870), a United 
States general in the Civil War. 3. T. a Kempls 
(1380-1471), a German monk; reputed author of 
the Imitation of Christ. 

Thomp'son, 1 temp'san; 2 tbmp'son, Benjamin 
(1753-1814). An American philosopher who made 
important contributions to physics and agricul¬ 
ture: created Count Rumford in Bavaria. 
Thom'son, 1 tem'sen; 2 tom'son, n. 1. James 
(1700-1748), a Scottish poet; The Seasons. 2. 
Sir William, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907), a Scot¬ 
tish physicist and electrical investigator. 

(hong, 1 therj; 2 thong, n. A long narrow 
strip, properly of leather, as for tying a 
whip-lash, etc. [ < AS. thwang, thong.] 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 







609 


thief 

thrice 


Thor, 1 Cher; 2 thor, n. Norse Myth. The Scan¬ 
dinavian god of war, thunder, and agriculture; 
benefactor of men. 

tho'rax, 1 tho'raks; 2 tho'raks, n. [tho-ra'- 
ces, 1 tho-re'siz; 2 tho-ra'- 
pi.] 1. The part of 
the body between the neck 
and the abdomen, enclosed 
by the ribs. 2. The mid¬ 
dle region of the body of 
an insect. [L., < Gr. thorax, 
thorax.] — tho-rac'ie, a. 

Pertaining to the thorax. 

Tho'reau, 1 Cho'ro or Cho-ro'; 

2 tho'ro or tho-ro', Henry 
David (1817-1862). An 
American essayist, critic, and 
naturalist. Human Thorax, 

thorn, thorn; 2 thorn, n. 1. “■ b > c < sternum; i, costal 

A spine or sharp-pointed davicfefe floap^Ttoue 
process from a branch. 2 . or sternal ribs; g, false 
Any one of various spiny rib8; h < floatin s rib3 - 
shrubs or trees. 3. A discomfort; pain; vex¬ 
ation. f< AS. thorn, thorn.]— thorn'y, a. 
[thorn'i-er; thorn'i-est.] 1. Full of thorns; 
spiny. 2. Sharp; painful; vexatious, 
thor'ough, ) 1 thur'o; 2 thor'o, a. Going 
thor'o 8 , > through and through; complete; 
perfect. [ < AS. thurh, through.] -Iy, adv. 
-ness, n.— thor'ough-bass", 1 -bes"; 2 -bas", n. 
Mus. 1. A bass part accompanied by shorthand 
marks, as numerals, below the staff, to indicate 
the general harmony: now disused. 2. Loosely, 
the science of harmony or the art of harmonic 
composition, thor 'ough =base"t. — thor 'ough- 
bred", a. Bred from the best stock; hence, high* 
spirited; courageous. — thor'ough-go"ing, a. 
Very thorough or efficient.— t. spaced, a. Per¬ 
fectly trained; thoroughgoing; accomplished, as 
a thorough*paced villain. 

thor'ough-fare", )n. 1. A frequented way or 
thor'o-fare" 8 , ) course; highway. 2. A 

passing through. [ < AS. thurh, through, + 
faru, going.] 

thor'ough-wort", 1 thur'o-wurt"; 2 thor'o- 
wflrt", n. A stout hairy herb, 2 to 4 feet 
high, with white flowers, bone'sett. 
lhorp||,«. A village or hamlet. [AS.] thorpej. 
Thor'wald-sen, 1 torhvo id-sen; 2 tor'wald-sen, 
Albert (1770-1844). A Danish sculptor, 
those, 1 thoz; 2 thog, a. & pron. In present use, 
plural of that. [ < AS. thas, pi. of thes, this.] 
thou, 1 thau; 2 thou, pron. [thy or thine, 
poss. ; thee, obj. ; ye or you, nom. pi. ; your or 
yours, poss. pi.; you, obj. pi.] The person 
spoken to: in common usage superseded by 
the plural form you, accompanied by plural 
verb. [ < AS. thu, thou.] 
though, conj. See tho. 

thought, 1 fhet; 2 thot, imp. & pp. of think, v. 
thought, n. 1. The act, process, or power of 
thinking; reason. 2. A concept, judgment, 
etc. 3. Sober reflection; also, a design; pur¬ 
pose; memory. [< AS. theaht, < thencan, 
think.]— thought'ful, a. 1. Full of thought; 
meditative. 2. Characterized by thought, espe¬ 
cially for others; showing solicitous care; atten¬ 
tive; considerate. -Iy, adv. -ness, n .— thought¬ 
less, a. 1. Heedless; also, giddy. 2. Stupid. -Iy, 
adv. -ness, n. 

thou'sand, 1 thau'zond; 2 thousand. I. a. 
Consisting of a hundred times ten. II. n. 1. 
Ten hundred; loosely, a very large number. 
2. The symbols 1000 or M. [ < AS. thusend, 

thousand.]— thou'sandth. I. a. 1. Last in a 


series of a thousand. 2. Being one of a thousand 
equal parts. II. n. One of a thousand equal parts. 
Thrace, 1 fhres; 2 thrac, n. An ancient region of 
indefinite extent to the N. E. of Macedonia. 
Modern Thrace consists of Bulgaria, portions 
of Albania and Macedonia and the country 
about Adrianople. 

thrall, 1 throl; 2 thral, n. 1. A slave; serf. 
2. The condition of slavery; thraldom. [< 
AS. thrasl, < Ice. thrsell, thrall.]—thral'dom, n. 
Bondage; servitude, thrall'dom t. 
thrash', 1 thrash; 2 thrfish, v. I. t. 1. [Colloq.] 
To beat forcibly, as with a stick or the fists; 
whip; pummel. 2. Same as thresh, I, 1. II. 

1. 1. To throw oneself about violently; dash; 
toss; plunge: usually with about. 2. Same as 
thresh, II, 1. 3. To labor hard; toil. [ < AS. 
therscan .]—thrash'er, n. thresh 'erf. 

thread d ,) 1 fhred; 2 thred, v. I. t. 1. To fur- 
thred 9 , ) nish with a thread, as a needle. 2. 
To string on a thread. II. i. To make one’s 
way carefully. 

thread, )n. 1. A slender cord, filament, fiber, 
thred s , ) or fine fine of something. 2. The 
spiral ridge of a screw. [ < AS. thrved, < 
thrawan, twist.]—thread'bare", a. 1. Worn so 
that the threads show, as a garment. 2. Clad in 
worn garments. 3. Commonplace; hackneyed.— 
thread'like, a. thread'yt. 
threat,) 1 thret; 2 thret, n. A declaration of an in- 
thret 8 , ) tention to inflict pain, injury, etc.; a men¬ 
ace. [< AS .threat, < threotan, vex.]—threat'en, 
v. I. t. 1. To utter menaces or threats against. 

2. To be ominous or portentous of. II. f. 1. To 
employ threats. 2. To have a menacing aspect. 
—threat'en-er, n. — threat'en-iug, pa. — 
threat'en-ing-ly, adv. 

three, 1 thrl; 2 thre. I. a. Consisting of one 
more than two. II. n. 1. The sum of two and 
one; also, the symbols 3 or III. 2. Any group 
of three persons or things. r < AS. thred, 
three.]—three'fold". I. a. Made up of three; 
triple. II. adv. In a threefold manner.—three'- 
pence, 1 thrl'pens or {Colloq.) fhrip'ens; 2 
thre'penc or {Colloq.) thrip'enc, n. A current 
silver coin of Great Britain, worth'three pennies 
(about 6 cents), threepenny bitt; threepenny 
piecef.—three'pen"ny, a. Worth three pen¬ 
nies; hence, of little value.—three-ply, a. Con¬ 
sisting of three webs interwoven, of three thick¬ 
nesses, strands, etc.—threc'score", a. Sixty, 
thresh, 1 thresh; 2 thresh, v. I. t. To beat, as 
stalks of ripened grain, by means of a flail, a 
machine, etc.; to separate, as grain or seeds, 
from straw or husks. 2. Same as thrash, 1,1. 
II. i. 1. To beat out grain, etc., from straw 
or husks. 2. Same as thrash, II, 1. [ < AS. 
therscan .] 

The two forms thrash and thresh are etymologi¬ 
cally the same, and in literary use often inter¬ 
changed, but thresh is now chiefly used for the 
beating out of grain and thrash in the more or 
less colloquial senses. 

—thresh'er, n. —thresh 'ing, ppr. & verbal n. 
—thresh'Ing-floor", n. A floor or area for 
threshing grain, originally by driving animals, 
as oxen, over it.—thresh 'Ing-ma-chlne", n. A 
machine for separating grain from straw or chaff, 
thresh'old, 1 fhre^h'eld; 2 thrfish'old, n. The 
plank, stone, or the like, placed beneath the 
door of a building; hence, an extrance or a 
starting=point. [< AS. therscold, < therscan, 
thrash.] 

threw, 1 thru; 2 thru, imp. of throw, v. 
thrice, 1 fhrais; 2 thriQ, adv. 1. Three 
times. 2. In a threefold manner; hence, 



l:a = final; inhabit; aisle; au = owt; oil; iu = fe«d; (Thin; go; o = sin( 7 ; thin, this. 
2: wplf do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 
39 







thrift 

tight 


610 


fully. [ME. thries, < thrle, < AS. threo- three, 
thrift, 1 thrift; 2 thrift, to. 1. Care and wisdom 
in the management of one’s resources. 2. 
A flourishing condition; vigorous growth, as 
of a plant. [ < Ice. thrift, < thrifa, thrive.]— 
thrift'*stamp", to. One of several money*saving 
stamps of various values.—thrift's 7 , a. [thrift'- 
i-er; thrift'i-est.] 1. Economical; frugal. 2. 
Thriving. 3. Growing vigorously.—thrift'i-ly, 
adv .—t hrift 'i-ness, to.— thrift 'less, a. -ly, adv. 
-ness, to. 

thrill, ) 1 thril; 2 thrll, vt. & vi. 1. To cause to 
thril p , j experience a keen emotion; pervade 
one suddenly, as with a tremor of emotion. 
2. To have stirring emotion. 
thrill 1 , n. 1. A tremor of feeling. 2. A pulsa¬ 
tion. [ < AS. thyrel, < V of through.] 
thrill 2 , to. A trill; warbling. [Var. of trill.] 
thrive, 1 thraiv; 2 thriv, vi. [throve, rarely 
thrived; thriv'en, rarely thrived; thriv'- 
ing.] 1. To prosper; be successful. 2. To 
grow with vigor. [ < Ice. thrlfask, thrive.] 
throat, 1 throt; 2 throt, n. 1. The part of the 
neck in which the air*passages are contained. 
2. The passage extending from the back of the 
mouth to the stomach; also, the windpipe. 3. 
An inlet; orifice. [< AS. throte, throat.]—- 
throat'y, a. Of or uttered in the throat, 
throb, 1 throb; 2 throb. I. vi. [throbbed, 
throbd 8 ; throb'bing.] To beat rapidly or 
strongly, as the heart; palpitate; vibrate; 
thrill. II. to. The act or state of throbbing. 
[ME. throbben; cp. L. trepidus, restless, agitated.] 
throe, 1 thro; 2 thro, to. A violent pang or pain; 

agony. [< AS. thraw, affliction.] 
throne, 1 thron; 2 thron. I. vt. & vi. [throned; 
thron'ing.] To enthrone; exalt. II. to. 1. 
A monarch’s chair of state. 2. Royal estate; 
sovereign power. [OF., < Gr. L thronos, seat.] 
throng, 1 throrj; 2 throng, v. I. t. 1. To crowd 
into and occupy fully. 2. To press or crowd 
upon. II. i. To collect in a throng, 
throng, to. 1. A multitude of people crowded 
closely together. 2. Any numerous collection. 

[ < AS. gethrang, < thringan, press.] 
throt'tie,) 1 fhrot'l; 2 throt'l. I. vt. & vi. 
throt'l p , C [throt'tled, throt'ld p ; throt'- 
tling.] To stop or obstruct, as the breath; 
choke; shut off, as steam. II. to. 1. The 
throat; especially, the windpipe. 2. A valve 
closing the stearmsupply pipe of an engine. 
throt'tIe»vaIvet". [Dim. of throat.] 
through, ) 1 thru; 2 thru. I. a. Going from 
thru 8 , ^beginning to end; pertaining to an 
entire distance. II. adv. 1. From one end, 
surface, etc., to or beyond the other. 2. From 
beginning to end. 3. To a termination. III. 
prep. 1. From end to end, side to side, etc., of. 
2. Covering, entering, or penetrating all 
parts of; throughout. 3. From the first to the 
last of. 4. In the midst of; here and there 
upon or in. 5. By way of. G. By means of; 
by the instrumentality or aid of. 7. On ac¬ 
count of; because of. [ < AS. thurh, through.] 
—through-out'. I. adv. Through or in every 
part. II. prep. All through, 
throve, 1 throv; 2 throv, imp. of thrive, p. 
throw, 1 thro; 2 thro, v. [threw’; thrown; 
throwing.] I. 1. 1. To send to a distance by 
force; fling, hurl, or cast forth. 2. To over¬ 
turn; prostrate. II. i. To send an object 
through the air by force; hurl; fling. [ < AS. 
throwan, tw’ist.]—throw'er, to. 


throw, to. 1. An act of throwing or hurling; a 
cast; a fling. 2. The distance over which a 
missile is or may be thrown. 
thrum 1 , 1 thrum; 2 thrum. I. vt. & vi. 
[thrummed, thrumd 8 ; thrum'ming.] To 
play on or finger (a stringed instrument) idly 
and without expression. II. to. Any monoto¬ 
nous drumming. [ < Ice. thruma, rattle.] 
thrum 2 . I. vt. To cover or trim with thrums. 
II. to. The fringe of warp*threads after the 
web has been cut off; any loose thread or 
fringe. [ < Ice. thromr, edge.] 
thrush 1 , 1 thrusli; 2 thrush, to. A small migra¬ 
tory s 
bird. [ < AS. 
thrysce, thrush.] 
thrush 2 , to. 1. A 
vesicular disease of 
the mouth, lips, 
and throat. 2. A 
disease of a horse’s 
foot. 

thrust, 1 thrust; 2 thrust, v. 

[thrust; thrust'ing.] I. t. 1. 

To push or shove. 2. To pierce. 

II. t. To make a sudden push, B lue Thrush, 
as with a pointed weapon. I < i / g 
Ice. thrysta, thrust.] 

thrust, to . 1 . A sudden and forcible push, as 
with a pointed weapon. 2. A vigorous attack; 
sharp onset. 3. Mech. A stress or strain tend¬ 
ing to push a member of a structure outward 
or sidewise; as, the thrust of an arch. 
Thu-cyd'i-des, 1 fhiu-sid'i-diz; 2 thQ-cyd'l-deg 
(4717-399? B. C.). An Athenian statesman and 
historian; father of historical criticism.—Thu- 
cyd"I-de'an, a. After the manner of Thucyd¬ 
ides; terse; vigorous. 

thud, 1 thud; 2 thud, to. A dull, heavy sound, 
as of a hard body striking upon a compara¬ 
tively soft one. [ < AS. thydan, press.] 
thug, 1 thug; 2 thug, to. 1. One of an organiza¬ 
tion of religious assassins in India. 2. Any 
cutthroat or ruffian. [ < Hind, thag, thug.] 
thumb, / 1 thum; 2 thum. I. vt. To press, rub, 
thum 8 , ( soil, or wear with the thumb. II. to. 
The short, thick digit on the radial side of 
the human hand. [< AS. thurna, thumb.]— 
rule of thumb, measurement by the thumb; 
hence, a primitive method, rudely practical, 
rather than scientific.—thumb'serew", to. A 
former instrument of torture, compressing the 
thumb by means of a screw, 
thump, 1 thump; 2 thump. I*, vt. & vi. 1. To 
beat or strike with a heavy dull sound. 2. To 
strike or beat with moderate force. II. to. A 
blow causing a dull sound. [Var. of dump, ».] 
thun'der, 1 thun'dar; 2 thiin'der. I. vi. To 
give forth a peal or peals of thunder; make a 
deep reverberative noise. II. to. 1. The sound 
that follow’s lightning. 2. Any loud, rum¬ 
bling or booming noise. [ < AS. thunor, thun¬ 
der.)—thun'der-bolt", to. An electric discharge 
producing lightning and thunder. — thun'der¬ 
elap", to. A sharp, violent detonation of thunder. 
—t.*cloud, to. A dark, heavy mass of electric 
cloud. — thun'der-er, to. — thun'der-ous, a. 
Producing thunder or a sound like thunder, -ly, 
adv. —t. sshower, to. A shower with thunder and 
lightning. — t.*storm, n. — thun'dor-struck", 
a. Amazed. 

Thur., Tliurs., abbr. Thursday, 
tliu'ri-ble, 1 thiu'n-bl; 2 thu'ri-bl, n. A censer. 
[ < L. thuribulum.) 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won, 












611 


thrift 

tight 


Thurs'day, 1 thurs'di; 2 thflrs'dy, n. The 
fifth day of the week, f < AS. thunres, gen. of 
thunor, thunder + dxg, day.] 
thus, 1 thus; 2 thus, adv. i. In this or that way. 
2. To such extent. 3. In this case. [< AS. 
thus, thus, < thes, this.] 

thwack, 1 thwak; 2 thw&k. Ik vt. To strike 
with something flat; whack. II. n. A blow 
with some flat or blunt instrument. [Var. of 

WHACK.] 

thwart d , 1 thwart; 2 thwart, vt. To prevent by 
interposition; foil. [ < Ice. thvert, across.] 
thwart, a. Lying or extending across, 
thwart, n. An oarsman’s seat extending 
athwart a boat. [ < AS. thofte.] 
thy, 1 thai; 2 thy, pron. Pertaining to thee: 
used in poetry, prayer, etc. [Short form of 
thine.] —thy'self, pron. 

thyme, 1 taim; 2 tym, n. An aromatic under¬ 
shrub, cultivated for seasoning in cookery. 
[< Gr.L + F thymon, < thyo, sacrifice.] 

Ti., Tib., abbr. Tiberius. 

ti-a'ra, 1 tai-e'ra or ti-a'ra; 2 ti-a'ra or ti-a'ra, 
n. 1. The Pope’s triple crown. 

2. A head*dress; coronet. [ < 

GrA+F Uara, Persian head»dress.] 

Ti'ber, 1 tai'bar; 2 tl'ber, n. A 
river of central Italy; flows 244 m. 
from the Apennines through Rome 
to the Mediterranean sea. 

Tl-be'ri-as, I tai-bi'n-as: 2 tl-be'ri- 
as, n. Bib. 1. An ancient city of 
Galilee. John vi, 23. 2. Sea of, a 
lake in Galilee, in the course of the 
Jordan: 14 by 8 m.; frequented by 
Christ and his disciples. 

Ti-be'ri-us, 1 tai-bl'n-us: 2 ti-be'ri- 

us, Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar (42 B. C. 
to A. D. 37). Second emperor of Rome. 
Ti-bet', 1 ti-bet' or tib'et; 2 ti-bet' or tib'St, n. 
A southwestern dependency of China; 463,200 
sq. m.; pop. 2,000,000; capital, Lassa.— Ti-bet'- 
an, a. &n. Tlii-bet'anf. 
tib'i-a, 1 tib'i-a; 2 tib'i-a, n. [-.e or -as z , pi.] 
The inner one of the two bones of the leg below 
the knee; the shin*bone. [L.]— tib'i-al, a 
tick 1 , 1 tile; 2 tlk, vt. & vi. To sound, as a tick; 
make a choking sound or a tapping noise. 
[Imitative.] 

tick 1 , n. 1. A significant mark used in checking 
off something. 2. One of the recurring sounds 
made by a watch, clock, or the like. _ 
tick 2 , n. One of various bloodsucking para¬ 
sites that infest the skin of animals. [ < OD. 
teke , < V of take.] 

tick 3 , n. The stout outer covering of a bed or 
mattress. [ < Gr. 1 * thelce, case.] tick'ingj. 
tlck'et, 1 tik'et; 2 tik'et. I d . vt. To fix a ticket 
to; label. II. n. 1. A card with words or char¬ 
acters on it showing that the holder is entitled 
to something, as transportation. 2. A tag or 
label. 3. [U.S.] A ballot: hence, a list of nomi¬ 
nees. [< F. Mquelte, label, < G. sleeken, stick.] 
tlck'i(e p , 1 tik'l; 2 tik'l, v. [tick'l(e)d p ; tick'- 
ling.] I. t. 1. To excite the nerves of, as 
by light and repeated touches, tending to 
produce spasmodic laughter. 2. To please; 
amuse. II. i. To cause titillation or tingling. 
[Intens. of tick, ».] — tick'lish, a. 1. Sensi¬ 
tive to tickling. 2. Liable to be upset; unstable. 

3. Difficult; delicate. 

Ti-con"der-o'ga, 1 tai-ken'der-o'ga; 2 tl-c6n'- 
der-o'ga, n. A town in Essex county, New York; 
near by are the ruins of Fort Ticonderoga, cap¬ 


tured by the British from the French, July 26, 
1759; taken by American troops, May 10, 1775. 
1. 1. d., abbr. [L.] Ter in die (three times a day), 
tid 'bit", n. Same as titbit. 
tide, 1 taid; 2 tid. I. vt. & vi. [tid'ed^ ; tid'- 
ing.] To carry, as if buoyed up by the tide; 
to surmount, as a difficulty: followed by over. 

II. n. 1. The periodic rise and fall of the 
oceans and the waters connected with them, 
due to the attraction of the sun and moon. 2. 
A current; stream. 3. Natural drift or ten¬ 
dency of events. [< AS. tid, time.]— tl'dal, 
a. 1. Pertaining to or influenced by the tides. 2. 
Regulated by the tide.— tide'wait"er, n. 1. A 
customs officer who boards vessels entering port, 
to enforce customs regulations. 2. A politician 
who waits for a current of public sentiment to 
determine his action.— tide'*wa"ter, n. Water 
affected by the tide on the seacoast or in a river; 
loosely, the seaboard. 

ti'dings, 1 tai'dirjz; 2 tl'dings, n. pi. A report 
or information; news. [ < AS. tidan, happen.] 
ti'dy, 1 tai'di; 2 ti'dy. I. vt. & vi. [ti'died; 
ti'dy-ing.] [Colloq.] To make tidy. II. a. 
[ti'pi-er; ti'di-est.] 1 .. Marked by neatness 
and order; trim. 2. Of an orderly disposition. 

III. n. [ti'dies 2 , pi.] A light and detachable 
covering, as for a chair*back. [ < tide, n.]— 
ti'di-ly, adv. —ti'di-ness, n. 

tie, 1 tai; 2 ti, v. [tied; ty'ing.] I. t. 1. To 
fasten by any flexible bond, as a cord; bind; 
lash. 2. To form a knot in. 3. To unite 
closely; attach. 4. To restrain; confine. 5. 
To bring to a tie, as a vote. II. i. To be 
exactly equal in any contest. [ < AS. tegan, 
tie, < teon, draw.] 

tie, n. 1. A flexible bond or fastening, as of 
cord. 2. Any bond or obligation. 3. An exact 
equality for and against, as in a vote. 4. 
Something that is tied, or that ties or binds. 
5. pi. [U. S.] Low shoes fastened with lacings. 
[< AS. t'ige, rope, < teon, draw.] 

Ti-en'tsln', 1 tl-en'tsln'; 2 ti'-en'tsin', n. A city 
and treaty port in N. E. China; pop. 800,000. 
tier, 1 tlr; 2 ter, n. A rank or row in a series of 
things placed one above another. [ < OF. 
tire, course. 1 
tier., abbr. Tierce. 

tierce, 1 tirs; 2 terc, n. 1. Mus. A third. 2. A 
cask for packing salt provisions for shipment. 
3. A sequence of three playing=cards. [F., < 
(OF.) tiers, third.] 

Tl-er'ra del Fu-e'go, 1 tl-er'a del fu-e'go; 2 ti- 
Sr'a del fq-e'go. Several islands, belonging partly 
to Chile and partly to the Argentine Republic, 
at the S. extremity of South America, terminat¬ 
ing in Cape Horn; separated from the mainland 
by the Strait of Magellan, 
tiff, 1 tif; 2 tif, n. A peevish display of irrita¬ 
tion; pet; huff. [ < Norw. teva, sniff.] 
tif'fin, 1 tif'in; 2 tif'in, n. The meal between 
breakfast and dinner; luncheon. [AngloTnd.] 
ti'ger, 1 tai'gar; 2 tl'ger, n. A large carnivorous 
mammal of Asia, with vertical black wavy 
stripes on the body, and black rings or bars 
on the limbs and tail; a beast of prey. See 
illus. on next page. I < Gr. L+F tigris, perhaps 
< O. Per. tighri, arrow.] — ti'gerscat", n. A 
wildcat, resembling, but smaller than, the tiger.— 
t.dily, n. A tall cultivated lily from China, with 
purple* or black*spotted flowers.— ti'ger-ish, a. 
Like the tiger; ferocious, ti'grishf.—ti'gress, 
n. A female tiger. 

tight, 1 tait; 2 tit, a. 1. So closely held together 



1* & = final* l = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II; Iff = feud; <fhin; go; _ = sin*?; thin, this. 
2: wplf, dft; book, boot; fljll, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thm, this- 






tights 

tire 


612 


or constructed as not to permit the entrance 
or escape of a fluid; not leaky; impervious. 
2. Closely drawn or fastened; stringent. 3. 
Fitting closely—often too closely, as a shoe. 
4. Taut. 5. [Colloq.] Tipsy. [ < Ice. thettr; 
akin to thick.] —tight rope, a tightly stretched 
rope on which rope*dancers perform.—tlght'en, 
vt. & vi. To make or become tight or tighter.— 
tight'ly, adv. —tlght'ness, n. 



tights, 1 taits; 2 tits, n. pi. A skin*fitting gar¬ 
ment or garments, preferably of silk, largely 
worn by actors, acrobats, etc. 

Ti'grls, 1 tai'gris; 2 ti'gris, n. A river of Mesopo¬ 
tamia; flows 1,150 m. from the Taurus range in 
S. E. Asia Minor to the Euphrates, 
til'bur-y, 1 tU'bar-i; 2 tll'bur-y, n. An old 
form of gig seating two persons. [ < Tilbury, 
a London coach*maker.] 

tile, 1 tail; 2 til. I. tit. [tiled; tii/ing.] 1. To 
drain by tiles. 2. To cover with tiles. II. n. 

I. A thin piece of baked clay used for covering 
roofs, floors, etc. 2. A short earthenware 
pipe, used in forming sewers. 3. [Slang ] A 
high silk hat. [ < AS. tigel, < L. tegula, < 
lego, cover.]— til'er, n.— tll'lng, ». 1. The using 
of tiles. 2. Tiles collectively. 

till, /I til; 2 til, vt. To put and keep in order, as 
til p , ) soil; cultivate. [ < AS. tilian, labor, till.] 
—tlll'a-bl(e p , a. — till'age, n. Cultivation, 
till, n. A drawer, compartment, or tray; a 
money*drawer. [ < AS. tyllan in Jor-tyllan, 
lead aside.] [Ice. til, till.] 

till, prep. To the time of; up to; until. [< 
till, conj. Till such time as; until. 
till'er 1 , 1 til'er; 2 til'er, n. One who or that 
which tills. 

till'er 2 , n. A handle or lever at the top of a 
rudder. [ < AS. tyllan in for-tyllan, lead aside.] 
til'ler*, n. A shoot from the base of a stem; 

sucker; also, a sapling. [ < AS. telgor, twig.] 
Tll'ly, 1 til'i; 2 tll'y, Johann Tserklaes, Count 
von (1559-1632). A German imperial general 
in the Thirty Years’ War. 

Til'sit, 1 til'sit; 2 til'sit, n. A commercial town in 
E. Prussia, where Napoleon concluded a treaty 
of peace with Russia and Prussia, July 9, 1807. 
tilt*, 1 tilt; 2 .tilt. I<*. vt. & vi. 1. To raise at 
one end or side; tip; slant; lean. 2. To aim or 
thrust, as a lance: contend with the lance. 

II. n. 1. An inclination from the vertical or 
horizontal position; slant. 2. A medieval 
sport in which knights engaged in mock con¬ 
tests with lances. 3. A thrust, as with a lance. 
4. A match of wits. [ < AS. lealt, unsteady.]— 
tilt'er, n. — tilt'sham"mer, n. A heavy power* 
hammer that is raised or tilted by a cam and de¬ 
livers a blow by gravity. 


tilt 2 . I d . vt. To furnish with an awning or tilt. 
II. n. A canvas cover, as an awning, used for 
a boat or wagon. [ < AS. teld, tent.] 
tilth, 1 tilth; 2 tilth, n. 1. The act of tilling; 
cultivation; tillage. 2. That part of the sur¬ 
face soil affected by tillage; cultivated land. 
[ < AS. tilth, < tilian, till.] 

Tim., abbr. Timothy. 

tiin'ber, 1 tim'bar; 2 tlm'ber, n. 1. Wood 
suitable for building purposes, prepared for 
use; also, a single piece of such wood. 2* 
Growing or standing trees. [ < AS. timber, 
timber.]— tlm 'bered, pa. 1. Covered with grow¬ 
ing trees; wooded. 2. Constructed of timber; as, 
a half-timbered house. 

tim'bre, 1 tim'bar; 2 tlm'ber, n. The special 
peculiarity of a continuous sound or musical 
tone, as of the human voice; the quality of a 
tone, as distinguished from intensity and pitch. 
Sometimes called tone*color. [ < F. timbre, 
bell,< L. tympanum, < Gr. tympanon, drum.] 
tim'brel, 1 tim'brel; 2 tlm'brgl, n. An ancient 
Hebrew tambourine«like instrument. [ < F. 
timbre, bell.] 

Tlm-buk'tu, 1 tim-buk'tfl; 2 tim-buk'tq, n. A 
trading town in the French Sudan, on the S. 
border of the Sahara desert; pop. 4,270. 
time, 1 taim; 2 tlm. I. vt. & vi. [timed; tim'- 
ing ] 1. To adapt to the time or occasion. 
2. To regulate as to time; keep time. 3. To 
record the time or rate of. II. n. 1. Infinite 
duration or its measure. 2. A definite period, 
or an allotted or sufficient period of duration; 
season; era; opportunity. 3. A point in dura¬ 
tion; date; occasion. 4. Mus. Character or 
rate of movement. [ < AS. tima, time.]— 
tIme'*hon"ored, a. Observed or honored from 
former times; claiming veneration as of long 
existence.— time'keep"er, n. One who or that 
which keeps time.— tlme'lcss, a. Independent 
of, or unaffected by, time; unending.— time'ly, 
a. [time'li-er; time'li-est.] Being or occurring 
in good or proper time; opportune.— time'II- 
ness, n.— time'piece", n. A clock or a watch. 
— time'«serv"er, n. One who yields to the ap¬ 
parent demands of the time, without reference 
to principle.— t.*serving, a. & n. — t. stable, n. 
A tabular statement of the times at which cer¬ 
tain things are to be done, 
tlm'id, 1 tim'id; 2 tlm'id, a. Shrinking from 
danger or from publicity; easily ~ 
frightened; shy. [ < L. p timidus, < 
timeo, fear.] — tl-mid'l-ty, n. tlm'id- 
nessf.—tim'ld-ly, adv. 

Ti'mon, 1 tai'man; 2 tl'mon, n. 1. A 
Greek skeptic, philosopher, and poet of 
the 3d century. 2. An Athenian of the 
5th century; called “the Misanthrope”; 
hero of Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens. 
tim'or-ous, 1 tim'ar-us; 2 
tlm'or-us, a. Fearful of 
danger; timid. [ <L. LL timor, 
fear.] -ly, adv. -ness, «. 
tim'o-thy, 1 tim'o-fhi;2 tlm'- 
o-thy, n. A valuable peren¬ 
nial fodder*grass. [ < Timothy 
Hanson, who took the seed 
from New York to England 
about 1720.] 

Tim'o-thy, n. 1. Bib. A disciple Timothy, 
and evangelist of Greek parentage. Heb. xiii, 23. 
2. Either of two pastoral epistles addressed by 
St. Paul to Timothy, known as 1 Timothy and 
2 Timothy. 

tin, 1 tin; 2 tin. I*, vt. [tinned, tind s ; tin'- 



1: artistic, Ort; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 










813 


tights 

tire 


ning.] 1. To coat with tin. 2. To cover with 
tin-plate. 3. To incase or put in tins. II. n. 

1. A white malleable metallic element found 
in nature chiefly in combination. 2. Same as 
tin-plate. 3. An article of tinware. [< AS. 
tin, tin.]— tinGfoil", n. Tin or alloy made into 
foil.— tin'man, n. A maker of or dealer in tin¬ 
ware. tin'nerf; tin 'smith"}.— tin'ny, a. Per¬ 
taining to, composed of, or sounding like tin.— 
tinGplate", n. Sheet iron plated with tin.— 
tin'type", n. A photograph taken on a sensi¬ 
tized film supported on a thin sheet of enameled 
iron.— tin'ware", n. Household articles, col¬ 
lectively, made of tin-plate. 

tin'a-mou, 1 tin'a-mu; 2 tln'a-mvi, n. A South* 
American game-bird resembling a quail. [F.] 
tinct., abbr. Tincture. 

tinc'ture, 1 tirjk'dhur or -tiur; 2 tlnc'chur or 
-tur. I. vt. [tinc'tured; tinc'tur-ing.] To 
impart a slight hue or odor to; imbue; flavor. 
II. n. 1. A solution, usually alcoholic, of some 
principle used in medicine. 2. A tinge of color; 
tint. 3. A slight flavor superadded; modicum; 
spice. [ < L. tinctura, < tinctus, pp. of tingo, 
stain.] 

tin 'deiyl tin'dar; 2 tin'der, n. A highly in¬ 
flammable substance, as charred linen that 
will ignite on contact with a spark: formerly 
carried in a metallic box (tin'dersbox") for 
use with a flint and steel. [ < AS. tynder.] 
tine, 1 tain; 2 tin, n. A spike or prong, as of a fork 
or of an antler. [ < AS. tind, prong.] 
tinge, 1 tinj; 2 ting. I. vt. [tinged; tinge'ing.] 
To imbue with a faint trace of color or with a 
slight foreign element. II. n. 1. A faint trace 
of added color. 2. A quality or peculiarity im¬ 
parted by a foreign element. [ < L. lingo, dye.] 
tin'gl(e p , 1 tirj'gl; 2 tin'gl. I. vi. [tin'gl(e)d p ; 
tin'gling.] To experience or produce a 
tingle. II. n. 1. A prickly, stinging sensation. 

2. A jingle or tinkling. [For tinkle, r.] 
tink'er, 1 tirjk'ar; 2 tink'er. I. vt. & vi. To 

mend or patch, as a tinker; work in make¬ 
shift fashion. II. n. 1. An itinerant mender of 
domestic utensils of metal. 2. The act of 
roughly repairing. 

tin'kl(e p , 1 tirj'kl; 2 tin'kl. I. vt. & vi. [tin'- 
kl(e)d p ; tin'kling.] 1. To give, or cause to 
give, a series of quick, slight, metallic sounds. 2. 
To tingle. II. n. A sharp, clear, tinkling sound, 
tin'sel, 1 tin'sel; 2 tin'sel. 1. vt. [tin'seled or 
tin'selled, tin'seld s ; tin'sel-ing or tin'- 
sel-ling.] To adorn or decorate with tinsel. 
II. a. Superficially brilliant. III. n. 1. Very 
thin glittering bits of metal used to ornament 
articles of dress. 2. A fabric thus ornamented. 

3. Superficial adornment. [ < F. etincelle, 
spark ] 

tint, 1 tint; 2 tint. I d . vt. To give a tint to; 
tinge. II. n. A slight color; tinge; hue. [< 
L. IT tinctus, pp. of tingo, stain.]. 
tin"tin-nab'u-lar, t a. Ringing or sounding 
like a bell. [ < L. tintinno, ring.] tin"tin- 
nab'u-lous}. — tin"tln-nab"u-Ia'tion, n. 
Tin"to-ret'to, 1 tIn"to-ret'o; 2 tin"to-ret'o, II 
(1518-1594). Popular name of Giacomo Robusti, 
a Venetian painter. 

ti'ny, 1 tai'm; 2 ti'ny, a. [ti'ni-er; ti'ni-est.] 
Very small: minute; often pleonastically with 
little; as, a tiny little thing. [Orig. ‘fretful,’ < 
AS. teona, trouble.] 

-tion, suffix. A termination denoting act, state, 
or agent; as, temptafiow. [< F. -tion, -gon, < L. 
-tio(,n~), a suffix of abstract nouns.] 


-turns, suffix. Termination of adjectives corre¬ 
sponding to nouns in -tion; as, ambihows. [ < F. 
-tieux, < L. -tiosus, < -l, ending of stem, + 
-osus, -ous; or directly < L. -cius, -tins.I 
tip 1 , 1 tip; 2 tip, v. [tipped 1 , tipt 8 ; tip'ping.] 

I. 1. 1. To cause to lean; cant; tilt. 2. To 
strike lightly, or with something fight; tap. 
3. [Colloq.] To give a small gratuity to; give 
secret information to. II. i. 1. To lean over 
to one side; cant; tilt. 2. To bestow gifts, as 
on a servant. [ < Sw. tippa, strike gently.] 

tip 2 , vt. 1. To furnish with or form into a tip. 
2. To cover the tip of. 

tip 1 , n. The point or extremity of anything 
tapering; end. [Akin to top 1 , ».] 
tip 2 , n. 1. A sum of money given, as to a ser¬ 
vant. 2. A friendly, helpful hint. 3. A tap. 
tip'pet, 1 tip'et; 2 tip'et, n. An outdoor cov¬ 
ering for the neck, or neck and shoulders. 

[ < Gr.L+A8 tapes ( tapel -), rug ] 
tip'pie, ) 1 tip'l; 2 tlp'l, v. [tip'pled, tip'ld p ; 
tip'l p , ) tip'pling.] I. t. 1. To drink or sip, 
as alcoholic beverages, frequently. 2. To 
bring under the influence of liquor. II. i. To 
sip often; to drink alcoholic beverages habit¬ 
ually. [< Norw. tipla, tipple.]— tip'ple, n. 
Liquor consumed in tippling.— tip'pier, n. 
tip'.staff", )1 tip'staf"; 2 tlp'staf", n. [-staffs, 
tip'staf" p , ) pi.] 1. An officer who carries a tip- 
staff, as a bailiff or process-server. 2. A 
staff having a metal tip or top, used as a 
badge of office. [ < tipped, + staff.] 
tip'ster, 1 tip'star; 2 tlp'ster, n. [Colloq.] One 
who sells confidential tips as to the chances of a 
race or other contest on which wagers may be 
made. 

tip 'sy, 1 tip'si; 2 tlp'sy, a. [tip'si-er; tip'si- 
est.] Befuddled with drink; hilarious; un¬ 
steady. [< tip 1 , r.]—tip'si-ly, adv. —tip'- 
si-ness 7 z 

tip'toe", 1 tip'tS"; 2 tlp'to". I. vi. To walk on 
tiptoe. II. n. 1 . The tip of a toe, or the 
tips of all the toes collectively. 2. Topmost 
height; also, alertness of expectation: usually 
in the phrase to be on tiptoe, to be eagerly 
expectant. 

tip'-top', 1 tip'-tep'; 2 tlp'-top'. [Colloq.] I. a. 
Best of its kind. II. n. The highest point or de¬ 
gree; the very top. III. adv. In a tip-top 
manner. 

Ti-pu' Sa'hib, 1 ti-ptl' sa'hib; 2 ti-pu' sa'hib 
(1753-1799). A sultan of Mysore; fought against 
the British, 1775-1779. 

ti-rade', 1 ti-red' or tai'red; 2 ti-rad' or tl'rad, 
n. A prolonged declamatory outpouring, as 
of censure. [F., < It. tirata, pulling, < tirare, 
pull.] 

tire 1 , 1 tair; 2 tir, v. [tired; tir'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To reduce the strength of, as by toil; w r eary; 
fatigue: used with out to represent complete 
exhaustion. 2. To reduce the patience of. 

II. i. To become physically or otherwise 
jaded. [ < AS. teorian, tire, be tired.]—tired, 
pa. -!y, adv. -ness, n. —tire'less, a. Proof 
against fatigue; untiring. -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
tire'some, a. Tending to tire, or causing one to 

. tire; wearisome; tedious, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
tire 2 , vt. To furnish with a tire; put a tire on. 
tire 1 , n. 1 . A band or hoop surrounding the 
rim of a wheel. 2. A flexible tube, usually of 
rubber filled with air, set in a rim and protect¬ 
ed by an outer covering: used on automobiles, 
bicycles, etc., to reduce vibration. [ < tie, r.j 
tire 2 , n. A tiara; head-dress. [Short for attire.] 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = owt; eil; iu = feud; <fhin; go; g = sing; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dt>; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 






tirewoman 

tome 


614 


tire'wo"man||, 1 tair'wu"man; 2 tlr'wp"man, 
n. A lady’s-maid; specif., a female attendant 
in a theatrical dressing-room. tir'ing*wo"- 
manl. 

Tls"sa-pher'nes, 1 tis"a-fur'nlz; 2 tls’a-fer'neg, n. 
A Persian satrap who was defeated by the Spar¬ 
tans, 395 B. C. 

tis'sue, 1 tiSsh'u; 2 tish'u, n. 1. Biol. One of 
the elementary fabrics of which an organ is 
composed. 2. Any light or gauzy textile 
fabric. 3. A connected or interwoven series; 
chain; as, a tissue of falsehoods. [ < F. tissu, 
< tissu , pp. of tisser, < L. texo, weave.]—tls'- 
sue-pa"per, n. Very thin, unsized, almost trans¬ 


parent paper. 

tit 1 ,1 tit; 2 tit, n. 1. One of various small birds, 
as a titmouse, titlark, etc. 2. A small horse. 
[< Ice. titlr, little bird.]— tlt'Iark", n. A small 
bird having a long straight 
hind claw and the general 
appearance of a true lark, 
pip'itt. — tit'mouse", n. 

[tit'mice", pi.] A small bird 
with a short bill, and nostrils 
concealed by feathers. 

tit 2 , n. A blow; tap: in the 
phrase tit for tat, retort 
or retaliation in kind. 

Tit., abbr. Titus.— tit., abbr. 



American Titlark. 
Vio 

[Var. of tip 2 , n.] 
Title. 


Tl'tan, 1 tai'tan; 2 tl'tan, n. Gr. Myth. 1. One of 
a fabled race of giants, children of Uranus 
(heaven) and Gaea (earth), who rebelled against 
the Olympian gods and w r ere finally vanquished 
and thrust down into Tartarus. They are re¬ 
garded as incarnations of natural forces. 2. 
Any one having gigantic strength.— Ti-tan 'Ic, a. 
Pertaining to or resembling the Titans; hence, 
of vast size or strength; gigantic. Ti-ta'ni-anJ. 

Ti-ta'nl-a, 1 ti-te'[or -ta']ni-a; 2 ti-ta'[or -ta']ni-a. 


n. The queen of fairyland; a character in 
Shakespeare’s Midsummer*Night's Dream. 
tit/bit", 1 tit'bit"; 2 tit'bit", n. A morsel, as of 
choice food, tid'bit"t. 
tithe, 1 taith; 2 tith. I. vt. [tithed; tith'ing.] 
To tax. II. n. I. A tax of one-tenth, espe¬ 
cially when payable in kind. 2. The tenth 
part of anything; hence, a small part. [ < AS. 
tedlha, < tebn, ten.]— tith'ing, n. 1. The act of 
levying tithes. 2. A tenth part. 

Tl'tian, 1 tiSh'an; 2 tlsh'an, n. Popular name of 
Tiziano Vecellio (1477-1576), a great Venetian 
painter and colorist. 


TIt"i-oa'ca, 1 titT-ka'ka; 2 tlt/'i-ea'ea, n. A lake 
in the Andes mountains, between Peru and Bo¬ 
livia; area, 3,261 sq. m.; 12,500 ft. above the sea. 
tit'il-late, 1 tit'i-let; 2 tit'i-lat, vt. [-lat"ed^ ; 
-lat"ing.] To cause a tickling sensation in; 
hence, to excite pleasurably in any way. [ < L. 
tilillatus, pp. of titillo, tickle.]— tit"il-la'tion, n. 
tit'i-vate, 1 tit'i-vet; 2 tit'i-vat, vt. & vi. 1-vat"- 
ed; -vat"inc,.] [Colloq.] To put on decora¬ 
tive touches; smarten.— tit"i-va'tion, n. 
ti'tle, 1 tai'tl; 2 tl'tl. I. vt. [ti'tled ; ti'- 
tling.] 1. To give a name to; entitle. 2. To 
confer an honorary title upon; ennoble. II. 
n. I. An inscription that serves as a name 
for a literary production, legal document, etc. 
2. A claim based on an acknowledged or al¬ 
leged right. 3. An appellation significant of 
office, rank, etc. [OF. (F. litre), < L. titulus, 
title.]—ti'tled, a. Having a title, as of nobility. 
—tl 'tie-page", n. A page at the front of a lit¬ 
erary production, as a book, containing the title, 
the names of the author and publisher, etc. 
tit 'ter, 1 tit'ar; 2 tit'er. I. vi. To laugh in a 


suppressed or silly w r ay; giggle. II. n. A 
giggling. [Imit.] 

tit'tie, ) 1 tit'l; 2 tft'l, n. The minutest quan- 
tit'l p , ) tity; iota. [For title, n.] 
tlt'tle*tat"tle, 1 tit'l-tat'l; 2 tit'l-tat'l. I. vi. To 
chatter foolishly. II. n. Foolish talk; gossip. 
[Var. redup. of tattle, ».] 
tit'u-lar, 1 tit'yu-lar; 2 tit'yp-lar. I. a. 1. 
Existing in name or title only; nominal. 2. 
Pertaining to a title. II. n. One having a 
title in virtue of which one holds an office, 
tit'u-la-ryj. [< L. titulus, title.]—tit'u- 
lar-ly, adv. 

Ti 'tus, 1 tai'tus; 2 tl'tus, n. 1. A Christian Greek; 
associate of St. Paul. 2. Bib. A pastoral epistle 
of St. Paul to Titus. 3. T. Andronicus, in 
Shakespeare’s tragedy of that name, the hero, a 
Roman general sent against the Goths. 4. T. 
Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus (40-81), a Ro¬ 
man emperor; conquered Jerusalem. 

Ti'vo-li, 1 ti'vo-11; 2 ti'vo-li, n. A town near 
Rome, Italy; the ancient Tiber, conquered by 
Rome, 33S B. C.; site of Hadrian’s villa and of 
Horace’s Sabine farm. 

to, 1 tu or (colloq.) to; 2 tu or (colloq.) to. I. 
adv. 1. Toward the end of action. 2.*Into nor¬ 
mal condition. 3. Toward or into place. 4. 
In a direction implied. II. prep. 1. In a 
direction toward. 2. Noting an indirect object 
after certain parts of speech. III. The sign 
of the infinitive mode. [ < AS. to, to.] 
to-‘t, prefix. To. [< to , prep.] 
to- 2 , prefix. An intensive prefix In various com¬ 
pounds, mostly obsolete; as fobreak, to break in 
pieces. [< AS. to, apart.] 

T. M., abbr. Trade-mark, true meaD. 

T. O., abbr. Telegraph office, turn over, 
toad, 1 tod; 2 tod, n. A tailless, jumping am¬ 
phibian, resem¬ 
bling the frog, and 
feeding on insects. 

[ < AS. tddie, toad.] jAs 
— toad'=eat"er, n. 

A fawning parasite; 
sycophant.—toad'- ^3 
stool", n. A poison¬ 
ous mushroom, 
toad'y, 1 tod'r, 2 

tod'y. I. vt. & vi. [toad'ied; toad'y-ing.] 
To treat with subserviency; fawn upon. II. n. 
[toad'ies 2 , pi.] An obsequious flatterer; a 
servile person. [Short for toad-eater. ]— 
toad'y-lsm, n. 

toast 1 , 1 tost; 2 tost. I d . vt. & vi. To drink to 
the health of; propose or participate in a 
toast. II. n. The act of drinking to some one’s 
health or to some sentiment; also, the person 
or the sentiment involved. [Special use of 
toast 2 .]—toast'er 1 , n. One who proposes a toast. 
toast 2 . I d . vt. & vi. To brown, or become 
brown, over a fire. II. n. Sliced bread 
browned at a fire; toasted bread. [ < L. LL+OF 
tostus, pp. of torreo, roast.]—toast'er 2 , n. A de¬ 
vice for toasting something before a fire. 

Tub., abbr. Tobit. 

to-bae'eo, 1 to-bak'o; 2 to-Me'o, n. An annual 
plant of the nightshade family, 3 to 6 feet 
high, originally of tropical America; also its 
leaves prepared in various ways. See illus. 
on next page. [ < Sp. tabaco, < W. Ind. tabaco, 
pipe in which the natives smoked the plant.]— 
to-bae'eo-nist, n. 

to-bog'gan, 1 to-beg'sn; 2 to-bog'an. I. t>i. 
To coast on a toboggan, as down an icy or 
snowy slope. II. n. A sled-like vehicle, con- 



Toad. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fsire, fast, what, all; me, get, pr£y, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 






615 


tirewoman 

tome 


sisting of a long thin board or boards curved 
upward at the forward end. [Corr. of Am. 
Ind. odabagan, sled.]—to-bog'gansslide", n. A 
declivity prepared for coasting with toboggans. 
To-bolsk', 1 to-belsk'; 2 to-bdlsk', n. A city of W. 
Siberia; pop. 25,200. Here Nicholas II. of Russia 
and his family we 
detained in 1917. 
toe'sin, 1 tok'sin; 
tdc'sin, n. 1. A sig¬ 
nal sounded on a 
bell ; alarm. 2. 

Hence, an alarm* 
bell. [F.] 

tosday', 1 tu=de'; 2 
to-da/. I. n. The 
present day, time, 
or age. II. adv. 1. 

On or d u r i n g this 
present day. 2. At the 
present time. [<AS. to, to; 
dsege, dat. of dxg, day.) 
tod'die, )1 ted'l; 2 tod'l, vi. 
tod'l p , ) [tod'dled, tod'ld p ; 

tod'dling.] To walk unstead- Tobacco, 
ily, as a little child. [Freq. a, leaves; b, flowers; 

< TOTTER, ».]— tod'dlcr, 71 . c, fruit, 

tod'dy, 1 ted'i; 2 tod'y, n. [tod'dies 2 , pl.\ 
Sweetened spirits and water; alcoholic liquor 
in general. [ < Hind, tari, < tar, palm-tree.] 
to=do', 1 tu-du'; 2 to-do', n. [Colloq.] Confusion 
or bustle, as on account of something disturbing, 
toe, 1 to; 2 to. I. vt. [toed; toe'ing.] 1. To 
touch with the toes. 2. To furnish with a 
toe. II. n. 1. One of the digits of a foot of a 
quadruped or biped; front part of a hoof. 2. 
That portion of an article of dress, etc., that 
covers the toes. [ < AS. ta, toe. ] [tof'fyj. 
tof'fee, 1 tef'i; 2 tdf'e, n. [Eng.] Same as taffy. 
tog, 1 teg; 2 tog. [Slang.] I. vt. To dress; espe¬ 
cially to dress in one’s best: usually with out or 
up. II. n. An article of clothing: generally in 
the plural, tog'ger-yj. 

to'ga, 1 tb'ga; 2 to'ga, n. [to'gas 2 or to'g,e, 
pi.] The large elliptical mantle of a Homan 
citizen. [L., < tego, cover.] — to'gaed, a. 
Robed in the toga; hence, classical; stately, 
to-geth'er, 1 tu-geth'ar; 2 to-geth'er, adv. 1. 
Into union with each other; conjointly. 2. 
In company. 3. Simultaneously. 4. Without 
cessation. [ < AS. to, to, + gador, together.] 
tog'gle, )1 tog'l; 2 tog'l. I. vt. [tog'gled, 
tog'l p , ) tog'ld p ; tog'gling.] To fix or fur¬ 
nish with a toggle. II. n. 1. A pin, or short 
rod, properly attached in the middle, as to a 
rope, and designed to be passed through a 
hole or eye and turned. 2. A toggle-joint. 
[Dim. < tag 1 , n.]—tog'glesjoint", n. A joint 
having a central hinge like 
an elbow, and operatable by 
applying the power at the 
junction, thus changing the 
direction of motion, 
toil, 1 toil; 2 toil, m.To labor 
arduously; work hard. [ < 

F. touiller, trouble.] — 
toll'er, n . 

toil 1 , «. Fatiguing work; any oppressive task. 
—toll'ful, a. Replete with toil; laborious, -ly, 
adv. —toil'some, a. Accompanied with fatigue, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. [web.] 

toil 2 , n. A net, snare, or other trap. [ < L. F tela, 
toi'let, 1 tei'let; 2 toi'let, n. 1. The process of 
dressing oneself. 2. A person’s dress. 3. A 


dressing-table. [< F. toilette, dim. of toile, 
cloth.] toi-lette'J. 

to'ken, 1 to'kn; 2 to'kn, n. 1. Anything indica¬ 
tive of some other thing; a sign; indication. 
2. A symbol or seal. 3. A pledge. 4. A keep¬ 
sake. [ < AS. tacen, sign.] 

To'ky-o, 1 to'ki-o; 2 to'ky-o, n . A city in S. E. 
Honshu Island, Japan; capital of the Japanese 
empire; pop. 2,173,160. To'ki-oJ; Yed'doJ. 
told, 1 told; 2 told, imp. & pp. of tell. 

To-le'do, 1 to-ll'do; 2 to-le'do, n . 1. A cathedral 
city of central Spain; famed for its sword-blades: 
pop. 23,000. 2. A city inN.W. Ohio; pop. 243,164. 
tol'er-ant, 1 tel'ar-ant; 2 tol'er-ant, a . Of a 
long-suffering disposition; indulgent; liberal. 
[OF.,< L. toleran ( t -) s , ppr. of tolero , bear.] -ly, 
adv . — tol'er-a-bl(e p , a . 1. Passably good; com¬ 
monplace. 2. Supportable. 3. Allowable.— tol'- 
er-a-bl(e-ness p , n.— tol 'er-a-b!y, adv . —tol'er- 
ance, n. The state of being tolerant.— tol'- 
er-ate, vt . [-at"ed<!; -at"ing.] 1. To suffer to be 
or be done without active opposition. 2. To con¬ 
cede, as the right to opinions. 3. To bear. [ < 
L . toleratus , pp. of tolero , bear.]— tol"er-a'tion,n. 
toll 1 , 1 tol; 2 tol. I. vt. & vi. To sound, as a bell, 
with single strokes at uniform intervals. II. n. 
The sound of a bell rung slowly and regularly. 
[< ME. tollen , draw, pull.]— toll'er 1 , n . 
toll 2 . I. vt. & vi. To take, as toll; take or pay 
toll. II. n. A fixed compensation for some 
privilege, as of passing on a bridge or a turn¬ 
pike. [ < AS. toll, toll, < V of tell, r.]— toll'* 
booth", n. [Eng.] 1. A booth, as at a market 
for collecting tolls. 2. A jail. 3. [Prov. Eng.] A 
town hall or market-house.— t.sbridge, n . A 
bridge subject to toll or fee for passage.—1.» 
gate, n. A gate, as across a turnpike, at which 
toll is paid, t.sbarj.—t.-collector, t.=gath- 
erer, t.sinan, n. A collector of tolls, toll'er^. 
— t.-house, n. A toll-collector’s lodge adjoin¬ 
ing a toll-gate. 

Tol-stoy', 1 tel-stei'; 2 tdl-st6y\ Leo Nikolai!*- 
vitch. Count (1828—1910). A Russian novelist 
and social reformer. Tol-stoi'J. 
tom., abbr. Tome, 
tom'a-hawk, 1 tem'a-hek; 
vt. To strike or kill with a 
tomahawk. II. n. The 
North-American Indian 
battle-ax or hatchet. [Of 
Am. Ind. origin.] 
to-nia'to, 1 to-me'to or 
-ma'to;2 to-ma'to or -ma'- 
to, n. [-toes 2 , pi.] The 
pulpy edible fruit of a fa¬ 
miliar plant of the night¬ 
shade family, or the plant 
itself. [ < Mex. 8P tomatl, 
tomato.] 

tomb, 1 turn; 2 tom. I. vt. 

To entomb; bury; inter. II. n. A place for 
the deposit of the dead; a vault; grave. [< 
Gr. ll+f tymbos, mound.]—tomb'stone", n. A 
stone marking a place of burial. 

Tom-big'bee, 1 tom-big'bl; 2 t6m-big'b6, n. A 
river in E. Mississippi and W. Alabama; 450 m. 
to the Alabama river. 

tom'boy", 1 tem'bei"; 2 tom'boy", n. A girl 
of romping and boisterous conduct; hoiden. 
tom'scat", 1 tom'-kat"; 2 tom'-cat", n. A male 

Celt 

tom'cod", 1 tem'ked"; 2 toin'cod", n. A small 
edible fish of the North-American Atlantic, 
tome, 1 t5m; 2 tdm, n. A volume, particularly 
if large. [F., < L. tomus, book.] 




Toggle-joint. 



Pipe-tomahawks. 


1: a = final; i = hablt^ aisle; an = out; ell; 10 = feud; cfhin; go; o = sini?; thin, this, 
2: wQlf, dQ; book, boot; fyll, rule, cure, but, bOrn; 611, boy; go, gem; iyk; thin, this. 




















-tome 

Tory 


616 


-tome, ) A termination signifying “ a cutting,” “ a 
-tomy, ) cutter.” [< Gr. tomos, < lemnd, cut.) 
tom'Tool', 1 tem"ful'; 2 tom*fool', to. A silly 
person.—tom"fool'er-y, to. Nonsensical be¬ 
havior. 

tomior'row, 1 to*mer'o; 2 tu*mor'o. I. to. 
The morrow. II. adv. On the day next after 
to*day. [ < AS. to, to; morgen, dat. of morgen, 
morrow.l (mouse, 

tom'tit", 1 tem'tit"; 2 tom'tlt", n. A tit; tit- 
toin'stom", 1 tem'*tem"; 2 t6m'*t6m", n. A 
native Oriental drum, as of India, Africa, 
etc. [< Hind, tamtam: imitative.] tam'- 
tam"f. 

ton 1 , ) 1 tun; 2 ton, to. 1 . A measure of weight, 
tun p , j either 2,000 pounds (a short ton), or 
' 2,240 pounds (a long ton). 2. [U. S.] A 
measure of capacity, l u /25 cubic yards. [For 
tun.] [fashion collectively. [F.] 

ton 2 , 1 ten; 2 ton, n. Tone; style; votaries of 
-ton, suffix. Town. [< AS .-tun, < tun, town.] 
ton'al, 1 ton'el; 2 ton'al, a. Of or pertaining to 
tone or tonality, -ly, adv. —to-nal'i-ty, to. 1. 
Mus. (1) The relation between the tones of a key. 
(2) A system of tones; a key or mode. 2. Paint. 
The general color*scheme of a picture. 3. Tonicity, 
to'mame", 1 tu'*nem"; 2 tQ'*nam", ra. [Scot.] A 
surname or added name. 

tone, 1 ton; 2 ton, v. [toned; ton'ing.] I. t. 
1. To give tone to; modify in tone. 2. To 
tune. II. i. To harmonize, as in tone or shade, 
tone, n. 1. Sound in relation to quality, vol¬ 
ume, duration, and pitch. 2. Mus. (1) The 
peculiar characteristic sound, as of an instru¬ 
ment. (2) An interval corresponding to one 
degree of the scale or staff; two semitones, 
major tonej; whole tonej. 3. A mood; 
quality of feeling. 4. Characteristic style; 
tenor; spirit. 5. Vocal inflection as expres¬ 
sive of feeling. 6. Paint. (1) The prevailing 
effect of a picture, as bright, dull, etc. (2) 
The shade, hue, or degree of color. 7. Physiol. 
The condition of the body or of an organ with 
reference to the vigorous and healthy dis¬ 
charge of its functions. [ < Gr. L+F tonos, a 
sound, tone, < teino, stretch.] 
tongs, 1 toqz; 2 tongg, n. pi. An implement for 
grasping, consisting of a 
pair of pivoted levers. 

[< AS. tonge.) 

tongue,) 1 tup; 2 tong. I. 
tung s , j rf. [tongued; 

TONGU'lNG.] 1. MUS. To 
modify the sound of by 
the use of the tongue. 2. 

To fit a tongue for dove¬ 
tailing. II. to. 1. The 
organ of speech and taste 
located in the mouth. 2. 



lazy* 

fire- 


Tongs. 

Something likened to the tongs; ll, c, np houMhoi(i 
tongue of an animal, as a t01 *8 s : d < pipe-tongs, 
promontory, belhelapper, pin of a buckle, 
etc.; especially a longitudinal projection along 
the edge of a board to fit a corresponding 
groove on another. 3. Figuratively, speech; 
utterance; a language. [ < AS. tunge, tongue.] 
— to hold 'one’s tongue, to keep silent.— 
tongue'less, a. Having no tongue; speech¬ 
less; also, not spoken; unmentioned.— tongue's 
tied", a. 1. Having abnormal shortness of the 
fillet of the tongue. 2. Debarred from speaking; 
silent.— tongue'stle", v. & n. 
ton'lc, 1 ten'ik; 2 ton'ie. I. a. 1. Having 
power to invigorate; bracing. 2. Pertaining 


to tone or tones. 3. Pertaining to tension. 
II. ri. A tonic medicine or anything that im¬ 
parts vigor. [ < Gr. F tonikos, < tonos, sound, 
tone.] — to-nic'i-ty, n. Physiol. The elastic 
condition of healthy tissue; health and vigor, 
to might', 1 tu*nait'; 2 to=nit'. I. n. That 
night that follows to*day; also, the present 
night. II. adv. In or during the present 
night or coming night. [< AS. to, to; niht, 
dat. of niht, night.] 

Ton"kin', 1 ten"kin'; 2 tdn'kln', n. 1. A state in 
French Ind'o-China; 46,400 sq. m.; pop. 6,470,- 
250. 2. Gulf of T., an arm of the China sea be¬ 
tween Tonkin and China.—Ton"kin-ese', a. & n. 
tonn., abbr. Tonnage. 

ton'nage, 1 tun'ij; 2 ton'ag, n. The cubic 
capacity of a vessel expressed in tons of 100 
cubic feet each. [F., < tonne, ton 1 .] 
ton"neau', 1 to"no' or tun-o'; 2 to"no' or 
ton-d'. I. a. Barreldike: said of the body of 
certain motor*cars. II. n. A barreldike body 
of certain motor*cars. [F.] 
ton'sil, 1 ten'sd; 2 tdn'sil,- n. One of two oval 
organs situated on either side of the passage 
from the mouth to the pharynx. [< L. F 
tonsilla.] — ton'sil-lar, a. ton'sil-art; ton'- 
sil-la-ryj.—ton"sil-li'tis, n. Inflammation of 
the tonsils: when acute, called quinsy, ton"- 
sll-i'tist. 

ton-so'ri-al, 1 ten-sd'ri-al; 2 tdn-so'ri-al, a. 

Pertaining to a barber. [ < L. tonsor, barber.] 
ton'sure, I ten'shur; 2 tbn'shyr, n. The shav¬ 
ing of the head, or shaven crown, as of a 
priest; hence, the priestly office. [F., < L. 
tonsura, a shearing.]—ton'sured, a. 
ton-tine', 1 ten-tin'; 2 ton-tin', n. A form of 
collective life annuity, the individual profits 
of which increase as the number of survivors 
diminishes. [F., < Lorenzo Tonti, Italian 
banker.] 

too, 1 tu; 2 to, adv. 1. More than sufficiently. 
2. [Colloq.j Exceedingly. 3. In addition; 
likewise. [ < AS. to, too, < to, to.] 

took, 1 tuk; 2 took, imp. of take, v. : also rarely pp. 

tool, 1 tul ; 2 tool. I. vt. & vi. To mark or orna¬ 
ment with a tool, as a book*cover. II. TO. 1. 
An implement, as a hammer, chisel, etc. 2. 
By extension, a machine. 3. A person used 
to carry out the designs of another. [ < AS. 
tdl, tool.] 

toot, 1 tut; 2 toot, vt. & vi. To sound (a wind* 
instrument, as a horn), especially with short 
blasts and unmusically. 

tooth, 1 tuth; 2 tooth. I 1 , vt. 1. To supply 
with teeth, as a rake. 2. To 
give a serrated edge to. II. to. 

[teeth, pZ.] 1. One of the hard, 
dense structures of the mouth, 
used for seizing and chewing 
food. 2. Something resembling 
the tooth of an animal in form 
or use; specifically, a projecting 
point, pin, or cog. 3. A dis¬ 
criminating taste; palate. [< Section of a 
AS. loth.] —tooth 'ache", n. Pain Human Mo- 
in a tooth; also, neuralgia of the lar Tooth, 
teeth.— toothed, a. 1. Supplied 1 . Pulp.cavity, 
with teeth. 2. Bot. Dentate.— -■ Dentin. 3 e„. 
tooth 'less, a. Being without atnel ‘ 4- Cemeut - 
teeth; harmless. — tooth 'pick", n. A small 
sliver, as of wood, for removing particles of food 
from between the teeth.— tooth'some, a. Hav¬ 
ing a pleasant taste. 

top, 1 top; 2 top, v. [topped 1 , topt 3 ; top'- 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rOle; but, bOrn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn, 



















617 


tome 

Tory 


ping.] I. t. 1. To remove the top of. 2. To 
provide with a top or summit. 3. To sur¬ 
mount; surpass. II. i. 1. To rise above 
others; excel. 2. To be of a certain height. 
top 1 , 1 top; 2 top, to. 1. The upper extremity 
of anything. 2. That which is first or highest 
in rank or degree. 3. Naut. A platform at the 
head of the lower section of a ship’s mast. 
[< AS. lop, top.]—over the top. See over. — 
top'sboot", n. A boot with a big top,usually of 
different material from the rest of the boot.—tops 
coat, to. An overcoat.—top ^dressing, n. A dress¬ 
ing of manure over the surface of land not to be 
plowed under.—top"gal'Iant, n. The mast, 
sail, yard, etc., immediately above the topmast 
and topsail.—top=heavy, a. Having the top or 
upper part too heavy for the lower part; ilkpro- 
portioned; impracticable.—top shea viness, to.— 
top'knot", to. A crest, tuft, or knot on the top 
of the head.—top'mast", to. The mast next 
above the lower mast.—top'most, a. Being at 
the very top.—top'sail", n. A sail on the top¬ 
mast; also, a sail above the gaff of a sloop, etc. 
top 2 , n. A toy of wood or metal, with a point 
on which it is made to spin. [ < MD. top.] 
to'paz, 1 to'paz; 2 to'paz, to. A transparent 
yellowish mineral, withavitreous luster, valued 
as a precious stone. [ < Gr. topazos, topaz.] 
tope, 1 top; 2 t5p, vt. & vi. [toped 1 ; top'ing.] 
To drink excessively (spirituous liquors). 
[< F. toper, cover a stake; cp. Ice. topa, pledge.] 
—top'er, n. A habitual drunkard; sot. 
To'pheth, 1 to'fet; 2 to'fet, n. 1. Part of the val¬ 
ley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, once used for 
idolatrous worship, and later as a place for de¬ 
positing and burning the city’s refuse. 2. Hence, 
the place of endless perdition; hell. [< Heb. 
tophet, place to be spit on.] To'phetf. 
top'lc, 1 tep'ik; 2 top'ie, n. A subject of dis¬ 
course; a theme for discussion, f < Gr. topika, 
n. pi. of topikos, of a place.]—top'i-cal, a. 1. 
Pertaining to a topic. 2. Local, top'ict.— 
top'i-cal-Iy, adv. 

topog., abbr. Topographical, topography, 
to-pog'ra-phy, ) 1 to-peg'ra-fi; 2 to-pog'ra-fy, 
to-pog'ra-fy p , ) n. 1. The detailed descrip¬ 
tion of particular places, as on a map. > 2. 
The physical features, collectively, of a region. 
[Ult. < Gr. topos, place, + grapho, write.]—to- 
pog'ra-plier, to. An expert in topography.— 
top"o-graph'ic, -i-cal, a. -J-cal-ly, adv. 
top 'pie, ) 1 tep'l; 2 top'l, v. [top'pi.ed; top'- 
top'I p , ) pling.] To totter and fall. [Intens. 
of top, r.] 

top"sy-tur'vy, 1 tep"si-tur'vi; 2 t5p"sy-thr'vy, 
adv. Upside down; in dire confusion. [< 
top 1 , «., + so + turvy, < AS. ge- tyrflan, to roll.] 
toque* 1 tdk; 2 tok, n. A small close-fitting 
brimless bonnet. [F.] 

torch, 1 tertfh; 2 torch, to . 1 . A source of light 
made of pine»knots, or any inflammable materi¬ 
al at the end of a handle, pole, etc. 2. A light 
fastened to a pole or otherwise raised. [ < F. 
torche, < 'LL.torlxa, < L. tortus; see torsion.] 
tore, 1 tor; 2 tor, imp. oi tear, v. 
tor-men t' d , 1 ter-ment'; 2 tbr-ment', vt. 1. To 
subject to excruciating bodily or mental suf- 
fering; torture. 2. To afflict or vex grievously. 
—tor-men'tor, n. tor-ment'erf. 
tor'ment, 1 tor'ment; 2 tor'mSnt, to. 1. In¬ 
tense pain or anguish. 2. One who or that 
which gives great distress or annoyance. 
[OF.. < L. tormentum, < torqueo. twist.] 


tor-na'do, 1 ter-ne'do; 2 tor-na'do, to. [-does 2 , 
pi.] A very violent storm, of small extent, 
usually accompanied by rain and often by 
lightning. [ < Sp. tornada, return.] 
To-ron'to, 1 to-ron'to; 2 to-ron'to, to. A commer¬ 
cial city, capital of Ontario province, Canada; 
pop. 377,000. 

tor-pe'do, 1 ter-pl'do; 2 tor-pe'do, to . 1 . 



Bliss=Leavitt Torpedo with War=head. 

a, tripping-lever; b, primer-case; c, moisture*top; d, bulkhead; 
e , joint-ring; /, buoyancy-chamber; g y g , air-tlask; h y immersion* 
chamber; i, valve-gear compartment; j, turbines; k, gear-train; 
lj engine-cage; m, tail; *t, propellers; o, rudder. 

[-does 2 , pi.] A device or apparatus contain¬ 
ing an explosive to be fired by concussion or 
otherwise. 2. A rayfflsh having an electric 
apparatus with which it stuns or kills its 
prey. [L., < torpeo, be numb.]— aerial tor¬ 
pedo, ashelPlike missile used in aerial warfare.— 
tor-pe'do=boat", n. A small swift steamer fit¬ 
ted with apparatus for the firing of torpedoes, 
tor'por, 1 tor'por; 2 tor'por, to. Complete or 
partial insensibility; stupor; apathy; torpid¬ 
ity. [L., < torpeo, be numb.]— tor'pid,a. Dor¬ 
mant; numb; sluggish, -i-ty, n. -nesst. 
Tor"que-ma'da, 1 tor"ke-ma'da; 2 tor"ke-ma'- 
da, to. 1. Juan de (1545—1617), a Spanish 
monk; historian of Mexico. 2. Tomas de (1420- 
1498), a Dominican monk; first inquisitor*gen- 
eral of Spain. 

tor'rent, 1 ter'ent; 2 tor'Snt, to. A stream of 
water flowing with great velocity or turbu¬ 
lence; any abundant or tumultuous flow. 
[F„ < L. torrens, < torren{t-)s, ppr. of lorreo, 
parch.]— tor-ren'tial, a. -ly, adv. 
tor'rid, 1 tor'id; 2 tor'id, a. 1. Exposed to the 
full force of the sun’s heat; sultry. 2. Scorch¬ 
ing. [ < L. F torridus, < torreo, parch.] 
tor'sion, 1 ter'^han; 2 tor'shon, to. The act of 
twisting, or the state of being twisted. [F., 
< L. LL torsio, < L. tortus, pp. of torqueo, twist.] 
—tor'sion-al, a. 

tor'so, 1 ter'so; 2 tor'so, to. The trunk of a 
human body; a statue deprived of head and 
limbs. [It.] 

tort, 1 tert; 2 tort, to. Law. Any private or 
civil wrong by act or omission. [L. F tortus; 
see torsion.] 

tor'tolse, 1 ter'tis; 2 tor'tis, to. A turtle; specif., 
one of a terrestrial or fresh=water species. [ < 
L. F tortus, twisted; from its crooked feet.] 
Tor-tu'ga, I tor-tu'ga; 2 tor-tu'ga, to. Any one of 
several WesDIndian islands, especially one N. W. 
of Haiti, once a pirate lair.— Dry Tortugas, a 
group of ten islands S. W. of Florida, on one of 
which is a United States military prison, 
tor'tu-ous, 1 ter'cfliu-[or -tiu-]us; 2 tor'chp- 
[or -tu-]us, a. Winding; twisting; hence, er¬ 
ratic. [< LT tortuosus, < tortus, twisted.] 
-ly, adv. — tor"tu-os'i-ty, to. tor'tu-ous-nesst . 
tor'ture, 1 ter'dhur or -tiur; 2 tor'chur or -tur. 

1. vt. [tor'tured; tor'tur-ing.] To inflict 
extreme pain upon; cause to suffer keenly. 
II. to. 1. Subjection to extreme physical pain. 

2. Great mental suffering; agony. [F., < 
L.ll tortus; see torsion.]— tor'tur-er, n. 

To'ry, 1 to'n; 2 to'ry, to. [To'ries 2 , pi] 1. 
A member of an English historic political 
party, originating with the Cavalier party of 


torn, 1 tern; 2 torn, pp. of tear, v. 


1-a = final- i = habit; aisle; au = owt; oil; iu = ferod; cffiin; go; r) = sinj; thin, this. 

2: wplf, dp'; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bdrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 



















toss 

tradition 


618 


Charles I. 2. One who during the American 
Revolution adhered to the British cause. [ < 
Ir. toiridhe, pursuer.]—To 'ry-lsm, n. 
toss, 1 tos; 2 tos, v. [tossed 1 or tost; toss'- 
ing.] I. t. 1. To throw, pitch, or fling about. 

2. To agitate. 3. To lift or throw up with a 
quick motion, as the head. II. i. 1. To 
throw oneself from side to side. 2. To be 
moved, rocked, or blown about. [Cp. Norse 
tossa, strew.] 

toss, n. 1. The act of tossing. 2. The state of 
being tossed about. [Ice. tottr, dwarf.] 

tot, 1 tot; 2 tot, n. A little child; toddler. [ < 
to'tal, 1 to'tal; 2 td'tal. I. a. Being a total; 
complete. II. n. The whole sum or amount; 
the whole. [F., < LL. totalis, < L. totus, 
all.]—to-tal'i-ty, n. —to'tal-ly, adv. 
tote, 1 tot; 2 tot, vt. [tot'ed<i; tot'ing.] [Colloq., 
local U. S.j To carry or bear on the person, as a 
burden; carry or haul supplies.—tot'er, n. 
to'tern, 1 to'tem; 2 to'tem, n. A natural ob¬ 
ject, as an animal, assumed among savages as 
an emblem of a person or clan, and wor¬ 
shiped; also, an image or picture of such ob¬ 
ject.—to-tem'Ic, a. —to'tein-lsni, n. —to'¬ 
tem spost", to'temspole", n. A post or pole on 
which totems are carved or hung, 
tot'ter, 1 tot'er; 2 tot'er, vi. 1. To waver, as 
if about to fall. 2. To shake or lean over. 
[ < AS. teallrian, < tealt, unsteady.] 
tou-cau', 1 tu-kan' or tu'kan; 2 tu-can' or tu'- 
can, n. A large fruit-eating 
tropical American birdwith 
immense beak. [F., 
tucano.] 

tucfh; 2 ti 
I. t. 1 

be in or come into 
contact w i t h, es¬ 
pecially with the 
hand or some part 
of the body. 2. To 
attain to; reach. 

3. To strike; 
play upon. 4. 

To affect with 
tender feeling. 

5. To relate to; 
concern. II. i. To be in 
toucher, touch.]—touch'ing. 
to the susceptibilities; affecting. II .prep. With 
regard to.—touch 'y, a. [Colloq.] Apt to take 
offenseon slight provocation; irascible.—touch'- 
i-ly, adv. —touch'i-ness, n. 

touch, n. 1. A touching; physical contact. 
2. That one of the five senses that gives the 
impression of contact. 3. Any slight or deli¬ 
cate effort or effect, as of brush or pen. 4. 
Accord; sympathy.—touch'sdown",n. Foot¬ 
ball. The act or play of touching the ball to 
the ground behind an opponent’s goal.—t.-hole, 
n. The priming-hole of a cannon.—t.=me=not, 
n. A plant, whose ripe, elastic seed-vessels, when 
touched, burst open and scatter the seed.— 
touch'stone", n. 1. A fine-grained dark stone, 
as jasper, formerly extensively used to test the 
fineness of gold by the color of the streak made 
by the metal on the stone. 2. Any standard or 
criterion of merit or value.—touch'wood", n. 
Some soft combustible material used as tinder, 
tough, l 1 tuf; 2 tuf, a. 1. Susceptible of great 
tufp, \ tension or strain without breaking; 
also, of a close texture. 2. Not easily sepa¬ 
rated ; tenacious. 3. Possessing great endur- 


touch 1 ,) 1 
tuch p , ) v. 



Ariel Toucan. 


contact. [ < F. 
I. pa. Appealing 


ance. 4. [Colloq.] Irreclaimably vicious; dis¬ 
reputable; vulgar. 5. [Colloq.] Difficult to 
accomplish; laborious; also, severe. 6. [Col¬ 
loq.] Hard to believe; incredible. [< AS. 
toh, tough.]—tough'en, vt. & vi. To render or 
become tough or tougher. 

Tou"lou', 1 tu"len'; 2 tu"16n', n. A French sea¬ 
port and naval arsenal on the Mediterranean; 
pop. 105,000. 

Tou"louse', 1 tiFluz'; 2 tu"lu§', n. A cathedral 
city of S. France; capital of the former County of 
Toulouse (920-1271): pop. 149,000. 
tou-pec*', 1 tu-pl'; 2 tu-pe', n. 1. A little tuft 
or lock of hair. 2. The top of a periwig; a 
small wig. [ < F. toupet, < OF. toupe, tuft.] 
tour, 1 tur; 2 tur. I. vt. & vi. To make a tour 
of; travel. II. ». 1. A round trip or journey, 
2. A passing around; circuit. 3. A turn or 
shift, as of service. [F.‘; see turn, n.]— tour'- 
1st, n. One who makes a tour. 

Tou"raine', 1 tu"ren'; 2 tu"ran', n. A former 
province of W. central France; capital. Tours, 
tour'ma-lin, )1 tur'ma-lin, -lln; 2 tur'ma- 
tour 'ina-line, j lln, -lin, n. A translucent black 
or brownish-black, but sometimes blue, green, 
red, or colorless, mineral, which, when trans¬ 
parent, is used as a gem-stone, 
tour'na-ment, 1 tur'na-ment or -mant; 2 
tur'na-ment, n. In medieval times, a contest 
of skill between parties of mounted knights; 
hence, any series of games involving contests 
of skill. [ < F. tournoiement, < tournoyer, 
tilt, turn round.] tour'ueyf. 
tour'ni-quet, 1 tur'm-ket; 2 tur'ni-k?t, n. A 
bandage, etc., for stopping the flowi / 
of blood through an artery by com-1 / 

pression. [F., < tourner, turn.] piliL a 
Tours, 1 tur; 2 tur, n. A city (pop. 73,000) P ' J jF 
of W. central France. Kear this place — 
Charles Martel defeated the Saracens, •—j 
Oct. 10, 732. 

Tous"salnt' l’Ou"ver"ture\ 1 tQ"sah' ^3 
10''ver"’tiir'; 2 tu"san' lu"v6r*tur' ^4 
(1743-1S03). A negro general; libera- p—f 
tor of Haiti. ~3| 

tow, 1 to; 2 to, vt. To drag, as a 
boat, through the water by a 
rope; drag behind in any way. 

[ < AS. teon, draw.] 

tow 1 , n. A short coarse Esmarch’s Rubber 
hemp or flax fiber. [< Tourniquet (a). 
AS. tow (in towllc, of spinning).]— tow 'head", n. 
A person with light flaxen hair. 
tow 2 , n. 1. That which is towed, as a vessel. 
2. The act of tow ing. —tow'age, n. The ser¬ 
vice of or charge for towing.— tow'boat", n. 
A boat, as a stout steamer, for towing barges, etc. 
See tug, 3.— tow'jpatli", n. A path along a 
river or canal used by horses or mules, in towing 
boats.— towsrope, n. A rope used for towing, 
tow-line!. 

to'ward, 1 tb'&rd; 2 to'ard, a. 1. Ready to do 
or learn; apt. 2. Approaching attainment or 
fulfilment; imminent. [ < AS. toweprd, < fo,|to, 
4- -weard, -w arp.]— to'ward-ly, a. Ready to do 
or learn; compliant; docile.— to'ward-li-ness, n. 
to'ward, ) 1 to'ard, -ardz; 2 to'ard, -ard§, prep. 
to'wards, 1 1. In a course or line leading to; also, 
facing. 2. With respect to. 3. Aiming at or 
contributing to; for. 4. Near in time; about, 
tow'el, 1 tau'el; 2 tow'el, n. A cloth, usually of 
linen, for drying anything by wuping. [Ult. 
< OHG. dwahila, tow el.]— tow 'el-ing, n. Ma¬ 
terial for towels, tow 'el-ling!. 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 








619 


tos& 

tradition 


tow'er, 1 tau'ar; 2 tow'er. I. vi. To rise or 
overtop, like a tower. II. to. 1. A structure 
very tall in proportion to its depth and width. 
2. A citadel; fortress. [ < AS. tur, < L. tur- 



Tower of London from the Thames. 

rls, tower.]—tow'ered, a. Furnished with tow¬ 
ers for ornament or defense.—tow'er-ing, pa. 
1 . Like a tower; lofty. 2. Marked by violence or 
intensity; furious. 

town, 1 taun; 2 town, to . 1 . Any considerable 
collection of dwelling=houses larger than a 
village; also, the people of such place, col¬ 
lectively. 2. [U. S.] A township. [ < AS. 
tun, enclosure.)—town clerk, an official who 
keeps the records of a town.—town'folk", n. 
People who live in towns or in a particular town 
or city, towns'peo"plef.—t. hall, the build¬ 
ing where the public offices of a town are and 
where its official business is transacted.—t. 
house. 1 . A town hall. 2. A residence in a town. 
3. An almshouse: workhouse. 4. The town 
prison.—town'ship, to. 1. [U. S.] A territorial 
subdivision of a county. 2. fEng.] The district 
belonging to a town, tithing, etc.—towns'man, 
n. [towns'men, pl.\ A resident of a town; also, 
a fellow citizen. 

tox. , toxlcol., abbr. Toxicology. 

tox'ic, 1 teks'ik; 2 toks'ic, a. Pertaining to 
poison; poisonous. [< Gr. L toxikon, poison, 
< toxikos, of the bow.]— tox-ic'i-ty, n. The 
quality of being toxic.— tox"i-col 'o-gy, n. The 
branch of medical science that treats of poisons. 
—tox"i-co-log'f-cal, a. —tox"i-col 'o-gist, n .— 
tox'in, n. 1. Any of a class of poisonous com¬ 
pounds of animal, bacterial, and vegetable ori¬ 
gin. 2. Any poisonous ptomain. tox'inef. 

toy, 1 tei; 2 toy. I. vi. To dally amorously; 
trifle; play. II. a. Resembling a toy; of mini¬ 
ature size. III. n. 1 . A plaything for chil¬ 
dren. 2. Any diminutive object imitating a 
larger one. [ < D. tuig, tools.]—toy'man, n. 
[toy'men, pi.] One who makes or vends toys. 

tp., abbr. Township.—Tr., a&&r. Treasurer, trus¬ 
tee;—tr., abbr. Transpose, trill.—tr., trails., 
abbr. Transitive, translated, translation, transac¬ 
tion, translator, transportation. 

trace 1 , 1 tres; 2 trac. I. vt. [traced 4 ; trac'- 
ing.J 1. To follow (a line or course) as with 
a pencil; hence, to sketch; map out. 2. To 
copy, as a drawing, on a superposed trans¬ 
parent sheet. 3. To follow the trace or 
tracks of. II. to . 1 . Any vestige or mark left 
by some past event or agent. 2. A barely de¬ 
tectable quantity. 3. A track, trail, etc. [F., 


< tracer, < L. tractus, pp. of trako, draw.]— 
trace'a-bl(e p , a. Capable of being traced.— 
trac'er, n. —trac'er-y, n. [-ies z , pi.] Orna¬ 
mental stonework formed of ramifying lines.— 
trac'ing, n. The act of one who traces; that 
which is traced, as a copy. 

trace 2 . I. vt. To fasten, as with traces; 
trice. II. n. One of two straps or chains con¬ 
necting the collar of a harness with the swin- 
gletree for drawing a load. [ < F. traits, pi. 
of trait, trace, ult. < traho, draw.] 
tra'che-a, 1 tre'ki-a or tra-ki'a; 2 tra'ee-a or 
tra-ee'a, to. [-che-^e, pk] 1. The windpipe. 
2. Bot. A duct or vessel. [ < Gr. LL tracheia t 

< trachys, rough.]—tra'che-ai, a. —tra"che- 
ot'o-my, n. The operation of making an inci¬ 
sion into the windpipe in order to extract a 
foreign body, etc. 

track 14 , 1 trak; 2 trak, vt. 1. To follow the 
tracks of; trail. 2. To make tracks upon; 
traverse, as on foot. [ken, draw.] 

track 24 , 1 trak; 2 trak, vt. To tow. [ < D. trek- 
track, n. 1. A mark made by anything that 
has gone by; trail; series of footprints. 2. A 
beaten path; road; racecourse. 3. A set of 
rails forming a railway. [ < D. p trek, draft, < 
trekken, draw.]—track'less, a. Unmarked by 
footsteps; pathless. 

tract 1 , 1 trakt; 2 tract, n. I. An extended area, 
as of land or water. 2. Continued duration, 
as of time. [ < L. tractus, < traho, draw.] 
tract 2 , to. A short treatise, as dealing with reli¬ 
gion or morals. [ < L. LL tractus; see tract 1 , n .J 
tract'a-bl(e p , 1 trakt'a-bl; 2 tract'a-bl, a. 1. 
Easily led or controlled; manageable; docile. 
2. Readily worked or handled. [ < L. tracta - 
bilis, < tracto, handle.]—tract"a-bil'i-ty, n. 
tract'a-bl(e-ness p f.—tract'a-bly, adv. 
trac'tile, 1 trak'til; 2 trac'til, a. Capable of being 
drawn out.—trac-til'i-ty, n. 
trac'tion, 1 trak'^hon; 2 trac'shon, to. 1. The 
act of drawing, as by motive power over a 
surface. 2. Contraction, as of a muscle. 3. 
Adhesive or rolling friction. [ < L. tractus, 
pp. of traho, draw.]—trac'tiv(e s , a. Having or 
exerting traction.—trac'tor, n. 1. One who or 
that which draws; an instrument for drawing. 2. 
An aeroplane propelled by a tractor=screw. 
trade, 1 tred; 2 trad, v. [trad'ed 11 ; trad'ing.} 

I. 1. To dispose of by bargain and sale; barter. 

II. i. To engage in trade; traffic.—trad 'ing* 
stamp", n. A stamp given as a premium on the 
purchase of goods above a certain value by a 
dealer to a customer: it is redeemable in goods. 

trade 1 , n. I. A business, particularly a skilled 
or specialized handicraft. 2. Mercantile traf¬ 
fic. 3. A bargain; deal; specif. (U. S. politics), 
a corrupt bargain in patronage between party 
leaders. 4. The people following a particular 
calling. 5. Customary pursuit; occupation. 
[< AS. trod, footstep, < tredan, tread.]— trade'* 
mark", to. A symbol, etc., legally registered, 
as by a merchant, to distinguish his goods.— 
trad'er, n. 1. One who trades. 2. Any vessel 
employed in a particular trade.— trades'man, 
n. 1. A retail dealer; shopkeeper. 2. A mechanic. 
— trades'peo"ple, n. pi. People engaged in 
trade; specif., shopkeepers.— trade'=u"nion, n. 
An association of workmen skilled in a trade, 
formed for common interests. trades'm"nionf. 
trade 2 , to. A trade*wind.— trade '*wind", to. 
A wind blowing steadily near the equator, from 
the northeast on the north, and from the south¬ 
east on the south side of the line, 
tra-di'tion, 1 tro-di^h'an; 2 tra-dish'on, to. 1* 


1:a = final; inhabit; aisle; au = orot; oil; iu = fe«d; <5hin; go; r) = sinff; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









traduce 

transmit 


620 


The transmission of knowledge, doctrines, 
customs, etc., from generation to generation. 
2. That which is so transmitted; stories, be¬ 
liefs, and usages handed down. 3. A custom 
long continued. [F., < L. traditio{n -), < trans, 
over, + do, give.]—tra-di'tion-al, a. Relating 
to or depending on tradition, tra-di'tion-a-ryj. 
—tra-di 'tion-al-ly, adv. 

tra-duce', 1 tra-di us'; 2 tra-dug', vt. [tra- 
DUOED ,t ; tra-duc'ing.] To misrepresent wil¬ 
fully the conduct or character of; defame; 
slander. [ < L. traduco, < trans, over, + 
duco, lead.]—tra-duc'er, n.— tra-duc'tion, n. 

Tra-fal'gar, 1 tra-fal'gar or traf*si-gar'; 2 tra- 
fal'gar or tra*fal-gar', Cape. A point in S. W. 
Spain, off which Nelson defeated the French and 
Spanish fleets under Villeneuve, Oct. 21, 1S05. 

traf'fic, 1 traf'ik; 2 traffic. I. vt. & vi. [traf'- 
ficked 1 ; traf'ficts; traf'fick-ing.] To 
conduct commercial business; buy and sell; 
barter. II. n. 1. The exchange of goods, 
wares, etc.; trade. 2. [Recent ] The business 
of transportation, as by railroad. [ < F. 
trafic, traffic, said to be < L. trans, across, + 
vicis, change.]— traf 'flck-er, n. 

trag., abbr. Tragedy, tragic. 

trag'a-canth, 1 trag'a-kanfih; 2 trag'a-canth, 
n. A white or reddish mucilaginous gum, used 
medicinally. 

trag'e-dy, 1 trajfi-di; 2 tr&g'e-dy, n. [-dies 2 , 
pi.] 1. The form of drama in which the theme 
is solemn, lofty, or pathetic. 2. A fatal event, 
or course of events; dramatic incident. [ < 
Gr.L+F tragodia, < iragodos, tragic singer.]— 
tra-ge'dl-an, n. 1. An actor in tragedy; loosely, 
any actor. 2. An author of tragedies.—tra"ge"- 
dienne', n. An actress of tragedy.—trag'ic, a. 

1. Involving death or calamity; causing grief 
and suffering. 2. Pertaining to or having the 
nature of tragedy, trag'i-calt.—trag'i-cal-ly, 
adv. —trag'i-cal-ness, n. —trag"i-com'e-dy, ». 
A drama in which tragic and comic scenes are 
intermingled.—trag"i-com'ic or -i-cal, a. — 
trag"i-com'i-cal-ly, adv. 

trail, 1 trel; 2 tral, vt. & vi. 1. To draw along 
lightly over a surface; drag or draw after, as 
a garment. 2. To follow the trail of; trace. 3. 
To form or leave a trail; creep, as a plant. 

trail, n. 1. The track left by anything that has 
moved or been drawn over a surface; a series 
of footprints or indications; track; beaten 
path. 2. Anything drawn behind; a train. [ < 
L ll+of traho, draw.] 

train, 1 t.ren; 2 tran, v. I. t. 1. To bring to a 
requisite standard, as of knowledge or skill. 

2. To lead into taking a particular course or 
direction; point; aim. 3. To draw along; trail; 
allure. II. i. 1. To give education by in¬ 
struction and discipline. 2. To go into a 
course of exercise and discipline. [< L. LL+F 
traho, draw.]—train '-band", n. A militia organ¬ 
ization, especially one in London, England, dur¬ 
ing the Stuart period.—train'er, n. One who 
trains; specif., one who directs a course of physi¬ 
cal training, as for a boat-race or prize-fight.— 
train'ing, n. Systematic instruction; drill; as 
In some art or profession; course of education. 

train, n. 1. Anything drawn out to a length, 
or any series of things drawn along, as a line 
of railway-carriages, or of combustibles laid to 
conduct fire to a charge. See next column. 2. 
A succession of connected things. 3. A retinue; 
suite. 4. Something drawn along, as an 
extension of a dress-skirt; a comet’s tail. 


train'soil", 1 tren'-eil"; 2 tran'-oil", n. Oil 
tried out from the blubber or fat of whales, 
trait, 1 tret; 2 trat, n. A distinguishing feature 
or quality of mind or character. [F.] 



Modern Railroad Passenger-train. 

trai'tor, 1 tre'tar or -ter; 2 tra'tor, n. One who 
betrays a trust; especially, one who commits 
treason. [OF., < L. traditor, betrayer, < 
trado, give up, deliver.]—trai'tor-ous, a. 1. In¬ 
clined toward treason. 2. Involving treason, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. —trai'tress, n. A traitorous 
woman. 

Tra'jan, 1 tre'jan; 2 tra'jan, Marcus Ulpius (56- 
117). A Roman emperor; conqueror of the 
Dacians and Parthians. 

tra-jec'to-ry, 1 tra-jek'to-n; 2 tra-jgc'to-ry, n. 
The path described by a moving projectile as 
determined by gravity and air-resistance, 
tram, 1 tram; 2 tram, n. [Gt. Brit.] 1. A street- 
railway or street-car. 2. A railway rail. 3. 
Mining. A coal-car. [ < O. Sw. tram, log.]— 
tram'-car", n. [Eng.] A street-car.—train'- 
way", n. [Eng.] A street-railroad. tram'road"t. 
tram'mel, 1 tram'el; 2 tram'fl. I. vt. [-meled 

Or -MELLED, -MELD 8 ; -MEL-ING Or -MEL-LING.] 

To embarrass with hindrances or limitations. 
II. n. 1. That which limits freedom or activ¬ 
ity; an impediment ; fetter; bond. 2. A pen¬ 
dent hook in a fireplace. [ < F. tramail, net.] 
—tram'mel-er, n. 

tra-mon'tane, 1 tra-men'ten; 2 tra-mon'tan, 
a. Situated beyond the mountains; hence, 
foreign; barbarous. [< It. tramontano, < L. 
transmontanus, < trans, over, + mons, mountain.] 
tramp, 1 tramp; 2 tramp. I 1 , vt. & vi. 1. To 
walk with heavy steps. 2. To travel on foot; 
walk or wander aimlessly. II. n. 1. A heavy, 
continued tread. 2. A long stroll on foot. 3. 
One who walks from place to place; a vagrant; 
vagabond. [< LG. trampen.]— tram'pl(e p , 
v. [tram'pl(e)dp; tram'pling.] I. t. To tread 
under foot. II. i. To step heavily, 
tran-, prefix. Same as trans-. 
trance, 1 trans; 2 trang, n. 1. A state in which 
the soul seems to have passed out of the body; 
an ecstasy; rapture. 2. A state of insensibility 
to ordinary surroundings; hypnotic condition. 
[ < F. transe, fright, < L. transitus; see transit.] 
tran'quil, 1 trarj'kwil; 2 tran'kwil, a. 1. Free 
from agitation or disturbance; calm. 2. Quiet 
and motionless. [ < L. p tranquillus, quiet.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n.— tran'quil-ize, vt. [-ized; 
-iz'ing.] To make tranquil; soothe, tran'quil- 
Iset ;tran 'quil-llset; tran 'quil-lizet.—tran"- 
quil-l-za'[or -sa']tlon, n. tran"quil-li-za'[or 
-safitionj.—tran-quil'lt-ty, n. 
trans-, 1 trans- or tranz-; 2 trans- or trans-, 
prefix. Across; beyond; through. [ < L. trans-, 
< trans, across.]— trans-al'pine, a. 1. On 
the other side of the Alps. 2. Across the Alps. 
— trans"at-lan'tie, a. 1. On the other side of 
the Atlantic. 2. Across the Atlantic.— trans- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or;full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 










621 


traduce 

transmit 


con"ti-nen'tal, a. Extending or passing across 
a continent; as, a transcontinental route.— trans"- 
nia-rine', a. 1. Beyond the sea. 2. Crossing the 
sea.— trans"mon-tane', a. Situated beyond a 
mountain or mountains.— trans-ship 't, u. To 
transfer from one conveyance to another.— 
trans-ship'meut, n. 

trans-act ' d , 1 trans-[or tranz-]akt'; 2 trans-[or 
tran§-]aet', vt. To carry through, as business; 
accomplish; do. [ < L. trans, through, -j- ago, 
do.)— trans-ac'tion, n. 1. The management 
of any affair. 2. Something transacted; an affair. 
3. pi. Published reports.— trans-ac'tor, n. 

tran-scend '<*, 1 tran-send'; 2 tran-send', v. 1. 1. 
To rise above in excellence or degree. II. i. 
To be surpassing. [< L. OF trans, beyond, + 
scando, climb.l — tran-scen'dence, n. Sur¬ 
passing eminence, tran-scen'den-cyt. — tran- 
scen'dent, a. 1. Of very high and remarkable 
degree. 2. Above the material universe; spiritual, 
-ly, adv. -ness, re. — tran"scen-den'tal, a. 1. 
Of very high degree. 2. Philos. Transcending in¬ 
dividual experience; intuitional; rising above the 
common notions of men. 3. Wildly speculative, 
-ly, adv. — tran"scen-den 'tal-ism, n. 1. The 
state or quality of being transcendental; in com¬ 
mon usage, that which, in philosophy or religion, 
is vague, visionary, or etherealized. 2. Philos. 
The doctrine that man can, by intuitional proc¬ 
esses, attain knowledge that transcends the expe¬ 
rience of his senses.— tran"scen-den 'tal-ist, n. 

tran-scribe', 1 tran-skraib'; 2 tran-serib', vt. 
To write over again; copy or recopy. [< L. 
trans, over, + scribo, write.]— tran-scrib'er, n. 
— tran'script, n. 1. A copy made directly from 
an original. 2. Any copy.— tran-scrip'tion, n. 
A copying; transcript. 

tran'sept, 1 tran'sept; 2 tran'sSpt, n. Arch. 
One of the lateral members 
or projections between the 
nave and choir of a cruciform 
church. [ < tran- + L. sep- 
tum, wall.] 

transf., abbr. Transferred. 

trans-fer', 1 trans-fur'; 2 
trans-fer', u. [trans-ferred', 
trans-ferd' 8 ; trans-fer'- 
ring.] I. t. 1. To remove, 
or cause to pass, from one 
person or place to another. 

2. To convey, as property. 

3. To convey (a drawing) 
from one surface to another, 
as by specially prepared 
paper. II. i. To change 
frpm one car or line to an¬ 
other with a transfer. [ < L. 
trans, across, + fero, bear.] — 
trans-fer'a-bl(e p , a. That 
may be transferred.— trans¬ 
fer'ence, n. The act of trans¬ 
ferring; transfer, trans-fer'rencej. — trans¬ 
fer 'rer, n. trans-fer 'rorf. 

trans'fer, 1 trans'fur; 2 trans'fer, n. 1. The 
act of transferring. 2. That which is trans¬ 
ferred. 3. A place, method, or means of trans¬ 
fer. 4. A ticket entitling a passenger on one 
car or boat to ride on another, as on a con¬ 
nected line, without paying an additional fare. 

trans-fig 'ure, 1 trans-fig'yur; 2 trans-fig'yur, 
vt. [-fig'ured; -ftg'ur-ing.] To change the 
outward form or appearance of; make glori¬ 
ous; idealize. [ < L. F trans, over, + figura, 
figure.] — trans-flg"ur-a'tion, n. 1. The act 
of transfiguring. 2. The supernatural transfor¬ 


mation of Christ (see Luke ix, 28). 3. [T-] A 

festival commemorating Christ’s transfiguration: 
August 6. 

trans-fix' 1 , 1 trans-fiks'; 2 trans-fiks', vt. 1. 
To pierce through; impale. 2. To arrest and 
hold as if impaled. [ < L. trans, through, + 
Mo, fix.]—trans-fix'ion, n. 
trans-form', 1 trans-form'; 2 trans-form', vt. 
To give a different form to; to alter; convert; 
change. [ < L. p trans, over, + forma, form.] 
—trans"for-ma'tion, n. —trans-forin'er, n. 
trans-fuse', \ 1 trans-fiuz'; 2 trans-fug', vt. 
trans-fuze ' p ,) [trans-fusep';trans-fus'ing.] 

1. To pour, as a fluid, from one vessel to 
another. 2. To transfer (blood) from the 
veins of one to the veins of another. [ < L. 
trans , over, + fundo, pour.]—trans-fus'i-bl(e p , 
a. —trans-fu'sion, n. 

trans-gress' 1 ,1 trans-gres'; 2 trans-gres', v. I. 
t. 1. To break over the bounds of; violate. 

2. To pass beyond. II. i. To break a law; 

sin. [ < L. F trans, over, gradior, step.]— 
trans-gres'sioa, n. 1. The act of transgressing; 
sin. 2. An overpassing.—trans-gres 'siv(e», a. 
-ly, adv. —trans-gress'or, n. [trans-. 

tran-sliip', -ment. Same as transship, etc. See 
transient, 1 tran'Client; 2 tran'shent, a. Last¬ 
ing but a short time; passing; hence, brief; 
' hasty. [< L. transients, ppr. of transeo, < 
trans, over, + eo, go.] -ly, adv. —tran'sience, 
tran'slen-ey, n. tran'slent-nessj. 
tran'sit, 1 tran'sit; 2 tran'sit, n. 1. The act of 
passing over or through; passage. 2. A spe¬ 
cific passage or route. 3. The passage of one 
heavenly body over the disk of another, or 
over the meridian. [F., < L. transitus, < 
transeo; see transient.]— trans-i'tion, n. Pas¬ 
sage from one place, condition, or action to 
another; change.—trans-i'tion-al, a. -ly, adv. 
—trans'l-tiv(e s . I. a. Gram. Having a direct 
object, as a verb. II. n. A transitive verb, -ly, 
adv. -ness, re.—trans'i-to-ry, a. Existing for a 
short time only; transient.—tran'si-to-ri-ly, 
adv. —trail'si-to-ri-ness, re. 
trans-late', 1 trans-let'; 2 trans-lat', vt. & vi. 
[trans-lat'ed^ ; trans-lat'ing.] 1. To give 
the sense or equivalent in another language; 
also, to interpret. 2. To change; transform. 
[ < OF. translater, < L. trans, over, + latus, 
borne.]—trans-lat'a-bl(e p , a. That may be 
translated; admitting of translation, -ness, re. 
—trans-la'tion, re. 1. A translating. 2. A re¬ 
production in a different language.—trans-la'- 
tor, re. One who translates, 
fran s-!i t 'er-a f e, 1 trans-lit'ar-et; 2 trans-lit'- 
er-at, vt.. To represent, as a word, by the 
alphabetic characters of another language: 
distinguished from translate. [ < trans- 
+ L. litera, a letter.]—trans-lit"er-a'tion, re. 
trans-Iu'cent, 1 trans-liu'sent; 2 trans-lu'- 
gent, a. Allowing the passage of some light, 
but not of a clear view of any object; semi¬ 
transparent. [ < L. trans, over, -j- luceo , 
shine.] -ly, adv.— trans-lu'cence, re. trans- 
lu'cen-cyf. 

trans"nia-rfne', a. See trans-. 
trans'mi-grate, 1 trans'mi-gret; 2 trans'mi- 
grat, vt. & vi. [-grat"ed ( 1 ; -grat"ing.] Tg 
migrate, as from one place or condition to 
another. [< I,, trans, over, + migro, mi¬ 
grate.]— trans'mi-grant, a. & re.—trans"mi- 
gra'tion, re. The act of transmigrating; espe¬ 
cially, the passing of the soul from one body, 
after death, to another.—trans-mi'gra-to-ry, a. 
trans-mit', 1 trans-mit'; 2 trans-mit', vt. 



Winchester 

Cathedral. 

a , nave; b , b , tran¬ 
septs; c, choir. 


1:» = final; i = habltq aisle; au = out; ell; iu = fe«d; <5hin; go; r) = sires; fhin, this. 
3: wplf, do; book, boot; full, ryle, cure, but, btirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









transmute 

tremor 


622 


[TRANS-MIT'TED d ; TRANS-MIT'TING.] 1. To 
send through or across; transfer. 2. To act 
as a medium of passage for; conduct. [ < L. 
trans, over, + mitto, send.]— trans-mis'si-bl(e p , 
a. trans-init'ti-bl(e p t.—trans-mis 'sion, to.— 
trans-mis'siv(e s , a. 1. Derivable. 2. Tending 
to transmit.— trans-mit'ter, to. One who or 
that which transmits: (1) A telegraphic sending* 
instrument. (2) That part of a telephone into 
which a person talks. 

trans-mute', 1 trans-miiit'; 2 trans-mut', vt. 
(-mut'ed' 1 ; -mut'ing.] To change in nature, 
substance, or form. [ < L. trans, over, + muto, 
change.]— trans-mut'a-bl(e p , a.— trans"mu- 
ta'tion, n. The act of transmuting; a changed 
state; in alchemy, the change of a baser metal 
into one of greater value, as of lead into gold.— 
trans-mut'er, to. 

tran'som, 1 tran'sam; 2 tran'som, n. Carp. 
A horizontal piece framed across an opening; 
a small window above a door. [ < L. tran- 
strum, < trans, across.] 

trans-par 'ent, 1 trans-par'ent; 2 trans-par'- 
ent, a. Admitting the passage of light, and 
of clear views of objects beyond; easy to see 
through or understand. [F., < I,. LL trans, 
through, + pareo, appear.] -ly, adv. -ness, to.— 
trans-par'en-cy, n. [-ciesz, pi.) 1. The prop¬ 
erty of being transparent. 2. Something, as-a 
picture on glass, intended to be exhibited by 
means of transmitted light. 

tran-spire', 1 tran-spair'; 2 tran-splr', vi. 
[-spired'; -spir'ing.] 1. To be emitted, as 
through the skin. 2. To exhale in vapor. 3. 
To come gradually to publicity; become 
known; leak out. 4. [Erroneous.] To hap¬ 
pen; occur. [< L , F trans, through, + spiro, 
breathe.]— tran"spi-ra'tion, n. A transpiring 
or exhalation, as through a porous substance or 
through the tissues of a plant. 

trans-plant ' d , 1 trans-plant'; 2 trans-plant', 
vt. To remove and plant in another place.— 
trans"plan-ta'tion, n.— trans-plant'er, n. 

trans-port', 1 trans-port'; 2 trftns-port'. I' 1 . 
vt. 1. To carry or convey from one place to 
another, especially beyond the sea. 2. To 
carry beyond bounds of moderation. II. n. 
1. The state of being transported. 2. A ves¬ 
sel, rolling stock, or other means of convey¬ 
ance used by a government to transport 
troops, military supplies, etc. [ < L. F trans, 
over, + porto, carry.]— trans-port'a-bl(e, a.- 
trans"por-ta'tion, n. 1. The act of trans¬ 
porting; conveyance. 2. The sending away 
of a convict to a remote place.— trans-port'- 
er, n. 

trans-pose', 1 t.rans-poz'; 2 trans-png', vt. 
[trans-posed'; trans-pos'ing.] To reverse 
the order or change the place of; interchange. 
[< F. transposer, < L. trans, over; and see pose, 
t>.] — trans"po-si'tion, n. The act of transpos¬ 
ing or the state of being transposed, trans- 
po'salf.—trans"po-si't!on-al, a. 

tran"su!)-stan 'ti-ate, 1 tran"sub-stan'^hi-et; 
2 tran"sub-stan'shi-at, vt. [-AT"ED d ; -at"- 
ing.] To change from one substance into 
another, as the substance of the bread and 
wane of the eucharist into the body and blood 
of Christ. [ < L. I L trans, over, 4- substantia, 
substance.]— tran"sub-stan"ti-a'tion, n. 

tran-sude', 1 tran-siiid'; 2 tran-sud', vi. To 
pass through the pores or tissues, as of a 
membrane. [ < L. F trans, through, + sudo, 
sweat.]— tran"su-da'tion, n. 

Trans-vaal', 1 trans-val'; 2 trans-val', n. A prov¬ 


ince of the Union of South Africa; 110,430 sq. m.; 
pop. 1,686,200; capital, Pretoria, 
trans-verse', 1 trans-vurs'; 2 trans-vers'. I. a. 
Lying or being across; athwart. II. n. That 
which is transverse. [F., < L. transversus, 
lying across, < trans, across, + verto, turn.] -ly, 
adv .— trans-ver'sal, a. & n. 
trap 1 , 1 trap; 2 trap, v. [trapped 4 , trapt 9 ; 
trap'ping.] I. t. 1. To catch in a trap; en¬ 
snare. 2. Plumbing. To supply with a trap. 

3. To make a trap in. II. i. To set traps for 
game; operate a trap. [< AS. traeppe, trap.] 
— trap'per, n. 

trap- 1 , vt. To adorn with trappings; bedeck. 
trap 1 , n. 1. A device for entrapping game or 
other animals, as a pitfall. 2. A contrivance 
for freeing pigeons or glass balls for sports¬ 
men to shoot at. 3. Any artifice by which a 
person may be betrayed or taken unawares. 

4. Plumbing. A valve*like contrivance in a 
pipe, etc., for stopping return flow, as of 
noxious gas. 5. A trap*door. [ < AS. traeppe, 
trap, < V of tramp.]— trap'=door", n. A door, 
hinged or sliding, over an opening, as in a floor. 

trap 2 , n. A dark eruptive rock of columnar 
structure. [ < Sw. trapp, < trappa, stairs.] 
trap'=rock"{. 

tra-peze', 1 tre-plz'; 2 tra-pez', n. A short 
bar, suspended by ropes, for various gym¬ 
nastic exercises. [ < F. trapeze, < Gr. trape- 
zion; see trapezium.] 

tra-pe'zi-um, 1 tro-pi'zi-um; 2 tra-pe'zi-um, 

n. [-zi-A, pi.] Geom. 1. Ac--- j 

four=sided plane figure of which \ / 

two sides are parallel and the \ / 

other two are not: the usual _ 
modern use. 2. In Euclid’s Tra P ezlum - 
terminology, a quadrilateral having no two 
sides parallel; a trapezoid. [ < Gr. trapezion; 
dim. of trapeza, table.]— trap'e-zoid, n. 1. A 
four=sided plane figure of which no 
two sides are parallel. 2. A tra¬ 
pezium: Euclid's term for this figure. 

— trap"e-zold'al, a. 
trap'ping, 1 trap'nj; 2 trap'ing, to. Trapezoid. 
An ornamental housing or harness for a horse: 
in the plural, any adornments. [ < trap 2 , t>.] 
traps, 1 traps; 2 traps, n. pi. [Colloq.] Personal 
effects, as luggage. [< F. drap, < LL. drappus, 
cloth.] 

trash, 1 tra^h; 2 tr&sh, n. 1. Worthless or 
waste matter of any kind; rubbish. 2. That 
which is broken or lopped off. 3. A worthless 
person. [< Ice. tros, rubbish.]—trash 'y, a. 
trail'ilia, 1 tre'mo; 2 tra'ma, n. Any injury 
to the body caused by violence; a wound. 
[< Gr. trauma, < trdd, wound.]—trau-mat'ic, 
a. Of or pertaining to trauma; connected with 
or resulting from a wound or wounds. 

Trav., abbr. Traveler, travels, 
trav'ail, 1 trav'il; 2 tr&v'il, n. Labor in child¬ 
birth; anguish or distress. [Orig. = travel.] 
trav'el, 1 trav'el; 2 trav'el, v. [trav'eled or 
-elled, trav'eld 9 ; trav'el-ing or -el-ling.] 
I. t. To make a tour in; journey over. II. i. 
To journey about; visit foreign lands; move 
in space. 

trav'el, to. 1. The act of traveling. 2. pi. A 
narration of traveling experiences. 3. A 
moving or progress of any kind. [ < F. tra¬ 
vail, labor.] —trav'el-er,n. trav'ol-lerj.—trav'¬ 
el-ing, pa. & to. trav'el-lingt. 
trav'erse, 1 trav'ars; 2 trav'ers, v. [trav'- 
ersed 1 , trav'erst s ; trav'ers-ing.] 1. t. 1. 



1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net. or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, $iii; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won, 








623 


transmute 

tremor 


To cross in traveling; move across. 2. To 
examine carefully. 3. To make denial of. 
4. To oppose; thwart. II. i. To move back 
and forth, or across. [ < L. LL+F transevrsus; 
see transverse.]— trav'ers-er, re. 
trav'ersell, a. Lying or being across, 
trav'erse, n. 1. A thing or part that traverses 
or crosses; a crosspiece. 2. Something serv¬ 
ing as a screen or barrier. 3. The act of trav¬ 
ersing; a journey; passage. 4. A denial, 
trav'er-tin, 1 trav'ar-tin; 2 trav'er-tin, n. A 
porous, light-yellow, calcareous rock, quar¬ 
ried in Italy for building purposes: harden¬ 
ing on exposure. [< It. travertino.] trav'- 
er-tlnef. 

trav'es-ty, 1 trav'es-ti; 2 trav'gs-ty. I. vt. 
[-tied; -ty-ing.] To make a travesty on; 
burlesque. II. re. [-ties 2 , pi.] 1. A gro¬ 
tesque imitation; burlesque. 2. A burlesque 
treatment of a lofty subject. [ < OF. traves- 
ter, disguise, < L. trans, over, + vestio, clothe.] 
trawl, 1 trel; 2 tral, v. I. t. To drag, as a net; 
troll. II. i. To fish with a trawl-line, trawl- 
net, or the like. [< F. troler, drag about.]— 
trawl, re. 1. A trawl-line. 2. A trawl-net.— 
trawl'er, re. A person or ship engaged in 
trawling or in sweeping mines.—trawl'dine", 
re. A stout line, of great length, anchored and 
buoyed, and having hanging from it lines bearing 
baited hooks.—t.-net, re. A great net, shaped 
like a flattened bag and adapted for towing on the 
bottom of the ocean by a boat, 
tray, 1 tre; 2 tra, re. A flat shallow utensil with 
raised edges, for various uses. [ < AS. treg, 
tray.] [ abbr. Tierces. 

Trb., abbr. [L.] Tribunus (tribune). Tr.f.—trcs., 
treach'er-y, 1 tredh'ar-i; 2 trech'er-y, n. [-ies z , 
pi.] Violation of allegiance, confidence, or 
plighted faith; perfidy; treason. [< F. trich- 
erie, treachery.] — treach'er-ous, a. Traitor¬ 
ous; perfidious; untrustworthy, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
trea'c!(e p , 1 tri'kl; 2 tre'cl, re. The sirup ob¬ 
tained in refining sugar; loosely, molasses. 
[ < OF. triacle, F. theriaque.] 
tread, / 1 tred; 2 tred. I. vt. & vi. [trod; trod'- 
tred 3 , ) den; tread'ing.] To step or walk on; 
place the foot down; walk. II. re. 1. A walk¬ 
ing or stepping. 2. That on which something 
treads or rests in moving, as the part of a 
wheel or runner that bears upon the ground, 
the upper or level part of a stair, etc. [ < AS. 
tredan, tread.]—tread'er, tread 'Re*, re. A 

lever operated by the foot, tread 'mill , re. A 
mechanism rotated by a stepping motion, usually 
by convicts. 

Treas., abbr. Treasurer, treasury, 
trea'son, 1 tri'zn; 2 tre'§n, re. Betrayal, or 
breach of allegiance toward government; bad 
faith; treachery. [ < L. F traditio(n-), < trado, 
give up, deliver over, betray.] — trea'son-a- 
bl(e p , a. -ness, n. —trea'son-a-bly, adv. 
trea'sure,) 1 tres'ur; 2 trezh'ur. I. vt. [trea- 
tre'sure 8 , f bured; trea'sur-ing.] 1* To lay 
up in store; accumulate. 2. To fix and retain 
carefully in mind. 3. To prize. II. re. 1. The 
precious metals; money; jewels. 2, Riches, 
wealth. 3. Something very precious. [< 
Gr L+F thesauros, < tithevii, place.]—trea'sure* 
house", re. A place where things of value are 
stored or kept: often figuratively.—t.-trove, re. 
Law. Money, plate, or the like, found hidden in 
the earth or other private place, the owner being 
unknown.—trca'sur-er, tre'sur-er 8 , n one 
who has the care of a treasury or funds.—trea'- 


l-o = final; i = habit^ aisle; au = oret; 
2 : wQlf, d<>; book, boot; full, rule, cure, 


sur-y, tre'sur-y 8 , n. [-ies 2 , pi.] The place of 
receipt and disbursement of public revenues, or 
of funds belonging to a society, etc. 
treat d , 1 trit; 2 tret, v. I. t. 1. To conduct 
oneself (in some specified manner) toward. 2. 
To apply a special process to. 3. To express 
or present in a certain manner. 4. [Colloq.] 
To pay the expense of entertainment, or drink, 
for. II. i. 1. To handle in writing or speak¬ 
ing. 2. To negotiate. [< OF. & F. tralter, < 
L. tracto, freq. of traho, draw.]—treat'er, n. 
treat, n. 1. Something that gives unusual 
pleasure. 2. Entertainment of any kind fur¬ 
nished gratuitously to another. — treat 
ment, re. The act or mode of treating, especially 
of handling or behaving in some specified maimer, 
trea'tise,) I tri'tis; 2 tre'tis, n. A literary 
trea'tis 3 , ( composition presenting a subject 
in all its parts. [ < F. traite; see treaty.] 
trea'ty, 1 trl'ti; 2 tre'ty, re. [trea'ties 2 , pi.] 1. 
A formal agreement or compact, as between 
two or more nations. 2. The act of negotiat¬ 
ing for an agreement. [ < F. traite, < L. LL 
tractatus, pp. of tracto, handle.] 

Treb'i-zond, 1 treb'i-zend;2 treb'i-zond, re. A city 
of N. E. Asia Minor; pop. 55,000. Here Xeno¬ 
phon’s retreat with the Ten Thousand Greeks was 
checked; taken by the Russians, April 16, 1916; 
retaken by the Turks, Feb, 24, 1918. 
treb'l(e p , 1 treb'l; 2 treb'l. I. vt. & vi. [treb'- 
l(e)d p ; treb'ling.] To multiply by three; 
triple. II. a. 1. Threefold; triple. 2. Mus. 
Soprano. III. re. 1. Mus. The soprano. 2. 
High piping sounds. [OF., < L. triplus; see 
triple, a.] —treb'ly, adv. Triply, 
tree, 1 tri; 2 tre. I. vt. [treed; tree'ing.] To 
force to climb a tree. II. n. 1. A perennial 
woody plant at least 20 feet in height at matu¬ 
rity. 2. A timber. [ < AS. tred, tree.]—tree'* 
calf", n. A bright-brown calf binding, stained 
in a conventional tree-like design. — t.-fern, n. 
A fern in which the trunk attains a tree-like size. 
—t. drog, re. An arboreal amphibian, having the 
toes dilated with viscous disks, t.-toadt.—t.* 
heath, re. An evergreen shrub of southern Eu¬ 
rope, about 4 feet high, with white flowers.— 
t.-nail, re. A wooden peg used for fastening tim¬ 
bers; a wooden nail.—tree'less, a. Destitute of 
trees, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
tre'foil, 1 tri'feil; 2 tre'foil, re. 1. Any one of 
the clovers: so called from the 
trifoliolate leaves. 2. Arch. A 
three-lobed ornamentation. [ < 

L. F tres, three, + folium, leaf.] 
trek, 1 trek; 2 tr6k. I. vi. To 
travel, as in ox-wagons; migrate; 
draw a vehicle or load. II. re. 

I. An organized migration. 2. A Trefoil, 
journey or a stage of it. 3. The act of draw¬ 
ing or hauling. [ < D. trekken, draw.] treckj. 

trel'Ils, 1 trel'is; 2 trel'is, re. A cross-barred 
grating or lattice, as for an outdoor screen. 
[< L. F trichila, tricla, bower.]—trel'lis-work", 
re. Latticework. 

trem'bl(e p , 1 trem'bl; 2 trem'bl. I. vi. [trem'- 
bl(e)d; trem'bling.] 1. To shake involun¬ 
tarily; be agitated. 2. To quiver; oscillate. 

II. re. The act or state of trembling. [ < LA L+F 
tremulus, trembling.]—trem'bler, re. 

tre-nicn'dous, 1 tn-men'dus; 2 tre-mSn'dus, 
a. 1. Causing, or fitted to cause, astonish¬ 
ment. 2. Awe-inspiring. [ < L. tremendus, < 
tremo, tremble.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
trem'or, 1 trem'er; 2 trem'or, re. 1. A quick 


rj = sire 0 ; thin, this, 
ink; thin, this. 


oil; iu = fe«d; tfhin; go; 
but, bflrn; oil, boy; go, gem; 











tremulous 

trine 


624 


vibratory movement. 2. Any quivering or 
trembling. [< L. F tremor, < tremo, tremble.] 
trem'u-Ious, 1 trcm'yu-lus; 2 tr6m'yu-lus, a. 

1. Quivering; trembling. 2. Showing timidity 
and irresolution. [< L. tremulus; see tremble.] 

trench, 1 trenhh; 2 trgnch. I 1 , vt. & vi. To dig 
a trench in or about; cut trenches against, as 
in war; encroach; cut trenches. II. n. 1. A 
long narrow excavation in the ground; ditch. 

2. Mil. An irregular ditch, lined with a para¬ 
pet of the excavated earth, to protect troops. 
[ < OF. trencher (F. trancher) ; cp. I,, trunco, lop.] 

trench'ant, 1 treneh'ant; 2 trgnch'ant, a. 
Cutting deeply and quickly; sharp; cutting, 
as sarcasm. [OF., ppr. of trencher, cut.] -ly, 
adv. —trench'an-cy, n. 

trench'er 1 , 1 trench'er; 2 trgnch'er, n. 1. One 
who digs trenches. 2. One who carves. 
trench'er 2 , n. A wooden plate for use at table. 
[< OF. trenchoir, < trencher, cut.]— trench'- 
er-man, n. [-men, pi.] 1. A feeder; eater. 2. 
A table companion, trench 'er =mate"f. 
trend, 1 trend; 2 trend. T 1 . vi. To have or take 
a general course or direction; incline; lean. 
II. n. General course or direction; drift; bent. 
[ME. trendcn; cp. AS. trendel, circle.] 

Trent, 1 trent; 2 trgnt, n. A fortified city in S. W. 
Tyrol; ceded to Italy, 1919; pop. 25,000. Here 
was held the Council of Trent (1545-1563), 
which condemned the Reformation. 

Tren'ton, 1 tren'tsn; 2 tren'ton, n. The capital 
of New Jersey: pop. 119,290; British defeated 
here, 1776-1777. 

tre-pan', 1 tri-pan'; 2 tre-pan'. 
panned'; tre-pan'ning.] 1. 

To use a trepan upon. 2. To 
cut a hole partly through. II. 
n. 1. An early form of the 
trephine. 2. A large rock* 
boring tool. [ < Gr. LL+F try- 
panon, < trypad, bore.] 
tre-pang', 1 tri-parj'; 2 tre-pang’, 
n. A sea*slug of East»Indian 
seas, the dried flesh of which is|lG 
esteemed as a delicacy by the_* . 
Chinese. [ < Malay, tripang.) l repanned Skull. 

tre-phine', 1 tn-fain' or -fin'; 2 tre-fln' or -fin'. 
I. vt. [tre-phined'; tre-phin'ing.] To oper¬ 
ate on with a trephine. II. n. A saw for re¬ 
moving a disk of bone from the skull. [ < 
F. trephine, dim. of trepan; see trepan 1 , n.] 
trep"i-da'tion, 1 trep"i-de'£han; 2 trgp"i-da'- 
shon, 7i. 1. A state of agitation from fear. 2. 
An involuntary trembling. [OF., < L. trepi- 
dalio(n-), < trepido, tremble.] 



tres 'pass, 1 tres'pas; 2 tres'pas. I 1 , vi. 1. To 
commit a trespass. 2. To pass the bounds of 
propriety or rectitude. II. n. 1. A voluntary 
transgression of law or rule of duty; offense. 
2. An invasion of another’s rights, as wrong¬ 
ful entry on another’s land. [ < LL. transpas- 
so, < L. irons, over; and see pass, ».] -er, n. 
tress, 1 tres; 2 tres, n. A lock, curl, or ringlet of 
human hair. [ < F. fresse.]— tressed, a. 
tres'tl(e p , ) 1 tres'l; 2 trgs'l, n. 1. A beam or 
tres'sel 9 , jbar supported by four divergent 
legs. 2. An open braced framework for sup¬ 
porting a rail way*bridge, etc. 3. A stud; prop. 
[< OF. trestel, < L. transtrum, beam.] 
tret, 1 tret; 2 tret, n. A former allowance to 
purchasers for waste due to transportation. 
[< F. trait; see trait.] 

Treves, I trivz; 2 trev§, n. A historic city of W. 


Prussia; pop. 53,250; an imperial free city in 
the 16th century. 

tri-, 1 trai-; 2 trl-, prefix. Three; three times; 
thrice. [< Gr. tri- (< treis, three), or L. tri- 
(< tres, three).]— tri-chot'o-my, n. Division 
into three parts.— tri-cus'pid, a. Having three 
cusps or points, as a molar tooth.— tri-den '- 
tate, a. Having three teeth or prongs, tri- 
den'tat-edj. — tri'fid, a. Three*cleft. — tri- 
fo'li-ate, a. Having three leaves. tri-fo'Il-at"- 
edj. — tri-he'dral, a. Having three intersect¬ 
ing surfaces as sides.— tri-lie'dron, n. A figure 
having three sides. — tri-lat'er-al, a. Having 
three sides, as a triangle. — tri-lit'er-al, a. Con¬ 
tained in or consisting of three letters.— tri-lo'- 
bate, a. Three*lobed: having three lobes, as 
many leaves, tri-lo'bat-edf.—tri'lo-bite, ra. 
A threedobed fossil crustacean: one of the most 
widely known of fossils.— tri'o-let, n. A stanza 
of eight lines on two rimes, the first line repeated 
as the fourth and seventh and the second as the 
eighth.— tri-pet'a-lous, a. Bot. Having three 
petals.— tri'plex, a. Having three parts; triple. 
— tri'pos, n. An honor examination held at 
Cambridge University, England, especially in 
mathematics.—tri-sy!'la-bl(e p , n. A word of 
three syllables. — tri"syl-Iab'ic, a. tri"syl-lab'- 
i-calf. — tri-uni 'vir, n. One of three men united 
in public office or authority, as in ancient Rome. 
— trl-um'vi-rate, n. A group or coalition of 
three men in authority. 


tri'ad, 1 trai'ad; 2 trl'ad. I. a. Chem. Having 
a combining power of three. II. n. A group 
of three persons or things. [ < Gr. L tria(d-)s, 

< treis, three.] 

tri'al, 1 trai'al; 2 tri'al, n. 1. The act of trying, 
or the state of being tried. 2. That which tries 
one; trouble; hardship. 3. Judicial examina¬ 
tion, as before a jury. [OF., < trier; see try.] 

tri'an"gle, 1 trai'ari"gl; 2 trl'an"gl, n. 1. A 
figure, especially a 
plane figure, 
bounded by three 
sides, and having 
three angles. 2. 

Something resem¬ 
bling such a figure, 
as a percussive mu¬ 
sical instrument, consisting of a resonant bar 
bent into a triangle. [F., < L. triangulum, 

< tres, three, + angvlus, angle.]— tri-an'gu- 
lar, a. Pertaining to, like, or bounded by a tri¬ 
angle.— tri-an'gu-late, Vt. [-LAT"ED d ; -LAT'ING.] 
1. To divide into triangles; survey by the process 
of triangulation. 2. To give triangular shape to. 
— tri-an"gu-la'tion, n. The laying out and ac¬ 
curate measurement of a network of triangles, 
as in surveying. 



Triangles. 

1. Equilateral. 2. Isosceles. 
3. Scalene. 


tribe, 1 troib; 2 trlb, n. 1. A division, class, or 
distinct portion of people. 2. A group of 
plants or animals of indefinite rank. [ < F, 
tribu, < L tribus, tribe.]— tri'bal,a. 
trib"u-la'tion, 1 trib"yu-le'i£han; 2 trib"yq- 
la'shon, n. A condition of affliction and dis¬ 
tress; suffering. [F., < L. LL+F trihulatus, pp. 
of tribulo, press.] 

tri-bu'nal, 1 trai-biu'nal; 2 trl-bu'nal, n. A 
court of justice; any judicial body. [L., < 
tribunus, tribune, < tribus, tribe.] 
tri?)'une 1 , 1 trib'yun; 2 trib'yun, n. 1. Rom. 
Antiq. A magistrate chosen by the plebeians 
to protect them against patrician oppression. 
2. One of various civil or military officers of 
later times. [ < L. F tribunus .] -ship, n. 
trib 'une 2 , n. 1. A raised floor for the chair of a 


1: artistic, art; tat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 












625 


tremulous 

trine 


Roman magistrate. 2. A bishop’s throne. 3. 
A rostrum; platform. [F., < LL. tribuna. = 
L. tribunal; see tribunal.] 
trib'ute, 1 trib'yut; 2 trib'yut, n. 1. Money, 
etc., paid, as to a conqueror. 2. The state of 
being tributary. 3. Any contribution, tax, 
etc. [ < L. F tributum, < tributus, pp. of tribuo, 
allot.]—trib'u-ta-ry. I. a.. 1. Bringing supply; 
■ contributory. 2. Offered as tribute. 3. Paying 
tribute; hence, subordinate; as, a tributary state. 
II. n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. A person or state paying 
tribute; a dependent. 2. A stream that flows into 
another; an affluent. 

trice, 1 trais; 2 trig, vt. [triced 1 ; tric'ing.] 
Naut. To raise with a rope; also, to tie or 
lash: commonly with up. [ < LG. trissen.] 
trice, n. A very short time; instant: only in the 
phrase in a trice. [ < Sp. tris, crash.] 
tri 'ceps, 1 trai'seps; 2 tri'geps, n. The large 
muscle at the back of the upper arm, of which 
the function is to extend the forearm. [ < L. 
tres, three, + caput, head.] 
tri-chi'ua, 1 tri-kai'na; 2 tri-ci'na, n. [-n^e, pi.] 
A small worm that in its larval stage some¬ 
times infests the muscles of man, swine, and 
other mammals. [< Gr. thrix (trick-), hair.] 
— trich"i-no'sis, n. The peculiar disease pro¬ 
duced by trichinae in the intestines and muscles 
of the body. trich"i-ni'a-sisf:. — trich'i-nous, 
a. Affected with or containing trichina?, 
tri-chot'o-my, etc. See tri-. 
trick 1 ,1 trik; 2 trik. I 1 , vt. & vi. To play a trick 
or tricks upon. II. n. 1. A petty artifice. 2. 
An injurious or annoying act. 3. A practical 
joke. 4. A particular habit or manner; char¬ 
acteristic; trait. 5. A peculiar skill or knack. 
(J. In card*playing, the whole number of 
cards played in one round. 7. The turn of 
one sailor at the helm; a turn or spell. [ < L. OF 
tricor, < tricse, trifles.]— trick'ish, a. Apt to be 
tricky; partaking of trickery, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— trick'ster, n. One who plays tricks; a cheat.— 
trick'sy, a. Fond of tricks; mischievous; spor¬ 
tive; cunning; artful. 

trick 21 , vt. To deck or ornament. [ < trick 1 , u.] 
trick 'er-y 1 , 1 trik'er-i; 2 trik'er-y, n. The prac¬ 
tise of tricks; artifice; stratagem, 
trick'er-y 2 , n. Dressing up; decorations. 
triek'I(e p , 1 trik'l; 2 trik'l, vt. & vi. [trick'- 
l(e)d p ; trick'ling.] To flow slowly or by 
. drops; drip. [ < AS. strican, move along ] 
trick'y, 1 trik'i; 2 trik'y, a. 1. Disposed to 
tricks or characterized by trickery; deceitful; 
knavish. 2. Vicious, as an animal.— trick 'i- 
Iy, adv. —trick 'i-ness, n. 
tri'COl"or, 1 trai'kul"er; 2 tri'coFor. I. a. Of 
three colors. tri'col"oredt. II. n. A flag of 
three colors, as the French, of red, white, and 
blue. 

tri'cy-cle, 1 trai'si-kl; 2 tri'gy-cl, n. 1. A three® 
wheeled vehicle of the velocipede class. 2. A 
motorcycle with three wheels. [ < Gr. treis, 
three, + kyklos, circle.] 

tri'dent, 1 trai'dent; 2 tri'dent, n. 1. A three® 
pronged implement or weapon; the emblem of 
Neptune. 2. A fish®spear with three prongs. 
[< L. triden(t-)s, < tres, three, + den{t-)s, tooth.] 
tri-en'ni-al, 1 trai-en'i-al; 2 tri-gn'i-al. I. a. 
Taking place every third year; also, lasting 
three years. II. n. A ceremony observed 
every three years. [ < L. tres, three, -f- annus, 
year.] -ly, adv. . 

tri'er, 1 trai'ar; 2 trl'er, n. One who tries. 
Tri-este', 1 trl-est'; 2 trl-£st', n. 1. Gulf of, an 


inlet of the Adriatic sea. 2. Italian seaport 
formerly in S. W. Austria; pop. 229,510. Tri'estt. 
tri'tie, 1 trai'fl; 2 tri'fl. I. vt. & vi. [tri'fled; 
tri'fling.] 1. To pass, as time, in an idle 
and purposeless way: generally with away. 
2. To act without dignity or seriousness; 
sport; jest. 3. To give one’s time to trivial 
things. 4. To play aimlessly; dally. II. n. 
Anything of very little value or importance. 
[< OF. truffle, jest.]—tri'tier, n.— tri'fling, pa. 

I. Frivolous. 2. Insignificant.—tri'fling-ly, adv. 
trig, 1 trig; 2 trig. I. vt. [trigged, trigd 8 ; 

trig'ging.] To check; stop. II. n. A check 
or brake; chock. [ < trigger.] 
trig., trigon., abbr. Trigonometry, 
trig'ger, 1 trig'ar; 2 trig'er, n. The finger®piece 
of a gun®lock or pistoHock, for releasing the 
hammer; also, a catch or small lever in a trap 
or other mechanism. [ < D. trekker, puller, < 
trekken, pull.] 

tri'glyph, / 1 trai'glif; 2 tri'glvf, n. An orna- 
tri'glyf, $■ ment in a Doric frieze consisting 
of a tablet with three parallel vertical chan¬ 
nels. See Doric. 

trig"o-nom 'e-try, 1 trig"o-nem'i-tn; 2 trig"o- 
nom'e-try, n. The branch of mathematics 
that treats of the relations of the sides and 
angles of triangles and applies them to other 
figures involving or containing triangles. [ < 
Gr. trigonon, triangle, + -melron, measure.]— 
trig"o-no-inet'ri-cal, a. trig"o-no-met'ricJ. 
tri-he'dral, tri-lat'er-al, etc. See tri-. 
trill, ) 1 tril; 2 trfl. I. vt. & vi. 1. To sing quaver- 
tril p , 5 ingly or tremulously. 2. To give forth a 
sound of tremulous pulsation. II. n. A trem¬ 
ulous utterance of successive tones; shake; 
quaver. [< F. triller, trill (imitative).] 
tril'lion, 1 tril'yan; 2 tril'yon, n. A cardinal 
number: in the French (also U. S.) system of 
numeration, a million millions; in the English 
system, the third power of a million. [ < It. 
trillione, < L. ires, three.]— tril'lionth, a. & n. 
tril'o-gy, 1 tril'o-ji; 2 tril'o-gy, n. [-gies z , pi.] A 
group of three literary or dramatic composi¬ 
tions, each complete in itself, but continuing 
the same general subject. [ < Gr. trilogia, < 
treis, three, + -logy.] 

trim, 1 trim; 2 trim, v. [trimmed, trimd 8 ; 
trim'ming.] I. t. 1. To put in or restore to 
shape; adjust; smooth. 2. To remove the 
ragged edges of; prune; clip. 3. To provide 
with trimmings. 4. To adjust or balance; 
make trim, as a vessel. II. i. 1. To practise 
double®dealing or time*serving. 2. To be or 
keep in equilibrium: said of a vessel. [ < AS. 
trymian,< trum, strong.]—trim'mer, n. A time* 
server.—trim'ming, n. 1. Something added for 
ornament; in the plural, articles of equipment; 
fittings. 2. The act of one who trims, 
trim, a. [trim'mer; trim'mest.] Adjusted to 
a nicety; spruce. [< AS. trum, strong.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

trim, n. 1. State of adjustment, preparation, 
or equipment; condition. 2. Condition as to 
general appearance; costume; style. 3. Naut. 
Fitness for sailing; degree of immersion, 
triin'e-ter, 1 trim'i-tar; 2 trim'e-ter, n. Pros. 
A verse consisting of three measures. [ < GrA 
trirnelros, < treis, three, + melron, measure.]— 
tri-met'ric, a. tri-met'ri-calj. 

Trin., abbr. Trinity. 

trine, 1 train; 2 trin. I. a. Threefold; triple. 

II. n. A trio; triad. [ < L. trinus, < tres, 
three.]—tri'nal, a. 


l*a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = out; ©II: 10 = feud; (fhin; go; o = sing-, thin, tfiis. 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, £em; ink; thin, this. 










Trinidad 

truce 


626 


Trin"I-dad', 1 trinT-dad'; 2 trin"i-dad', n. An 
island in the British West Indies; 1,860 sq. m.; 
pop. 386,900; capital, Port of Spain. 

trin'i-ty, 1 trin'i-ti; 2 trin'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 

I. [T-] Theol. The threefold personality of 
God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. 2. The 
3 tate or character of being three; any union of 
three in one. [ < LL. F trinitas, < L. trinus, 
threefold.]— Trin"i-ta'ri-an. I. a. Pertaining 
to the Trinity. II. n. A believer in the doctrine 
of the Trinity.— Trin"i-ta'ri-an-ism, n. 

trill 'ket, 1 trip'ket; 2 trfn'ket, n. Any small 
ornament, as of jewelry. [ < OF. trenchet, 
knife.] 

tri-no'mi-al, 1 trai-no'mi-el; 2 tri-no'mi-al. I. 
a. Having or employing three terms or names. 

II. n. An algebraic expression consisting of 
three terms. [ < tri- + L. nomen, name.] 

tri 'o, 1 trl'o or trai'o; 2 trl'o or trl'o, n. 1. Any 
three things associated together. 2. Mus. A 
composition for three performers. [It., < L. 
ires, three.) 

trip, 1 trip; 2 trip, v. [tripped 1 , tript 8 ; trip'- 
ping.] I. t. 1. To cause (one) to lose balance, 
stumble, or fall. 2. To perform (.a dance) 
lightly or nimbly. 3. Mech. To free; release, 
as a catch or trigger. II. i. 1. To move 
quickly with light and nimble steps. 2. To 
make a misstep; stumble; hence, to commit 
an error. [ < V of tramp.] — trip'sham"- 
mer, n. A tilt*hammer.— trip'ping-ly, adv. In 
a tripping manner; lightly; nimbly. 


trip, n. 1. A short journey; excursion; jaunt. 
2. A misstep or stumble, causing one to lose 
one’s balance. 3. A nimble step. 4||. A 
blunder; mistake. 

tri-par'tite, 1 trai-par'tait or trip'ar-tait; 2 
trl-par'tit or trip'ar-tit, a. 

Divided into three; three-i 
f o 1 d. — tri - par ' ti te - ly, 
adv. — tri"par-ti'tion, n. 

Division into three parts, 
tripe, 1 traip; 2 trip, n. A 
part of the stomach of a 
ruminant, as the ox; used 
for food. [Ir.] 

tri-pet 'a-lous, etc. See tri-. 
triph'thong, 1 trif'fheij; 2 trif'thong, n. Three 
vowels combined to produce one sound, as 
in beau. [ < Gr. treis, three, + phthengomai, 
sound.]— triph-thong'al, a. 
tri'plane, 1 trai'plen; 2 trt'plan, n. An aeroplane 
consisting of three supporting planes arranged 
one above the other. 



Tripartite Leaf. 


trip'l(e p , 1 trip'l; 2 trip'l. I. vt. [trip'l(e)d p ; 
trip'ling.] 1. To make threefold; treble. 
2. To be three times as many or as large as. 

II. a. 1. Threefold. 2. Multiplied by three. 
[F., < L. triplus, < ires, three, + -plus, -fold.] 

trip'let, 1 trip'let; 2 trfp'lgt, n. 1. A group of 
three of a kind. 2. One of three children born 
at one birth. 3. A group of three rimed lines. 
4. Mus. A group of three notes performed in 
the time of two. 

trip'li-cate, 1 trip'h-ket; 2 trip'li-cat. I. vt. 
[-CAT"ED d ; -cat"ing.] To make three times 
as much or as many; treble. II. a. Threefold. 

III. n. A third thing corresponding to two 
others of the same kind. [ < L. triplico (pp. 
triplicatus), treble.]—trip"ll-ca'tion, n.—tri- 
plic'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] Threefold character. 

tri'pod, 1 trai'ped; 2 trl'pod, n. A utensil or 
article having three feet or legs; a three* 


legged stand. [< L. tripus (tripod-), < Gr. 
treis, three, + pous, foot.] 

Trip'o-11, 1 trip'o-li; 2 trip'o-li, n. A region on the 
coast of N. Africa; 406,000 sq. m.; pop. 523,200; 
declared Italian territory, Nov. 5, 1912. 
tri 'reine, 1 trai'rlm; 2 trl'rem, n. Class. Antiq. 
An ancient war*ship with three banks of oars. 
[ < L. triremis, < tres, three, + remus, oars.] 
tri-sect' d , 1 trai-sekt'; 2 tri-s6ct', vt. To divide 
into three parts. [ < tri- + L. seco, pp. sec- 
tus, cut.]— tri-sec 'tion, n. 
trlt., abbr. Triturate. 

trite, 1 trait; 2 trit, o. Used so often as to be 
hackneyed; made commonplace by repeti¬ 
tion. [< H. tero (pp. tritus), rub.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n.— trit'u-rate, vt. [- rat ' ed ' 1 ; -rat'ing.] 
To grind or reduce to a line powder or pulp; pul¬ 
verize.— trit"u-ra'tion, n. 
tri'umph, ) 1 trai'umf; 2 tri'umf. I', vi. 1. To 
tri'umf p , (obtain a victory. 2. To rejoice 
over a victorv; exult. 3. To celebrate victory. 
II. n. 1. Exultation over victory. 2. The 
condition of being victorious. [ < L. F tri¬ 
umph o, < triumphus, triumph.]— tri-um 'phal, a. 
Pertaining to a triumph; celebrating a victory.— 
tri-uni'pliant, a. 1.Exultant. 2. Crowned with 
victory; victorious.— tri-um 'phant-ly, adv. 
tri'une, 1 trai'yun; 2 tri'yun, a. Three in one: 
said of the Godhead. [ < tri- -]- L. unus, 
one.] — tri-u'ni- ty, n. Trinity, 
triv'et, 1 triv'et; 2 triv'et, n. A threedegged 
stand. [ < OF. tripied, < L. tres, three, -(- 
pe(d-)s, foot.] 

triv'i-al, 1 triv'i-el; 2 trlv'i-al, a. 1. Of little 
value or importance; trifling; insignificant. 
2. Such as is found everywhere; common¬ 
place; ordinary. 3. Occupied with trifles; of 
low ability or wit; unscholarly. [F., < L. 
trivialis, at crossroads, common.] —triv"i-al'i- 
ty,n. triv'i-al-nesst. 

tri-week'ly, 1 trai-wik'li; 2 tri-wek'ly, a. 1. 
Performed, occurring, or appearing three 
times a week. 2. Done or occurring every 
third week. 

Tro'as, 1 trd'as; 2 tro'as, n. 1. An ancient district 
in W. Asia Minor, on the ACgean sea; capital, 
Troy. TheTro'adJ. 2. Bib. A seaport in Asia 
Minor whence St. Paul sailed for Europe. Acts 
xvi, 8. 

tro'cha. 1 tro'cfha; 2 trb'cha, n. A path; road; also, 
an obstruction on a road, designed to prevent the 
passage of an enemy. [Sp.] 
tro'che, 1 tro'ki; 2 tro'ce, n. A medicated 
lozenge. [ < Gr. trochos, < trecho, run.] 
tro'ehee, 1 tro'ki; 2 tro'ce, n. Pros. A foot 
comprising a long and a short syllable (— '-'), 
or, in modern English verse, an accented syl¬ 
lable followed by an unaccented one. [ < Gr. 1 ' 
trochaios, < trochos, running.]— tro-cha'ic, a. 
Pertaining to or composed of trochees, tro- 
cha'l-calt. 

trod, trod'den, trode, imp. & pp. of tread, v. 
trog'lo-dyte, 1 treg'lo-dait; 2 trog'lo-dyt, n. 1. A 
prehistoric cave*dweller or cave*man. 2. Fig¬ 
uratively, a hermit. 3. An anthropoid ape, as 
the gorilla. [< Gr. troglodytes, < trogle, hole, 
+ dyo, enter.]— trog"lo-dyt'lc, a. 
tro'gon, 1 tro'gon; 2 trO'gbn, n. A tropical bird, 
most abundant in America, noted for its brilliant 
plumage. [ < Gr. trogo, gnaw.] 

Tro'jan, a. & n. See Troy. 

troll, 1 trol; 2 trol, vt. & vi. 1. To sing (the parts 
of a song) in succession, or to roll out (a song) 
in a free, hearty manner. 2. To fish by drag¬ 
ging a hook and fine near the surface. [ < 


1; artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rille; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, wtai. 







627 


Trinidad 

truce 



MHG. F trollen, roll.]—troll 'er, n. One who fishes 
with a troll.—troll'ing, n. 
troll 1 , 1 trdl; 2 trol, n. 1. Mus. A catch or 
round. 2. Fishing. A reel; lure used in troll¬ 
ing. 

troll 2 , n. Folk-lore. A giant; also, a mischievous 
dwarf. [ < Ice. troll, troll.] 
trol'ley, 1 trel'i; 2 trol'y, n. 1. A grooved metal 
wheel for rolling 
in contact with 
an electric con¬ 
ductor (the 
trolley *wi re), 
to con¬ 
vey the 
current 
to a mo¬ 
tor * car; 

also, in the un- Overhead*trolley System. 
dergrOUnd sys- A trolley-car: m, mo tore; mm, motor# 
t6m a bow or man: trolley; tp f trolley-pole; t* f trol- 
, * j i ley-springs. The current passes from the 

SllOe adapted to generator ( g ) along the line (£), dividing 
the Same pur- at the trolley (f), part of it running down 
pose attached to the trolley.poloto the motors (m), from 
^ * which it passes off through the wheels and 

a CUrrent tf taKer ra ii s> passing the rail-joint (J) by means 
O p e r atillgofan underground wire, and returning to 

through a slot 4he80Urce - 
in the track, trol 'ley *wheel"t. 2. A car 
or system so operated. 3. A small truck or 
car. [< troll, r.] trolley t. 
trom'bone, 1 trem'bdn; 2 trom'bon, n. A 
powerful brass instrument of the trumpet fam¬ 
ily, commonly with a U*shaped slide. [F.,< It. 
trombone, < tromba, = F. trompe; see trump 2 , n .] 
Tromp, 1 tremp; 2 tromp, n. 1. Cornelius van 
(1629-1691), a Dutch admiral; son of Marten; 
fought Swedes and English. 2. Marten (1597- 
1653), a Dutch admiral; victor in 33 battles, 
troop, 1 trup; 2 troop. I*, ni. 1. To move along 
as a troop. 2. To gather in numbers; congre¬ 
gate. 3. To depart hastily: usually with off. 
II. n. 1. An assembled company, especially 
a body of soldiers; an army: generally in the 
plural. 2. A company of cavalry. [ < F. 
troupe.]— troop 'er, n. 1. A cavalryman. 2. A 
troop-horse; charger, 
trop., abbr. Tropic, tropical, tropically, 
trope, 1 trop; 2 trop, n. The figurative use of 
a word. [F., < L. tropus, < Gr. tropos, < 
trepo, turn.] 

tro'phy, 1 trd'fi; 2 tro'fy, n. [tro'phies 2 , pi.] 
Any memento of victory or success. [ < Gr. L 
tropaion, < trope, defeat (as of an enemy).]— 
tro'phied, a. Adorned with trophies, 
trop'ic, 1 trop'ik; 2 trop'ic. I. a. Tropical. II. 
n. 1. Either of two parallels of latitude (23° 
27'), north and south of the equator, that 
form the limits of the torrid zone: respec¬ 
tively, the tropic of Cancer and tropic of 
Capricorn. 2. pi. The regions of the earth’s 
surface between the tropics. [< Gr. LL+p 
tropikos, < trepo, turn.]—trop'i-cal, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to or like the tropics; torrid; sultry. 2. 
Of the nature of a trope or metaphor, -ly, adv. 
trot, 1 tret; 2 trot. I. vt. & vi. [trot'ted^ ; 
trot'ting.] To ride, drive, or go at the pace 
known as a trot; go with a steady, hastened, 
jogging pace. II. n. A progressive motion of 
a quadruped, in which each diagonal pair of 
legs is alternately lifted and thrust forward. 
[< OHG. LL+op trotton (freq. of tretan), tread.] 
—trot'ter, n. A trotting-horse. 
troth, 1 troth or troth; 2 troth or troth, n. 


Good faith; fidelity; also, betrothal. [< AS. 
treowth, truth.] 

Trotz'ky, 1 trets'ki; 2 trots'ky, Leon Bronstein 
(1879- ). Minister of foreign affairs of the 

Russian Federative Republic: real name Leibe 
Braunstetn. 

trou'ba-dour, 1 tru'bo-dur; 2 tru'ba-dur, n. 
One of a class of lyric Doets of the middle 
ages originating in Provence, France. [F.] 
troub'le, \ 1 trub'l; 2 trub'l, v. [troub'led, 
trub'I p , ( trub'ld p ; troub'ling.] I. t. 1. To 
give trouble to; vex. 2. To stir up, as wa¬ 
ter. 3. To give inconvenience or labor to; 
incommode. 4. To interfere with; spoil; mar. 
II. i. To take pains; worry. [ < L. F turbula, 
dim. of turba, crowd.]— troub'ler, n .— troub'- 
le-some, a. 1. Causing trouble; vexatious. 2. 
Tumultuous. 3. Greatly agitated; troublous, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. — troub'Ious, a. 1. Full of 
commotion, tumult, or trouble. 2. Restless, 
troub'le, )n. 1. The state of being troubled; 
trub'l p , (also, grief; affliction; disturbance. 

2. A thing causing difficulty or perplexity, 
trough, ) 1 tref; 2 trof, n. A long or narrow 
trof p , ( open receptacle for holding food or 
water for animals, or for the conveyance of a 
fluid. [ < AS. trog, trough.] 
trounce, 1 trauns; 2 troun^, vt. [trounced 4 ; 
trounc'ing.] [Colloq.] To whip severely. 
[< OF. troncer, cut.] [F.] 

troupe, 1 trup; 2 trup, n. A troop, as of actors, 
trou'sers, 1 trau'zarz; 2 trou'gers, n. pi. A 
man’s garment, covering the body from the 
waist to the ankles and divided to make a 
separate covering for each leg; pantaloons. 
[ < F. trousses, pi. of trousse; see truss.] 
trous"seau', 1 tru"so'; 2 tru"so', n. [trous"- 
seaux', pi.] A bride’s outfit, especially of 
clothing. [F., dim. of trousse; see truss.] 
trout, 1 traut; 2 trout, n. A salmon*like, fresh* 
water food-fish. [ < 

AS. truht, 

< Gr. L 
troktes, 
nibbler.] 
t r o w ||, 1 
tro; 2 tro, 
v i . To 

suppose; American Speckled Trout. Vio 
think. [ < AS. Ireowian, trust, < treowe, true.] 
trow'el, 1 trau'el; 2 trow'el, n. 1. A flat-bladed 
implement: used by plasterers, etc. 2. A small 
concave scoop with a handle, for digging 
plants, etc. [ < L. F trulla, dim. of trua, ladle.] 
troy, 1 trei; 2 troy, n. A system of weight* 
measures used by goldsmiths and jewelers. See 
weight. [ < Troyes, in France.] troy weight]:. 
Troy, 1 trei; 2 troy, n. An ancient city in Troas, 
Asia Minor; scene of Homer’s Iliad. —Tro'jan, 
a. Of or pertaining to Troy, as the Trojan war, 
the ten years’ war between the Greeks and 
Trojans for the recovery of Helen, wife of Mene- 
laus, who had been carried off by Paris.—Tro'¬ 
jan, n. 1. A native of Troy. 2. A brave or per¬ 
severing person; one who suffers courageously, 
tru'ant, 1 tru'ant; 2 tru'ant. 1. a. 1. Playing 
the truant; idle; loitering. 2. Relating to a 
truant. II. n. One who absents himself from 
duty, especially from school, without leave. 
[OF., < Bret, truant, vagabond.]—tru'an-cy, n. 
truce, 1 trus; 2 tru?, n. An agreement between 
belligerents for a temporary suspension of 
hostilities; an armistice. [ME. trues, pi. of 
trewe, true.] 



1* a = final* 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = fetid; <fhin; go; o == sirrg/; thin, this. 
2: wplf, do; book, boot; full, r||le, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 



























truck 

tumble 


/ 


628 


truck 1 , 1 truk; 2 truk. I‘. vt. & vi. To exchange 
petty articles; barter; peddle. II. n. 1. Com¬ 
modities for sale. 2. [U. S.] Garden produce 
for market. 3. [Colloq.] Rubbish. [ < OF. 
troc, < troquer, barter.] 

truck 2 . I 1 , vt. & vi. To cart about on a truck; 
drive a truck. II. n. 1. One of several forms 
of stout vehicles for moving bulky articles, 
freight, etc. 2. A set of wheels or runners 
bearing a swiveling frame. 3. A disk at the 
upper extremity of a mast or flag-pole through 
which the signal-halyards are run. 4. A small 
wheel. [< Gr. L trochos, wheel, < trecho, run.] 
— truck 'age, n. The conveyance, or money paid 
for conveyance, of goods on trucks, 
truck '!(e p , 1 truk'l; £ triik'l. I. vi. [truck'- 
l(e)d p ; truck'ling.] To curry favor with 
servility. II. n. A truck; pulley. [< Gr. L 
trochilea, pulley.]— truck 'le-bed", n. Same as 
TRUNDLE-BED. — truck 'ler, Tl. 

truck'mail 1 , 1 truk'men; 2 truk'man, n. 
[truck'men, 2 )Z.] A dealer in truck; one who 
trucks or trades, truck'er‘J. [truck'er 2 J. 
truck'man 2 , n. One who drives a truck, 
tru'cu-lent, 1 tru'kiu-lent; 2 tru'eu-lent, a. 
Of savage character; barbarous; threatening; 
ferocious. [OF., < L. truculentus, fierce.]— 
tru'cu-lence, n. tru'cu-len-cyf. 
trudge, 1 truj; 2 triidg, vi. [trudged; trudg'- 
ing] To walk laboriously; plod. [ < Sw. dial. 
truga, snow-shoe.] 

true, 1 tru; 2 tru, a. 1. Conformable to fact or 
reality; genuine. 2. Marked by fidelity; faith¬ 
ful; guileless. 3. Precisely right; exact. [< 
AS. trcduc, true.]—tru'isin, n. An unquestion¬ 
able and obvious truth.—tru'ly, adv. 1. In con¬ 
formity with fact or reality. 2. With accuracy. 
3. With loyalty or fidelity. 4. Surely; verily, 
truf'fle, 1 truf'l: 2 truf'l, n. Any one of various 
fleshy underground fungi resembling the mush¬ 
room. [ < OF. trufle, ult. < L. tuber, tuber.] 
tru'ly, adv. See true. 

trump 1 , 1 trump; 2 trump. I', vt. To impose 
unfairly; obtrude by fraud. II. n. 1. [Scot ] 
A jew’s-harp. 2. [Poetic.] A trumpet. [ < 
OF. & F. trornpe, = LL. tromba, trumpet, < L. 
tuba, pipe.]— trump'er-y. I. a. Having a showy 
appearance, but valueless. II. n. 1. Worthless 
finery. 2. Rubbish; nonsense. 
trump 2 . Card°playing. I*, vt. & vi. To play 
a trump; take with a trump-card. II. n. A 
card of the suit that temporarily ranks above 
all others. [ < F. triomphe; see triumph, r.] 
trum'pet, 1 trnm'pet; 2 triim'pSt. I d . vt. & vi. 
To proclaim by trumpet; give forth a sound, 
as from a trumpet. II. n. A soprano brass 
wind-instrument with a flaring mouth and 
penetrating sound. [ < F. trompette, dim. of 
trornpe, trumpet.]— trum 'pet-er, n. 1. One who 
sounds a trumpet. 2. One of several birds and 
fishes. 

trun'cate, 1 trurj'ket; 2 trun'eat. I. vt. [-cat- 
ED d ; -cat-ing.] To cut the top or end from. 
II. a. Terminating abruptly; appearing as 
tho cut squarely off. trun'cat-ed|. [< 
L. trunco, pp. truncalus, < truncus, maimed.]— 
trun-ca'tion, n. 

trun'cheon, 1 trun'dhsn or -Slian; 2 trun'chon 
or -shon, n. 1. A club; staff; baton. 2. A 
lopped tree-trunk. [ < F. trongon, dim. of 
tronc; see trunk, n.] 

trun'dl(e p , 1 trun'dl; 2 trun'dl. I. vt. & vi. 
[trun'dl(e)d p ; trun'dling.] To roll along 
freely, as a hoop; also, to roll on casters. II. 



Bridge-Trusses. 


n. 1. A small broad wheel, as of a caster. 2. 
The act of trundling. [For trendle, < AS. 
trendel, roller.]— trun'dieted", n. A bed with 
very low frame resting upon casters, so that it may 
be rolled under a high bed. truek'Ie=bed"J. 
trunk, 1 truijk; 2 trunk. I. a. Being or belong¬ 
ing to a trunk. II. n. 1. The main body or 
stock of a tree; hence, the main stem or body 
of any structure or system; a trunk line. 2. 
The body, as distinguished from the limbs, 
neck, head, etc. 3- A light-framed box or case 
with a hinged lid, used for packing articles 
4. A proboscis, as of an elephant. 5. pi. A 
garment extending from the waist part way 
down the thighs, worn by swimmers, athletes, 
etc. Cp. trunk-hose. [< OF. (F.) tronc, < 
L. truncus, < truncus, maimed.] —trunk'-hose", 
n. pi. Full breeches of the 16th and 17th centu¬ 
ries, extending from the waist to the middle of the 
thigh.— trunk line, the main line of a transpor¬ 
tation-system, as of a railroad, 
trun'nion, 1 trun'yen; 2 trun'yon, n. One of 
two opposite cylindrical projections from the 
sides of a cannon, forming an axis on which 
it is turned; also, a similar support on which 
the cylinders of certain engines oscillate, 
truss, 1 trus; 2 trus, 
support by a 
truss; brace. 2. 

To fasten as with 
skewers or twine, 
as a fowl, before 
cooking. 3||. To 
fasten, as by 
wrapping or 
t y i n g ; p a c k or 

bundle, with up. I. The Hovre truss. 2. The trianirular 
4 . To hang, as a truss, b, b. brmoei; r, couuterbraces ; I, 
criminal: with up. lower chur< b t, top chord; r, rod. 

II. n. 1. Surg. A bandage or support for s. 
rupture. 2. A braced framework, as for a roof 
or a bridge. 3. A bundle, as of hay. [ < F. 
trousse, < trousser, fasten.] 
trust 1 *, 1 trust; 2 trust, v. I. t. 1. To repose 
trust in. 2. To commit to the care of another 
with assurance; entrust; confide. 3. To fur¬ 
nish with goods, etc., expecting future pay¬ 
ment. 4. To believe. II. i. 1. To place 
confidence; rely. 2. To give credit, 
trust, n. 1. Confidence; faith. 2. A charge or 
responsibility accepted. 3. Credit, as for goods. 
4. A combination for the purpose of control¬ 
ling production, prices, etc. [.< Ice. traust, 
< V of true.] — trus-tee', n. Any one who holds 
property in trust.— trus-tee'ship, n.— trust'- 
ful, a. Disposed to trust, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— trust'wor"thy, a. Worthy of confidence; re¬ 
liable. — trust'wor"thi-ly, adv.' — trust 'wor"- 
tlii-uess, n— trust'y, a. [trust'i-er; trust'- 
i-est.] 1. Faithful to duty or trust. 2. Stanch; 
firm. —trust'i-Iy, adv.— trust't-ness, n. 
truth, 1 truth; 2 truth, n. 1. The state of be¬ 
ing true. 2. That which is true, as a state¬ 
ment, belief, law, or principle; also, a fact; 
reality. 3. The quality or habit of being 
true in speech or statement; veracity. 4. 
The quality of being faithful to duty, trust, 
promise, etc.j fidelity; constancy. [< AS. 
treou'lh, < treowe, true.]— truth'ful, a. Vera¬ 
cious, as a person; true, as a narrative, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

try, 1 trai; 2 trl, v. [tried; try'ing.] I. t. 1. 
To cause to pass through a trial or test. 2. 
To make experimental use of. 3. To under- 


1:artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rtile; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 
























629 


trucR 

tumble 


take; attempt; endeavor. 4. To afflict. 5. 
To strain. 6. To investigate judicially. II. i. 
To put forth effort; make an attempt or en¬ 
deavor. [< OF. trier, pick.]—try'ing, pa. 
Testing severely; hard to endure, 
try'sail", 1 trai'sel"; 2 try'sal", n. Naut. A fore* 
and*aft sail bent to a gaff abaft the foremast 
and the mainmast of a square*rigged vessel, 
tryst, 1 traist; 2 tryst. I d ,vt.&vi. To appoint 
a meeting with; meet by appointment. II. n. 
An appointment to meet, or the place agreed 
upon for meeting, tryst'iugt. [For trust.] 
ts., abbr. Till sale. 

tsar, tsar'e-vitch, etc. Same as czar, etc. 
tset'se, 1 tset'sa; 2 tset'se, n. A small blood* 
sucking fly of southern Africa whose bite causes 
disease in cattle, horses, etc. 

T. T., abbr. Telegraphic transmitter, Trinity 
term.—T. T. L., abbr. To take leave.—T. U., 
abbr. Trade Union.— Tu. , Tues., abbr. Tuesday, 
tub, 1 tub; 2 tub. I. vt. & vi. [tubbed, tubd 8 ; 
tub'bing.] To bathe in a tub. II. n. 1. A 
broad open vessel, moderately deep, formed 
with staves, bottom, and hoops, for wash¬ 
ing, etc.; by extension, a vessel of any form 
or material used for similar purposes. 2. A 
small cask. 3. A bath in a tub. [ < D. tobbe.] 
tube, 1 tiub; 2 tub. I. vt. [tubed; tub'ing.] 
To fit or furnish with a tube. II. n. 1. A 
long, hollow cylindrical body; a pipe. 2. Anat. 
A tubular organ. [F., < L. tubus, tube.]— 
Crookes’s tube, a glass tube for maintaining a 
high vacuum.— Getssler, or vacuum tube, see 
vacuum. — tub'ing, n. Tubes collectively, 
tu'ber, 1 tiu'bar; 2 tu'ber, n. Bot. A short, 
thickened portion of an underground stem, as 
in the potato. [L., a swelling.]—tu"ber-os'- 
i-ty, n. — tu'ber-ous, a. 1. Bearing projections 
or prominences. 2. Bot. Bearing tubers, 
tu'ber-cle, 1 tiu'bar-kl; 2 tu'ber-cl, n. 1. A 
small rounded eminence, especially a process 
of bone. 2. A small granular tumor formed 
within an organ, as the lung, with tendency to 
degeneration and destruction of structure. 
[OF., < L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber, a swelling.] 
— tu-ber'eu-iin, n. A liquid prepared from 
cultures of the tubercle*bacillus, used espe¬ 
cially as a veterinary test for tuberculosis. 
tu-ber"cu-lo'sis, 1 tiu-bur"kiu-lo'sis; 2 tu- 
ber"cu-lo'sis, n. Pathol. A diseased condition 
caused by infection with a micro*organism, 
the tubercle*bacillus, characterized by the 
formation of tubercles within some organ 
or tissue: when affecting the lungs, known 
as pulmonary consumption, or (in popular 
usage) consumption. Cp. phthisis. [ < L. 
tuberculum, dim. of tuber, a swelling.]—tu-ber'- 
cu-lar, a. Affected with tubercles; consumptive, 
tu-ber 'cu-lousf. [ous; bearing tubers, 

tu'ber-ose, 1 tiu'bar-os; 2 tu'ber-os, a. Tuber- 
tube'rose", 1 tiiib'roz" or tiu'bar-os"; 2 tub'- 
rb§" or tu'ber-os", n. A bulbous plant ( Polian- 
thes tuberosa) bearing a long raceme of fragrant 
white flowers. [ < L. tuberosus, < tuber, bulb.] 
Tii'bing-en, 1 tii'birj-en; 2 tii'bing-en, n. A town 
in the republic of Wurttemberp; pop. 20,480; 
seat of a university founded in 1477. 
tu'bu-Iar, 1 tiu'biu-lar; 2 tu'bu-lar, a. 1. 
Tube*shaped. 2. Made up of or provided 
with tubes. [ < L. tubulus, dim. of tubus, 
tube] — tu'bu-latc, vt. [-lat"ed; -lat"ing.] 
To shape or fashion into a tube; furnish with a 
tube.— tu'bu-lat"ed, pa. tu'bu-latet.—tu"- 
bu-Ia'tlon, n. 


tuck, 1 tuk; 2 tuk. I*, vt. 1. To fold under. 

2. To enclose or cover snugly. 3. To cram; 
hide. 4. To make tucks in. II. n. A fold 
made in a garment, usually horizontal. [ < 
AS. tuclan.) — tuck'er, n. 1. One who or that 
which tucks. 2. A covering, formerly worn over 
the neck and shoulders by women. 

-tude, suffix. State of being; as, grati tude, the 
state of being grateful: a termination of nouns of 
Latin origin. [ < F. -tude, < L. -tudo, a termina¬ 
tion of abstract nouns.] 

Tues'day, 1 tiuz'di; 2 tu§'dy, n. The third day 
of the week. [ < AS. Tiwes, gen. of Tiw, 
Norse god of war; dseg, day.] 
tu'fa, 1 tu'fa; 2 tu'fa, n. 1. A variety of cal¬ 
cium carbonate with cellular structure, as 
deposited from springs and streams. 2. Same 
as tuff 1 . [It.] — tu-fa'ceous, a. 
tuff 1 , 1 tuf; 2 tuf, n. A fragmentary volcanic 
rock, often used for structural purposes. [ < 
F. tuf, < It. tufa; see tufa.] —tuff-a'ceous, a. 
tuff 2 , n. Same as tuft, n. 

tuft, 1 tuft; 2 tuft. I d . vt. 1. To separate or 
form into tufts. 2. To cover with tufts. II. 
n. A collection or bunch of small flexible 
things held together at the base. [ < OF. 
tuffe, < G. zopf, tuft, top.]— tuft'shunt"er, n. 
One who servilely courts persons of rank, or of 
wealth or power; a sycophant.— t. ‘hunting, 
n. — tuft'y, a. Abounding or growing in tufts, 
tug, 1 tug; 2 tug. I. vt. & vi. [tugged; tug'- 
ging.] To pull, draw, or drag with great ef¬ 
fort; exert a strenuous dragging force. II. n. 
1. The act of tugging. 2. A struggle; wrestle. 

3. A steam*vessel specially adapted for tow¬ 
ing. [Var. of tuck, r.] — tug'ger, n. 

Tuile"ries', 1 tvdl"rt'; 2 twiT're', n. The former 
palace of the French kings in Paris; begun in 
1564 and burned in 1871; its site is now occupied 
by gardens. 

tu-i'tion, 1 tiu-i^h'an; 2 tu-ish'on, n. 1. The 
act or business of teaching; instruction. 2. 
The charge for instruction. [OF., < L. 
tuitio(n-), < tuitus, pp. of tueor, defend.]— tu-i'- 
tion-al. a. tu-i'tion-a-ryj. 
tu'Iip, 1 tiu'lip; 2 tu'Iip, n. A bulbous plant, 
bearing variously colored belbshaped flowers. 
[Ult. < Per. dulband, turban.]— tu'lip=tree", n. 
A large tree allied to the 
magnolias and found in 
North*American forests, 
tulle, 1 tul; 2 tul, n. A fine 
silk material, used for 
veils, etc. [ < Tulle (city 
in France).] 

tum'bl(e p , 1 tum'bl; 2 
tum'bl, v. [tum'bl(e)d p ; 
tum'bling.] I. t. To toss 
carelessly; throw down; 
throw into disorder or Flower and Leaf of 
confusion. II. i. 1. To roll the Tulip=tree. 
or toss about violently «, the fruit; b, a carpel of 
or awkwardly. 2. To the fruit detached. 

fall or move in a careless or headlong manner. 
[< AS. tumbian, dance.] — tum'bl(e p , n. 1. 
The act of tumbling; a fall. 2. A state of disorder 
or confusion.—turn'ble-bug", n. A beetle that 
rolls up a ball of dung to enclose its eggs. — turn '- 
ble-weed", n. Any one of various plants which, 
when withered, breaks from the root, and is 
driven about by the wind, widely scattering its 
seed.—turn'bier, n. I. A drinking*glass with¬ 
out a foot; also, the contents of such a glass. 2. 
One who or that which tumbles. 3. A pigeon 



1:8 = final; i = habit; aisle; an = out; ell; iu = feud; (fhin; go; 0 = smg-, thin, this. 
2 : wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, barn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











tumbrel 

tutor 


630 


noted for turning somersaults in the air. 4. In 
a lock, a latch that engages a bolt, 
tum'brel, 1 tum'brel; 2 tum'brel, n. A cart. 

[ < OF. tumbrell, < tomber, tumble.] tum'brilj. 
tu"me-fac'tion, 1 tiu"mi-fak'^han; 2 tu"me- 
fae'shon, n. A swelling; puffiness. [< L. p 
tumeo, swell, + facio, make.]— tu'me-fy, vt. & 
vi. [-fied; -fy"ing.] To swell or puff up. 
tu'mid. 1 tiii'mid; 2 tu'mid, a. Swollen; en¬ 
larged; protuberant; hence, inflated in style; 
bombastic. [ < L. tumidus, swollen.] -ly, 
adv. -ness, n.—tu-mid'i-ty, n. 
tU'mor, 1 tiu'mar; 2 tu'mor, n. A local swell¬ 
ing on or in any part of the body. [ < L. F 
tumor, < tumeo, swell.] tu'inourj. 
tu'mult, 1 tiu'mult; 2 tu'mult, n. The com¬ 
motion, disturbance, or agitation of a multi¬ 
tude; an uproar; hubbub; any violent com¬ 
motion or agitation. [ < L. F tumultus, < 
tumeo, swell.]— tu-mul'tu-ous, a. Character¬ 
ized by or causing tumult; disorderly, tu-mul '- 
tu-a-ryt.—tu-mul'tu-ous-ly, adv. —tu-mul'- 
tu-ous-ness, n. 

tu'mu-lus, 1 tiu'miu-lus; 2 tu'mu-lus, n. [-li, 
pi .] An artificial mound, often of great size and 
usually sepulchral. Cp. barrow 2 ; cairn. [L., 
< tumeo, swell.]—tu'mu-lar, a. Having the 
form of a mound. — tu'mu-lose, a. Full of 
mounds or hills, tu'mu-lous}. 
tun, 1 tun; 2 tun. I. vt. [tunned, tund s ; 
tun'ning.] To put into a cask or tun. II. n. 

1. A large cask; fermenting=vat. 2. A brew. 
3. A varying measure of capacity. [< AS. 
tunne, tun.] 

tun'dra, 1 tun'dra; 2 tun'dra, n. A rolling, tree¬ 
less, often marshy plain of Siberia, arctic North 
America, etc. [Rus.] 

tune, 1 tiun; 2 tun. I. vt. & vi. [tuned; tun'- 
ing.] 1 . To adjust to or accord with a musi¬ 
cal standard; put or be in tune; attune. 2. 
To celebrate with song. II. n. 1. An ar¬ 
rangement of musical tones; melody or air. 

2. The state of being in the proper pitch; har¬ 
mony; concord. 3. Suitable temper or humor. 

[ < F. ton, < L. tonus, < Gr. tonos, sound, tone.] 
—tune'ful, a. Musically disposed; melodious; 
musical, -ly, adv. -ness, n. —tune'less, a. 
Not being in tune; unmusical; silent, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —tun'ing, pa. & n. —tun'ingsfork", 
n. A fork*shaped piece of steel having two equal 
prongs which vibrate with a definite frequency 
when struck: used to measure the pitch of musi¬ 
cal tones. 

tung'sten, 1 turj'sten; 2 tung'stSn, n. A steel* 
gray, heavy, easily powdered metallic ele¬ 
ment. [Sw., < tung, weighty, -f- sten, stone.] 
tu 'nic, 1 tiu'mk; 2 tu'nic, n. 1 . Among the 
ancient Greeks and Romans, a body*garment 
reaching to the knees. 2. A modern outer gar¬ 
ment gathered at the waist, as a short over¬ 
skirt or a blouse. [ < F. tunique, < L. tunica, tunic.] 
tu'ni-cate, 1 tiu'm-ket; 2 tu'ni-eat, n. One of a 
numerous division of minute or microscopic ma¬ 
rine organisms. [ < L. tunica, a tunic.] 

Tu'nis, 1 tiu'nis; 2 tu'nis, n. 1. A French protec¬ 
torate in N. W. Africa; 50,000 sq. m.; pop. 1,- 
940,000. 2. Its seaport capital; pop. 161,720. 
tun'nage, 1 tun'ij; 2 tvln'ag, n. [Eng.] Tonnage, 
tun'ncl, 1 tun'el; 2 tun'&l. I. vt. & vi. [tun'- 
neled or -nelled, -neld s ; tun'nel-ing or 
-nel-ling.] To make a tunnel (through). 
II. n. 1. An artificial subterranean passage¬ 
way, as for the use of a railway. 2. Same as 
funnel. 3. The main flue or shaft of a chim¬ 


ney or the like. [ < F. tonnelle, dim of 
tonne, pipe.] —tun'nel-er, n. tun'nel-Iert. 
tun'ny, 1 tun'i; 2 tiin'y, n. A large oceanic 
fish, dark*blue above and dusky spotted with 
silver below. [< Gr. L+F thynnos, < thynd, 
dart.] 

tuque, 1 tiuk; 2 tuk, n. A Canadian cap consist¬ 
ing of a knitted cylindrical bag with tapered 
ends, worn by thrusting one end inside the other, 
for tobogganing, etc. [ < F. toque.] 

Tur., Turk., abbr. Turkey, Turkish, 
tur'ban, 1 tur'ban; 2 tfir'ban, n. 1. An Orien¬ 
tal head=covering consisting of a sash or 
shawl, twisted about the cap. 2. A round* 
crowned brimless hat for women or children. 
[F., < Turk, lulbend, turban.]— tur'baned, a. 
tur'bid, 1 tur'bid; 2 tur'bid, a. Having the 
sediment or lees stirred up; cloudy; muddy. 
[< L. turbidus, < turba, disturbance.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. tur-bid'i-tyj. 
tur'bi-nate, 1 tur'bi-net; 2 tCir'bi-nat, a. Top* 
shaped; tapering; spinning. [< L. turbina * 
tus, < turbo; see turbine.] tur'bi-nalf. 
tur'bine, ) 1 tur'bin or -bain; 2 tftr'bin or -bin, 
tur'bin 3 , ( n. A water*wheel turning on a ver¬ 
tical axis and having suitable openings for the 
admission and escape of the water which serves 
as the motive fluid, turbine wheelj. 2. A 
rotary motor em¬ 
ploying steam as the 
motive fluid: an¬ 
alogous in principle 
to the water*driven 
turbine: now widely 
used for marine 
engines. [F., < L. 
turbo, top, whirlwind.] 
tur'bot, 1 tur'bat; 2 
tur'bot, n. A large 
European fiatfish.B 
esteemed as food. 1. Turbine. 2. Wheel de- 
[F.] tached, showing floats, 

tur'bu-lent, 1 tur'- 3 - Sectional view of 
biu-lent; 2 thr'bu- w heel. 

15nt, a. 1. Being in violent agitation or com¬ 
motion. 2. Insubordinate. [F., < L. turbu- 
lentus, turbulent.] -ly, adv.— tur'bu-lence, n. 
tur'bu-len-cyj. [ered dish, as for soup, 

tu-reen , 1 tiu-rin'; 2 tu-ren', n. A deep, cov- 
Tu"renne', 1 tiFren'; 2 tu'rgn'. Viscount de 
(1611—1576). Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, a 
French general in the Thirty Years’ war. 
turf, 1 turf; 2 turf. I 1 , vt. To cover with turf; 
sod. II. n. 1. A mass of matted roots of 
grass; sod. 2. Peat. 3. Loosely, a grass* 
plot. 4. A race*course; horse*racing. [ < AS. 
turf, turf.]— turf'man, n. A man devoted to or 
connected with horse*racing.— turf'y, a.—turf V 
i-ness, n. 

Tur"ge-nef', 1 tur"ga-nef' or tur-ge'nvev; 2 tur*- 
ge-n&f' or tur-gg'nyev, Ivan Sergyewieh (1818- 
1883). A Russian poet and novelist. Tour"- 

gue-nieff't. 

tur'gid, 1 tur 'j id; 2 tdr'gid, a. 1. Unnatural¬ 
ly distended; swollen. 2. Figuratively, in¬ 
flated; bombastic. [ < L. F turgidus, < tur geo, 
swell.] —tur-ges'eent, a. Becoming turgid or 
inflated. —tur-ges'cence, n. tur-ges'cen-cyt. 
—tur-gid'i-ty, n. tur'gid-nessj. — tur'gid- 
ly, adv. 

Tu'rin, 1 tiu'rin or tiu-rin'; 2 tu'rin or tu-rln', n. 
A city of N. W. Italy; pop. 452,000; capital of 
the kingdom of Sardinia until 1860 and of Italy 
until 1865. * 

Turk, 1 turk; 2 tftrk, n. One of the Moham- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won’ 














631 


tumbrel 

tutor 


medan people now dominant in Turkey. [Ult. 
< Per. Turk, Turk.] 

Tur"ke-stan', 1 tur'ke-stfln'; 2 tur'ke-stan', n. 

l. A region in central Asiatic Russia; 420,807 sq. 

m. ; pop. 6.684,400; capital, Tashkent. 2. A 
region in W. China; 550,340 sq. m.; pop. 1,200,- 
000: capital, Tihuafu. Chinese or East Tur¬ 
kestan]:. 

tur'key, 1 tur'ki; 2 tftr'ky, n. A large American 
bird related to the pheasants: much esteemed 
as food. See bird. [< Turkey (whence the bird 
was thought to have come).]—tur'keysbuz"- 
zard, n. An American sooty=black vulture.— 
t.sred, n. A brilliant red pigment, or its color. 

Tur'key, 1 tur'ki; 2 tur'ky, n. An empire in S. E. 
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa, and Arabia; 
175,000 sq. m.; pop. 8,974,000; capital, Con¬ 
stantinople; much dismembered in 1919.— 
Turk'ish, a. & n. 

tur'mer-ic, 1 tur'mor-ik; 2 thr'mer-ie, n. The 
root of an East=Indian plant, used as a yellow 
dyestuff, as a condiment, etc.; also the plant. 
[ < F. terremerite.] 

tur'moil, 1 tur'meil; 2 tflr'moil, n. Confused 
motion; disturbance; tumult of mind; public 
agitation. [< OF. tremouille, hopper of a mill.] 

turn, 1 turn; 2 tdrn. I. vt. & vi. 1. To give to or 
to have a more or less complete rotary mo¬ 
tion; revolve; rotate; move or go round. 2. To 
change, alter, or vary in nature, form, or as¬ 
pect: often with into; specif., to ferment; 
sour; as liquor or milk. 3. To shape (an ob¬ 
ject rotated, as in a lathe); round; mold. 4. 
To reverse or invert; incline; bend. 5. To 
take a new direction. II. n. 1. The act of 
turning; a change; variation. 2. Motion 
about or as about a center; rotation; revolu¬ 
tion. 3. The time or opportunity coming suc¬ 
cessively to each of a number of persons; 
round; spell. 4. Shape or form; mold. 5. In¬ 
cidental character; disposition. 6 . A deed 
performed, regarded as aiding or injuring 
another; as, a good turn. [ < L. F torno, round 
off.]— turn'buck"le, n. A form of coupling so 
threaded that when connected lengthwise be¬ 
tween two metal rods it may be turned so as to 
regulate the distance between them.— turn '- 
coat", n. One who goes over to the opposite side 
or party; a renegade.— turn'er, n. One who 
turns; specif., one who fashions objects with a 
lathe.— turn'er-y, n. [-iesz, pi.] Lathe*work, 
or the place where it is done: a literary word, 
turn'ing]. — turn'key", n. One who has charge 
of the keys of a prison; a jailer.— turn'out", n. 
1. A turning out or coming forth. 2. An equipage. 
3. A side*track, as along a road or railway. 4. 
Product; output.— turn 'o"ver. I. a. Designed 
for turning over or reversing. II. n. 1. The act 
of turning over. 2. A small pie having a crust 
turned over on itself.— turn'pike", n. 1. A road 
on which are tolbgates; loosely, any highway, 
turn'pike" road]. 2. A tolbbar or tolbgate.— 
turn'plate", n. A turntable — turn'spit", n. 
One who turns a spit; a menial.— turn'stile", n. 
An X*shaped frame, pivoted on an upright post, 
to turn as people pass through it.— turn'ta"ble, 

n. A rotating platform used to turn a locomo¬ 
tive or car off to any connecting track. 

Tur'ner, 1 tur'nar; 2tur'ner, Joseph Mallord Wil¬ 
liam (1775-1851). An English landscape painter. 

tur'nip, 1 tur'nip; 2 tftr'nip, n. The fleshy 
globular edible root of a biennial plant of the 
mustard family. [ < turn + AS. nxp (< L. 
napus), turnip.] . 

tur'pen-tlne, 1 tur'pen-tain; 2 tur pen-tin, n. 
A resinous substance exuding from any one 


of several coniferous trees. [Ult. < Gr. tere- 
binlhos, turpentine=tree.] 

Tur'pin, 1 tur'pin; 2 tur'pin, Dick or Richard 
(1706—1739). A daring English highwayman; 
executed at York. 

tur'pi-tude, 1 tur'pi-tiud; 2 thr'pi-tud, n. 
Inherent baseness; vileness; depravity. [F., 
< L. turpitudo, < turpis, vile.] 
tur-quolse', 1 tar-keiz' or tur'kweiz; 2 tur- 
koi. 3 ' or tOr'kwois, n: A blue or green gem® 
stone, subtranslucent to opaque. [F., lit. 
Turkish stone.] tur-quois'J. 
tur'ret, 1 tur'et; 2 thr'et, n. 1. A small tower 



Interior of a Turret showing Method of 
Manning a Gun. 


rising above a larger structure. 2. A rotating 
armed tower, forming part of a man*of*war 
or of a fort. [ < OF. tourette, dim. of tour ( < 
L. turris), tower.] 

tur'tl(e lp , 1 tur'tl; 2 tftr'tl, n. A reptile, char¬ 
acterized by a short and stout body covered 
above and below with a bony shell; a marine 
tortoise. [Corr. of tortoise.] — tur'tledback, 
n. An arched covering over the upper deck of a 
ship as a protection against heavy seas, usually at 
the bow or stern. 

tur'tl(e 2p , n. A turtle®dove. [< AS. turtle, < 
L. turtur .] — tur'tlesdove", n. An Old World 
dove, noted for its soft cooing, and its affection 
for its mate and young. 

Tus'ca-ny, 1 tus'ka-m; 2 tus'ca-ny, n. A division 
and former duchy of W. central Italy; became 
part of the kingdom of Italy in 1861; 9,302 sq.m.; 
pop. 2,787,765.— Tus'can, a. & n. 

Tus'cu-lum, 1 tus'kiu-lum; 2 tds'cQ-lum, n. An 
ancient Latin city in the Alban mountains near 
Rome. 

tusk, 1 tusk; 2 tusk, n. A long, pointed tooth, as 
in the boar, walrus, or elephant. [ < AS. tusc, 
tusk.] tush]. — tusked, a. Furnished with tusks. 

tus'sle, 1 tus'l; 2 tus'l. I. vt. & vi. [tus'sled; tus'- 
sling.] To have a tussle with; engage in a tus¬ 
sle. II. n. A disorderly struggle, as in sport; 
scuffle. [For tousle.] 

tus'sock, 1 tus'ak; 2 tus'ok, n. 1. A tuft or 
clump of grass or sedge. 2. A tuft as of hair or 
feathers. [Dim. < Dan. tusk, tuft.]— tussock 
mo th, a moth whose caterpillar bears tufts of hairs. 

tut, 1 tut; 2 tut, interj. An exclamation to 
check rashness or express impatience. 

tu'te-Iage, 1 tiu'ti-lij; 2 tu'te-lag, n. 1. The 
state of being under a tutor or guardian. 2. 
The act of tutoring or training. [ < F. tutele, 
< L. tutela, < tueor, defend.]— tu'te-lar, a. 1. 
Invested with guardianship; as, a tutelar divin¬ 
ity. 2. Pertaining to a guardian, tu'te-la-ry]. 

tu'tor, 1 tiu'tar; 2 tu'tor. I. vt. To act as tu¬ 
tor to; have the guardianship of. II. n. One 
who instructs another, especially, a private 
teacher or subordinate instructor in a college. 
[< OF. tutor, < L. tutor, < tueor, guard.]— tu'- 
tor-age, n. —tu-to'ri-al, a. —tu'tor-ship, n. 


l-a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; chin; go; R = smg\ fliin, this. 
2 : wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bfirn; oil, boy«; go, gem; ink; thin. this. 





















tutti-frutti 

tzetze 


632 


tut'tl-frut'ti, 1 tQt'tMrQt'tl; 2 tut'tl*frqt'tl, n. A 
confection, chewing*gum, ice*cream, etc., made 
with different fruits or fruit*flavors. [It.] 
twad'dl(e p , 1 twed'l; 2 twad'l. I. vt. & vi. 
[twad'dl(e)d p ;twad'dling.] Toprateweak¬ 
ly and pretentiously. II. n. Pretentious, silly 
talk. [ < Ice. thwaetta, talk.]— twad'dler, n. 
twain ||, 1 twen; 2 twSn. I. a. Two. II. n. A 
couple; pair. [ < AS. twSgen, two.] 

Twain, Mark. See Mark Twain. 
twang, 1 twaq ; 2 twang. I. vt. & vi. [twanged, 
twangd s ; twang'ing.] To sound with a 
twang. II. n. 1. A sharp, vibrating sound, as 
of a tense string plucked. 2. A sharp, nasal 
sound of the voice. [Imitative.] 
tweak, 1 twlk; 2 twek. I 1 , vt. To pinch and 
twist sharply; twitch. II. n. A twisting 
pinch; twitch. [For twitch, «.] 
tweed, 1 twid; 2 twed, n. A twilled woolen 
fabric, of unfinished surface. [Perhaps < 
twill, r.] 

tweez'ers, 1 twlz'arz; 2 twez'ers, n. pi. Small 
pincers for tiny objects. [ < tweeze, perhaps 
associated wdth ME. twisel, < AS. twisel, fork.] 
twelv(e p , 1 twelv; 2 tw£lv. I. a. Consisting of 
twice six. II. n. The sum of ten and two, or 
the symbols representing it, as 12 or XII. [ < 
AS. twelf.] —twelfth. I. a. 1. Second in order 
after the tenth. 2. Being one of twelve equal 
parts. II. n. 1. One of twelve equal parts. 2. 
Mus. An interval compounded of an octave and 
a fifth.—twelve'month, n. A year, 
twen'ty, 1 twen'ti; 2 twen'ty. I. a. 1. Consist¬ 
ing of twice ten. 2. A considerable number. 
II. n. [-ties 2 , pi.] The sum of ten and ten, or 
the symbols representing it, as 20 or XX. [ < 
AS. twentig.}— twen'ti-eth. I. a. 1. Tenth in 
order after the tenth. 2. Being one of twenty 
equal parts. II. n. One of twenty equal parts, 
twi-, twy-. A prefix meaning two; double, as in 
fanlight. [< AS. twi, < tua, two.]—twice, adv. 
Two times; in double measure, 
twid'die, 1 twid'l; 2 twid'l, v. & n. Twirl, 
twig, 1 tw r ig; 2 twig, n. A small shoot or branch- 
let of a tree. [ < AS. twig, perhaps < twi-; 
see twi-.] 

twi'light", 1 twai'lait"; 2 twi'lTt".' I. a. 1. Per¬ 
taining or peculiar to twilight. 2. Shaded; 
dim. II. n. 1. The light diffused over the 
sky after sunset and before sunrise, caused 
by reflection of sunlight from the higher por¬ 
tions of the atmosphere. 2. Indistinct appre¬ 
hension or perception. [ < twi —f- light, n.] 
twill, 1 twil; 2 twil. I. vt. To weave so as to 
produce diagonal lines or ribs on the surface 
of (the cloth). II. n. A fabric made by the 
shuttle carrying the woof-thread over one and 
under two or more warp*threads. [ < LG. 
twillen, double, < V of two.] 
twin, 1 twin; 2 twin. I. a. 1. Being twin or a 
twins. 2. Double. II. n. 1. One of two young 
produced at a birth. 2. The counterpart of 
another. [< AS. getwin, < twi-; see twi-.] — 
the Twins ( Astron .), Castor and Pollux, the 
two brightest stars in the constellation Gemini, 
twine, 1 twain; 2 twin. I. vt. & vi. [twined; 
twin'ing.] 1. To twist spirally. 2. To coil 
about something; curl around. 3. To inter¬ 
lace. 4. To wind sinuously; meander. II. a. 
Of or like twine. III. n. 1. A string composed 
of two or more strands twisted together; 
loosely, any small cord. 2. The act of twin¬ 
ing. [ < AS. twin, < twi-; see twi-.] 
twinge, 1 twinj; 2 twlng. I. vt. & vi. [twinged; 


twing'ing.] To affect with a twinge. II. n. 
A darting momentary local pain; also, a men¬ 
tal pang. [Of D. origin.] 
twin'kl(e p , 1 twirj'kl; 2 twln'kl. I. vt. & vi. 
[twin'kl(e)d p ; twin'kling.] 1. To flash out 
or shine, as a star, with rapidly quivering 
light. 2. To wink or blink, as the eyelids. II. 
n. 1. A tremulous gleam of light; sparkle; 
glimmer. 2. An instant. [ < AS. twinclian, 
twinkle.]—twin'kling, n. 1. A scintillating. 2. 
The act of w inking. 3. A moment, 
twirl, 1 twurl; 2 twirl. I. vt. & vi. To give a 
whirling motion to; be whirled about. II. n. 
A whirling motion. [Freq. < AS. thweran, 
turn.] 

twist, 1 twist; 2 twist. I d . vt. & vi. 1. To wind 
(strands, etc.) round each other tightly; turn 
round and round spirally; intertwine. 2. To 
give a spiral form or motion to. 3. To distort; 
figuratively, to give a wrong meaning to; per¬ 
vert. 4. To move in a serpentine course; 
writhe. II. n. 1. Anything made by twisting. 
2. The act or result of twisting. [ < AS. 
twist, < twi-; see twit.]— tw ist'er, n. 
twit, 1 twit; 2 twit, vt. [twit'ted^ ; twit'ting ] 
To annoy by reminding of something un¬ 
pleasant; taunt. [< AS. set, at, + witan, re¬ 
proach.] 

twitch, 1 twidh; 2 twlch. I*, vt. & vi. To pull 
sharply; pluck with a jerky movement. II. n. 
A sudden jerk or pull. [ < AS. twiccian, 
twitch.] 

twit'ter, 1 twit'er; 2 twlt'er. I. vt. & vi. To 
utter with or give a continuous rapid chirp¬ 
ing. II. n. A succession of light, tremulous 
sounds, as those made by birds. [Imitative.] 
’tw ixt, 1 tw ikst; 2 twlkst, prep. Betwixt: an abbre¬ 
viated form. 

tw o, 1 tu; 2 to. I. a. Consisting of one more 
than one. II. n. The sum of one and one; 
the symbols 2 or II. [< AS. twa.]— two'* 
edged", a. Having an edge on each side, cut¬ 
ting both ways.— two'fold". I. a. Double. II. 
adv. In a twofold manner or degree.— two- 
handed, a. 1. Requiring both hands at once. 2. 
Constructed for use by two persons. 3. Ambi¬ 
dextrous.— tw o 'pence, n. [Gt. Brit.] 1. Money 
of account of the value of two pennies. 2. A 
former copper coin of the same value.— two'- 
pen"ny, a. Of the price or value of twopence; 
hence, cheap.— two -ply, a. 1 . Made of two united 
w ebs; woven double; as, a two-ply carpet. 2. Made 
of two strands or two thicknesses of material.— 
two-step, n. [U. S.] A round dance in common 
or march time: also, the music adapted for it. 
twy-, prefix. Same as twu-. 

-ty 1 , suffix. Ten: a termination of numerals; as, 
thir/j/. [< AS. -tig, ten; cp. Goth, tigus, ten.] 
-ty*, suffix. A termination of abstract nouns of 
Latin origin; as, felicity. [< F. -te, < L. -fas.] 
Ty 'burn, 1 tai'barn; 2 ty'burn, n. A historic 
place of execution in London, England.— Ty¬ 
burn tree, the gallows. 

ty-coon', 1 tai-kun'; 2 ty-coon', n. See shogun. 
tyke, 1 talk; 2 tyk, n. [Scot.] A dog; a cur; hence, 
a churl. [< Ice. tik.) 

Ty'ler, 1 tai'lar; 2 ty'ler, n. 1. John. See presi¬ 
dent. 2. Wat ( -1381), an English rebel; led in¬ 
surrection against excessive taxation, 
tym'pan, 1 tim'pan; 2 tym'pan, n. 1. A 
thickness (or, more usually, several thick¬ 
nesses), as of paper, on the impression-sur¬ 
face of a printing-press. 2. A tympanum. 
[F„ < L. tympanum; see tympanum.]— tyin- 
pan'ic, a. 1. Like or of the nature of a drum. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rQle; but, burn: 
2: art ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, pr§y, fern;’hlt, Ice; l = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn, 








633 


tutti-frutti 

tzetze 


2. Anal. Of or pertaining to the middle ear.— 
tympanic membrane, a thin sheet stretched 
across the passage leading into the ear wnich re¬ 
ceives the air vibrations: the ear=drum.—tym 
pa-num, n. [-na, pl.\ 1. Anal. The middle 
ear; also, the ear* 
drum: hence, some 
similar membrane. 

2. Arch. An orna¬ 
mental space 
bounded by an 
arch or the like. 

3. A large drum* 

wheel fitted with 
buckets for raising 
water from a flow- Tympanum. 

ing stream. 4. An ancient form of drum. [L., 
< Gr. tympanon, drum, < typto, beat.] 
Tyn'dale, 1 tin'dal; 2 tyn'dal, William (1484- 
1536). An English priest and reformer; trans¬ 
lated the New Testament into English; executed 
as a heretic. [A British physicist. 

Tyn'dall, 1 tin'dal; 2 tyn'dal, John (1820-1893). 
typ., typo., typog., ahbr. Typographer, typo¬ 
graphic, typographical, typography, 
type, 1 taip; 2 typ. I. vt. & vi. 1. To be a type 
of; typify; prefigure. 2. [Colloq.] To type¬ 
write. II. n. 1. Something that represents or 
symbolizes something else; an image; em¬ 
blem; symbol. 2. An object representative 
of a class or group, or prefiguring something 
future. 3. A piece or block of metal or of 
wood, bearing on its upper surface, usually 
in relief, a letter or character for use in print¬ 
ing; also, such pieces collectively. 

The different sizes of type are now designated 
by points, one point being equal to .0138 inch, in 
preference to the special names, of which the 
chief are given below: 

Sizes of Printing*type. 

POINT SIZES. OLD NAMES. 

3^*point.... 

4- or 4^*point 

5*point. 

S^point.... 

6*point .... 

7*point .... 

8*point .... 

9*point .... 

10*point. . . . 
ll*point. . . . 

12*point. . . . 

14*point. .. . 


18*point. . . . 

4. A distinctive sign; stamp; mark; ideal 
representation; distinct class. [F., < Gr. L 
typos, < typto, strike.]— type'set"ter, n. A 
compositor, or a machine for composing type. 
— type'seating, n. — type'write", vt. & vi. 


Brilliant 

Diamond 

Pearl 

Agate 

Nonpareil 

Minion 

Brevier 

Bourgeois 

Long Primer 

Small Pica 

Pica 

English 

GreatPrimer 



To write with a typewriting=machine. typej 
[Colloq.].— type'writ"er, n. 1. A typewritist. 
2. A machine for producing printed characters as 
a substitute for writing. 3. [Soldiers’ Slang.] 
A machine*gun. —type'writ"ing, n. 1. The 
act or operation of using a typewritingsma- 
chine. 2. Work done by such process.— 
type'writ"ist, n. [Recent.] One who uses a 
typewriting*machine. typ'istt. 

-type. A termination used to signify “type,” 
“representative form,” “stamp”; as, proto type. 
[ < F. type; see type, n.] 

ty'phoid, 1 tai'feid; 2 ty'foid. I. a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to typhoid. 2. Resembling typhus. 
II. n. An infectious fever marked by great 
prostration. [< Gr. typhos, smoke, stupor; 
and see -oid.] 

ty-phoon', 1 tai-fun'; 2 ty-foon', n. A wind of 
cyclonic force and peculiar violence, occurring 
in the China sea. *[< Ar. PG tufan, typhoon.] 
ty'plius, 1 tai'fus; 2 ty'ffis, n. A continued 
fever marked by a rash, accompanied with 
extreme prostration and cerebral irritation. 
[< Gr. typhos, smoke, stupor, < typho, smoke.] 
— ty'phous, a. Of or pertaining to typhus, 
typ'i-cal, 1 tip'i-kal; 2 typ'i-cal, a. 1. Having 
the nature or character of a type; symbolical. 
2. Characteristic, ty'palj; typ'icj.—typ'- 
i-cal-ly, adv. —typ'i-cal-ness, n. — typ'i-fy, 
vt. [-fied; -fy"ing.] 1. To represent by a type. 
2. To constitute a type. 

ty'po-, 1 tai'po-; 2 ty'po-. A prefix from Greek 
typos, type, < typto, strike, 
ty-pog'ra-pher, 1 tai-peg'ra-far; 2 ty-pog'ra-fer, 
n. A printer.— ty"po-graph'i-cal, a. Pertain¬ 
ing to typography. ty"po-graph'icf. — ty"po- 
graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ty-pog'ra-phy, 1 tcd-peg'ra-fi; 2 ty-pog'ra-fy, n. 
1. The arrangement of composed type, or the 
appearance of printed matter. 2. The act or art 
of composing and printing from types. [ < typo- 

+ -GRAPHY.] 

ty'rant, 1 tai'rant; 2 ty'rant, n. 1. One who 
rules oppressively; a despot. 2. One who ex¬ 
ercises absolute power without legal warrant. 
[< F. tyran, < L. tyrannus, < Gr. tyrannos, 
master.]— ty-ran'ni-cal, a. Pertaining to or 
like a tyrant, ty-ran'nicj. — ty-ran'ni-cal-ly, 
adv. — ty-ran'ni-cide, n. 1. The slayer of a 
tyrant. 2. The slaying of a tyrant.— tyr'an- 
nize, vt. & vi. [-nized; -niz"ing.] To domineer 
over; play the tyrant, tyr'an-nisef:.—tyr'an- 
nous, a. Despotic; tyrannical, -ly, adv. -ness, 
n. — tyr'an-ny, n. [-niesz, pi.) 1. Absolute 
power arbitrarily or unjustly administered; des¬ 
potism. 2. A tyrannical act. 

Tyre, 1 tair; 2 tyr, n. An ancient maritime city in 
Phenicia. Josh, xix, 29.— Tyr'I-an, a. & n. 
ty'ro, 1 tai'ro; 2 ty'ro, n. One who is in the 
rudiments of any study or occupation; a be¬ 
ginner; novice. [ < L. tiro, recruit.] 

Tyr'ol, 1 tir'al; 2 tyr'ol, n. A mountainous dis¬ 
trict in W. Austria; capital, Innsbruck; pop. 
306,490.— Tyr'o-lese, a. & n. 

Tyr-rhe'ni-an, ) 1 ti-rl'm-an, tir'in; 2 ty-re'ni-an, 
Tyr'rhene, ) tyr'en. I. a. Etruscan. II.». An 
Etrurian; Tuscan. 

tzar, tza-rl'na, etc. Same as czar, etc. 
tzet'ze, n. Same as tsetse. 


1:a = final; i = habiG aisle; au = owt; oil; iu = fe«d; (fhin; go; I) = sing; Chin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











u 

un 


634 



U, U, 1 yu; 2 yu, n. [ues, U’s, or Us, 1 yuz; 2 
yu§, pi.] A letter: the twenty»first in the 
English alphabet. 

U., abbr. Uranium, uncle. Unionist, 
u-biq'ui-ty, 1 yu-bik'wi-ti; 2 yu-bik'wi-ty, n. 
The state of being in an indefinite number of 
places at once; omnipresence real or seeming: 
less lofty and absolute in meaning than omni¬ 
presence. [L. F ubique, everywhere.]— u-biq '- 
ui-tous, a. Seeming to be everywhere at once. 
U. C., abbr. Upper Canada. 

U"ca-ya'li, 1 Q"ka-ya'li; 2 > u"ca-ya'll, n. A river 
In N. E. Peru; 1,200 m. to'the Amazon, 
ud'der, 1 ud'er; 2 ud'er, n. An organ that 
secretes milk, as in the cow; the milk*bag; dug. 

[ < AS. Uder, udder.] 

U-dom'e-ter, 1 yu-dem'i-tsr; 2 yu-dom'e-ter, 
n. A rain«gage. [ < L. udus, moist, -f -meter.] 
U-gan 'da, 1 u-gan'da; 2 u-gan'da, n. A British pro¬ 
tectorate; formerly native kingdom in E. Africa; 
109,119 sq. m.; pop. 3,318,000; capital, Entebbe. 
Ug'ly, 1 ug'li; 2 iig'ly. a. [ug'li-er; ug'li-est.] 

1. Illdooking; unsightly. 2. Repulsive; re¬ 
volting. 3. [U. S.] Ilhtempered; perverse. [< 
Ice. uggligr, < uggr, horror.]—ug'li-ness, n. 

IJh'land, 1 u'lant; 2 u'lant, Johann Ludwig 
(1787-1862). A German lyrical poet. 

Uit, 1 eit; 2 oit, prep. Out; out of. [S.*Afr. D.] 
—Uit'land-er, n. A foreigner; formerly, in 
South Africa, a foreign white resident denied 
franchise rights.—uit'span", v. & n. Outspan. 

U. K., abbr. United Kingdom, 
u-kase', 1 yu-kes'; 2 yq-kas', n. An edict of the 
Russian government. [F., <Rus. ukazu, edict.] 
LJ'kraine, 1 yu'kren: 2 yu'kr&n, n. A region in S. 
W. European Russia; proclaimed its indepen¬ 
dence in 1917.—U-krain'I-an, a. & n. 
u"ku-le'le, 1 yu'ka-le'li; 2 yti"ku-le'le, n. [Hawaii.] 
A guitar«like musical instrument. u"ke-le'let. 
Ul'cer, 1 ul'sar; 2 ul'cer, n. An open sore. [ < 
L.f ulcus (ulcer-), ulcer.]—ul'cer-ate<s, vt. & vi. 
To become ulcerous.—ul"cer-a'tion, n.—ul'- 
cer-ous, a. 1. Having the character of an ulcer. 

2. Affected with ulcers. 

-ule, suffix. Used in words of Latin origin as a 
diminutive termination; as, animalcule. [< L. 
-ulus, -ula, -ulum, a dim. suffix.] 

Ul-Io'a, 1 u-lyo'a; 2 u-lyo'a, Francisco de. A 
Spanish explorer of California; lived about 1540. 
Ulm, 1 ulm; 2 ylm, n. A town (pop. 56,000) in 
Wurttemberg republic. Here Marshal Ney de¬ 
feated the Austrians, Oct. 17-20, 1805. 

Ul 'na, 1 ul'na; 2 ul'na, n. That one of the two 
long bones of the forearm that is on the same 
side as the little finger. [L., elbow.] 

-ulous, suffix. A suffix in words of Latin origin 
denoting “ full of ”; as, querulous. [< L. -ulosus, 
< -ulus, -ule, + -osus, -ous; also representing L. 
-ulus, -ule.] [overcoat, 

ul 'ster, 1 ul'star; 2 ul'ster, n. A very long, loose 
Ul'ster, 1 ul'star; 2 Ql'ster, n. A province in N. 

Ireland; 8,316 sq. m.; pop. 1,582,000. 
ult., ulto., abbr. [L.] Ultimo (last [month]), 
ul-te'ri-or, 1 ul-ti'n-ar; 2 ul-te'ri-or, a. 1. 
More remote; lying beyond; undisclosed. 2. 
Following; succeeding. [L., compar. of ulter, 
beyond.] 

Ill'ti-mate, 1 ul'ti-mit; 2 ul'ti-mat, a. 1. Be¬ 
yond which there is no other; last of a series; 


final. 2. Fundamental; hence, primary. [< 
jl.ll ultimo, come to an end, < ultimus, last.]— 
ul'ti-mate-ly, adv. At last.— ul"tl-ina'turn, 
n. [-ta, pi.] 1. A iinal statement; last proposal or 
demand. 2. Anything ultimate. 

Ul'tl-ma Tliu'le, 1 ul'ti-ma Chin'll; 2 lil'ti-ma 
thu'le. [L.] Literally, farthest Thule; the most 
northern land in the w r orld as knowm to the an¬ 
cients, perhaps Norway or Iceland; hence, any 
far«away, mystical, or unknown region, 
ul'ti-mo, 1 ul'ti-mo; 2 ul'ti-mo, adv. [L.] In 
the last month: shortened to ult., following a 
date; as, the loth ult.: opposed to proximo. 
ul'tra, 1 ul'tra; 2 ul'tra. I. a. Going beyond 
the bounds of moderation; extreme; extrav¬ 
agant. II. n. One who holds extreme opin¬ 
ions. [L., orig. abl. fem. of ulter, that is beyond.] 
ul'tra-, prefix. A prefix of Latin origin mean¬ 
ing beyond; on the other side of; beyond 
what is usual or natural. [ = F. outre-, < L. 
ultra; see ultra .]— ul"tra-nia-rine', n. A blue 
pigment, or Its sea*blue color.— ul"tra-mi'cro- 
scope, n. A contrivance for detecting the posi¬ 
tions of objects too small to be seen with an ordi 
nary microscope, by means of an intense beam of 
light thrown upon the spot to be examined.— 
ul"tra-ml"cro-scop 'l-cal, a. Too minute to be 
seen by a microscope.— ul"tra-nion'tane, a. 
Situated beyond the mountains; especially south 
of the Alps, that Is, Italian or papal.— ul"tra- 
inun'dane, a. Extending beyond the world, the 
solar system, or the present life.— uI"trasvi'o- 
let, a. Lying beyond the violet: said of invisible 
rays of the spectrum more refrangible than the 
violet: revealed by photography, etc. 


A flower*cluster 



ul'u-lant, 1 ul'yu-lant; 2 ul'yu-lant, a. Howl¬ 
ing; hooting. [ < L. ululo, howl, < ulula, 
screech*owl.]— ul 'u-late, vi. — ul"u-la'tion, n. 
U-lys'ses, 1 yu-lis'Iz; 2 ytj-lys'6§, n. Gr. Myth. 
King of Ithaca; husband of Penelope; engaged 
in the Trojan w r ar; his wanderings form the 
theme of Homer's Odyssey. 0"dys'seust [Gr.]. 
um„ until., abbr. Unmarried, 
um'bel, 1 um'bel; 2 um'bel, n 
in which a number of pedi¬ 
cels radiate like the stays 
of an umbrella. [ < L. um- 
bella, dim. of umbra, shade.] 

—um'bel-late, a. Disposed 
in umbels, um'bel-larj; uni'bcl- 
lat"edf. — unt"bel-lif'er-ous, a. 

Bearing umbels. 

uin'ber, 1 um'bar; 2 um'ber. I. a. 

II. n. A brown pigment; also. 

In its natural state this pigment is known 
as raw umber, and when heated, so as to pro¬ 
duce a reddish browm, as burnt uniber. [< 
It. F ombra (for terra d'ombra, lit. shade=earth).] 
uni-bil'i-cal, 1 um-bil'i-kal; 2 tim-bfl'i-cal, a. 
Pertaining to, or situated near the navel; as, 
the umbilical cord. [ < L. umbilicus, navel. ] 
uni'bra, 1 um'bra; 2 um'bra, n. [-br^5, pi.] 
Astron. That region of a shadow from which 
the light is entirely cut off; specif., that part 
of the shadow of the earth or moon in which 
the sun is entirely hidden. See penumbra. 
um'brage, 1 um'bnj; 2 um'brag, n. 1. Resent¬ 
ment, as at being obscured by another; a 


Umbel. 


Browmish. 
the color. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not. or; full, rule; but, b©rn 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; i = e: go, not, or, won, 











635 


U 

un¬ 


sense of injury. 2. Shadow; shade. [< F. 
ombrage, < L. umbralicus, shady.]—uin-bra'- 
geous, a. Forming a shade or screen; shady, 
um-brel'la, 1 um-brel's; 2 um-brSl'a, n. A 
light portable canopy on a folding frame, car¬ 
ried as a protection against sun or rain. [ < 
It. ombrella} dim. of ombra, shade.] 

Um'bri-a, 1 um'bri-a; 2 um'bri-a, n. A central 
region of ancient Italy, between the Tiber and 
the Adriatic sea.—Um'brl-an, a. & n. 
um'laut, 1 um'laut; 2 um'lout, n. A change of 
a vowel followed by a, i, or u to a sound more 
like that of the following vowel, as in Ger¬ 
man, Scandinavian, and Anglo=Saxon; also 
the dots (") placed over a letter, indicating 
this change. [ < G. um, about, -f- laut, sound.] 
um'pire, 1 um'pair; 2 um'pir. I. vt. & vi. [dm'- 
pired; um'pir-ing.] To decide or act as um¬ 
pire. II. n. A person chosen to decide a 
question or to enforce the rules of a game. [ < 
OF. nonper, unequal, < non, not, + per, equal.] 
un- 1 , prefix. Not: used to express negation, in¬ 
completeness, or opposition. [ < AS. un-, = L. 
in-, = Gr. an-, a-, not.] 

un- 2 , prefix. Back: used to express the reversal of 
the action of the verb. [ < AS. un-, on-, ond-, an-, 
and-, back.] 

The following list contains some of the more 
noticeable of the many self=explaining words 
beginning with un- (either un- 1 or wra- 2 ). (1) In 
the verbs in the list un- gives the sense of re¬ 
versal (see un- 2 above); as, nnchain, “to loose 
the chains of.” (2) In the nouns and the ad¬ 
jectives (including participles in -ing and -ed) it 
has simple negative force, except in such of the 
words in -ed and -ing as may be regarded as 
participles of a corresponding verbal form in 
un- 2 . Thus, unburdened may be regarded as an 
adjective (un- 1 4- burdened), meaning “not 
burdened,” or as a participle of the verb un¬ 
burden, meaning “ relieved of a burden.” 


un"a-bashed' 

un"a-bat'ed 

un"a-bridged' 

un"ac-cept'a- 

bl(e p 

un"ac-cus'- 
tomed [ed 
un"ac-quaint'- 
un"a-dorned' 
un"ad-vis'a- 
bl(e p 

un"ad-vised' 

un"ad-vis'ed-ly 

un-aid'ed 

un-al'ter-a- 

bl(e p 

un-al'ter-a-bly 

un-al'tered 

un-an'swer-a- 

bl(e p 

un"ap-proach'- 
a-bl(e p ,-ness 
un-asked' 
un"as-sail'a- 
bl(e p [bl(e p 
un"at-tain'a- 
un"at-test'ed 
un"at-trac'- 
tiv(e 8 

un-au'thor- 
ized, un-au'- 
thor-ised 
un"a-vail'a- 
bl(e p 

un"a-vail'ing 

un"a-vowed' 


un-bar' 

un"be-liev'ing 

un-bi'as(s)ed 

un-bid'den 

un-bind' 

un-blessed' 

un-blest' 

un-bon'net 

un-bon'net-ed 

un-bound' 

un-bound'ed 

un-bowed' 

un-brace' 

un-braid' 

un-bri'dled 

un-bro'ken 

un-cage' 

un-chain' 

un-change'a- 

bl(e p 

un-changed' 
un-chang'ing 
un-chaste', -ly, 
-ness 

un-chas'ti-ty 
un-cir"cum-ci'- 
sion [cised' 
un-cir"cum- 
un-clad' 
un-clasp' 
un-classed' 
un-cloak' 
un-close' 
un-clothe' 
un-cloud'ed, 
-ness 


un-coined' 
un-ccrme'ly 
un"con-form'- 
a-bl(e p [i-ty 
un"con-form'- 
un"cre-at'ed 
un-cul'ti-vat"- 
ed, -ness 
un-curl' 
un"de-ci'pher- 
a-bl(e p 
un"de-flled' 
un"de-fined' 
un"de-mon'- 
stra-bl (e p 
un"de-ni'a- 
bl(e p , -bly 
un"de-sign'ing 
un"de-sir"a- 
bil'i-ty 
un"de-sir'a- 
bl(e p , -bly 
un"de-vel'oped 
un-de'vi-at"- 
ing, -ly 
un"dis-cov'- 
ered 

un"dis-guised' 
un"dis-tin'- 
guish-a-bl(e p 
un"dis-tin'- 
guished 
un"dis-turbed' 
un"di-vid'ed 
un-du'ti-ful, 
-ly, -ness 


un-earned' 

un-ed'u-cat*ed 

un"en-cum'- 

bered 

un"en-deared' 
un"en-dowed' 
un"en-light'- 
ened f-ness 
un-er'ring, -ly, 
un"es-sen.'tial 
un"e-vent'ful 
un"ex-pect'ed, 
-ly, -ness 
un"ex-pe'ri- 
enced 

un"ex-plored' 

un"ex-pres'- 

siv(e 8 

un"ex-pres'- 

siv(e-ly 8 

un-fail'ing 

un-fal'ter-lng 

un"fa-mil'iar 

un-fash'ion-a- 

bl(e p 

un-fast'en 

un-fath'om-a- 

bl(e p 

un-feigned' 

un-feign'ed-ly 

un-fet'ter 

un-fil'ial 

un-fln'ished 

un-fix' 

un-flag'ging 

un-fledged' 

un"for-bid'den 

un"for-giv'en 

un"for-giv'ing 

un-fre'quent 

un"fre-quent'- 

ed 

un-fro'zen 

un-fruit'ful 

un"ful-fllled' 

un-fur'nished 

un-gen'er-ous, 

-ly 

un-gen'tle 

un-gen'tle- 

man-ly 

un-gird' [-ly 
un-grace'ful, 
un"gram-mat'- 
i-cal [-ly 
un-grudg'ing, 
un-hal'lowed 
un-hand'some 
un-hand'y 
un-harmed' 
un"har-mo'ni- 
ous 

un-har'ness 
un-health'ful 
un-health'y 
un-heed'ing 
un-hes'i-tat"- 
ing, -ly 
un-hewn' 
un-hon'ored 
un-hurt' 
un"im-ag'i-na- 
bl(e p , -ness 
un"im-ag'i-na- 
bly [tiv(e 8 
un"im-ag'i-na- 
un"im-ag'ined 
un"im-pas'- 
sioned 


un"im-por'tant 

un"im-proved' 

un"in-cum'- 

bered 

un" in-formed' 
un"in-hab'it- 
a-bl(e p [ed 
un"in-hab'it- 
un"in-spired' 
un"in-spir'ing 
un"in-tel"li-gi- 
bil'i-ty 

un"in-tel'li-gi- 
bl(e p , -ness 
un"in-tel'li-gi- 
bly [ed 
un-in' ter-est- 
un-in'ter-est- 
ing 

un"in-vit'ing 
un-jus'ti-fl"a- 
bl(e p [bly 

un-jus'ti-fi"a- 
un-knit' 
un-lace' 
un-lade' 
un-latch' 
un-leav'ened 
un-let'tered 
un-li'censed 
un-lim'ber 
un-lim'it-ed 
un-love'ly 
un-maid'en-ly 
un-make' 
un-man'ly 
un-man'ner-ly 
un-mar'ried 
un-matched' 
un-mea'sured 
un-meet' 
un-men'tion-a- 
bl(e p , -ness 
un-mer'it-ed 
un-mit'i-gat"- 
ed 

un-mixed' 
un-mixt' 
un"mo-lest'ed 
un-moor' 
un-mor'al 
un-moved' 
un-muz'zle 
un-nav'l-ga- 
bl(e p 

un-nec'es-sa-ry 
un-nec'es-sa- 
ri-ly [ly 
un-neigh'bor- 
un-no'ticed 
un-num'bered 
un"ob-jec'tion- 
a-bl(e p 

un"ob-ser'vant 
un"ob-struct'- 
ed [ siv (e 9 
un"ob-tru'- 
un-oc'cu-pied 
un-o'pened 
un"or-dained' 
un-or'gan-ized] 
un-os"ten-ta'- 
tious, -ly, 
-ness 
un-pack' 
un-paid' 
un-pal'at-a- 
bl(e p [bly 
un-pal'at-a- 


un-par'don-a- 
bl(e p , -ness 
un-par'don-a- 
bly 

un-par"lia- 

men'ta-ry 

un-paved' 

un-peo'pled 

un"per-ceived' 

un"per-turbed' 

un-pin' 

un-pit'y-ing 

un-pleas'ing 

un"pol-lut'ed 

un-prac'ti-cal 

un"pre-med'i- 

tat"ed 

un"pre-pared' 

un-pre"pos- 

sess'ing 

un"pre-sent'a- 

bl(e p 

un"pre-tend'- 
ing, -ly 
un-prof'it-a- 
bl(e p 

un-prom'is-ing 
un"pro-nounce- 
a-bl(e p 
un"pro-pi'- 
tious, -ly 
un-proved' 
un"pro-vid'ed 
un"pro-voked' 
un-pub'lished 
un-pun'ished 
un-quench'a- 
bl(e p 
un-read'y 
un-real' 
un"re-al'i-ty 
un-reck'on-a- 
bl(e p 

un-rec'og-niz"- 
a -[or -nis"a-]- 
bl(e p 

un-rec'on-ciled 

un"re-gen'er- 

ate 

un"re-flect'ing 

un"re-fresh'ing 

un-reg'u-lat"ed 

un"re-lent'ing 

un"re-lent'ing- 

ly 

un'Te-li'a- 
bl(e p , -ness 
un"re-mit'ting, 
-ly 

un"re-mu'ner- 

a-tiv(e 8 

un'Te-pen'tant 

un-rep"re- 

sent'ed 

un"re-proved' 

un"re-sist'ed 

uh ,, re-sist'ing 

un"re-sist'ing- 

ly 

un-rest'ing, -ly 

un"re-strained' 

un"re-strict'ed 

un"re-venged' 

un"re-ward'ed 

un-rid'dle 

un-ripe' 

un-robe' 

un"ro-man'tic 

un-ruf'fled 


1: a = final; l = habit^ aisle; au = out-, oil; iu = fewd; ^hin; go; rj = sing; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dg; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bfirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 


I 







636 


unable 

understand 


For words in un- not given below see un- 2 , prefix, page 635. 


un-sad'dle 
un-safe', -ly, 
-ness 
un-said' 
un-sal (e'a-bl(e p 
un-sa'vor-y 
un-say' 
un-schol'ar-ly 
un-schooled' 
un-sci"en-tif'ic 
un-screw' [lous 
un-scru'pu- 
un-seal' 
un-sea'wor"thy 
un"sec-ta'ri-an 
un-sec'u-lar 
un-seem'li-ness 
un-seem'ly 
un-seen' [-ness 
un-self'ish, -ly, 
un-ser'vice-a- 
bl(e p [bly 
un-ser'vlce-a- 
un-set'tled 
un-shack'l (e p 
un-sha'pen 
un-sheath(e' p 
un-shed' 
un-sift'ed 
un-shel'tered 
un-shod' [-ly 
un-shrink'ing, 
un-skil'ful 
un-skilled' 
un-slacked' [ty 
un-so"cia-bil'i- 
un-so'cia-bl(e p 


un-sol'der 
un"so-lic'it-ed 
un-sought' 
un-sound' 
un-spar' ing 
un-splr'i-tu-al 
un-spoiled' 
un-spollt' 
un-spo'ken 
un-sports'man- 
like 

un-stained' 

un-states'man- 

llke 

un-stead'i-ly 
un-stead'y 
un-stop' [tial 
un"sub-stan'- 
un"suc-cess'ful 
un-suit'a-bl(e p , 
-ness 

un-suit'a-bly 

un"sus-pect'ed 

un"sus-pect'- 

Ing 

un"sus-pl'cious 
un"sus-tained' 
un-sworn' 
un"sym-met'ri- 
cal [thet'ic 
un-sym"pa- 
un-taint'ed 
un-tan'gle 
un-tast'ed 
un-ten'a-bl(e p 
un-ten'ant-ed 
un-thank'ful 


un-thread' 
un-ti'dy 
un-ti'tled 
un-touched' 
un-tram'- 
mel(l)ed p 
un"trans-fer'a- 
bl(e p 
un-tried' 
un-trod'den 
un-troub'led 
un-twist' 
un-used' 
un-u'su-al, -ly 
un-va'ried 
un-var'nished 
un-va'ry-lng 
un-war'like 
un-wa'ry [-ly 
un-wa'ver-ing, 
un-wea'ried, 

-ly 

un-weave' 

un-wed' 

un-wed'ded 

un-whipped' 

un-whlpt' 

un-wind' 

un-wit'nessed 

un-wo'man-ly 

un-work'man- 

like 

un-wrap' 
un-wrin'kled 
un-writ'ten 
un-yield'ing 
un-yoked' 


un-a'bl(e p , a. Not able; incompetent. 
un"ac-com'rao-dat"lng, a. Not disposed to 
accommodate; unobliging. 
un"ac-count'a-bl(e p , a. Impossible to be ac¬ 
counted for; extraordinary.— un"ac-count'- 
a-bly, adv.— un"ac-count'a-ble-ness, n. 
un"af-fect'ed 1 , a. Not showing affectation; 

natural, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un"af-fect'ed 2 , a. Not having the feelings 
moved; not inflvenced. 

un"al-loyed', 1 un"a-leid'; 2 un"a-15yd', a. 

Free from alloy or admixture; pure; absolute, 
u-nan'i-mous, I yu-nan'i-mus; 2 yq-nan'i- 
mus, a. Agreeing without dissent, or ex¬ 
pressing such agreement; harmonious. [< L. 
unus, one, -f- animus, mind.]— u"na-n!m'I-ty, 
n. The state of being unanimous; complete 
agreement of a number of persons In opinion 
or action.— u-nan'i-mous-ly, adv.— u-nan'i- 
mous-ness, n. 

un-apt', 1 un-apt'; 2 un-Xpt', a. 1. Not likely 
or inclined. 2. Not suitable or qualified.— 
un-apt'ly, adv.— un-apt'ness, n. 
un-arined', ) 1 un-armd'; 2 un-armd', a. Not 
un-arind' 8 , farmed; defenseless. 
un"as-sum'ing, a. Unpretentious; modest. 
un"a-void'a-l)i(c p , a. 1. Inevitable. 2. That 
can not be made null and void. 

Un"a-ware', a. Giving no heed; not cogni¬ 
zant.— un"a-wares', adv. Unexpectedly; 
unwittingly. [tal soundness, 

un-bal'anced, o. Not balanced; lacking men- 
un-bat'ed||, a. 1. Not blunted, as a sword. 2. 

Unabated; undiminished. 

Un"be-com'ing, a. Not becoming; unsuit¬ 
able; improper. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un"be-lief', n. 1. Lack of belief; incredulity. 
2. Disbelief.— un"be-liev'er, n. 1. One who 


withholds belief. 2. One who has no religious 
faith; an infidel.— un"be-liev ing, pa. 
un-bend', vt. & vi. [un-bent' or un-bend'ed 11 ; 
un-bend'ing.] 1. To straighten after having 
been bent. 2. To free from tension or strain; 
be affable, condescending, or .genial.— un¬ 
bend 'ing-ly, adv.— un-bend 'ing-ness, n. 
un-bind', vt. 1. To let loose; loosen. 2. To re¬ 
move, as something that binds, 
un-bod'ied, a. 1. Having no body; immaterial. 

2. Disembodied. [sifted; as, unboiled flour, 
un-bolt'ed 1 , a. Not separated by bolting; not 
un-bolt'ed 2 , a. Not fastened by bolts; not 

bolted.— un-bolt', vt. 

un-born', a. 1. Not yet born. 2. Being one of 

a future generation. 

un-bos'om, vt. & vi. To free one’s bosom of; 

confess; open the heart. 

un-breathed', 1 un-brlthd'; 2 iin-brethd', a. 
1. Not breathed; hence, not communicated 
to another. 2f. Not practised; unexereised. 
un-bur'den, vt. To remove, as a burden; free 
from a burden; relieve, as the mind or heart, 
un-bur'thenj. 

un-ealied', a. Without being asked. — un¬ 
called for, unnecessary; gratuitous, 
un-cer'tain, a. 1. That can not be relied upon; 
variable; changeful; fitful. 2. That can not 
be certainly predicted. 3. Not having certain 
knowledge or assured conviction; having 
doubt. 4. Not surely known, -ly, adv. — un- 
cer'taln-ty, n. [-ties^, pi.] 1. The state of being 
uncertain, un-cer'taln-nessf. 2. A doubtful 
matter; a contingency. 

un-char'i-ta-bl(e p , a. Manifesting lack of 
charity; censorious, -ness, n.— uu-char'l- 
ta-bly, adv. 

un-chris'tian, a. 1. Unbecoming to a Chris¬ 
tian. 2. Uncharitable, ungracious, rude, etc. 

3. Pagan. 

un'cial, 1 un'^hel; 2 fin'shal, a. Pertaining to 
or consisting of a form of letters found in 
manuscripts from the 4th to the 8th century, 
and resembling modern capitals but more 
rounded. [ < L. uncialis , < uncia, inch or 
ounce.]— un'cial, n. An uncial letter. 

UU-civ'11, a. Wanting in civility; discourteous, 
-ly, adv.— un-civ 'i-lized or -Used, a. Destitute 
of civilization: barbarous. 

un'el(e, 1 uri'kl; 2 un'cl, «. The brother of 
one’s father or mother; also, the husband of 
one’s aunt. [ < F. onele, < L. avunculus, dim. 
of avus, grandfather.] 

-uncle. A diminutive suffix in words of Latin 
origin; as, carbuncle. [< L. -unculus, dim. suf¬ 
fix, < -un-, ending of noun stem, 4- -cuius, dim. 
suffix, < -co-, formative, + -lus, dim.] 
un-clean', 1 un-klln'; 2 un-elen', a. 1. Not 
clean; foul. 2. Unchaste; depraved. 3. Cere¬ 
monially impure.— un-clean'ly, 1 un-klen'- 
lr. 2 fin-cl£n'ly. a. Lacking cleanliness; dirty; 
filthy; unchaste. — un-clean'li-ness, n. un¬ 
clean'ncssj. 

Cn'cle Sam. The government or typical repre¬ 
sentative or citizen of the United States: a jocu¬ 
lar explanation of the initials U. S. Compare 
Brother Jonathan. 

un-com'fort-a-bl(e p , a. 1. Causing uneasi¬ 
ness or disquietude. 2. Not at ease.— un- 
com'fort-a-bly, adv. 

un-com'mon, o. Out of the natural or usual 
order; worthy of remark. 
un-com'pro-mis"ing, o. Making no com¬ 
promise; inflexible; strict. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, Jill; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w r 6n. 


4 









637 


unable 

For words in un- not given below see un- 2 , prefix, page 635. understand 


un"con-cern ', n. Absence of concern or 
anxiety; indifference.— un"con-cerned ', a. 
-iy, adv. -ness, n. 

un"con-di 'tion-al, a. Limited by no condi¬ 
tions; absolute.— un"con-di'tion-al-ly, adv. 
un-con'scion-a-bl(e p , a. 1. Going beyond 
customary or reasonable bounds. 2. Not 
governed by sense or prudence, -ness, n.— 
un-con'scion-a-bly, adv. 
un-con'scious, a. 1. Temporarily deprived of 
consciousness. 2. Not cognizant; unaware, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

un-con"sti-tu 'tion-al, a. Contrary to or vi¬ 
olative of the constitution or fundamental 
law.— un-con"sti-tu"tion-al'i-ty, n. —un- 
con"sti-tu'tion-al-ly, adv. 
un"con-trol'la-bl(e p , a. Beyond control; 
ungovernable, -ness, n.— un"con-trol"la- 
bil'i-ty, n. —un"con-trol'la-bly, adv. 
un-count'ed, a. 1. Not counted. 2. Beyond 
counting; innumerable. 

un-couth', 1 un-kutli'; 2 un-euth', a. 1. Out¬ 
landish; ungainly. 2. Not common. [ < AS. 
uncuth, < un-, un- 1 , + cuth, known.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

un-cov'er, ) 1 un-kuv'ar; 2 un-cov'er, v. I. t. 
un-cuv'er p , J 1. To remove the covering from. 
2. To disclose. II. t. To remove the hat, as 
in respect. 

unc'tion, 1 urjk'slian; 2 une'shon, n. 1. The 
act of anointing, as with oil. 2. An unguent 
or a salve. 3. Religious fervor. 4. Divine 
grace. [< F. onction, < L. unctio(n-), < 
ungo, anoint.]— unc'tu-ous, 1 ur)k'(5hu-[or -tiu-]- 
us; 2 une'chu-[or -tu-]us, a. 1. Having the char¬ 
acteristics of an unguent; greasy. 2. Charac¬ 
terized by deep sympathetic feeling. 3. Oily® 
tongued. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un-daunt'ed, a. Fearless; intrepid. — un- 
daunt'ed-ly, adv. —un-daunt'ed-ness, n. 
un"de-ceive', ) vt. To free from deception, as 
un"de-ceiv' p , ) by apprising of the truth. 
un"de-cid'ed, a. 1. Irresolute. 2. Not de¬ 
termined; yet in doubt, -ly, adv. 
un'der, 1 un'dar; 2 un'der. I. a. 1. Lower or 
lowermost. 2. Subordinate. II. adv. In a 
lower position or inferior degree. III. prep. 

1. Beneath; covered by. 2. In a place lower 
than. 3. Less than. 4. By virtue of; in con¬ 
formity to; in accordance with; authorized, 
attested, or warranted by. [ < AS. under, un¬ 
der.]— un"der-bid', vt. To bid lower than 
(another).— un'der-bred", a. 1. Of impure 
breed; not thoroughbred. 2. Lacking in good 
breeding.— un'der-brush", n. Small trees and 
shrubs growing beneath the large trees of a for¬ 
est.— un'der-clothes", n. pi. Clothes for wear 
next the skin. un'der-clo"thingt.—un'der- 
cur"rent, n. A current, as of water, below the 
surface; a hidden drift or tendency.— un'der- 
done", a. Insufficiently cooked; rare.— un"- 
der-foot', adv. Beneath the feet; immediately 
below; as, the ground was wet underfoot. — un"- 
der-gird', vt. To gird around or bind down by 
means of a rope or chain passed underneath; as, 
to undergird a load on a sleigh.— un"der-go', vt. 
[un"der-went'; -GONE'; -go'ing.] 1. To bear up 
under. 2. To pass through, as an experience. 
3. To exist under.— un"der-grad'u-ate, n. A 
student who has not taken the bachelor’s degree. 
— un'der-ground". I. a. 1. Situated, done, 
or operating beneath the surface of the ground. 

2. Done in secret. II. adv. Beneath the sur¬ 
face of the ground; hence, secretly.—un'der- 
growth", n. 1. A thicket in a forest. 2. The 


condition of being undergrown.— un 'der-hand", 
a. Done or acting in a treacherously secret man¬ 
ner; unfair; sly. — un'der-hand", adv. — un"- 
der-hand'ed, a. Clandestinely carried on. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. — un"der-hung', a. Same as 
undershot, 2.— un"der-lay ', v. I. t. To lay 
something under; support or bring up, as a cut 
in printing, by underlays. II. i. To incline, 
as a vein, from the perpendicular.— un'der-lay", 
n. 1. Print. A piece of paper, etc., placed under 
certain parts of a form to bring them up to the 
proper level. 2. Mining. An inclination, as of 
a lode.— un"der-let', vt. To lease, as a lessee 
(premises which he holds on lease); sublet, un"- 
der-lease'f. — un"der-lie', v. I. l. 1. To lie 
below or under. 2. To be the ground or sup¬ 
port of. 3§. To be subject to. II. i. To occu¬ 
py a position immediately below. — under¬ 
line', vt. To mark with a line underneath.— 
un'der-ling, n. A subordinate; an inferior.— 
un"der-ly'ing, pa. Lying under. See under¬ 
lie. — un"der-mine', vt. 1. To excavate be¬ 
neath. 2. To wear away and weaken.— un 'der- 
most", a. Having the lowest place.— under¬ 
neath'. I. adv. In a place directly below. II. 
prep. Beneath; under; below.— un"der-pay', 
vt. To pay insufficiently.— un'der-pin"ning, 
n. A foundation wall or support. — un"der- 
rate'<>, vt. To rate too low. — un"der-score', 
vt. To underline. — un"der-sell', vt. To sell 
at a lower price than.— un'der-shot", a. 1. 
Propelled by water that flows underneath: said 
of a water-wheel. 2. Projecting, as the lower jaw 
of a bulldog; also, having such a jaw.— un"- 
der-sign', vt. To sign at the foot of.— under¬ 
standing, a. Having clear comprehension 
and good sense; intelligent, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
—un"der-state', vt. & vi. [-stat'ed; -stat'- 
ing.] To state in less amount or with less force 
than the facts warrant.— un'der-state"ment, 
n. — un'der-strap"per, n. A subordinate official; 
underling.— un'der-stud"y. Theal. I. vt.&vi. 
[-studied; -stud"y-ing.] To study (a part) so 
as to be ready at need to take the place of the 
one regularly playing it. II. n. An actor or 
actress so prepared.— un'der-tone", n. 1. A 
tone of lower pitch or loudness than is usual. 
2. A subdued shade of a color.— un'der-tow", n. 
A flow of water below the surface of the sea in a 
direction opposite to the surface current.— un"- 
der-val'ue, vt. To underrate; underestimate. 
—un"der-val"u-a'tion, n. —un'der-wear", n. 
Underclothing.— un"der-went', imp. of under¬ 
go, v .— un'der-wood", n. Underbrush; under¬ 
growth.— un"der-work't, vt. & vi. 1. To work 
for less wages than (another or others). 2. To do 
less than is requisite.— un'der-work", n. Sub¬ 
ordinate or routine work.— un'der-world", n. 

1. Hades. 2. The antipodes. 3. The debased 
portion of the population, as of a city.—un"- 
der-write', vt. [-wrote'; -writ'ten; -writ'- 
ing.] 1. To write beneath; subscribe. 2. To ex¬ 
ecute and deliver, as a policy of insurance; in¬ 
sure.—un'der-writ"er, n. A body corporate 
or a person in the insurance business. 

un"der-stand', 1 un"dar-stand'; 2 under¬ 
stand', v. [-stood'; -standing.] I. t. 1. To 
take in or make out the meaning of; per¬ 
ceive; comprehend. 2. To take or suppose to 
mean; infer. 3. To take as tacitly meant; to 
supply, as a word or phrase, mentally; supply 
mentally. 4. To learn from some credible 
source; have information of. II. i. 1. To 
exercise power of comprehension and under' 
standing. 2. To know through information. 

[ < AS. under, under, + standan, stand.]—un"- 
der-stand 'ing, n. 1. Intellectual apprehension. 

2. The faculty by which one understands. 3. 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = owt; eil; iu = fewd; tfhin; go; Q = sing; thin, this, 
2: wolf, dp: book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn: oiL boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 







undertake 

universal For words in un- not given below see un-*, prefix, page 635. 


638 


The facts of a case as apprehended. 4. An infor¬ 
mal compact. 

un"der-take', v. [-took'; -tak'en; -tak'ing.] 

I. t. 1. To take in hand; attempt; try. 2. 
To covenant; engage. II. i. 1. To make one¬ 
self responsible for anything. 2. To enter in¬ 
to any contract or business relationship.— 
un'der-tak"er, re. One who undertakes, espe¬ 
cially one whose business it is to oversee funerals. 
—un"der-tak'ing, re. 1. The act of one who 
undertakes. 2. An enterprise; task. 3. The 
management of funerals.—un"der-took', imp. 

Of UNDERTAKE. 

Un-dine', 1 un-din'; 2 un-din', n. A fabled water* 
nymph. [< L. unda, wave.] On'dinet. 
un-do', 1 un-du'; 2 un-do', vt. [un-did'; un¬ 
doing; un-done'.] 1. To annul or counter¬ 
act, as a wrong. 2. To ruin. 3. To loosen or 
untie. —un-do'er, re.— un-do'ing, re.— un¬ 
done', pp. 

un-doubt 'ed, \ a. 1. Assured beyond ques- 
un-dout'ed 8 , ) tion; being beyond a doubt 2. 

Not regarded with distrust, -ly, adv. 
un-dress rt , 1 un-dres'; 2 iin-dres', v. I. t. 1. 
To divest of clothes; strip. 2. To remove the 
dressings or bandages from. II. i. To re¬ 
move one’s clothing. 

un'dress, 1 un'dres; 2 iin'drgs, a. Pertaining 
to every=day attire; hence, informal, 
un-dress', n. Ordinary attire; negligee, 
un-due', 1 un-diu'; 2 un-du', a. 1. More than 
sufficient; excessive. 2. Not justified by law 
or propriety. 3. Not due.— un-du'ly, adv. 
un'du-late, 1 un'diu-let; 2 un'du-lat. I. vt. & 
vi. [-LAT"ED d ; -lat"ing.] To move hke a 
wave or in waves; have a wavy appearance. 

II. a. Wavy. [ < L. undulatus, < unda, wave.] 
—un"du-la'tion, n. A waving or sinuous mo¬ 
tion; a wave.—un'du-Ia-to-ry, a. 

un-earth' 1 , 1 un-urth'; 2 un-erth', vt. 1. To 
dig up from the earth. 2. To reveal; discover, 
un-eartli'ly, 1 un-ur£h'h; 2 un-erth'ly, a. 
Supernatural; weird; appalling.— un-earth'- 
II-ness, re. 

un-eas'y, 1 un-Iz'i; 2 un-eg'y, a. 1. Disturbed; 
unquiet. 2. Uncomfortable. 3. Showing em¬ 
barrassment. — un-eas 'i—ly, adv. — uu-eas '- 
i-ness, re. 

un-e'qual, a. 1. Not having equivalent or 
equal properties. 2. Inadequate; insufficient. 
3. Not balanced; disproportioned.—un-e'- 
qualed, a. un-e'qualledt.—un-e'qual-ly, adv. 
un"e-quiv'o-cal, o. Capable of being under¬ 
stood in only one way; distinct; plain, -ly, adv. 
un-e'ven, a. 1. Having irregularities; not 
level. 2. Not divisible by 2 without remain¬ 
der; odd. 3. Not balanced; not fair or just. 
un"ex-am'pl(e)d p , a. Without a parallel. 
un"ex-cep ' tion-a-bl (e p , a. That can not be 
taken exception to; faultless, -ness, re.— 
un"ex-cep'tion-a-b!y, adv. 
un-fair', 1 un-far'; 2 un-far', a. Marked by 
fraud; not just, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
un-faith'fill, a. 1. Perfidious; faithless. 2. 

Not true to a standard, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
un-fa 'vor-a-bl (e p , a. Not favorable. (1) Un- 
propitious; adverse. (2) Showing no favor, 
-ness, re.—un-fa'vor-a-bly, adv. 
un-feel'ing, a. Not sympathetic; hard; cruel, 
-ly, adv. -ness, re. 

Un-fit'. I d . vt. To disqualify. II. a. 1. Hav¬ 
ing no fitness; unsuitable. 2. Not appropri¬ 
ate. -ly, adv. -ness, re. 


un-fo!d' d , vt. & vi. To open or spread out; 
reveal itself; develop. 

un-for'tu-nate, a. Having ilbfortune; unsuc¬ 
cessful; disastrous, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un-found'ed, a. 1. Groundless; baseless. 2. 

Not founded, established, or set up. -ly, adv. 
un-friend'ly, a. 1. Unkindly disposed. 2. 
Not favorable or propitious.— un-friend'li- 
ness, re. 


un-frock', vt. To divest of a frock or gown; 

hence, to depose, as a monk or priest, 
un-furl', vt. 1. To unroll or spread out; ex¬ 
pand. 2. To disclose, 
ung., abbr. [L.] Unguentum (ointment), 
un-gain'ly, 1 un-gen'h; 2 un-gan'ly, a. Lack¬ 
ing grace or ease; clumsy. [< un- 1 + Ice. 
gegnligr, straight.]—un-gain'H-ness, re. 
Un-ga'va, 1 urj-ga'va; 2 un-ga'va, re. A territory 
in N. E. Canada, embracing the peninsula of 
Labrador except the coast region near New¬ 
foundland; 456,000 sq. m. 
un-god'ly, a. 1 . Impious; wicked. 2. Unholy. 

— un-god'li-Iy, adv. —un-god 'li-ness, re. 
un-gov'ern-a-bl (e p , o. That can not be gov¬ 
erned. -ness, re.—un-gov'ern-a-bly, adv. 
un-gra'clous, a. 1. Unmannerly. 2. Not 
pleasing, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
un-grate'fill, a. 1. Making ill return. 2. 
Disagreeable. 3. Thankless, -ly, adv. — un- 
grate'ful-ness, re. Ingratitude, 
un'gual, 1 up'gwel; 2 iin'gwal, o. Of, per¬ 
taining to, resembling, or bearing a nail, 
hoof, or claw. [ < L. unguis, a nail.] 
un'guent, 1 up'gwent; 2 un'gwSnt, re. Any 
ointment for local application. [ < L. un- 
guentum, < unguo, anoint.] 
un'gu-la, 1 ur)'giu-la; 2 un'gu-la, re. [-l^e, 1 -li; 
2 -IS, pl \ 1. A hoof, claw, or talon. 2. That 
which is left of a cone or cylinder when the 
top is cut off by a plane oblique to the base. 
[L., dim. of unguis, nail.]—un'gu-late. I. a. 
Hoofed or hooMike. , 

II. re. A hoofed an- - 
imai. l 

un'hand, vt. Tore- 
move one’s hand 
from; loose from 
the hand; let go; 
let alone. 

un-hap'py, a. 1 . 

Sad; depressed. 2. 

Causing misery or 
dissatisfaction. 3. 

Unfortunate. 



Ungulate Feet. 

1. Hind foot of a horse. 2. Foot of 
_ HU _ bap 'pi - |y, a Bta K- 3. Left fore foot of the Indian 

nr i r „ n lian'nl’ rhinooeros. 4. A side view of the hoof 

uuu. un imp pi- o{ a 6(agj showil)g the {alse hoo{ 

ness, re. 

uii-heard', a. 1. Not perceived by the ear. 
2. Not granted a hearing. 3. Not known to 
fame: often with of. 

un-hinge', vt. 1. To take the hinges from; dis- 
connect the hinges of. 2. To wrench out of 
place; deprive of support. 3. To render un¬ 
stable; unsettle, as the intellect, 
un-ho'ly, a. 1. Not hallowed. 2. Lacking 
moral purity.— un-ho'li-Iy, adr.— un-ho'- 


li-ness, re. 

un-horse 'S vt. To unseat; dismount, 
u'ni-, 1 yu'm-; 2 yu'ni-. From Latin unus, 
one: a combining form, used in numerous 
compounds readily understood by the mean¬ 
ing of the second element as in the following: 
u"nl-cel'lu-lar, a. Consisting of a single cell, 
as a protozoan; one*celled.— u"ni-lat'er-al, a. 


I: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fust,; get, prey; hit, police: obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wdiat, ftll; me, get, prgy ( fern; hit, ice; l = or, I = e; go, not, or, w6i~ 








639 


undertake 

For words in un- not given below see un- 2 , prefix, page 635. universal 



Unicorn from 
British Coat 
of Arms. 


Pertaining to or affecting one side only.— u"ni- 
lit'er-al, a. Containing or consisting of only 
one letter. Certain other compounds will be 
found in vocabulary place. 

u'ni-corn, 1 yu'm-kern; 2 yu'ni-eorn, n. 1. A 
fabulous horse=like animal with 
a horn on the forehead. 2. Bib. 

A twodiorned animal, probably 
the urus. [< L. unus, one, + 
cornu, horn.] 

u'ni-form, 1 y u'ni-form; 2 yu'ni- 
form. I. vt. 1. To put into uni¬ 
form. 2. To make uniform or 
conformable. II. a. 1. Being the 
same or alike. 2. Agreeing with 
each other; harmonious. III. 
n. A dress of uniform style and 
appearance, as worn by soldiers, 
etc. [ < F. uniforme, < L. uni- 
formis, < unus, one, + forma, 
form.] -ly, adv. — u"ni-form '1- 
ty, n. u'nl-form"nesst. 

U'ni-fy, 1 yu'm-fai; 2 yu'ni-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] To make uniform; make one; unite. [< 
F. unifier, < LL. unifico, make one, < L. unus, 
one, + facto, make.] —u"ni-fi-ca'tion, n. 

un"im-peach'a-bl(e p , a. Not to be impeached 
or called in question as regards truth, hon¬ 
esty, etc.; faultless; blameless. 

U'nion, 1 yun'yan; 2 yun'yon. I. a. Pertain¬ 
ing to a union. II. n. 1. The act of uniting, 
or the state of being united; a joining. 2. A 
whole formed by uniting elements previously 
separate; a combination; league, especially of 
worldngmen. See trade=union. 3. Agree¬ 
ment; concord. 4. Wedlock. 5. A device 
symbolizing union in the canton of a flag; 
also, the canton, especially when used sepa¬ 
rately as a flag. [F., < LL. unio(n-), < L. 
unus, one.] — the Union. 1. The United States 
regarded as a national unit. 2. Eng. Hist. The 
union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, 
1707. 3. The United Kingdom. 4. The Union 

of South Africa. See South Africa.— union 
down, reversed, as a flag, so as to have the union 
or canton at the lower edge; a signal of distress. 
— u. jack, a flag consisting of the union or can¬ 
ton only; specif., the British military flag.— u'- 
nion-ist, n. An advocate of union: (1) A member 
of a trade=union. (2) U. S. Hist. One who stood 
tor the Union, as against secession; a Union man. 
(3) Bril. Poltt. One opposed to any form of sep¬ 
aration of Ireland from England.— u'nion-ism, 
n.— u"nion-is'tic, a.— u'nion-ize, vt. To cause 
to join a trade*union, as the members of a craft. 

u'ni-ped, 1 yu'm-ped; 2 yu'ni-ped, a. Having 
only one foot. [ < uni-, + L. pes, foot.] 

u"ni-po'lar, 1 yu"m-po'lar; 2 yu"ni-po'lar, a. 
Having or operating by means of one pole, as a 
certain type of dynamo. [< uni- + polar.] 

U-nique', 1 yu-nik'; 2 yu-nik', a. 1. Being the 
only one of its kind; singular; uncommon. 2. 
Not complicated. 3. Sole. [F., < L. unicus, 
single, < unus, one.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

U'ni-son, 1 yu'm-san; 2 yu'ni-son, n. 1. A 
condition of perfect accord; harmony. 2. 
Mus. Coincidence of sounds. [ < L. LL+F unus, 
one, -f sonus, sound.]— u-nis'o-nance, n. Ac¬ 
cordance in sounds.— u-nls'o-nous, a. u-nls'- 
o-nantf. . . . . 

U'nit, 1 yu'mt; 2 yu'mt, n. 1. A single person 
or thing regarded as an individual. 2. Math. 
A standard quantity with which others of the 
same kind are compared for purposes of mea¬ 
surement; a least whole number; one; unity. 


Units are either fundamental, that is, arbi¬ 
trarily chosen, or derived, that is, defined in terms 
of the fundamental units. The fundamental 
units are those of length (as the yard and meter), of 
mass (as the pound and kilogram) , and of time (as 
the second) . The centimeter*gram*second system, 
based on the centimeter, gram, and second, was 
established by the British Association in 1861. 
The principal derived units are the geometrical 
and mechanical units, as those of area, volume, 
velocity, force, etc., and the electrical and magnetic 
units, as those of resistance, current, magnetic in¬ 
tensity, etc. [Abbr. of unity.] 

Unit., abbr. Unitarian. 

U"ni-ta 'ri-an, 1 yu"m-te'ri-dn; 2 yu*ni-ta'ri- 
an. I. a. 1. Pertaining to Unitarians. 2. [u-] 
Pertaining to a unit. II. n. 1. A member of 
a religious body that rejects the doctrine of 
the Trinity. 2. [u-] An upholder of any uni¬ 
tary system.—U"ni-ta'ri-an-ism, n. —u'- 
ni-ta-ry, a. Pertaining to unity or to a unit. 

u-nite', 1 yu-nait'; 2 yu-nit', vt. & vi. [u-nit'- 
ED d ; u-nit'ing.] 1. To join together so as to 
form a whole; be merged into one; combine; 
compound. 2. To associate intimately; ally; 
harmonize. 3. To attach permanently or 
solidly. [ < LL. unio (pp. unitus), < L. unus, 
one.]—u-nit'ed,pa. Incorporated into one. -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

U-nit'ed King'dom. Great Britain and Ireland, 
as constituted by the act of union which took 
effect Jan. 1, 1801. 

U-nit'ed Prov'inc-es of A'gra and Oudh. 

A province in N. W. India, formerly Northwest 
Provinces and Oudh; 107,267 sq. m.; pop. 
47,182,000. 

U-nit'ed States of A-mer'i-ca. A federal repub¬ 
lic of N. America, including 48 states, 2 territories 
(Alaska and Hawaii), the Philippine Islands, the 
Canal Zone (Panama), Porto Rico, Guam, the 
Virgin Islands, and certain Samoan islands; total 
area, 3,743,306 sq. m.; pop. 117,859,358; area of 
continental United States, 3,026,789 sq. m.; pop. 
105,710,620; capital, Washington.— Presidents 
of the United States, see president. 

u'ni-ty, 1 yu'm-ti; 2 yu'ni-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
1. The state of being indivisibly one; single¬ 
ness. 2. Union, as of constituent parts or 
elements; harmony; concord. 3. The number 
one. [ < F. unite, < L. unitas, < unus, one.] 

Univ., abbr. Universalist,university. —univ.,a66r. 
Universal. 

u'ni-va"lent, 1 yu'm-ve"lent; 2 yti'ni-va"16nt, a. 
Chem. Having a combining power of one. [< 
uni- + valent.] — u'ni-va"lence, n. u"ni- 
va'len-cyj. 

u'ni-valve, 1 yu'm-valv; 2 yu'ni-valv. I. a. 
Having only one valve, as a mollusk. ll'ni- 
valvedj. II. n. A mollusk having a univalve 
shell; a gastropod. [< uni- + valve.]— u"- 

ni-val'vu-lar, a. 

u"ni-ver'sal, 1 yu"ni-vur'sal; 2 yu"ni-ver / sal. 
I. a. 1. Relating to the entire universe; un¬ 
limited; general. 2. Common to all in any 
specific group. 3. Entire. 4. Suited to all pur¬ 
poses and conditions. II. n. 1. Logic. A uni¬ 
versal proposition; also, a general term or 
predicate. 2. Philos. A universal concept; 
that which may be predicated of many 
particular things or persons.—U"ni-ver'sal- 
ism, n. The doctrine that all souls will finally 
be saved.—U"ni-ver'sal-ist, n. A believer in 
the doctrines of Universalism.—u"ni-ver-sal'- 
i-ty, n. The state of being albembracing.— 
universal joint, a joint that permits both con¬ 


i' a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; lu = fewd; (fhin; go; D = sinff; thin, ttiis. 
2: wqlf, d«; book, boot; fyU, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, sem; ink; thin, this. 









universe 

upright 


For words in un- not given below see un- 2 , prefix, page 635. 


640 


nected parts to be turned in all directions.—u"- 
ni-ver'sal-ly, adv. 

u'ni-verse, 1 yu'ni-vurs; 2 yu'ni-vers, n. The 
aggregate of all existing things; the whole 
creation; all mankind. [ < L. F universum, 
neut. s. of universus. whole.] 

U"ni-ver'si-ty, 1 yu"m-vur'si-ti; 2 yu"ni-ver'- 
si-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] An educational institu¬ 
tion for superior instruction or for the exami¬ 
nation of students already instructed, 
un-just', 1 un-just'; 2 un-just', a. Not legiti¬ 
mate, fair, or just; wrongful; unrighteous. 
-Iy, adv. -ness, n. 

un-kenipt', 1 un-kempt'; 2 un-k6mpt', a. 1. 
Not combed or kempt; neglected; untidy. 2. 
Hence, without polish; rough.— un-kempt'- 
ness, n. [-ness, n. 

un-kind', a. Unsympathetic; harsh, -ly, adv. 
un-known', 1 un-non'; 2 un-non'. I. a. Not 
known, or not capable of being known or 
computed. II. n. An unknown person or 
quantity. [adv. -ness, n. 

un-law'fill, a. Contrary to law; illegal, -ly, 
un-learn', ) vt. & vi. To dismiss from the 
un-lern'p, (mind; forget.— un-Iearned ', pp. 
un-learn'ed, / 1 un-lurn'ed; 2 un-lern'6d, a. 1. 
un-Iern'ed p , j Without learning; illiterate; un¬ 
cultured. 2. That has not been learned, 
un-less', 1 un-les'; 2 un-lgs', conj. 1. If it be 
not a fact that; supposing that, or if . . . not. 
2. Save; except. [Formerly onlesse, < on, 
prep., + less, a.) 

un-like'. I. a. Having little or no resemblance; 
different. II. adv. In another manner.—un¬ 
likely. I. a. 1. Improbable. 2. Not promising 
success. II. adv. Improbably.—un-like'li-ness, 
n. un-like'li-hoodf. 

nn-load' d , vt. 1. To deprive of a load or bur¬ 
den. 2. To discharge, as a cargo. 
un-lock' 1 , vt. 1. To unfasten a lock; open, as 
by removing any hindrance. 2. To make 
available. [usually with for. 

un-looked', a. Not anticipated; unexpected: 
un-loose n , 1 un-lus'; 2 un-loos', v. I. t. To 
release from fastenings, un-loos'enj. II. i. 
To become disconnected or unfastened; fall 
to pieces. [ < un- 2 intens. loose, d.j 
un-luck'y, a. Not favored by luck; ilbstarred; 
unfortunate; disastrous; ilUomened. — un¬ 
luck'i-ly, adv.— un-luck 'i-ness, n. 
un-man', vt. 1. To cause to lose manly courage 
or nerve. 2. To make destitute of men, as a 
fortress. 

un-mask' 1 , vt. 1. To remove a mask from. 2. 

Figuratively, to take any disguise from, 
un-mean'ing, a. Meaningless, -ly, adv. 
un-mer'ci-ful, o. 1. Cruel; pitiless. 2. [Colloq.] 
Exorbitant, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un"mis-tak'a-bl(e p , a. That can not be mis¬ 
taken for something else. un"mis-take'- 
a-bl(e p t.—un"niis-tak'a-bly, adv. 
un-nat'u-ral, a. 1. Contrary to the laws of 
nature, or of ordinary morality and decency; 
monstrous. 2. Destitute of natural feeling or 
affection. 3. Not consistent with nature; 
artificial. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un-nerve', vt. To deprive of control of the 
nerves; deprive of strength or courage, 
un-par'al-leled, ) a. Without parallel; un- 

un-par'al-leld s , ) matohed; unprecedented, 
un-pleas'ant, ) a. Failing to give pleasure; dis- 
un-ples'ant 8 , (agreeable; objectionable, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 


un-pop'u-lar, a. Having no popularity; gen¬ 
erally disliked or condemned. -Iy, adv .— un"- 

pop-u-Iar'i-ty, n. 

un-prec'e-dent-ed, a. Unexampled, -ly, adv. 
un-pre.j 'u-dieed, o. 1. Free from prejudice or 
bias; impartial. 2. Not injured or impaired, 
un-prin'ci-pled, a. Unscrupulous; wicked. 
un"pro-duc'tive, ) a. Producing little or 
un"pro-duc'tiv s , ( nothing; barren, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

un"pro-voked', a. 1. Having received no 
provocation. 2. Not called forth by provo¬ 
cation or just cause. 

un-qual 'i-fied, a. 1. Being without the proper 
qualifications; unfit. 2. Having failed to 
qualify. 3. Given or done without limitation 
or restrictions. -ly, adv. 

un-ques'tion-a-bl(e p , a. Too certain or sure 
to admit of question; being beyond a doubt. 
—un-ques'tion-a-bly, adv. 
un-qui'et, a. 1. Not at rest; disturbed. 2. 

Causing unrest. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
un-rav'el, 1 un-rav'l; 2 un-rav'l, vt. 1. To 
separate the threads of, as a tangled skein or 
knitted article. 2. To unfold; explain. 
un-rea'son-a-bl(e p , a. I. Acting without or 
contrary to reason. 2. Not according to rea¬ 
son; irrational. 3. Exceeding what is reason¬ 
able; immoderate.— un-rea'son-a-bl(e-ness p , 
n. —un-rea'son-a-bly, adv. 
un"re-served', )a. 1. Given without reserve. 
un"re-servd' 3 , ( 2. Having no reserve of man¬ 
ner. -ly, adv. -ness, n. [mind, 

un-rest', n. Restlessness, especially of the 
un-right'eous, a. 1. Not righteous; wicked. 
2. Contrary to the law of right; unjust, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

un-ri'valed, a. Having no rival or competitor; 

unequaled; matchless, un-ri'vailed J. 
un-roll', vt. 1. To spread or open (that which 
has been rolled up). 2. To exhibit to view, 
un-ru'ly, 1 un-ru'li; 2 un-ru'ly, a. Disposed to 
resist rule or discipline; intractable; ungov¬ 
ernable.— un-ru'li-ness, n. 
un-scathed', 1 un-skethd'; 2 un-seathd', a. 
Unharmed; uninjured. 

un-scru'pu-lous, a. Not scrupulous; having 
no scruples; unprincipled, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un-seareh'a-bl(e p , a. That can not be searched 
or explored; hidden; mysterious, 
un-sea'son-a-bl(e p , a. Not being in the proper 
season; inappropriate.— un-sea'son-a-bl (e- 
ness p , n. —un-sea'son-a-bly, adv. 
un-seat' d , vt. To remove from a seat. (1) To 
unhorse. (2) To deprive of a seat as legislator, 
un-set'tie, vt. & vi. 1. To move from a fixed 
or settled condition. 2. To confuse; disturb. 

un-se.x' 1 , vt. To rob of the distinctive qualities 
of a sex; make unfeminine, as a woman. 
un-ship' 1 , vt. 1. To unload from a ship. 2. To 
move or throw out of place, as a rudder, 
un-sight 'Iy, a. Offensive to the sight; ugly. 
un"s«-phis'ti-eat"ed, 1 un"so-fis'ti-ket"ed; 2 
un"so-fifs'ti-cat"(kl, a. 1. Genuine; pure. 2. 
Artless; simple. 3. Showing inexperience; 
verdant, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un-speak'a-bl(e p , a. 1. That can not be ex¬ 
pressed; unutterable. 2. Extremely bad. 
-ness, n.— un-speak 'a-bly, adv. 
un-spot'ted, a. Not marked with spots; free 
from blemishes; immaculate, 
un-sta'ble, a. Lacking in stability or firmness, 
un-string', vt. 1. To remove from a string. 2. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn, 








641 


universe 

upright 


For words in an- not given below see un-*, prefix, page 635. 


To take the strings from; also, to loosen the 
strings of, as a bow or a guitar. 3. To relax 
as if by loosening. 

un-stud'ied, a. 1. Not planned; unpremedi¬ 
tated. 2. Not stiff or artificial; natural. 3. 
Unskilled; unversed. 4. Not studious, 
un-sung', a. 1. Not celebrated in song or 
poetry; obscure. 2. Not yet sung, as a song, 
un-think 'ing, a. Not having the power of 
thought; lacking thoughtfulness, care, or at¬ 
tention; heedless.— un-think 'ing-ly, adv. 
un-tie % vt. To loosen, as a knot; hence, to free 
from any fastening.— un-tied', a. 
un-til', 1 un-til'; 2 un-til'. I. prep. Unto the 
time of; up to; till. II. conj. To the time 
when; to the place or degree that. [ME. until, 

< unto (see unto), by substituting til (< Ice. 
til ), to, for to (< AS. to) , to.] 

un-time'ly. I. a. Coming before time or not 
in proper time; unseasonable; ilbtimed. II. 
adv. Before the proper time; unseasonably, 
un'to, 1 un'tu; 2 un'to, prep. To: a formal, 
poetical, or archaic form, used in all senses 
except as the sign of the infinitive. [ME. unto, 

< un- (< Old Saxon und; cp. AS. oth, up to) + 
to, < AS. to, to; cp. Old Saxon unto, unto.] 

un-toid', a. 1. That can not be described. 

2. That can not be numbered or estimated, 
un-to'ward, 1 un-td'srd; 2 un-td'ard, a. 1. 
Vexatious; unfavorable. 2. Not yielding 
readily, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un-true', a. Lacking truth; not true.— un¬ 
truth', n. 1. The character of being untrue. 
2. A falsehood; lie.—un-truth'ful, a. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. [uninstructed; raw. 

un-tu'tored, a. Having had no tutor; hence, 
un-u'su-al, a. Of a character, kind, number, 
or size not usually met with; such as does not 
usually happen, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
tm-Ut'ter-a-bl(e p , a. That can not be uttered; 
inexpressible.— un-ut'ter-a-bl(e-ness 3 , n .— 
un-ut'ter-a-bly, adv. 

un-veil', vt. 1. To remove the veil or covering 
from, as from a statue, with public cere¬ 
monies. 2. To disclose to view; unfold, 
un-war'rant-a-bl(e p , a. That can not be 
warranted; unjustifiable; indefensible.— un- 
war'rant-a-bly, adv. 

un-war 'rant-ed, a. 1. Having no warrant; 
unwarrantable; unjustifiable. 2. Being with¬ 
out warranty or guaranty. 

Un-well', o. Somewhat ill; ailing; indisposed, 
un-wept', a. 1. Not lamented, as a deceased 
person. 2. Not shed, as tears. 

HU-whole'some, a. 1. Deleterious to physical, 
mental, or moral health. 2. Unsound, 
un-wield 'y, 1 un-wlld'i; 2 un-weld'y, a. Moved 
or managed with difficulty; bulky; clumsy.— 
un-wield'i-ly, adv.— un-wield'i-ness, n. 
un-will'ing, a. 1. Unfavorably disposed to¬ 
ward some course of action; reluctant; loath. 
2. Done with reluctance, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un-wise', a. Acting with or showing lack of 
wisdom; injudicious; foolish, -ly, adv. 
un-wit'tlng, o. Having no knowledge or con¬ 
sciousness of the thing in question, -ly, adv. 
un-wont'ed, a. Not according to wont or cus¬ 
tom. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
un-w T or'thy, )o. Not worthy; not becoming; 
un-wur'thy p , f wrong.— un-wor'thi-ly, adv. 
—un-wor'thi-ness, n. 

un-writ'ten, a. 1. Not reduced to writing; not 
written down; oral; traditional; as, the un¬ 


written law. 2. Having no writing upon it.— 
unwritten law, a custom in some localities 
granting a measure of immunity to persons com¬ 
mitting criminal acts in support of personal or 
family honor. 

un-yoke' 1 , vt. & vi. To release or be loosed 
from a yoke; hence, to separate; disunite, 
up. I. a. Moving or sloping upward. II. 
n. That which is up, chiefly in the phrase 
ups and dow r ns. III. adv. 1. Toward a 
higher place or level. 2. In or on a higher 
place. 3. In or to a vertical or nearly vertical 
position; standing. 4. So as to be level (to) 
or even (with) in space, degree, etc. 5. 
Aroused; astir. 6. In or into prominence. IV. 
prep. 1. From a lower to a higher point or 
place. 2. At, on, or near a higher place or 
part of. [<AS. up, up.] 

Up forms the first element in many self*ex- 
plaining words, mostly verbs, as wpbear, wpbind, 
wpbuild, wpcurve, wpflow, wpraise, upre&r, up- 
shoot, wpspring, etc.; others are defined below. 
— up'growth", n. 1. The process of growing up. 
2. That which grows or has grown up.— up¬ 
heave', v. I. t. To heave up; raise or lift with 
effort. II. i. To be raised or lifted.— up-heav'- 
al, n. — up-held', imp. & pp. of uphold, v .— 
up 'shill", a. 1. Going up a hill; extending up¬ 
ward. 2. Attended with difficulty or exertion.— 
up-hold', vt. 1. To hold up; keep from falling or 
sinking, or from overthrow, loss, failure, etc. 2. 
To support; encourage.— up-lift 'a, v t. To lift 
up or raise aloft; elevate.— up'lift, n. 1. A 
movement upward; in geology, an upheaval. 2. 
A mental or moral upraising, 
up., abbr. Upper. 

u'pas, 1 yu'pos; 2 yu'pas, n. A tall tree, of the 
island of Java, with an 
acrid milky, poisonous 
juice. [ < Malay puhn* 
upas, poison=tree.] 
up-braid 'd, 1 up-bred'; 2 
up-brad', vt. & vi. To re¬ 
proach as deserving 
blame; accuse. 

U. P. C., abbr. United Pres¬ 
byterian Church, 
up-hol'ster, 1 up-hol'stor; 

2 up-hol'ster, vt. 1. To 
fit, as furniture, with 
coverings, cushioning, etc. 

2. To provide or adorn 
with hangings, curtains, 
etc., as an apartment. [< 
uphold.] — up-hol'ster- 
er, n. —up-hol'ster-y, n. 

I. Goods used in uphol¬ 
stering. 2. The act or busi¬ 
ness of upholstering. 

up'land, 1 up'land; 2 up'land. I. a. Pertain¬ 
ing to an upland; higher in situation. II. n. 
The higher portions of a region, district, etc. 
up-on', 1 up-en'; 2 up-on', adv. & prep. On. 
up'per, 1 up'ar; 2 up'er. I. a. Higher than 
something else. II. n. 1. That part of a boot 
or shoe above the sole and welt. 2. pi. Gaiter* 
tops for wearing above the shoe. [Compar. of 
up.] — up'per-most, a. 1. Highest in place, 
rank, etc. 2. First to come into the mind, up'- 
mostt. 

up'right, 1 up'rait; 2 up'rlt. 1. a. 1. Being in 
a vertical position; erect. 2. Just and honest. 

II. n. Something having a vertical position. 
[< AS. uprihl, < up, up, + rihl, right.] -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 



1: a = final; l = habit: disle; au = owt; oil; iu = fewd; tfhin; go; r) = sing-, thin, this. 
2: wplf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








uprising 

vaccine 


642 


up-ris'ing;, 1 up-raiz'iq; 2 up-rig'ing, n. 1. The 
act of rising. 2. Strong excitement on the part 
of many people; revolt; insurrection.— up¬ 
rise', vi. 

up'roar, 1 up'rorp2 up'ror, n. Violent dis¬ 
turbance and noise; tumult. [ < D. op, up, -j- 
roeren, stir.]— up-roar'i-ous, a. Accompanied 
by uproar, especially convivial uproar. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

up-root' d , 1 up-rut'; 2 up-root', vt. To tear up 
by the roots; eradicate; destroy utterly, 
up-set', 1 up-set'; 2 tip-sSt'. I. vt. 1. To over¬ 
turn. 2. To greatly discompose. 3. To throw 
into confusion. 4. To shorten and thicken 
(metal) by hammering or by pressure. II. n. 
The act of upsetting, or state of being upset, 
up'shot, 1 up'^hot; 2 iip'shbt, n. The final 
outcome. 

up'side", 1 up'said"; 2 up'sld", n. The upper 
side or part.— upside down, with the upper 
side down; hence, in disorder or confusion, 
up'sstairs". I. n. The upper story. II. adv. 
XJp the stairs 

Op 'start", 1 up'start"; 2 up'start". I. a. Sud¬ 
denly raised to prominence, wealth, or power; 
pretentious. II. n. One who or that which 
springs up suddenly; especially, one who has 
risen suddenly from a humble position to con¬ 
sequence. 

up-turn', 1 up-turn'; 2 up-tfirn', vt. To turn 
up or over, as sod with the plow; hence, to 
overturn; upset. 

up'ward, 1 up'ward; 2 up'ward, a. Turned or 
directed toward a higher place. [ < AS. up- 
weard, < up, up, -f- -weard, -ward.] 
up'ward, ) adv. 1. Toward a higher place or 
up'wards, ) price. 2. In excess; more. 3. 

Toward that which is better or nobler. 

Ur, 1 ur; 2 ur, n. Bib. A city of Chaldea; the home 
of Abraham. Gen. xi. 28. 

U'ral, 1 yQ'ral; 2 yij'ral, n. 1. A mountain system 
in European Pussia between Europe and Asia; 
highest point 5,000 ft. 2. A river in E. European 
Russia, between Europe and Asia: 1,300 m. to 
the Caspian sea.—U'ral, a. 

U-ra'ni-a, 1 yu-re'm-a; 2 yq-ra'ni-a, n. The Muse 
of astronomy. 

u"ra-nog'ra-phy, 1 yu"ra-nog'r 0 -fi; 2 yu"ra- 
nog'ra-fy, n. Descriptive astronomy. [ < Gr. 
ouranos, heaven, + -graphy.] 

U'ra-nus, 1 yu'ra-nus; 2 yu'ra-nus, n. 1. Gr. 
Myth. The husband of Glsea or Ge (Earth) 
and father of the Titans and the Cyclopes. 
2. Astron. A planet, the outermost of the 
solar system except Neptune. [L., < Gr. 
Ouranos, < ouranos, heaven.]— u-ra'nl-um, 1 
yu-re'ni-um; 2 yu-ra'ni-um, n. . A heavy white 
metallic element. 

ur'ban, 1 ur'ban; 2 Ar'ban, a. Pertaining to or 
like a city; situated or dwelling in a city. [ < 
L. urbanus; see urbane.] 

Ur'ban, n. One of eight popes of Rome; specif., 
Urban II. (1042-1099), whose preaching gave 
the impetus to the crusades, 
ur-bane', 1 ur-ben'; 2 dr-ban', a. Character¬ 
ized by civility or refinement; polite; suave. 
[< L. urbanus, of a city, < urbs, city.] -ly, adv. 
—ur-ban'i-ty, n. The quality of being urbane; 
refined and elegant courtesy, 
ur'chin, 1 ur'dhin; 2 Or'chin, n. 1. A roguish, 
mischievous boy. 2. A hedgehog. 3. A sea a 
urchin. [ < L. OF ericrus ( < er), hedgehog.] 
-ure. A substantive ending found in nouns denot¬ 
ing action, or the product or result of action, 


and usually attached to the past*participle stem; 
as, cinctwre, picture. [ = F. -ure, < L. -ura, fern, 
substantive ending.] 

urge, 1 urj; 2 flrg, vt. [urged; urg'ing.] 1. To 
press forward with force; drive; impel. 2. 
To press strenuously the mind or will of (a 
person), as by argument or importunity. 
3. To press earnestly upon the mind the do¬ 
ing, consideration, or acceptance of (a belief, 
plan, argument, petition, etc.): often with 
upon. 4. To press (movement, action, etc.) 
with haste; hasten; hurry. [< L. urgeo, 
press.]— ur'gen-cy, n. 1. The quality of being 
urgent. 2. The act of urging. 3. Something ur¬ 
gent.— ur'gent, a. Pressing; imperative; im¬ 
portunate. -ly, adv. 

U-rl'ab, 1 yu-rai'a; 2 yu-rl'a, n. Bib. A Hittite 
captain treacherously sent to death by David. 
2 Sam. xi, 17. 

u'ric, 1 yu'rik; 2 yu'ric, a. Chem. Of, pertain¬ 
ing to, or derived from urine. ’ 

u'rine, 1 yu'rin; 2 yu'rin, n. A pale*yellow 
fluid secreted from the blood by the kidneys. 
fF„ < L. urina.] — u'ri-nal, n. A fixture used 
in urinating, or a place provided with such appli¬ 
ances.— u'ri-nate, vi. [-NAT-ED d ; -nat-ing.] To 
void or pass urine. — u"ri-ua'tlon, n. — u'rl- 
na-ry, a. 


urn, 1 urn; 2 urn, n. 1. A rounded or angular 

vase having a foot. 2. A 
vase*shaped receptacle, as 
for a dead body or its ashes. 

[ < F. urne, < L. urna, < uro, 
burn.] 

Ur'sa, 1 ur'sa; 2 ur'sa, n. [L.] 

A she bear: used only in the 
constellation names Ursa 
Major, the Great Bear or 
Dipper, and Ursa Minor, the 
Little Bear. See constella¬ 
tion. 

ur'sine, 1 ur'sin or -sain; 2 
Gr'sin or -sin, a. Pertaining 
to or like a bear, ur 

formj. 

Uru., abbr. Uruguay. 

U'ru-guay, 1 Q'ru-gwS; 2 u'ni-gw5, n. 1. A re¬ 
public in S. W. South America, organized 1830; 
72,153 sq. m.; pop. 1,462,890: capital, Monte¬ 
video. 2. A river in S. E. South America; 931 
m. to the Plata river. 



u'rus, 1 yu'rus; 2 yu'rus, n. An extinct wild ox. 

formerly abundant in Europe, 
us, 1 us; 2 us, pron. The objective case plural 
of the personal pronoun of the first person. 
[< AS. fis.] 

U. S., abbr. Uncle Sam, United States.—U. S. A., 
abbr. United States Army, United States of 
America.—U. S. C., abbr. United States of 
Colombia. 

use, ) 1 yuz; 2 yus, v. [used; us'ing.] I. t. 
uze p , \ 1. To make use of. 2. To put into prac¬ 
tise. 3. To treat. 4. To accustom. II. 

To be accustomed.—us'a-bl(e p , a. Such as can 
be us<‘d. -ness, n.— us'a-bly, adv. —us'age, n. 
1. The manner of using or treating a person or 
thing. 2. A custom. 


use, 1 yus; 2 yus, n. 1. The act of using: appli¬ 
cation to an end. 2. Suitableness or adapta¬ 
bility to an end; serviceableness. 3. Occa¬ 
sion or need to employ; necessity. 4. Habit¬ 
ual practise'or employment; custom; usage. 
[ < OF. us, < L. usus, < usus, pp. of utor, use.)— 
use'ful, a. Serving a use or purpose; beneficial, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n.—use'less, a. Being of no 
use. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fust; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh$t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won, 




















643 


ush'er, 1 usih'ar; 2 ush'er. I. vt. To attend as 
an usher; introduce. II. to. 1. One who acts 
as doorkeeper, conducts persons to seats, etc. 
2. [Eng.] An under*teacher in a school. [ < 
L.° p osliarius, < ostium, door.] 

Ush'er, 1 ukh'ar; 2 ush'er, James (1581-1656). A 
Protestant archbishop of Armagh, Ireland; 
scholar and writer. 

U. S. M., abbr. United States Mail, United States 
Marines.— U. S. M. A., abbr. United States 
Military Academy.— U. S. N., abbr. United 
States Navy.—U. S. N. A., abbr. United States 
Naval Academy.— U. S. P., U. S. Pharm., abbr. 
United States Pharmacopoeia.— U. S. S., abbr. 
United States Senate, United States ship, United 
States steamer.—usu., abbr. Usual, usually, 
u'su-al, )lyu' 5 u-al; 2 yu'zhu-al, a. Such as 
u'zu-al p , ) occurs in the ordinary course of 
events; frequent; common. [ < L. F usualis, 
< usus, use.] -ly, adv. -ness, to. 
u'su-fruct, 1 yu' 3 u-frukt; 2 yu'zhu=fruct, to. 
The right of using the property of another 
without wasting its substance. [< L. usus, 
use, + fructus, fruit.] 

U-surp' 4 , 1 yu-zurp'; 2 yu-shrp', vt. To seize 
and hold without right; take or assume arro¬ 
gantly. [ < L. p usurpo, use, < usus, use, 
rapio, seize.]—u"sur-pa'tion, n. —u-surp'er,«. 
u'su-ry, 1 yu' 3 u-n; 2 yu'zhu-ry, to. [-ries z , pi.] 
1. The taking of a rate of interest beyond 
what is allowed by law. 2. Originally, inter¬ 
est in general. [< L. OF usura, < usus, use.] 
— u'su-rer,n. One who practises usury.— u-su'- 
ri-ous, a. Having the nature of usury, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

U. S. V., abbr. United States Volunteers.—u. s. 
w., abbr. [G.] Und so weiter (and so forth).— 
Ut., abbr. Utah. 

U'tah, 1 yu'te or yu'ta; 2 yu'ta or yu'ta, n. A 
State of the western United States; 84,990 sq. m.: 
pop. 449,396; capital. Salt Lake City, 
ut diet., abbr. [L.] Ut dictum (as directed). 

-ute, suffix. A suffix of Latin origin used to form 
■ (1) adjectives, as absolwfe, destitute, and (2) 
verbs, as constitute. [< L. -utus, pp. suffix.] 
u-ten'sil, 1 yu-ten'sil; 2 yu-ten'sil, n. A thing 
serving a useful purpose, as an implement or 
vessel for domestic or farm use. [< L. OF 
utensile, < utensilis, fit for use, < ulor, use.] 
u'ter-us, 1 yu'tar-us; 2 yu'ter-us, n. [-i, 1 -ai; 
2 -i, pl.] The womb. [L.]—u'ter-in(e 8 , a. 


uprising 

vaccine 


1. Of or pertaining to the uterus. 2. Of the same 
mother, but having a different father. 

U'ti-ca, 1 yu'ti-ka; 2 yu'ti-ca, n. 1. An ancient 
city in N. Africa. 2. A manufacturing city of 
central New York; pop. 94,160. 

U-til'i-ty, 1 yu-til'i-ti; 2 yu-til'i-ty, n. |-ties z , 
pl.] Fitness for some desirable practical 
purpose; serviceableness. [< L. F utilitas, 
< utilis, useful, < ulor, use.]— u-til"i-ta'ri-an. 
I. a. Relating to utility; especially, placing 
utility above beauty or the amenities of life. II. 
n. One devoted to mere material utility; an 
advocate of utilitarianism. — u-til"i-ta'ri-an- 
isin, n. 1. Philos. A system that holds utility 
of some kind to be the end and criterion of all 
action, including moral action. 2. Devotion to 
mere material utility.— u'til-lze, vt. [-ized ; -iz"- 
ing.] To make useful or serviceable.— u"til-i- 
za'[or -sa']tion, n. 

ut 'most, 1 ut'most; 2 ut'most. I. a. 1. Of 
the highest degree or the largest amount. 2. 
Most remote; last. II. n. I. The greatest 
possible extent. 2. The extreme boundary. 
[ < AS. ut, out, + -mest, -most.] 

U-to'pi-a, 1 yu-to'pi-a; 2 yu-to'pi-a, n. An 
imaginary island, the seat of an ideally per¬ 
fect social and political life; any state of ideal 
perfection. [ < Gr. ou, not, + topos, place.]— 
U-to'pi-an, a. Pertaining to or like Utopia; 
ideal.—U-to'pi-an-lsm, n. 

U'trcclit, 1 yu'trekt; 2 yu'trect, n. A city of cen¬ 
tral Netherlands; pop. 138,330; treaty signed here 
ending the wars of Queen Anne, April 11, 1713. 
ut sup., abbr. [L.] Ut supra (as above). 

Ut'ter, 1 ut'er; 2 iit'er, vt. 1. To give out or 
send forth with audible sound. 2. To say 
publicly; put in circulation in any.way. [< 
AS. Mian, put opt, < M, out.] 
ut'ter, a. Absolute; total; unqualified. [< 
AS. Mera, compar. of M, out.]— ut'ter-ly, adv. — 
ut'ter-most, a. & n. Same as utmost. 
ut'ter-ance, 1 ut'ar-ans; 2 ut'er-ang, n. 1. 
The act of uttering; vocal expression. 2. A 
thing uttered or expressed, 
u'vu-la, 1 yu'viu-la; 2 yu'vu-la, n. The pen¬ 
dent fleshy portion of the soft palate. [ < L. 
uva, grape.] 

u x.,abbr. [L.] Uxor (wife). 

ux-o'ri-ous, 1 uks-6'ri-us; 2 uks-o'ri-us, a. 
Extravagantly or foolishly fond of one’s wife. 
[ <L. uxorius, <uxor, wife.] -ly, adv. -ness,«. 



V, v, 1 vi; 2 vi, n. [vees, V’s, or Fs, 1 viz; 
2 vi’§, pl.] A letter: the twenty*second in the 
English alphabet. 

V., abbr. Venerable, vice, Victoria, viscount, 
volunteers.— v., abbr. Valve, verb, verse, ver¬ 
sion versus (L„ against), very, vicar, village, 
vocative, volume.— v., vb., abbr. Verb. v., 
vid., abbr. [L.] Vide (see).—V. A., abbr. Vicar 
Apostolic, vice*admiral, [Order of] Victoria [and] 
Albert, Volunteer Artillery.—v. a., abbr. Verb 
active, verbal adjective, vixit annos (L., lived 
[so many] years).—Va., abbr. Virginia (official). 

va 'cant, 1 ve'kant; 2 va'eant, a. 1. Contain¬ 
ing or holding nothing; empty. 2. Not occu¬ 
pied; unemployed. 3. Without thought or 
expression; vague; expressionless; dull, [r ., 
< L. vacan{t-)s, ppr. of vaco, be empty.]—va - 


can-cy, n. [-cies z , pl.] 1. The state of being 
vacant. 2. Empty space; a gap.— va'cant-ly. 
adv. — va-ca'tion, n. 1. An imtermission ol 
activity, employment, or stated exercises; an 
interval of some length, as for recreation; a holi¬ 
day. 2. The act of vacating. 

va'cate, 1 ve'ket; 2 va'cat, v. [v a'cat-ed^ ; 
va'cat-ing.] I. t. 1. To make vacant. 2. 
To set aside; annul. II. i. To give up; quit; 
leave. 

vac'cinfe®, 1 vak'sin or -sin; 2 vae'gin or -gin. 
I. a. 1. Pertaining to cows. 2. Pertaining to 
cowpox. II. to. The virus of cowpox, as 
prepared for or introduced by vaccination. 
[< F. vaccin, < L. vaccinus, < vacca, cow.]— 
vae'ei-nate, vt. [-nat"ed<i; -nat''ing.] To per¬ 
form the operation of vaccination upon.— vac"- 


l-a = final: i = habit; aisle; au = out; oil: iu = feud; <fhin; go; _ 0 = sinf7; thin, ttiis. 
2:wQlf, jdo; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this* 











vacillate 

variant 


644 


ci-na'tion, re. Inoculation with cowpox as a 
preventive of smallpox.—vac'ci-na"tor, re. 
vac'il-late, 1 vas'i-let; 2 v&g'i-lat, ire. [-lat"- 
ED d ; -lat"ing.] To fluctuate in mind; be 
irresolute; waver. [< L. vacillatus, pp. of 
vacillo, waver.]—vac"iI-la'tion, re.—vac'il-lat"- 
ing, pa. vac'il-lantt; vac'il-la-to-ryJ. 
va-cu'i-ty, 1 va-kiu'i-ti; 2 va-eu'i-ty, re. [-ties*, 
pi.] 1. The state of being a vacuum; empti¬ 
ness. 2. Vacant space; a void. 3. Freedom 
from mental exertion; idleness. 4. Lack of in¬ 
telligence ; stupidity. 5. Want of reality; noth¬ 
ingness. [ < L. F vacuitas, < vacuus, empty.J 
vac'u-ous, 1 vak'yu-us; 2 v&e'yu-us, a. Vacant, 
vae'u-um, 1 vak'yu-um; 2 vac'yu-iim, re. 
[-ums z or -u-a, pi.] Theoretically, a space 
absolutely devoid of matter; ordinarily, a 
space from which the air has been exhausted 
to a very high degree. [L., < vacuus, empty.] 
—vacuum tube, a sealed glass tube contain¬ 
ing an almost perfect vacuum and with elec¬ 
trodes embedded at each end: used to observe 
the action of electric discharges in tenuous gases. 
Crookes’s tubet; Geissler tubej. 
va'(le:me'cum, 1 vg'di-ml'kum; 2 va'de-me'- 
cum, re. Anything carried for constant use, as a 
manual or guide-book. [L.; lit. ‘go with me.’] 
vag'a-bond, 1 vag'a-bond; 2 vag'a-bond. I. a. 

I. Pertaining to a vagabond. 2. Having no 
definite residence; wandering. 3. Aimless. 

II. re. One who wanders idly from place to 
place; a worthless fellow; tramp; vagrant. 
[F„ < L. vagabundus, < vagus, wandering.] 

va-ga'ry, 1 va-ge'n; 2 va-ga'ry, re. [-ries z , pi.] 
A wild fancy; extravagant notion. [< L. 
vagari, inf. of vagor, wander.] 
va'grant, 1 ve'grant; 2 va'grant. I. a. Wan¬ 
dering about as a vagrant. II. re. An idle 
wanderer; vagabond, f < L. OF vagran(t-)c, 
ppr. of vagor, wander.]—va'gran-oy, re. The 
state or condition of a vagrant.—va'grant-ly, 
adv. 

vague, 1 veg; 2 vag, a. 1. Lacking definiteness 
or precision; indistinct; ambiguous. 2. Of 
uncertain source. 3. Not clearly recognized. 
[F., < L. vagus, wandering.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
vail 1 , v. & re. Same as veil. 
vail 2 . I. v. [Poet.] To avail. II. re. 1. [Local 
Eng.] A gratuity or tip; a perquisite, often cor¬ 
rupt: usually plural. 2. Avail. [Short for avail.] 
vain, 1 ven; 2 van, a. 1. Elated with self-ad - 
miration; greedy of applause. 2. Character¬ 
ized by flippancy or frivolity; giddy; frivol¬ 
ous. 3. Ostentatious; showy: said of things. 
4. Unproductive; ineffectual; empty; unreal. 
[F., < L. vanus, empty.]—in vain, to no pur¬ 
pose; without effect.—vain 'ly, adv. —vain'ness, 
re.—vain"glo'ry, re. Glory that is vain or wit li¬ 
mit grounds; also, vain pomp.—vain"glo'ri- 
ous, a. -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
valrt, 1 var; 2 var, re. A costly medieval fur. 
val., abbr. Value. 

val'ance, 1 val'ans; 2 val'ang, re. 1. Hanging dra¬ 
pery, especially a short curtain about the frame 
of a bedstead, reaching the floor. 2. A damask 
furniture-covering. [Prob. < Valence, a town 
in France.] [vale.] 

vale, 1 vel; 2 val, re. A valley. [< L. r vallis, 
val"e-dic'tion, 1 val"i-dik'sTian; 2 val"e-die'- 
shon, re. A bidding farewell. [ < L. vale, fare¬ 
well, + dico, say.]—val"e-dic-to'ri-an, re. One 
who delivers a valedictory.—val"e-dic'to-ry. 
I. a. Pertaining to a leave-taking. II. re. [-riesz, 
pi.] A parting address, as by a member (ordi¬ 
narily the first in rank) of a graduating class 


va'lence, 1 ve'lens; 2 va'leng, re. The com¬ 
bining power of a chemical element or radical. 
[< LL. valenlia, strength.] va'len-cyf. 
val'eu-tine, 1 val'en-tain; 2 val'Sn-tin, re. 1. 
A letter or token sent on St. Valentine’s day 
(Feb. 14), as indicating regard, or some¬ 
times ridicule. 2. A sweetheart. 
va-Ie'ri-an, 1 va-li'ri-an; 2 va-le'ri-an, re. An 
Old World perennial herb with small pink or 
white flowers and a strong, peculiar odor; 
also, its root: used in medicine, 
val 'et, 1 val'et or val'e; 2 val'fet or val'e. re. A 
gentleman’s body-servant. [F.]—va"Iet' de 
cham'bre, 1 va"le' da Shdn'br; 2 va"le' de 
ghan'br. Same as valet. [F.] 
val"e-tu"di-na'ri-an, 1 val"i-tiu"di-ne'n-an; 
2 val"e-tu"di-na'ri-an. I. a. Seeking to re¬ 
cover health; infirm. II. re. A chronic in¬ 
valid; one unduly solicitous about his health. 
val"e-tu 'di-na-ry J. [< L. valetudinarlus, < 
valetudo, health.]—val"e-tu"di-na'ri-an-ism,re. 
Val-hal 'la. 1 val-hal'a; 2 v&l-hal'a, re. Norse 
Myth. The hall of the slain or palace of immor¬ 
tality, whither the souls of those killed in battle 
were borne by the valkyries. Val-hal'f. 
variant, 1 val'yant; 2 vSl'yant, a. 1. Strong 
and intrepid; brave; powerful and coura¬ 
geous. 2. Performed with valor; bravely con¬ 
ducted; heroic. [< L. F valen{t-)s, ppr. of valeo, 
be strong.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
val'id, 1 val'id; 2 v&l'id, a. Based on evidence 
that can be supported; sound; just. [< L. p 
validus, < valeo, be strong.] -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
—val'i-date, vt. [-dat''ed< 1 ; -dat"ing.] To make 
valid; ratify and confirm.—va-lid'i-ty, re. 
va-lise', 1 va-lls'; 2 va-ils', re. A portable re¬ 
ceptacle for clothes and toilet-articles; travel¬ 
ing-bag. [F.] 

val'kyr, 1 val'kir; 2 v&l'kyr, re. [val-kyr'i-es, 
1 val-kir'i-iz; 2 val-kyr'i-es, pi.] Norse Myth. 
One of the maidens who carry the souls of the slain 
to Valhalla and there attend them at banquets. 
VaI"la-do-lid', 1 vdl"ya-do-lIth'; 2 val'ya-do- 
Hth', re. A university city of central Spain; pop. 
71,000; residence of Cervantes and death-place 
of Columbus; taken by the French, Jan., 1808; 
by the English, June 4, 1813. 
val'ley, 1 val'i; 2 v&l'y, re. 1. A depression of 
the earth’s surface, as one through which a 
stream flows; level or low land between hills. 
2. Arch. The gutter or angle formed by the 
meeting of two roof-slopes. [ < F. vallee, < 
val, < L. vallis, vale, valley.] 

Val'ley Forge. A village in S. E. Pennsylvania, 
where the Revolutionary army encamped during 
the winter of 1777-1778. 

Val"lom-bro'sa, 1 val"em-bro'sa; 2 v&rom-bro'- 
sa, re. A valley near Florence, Italy, famed for 
its beautiful woods. 

Va"lois', 1 va"lwa'; 2 va"lwa', re. A French dy¬ 
nasty, beginning (1328) with Philip VI. of Valois, 
and ending with Henry III., 1589. 
val'or, 1 val'ar; 2 v&l'or, re. Intrepid courage; 
personal bravery; prowess. [< LL. OF valor, 
< L. valeo, be strong.] val'our J.—val'or-ous, 
a. Courageous; valiant, -ly, adv. 
val"or-i-za'tion, ) 1 val"ar-i-ze'^han; 2 v&l"- 
val"or-i-sa'tlon, C or-i-za'shon, re. The main¬ 
tenance of an artificial price for any product 
by governmental interference. [ < L. PQ valor, 
value.] 

Val"pa-ral'so, 1 vaPpa-rai'so or -rai'zo; 2 v&rpa- 
rl'so or -ri'so, re. A seaport city of central Chile; 
pop. 218,465; partly destroyed by an earth¬ 
quake, Aug. 16, 1906. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police^ obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ftll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 







645 


vacillate 

variant 



val'ue, 1 val'yu; 2 val'yu. I. vt. [val'ued; 
val'u-ing.] 1. To assess; appraise. 2. To 
have in high esteem; prize. 3. To take into 
account. II. n. 1. Intrinsic worth; utility. 
2. The market price. 3. Esteem; regard. 
[OF., ult. < L .valeo, be strong.]—val'u-a-bl(e p , 
I. a. Having value; costly; worthy. II. n. A 
thing of worth or value.—vaI"u-a'tion, n. 1. 
The act of valuing. 2. Appraisement.—value¬ 
less, a. 

valv(e s , 1 valv; 2 valv, n. 1. Any contrivance 
or arrangement that opens a 
passage to permit the flow of 
a liquid or gas in one direction, 
and closes against its return, 
etc. 2§. One of a pair of fold¬ 
ing doors. [F., < L. valva, leaf 
of a door.] — val'vate, a. 1. 

Serving as a valve. 2. Having 
a valve. — val 'vu-lar, a. Per¬ 
taining to or of the nature of a 
valve. 

vamp, 1 vamp; 2 vamp. Ik vt. 

1. To provide with a vamp. 

2. To repair. II. n. 1. The „ , M _ r . 
piece of leather forming the ' alves of \ ems. 
upper front part of a boot or V A ven0 « s trunk 

/ ^ ** ci j.i • jiia cut open above to 

shoe. 2. Something added to 8how two pairs of 
give an old thing a new ap- valves (a, h). 2. a 

pearance. [ < F. avant-pied, y® in lai '’ °P e " to J Bhow 

fore part of the foot.] — b) and ( d) }’ 

vamp'er, n. 

vam'pire, 1 vam'pair; 2 vam'pir, n. 1. A 
fabulous ghostly being that sucks the blood 
of the living while they sleep. 2. One who 
preys upon his fellow men. vamp{. 3. A large 
bloodsucking bat of South or Central Amer¬ 
ica.* [F., < Serv. vampir, vampire.1— vam¬ 
pire bat. 1. Same as vampire, 3. 2. One of cer¬ 
tain other bats incorrectly supposed to suck blood. 

van 1 , 1 van; 2 van, n. A large covered wagon 
or other Vehicle for transporting goods, fur¬ 
niture, etc.; a caravan. [Short for caravan.] 

van 2 , n. A vanguard; the front; advance. 

van 3 , n. A fan; winnowing=machine. [F., < L. 
vannus, fan.] 

Van Bu'ren, 1 van biu'ren; 2 van bu'ren, Martin 
(1782-1862). A President of the United States. 
See PRESIDENT. 

Van-cou'ver, 1 van-ku'ver; 2 van-cq'ver, n. 1. 
George (1758-1798), an English navigator and 
discoverer. 2. An island off British Columbia 
province, Canada; 16,400 sq.m.; pop. 124,000. 

3. A city on the island; pop. 115,000. 

van'dal, 1 van'dal; 2 van'dal, a. Being a van¬ 
dal; hence, barbarous. 

Van'dal, n. 1. One of a Teutonic race that in 
the 5th century ravaged Gaul and pillaged 
Rome. 2. [v-] Hence, a ruthless plunderer; 
wilful destroyer of what is beautiful or 
artistic.—Van-dal'ic, a. Pertaining to the 
Vandals.—van'dal-ism, n. The acts or spirit of 
the Vandals; wilful destruction of artistic works. 

Van Dyck, 1 van daik; 2 van dyk, Anthony 
(1599-1641). A Flemish portrait*painter in 
Antwerp, Italy, and England. Van DykeJ [in¬ 
correct form]. 

vane, 1 ven; 2 van, n. 1. A thin plate, pivoted 
out of center, on a vertical rod, to indicate 
the direction of the wind. See illus. in next 
column. 2. An arm or blade, as of a wind¬ 
mill, propeller, etc. 3. The shaft and barbs 
of a feather. [ < AS. /ana, flag.] 

Vane, 1 ven; 2 van, Sir Henry (1613-1662). An 



Vane. 


English republican statesman; governor of Mas¬ 
sachusetts; executed by Charles II. 
vang, 1 vap; 2 vang, n. Naut. One of two guy* 
ropes running from the end 
of a gaff to the deck to 
steady the peak. [ < D. 
vang, = AS. fang; see fang. ] | 
van'guard", 1 van'gdrd"; 2 
van'gard", n. The advance* 
guard of an army; the van. . 

[ < F. avant-garde, < avant, before, 

+ garde, guard.] 

va-nil'Ia, 1 va-nil'a; 2 va-nfl'a, n. 

A talbclimbing orchid having 
large fragrant flowers and a fruit 
known as the vanillasbean; also, 
the fruit, or an extract prepared from it. [ < 
Sp. vainilla .] 

van'ish 1 , 1 van'i^h; 2 v&n'ish, vi. To disappear 
from sight; fade away; depart; disappear. 

[ < L. vanesco, < vanus, empty.] 
van'l-ty, 1 van'i-ti; 2 van'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi] 

I. The condition or character of being vain; 
shallow pride; conceit; ostentation; show. 2. 
That which is vain or unsubstantial. [ < F. 
vanite, < L. vanilas, < vanus, empty.] 

van'quish 1 , 1 varj'kwi^h; 2 van'kwish, vt. 1. 
To subdue, as in battle; 
conquer. 2. To defeat, 
as in argument; confute. 

[ < F. vaincre, pret. vain- 
guis, < L. vinco, conquer.] 
van'tage, 1 van'tij; 2 
van'tag, n. Superiority 
over a competitor; ad¬ 
vantage. — van ' tage * 
ground", n. A position 
which gives one an advantage in a 
contest. 

vap 'id, 1 vap'id; 2 vap'id, a. Hav¬ 
ing lost sparkling quality and 
flavor; flat; dull; insipid. [ < L. 
vapidus, insipid.)—va-pid'i-ty, n. 
vap'id-nessf.—vap'id-ly, adv. 
va'por, 1 vc'par; 2 va'por. I||. vt. 

& vi. To vaporizd; emit vapor. 

II. n. 1. Moisture in the air; 
especially, visible floating mois¬ 
ture. 2. The gaseous form of a 
substance that is normally solid or liquid. 3. 
That which is fleeting and unsubstantial. 
[< L. F vapor, steam.] va'pourf.—va'por-ize, 
va'por-ise, vt. & vi. [-izf,d, -ised; -iz"ing, -is"- 
ing.] To convert or be converted into vapor.— 
va"por-i-za'[or -sa']tion, n.— va'por-ous, a. 
1. Of or like vapor; misty; ethereal. 2. Full of 
vapors. 3. Hypochondriac, va'por-yj. 

va-que'ro, 1 va-ke'ro; 2 va-ke'ro, n. A herdsman 
or cowboy. 

var., abbr. Variant, variety. 
va'ri-a-bl(e p , 1 ve'n-a-bl; 2 va'ri-a-bl. I. a. 1. 
Having the capacity of varying; alterable; 
mutable. 2. Not constant. II. n. 1. That 
which varies or is liable to change. 2. Math. 
A quantity susceptible of continuous change 
of value. [F., < L. LL varius, various.]—va'¬ 
ri-a-bl (e-ness p , n. va"ri-a-bil'i-ty$.—va'ri-a- 
b!y, adv. 

va'ri-ant, 1 ve'n-ant; 2 va'ri-ant. I. a. Having 
or showing variation; varying; variable; 
fickle. II. n. A thing that differs from another 
in form only; a variant form of the same 
word; in the usage of this Dictionary, a word 



A Flowering 
Branch of 
Vanilla. 

a, a pod. 


1:8 = final; I = habiG aisle; au = out; oil; lu = feud; <5hin; go; r) = sin^; Chin, this. 
2;wplf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this 














varicolored 

vengeance 


646 


or phrase of the same meaning (indicated 
by the sign J). [F., < L. varian(t-)s, ppr. of 

vario, vary.] —va'ri-ance, n. The act of vary¬ 
ing, or the state of being variant; hence, dissen¬ 
sion; discord. —va"rl-a'tion, n. 1. The act, 
process, state, or result of varying; modification; 
diversity. 2. The extent to which a thing varies. 
3. Gram. Inflection. 4. Mus. Change of tune or 
me.ody with fanciful embellishments. 
va'ri-col"ored, 1 ve'ri-kul"ard; 2 va'ri-col"ord, 
o. Variegated in color; party-colored. va'- 
rl-col"ouredf. 

var'i-cose, 1 var'i-kos; 2 var'i-cos, a. Abnor¬ 
mally dilated or contorted, as veins. [ < L. 
varicosus, < varix, dilation.] 
va'ried, 1 ve'rid; 2 va'rid, pa. 1. Partially or re¬ 
peatedly altered. 2. Consisting of diverse sorts 
or varieties. 3. Differing from one another; 
diverse. 4. Varicolored. Cp. vary, v. -ly ,adv. 
va'ri-e-gate, 1 ve'n-i-get; 2 va'ri-e-gat, vt. 
[-GAT"ED d ; -gat"ing.] To diversify with dif¬ 
ferent colors or tints; dapple; spot; streak. 
[< L-r-n varius, various, + ago, make.]— va"ri- 
e-ga'tion, n. 

va-ri'e-ty, 1 ve-rai'i-ti; 2 va-rl'e-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.) 1. The state of being various or varied; 
diversity. 2. A collection of diverse things. 3. A 
limited class of things that differ in some respects 
from a larger class to which they belong. [ < L.e 
varieta{t-)s, < varius, various.]— va-ri'e-tal, a. 
-ly, adv. 

va-ri'o-la, 1 vs-rai'o-la; 2 va-ri'o-la, n. Small¬ 
pox. [LL.]— va'ri-o-loid, 1 ve'ri-[or var'i-]o- 
leid; 2 va'ri-[or var'i-]o-loid. I. a. Resembling 
smallpox. II. n. A mild form of smallpox. 
va"ri-o 'rum, 1 ve"n-6'rum ; 2 va"ri-o'rum, a. 
Having notes or comments by different critics 
or editors; as, a variorum edition. [< L. 
phrase, cum notis variorum (with the notes of 
various persons).] 

va'ri-ous, 1 ve'n-us; 2 va'ri-us, a. 1. Charac¬ 
teristically different from one another; di¬ 
verse. 2. Several. 3. Many-sided; change¬ 
able; inconstant. 4. Variegated. [ < L. varius, 
various.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
var. lect., abbr. [L.] Varia lectio (varying reading). 
var'let, 1 var'let; 2 var'ISt, n. A low menial or 
subordinate: formerly, a page preparing to be 
a squire. [ < OF. varlet, valet.] 
var'nish, 1 var'mdh; 2 var'nish. I*, vt. 1. To 
cover, as a surface, with varnish. 2. To give 
a superficial polish to; gloss over. II. n. A 
solution of certain gums or resins in alcohol, 
linseed-oil, etc., used to produce a shining, 
transparent coat on a surface; hence, figura¬ 
tively, any superficial polish. [Ult. < L. vi- 
trinus, glassy.] 

Va'rus, 1 vg'rus; 2 va'rus, Publius Quintllius. 
A Roman general; commander in Germany; his 
army was destroyed by the Germans under 
Arminius, A. D. 9. 

va'ry, 1 ve'n; 2 va'ry, vt. & vi. [va'ried; va'- 
ry-ing.] 1. To change partially; make differ¬ 
ent; diversify; be altered; differ. 2. To devi¬ 
ate; depart. [ < L. F vario, < varius, various.] 
vas'eu-lar, 1 vas'kiu-lar; 2 v&s'cu-lar, a. Anat. 
& Biol. Of, pertaining to, or consisting of 
vessels or ducts, as blood-vessels, etc. [ < L. 
vasculum, dim. of vas, vessel.]— vas"cu-lar'i-ty, 
n. —vas'cu-lar-ly, adv. 

vase, 1 ves or vaz; 2 vas or va§, n. An urn-like 
vessel, usually of circular section, with a 
bulging body supported by a base: generally 
ornamental. [F., < L. vas, vessel.] 


vas'e-Iin(e 8 , 1 vas'i-Iin or -lin; 2 vas'e-lln or 
-lin, n. A fatty jelly-like substance obtained 
from petroleum. [ < G. wasser, water, Gr. 
elaion, olive-oil.] 

Vasli 'ti, 1 vasfh'tai; 2 v&sh'tl, n. Bib. The queen 
of king Ahasuerus; succeeded by Esther. Esth. i, 9. 
vas'sal, 1 vas'al; 2 v&s'al, n. One who held 
land of a superior lord by a feudal tenure; a 
retainer; slave; bondman; servant. [F., ult. 
< W. gwas, servant.] —vas'sal-age, n. Servi¬ 
tude in general; slavery. 

vast, 1 vast; 2 vast. I. a. Of great extent or 
degree; very large, numerous, or important. 
II. n. A boundless space; immensity. [ < L. p 
vastus, waste.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
vast 'y, a. [Poet.] Vast.- 

vat, 1 vat; 2 vat, n. A large vessel, tub, or 
cistern, especially for holding liquids. [ < AS. 
fact, vat.] 

Vat., abbr. Vatican. 

Vat'I-can, 1 vat'i-kan; 2 vat'i-can, n. 1. The 
palace of the popes in Rome. 2. The papal 
government. [ < L. Vaticanus, Vatican hill, 
in Rome.] 

va-tic'i-nate, 1 va-tis'i-net; 2 va-tl^'i-nat, vt. 
& vi. [-NAT"ED d ; -nat"ing.] To prophesy; 
foretell. — va-tic"I-na 'tion, n. 
vaude'ville, 1 vod'vil; 2 vod'vfl, n. 1. A mis¬ 
cellaneous theatrical entertainment; usually 
consisting of a series of short sketches, songs, 
dances, acrobatic feats, etc., having no dra¬ 
matic connection. 2. A topical song; street 
ballad. [F.] 

vault 1 , 1 volt; 2 valt. I d . vt. To form with a 
vaulted roof. It. n. 

1. An arched apart¬ 
ment or chamber; 
also, a subterranean 
compartment; cellar. 

2. An arched struc¬ 
ture ; a r c h e d ceiling 
or roof. [ < OF. volte, 
voute, < volt, arched.] 

— vault'ed, a. In the 
form of a vault; cov¬ 
ered or provided w ith 
a vault. 

vault*, i volt; 2 valt. 

I d . vt. & vi. To leap, Hemispherical Vault, 
especially with the aid of a pole or by resting 
the hands. II. n. A springing leap, as one 
made with the aid of a pole. [ < F. volte, wheel.] 
vaunt, 1 vant or vent; 2 vant or vant. I d . vt. & 
vi. To speak of boastfully; boast; exult; 
glory. II. n. Boastful assertion or ostenta¬ 
tious display. [< OF. vanter, < L. LL vanus, 
empty.] 

vb. n., abbr. Verbal noun.— V. C., abbr. Vice- 
chairman, vice-chancellor, Victoria Cross.— v. d., 
abbr. Various dates. 

veal, 1 vll; 2 vel, n. The flesh of a calf con¬ 
sidered as food. [ < OF. veel (F. veau), calf.] 
Ve'da, 1 vl'da; 2 vg'da, n. Literally, knowledge; 
the name given to the four holy books, or col¬ 
lections of hymns, of the Hindus. [Sans.] 
v. def., abbr. Verb defective.— v. dep., abbr. Verb 
deponent. 

ve-dette', 1 vi-det'; 2 ve-dSt', n. Mil. A 
mounted sentinel placed in advance of an 
outpost in the field. [F.] vi-dette'j. 
veer, 1 vlr; 2 ver, vt. & vi. To change direction 
more or less gradually, as the wind; be va¬ 
riable or fickle. [< F. virer, turn, < L. LI * 
virize, bracelets.] 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fust; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art. ape, fit, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won. 




















647 


varicolored 

vengeance 


veg'e-ta-bl(e p , 1 vej'i-ta-bl; 2 vgg'e-ta-bl. I. a. 
Pertaining to vegetables. II. n. 1. The edible 
part of a garden plant. 2. In the scientific 
sense, a plant of any kind. [OF., < LL. vege- 
labilis, animating.]— veg'e-tal, a. 1. Of or per¬ 
taining to plants. 2. Common to plants and 
animals, as absorption, nutrition, growth, etc., 
as distinguished from sensation and volition.— 
veg"e-ta'ri-an. I. a. 1. Pertaining to or ad¬ 
vocating vegetarianism. 2. Exclusively vege¬ 
table, as a diet. II. n. One who holds or prac¬ 
tises vegetarianism. — veg"e-ta 'ri-an-isin, n. 
The theory that man’s food should be exclusively 
vegetable. 

veg'e-tate, 1 vej'i-tet; 2 veg'e-tat, vi. [-tat"- 
ED d ; -tatting.] 1. To grow, as a plant. 2. To 
live in a monotonous, passive way. [ < LL. 
vegetatus, pp. of vegeto, quicken.]—veg"e-ta'- 
tion, n. 1. The process of vegetating. 2. Plant* 
life in the aggregate.— veg'e-ta-tiv(e 8 , a. 1. 
Pertaining to or producing plant-life. 2. Having 
a mere physical existence; showing but little 
mental activity. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

ve'he-ment, 1 vi'hi-[or -i-]ment; 2 ve'he-[or 
-e-]ment, a. 1. Arising from or marked by 
impetuosity of feeling or passion; ardent. 2. 
Acting with great force or energy; energetic; 
violent; furious. [OF., < L. vehemen(t-)s, 
impetuous, perhaps < veho, carry, + ?nen(t-)s, 
mind.] -ly, adv. — ve'he-mencc, n. ve'he- 
men"cyt. 

ve'hi-cl(c p , 1 vI'i-[or -hi-]kl; 2 ve'i-[or -hi-]el , n. 
That in or on which anything is carried; a 
conveyance, as an automobile, wagon, car, 
or sled. [ < L. F vehiculum, < veho, carry.]— 

ve-hic'u-lar, a. 

veil, 1 vel; 2 vel. I. vt. To cover with a veil; 
hide; disguise. II. n. 1. A piece of thin and 
light fabric, worn over the face or head for 
concealment, protection, or ornament. 2. 
Any piece of fabric used to conceal an object; 
a screen; curtain. 3. Figuratively, that which 
conceals from inspection; a disguise; pretext. 
[< OF. veile, < L. velum, < veho, carry.] vailf. 
—veil'lng, n. 1. The act of covering with a veil. 

2. Material of which veils are made. 3. A veil. 

vein, 1 ven; 2 ven. I. vt. To furnish, traverse, 

or fill with veins. II. n. 1. One of the muscu¬ 
lar tubular vessels that convey blood to the 
heart; loosely, any blood*vessel. 2. One of 
the radiating supports forming the framework 
of a leaf or of an insect’s wing; a rib or nerve. 

3. A mineral seam or a bed of ore. 4. A long 
irregular colored streak, as in wood. 5. A 
distinctive trait; humor; mood. [ < L. p vena, 
blood-vessel.] —vein 'ing, n. 1. A vein or net¬ 
work of veins. 2. A streaked or veined surface, 
—vein'less, a. Without veins or markings.— 
vein'let, n. A small vein.— vein'y, a. Full of 
veins; venous. 

Ve-las'quez de Sil'va, 1 vg-las'keth de sil'va; 2 
ve-las'kgth de sil'va, Diego Rodriguez (1599- 
1660). A Spanish painter. 

veld, 1 velt; 2 velt, n. [S. Afr.] The open country 
or any land that can be used as pasturage. Low- 
lying wooded land is known as bushsveld, and 
the high treeless plains as high veld. [D. veld, 
field.] veldtf. 

vel'lum, 1 vel'um; 2 vgl'urn, n. Fine parch¬ 
ment, or a manuscript written on it. [< F. 
vtlin, < L. Mvitulus, calf.] 

ve-loc'i-pede, 1 vi-les'i-pid; 2 ve-log l-ped, n. 
An early form of bicycle or tricycle; also, a 
child’s tricycle. See illus. in next column. 
[< L. velox ( veloc -), swift, + pe(d-)s, foot.] 


ve-loc'i-ty, 1 vi-les'i-ti; 2 ve-log'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , 
pi.] 1. The state of moving swiftly; rapid 
motion; celerity. 2. Rate of motion. [< L. F 
velocita(t-)s, < velox, swift.] 
vel'ure, 1 vel'yur; 2 vel'yyr, n. Any fabric of 
or resembling velvet; 
specif., a heavy fabric 
of linen, silk, or jute, 
for hangings, table* 
covers, etc. [ < F. ve¬ 
lours, < L. villosus, < 
villus, shaggy hair.) ve¬ 
lours'!. 

vel'vet, 1 vel'vet; 2 

vSl'vet. I. a. 1. Made Velocipede of 1870. 
of velvet. 2. Smooth and soft to the touch; vel¬ 
vety. II. n. A fabric, properly of silk, closely 
woven and having on one side a thick, short, 
smooth nap. [OF., < L. LL villus, shaggy hair.] 
—vel"vet-een', n. A fabric imitating silk vel¬ 
vet.—vel 'vet-y, a. Like velvet; smooth and soft. 
Ven., abbr. Venerable. 

ve'nal 1 , 1 vi'nal; 2 ve'nal, a. Ready to sell 
honor or principle; mercenary; purchasable. 
[OF., < L. venalis, < venum, sale.]—ve-nal'i-ty, 
n— ve'nal-Iy, adv. 

ve'nal 2 ||, a. Of or pertaining to the veins; venous. 

— ve-na'tion, n. Arrangement of vgins. 
vend d , 1 vend; 2 vend, vt. To dispose of; sell; 
carry about and offer for sale. [ < L. F vendo, 
sell, < venum, sale, + do, give.]— vend'er, n. 
One w r ho vends; a pedler; hawker, ven'dort. — 
vend'i-bl(e p . I. a. Marketable. II. n. A thing 
exposed for sale.— ven-di'tion, n. The act of 
vending.— ven-due', n. A public sale at auction. 
Ven"dee', 1 vafTde'; 2 van"de', n. A department 
in central W. France; scene of the royalist revolt 
against the French republic in 1793-1795.— 
Ven-de'an, a. & n. [warfare or feud. [It.] 

ven-det'ta, I ven-det'a; 2 ven-dgt'a, n. Private 
ve-neer', 1 vi-nir'; 2 ve-ner'. I. vt. 1. To cover 
(a surface) with veneers. 2. To conceal, as 
something disagreeable, with a superficial 
polish. II. n. 1. A thin layer, as of choice 
w r ood, upon a commoner surface. 2. Figura¬ 
tively, mere outside show or elegance. [ < 
OF. G fournir, furnish.] — ve-neer'ing, n. 1. 
The art of applying veneer. 2. Material used for 
veneers. 

ven'er-a-bl(e p , 1 ven'ar-a-bl; 2 vSn'er-a-bl, a. 
1. Meriting or commanding veneration. 2. 
Exciting reverential feelings. [OF., < L. 
venerabilis, < veneror, revere.] -ness, n.— ven'- 
er-a-bly, adv. —ven'er-ate, vt. [-at"ed<i; -at"- 
ing.] To look upon or regard with honor and 
deference; revere.— ven"er-a'tion, n. The act 
of venerating; profound reverence, -tor, n. 
ve-ne're-al, 1 vi-nl'ri-al; 2 ve-ne're-al, n. 1. 
Pertaining to or proceeding from sexual inter¬ 
course. 2. Communicated by sexual relations 
with an affected person; as, a venereal dis¬ 
ease. [ < L. venereus, < venus, Venus.] 
ven"e-sec'tion, 1 ven"i-sek's'han; 2 ven"e-s£e'- 
shon, n. The operation of opening a vein for 
tapping blood. [ < L. vena, vein, -j- seco, cut.] 
Venct., abbr. Venetian. [Venice. 

Ve-ne'tian, 1 vi-nl'ghan; 2 ve-ne'shan, a. & n. See 
Venez., abbr. Venezuela. 

Ven"e-zue'Ia, 1 venT-zwTla; 2 ven"e-zwe'la, n. 
A republic in N. E. South America; 398,594 
sq. m.; pop. 2,852,610; capital, Caracas.—Ven"- 
e-zue'lan, a. & n. 

ven'geance, 1 ven'jans; 2 vgn'gan?, n. 1. The 
infliction of a deserved penalty; retributive 
punishment. 2. In a bad sense, wrathful 



1:d = final; l = hablt^ aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; cfhin; go; r) = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; fijll, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 










venial 

vesicle 


648 


avenging of a wrong; revenge. [F., < venger, 
< L. vindico, avenge, revenge.]— venge'ful, a. 
Prone to inflict vengeance, -ly, adv. 
ve'ni-al, 1 vi'ni-al; 2 ve'ni-al, a That may be 
pardoned, overlooked, or tolerated; excus¬ 
able. [OF., < L. LL venia, pardon.]— ve"ni- 
al'i-ty, n. ve'ni-al-nessj. — ve'ni-al-ly, adv. 
Ven'lce, 1 vends; 2 ven'ic, n. A seaport city of 
N. E. Italy; built on 117 islands in a lagoon off 
the Adriatic sea; pop. 168,000.— Ve-ne'tian, 
a. & n .— Venetian blind, a flexible window* 
screen that may be raised or lowered, having 
horizontal slats so fastened on webbing as to be 
turnable to exclude or admit light. See blind. 
Ven'i-son, 1 ven'i-zan or ven'zan; 2 vSn'i-gon 
or vSn'son, n. The flesh of deer; also, a deer 
as hunted for food. [ < F. venaison, < L. 
venatio(n-), < venor, hunt.] • 

Ve"ni-ze'los, 1 ve"ni-ze'les; 2 ve"m-ze'15s, Eleu- 
therios (1864- ). Greek statesman; leader 

of revolution, Aug. 30, 1916. 
ven'om, 1 ven'am; 2 v£n'om, n. 1. The poison¬ 
ous fluid that certain animals, as serpents 
and scorpions, secrete. 2. Something that 
produces harmful effects; hence, malignity; 
spite. [ < OF. venim, F. venin, < L. venerium, 
poison.]—ven'om-ous, a. 1. Secreting venom; 
noxious. 2- Working harm; baneful; malignant, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. , 

ve'nous, 1 vi'nus; 2 ve'niis, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the veins. 2. Marked with or having veins. 
[ < L. venosus, < vena, vein.] 
vent, 1 vent; 2 vfint. I d . vt. To permit to escape 
at a vent; let out; emit. II. n. 1. An opening, 
commonly small, for the passage of some¬ 
thing, as air; hence, an outlet of any kind. 2. 
The act of giving utterance, as to passion; ex¬ 
pression. [ < F. fente, < fendre, < L.findo, split.] 
ven'ti-late, 1 ven'ti-let; 2 v£n'ti-lat, vt. [-lat"- 
ED d ; -lat"ing.] 1. To admit fresh air into; 
purify. 2. To expose to examination and dis¬ 
cussion. [ < L. ventilatus, pp. of ventilo, fan.] 
—ven"tl-Ia'tion, n. —ven'ti-la"tor, n. A de¬ 
vice or opening for supplying fresh air. 
ven'tral, 1 ven'tral; 2 vgn'tral, a. Pertaining to 
or situated on the abdomen or the front sur¬ 
face of any organ. [F., < LI,, ventralis, < L. 
venter, belly.]—ven'tral-ly, adv. 
ven'tri-cl (e 1 *, 1 ven'tri-kl; 2 vgn'tri-cl, n. Any 
cavity of a hollow organ, as of the brain; es¬ 
pecially, one of the two chambers of the heart, 
from which blood is forced into the arteries. 
[< L. F ventriculus, dim. of venter, belly.]—ven- 
tric'u-lar, a. 

ven-tril'o-quism, 1 ven-tril'o-kwizm; 2 v&n- 
tril'o-kwigm, n. The act or practise of speak¬ 
ing in such a manner that the sounds seem 
to come from some source other than the per¬ 
son speaking. [ < L. venter, belly, -(- loquor, 
speak.] ven-tril'o-quyf.—ven"tri-lo'qui-al, 

a. Pertaining to or practising ventriloquism, 
veil-tril"o-q ills'ticf.—ven-tril'o-quist, n .— 
veu-tril 'o-quizc, vi. 

ven'ture, 1 ven'chur or -tiur; 2 v&n'chur or 
-tur. I. vt. & vi. [ven'tured; ven'tur-ing.] 
To subject to the risk of loss in the hope of 
gain; hazard; run a risk; dare. II. n. 1. The 
staking of anything upon a contingency; a 
hazard; risk. 2. A business speculation. 
3. Property risked.— ven'tur-er, n .— ven'- 
ture-some, a. 1. Bold; daring. 2. Involving 
hazard, -ly, adv. -ness, n. —ven'tur-ous, a. 
Adventurous, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
ven'ue, 1 ven'yu; 2 v8n'yu, n. Law. The place 


where a crime is committed or in which a trial 
or action is held. [OF., < L. venio, come.] 
Ve'niis, 1 vi'nus; 2 ve'nus, n. 1. Myth. The 
Roman goddess of love. 2. The second planet 
from the sun. [L., personif. of venus, love.] 
ver., abbr. Verse. 

ve-ra'clous, 1 vi-re'slius; 2 ve-ra'sbus, a. 1. 
Habitually disposed to speak the truth; 
truthful. 2. Conforming to or expressing 
truth; true. [< L. ver ax (reroc-), < verus, 
true.] -ly, adv. —ve-rac'i-ty, n. Habitual re¬ 
gard for truth; trutnfulness; truth. 

Ve'ra Cruz, 1 ve'ra krflz; 2 ve'ra cruz. A seaport 
city of S. E. Mexico;,pop. 48,650. 

VC-ran'da, 1 vi-ran'da; 2 ve-ran'da, n. An open 
portico or gallery along the side of a building. 
[< Hind, varanda, < O. Sp. varanda.] ve-ran'- 
dahf. 


verb, 1 vurb; 2 verb, n. That part of speech 
which asserts, declares, or predicates some¬ 
thing. [ < L. F verbum, word.]— ver'bal, a. 1. 
Pertaining to words rather than the ideas they 
convey. 2. Uttered by the mouth; not written; 
oral. 3. Corresponding word for word; literal. 
4. Gram. Pertaining to or derived from a verb.— 
ver'bal-lsm, n. 1. A verbal expression. 2. A 
meaningless form of words; wordiness.— ver'- 
bal-ist, n. One who deals with words; a critic 
of words.— ver'bal-ly, adv. — ver-ba'tlm, adv. 
In the exact words; word for word.— ver'bi-age, 
n. Use of unnecessary words; superabundance 
of words.— ver-bose', a. Employing an unneces¬ 
sary number of words; wordy; prolix, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. —ver-bos'i-ty, n. 
ver-be'na, 1 var-bi'na; 2 ver-be'na, n. 
American plant having dense ter¬ 
minal spikes of showy flowers. [ < 

L. verbena, sacred bough.] 
ver'dant, 1 vur'dant; 2 ver'dant, a. 

1. Green with vegetation; fresh. 

2. [Colloq.] Immature in experi¬ 
ence; unsophisticated. [< 

F. verdoyer, ppr. verdoyant, 
grow green.] -ly, adv. —ver'- 
dan-cy, n. 

verd"*an-tique', 1 vurd"* 
an-tlk'; 2 verd"*Sn-tik', n . 

1. An ornamental stone, 
usually green or green* 
mottled. 2. A green coat¬ 
ing on ancient bronzes. [ < T . 

OF. verd antique, ancient Leavesa n f l flowers 
green.] of the Cultivated 

ver'dict, 1 vur'dikt; 2 ver'- ^ erbena. 

diet, n. 1. The decision of a jury upon an 
issue. 2. A decision or conclusion. [OF., < 
LL. veredictum, < L. vere, truly, -(- dictum, saying.] 
ver'di-gris, 1 vur'di-gris; 2 ver'di-gris, n. The 
green rust of copper, or a green crystallized 
substance obtained from copper: used as a pig¬ 
ment, etc. [ < OF. verddegris, lit. Greek green.] 
Ver"dun', 1 var'dun'; 2 veUddn', n. A fortified 
town in N. E. France where the French re¬ 
pelled all German attacks in European War 
(1914-1918). 




ver 'dure, 1 vur'jur or -diur; 2 ver'jur or -dQr, n. 
The fresh greenness of thrifty vegetation, or 
such vegetation itself. [F.]— ver 'dure-less, 
a .— ver'dur-ous, a. 

verge, 1 vurj; 2 verg, vi. To come near; ap¬ 
proach; border: often with on. [< L. vergo, 
incline.] 

verge, n. 1. The extreme edge; margin. 2. A 
bounding or enclosing line. 3. A stick or rod, 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, won| 








649 


venial 

vesicle 


especially as a wand or staff. [F., < L. virga, 
twig.]— verg'er, re. An officer who carries a wand; 
usher in charge of a church. 

Ver'gil, 1 vur'jil; 2 ver'gil. re. A Roman epic poet 
(70-19 B. C.); author of the ASneid: sometimes 
written Virgil. Publius Vergilius Marof [L.]. 
ve-rid'i-cal, 1 vi-rid'i-ksl; 2 ve-rid'i-cal, a. 
Telling or expressing the truth; truthful; true. 
[< L. veridicus, < verus, true, + dico, speak.] 
ver'i-fy, 1 ver'i-fai; 2 ver'i-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] 1. To prove to be true or accurate; sub¬ 
stantiate; confirm. 2. To authenticate. [< 
L.ll+of verus , true, + facio, make.]— ver'i-fi"a- 
bl(e p , a.— ver"i-fi-ca'tion, n. (suredly. 

ver'i-ly, 1 ver'i-li; 2 vgr'i-ly, adv. In truth; as- 
ver"i-sim'i-lar. 1 ver"i-sim'i-lar; 2 ver"i-sim'i- 
lar, a. Appearing or seeming to be true. [ <L. 
verum, truth, similis, like.]— ver"i-si-mil'I- 
tude, n. Appearance of truth or' reality, 
ver'i-ty, 1 ver'i-ti; 2 ver'i-ty, n. [-ties 2 , pi.] 
1. The quality of being correct or true. 2. A 
true statement; a truth. [< L. F verita(l-)s, 
truth, < verus, true.]— ver'i-ta-bl(e p , a. Con¬ 
forming to truth or fact; genuine; true; real.— 
ver'i-ta-bly, adv. 

ver'juice, 1 vur'jus; 2 ver'jug, n. 1. The sour 
juice of green fruit. 2. Sharpness or sour¬ 
ness; acidity. [ < OF. verd , green, + jus, 
broth, juice.] 

Venn., abbr. Vermont. 

ver'mi-, 1 vur'mi-; 2 ver'mi-. A combining 
form. [< L. vermis, worm.] —ver"mi-cel'li, 
1 vur"mi-sel'i; 2 verimi-cel'i, n. A paste made 
Into slender worm-like pipes.— ver-mic'u-lar, a. 
1. Pertaining to a worm. 2. Like the tracks of a 
worm.— ver-mic'u-Iate, 1 var-mik'yu-let; 2 
ver-mle'yu-lat, v. [-lat"ed<i: -eat"ing.] I. t. To 
adorn with tracery simulating the tracks of 
worms. II. i. To become worm-eaten. —ver- 
mic'u-late, a. 1. Worm-like or covered with 
worm-like markings. 2.Worm-eaten.— ver-mic"- 
u-la'tion, n. 1. Worm-like motion, as of 
the intestines. 2. Vermicular ornamentation.— 
ver'mi-form, a. Like a worm.— vermiform 
appendix, a slender, hollow, worm-like pouch 
at the end of the caecum in man and certain other 
mammals.— ver'mi-fuge, n. Any remedy that 
destroys intestinal worms.— ver-miv 'o-rous, a. 
Eating worms or grubs. 

Ver-mil'ion, 1 var-mil'yan; 2 ver-mfl'yon, n. 
1. A brilliant durable red pigment. 2. The 
color of this pigment. [ < F. vermilion, a 
bright red.] 

ver'min, 1 vur'rrun; 2 ver'min, n. sing. & pi. 
A noxious small animal or parasitic insect, as 
one of certain mice, lice, fleas, etc., or such 
animals or insects collectively. [ < L. F ver¬ 
mis, worm.]— ver'min-ous, a. 

Ver-mont', 1 var-mont'; 2 ver-mdnt', n. A New 
England State of the United States; 9,565 sq. m.; 
pop. 352,430; capital, Montpelier, 
ver'muth, 1 ver'muth; 2 ver'muth, re. A liqueur 
made from white wine flavored with aromatic 
herbs. [ < G. wermuth, wormwood.] ver 'mouthf. 
ver-nac'u-Iar, 1 var-nak'yu-lar; 2 ver-nae'yy- 
lar. I. a. Originating in or belonging to one|s 
native land; indigenous; local. II. re. One’s 
mother-tongue. [ < L. vernaculus, < verna, 
home-born slave.] . 

ver'nal, 1 vur'nal; 2 ver'nal, a. Belonging to 
spring; also, pertaining to youth. [F., < LL. 
vernalis, < L. ver, spring.] -ly, adv. 

Ver-sailles', 1 var-selz' or (F.) ver'sa'ya; 2 ver- 
sai§' or (F.) vfer'sa'ye, re. A city of N. central 
France; pop. 60,000; surrendered to the Ger¬ 
mans, Sept. 19, 1870. In its palace, built by 


Louis XIV., was signed the treaty of peace be¬ 
tween England France, and Spain, Sep. 3, 1783; 
King William of Prussia was proclaimed Ger¬ 
man emperor, Jan. 18, 1871; the Supreme War 
Council of the American, British, French, Italian, 
Japanese, and Belgian allied nations met, 1917- 
1918, and the treaty of peace ending the World 
War was signed by Germany June 28, 1919. 
ver'sa-til(e 8 , 1 vur'sa-til or -tail; 2 ver'sa-til or 
-til, a. 1. Having an aptitude for new occu¬ 
pations. 2. Subject to change; inconstant. 
[F., < L. versatilis, < verso, turn.]—ver"sa-til'- 
i-ty, re. ver'sa-til(e-ness 8 f. 
verse, 1 vurs; 2 vers, re. 1. In poetry, a single 
fine made up of a prescribed number of feet. 
2. Loosely, a stanza. 3. Metrical composi¬ 
tion as distinguished from prose. 4. One of 
the short divisions of a chapter in the Bible. 

[ < AS. fers, — F. vers, < L. versus, < ver to (pp. 
versus), turn.]—ver'si-cl(e p , re. A little verse.— 
ver'si-fy, v. [-fied; -fy"ing.] 1. 1. 1. To change 
from prose into verse. 2. To narrate (something) 
in verse. II. i. To write poetry.—ver"si-f!-ca'- 
tion, re.—ver'si-fi"er, re. One who makes verses; 
a minor poet. 

versed, 1 vurst; 2 verst, a. 1. Thoroughly ac¬ 
quainted with; proficient. 2. Reversed, 
versin., abbr. Versed sine. 

ver'sion, 1 vur'^han; 2 ver'shon, re. 1. A 
translation, or translating. 2. A description 
of something as modified by the relator. [F., 
< L. l l versus, pp. of verto, turn.]—Authorized 
Version, the revision of the Bible made under 
act of Parliament during the reign of James I. 
of England, 1604-1611. King James’s Ver¬ 
sion];.—Revised V., the revised translation of 
the Bible into English made by English and 
American scholars, 1870-1884.—ver'sion-al, a. 
ver'sus, prep. Law. Against. [L.] 

Vert., abbr. Vertebrata. vertebrate, 
ver'te-bra, 1 vur'ta-bra; 2 ver'te-bra, n. 
[-br.e, pi.] One of the segmented portions of 
the spinal column. [ < L. vertebra, joint.]— 
ver'te-bral, a. 1. Pertaining to a vertebra. 2. 
Having vertebrae.—ver'te-brate. I. a. Having 
a back-bone or spinal column. II. re. A verte¬ 
brate animal; an animal with a back-bone.— 
ver'te-brat"ed, a. Having vertebrae, 
ver'tex, 1 vur'teks; 2 ver'teks, re. [ver'tex-es z , 
ver'ti-ces 2 , pi.] The highest point of any¬ 
thing; apex; top. [L., < verto, turn.]—verti¬ 
cal. I. a. 1. Occupying a position directly above; 
being at the highest point. 2. Perpendicular; up¬ 
right. 3. Anal. Pertaining to the vertex of the 
head. II. re. A vertical line, plane, or circle, -ly, 
adv. -ness, re.—ver"ti-cal'i-ty, re. 
ver'ti-go, 1 vur'ti-go or var-tai'go; 2 ver'ti-go 
or ver-tl'go, re. A feeling of dizziness; swim¬ 
ming of the head; giddiness. [L., < verto, 
turn.]—ver-tig'i-nous, a. Affected by vertigo; 
dizzy, -ly, adv. -ness, re. [spirit; energy. [F.j 
verve, 1 vurv; 2 verv, re. Artistic enthusiasm; 
ver'y, 1 ver'i; 2 v£r'y I. a. [ver'i-er; ver'i- 
est.] Being what it seems; real; actual; true; 
same. II. adv. In a high degree; extremely. 
[ < F. mat, < L. verax, < verus, true.] 
ves., abbr. Vessel. 

ves 'i-cate, 1 ves'i-ket; 2 v&s'i-cat, vt. [-catted* 1 ; 
-catling.] To raise blisters on; blister.— 
ves'i-cant. I. a. Blister-producing. II. re. That 
which produces blisters; a blister.—ves"i-ca'- 
tion, re. The formation of blisters; blistering. 
ves'l-cl(e p , 1 ves'i-kl; 2 ves'i-cl, re. Any small 
bladder-like cavity, cell, or cyst. [< L. 
vesicula, dim. of vesica, bladder.]—ve-slc'u-iar, 
a. ve-sic'u-latef. 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = owt; oil; iu = fered; tfhin; go; o = sirep; fliin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; iflk; thin, this. 









Vespasian 

Vienna 


650 


Ves-pa'si-an, 1 ves-pe' 3 i-an; 2 v6s-pa'zhi-an, n. 
(9-79.) A Roman emperor; father of Titus and 
Domitian. Ti'tus Fla'vi-us Ves-pa"si-a'nust. 

ves'per, 1 ves'par; 2 ves'per. I. a. Pertaining 
to the evening or to the service of vespers. 
II. n. 1. pi. The evening services of prayer 
or song. 2. [V-] Venus when an evening star. 
3. A bell that calls to vespers, ves'per =beH"t. 
[< OF. vespre (< L. vesper), evening star¬ 
ves'per-tln(e s , a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or occur¬ 
ring in the evening. 2. Flying, opening, etc., in 
the evening, as a bat, flower, etc. 

Ves-puc'ci, A"me-ri'go, 1 ves-pfl'dhl. a"me-ri'go; 
2 ves-pu'chi, a' , me-ri'go (1451-1512). An Italian 
navigator, who dates his arrival upon the West¬ 
ern continent earlier than that of Cabot or 
Columbus; from him the whole American con¬ 
tinent derives its name. 

ves'sel, 1 ves'el; 2 vSs'el, n. 1. A hollow recep¬ 
tacle, especially one capable of holding a 
liquid. 2. A ship or craft designed to float 
on the water. 3. Anat. & Zool. A duct or 
canal for fluid. [OF., < L. vascellum, dim. of 
vas, vase.] 

vest' 1 , 1 vest; 2 v&st, v. I. t. 1. To endow as 
with authority; invest. 2. To confer owner¬ 
ship of. II. i. 1. To clothe oneself with vest¬ 
ments. 2. To take effect, as a title. [ < OF. 
veslir, < L. vestio, < vestis, garment.]— vest'ed, 
pa. 1. Having vestments; robed. 2. Law. Held 
by a tenure subject to no contingency.— vest'- 
Ing, n. Material for making vests or waist¬ 
coats; commonly plural. 

vest, n. 1. A short sleeveless jacket; waist¬ 
coat. 2. A garment worn beneath the shirt, 
generally of cotton or wool; undervest. 3. 
One of various minor garments; clothing; 
vesture. [< F. veste, < L. vestis, garment.]— 
vest'ment, n. An article of dress; clothing; 
particularly, a robe of state or one of the ritual 
garments of the clergy.—ves'try, n. [ves'tries z , 
pi.] 1. A room where vestments are put on or 
kept. 2. A room attached to a church; chapel. 
3. A body administering the affairs of the parish. 
—ves'try-man, n. A member of a vestry.— 
ves'ture, n. Something that invests or covers; 
garments; clothing; a robe. 

Ves'ta, 1 ves'ta; 2 vgs'ta, n. Rom. Myth. The god¬ 
dess of the hearth and the hearth*fire, known to 
the Greeks as Hestia. She was protectress of the 
state and custodian of the sacred Are tended by 
the vestal virgins. 

ves'tal, 1 ves'tal; 2 v£s'tal. I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to Vesta. 2. Suitable for a vestal or a nun. 
II. n. 1. Rom. Antiq. One of the virgin priest¬ 
esses of Vesta. 2. A virgin; nun. [< L. 
Vestalis, < Vesta, Vesta.] 

ves'ti-bule, 1 ves'ti-biul; 2 v8s'ti-bul, n. 1. A 
small antechamber between the outer door 
of a building and an interior one. 2. An en¬ 
closed passage from one railway passenger' 
car to another. 3. A porch; entrance. [F., < 
L. veslibulum, < ve-, apart, + stabulum; see 
stable, n.) 

ves'tige, 1 ves'tij; 2 ves'tig, n. A visible trace 
or impression; originally, a footprint; track. 
[F., < L. vestigium, footstep.] 

vest'lng, vest'ment, ves'try, etc. See vest. 

Ve-su'vi-us, 1 vi-siil'vi-us; 2 ve-su'vi-us, n. A 
volcano on the Bay of Naples, Italy; 4,267 feet 
high; overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum 
by an eruption in A. D. 79 and caused the loss of 
2,000 lives by an eruption in 1906.— Ve-su'vi- 
an, a. 

vet., veter., abbr. Veterinary. 



Crown 

Vetch. 


vetch, 1 vedh; 2 vech, n . An annual plant of 
the bean family, with a 
climbing stem 2 to 3 feet 
long. [ < F. vesce, < L. vicia, 
vetch.] 

vet'er-an, 1 vet'ar-an; 2 vSt'- 
er-an. I. a. 1. Old in ser¬ 
vice. 2. Belonging to a vet¬ 
eran. II. n. One long trained 
or exercised in any service: 
said especially of an old sol¬ 
dier. [ < L. veteranus, < 
vetus (.veter-), old.] 
vet'er-i-na-ry, 1 vet or-i-ne-n; 2 v£t'er-i-na- 
ry, a. Pertaining to diseases or injuries of 
domestic animals, as the horse, and their 
treatment. [ < L. veterinarius, < veterina, 
beast of burden.] — vet"er-i-na'rl-an, n. A 
practitioner of veterinary medicine or surgery, 
ve'to, 1 vl'to; 2 ve'to. I. vt. To refuse execu¬ 
tive approval to (a bill passed by a legislative 
body). II. n. [ve'toes z , pi.] 1. The act of 
refusing to approve a legislative enactment, 
as by a chief executive. 2. Any authoritative 
prohibition. [L., I forbid.] 

Vet. Surg., abbr. Veterinary Surgeon. 
vex 1 , 1 veks; 2 veks, vt. 1. To provoke; irritate; 
annoy. 2. To afflict. 3. To agitate; disturb. 
4. To make a subject of dispute; as, a vexed 
question. [< F. vexer, < L. vexo, shake.]— 
vex-a'tlon, n. 1. The act of vexing, or the state 
of being vexed. 2. That which vexes.—vex-a'- 
tious, a. 1. Being a source of vexation; trouble¬ 
some. 2. Full of vexation, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
vext, pp. Vexed. 

V. G., abbr. Vicar General.—v. g., abbr. [L.] Verbt 
gratia (for sake or example).—v. i., vl., abbr. 
Verb intransitive. 


Vi'a, 1 vai'a; 2 vl'a. 


I. n. [vi'iB, 


1 vai'i; 2 vl'e. 


pi.] A Roman highway. II. prep. By way of: 
said of the route traveled over or any place 
passed through. [L.] 

vi'a-bl(e p , 1 vcii'a-bl; 2 vl'a-bl, a. Capable of 
maintaining life, as a normal new«born infant. 
[F., < L. vita, life, < vivo, live.] 
vi'a-duct, 1 vui'a-dukt; 2 vi'a-duct, n. A 
bridge*like struc¬ 
ture, especially 
a large one of 
arched masonry, 
to carry a road¬ 
way or the like 
over a valley or 
ravine. [ < L. LL 
via, way, + ductus, 
a leading.] 

vi'al, lvai'al; 2 
vl'al, n. 1. A small 



Viaduct. 


bottle, commonly of glass and cylindrical. 2. 
More widely, any bottle or vessel. [ < Y.fiole, 
< Gr. L phielS, shallow cup.] phi'alf. 
vi'and, 1 vai'and; 2 vl'and, n. An article of 
food, especially meat; in the plural, victuals; 
provisions; food. [ < F. viande.] 
vi-at'ic, 1 vai-at'ik; 2 vl-at'ic, a. Of or per¬ 
taining to a journey. [ < L. viaticus, < via, 
way.] —vl-at'l-cum, n. 1. Rom. Antiq. The 
provision of necessaries for an official journey 
of a magistrate or envoy. 2 . Eccl. The eucharist, 
as given to one on the verge of death, 
vi'brant, 1 vai'brant; 2 vi'brant, a. Having, 
showing, or resulting from vibration; vibrat¬ 
ing; resonant; tremulous. [F., < L. vibran(t-)s, 
ppr. of vibro, shake.] 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, pr§y, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 









651 


Vespasian 

Vienna 


Vi'brate, 1 vai'bret; 2 vi'brat, vt. & vi. [vi'- 
BRAT-ED d ; vi'brat-ing.] To put in vibration; 
move or swing back and forth, as a pendulum 
or a musical string, etc.; oscillate; hence, to 
fluctuate; vacillate. [< L. vibratus, pp. of 
vibro, brandish.]—vi-bra'tion, n. 1. The act of 
vibrating; oscillation. 2. A complete rapid mo¬ 
tion back and forth.—vl-bra'tion-al, a .—vi'- 
bra-to-ry, a. Pertaining to or causing vibration, 
vi 'bra-til(e 8 t ;vi 'bra-tiv(e 8 t •—vi"bra-til 'i-ty, 
n. Capability of vibration.—vi'bra-tor, n. 

Vic., abbr. Victoria. 

Vic'ar, 1 vik'ar; 2 vic'ar, n. 1. One who is 
authorized to perform functions, especially 
religious ones, in the stead of another. 2. 
[Eng.] The priest of a parish of which the 
main revenues are held by others; a perpetual 
curate. [ < L. p vicarius; see vicarious.] — 
vicar of Christ (R . C. Ch.), the Pope.— vic'- 
ar-age, n. 1. The benefice, office, or duties 
of a vicar, vic'ar-shlpj. 2. A vicar’s residence. 
— vl-ca'ri-al, a. 1. Vicarious. 2. Belonging or 
relating to a vicar.— vi-ca'rl-ate, n. A dele¬ 
gated office or power; specif., the office, power, or 
jurisdiction of a vicar. 

vi-ca'ri-ous, 1 vai-ke'ri-us; 2 vl-ca'ri-us, a. 1. 
Made or performed by substitution. 2. Fill¬ 
ing the office of or acting for another. 3. Be¬ 
longing to a vicar. [ < L. vicarius, < vicis, 
gen. of *vlx, change.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

vice 1 , 1 vdis; 2 vi?, n. 1. Depravity; gross im¬ 
morality. 2. Something that mars; a defect. 

3. A bad trick, as of a horse. [F., < L. vitium, 
fault.] 

vice 2 , n. Same as vise. 

vi'ce, 1 vai'sl; 2 vi'ge, prep. Instead of; in the 
place of. [L., abl. of *vix, change.] 

vice-, 1 vais-; 2 vie-, prefix. Substitute; subordi¬ 
nate; sub-; second. [ < L. vice, instead of, < 
* vix , change.]— vice'=ad"mi-ral, n. A naval 
officer next in rank after an admiral.— v.=admi- 
ralty, n.— vice-ge'rent. I. a. Acting in the 
place of another. II. n. One duly authorized to 
exercise the powers of another; a deputy; vicar. 
— vice-ge'ren-cy, n.— v.=president, n. One 
who is to act, on occasion, in place of a presi¬ 
dent.— v.spresidency, ».— vice-re 'gal, a. Of or 
relating to a viceroy, vice-roy'alt.—vice'roy, n. 
A ruler acting with royal authority in the place 
of the sovereign.— vice-roy'al-ty, n. vice'roy- 
shlpt. 

vi'ce ver'sa, 1 vai'sl vur'sa; 2 vl'ce ver'sa. The 
order or relation of terms being reversed. 
[L.; vice (see vice-); versa, fem. of versus, pp. of 
verto, turn.] 

vlc'i-nage, 1 vis'i-mj; £ vfc'i-nag, n. 1. Neigh¬ 
boring places collectively; vicinity. 2. The 
state of being a neighbor. [ < F. voisinaqe, < 
volsin, near.]—vi-cin'i-ty, n. 1. Nearness; prox¬ 
imity. 2. That which is near or not remote; 
neighborhood. 

vl'cious, 1 vi^h'us; 2 vish'us, a. 1. Addicted to 
vice; depraved; wicked. 2. Morally injurious; 
evil. 3. Unruly or dangerous, as an animal. 

4. Defective or faulty, as a claim, argument, 
etc. 5. Impure or incorrect; corrupted, as a 
text, manuscript, etc. 6. [Colloq.] Malicious; 
spiteful; malignant. [OF., < L. vitiosus, < 
vitium, fault.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Vi-cis'si-tude, 1 vi-sis'i-tiud; 2 vi-cis'i-tQd, n. 
A change, as of fortune; mutation. [< L. 
vicissiludo, < vicis, gen. of *vix, change.] 

Vicks'burg, 1 viks'burg; 2 viks'burg, n. A city In 
W. Mississippi; besieged by Gen. Grant from 


May 18, 1862, to July 4, 1863, when it surren¬ 
dered. 

vic'tim, 1 vik'tim; 2 vie'tim, n. 1. A living 
creature sacrificed or subjected to injury, 
pain, or death. 2. A sufferer from any disease. 
3. One who is swindled; a dupe. [< L. F vic- 
tima, beast for sacrifice, < vincio, bind.] — vlc'- 
tini-ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] [Colloq.] To make 
a victim, as of a fraud or swindle; dupe; cheat; 
defraud. 

vie'tor, 1 vik'tar; 2 vie'tor, n. 1. One who van¬ 
quishes an enemy; a conqueror. 2. One who 
is successful in any struggle. [L., < vinco, 
pp. viclus, conquer.] 

Vie'tor Em-man'u-el II., 1 vik'tar e-man'yu-el; 
2 vie'tor e-man'yu-Sl (1820-1878). King of Sar¬ 
dinia, and, after 1861, of Italy, all the Italian states 
becoming united under his rule as one kingdom. 
Vic-to'ri-a, 1 vik-to'ri-a; 2 vic-to'ri-a, n. 1. 
Alexandrlna Victoria (1819-1901), queen of 
Great Britain and Ireland; empress of India from 
1876. 2. A S. E. state of the Australian Common¬ 
wealth; 87,884 sq. m.; pop. 1,315,000; capital. 
Melbourne. 3. [v-] A low, light, four=wheeled 
carriage, with a raised driver's seat and a seat 
for two persons over the rear axle.—Victoria 
cross, a bronze Maltese cross given for conspicu¬ 
ous bravery to members of the British army or 
navy: instituted by Queen Victoria in 1856.—V. 
(or royal) water dily, a gigantic waterdily ( Vic¬ 
toria regia) of tropical South America.—Vic-to '- 
ri-an, a. & n. 

Vic-to 'rl-a Falls. A cataract on the Zambesi river 
in Rhodesia,S. Africa; height, 343 ft.; width,over 
a mile; discovered by Livingstone in 1855. 

Vic-to'rl-a Ny-an'za, 1 m-an'za; 2 ny-an'za. A 
lake in E. central Africa, south of British East 
Africa and east of Uganda; 32,167 sq. m.; 
principal feeder of the Nile, 
vic'to-ry, 1 vik'to-ri; 2 vie'to-ry, n. [-ries z , pl.\ 

1. The state of being a victor. 2. The over¬ 
coming of an enemy or of opposition or diffi¬ 
culty. [ < L. F victoria, < victor; see victor.] 
—vic-to'ri-ous, a. 1. Conquering; triumphant. 

2. Bringing victory.—vic-to'ri-ous-ly, adv. — 
vic-to'ri-ous-ness, n. 

vic'tual, 1 vit’l; 2 vlt'l. I. vt. & vi. vict'ualed 
or vicu'talled; vict'ual-ing or vict'ual- 
ling.] To furnish or store with victuals. II. 
n. pi. Food for human beings, as prepared 
for eating. [< L. LL+F victus, food.] 
vict'u-al-er, \ 1 vit'l-sr; 2 vit'l-ar, n. One who 
vict'u-al-ler, ) supplies or sells food or vict¬ 
uals ; a commissary; innkeeper, 
vi-cu'gna, )1 vi-ku'fiya; 2 vi-cu'nya, n. A 
vi-cu'na, ) small cameblike mammal of the 
high Andes, having fine and valuable wool. 
[Sp.] vi-qu'nat.—vi-cu'gna=cloth, n. Soft 
cloth made of vicugna=wool.— v.«wooI, n. The 
wool of the vicugna or a mixture of wool and 
cotton imitating it. 

vid. , abbr. [L.] Vide (see). 

vi'de, 1 vai'dl; 2 vl'de, v. See: used to make a 
reference; as, vide p. 36. [L., imper. of video, see.] 
vi-del'i-cet, 1 vi-del'i-set; 2 vi-dSl'i-c&t, adv. 
To wit; namely: abbreviated viz. [L., < videre 
licet; videre, inf. of video, see: licet, it is permitted.] 
vi-dette', n. Same as vedette. 

vie, 1 vai; 2 vi, vi. [vied; vy'ing.] To strive for 
superiority. [Contr. form < OF. envier, < L. 
invito, invite.] 

Vi-en'na, 1 vl-en'a; 2 vi-en'a, n. A city on the 
Danube; pop. 1,842,000; capital of the Austrian 
Republic, proclaimed Nov. 12, 1918; former cap¬ 
ital of the Austro»Hungarian Empire. 


1: 3 = final; i = habit; aisle; ail = out; eil; iu = fewd; cfhin; go; 0 = sino; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dQ; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 








view 

visible 


653 


View, 1 viu; 2 vfl. I. vt. To look at scrutinizing- 
ly; inspect; also, to see. II. n. 1. The act of 
viewing or seeing; survey. 2. Mental exami¬ 
nation. 3. Range of vision. 4. A spectacle; 
landscape. 5. Intention. 6. Opinion; notion. 

[ < F. vue, < vou, pp. of vir, see, < L. video, see.] 
—view 'er, n — view 'less, a. Invisible; unseen, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Vig'il, 1 vij'il; 2 vig'il, n. 1. The act of keeping 
awake; watchfulness. 2. Religious devotions 
on the eve of any holy day. 3. Nocturnal de¬ 
votions: usually plural. [ < F. vigile, < L. 
vigilia, < vigil, awake.]—vig'i-lance, n. Alert¬ 
ness; watchfulness.—vig'i-lant, a. Being awake 
and on the alert to discover and ward off danger; 
watchful; heedful. -ly, adv. 

Vi-gnette/, 1 vin-yet'; 2 vm-ySt', n. 1. A run¬ 
ning ornament of leaves and tendrils. 2. An 
engraving, drawing, or the like, having a 
background that is shaded off gradually. [F., 
dim. of vigne, vine.] 

Vig'or, 1 vig'or; 2 vig'or, n. 1. Active strength 
or force, physical or mental. 2. Forcible exer¬ 
tion of strength; energy. [< L. F vigor, < 
vigeo, thrive.] vig'ourj.—vig'or-ous, a. 1. Full 
of vigor; robust. 2. Pertaining to vigor. -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

Vi'king, 1 vai'kig or vi'kig; 2 vi'king or vi'king, 
n. A freebooter or pirate; one of the Scandi¬ 
navian warriors who harried the coasts of 
Europe (8th to 11th Centuries), especially of 
England and Normandy. [< Ice. vikingr, 
pirate, < Wcr, creek.] 
vll., abbr. Village. 

vile, 1 vail; 2 vll, a. [vil'er; vil'est.] 1. Shame¬ 
fully wicked; sinful; also,disgusting. 2. Mean; 
objectionable. [ < F. vil, < L. vilis, worthless.] 
- ly , adv. -ness, vil'i-fy,». [-fied; -fy"ing.] 
I. t. 1. To defame; slander. 2. To make base 
or vile; degrade. II. i. To indulge in defama¬ 
tion.—viI"i-fi-ca'tlon, n. 

Vil'la, 1 vil'o; 2 vll'a, n. An elegant country 
house. [It., < L. villa, dim. of vicus, village.] 
Vii'la, 1 vl'ya; 2 vi'ya, Francisco “Pancho” 
(1877- ). Mexican revolutionary leader, 1916. 
Til'lage, 1 vil'ij; 2 vll'ag, n. A collection of 
houses smaller than a town; also, its inhab¬ 
itants collectively. [F., < L. villaticus, < 
villa; see villa.]— vll'lag-er, n. 

Vil'lain, 1 vil'in; 2 vil'in, n. 1. A basely wicked 
person; vile scoundrel. 2. Formerly, a feudal 
serf; farm*servant. [ < F. vilain, serf, < LL. 
villanus, < L. villa; see villa.] vil'leinf.— 
vll'laln-ous, a. 1. Having the nature of a vil¬ 
lain. 2. Marked by extreme depravity, -ly, adv. 
—vil'laln-y, ». 1. Moral depravity. 2. Conduct 
or purpose befitting a villain, 
vil 'len-age, ) 1 vil'in-ij; 2 vfl'en-ag, n. Old 
vil'lein-age, ) Eng. Law. 1. The state or con¬ 
dition of a villain or serf. 2. The tenure by 
which villains held land. 

Vil"Ion', 1 vr'yen' or v!"l8n'; 2 vl'yon' or vPloii', 
Francois (1431-1485?). A French lyric poet, 
vil'lous, 1 vil'us; 2 vil'iis, a. Covered with 
short soft hairs; nappy. [< L. villosus, < 
villus, shaggy hair.] vil'lose*, 
vim, 1 vim; 2 vim, n. Force or vigor; energy; spirit. 

[L., acc. of vis, power.] 
v. imp., abbr. Verb impersonal, 
vi-na'ceous, 1 vai-ne'^hus; 2 vl-na'shus, a. 1. 
Pertaining to wine or grapes. 2. Of the color 
of red wine. [ < L. vinaceus, < vinum, wine.] 
vin"ai-grette', 1 vin"e-gret'; 2 vln"a-gret', n. 
An ornamental smelling*bottle. See illustra- 



Vinaigrette. 


tion be’.ow. [F., < vinaigre; see vinegar.] 

Vin'cl, 1 vin'dhl; 2 vin'chl, Leonardo da (1452- 
1519). An Italian painter, architect, and sculptor. 
vin'ci-bl(e p , 1 vin'si-bl; 2 vln'si-bl, a. That 
may be conquered or over¬ 
come; conquerable. [<L. vin- 
cibilis, < vinco, conquer.]—vin"- 
ci-bil'l-ty, n. vin'ci-bl(e- 
ness p t. 

vin'di-cate, 1 vin'di-ket; 2 
vln'di-cat, vt. [-CAT"ED d ; -cat"- 
ing.] To assert or defend 
against anything that attacks; 
maintain successfully, as 
right: justify. [ < L. vindicatus, 
pp. of vindico, claim, defend.] — 
vin"di-ea'tion, n. Justifica¬ 
tion; defense. — viu'di-ca"- 
tiv(e 8 , a. Contributing to vin¬ 
dication. — vin'di-ea"tor, n. — 
vin'di-ca-to"ry, a. 

vin-die'tiv(e s , I vin-dik'tiv; 2 vln-dlc'tiv, a. 
Having a revengeful spirit; pertaining to re¬ 
venge. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Vine, 1 vain; 2 vin, n. 1. Any plant having a 
slender, weak stem that may clasp or twine 
about a support. 2. A grape-vine. [OF., < L 
tinea, vine, vineyard.]— vine'*dress"er, n. 1. 
One who trims or prunes grape-vines. 2. The 
larva of a North*American moth that cuts the 
leaves of grape*vines. —vin'er-y, n. [-iF.sz.pf.] i. 
A grapery. 2. Vines in general. —vine'yard, 
vin 'yard p , 1 vin'yord; 2 vln'yard, n. A tract 
of ground restricted to cultivated grape*vines.— 
vi 'nous, a. Pertaining to wine; wine*producing. 

_ —vin'y, a. 

vin'e-gar, 1 vin'i-gar; 2 vin'e-gar, n. 1. An 
acid iiquid obtained from an alcoholic liquid, 
as cider or wine; a sour ferment: used as a con¬ 
diment and preservative. 2. Anything sour. 

[ < F. vinaigre, < vin, wine, + aigre, sharp.] 
vin'tage, i vin'tij; 2 vin'tag, n. 1. The yield 
of a vineyard or wine-growing district. 2. 
The harvesting of a vineyard. —vin'tag-er, 
n. A harvester of grapes.— viut'ner, n. A wine- 
merchant. 

vi'ol, 1 vai'el; 2 vi'ol, n. A stringed instrument 
of the violin class. [ < OF. viole, < L. LL 
vitulor, keep holiday.]—vi'o-la, n. A stringed 
instrument somewhat larger than the violin and 
of graver and less brilliant tone.—vi'ol-ist, n. 
vi"()-la 'ceous, 1 vai"o-le'^hus; 2 v!"o-la'shus, 
a. 1. Having a violet hue. 2. Of or pertaining 
to the violet. [ < L. violaceus, < viola, violet..] 
vi'o-Iate, 1 vai'o-lot; 2 vl'o-lat, vt. [-LAT"ED d ; 
-lat"ing.] 1. To break or infringe, as a law 
or an oath; transgress. 2. To treat irrev¬ 
erently. 3. To do violence to; ravish. [ < L. 
violatus, pp. of violo, < vis, force.)—vi'o-la- 
bl(e p , a. That may be violated.—vi"o-la'tion, 
n. —vi'o-la-tiv(e 8 , a. —vi'o-Ia"tor, n. 
Vi'o-Ient, 1 vai'o-Ient; 2 vi'o-Rnt, a. 1. Marked 
by great physical force; forcible. 2. Caused 
by intensely excited feeling. 3. Marked by 
unjust exercise of force; severe. [F., < L. 
violentus, < vis, strength.] -ly, adv. — vi'o-lence, 
n. The state or quality of being violent; violent 
exercise of force; injury; outrage. 
vi'o-Iet, 1 vai'o-let; 2 v!'o-l£t. I. a. Of the 
color of violet. II. n. 1. A low*growing plant, 
bearing flowers typically of a purplish blue 
color. 2. A color seen at the end of the spec¬ 
trum, opposite the red, beyond the blue. 
[OF., dim. < L. viola, violet.] 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2; art, ape, fat tare, fast, what, gll; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice: i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won. 







653 


view 

visible 


Vi"o-Iin\ 1 vai"o-lin'; 2 vi"o-lin', n. 1. A musi¬ 
cal instrument having four strings and a 



Parts of the Modern Violin. 

1. Front view of a Stradivarius. 2. Back view of a Guarneriue. 
3. Yiolin»bow. a, scroll; 6, peg*box; c, pegs; d y finger-board; e, 
neck; /, button; g t belly; h y back; k, shoulder; £, waist; m, one of 
the bouts; w, bridge; o, sound-hole; p f tail-piece; r, tail-pin. 

sounding*box of seasoned wood and played 
by means of a bow: the leading orchestral 
and solo instrument on account of its bril¬ 
liancy of tone. 2. A violinist. [ < It. violino, 
dim. of viola, viol.]— vi"o-Hn'1st, n. One who 
_ plays on the violin. 

Vi"o-Ion-cel 'lo, 1 v!"o-len-(fhel'lo or vai"o- 
len-sel'o; 2 vI"o-16n-chel'lo or vi"o-16n-?el'o,n. 
A bass violin having four strings. [It.] cel 'lof. 
—vl"o-lon-cel'list, n. 

vi'per, 1 vcti'psr; 2 vl'per, n. 1. A venomous 
Old World snake; adder; also, 
some similar dangerous snake. 2. 

A venomous, malicious per¬ 
son. [ < L. p vipera, < vivus, 
alive, + pario, bear.] 

—vi'per-in(e s , a. Of, 
pertaining, resem¬ 
bling, or related to a 
viper. — vl'per-ous, 
a. Having the quali¬ 
ties of a viper; ven¬ 
omous; malicious, 
vi'per-isht. 

Vi-ra'go, 1 vi-[or vai-]re'- 
go; 2 vi-[or vI-]ra'go, n. 

[-goes 2 , pi.] A turbulent wo¬ 
man; vixen. [L.,<nr, man.] 

vi-res'cent, 1 vai-res'ent; 2 

vl-r&s'ent, a. Greenish or be- Mouth 
coming green. [ < L. vires- of a 
cen(l-)s, ppr. of viresco, grow Viper 
green.] —vi-res'cence, n. showing 

Vir'gin, 1 vur'jin; 2 vir'gin. I. Teeth 
a. 1. Pertaining or suited to a and 
virgin; maidenly; chaste. 2. lon gue. 
Uncorrupted; pure. 3. Untried; new; maiden. 
II. n. A chaste unmarried woman; a maiden. 
[< L.of virgo {virgin-), virgin.]— vir'gin-al. 
I. a. Related to, like, or suited to a virgin; 
maidenly; pure. II. n. A keyed musical instru¬ 
ment of the Elizabethan age: often plural, the 
virginals]:.—vir-gin 'i-ty, n. The state of being 
a virgin; maidenhood. 

Vir-gin'i-a, 1 var-jin'i-e; 2 vir-gin'i-a, n. 1. A 
Roman maiden; slain by her father, Virginius, 
to save her from the tyrant Appius Claudius. 2. 
A middle Atlantic State of the United States; 
42,627 sq. m.; pop. 2,309,190; capital, Richmond. 
—Virginia creeper, a common woody creeping 
or climbing vine with greenish flowers and dark 
blue berries, whose leaves turn scarlet in autumn: 
the five leaflets of its compound leaf distinguish 
it from the poison-ivy Vir-gin 'i-an, a. & n. 

Vir'gin Ma'ry. Mary, the mother of Jesus. 

Vir'go, 1 vOr'go; 2 vir'go, n. 1. A constellation, the 


Virgin. See constellation. 2. The sixth sign 
of the zodiac. 

Vlr"i-des'cent, 1 vir"i-des'ent; 2 vir"i-des'£nt, 
a. Greenish or becoming slightly green. [ < 
L. viridescen{t-)s, ppr. of viridesco, grow green.]— 
vir"i-des'cence, n. 

vi-rid'i-ty, 1 vi-rid'i-ti; 2 vi-rid'i-ty, n. Fresh 
greenness, as of vegetation; verdure. [< L. 
viridita {t-)s, greenness, verdure, < viridis, green.] 
—vir'id§, a. 

vir'ile, ) 1 vir'il; 2 vir'il, a. ' Having the char- 
vir'fl s , ) acteristics of mature manhood; mas¬ 
culine. [< L. F virilis, < vir, man.]— vi-ril'- 
I-ty, n. 

v. irr., abbr. Verb irregular. 

vir-tu', 1 vir-tu' or vur'tu; 2 vir-tu' or vlr'tu. n. 
Rare, curious, or beautiful quality: generally 
in the phrase objects or articles of virtu. 
[< It. virtu, = F. vertu; see virtue.] 

Vir'tue, 1 vur'dhu or -tiu; 2 vlr'chu or -tu, n. 
1. Moral excellence; virtuousness. 2. Absti¬ 
nence from vice; morality; chastity. 3. Any 
admirable quality. [ < F. vertu, < L. virtus, 

< vir, man.] —vir'tu-al, a. Being in effect, but 
not in form or appearance, -ly, adv. —vir'tu- 
ous, a. Characterized by or having the nature of 
virtue. -iy, adv. -ness, n. 

vir"tu-o'so, 1 vir "[or vfir"]tu-o'so; 2 vir"[or 
v!r"]ty-o'so, n. [-si or -sos, pi.] 1. An adept 
in art*work or art*criticism; a collector or 
lover of curios or works of art. 2. A master of 
art=technique, as a skilled musician. [It.]— 
vir"tu-os'i-ty, n. 

vi'rus, 1 vai'rus; 2 vi'rus, n. A morbid poison 
that is the medium for communicating infec¬ 
tious disease; figuratively, a moral taint or 
mental bitterness. [L., poison.]— vir'u-Ient, 
a. 1. Manifesting or partaking of the nature of 
virus. 2. Malignant, -ly, adv. — vir'u-lence, n. 
vir'u-len-cyt. 

Vis., Vise., Vlsct., abbr. Viscount, 
vis'age, 1 viz'ij; 2 vls'ag, n. The face or look 
of a person; distinctive aspect. [F., < L. 
visus, look.]— vis'aged, a. 
vis"sa*vis', 1 vlz"*a*vl'; 2 vi§"*a»vi'. I. n. One of 
two persons or things that face each other. II. 
adv. Visage to visage; face to face. [F.] 
vis'cer-a, 1 vis'ar-a; 2 vis'er-a, n. pi. The or¬ 
gans of the great cavities of the body; espe¬ 
cially the intestines. [L. pi. of viscus, internal 
organ.]— vis'cer-al, a. 1. Pertaining to or en¬ 
closing the viscera. 2. Abdominal, 
vis'eid, 1 vis'id; 2 vis'id, a. Sticky or adhesive; 
viscous. [ < LL. viscidus, < L. viscum, mistle¬ 
toe.]— vis-cid'l-ty, n. 

vis'eount, 1 vai'kaunt; 2 vT'eount, n. t. In 
England, a title of nobility between earl and 
baron. 2. In continental Europe, the son or 
younger brother of a count. [ < OF. visconte, 

< LL. vicecomes, < L. vice (see vice-) + comes; 
see count 2 .]— vis'count"ess, n. 

vis'eous, 1 vis'kus; 2 vis'eu.s, a. 1. Glutinous; 
sticky. 2. Imperfectly fluid, as tar or wax. 

[ < LL. viscosus, < L. viscum, birdlime.]— 
vis-cos'i-ty, n. , 

Vise, 1 vais; 2 vis, n. A clamping | 

device consisting usually | 

of two jaws made to be 
closed together by a screw T 

or the like. [< OF. vis, • 

screw, < L. vilis, vine.] vicej. Vise, 

vi -se', 1 vl-ze'; 2 v'i-se', n. An official indorsement 
on a passport or other document. [F.] 
vis'i-bl(e p , 1 viz'i-bl; 2 vis'i-bl, a. Perceivable 



1:a = final; l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; iu = feud; (dim; go; 0 = smp; thin, tiiis. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 
















Visigoth 

voluble 


654 


by the eye; perceptible; evident. [F., < LL. 
visibilis, < L. visus; see vision.]— vis"i-bll'i-ty, 
n. vis'i-bl(e-ness p t.—vis'i-bly, adv. 

Vis'i-goth, 1 viz'i-geth; 2 vI§'i-goth, n. One of 
the western Goths, a Teutonic people that over¬ 
ran Europe in the 3d and 4th centuries, and 
settled in France and Spain. Cp. Ostrogoth. 

vi'sion, 1 vis'en; 2 vizh'on, n. 1. The sense of 
sight; act of seeing. 2. That which is or has 
been seen. 3. An apparition; dream; fantasy; 
specifically, an inspired revelation. 4. Some 
production of fancy or imagination; an un¬ 
real or imaginary thing. [F., < L. visio(n~), 
< visus, pp. of video, see.]— vi'sion-a-ry. I. a. 
1. Not founded on fact; imaginary; impracti¬ 
cable. 2. Dreamy; unpractical. 3. Associated 
with apparitions, dreams, etc. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] 
One who has visions; a dreamer. 

Vis'it d , 1 viz'it; 2 vis'it, v. I. t. 1. To make a 
visit to. 2. To send or come upon, as good or 
evil. II. i. To call or make calls. [ < L. p 
visito, < viso, behold.]— vis'it-a-bl(e p , a. 1. 
Subject to visitation or punishment. 2. Agree¬ 
able to visitors, as a region. 

vis'it, n. The going to see a person, place, or 
thing; sojourn in a place or with a person; a 
call as for inspection and examination.— vis'- 
I-tant, n. A visitor; that which comes and goes 
or makes a transient appearance.— vis"i-ta'- 
tion, n. 1. A visit. 2. A dispensation, whether 
of divine favor or retribution.— vis"i-ta-to'ri¬ 
al, a. —vis'i-tor, n. vls'it-er]:. 

vis'or, n. Same as vizor. 

Vis'ta, 1 vis'te; 2 vis'ta, n. 1. A view or pros¬ 
pect, as when the eye is directed along an 
avenue; an outlook. 2. A mental view or out¬ 
look. [It.] 

Vis 'tu-la, 1 vis'tfhu-[or -tiu-]la; 2 vls'chu-[<w -tu-]la, 
n. A river in central W. Europe; 652 m. to the 
Baltic sea. 

Vis'u-al, 1 vi 3 'u-al; 2 vizh'u-al, a. 1. Pertain¬ 
ing to or serving the sense of sight. 2. Per¬ 
ceptible by sight; visible. [OF., < LL. visu- 
alis, < L. visus, seen.] -ly, adv. — vis'u-al-ize, 
vt. & vi. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To make visual or 
visible; picture; construct an image of in the 
mind. — vis'u-al-ism, n. — vis"u-al-i-za'[or 
-sa'Jtion, n. —vis'u-a!-iz"[or -is"]er, n. 

vi'tai, 1 vai'tal; 2 vi'tai, a. 1. Pertaining to 
organic life. 2. Essential to life; hence, neces¬ 
sary; indispensable. 3. Affecting life. [F., < 
L. vitalis, < vita, life.]— vi-tal'i-ty, n. Vital 
principle or force; hence, power of continuing in 
force or effect.— vi'tal-ize, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] 
To make vital; endow' with life or energy; ani¬ 
mate.— vi"tal-i-za'[or -sa']tion, n.— vi'tal- 
iz"[or -is"]er, n. — vi'tal-ly, adv.— vi'tals, n. pi. 
The vital parts, or those necessary to life, as the 
heart and brain. 

Vi'ta-scope, 1 vai'te-skSp; 2 vi'ta-scop, n. A 
device by which pictures taken by the kineto- 
scope are enlarged and exhibited on a screen. 

[ < L. vita, life, 4 - -scope.] 

Vi'ti-ate, 1 vi4h'i-et; 2 vlsh'i-at, vt. [-at"ed c1 ; 
-at"ing.] To impair the use or value of; con¬ 
taminate; debase; impair; destroy. [< L. 
i'Hiatus, pp. of vitio, < vltium, fault.]— vi"ti-a'- 
tion, n.— vi'ti-a"tor, n. 

vit'i-cul"ture, 1 vit"i-kul'dhur or -tiur; 2 vlt'i- 
cul"chur or -tur, n. The art of grape=growing; 
culture of the vine.— vit"i-cul'tur-al, a. — 
vit"i-cui'tur-ist, n. 

vit're-ous, 1 vit'n-us; 2 vit're-us, a. 1. Per¬ 
taining to glass; glassy. 2. Obtained from 
glass. [< L. vitreus, < vitrum, glass.] vit'- 


rict.—vit're-ous-ness, ra.—vi-tres'cence, n. 
The state of becoming vitreous. —vi-tres'cent, 
a.— vit'ri-fy, v. [-fied; -fy"ing.] I. t. To fuse 
into glass; make vitreous: glaze. II. i. To be¬ 
come glass or glassy; assume the appearance of 
glass. —vit'ri-fi"a-bl(e p , a. —vit"ri-fl-ca'tion, 
n. vit"ri-fac'tIonJ.—vit'ri-form, a. Having a 
glassy appearance. 

vit'ri-ol, 1 vit'ri-al; 2 vit'ri-ol, n. 1. Sulfuric 
acid, originally made from green vitriol. 2. 
Any of the salts of sulfuric acid. [F., < LL. 
vitriolum, < L. vitreus, glass.] —blue v., a hy¬ 
drous copper sulfate.— green v., copperas. — 
vit"ri-oi'ic, a. 1. Derived from a vitriol. 2. 
Corrosive, burning, or caustic. 

Vi-tu'per-ate, 1 vai-tiu'psr-et; 2 vl-tu'per-at, 
vt. [-AT"ED d ; -at"ing.] To find fault w'ith 
abusively; upbraid; rail at. [ < L. vituperatus, 
pp. of vilupero, < vilium, fault, + paro, prepare.] 
—vi-tu"per-a'tion, n.—vi-tu'per-a-tiv(e 3 , a. 

_ Defamatory; abusive. 

vi-va'cious, 1 vai-[or vi-]ve'slius; 2 vi-[or 
vi-]va'shus, a. Full of life and spirits; lively; 
active. [< L. vivax ( vivac -), < vivo, live.] — 
vi-vac'i-ty, n. [-ties z , pi.] The state of being 
vivacious; sprightliness, vi-va'cious-nessf. 
vi"van"dlere', 1 vrvaiV'dyar'; 2 vl"vah"dyer', n. 
Formerly, in the French and other armies, a 
w'oman w ho acted as a sutler. [F.] 
vi-va'ri-uni, ) 1 vai-ve'ri-um, viv'e-n; 2 vl-vS'rl- 
viv'a-ry. Sum, vlv'a-ry, n. [-ri-a or -ri-ums, 
-ries z , pi.] A place for keeping live animals, as 
a park, pond, etc. [L., < vivies, alive, < vivo, live.] 
vl'va vo'ce, 1 vai'va vo'si; 2 vl'va vo'ce. [L.] By 
spoken word; orally: used both as an adverb and 
adjective. 

viv'id, 1 viv'id; 2 viv'id, a. 1. Having an ap¬ 
pearance of vigorous life; intense. 2. Pro¬ 
ducing lifelike imagery or suggestion. [ < L. 
vividus, < vivo, live.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
viv'i-fy, 1 viv'i-fcd; 2 viv'i-fy, vt. [-fied; -fy"- 
ing.] To endue with life; animate; vitalize. 
[< L.ll+f vivus, alive, + facto, make.] — viv"I-fl- 
ca'tion, n. —viv'i-fi"er, n. 


vi-vip'a-rous, 1 vai-vip'e-rus; 2 vi-vip'a-rus, a. 
Bringing forth living young, as most mam¬ 
mals. [ < L. LL vivus, alive, -[- pario, bear.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

viv"i-sect' d , 1 viv"i-sekt'; 2 viv"i-sect', vt. & vi. 
To dissect (an animal) w'hile living. [< L. 
vivus, alive, + seco, cut.]— viv"I-sec'tion, n. 
The dissection of a living animal.—viv"I-sec'- 
tion-al, a. —viv"I-sec'tion-ist, n. 
vix'en, 1 viks'n; 2 viks'n, n. 1. A turbulent, 
quarrelsome woman; shrew. 2. A female fox. 
[< AS. fixen, she fox.]— vix'en-ish, a. vix'- 
en-lyt. 

viz., abbr. [L.] Videlicet (to wit, namely). 


vi-zier 

vi-zir 


r',)l 
% )ii 


1. A projecting 


1 vi-zir'; 2 vi-zer', n. A high official 
in a Mohammedan country, espe¬ 
cially a minister of state. [ < Turk, vezir, < 
Ar. wazlr, counselor.] 
viz'or, 1 viz'ar; 2 vlz'or, n. 
piece on a cap. 2. The 
front piece of a helmet. 

[ < F. visiire, < vis, face.] 
vis'orj. 

V. M. I)., abbr. Doctor of 
Veterinary Medicine.—v. 
n., abbr. Verb neuter.— 
voc., abbr. Vocative.— 

voeab., abbr. Vocabulary, a Casque, with fixed 
vo'ca-bl(e p , 1 vo'ka-bl; 2 Vizor (a) and mov- 
vo'ca-bl, n. A word, or a able Chimpiece (6). 
vocal sound. [F., < L. vocabulum, < voco, 



1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rGle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ftll; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn- 







655 


Visigoth 

voluble 


call.]— vo-cab'u-la-ry, n. [-ries z , pi.] 1. A list 
of words, especially a list arranged in alphabetical 
order. 2. An aggregate of words; specif., as used 
by a person in speaking or writing, 
vo'cal, 1 vo'kel; 2 vo'cal, a. 1. Having voice; 
oral. 2. Pertaining to the voice; uttered or 
modulated by the voice; sonant. [F., < L. 
vocalis, sounding.]— vo-cal'ic, a. Consisting of 
or relating to vowebsounds.— vo'cal-ist, n. A 
singer, especially one of cultivated voice.— vo¬ 
cal'i-ty, n. The quality of being vocal.— vo'cai- 
ize, v. [-ized; -iz"ing.] I. t. 1. To make vocal. 

2. To utter with the voice. II. i. To produce 
sounds with the voice, as in singing. —vo"cal-i- 
za'tion, n. —vp'cal-ly, adv. 

vo-ca'tion, 1 vo-ke'khen; 2 vo-ca'shon, n. 1. 
A stated or regular occupation; a calling. 2. 
A call to, or fitness for, a certain career. [F. t 
< L. vocatio(n-), < vocatus, pp. of voco, call.]—- 
vo-ca'tion-al, a. -ly, adv. 

VOC'a-tiv(e s , 1 vek'a-tiv; 2 voe'a-tiv. I. a. 
Pertaining to the act of calling; noting the case 
of a noun, pronoun, or adjective used in per¬ 
sonal address. II. n. Gram,. The vocative 
case. [ < F. vocatif, < L. vocativus, < voco, call ] 
VO-cif'er-ate, 1 vo-sif'ar-et; 2 vo-Qif'er-at, vt. 
&vi. [-AT"ED d ;- at"ing.] To utter with a loud 
and vehement voice; exclaim noisily. [< L. 
vociferatus, pp. of vociferor, < vox, voice, + fero, 
bear.]—vo-cif"er-a'tion, n .—vo-cif'er-ous, a. 
Making a loud outcry; clamorous, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 

vod'ka, 1 ved'ka; 2 vod'ka, n. A liquor made in 
Russia from rye, or sometimes from barley or 
potatoes. [Rus.] 

vogue, 1 vog; 2 vog, n. The prevalent way or 
fashion; popular temporary usage. [F.] 
voice, 1 veis; 2 voiq. I. vt. [voiced 1 ; voic'ing.] 
1. To put into speech. 2. To regulate the 
tones of; tune. 3. Mas. To write the voice* 
parts for. II. n. 1. The sound produced by 
the vocal organs of a person or animal. 2. 
The power of vocal utterance. 3. Opinion 
or choice expressed; or the right of expressing 
a judgment. 4. The form of a verb that ex¬ 
presses or indicates the relation of the sub¬ 
ject to the action affirmed by the verb, as 
active or passive. [ < F. voix, < L. vox ( voc -), 
voice.]— voiced, a. Having a voice; expressed 
by voice.— voice 'less, a. 

void, 1 veid; 2 void. I d . vt. 1. To render of no 
validity or effect; annul. 2. To send out; 
emit; evacuate. II. a. 1. Not occupied by 
matter; empty. 2. Destitute; clear or free. 

3. Unoccupied, as a house or room. 4. In¬ 
effective or invalid; useless; null. III. n. 1. 
An empty space; a vacuum. 2. A discon¬ 
necting space. 3. Empty condition; a blank. 
[Ult. < Sans, vindh, lack.]— void'a-bl(e p , a. 1. 
Capable of being made void. 2. That may be 
evacuated. 

vol., abbr. [vols., pi.] Volume, volunteer. 
vo'Iant, 1 vo'lant; 2 vo'lant, a. 1. Passing 
through the air; flying. 2. Light; quick; as, a 
volant touch. [F., ppr. of voler(< L. volo), fly.] 
vol'a-tile, ) 1 vel'a-til; 2 vol'a-til, a. 1. Evap- 
VOl'a-til 8 , j orating at ordinary temperatures 
on exposure to the air. 2. Easily influenced; 
fickle; changeable; transient. [ < L. F volatilis, 
< volo, fly.]— vol'a-til(e-ness 8 , n. vol"a-tiI'- 
i-tyt.— vol'a-til-Ize or -ise, vt. & vi. To cause 
to pass off in vapor; become volatile.— voi"a- 
til-i-za'[or -sa']tion, n. 
vole., abbr. Volcanic, volcano. 


j vol-ca'no, 1 vel-ke'no; 2 vol-ca'no, n. [-noes z , 
I pi .] A mountain, having a crater from which 



lava and gases are or have been ejected; 
known in the former case as active, and in the 
latter as dormant or extinct. [It., < L. Vul- 
canus, Vulcan.]— vol-can'ic, a. 
vole, 1 vol; 2 vol, n. A short=tailed, mousedike 
rodent, as the meadow*mouse; often destructive. 
[Perhaps cor. of wold.] 

Vol'ga, 1 vol'ga; 2 vol'ga, n. A river in S. E. 
Russia; the longest in Europe; length 2,300 m. to 
the Caspian sea. 

VO-Ii'tion, 1 vo-li^h'an; 2 vo-lish'on, n. 1. The 
power of willing; any exercise of will. 2. That 
which is specifically willed or determined 
upon. [F., < L.^volo, will.]— vo-li'tion-al, 
a. —vo-li'tion-al-ly, adv. 
vol'ley, 1 vel'i; 2 vol'y. I. vt. & vi. 1. To dis¬ 
charge with a volley; let fly together. 2. In 
tennis, to return the ball without allowing it 
to touch the ground. 3. In football, to kick 
the ball before its rebound. II. n. 1. A simul¬ 
taneous discharge of many missiles; also, the 
missiles so discharged. 2. In tennis or foot¬ 
ball, a return of the ball or kick before it 
touches the ground. [ < F. volee, flight, < L. 
volo, fly.] 

vol'plane", 1 vel'plen"; 2 vol'plan". Aero. I. 
vi. To swoop toward the earth from a height 
at an angle considerably greater than the 
gliding angle. II. n. A downward flight at 
such an angle. [ < L. volo, fly, -f -plane.] 
volt 1 , 1 vdlt; 2 volt, n. The practical unit of 
electromotive force; such an electromotive 
force as would carry one, ampere of current 
against one ohm resistance. [After A. Volta, 
Italian electrician.]— voit'age, n. Electromotive 
force as measured or expressed in volts.— vol-ta'- 
Ic, a. Pertaining to electricity developed through 
chemical action or contact; galvanic.— volt'- 
me"ter, n. An instrument for measuring the 
strength of an electric current. 
volt 2 , n. 1. In horse*training, a gait in which 
the horse moves partially sidewise round a 
center with the head turned out. 2. In fenc¬ 
ing, a sudden leap to avoid a thrust. [ < F. 
volte, wheel, < It. volla, turn, < volvo, turn.] 
Vol'ta, 1 vel'ta; 2 vol'ta, Alessandro (1745- 
1827). An Italian physicist and pioneer in elec¬ 
tricity. 

Vol"taire', 1 vol"tar'; 2 vob'tar', Francois Marie 
Arouet de (1694-1778). A witty and skeptical 
French dramatist, poet, and reformer. 
Vol'u-bl(e p , 1 vel'yu-bl; 2 vol'yu-bl, a. 1. Hav¬ 
ing a flow of words in speaking. 2. Turning 
readily; revolving. [F., < L. volubilis, < 


1:3 = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; iu = feud; cffiin; go; ij = sin*?; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; iok; thin, this. 










volume 

wain 


656 


volutus, pp. of volvo, turn, roll.]— vol'u-bl(e- 
ness p , to.— vol"u-bil'i-ty, to.— vol'u-bly, adv. 

VOl'unie, 1 vel'yum; 2 vol'yqm, to. 1. A collec¬ 
tion of sheets of paper bound together; a 
book; anciently, a written roll, as of papyrus 
or vellum. 2. A large quantity. 3. The 
amount of space included by the bounding 
surfaces of a solid. 4. Fulness or quantity of 
sound or tone. [F., < L. volumen, < volutus; 
see voluble.] —vo-lu 'mi-nous, a. 1. Consist¬ 
ing of many volumes; also, of great volume or 
bulk. 2. Having written much; productive, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n. 

vol'un-ta-ry, 1 vel'un-te-n; 2 vol'un-ta-ry. I. 
a. 1. Unconstrained; intentional; volitional. 

2. Possessing or exercising will. 3. Subject to 
will, as a muscle or movement. II. n. [-ries z , 
pi.] 1. Any work or performance not com¬ 
pelled. 2. Mus. An organ solo played before, 
during, or after service. [ < L. p voluntarius, < 
voluntas, will.]— vol'uu-ta-ri-ly, adv. 

Vol"un-teer', 1 vel"un-tir'; 2 vol"un-ter'. I. vt. 
& vi. To offer, contribute, or enter into ser¬ 
vice, as in the army, of one’s free will. II. a. 
Voluntary. 111. n. One who enters into any 
service, as in the army, of his own free will. 
[< F. volonlaire, voluntary.] 

VO-lup'tu-a-ry, 1 vo-lup'c:hu-[or -tiu-]e-ri; 2 
vo-lup'chu-[or -tu-]a-ry. I. a. Pertaining to 
sensual desire or indulgence. II. n. [-ries z , 
pi.] One addicted to sensual pleasures. [ < L. 
voluptuarius, < volupla{t-)s, pleasure.] 

VO-lup'tu-ous, 1 vo-lup'dhu-[or -tiu-]us; 2 vo- 
lup'chy-jor -tu-Jus, o. 1. Belonging to sensu¬ 
ous gratification. 2. Pertaining to the enjoy¬ 
ment of pleasures or luxuries; luxurious; sen¬ 
sual. [ < L. F voluptuosus, < voluptas, plea¬ 
sure.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

vo-lute', 1 vo-liut'; 2 vo-lut', n. Arch. A spiral 
scroll-like ornament, as in Corinthian capitals; 
a scroll. [F.] 

vom'it, 1 vom'it; 2 vom'it. I d . vt. & vi. To 
throw up from the stomach; spew; belch 
forth. II. n. 1. Matter thht is ejected, as 
from the stomach in vomiting. 2. An emetic. 

3. The act of vomiting. [ < L. vomitus, pp. of 
vomo, vomit.] 

voo'doo, 1 vu'du; 2 voo'doo, to . 1 . The super¬ 
stitions (collectively) prevalent among West 9 
Indian and southern United States creoles 
and negroes, and dealing with charms, witch¬ 
craft, etc. 2. A negro conjurer. [Of African 
origin^ cp. hoodoo.]— voo'doo-ism, to. 

vo-ra'cious, 1 vo-re'shus; 2 vo-ra'shus, a. 
Eating with greediness; ravenous; greedy; 
rapacious. [< L. vorax (vorac-), < voro, de¬ 
vour.] -ly, adv. —vo-rac'I-ty, ra. vo-ra'cious- 
nessf. 

-vorous, suffix. A termination signifying eating, 
feeding upon; as, omniroroMS, graminiiwows. [< 
L. voro, devour ] 

vor'tex, 1 ver'teks; 2 vor't£ks, to. [vor'ti-ces, 
or vor'tex-es, pi.] 1. A mass of rotating 
fluid; a whirlpool. 2. Physics. A portion of 
fluid whose particles have rotary motion. 

^ [L., < verto, turn.]— vor 'ti-cal, a. 

Vosges, 1 vos: 2 vozh, n. A mountain chain be¬ 
tween N. E. France and Alsace, Germany; high¬ 
est point, 4,667 ft. 

vo'ta-ry, 1 vo'ta-ri; 2 vd'ta-ry. I. a. Conse¬ 
crated by a vow or promise. II. ». [-ries z , 
pi.] One who is devoted to some particular 
worship, pursuit, study, etc. [ < L. votum; 
see vote, to.] —vo'ta-ress, to. fern, vo'ta-ristf. 


vote, 1 vot; 2 vot. I. vt. & vi. [vot'ed^; vot'- 
ing.] To enact or determine by vote; cast, as 
a vote; exercise the right of suffrage. II. to . 1 . 
A formal expression of will, as at an election. 
2. That by which such choice is expressed, as 
a show of hands, or ballot. 3. The result of an 
election; votes in the aggregate. [F., < L. vo¬ 
tum, wish, < volus, pp. of voveo, vow.]—vot'er,w. 

vo'tiv(e s , 1 vo'tiv; 2 vo'tiv, a. Dedicated by a 
vow; performed in fulfilment of a vow. [ < L. r 
votivus, < votum, wish, vow.] -ly, adv. -ness, to. 

vouch', 1 vouch; 2 vouch, v. 1. 1. 1. To uphold 
by satisfactory proof; support; confirm. 2. 
To be surety for; warrant. II. i. To become 
surety for another. [ < OF. voucher, < L. 
voco, call.]—vouch'er, to. 1. Any material thing 
(as a writing) that serves to attest an alleged 
act. 2. One who vouches for another.—vouch¬ 
safe', vt. I-safed' 1 ; -saf'ing.] To grant, as with 
condescension; permit; deign. 

vow, 1 vau; 2 vow. I. vt. & vi. To promise 
solemnly; especially, to promise to God or to 
some deity; make a vow. II. to. A solemn 
promise, as to God, to perform some act; sol¬ 
emn pledge. [ < F. vau, < L. votum, wish, vow.] 

VOW'el, 1 vau'el; 2 vow'Sl. I. a. Pertaining to a 
vowel. II. n. 1. An open vocal sound as op¬ 
posed to a closed or consonant sound. 2. A 
character representing such a sound, as a, e, i, 
o, or to. [ < F. voyelle, < L. vocalis, sounding.] 

voy'age, 1 vei'ij; 2 voy'ag. I. vt. <fe vi. [voy'- 
aged; voy'ag-ing.] To travel over; make a 
voyage. II. to. A journey by water, especially 
by sea. [OF., < L. viaticum, provisions for a 
journey.]—voy'ag-er, to. 

voy"a"geur', 1 vwa*ya" 3 ur'; 2 vwa"ya''zhur', n. 
An employee of the Hudson Hay Company, en¬ 
gaged in carrying men, supplies, etc., between 
remote trading-posts; also a Canadian boatman 
or fur-trader. [F.] 

V. 1*., abbr. Vice-President.—V. S., abbr. Veter¬ 
inary Surgeon.—v. s., abbr. [It.] Volte subito 
(turn over quickly).—vs., abbr. [L.] Versus 
(against).—v. t., abbr. Verb transitive.—Vt., 
abbr. Vermont (official).—Vul., Yulg., abbr. 
Vulgate.—vul., vulg., abbr. Vulgar, vulgarism, 
vulgarly. 

Vul'can, 1 vul'kan; 2 vul'can, to. Rom. Myth. 
The god of fire and of the arts of forging and 
of smelting. [< L. Vulcanus, Volcanus .]— 
vul'can-ite, to. A dark*colored hard variety 
of vulcanized india-rubber. — vul"caii-i-za'[or 
-sa']tion, to. The process of treating crude india- 
rubber with sulfur at a high temperature, yield¬ 
ing either soft rubber or vulcanite.—vul'can- 
Ize or -Ise, vt.— vul 'can-iz"[or -is"]er, to. 

vul'gar, 1 vul'gar; 2 vul'gar. I. o. Pertaining 
to the common ,, 
people; coarse 
or common; & 
low; inelegant; 
unrefined; ver¬ 
nacular. II. TO. 

The common 
people. [ < L. 1 
vulgaris, < vul- 
g us, common 
people.] -ly, adv. 

—vul-ga'ri-an, 
to. A person o' vulgar tastes or manners; used 
especially of the newly rich.—vul'gar-ism, to. 
1. Vulgarity. 2. A word or phrase offensive to 
good taste.—vul-gar'i-ty, to. The quality or 
character of being vulgar; coarseness.—vul'gar- 
ize or -ise, vt. [-ized; -iz"ing.] To make vulgar. 



Vulture 


•t 

V25 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, whg,t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; 1 = 6 ; i = e; go, not, or, w6m 






657 


volume 

wain 


\ ul gate, 1 vul'get; 2 vul'gat, n. St. Jerome’s 
Latin version of the Bible: used, with some 
modifications, as the authorized version by 
Roman Catholics. [ < L. vulgatus, pp. of 
vulgo, make common.] 

vul'ner-a-bl(e p , 1 vul'ner-a-bl; 2 vul'ner-a-bl, 
a. 1. Capable of receiving injuries. 2. Liable 
to attack: assailable. [< L. LL+F vulnero 
wound.]— vul"ner-a-bll'i-ty, vul'ncr-a-bKe- 
ness p , n. —vul'ner-a-ry. I. a. Tending to cure 
wounds. II. n. [-ries z , pi.] A healing application. 


vul'pine, ) 1 vul'pin or -pain; 2 vul'pin or -pin, 
vul'pin 8 , \ a. Of or pertaining to a fox; foxlike; 

crafty. [ < L. vulpinus, < vulpes, fox.] 
vul'ture, 1 vul'dhur or -tiur; 2 vul'chur or 
-tur, n. One of certain birds of the Oid or 
New World having the head and neck naked 
and feeding on carrion. See illus. on preced¬ 
ing page. [ < L. F vultur, < vulsus, pp. of 
vello, tear.]— Vul'tur-in(e, a. vul'tur-oust. 
VV., abbr. Violins. [ly, adv. 

vy'ing, 1 vai'ip; 2 vy'ing, ppr. of vie, c.— vy'ing- 


W 


W, w, 1 dub'l-yu; 2 dub'l-yu, n. [w’s, W’s, or 
TFs, 1 dub'l-yuz; 2 dub'l-yu§, pi] A letter: the 
twenty=third in the English alphabet. 

W., abbr. Wales, Warden, Wednesday, Welsh, 
West, western, William, Wolfram.—w., abbr. 
Wanting, week, wife.—W. A., abbr. West Africa, 
West Australia. 

Wab'ble, 1 web'l; 2 wab'l. I. vt & vi. [wab'- 
bled; wab'bling.] 1. To sway or cause to 
sway unsteadily, as a top while rotating at a 
low speed. 2. To vacillate. II. n. An un¬ 
steady motion. [ < LG. wabbeln, wabble ] 
wad, 1 wed; 2 wad. I. vt. [wad'ded 11 ; wad'- 
ding.] 1. To press (fibrous substances) into a 
mass. 2. To pack with a wad or wadding. 3. 
To place a wad in, as a gun=barrel. II. n. 1. 
A small compact mass of any soft or flexible 
substance, especially as used for stuffing, 
packing, or lining. 2. A piece of paper, 
leather, etc., used to hold powder and shot 
in place. 3. Wadding. [ < Sw. vadd .]— wad'- 
ding, n. Wads collectively; any substance used 
as material for wads, especially carded cotton in 
sheets used for padding. 

wad'dl(e, 1 wed'l; 2 wad'l. I. vi. [wad'dled; 
wad'dling.] To rock or sway from side to 
side in walking. II. n. A clumsy rocking 
walk. [Dim. of wade.] — wad'dler, n. 
wade, 1 wed; 2 wad, vt. & vi. [wad'ed 11 ; wad'- 
jng. 1 1. To walk through water or other 
yielding substance. 2. To proceed laboriously 
or tediously. [ < AS. wadan, move.]— wad'- 
er, n. 1. One who wades. 2. A long«legged bird 
that wades in water, as a plover, 
wa'di, 1 wa'di; 2 wa'di, n. In the Orient, a 
valley containing the bed of a watercourse 
which is usually dry except in the rainy 
season. [Ar.] wa'dyj. 

Wa'di Hal'fa, 1 wa'di hal'fa; 2 wa'di hal'fa, n. A 
town on the Nile in the Egyptian Sudan; British 
base of the Gordon relief expedition, 1884-1885. 
wa'fer, 1 we'far; 2 wa'fer. I. vt. To attach or 
seal with a wafer. II. n. 1. A thin hardened 
disk of paste for sealing letters, etc. 2. A 
small flat disk of unleavened bread, used in 
the eucharist in some churches; the host. 3. 
Any circular cake of cooked paste, dough, or 
the like. [ < D. OF foafel , wafer.] 
waf 'fle, 1 wef '1; 2 waf'l, n. 1. A batter cake baked 
in waffledrons. 2. A thin cake; wafer. [< D. 
wafel, wafer.]—waf'fled"rons, n. pi. A uten¬ 
sil consisting of hinged halves for baking waffles. 
See illus. in next column, 
waft, 1 waft; 2 waft. I d . vt. To carry gently or 
lightly with waving motion, as in air or water. 
II. n. A breath or current of air; a passing 
odor; a waving motion. [Var. of wave, v.] 


wag, 1 wag; 2 wag, vt. & vi. [wagged, wagd 9 ; 
wag'ging.] To move quickly in alternate op¬ 
posite directions. [ < O. Sw. wagga .]—wag'- 
gle, vt. & vi. [wag'gled; wag'gling.] To wag 
in short, quick movements; wabble. 
wag 1 , n. The act or motion of wagging. 
wag 2 , n. A droll fellow; wit; a joker. [Abbr. of 
waghaller, < wag, »., + 
halter, n .]—wag'ger-y, n. 

Mischievous jocularity; 
drollery. — wag'gish, a. 1. 

Being like a wag. 2. Said 
or done in waggery, -ly, adv. 

-ness, n. 

wage, 1 wej; 2 wag. I. vt. 

[waged; wag'ing.] To 
engage in and maintain 
vigorously, as a conflict. 

H. n. Payment for ser¬ 
vice rendered, especially pay of workers by the 
day, week, or month: usually pi. [< LL. OF 
wadio, < wadium, pledge.] 

wa'ger, 1 we'jar; 2 wa'ger. I. vt. & vi. To stake 
(something) on an uncertain event; bet. II. n. 

I. The staking of something, as money, upon 
the happening or not happening of an un¬ 
certain event; a bet. 2. The thing pledged. 
[< OF. gageure, < wager, pledge, wage.] 

Wag'ner, 1 wag'nar or ( G .) vdH'nar; 2 wag'ner or 
(G.) vaH'ner, Wilhelm Richard (1813-1883). A 
Germancomposer; Lohengrin .— Wag-ne'ri-an,a. 
wag 'on, 1 wag'an; 2 wag'on, ». 1. A strong 

four*wheeled vehicle for carrying loads; 
loosely, any four=wheeled vehicle. 2. Eng. 
A freight*car. [ < OHG. D wegan, move.] wag'- 
gonf [Eng.].— wag'on-er, n. A wagomdriver. 
— wag"on-ette', n. A light wagon, with or with¬ 
out a cover, with the lengthwise seats facing 
inward and a cross*seat in front for the driver. 
Wa'grain, 1 va'gram; 2 va'gram, n. A village in 
Lower Austria where Napoleon defeated the 
Austrians, July 5-6, 1809. 
wag'tail", 1 wag'tel"; 2 w3.g'tal", n. A small 
singing bird: named from its habit of 
wagging the tail when on the ground, 
waif, 1 wef; 2 waf, n. 1. A 
homeless, neglected wan¬ 
derer. 2. Any odd or stray 
article. 3. Anything found 
and unclaimed. [OF M < 

Ice. veif, waif, < veifa, shake.] 
wail, 1 wel; 2 wal. I. vt. & 
vi. To utter wails; express 
sorrow by moans or cries. Bluedieaded Yel- 
II. n. A prolonged moan; low Wagtail. l /s 
plaintive cry. [ME. wailen, < Ice. vsela, < 
vse, wo.]— wail'er, n .—wail'lng, pa. & n. 
wain, 1 wen; 2 wan, n. 1. [W-] Seven bright 


1: a = final; i = habit; aisle; au = owt; ell; lu = feud; ilhin; go; rj = si ng; fhin, this. 
2: wQlf, ds; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bftrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











wainscot 

warp 


658 


stars in Ursa Major. 2||. A wagon. [< AS. 
wsegen, < wegan, carry.] 

wain 'scot, 1 wen'sket; 2 wan'scot. I. vt. 

[-SCOT-ED d or -SCOT-TED d ; -SCOT-ING Or -SCOT- 
TING.] To form a wainscot for. II. n. A 
lining for the lower portion of inner walls, 
usually of paneled wood. [ < D. wagenschot, 
choice oak*timber.]—wain'scot-ing,». Material 
for a wainscot; a wainscot; wainscots collectively, 
waist, 1 west; 2 wast, n. 1. That part of the 
body between the chest and the hips. 2. The 
middle part or section of a ship or other ob¬ 
ject. 3. That part of a gown covering the 
body from the waistband upward. [ < AS. 
*wsext, < weaxan, grow.] — waist'band, n. A 
band for the waist, constituting the upper part 
of trousers, skirts, etc.—waist'scloth, n. A 
cloth partially covering the waist, passing over 
the hips and between the thighs, worn by natives 
in tropical countries, often as the only garment. 
—waist'coat, 1 west'kot or wes'kat; 2 wast'cot 
or wes'cot, n. Same as vest, n., 1. 
wait d , 1 wet; 2 wat, v. 1.1. 1. To delay action 
for (something); await. 2. To postpone. II. i. 

I. To rest in expectation. 2. To stand in 
readiness. 3. To be or act as a waiter. 

wait, n. The act of waiting; delay. [ < OHG. F 
wahta, watchman.]—wait'er, n. 1. One who 
waits upon others as a servant. 2. One who 
awaits something. 3. A dish*tray.—wait 'ress, n. 
waiv(e p , 1 wev; 2 wav, vt. [waived, waivd 8 ; 
waiv'ing.] To relinquish, esp. temporarily, 
as a right or claim; put aside; yield. [< OF. 
weyver, perhaps < Ice. vei/a, wave.]—waiv'er, 
n. Law. The voluntary relinquishment of a right, 
wake, 1 wek; 2 wak, v. [waked 1 or -woke; 
wak'ing.] I. t. 1. To rouse from slumber; 
awake. 2. To resuscitate. 3. To excite; 
arouse. II. i. 1. To be aroused from sleep, 
etc. 2. To be set in action. 3. To keep watch 
or guard at night. [ < AS. wacian, wake, 
wacan, arise.]—wak'er, n. 1. A wakener. 2. 
One who stays awake; a watcher. 
wake 1 , n. 1. A watching all night over the 
body of a dead person. 2. [Gt. Brit.] A fes¬ 
tivity formerly preceded by a night vigil. [ < 
AS. wacu, < viacan, arise.]— wake'ful, a. 1. 
Remaining awake, especially at night. 2. At¬ 
tended by want of sleep, -ly, adv. -ness, n. — 
wak'en, 1 wek'n; 2 wak'n, vt. 1. To arouse from 
sleep; awaken. 2. To incite to activity.—wak'- 
en-er, n. One who or that which wakens. 
wake 2 , n. The track left by a vessel passing 
through the water. [ < Ice. vdk, hole.] 
Wal-den'ses, 1 wel-den'siz; 2 wal-dgn'seg, n. pi. 
Ch. Hist. A religious sect founded by Peter 
Waldo of Lyons, France, about 1170.—Wal- 
den'si-an. I. a. Pertaining to the Waldenses. 

II. n. A member of the sect of Waldenses. 

Wald'stein, 1 valt'Shtain; 2 valt'shtln, Albrecht 

von (1583—1634). Duke of Friedland and Meck¬ 
lenburg; Bohemian general in Thirty Years’ War. 
Wale, 1 wel; 2 wal. I. vt. [waled; -wal'ing.] 1. 
To lash; flog, whale];. 2. To mark with 
wales or strakes. II. n. 1. A stripe or ridge 
made on living flesh by flogging. 2. A ridge, 
stripe, or strake, as in the planking of a ves¬ 
sel. [ < AS. walu, wale.] 

Wales, 1 wclz; 2 wal§, n. A principality in S. W. 

Great Britain; 7,468 sq. m.; pop. 2,206,710. 
Walk’, 1 wek; 2 wak, v. I. t. 1. To proceed or 
pass through at a walk. 2. To lead, ride, or 
drive at a walk, as a horse. II. i. 1. To ad¬ 
vance by alternate steps, without running. 


2. To take a walk. 3. To behave; live. [<AS. 
wealcan, move.] 

walk, n. 1. The act of walking; the slowest 
pace; an advance movement in which a quad¬ 
ruped has always two or more feet on the 
ground, and a biped always one foot on the 
ground. 2. The carriage or gait of one who 
walks. 3. A promenade or stroll. 4. A place 
for walking; path; sidewalk; range; pasture. 
5. A vocation; course of life; conduct.— 
walk'er, n. —walk'ing, ppr. & n. —walk'out", 
n. A workmen’s strike: opposed to lockout .— 
walk'o"ver, n. An easy or unopposed success, as 
of a race»horse without competitors. 

wall, 1 wel; 2 wal. I. vt. To provide with a 
wall; fortify; defend. II. n. 1. A continuous 
structure, as for the side of a house; also, a 
fence of stone or masonry. 2. Mil. A forti¬ 
fication: often pi. 3. The side of any cavity, 
vessel, or receptacle. [ < L. AS vallum, wall, < 
vallus, palisade.]— walI'flow"er, n. A popular 
garden perennial of the mustard family. 

Wall., Wallach., abbr. Wallachian. 
wal'la-by, 1 wel'a-bi; 2 wal'a-by, n. One of 
the smaller kangaroos frequenting forests 
and brush. [Austral.] 

Wal'lace, 1 woi'is; 2 wal'ac, Sir William (1270?— 
1305). A Scottish soldier and national hero. 
Wal'len-stein, 1 val'en-ffhtain; 2 val'en-shtln, n. 

Same as Waldstein: a less correct form, 
wal'let, 1 wel'et; 2 wal'St, n. 1. A pocketbook, 
usually large, to contain banknotes. 2. A 
bag; knapsack. [ < AS. watel, a hurdle.] 
wal'lop, 1 wel'ap; 2 wal'op. I 1 , vt. [Slang.] To 
flog; whip; beat. II. n. A severe blow, 
wal'low, 1 wel'o; 2 wal'o. I. vi. To roll about, 
as swine, etc., in mud or mire. II. n. 1. The 
act of wallowing. 2. A mud«hoIe in which 
animals wallow. [ < AS. wealwian, wallow.] 
wal'nut, 1 wel'[or wel'Jnut; 2 wal'[or wal']nut, 
h. 1. A valuable old*world 
timber*tree, its wood, or its 
edible nut (called in U. S. 

English walnut). 2. 

Some similar tree or its 
wood or fruit, especially 
[U. S ] the black walnut. 

3. [Local U. S.] The hick¬ 
ory. [ < AS. wealh, for¬ 
eign, hnutu, nut.] 

Wal'pole, 1 wel'pol orwel'pol; 

2 wal'pol or wal'pol, n. 1. 

Horace (1717-1797), fourth 
Earl of Oxford; son of Sir 
Robert; an English author 
and wit. 2. Sir Robert 
(1676-1745), first Earl of 
Oxford; English statesman; 

Prime Minister. Leaf and Fruit of 

wal'rus, 1 wel'[or wel']rus; the Black Walnut. 
2 wal'[or wal']rus, n. A «, nut, as it rtows; b, 
large marine seahlike nut ’ with 8huok remored - 
mammal having hind limbs flexible forward 
and tusk*like canines in the upper jaw. See 
Ulus, on next page. [ < 9w. hval, whale, + O. 
Sw. ross, horse.] 

Wal'ton, 1 wel'tan; 2 wal'ton, Isaak (1593-1683). 

An English essayist and poet; Compleat Angler. 
waltz, 1 welts; 2 waits. I 1 , vi. To dance a 
waltz. II. n. 1. A round dance in triple time. 
2. The music for such a dance. [ < G. walzer , 
< walzen, roll.] 

wam'pum, 1 wem'pum; 2 wam'pum, n. Beads 
formed of shells strung on threads, formerly 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not.br; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ftll; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn. 










659 


wainscot 

warp 


2 wan'der, vi. 
roam 


way 



used by the American Indians as currency. 
[ < Am. Ind. wompam, < wompi, white.] 

Wan, 1 wen; 2 wan, a. 1. Pale, as from sick¬ 
ness; pallid. 2. Dismal. [< AS. warm, wan.] 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

wand, 1 wond; 2 wand, n. 1. A long slender 
rod. 2. A musician’s baton. [ < Ice. vondr .] 

wan'der, 1 wen'dar; ~ 
journey, ramble, 
hither and thither 

2. To lose one’s 
migrate. 4. To 
be out of one’s 
mind. [ < AS. 
wandrian, < 
windan, wind.]— 
wan'der-er, n. 

—Wandering 
Jew, a legendary 
character con¬ 
demned for mal- _ , 

treatment of Walrus. As 

Christ on his way to crucifixion to wander on 
earth until his return. — wan'der-ingqew", n. 
Any one of several ornamental trailing plants. 

Wan'der-lust", 1 van'dar-lust"; 2 van'der-ffist’, 
n. [W- or w-] An irrepressible impulse to 
wander or travel from place to place. [G.] 

wane, 1 wen; 2 wan. I. vi. [waned; wan'inc..] 
1. To diminish in size and brilliancy. 2. To 
decline gradually. II. n. 1. Decrease, as of 
power, prosperity, or reputation. 2. The de¬ 
crease of the moon’s visible illuminated sur¬ 
face. [ < AS. wanian, wana, < wan, wanting.] 

want d , 1 went; 2 want, v. I. t. 1. To feel the 
need of; desire; crave. 2. To be without; lack. 

3. To be in need of; require. II. i . 1. To be 
needy. 2. To be deficient. 3. To be lacking or 
absent.— want'ing, pa. 1. Not at hand; miss¬ 
ing. 2. Marked by lack of something. 

want, n. 1. Lack or absence of something; 
scarcity. 2. Privation; indigence. 3. The 
thing that is lacking, needed, or desired. [ < 
Ice. vant, < vant, neut. of vanr, deficient.] 

wan'ton, 1 wen'tan; 2 wan'ton. I. vt. & vi. To 
squander or waste wantonly; revel unre¬ 
strainedly. II. a. 1. Being or acting without 
restraint; frolicsome; licentious. 2. Inex¬ 
cusable. III. n. A licentious person. [ < AS. 
wan, deficient, + ME. lowen, < AS. togen, pp. 
of teon, train, draw.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

wap'i-ti, 1 wop'i-ti; 2 wap'i-ti, n. A large 
North “American 
deer erroneously 
called elk in America. 

[ < Am. Ind. wapitik, 

Rocky Mountain 
goat.] 

war, 1 wer; 2 war, v. 

I. vt. & vi. [warred, 
ward 3 ; war'ring.] 

To carry on, as a war; 
be at war; make war; 
strive. II. n. I . A 
contest, as between 
nations or states,! 
carried on by force 
and with arms; also, 
the condition created by such a contest. _ 2. 
Any act or state of hostility; enmity; strife. 
[< AS. werre. ]—war' splane", n. An armed 
air«plane for aerial combat. . 

war'bl(e p , 1 wor'bl; 2 war bl. I« vt. & vi. [war - 
bl(e)d p ; war'bling.] " 1. To sing with trills 



and runs, as a bird; trill. 2. To make a liquid, 
murmuring sound. II. n. The act of war¬ 
bling; a song. [< G. op wirbeln, < MHG. 
werben, twist.] — war'bier, n. One of several 
varieties of song*birds. 

ward, 1 ward; 2 ward. I d . vt. 1. To repel or 
turn aside, as a blow. 2. To defend. II. n. 1. 
A person who is under the guardianship of 
another. 2. A territorial division of cities. 
3. A division in a hospital, prison, etc. 4. A 
projection or division inside a lock; also, a 
corresponding division in the proper key. [ < 
AS. weard, watchman.]—ward'“room", n. On 
a war*vessel, the quarters of the commissioned 
officers junior to the commander. 

-ward, -wards, suffix. A termination of Anglo* 
Saxon origin, to denote motion to or in the direc¬ 
tion of a point; as, homeward. [< AS. -weard, 
-weardes; akin to weorlhan, become, < L. verto, 
turn.] 

war'den, 1 wer'dn; 2 war'dn, n. One who keeps 
ward; a keeper; guardian; chief officer of 
a prison; churchwarden. [< OF. gardien, 
Guardian.] —war'den-ry, n. war'den-shipf. 
ward'er 1 , 1 werd'ar; 2 ward'er, n. A keeper; 

guard; sentinel. [< OHG. OF warten, watch.] 
ward 'er 2 , n . An official staff or baton. [ < w ard, v. ] 
ward'robe", 1 werd'rob"; 2 ward'rob", n. 1. 
A large upright cabinet for keeping wearing* 
apparel. 2. The outfit in garments of any one 
person. [ < OF. warderobe, < warder, keep, 
+ robe, robe.] 

ward'ship, 1 werd'ffiip; 2 ward'ship, n. The 
state of a ward; pupilage; guardianship. 

ware, 1 wer; 2 war. I. vt. To guard against; be¬ 
ware of. II. a. Conscious; aware; hence, on one’s 
guard; cautious; wary. [< AS. wxr, wary.] 

ware, n. 1. Articles of the same class; espe¬ 
cially, manufactured articles; used collec¬ 
tively, often in composition; as, tableware, 
glassware. 2. pi. Articles of commerce; goods. 
[< AS. waru, wares.] — ware'house", n. A 
storehouse for the safekeeping of goods and 
merchandise.—ware'house"man, n. One who 
makes a business of storing goods, 
war'fare", 1 wer'far"; 2 war'far", n. The wag¬ 
ing or carrying on of war; conflict with arms; 
struggle; strife. [ness, n. 

wa'ri-ly, adv. In a wary manner. — wa'ri- 
war'iike", 1 wer'luik"; 2 war'lik", a. Disposed 
to engage in war; military; belligerent, 
war'lock, 1 wer'lek; 2 war'lok, n. A wizard; 
sorcerer; also, loosely, a sprite; imp. [< AS. 
wxrloga, < wxr, compact, P lebgan, lie.] 

warm, 1 worm; 2 warm. I. vt. & vi. To make or 
become warm; raise the temperature of; heat 
slightly. II. a. 1. Heated moderately. 2. 
Being above temperate heat. 3. Marked by 
ardor, zeal, enthusiasm, etc. 4. Passionate. 
[< AS. wearm.) -ly, adv .— warmth, n. The 
state, quality, or sensation of being warm. 

warn, 1 worn; 2 warn, vt. & vi. 1. To give notice 
of danger to. 2. To notify authoritatively. 
[< AS. warnian, < wearn. refusal.]—warn'er, n. 
—warn'ing. I. pa. Serving as a warning. II. n. 
1. Notice of danger; admonition. 2. That which 
warns. 

warp 4 , 1 werp; 2 warp, vt. & vi. 1. To turn or 
twist out of shape, as by shrinkage. 2. To 
give a wrong tendency to; distort; bias. 3. 
Weaving. To stretch or arrange yarn. 4. To 
move (a vessel) by hauling on a rope at¬ 
tached to some fixed object. [ < Ice. varpa, 
throw: akin to AS. weorpan, throw.] 


. 1- a = final- I = habit; aisle; au = out; oil; 10 = feud; tfhin; go; 0 = sin#; fhin, this. 
2: wplf, do; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, bOrn; oil, b6y; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 











warp 

wave 


660 


warp, n. 1. The state of being warped. 2. The 
threads that run the long way of a fabric. 3. 
A light cable used for warping a ship. [ < 
AS. weary, < weorpan, throw.] 
war'rant, 1 wer'ant; 2 war'ant. I d . vt. 1. To 
guarantee the quality or character of. 2. To 
be sufficient grounds for; justify. 3. To as¬ 
sure; assert confidently. II. n. 1. A judi¬ 
cial writ authorizing arrest, search, seizure, 
etc. 2. Something which assures or attests; 
voucher; guaranty. 3. Official sanction. [< 
OF. warant, ppr. of warir, guard.]— war'rant- 
a-bl(e p , a. Justifiable. -ness,ra. — war'rant-a- 
bly,a<f». — war'rant-er or -or, n .— war'ran-ty, 
n. [-iesz, pi.] A written warrant by a seller, 
war'ren, 1 wor'en; 2 war'en, n. 1. A place 
where rabbits live and breed. 2. An enclosure 
for keeping small game. [ < OHG. OF warjan, 
defend.] 

war 'rior, 1 wer'y ar or wer'i-or; 2 war'yor or war'- 
i-or, n. A soldier; especially, a distinguished 
soldier. [ <OF guerreor, <guerreier, wage war.] 
War'saw, 1 wer'se; 2 wgr'sa, n. A city (pop. 
980,000), capital of Poland and of a government 
of the same name in Poland; capital of the king¬ 
dom of Poland until 1815. 
wart, 1 wort; 2 wart, n. 1. A small excrescence 
formed on and rooted in the skin. 2 . A hard 
glandular protuberance on a plant. [ < AS. 
wearte, wart.]— wart-hog", n. An African wild 
hog having warty excrescences on the face.— 
wart'y, a. Abounding in warts; of the nature 
of warts. 

War'wick, 1 wer'ik; 2 wgr'ik, Earl of (1428-1471), 
Richard Neville. An English statesman and 
soldier; called “ the kingmaker.” 
wa'ry, 1 we'ri; 2 wa'ry, a. [wa'ri-er; wa'ri- 
est.] 1. Carefully watching and guarding. 

2. Shrewd; wily. [ < ware, a.] 

was, 1 wez; 2 was, v. A form of a defective 
verb, used in the first and third persons sin¬ 
gular to supply the imperfect tense of the 
verb be. [ < AS. wees, pret. of wesan, be.] 
wash', 1 weih; 2 wash, v. I. t. 1. To cleanse, 
especially with water. 2. To sweep over or 
dash against. 3. To purify. 4. To supply with 
a thin coat, as of metal, or color. II. i. To 
perform one’s ablutions. [ < AS. wascan, 
wash.]— wash Aboard", n. 1. A board or frame 
having a corrugated surface for rubbing articles 
upon in washing by hand. 2. A mopboard.— 
wash'er, n. 1. One who or that which washes; 
specif., a machine for washing. 2. Mech. A small 
flat perforated disk, as for placing beneath a nut. 
—wash'er-wo"man, n. A laundress.— wash'- 
out", n. A considerable erosion of earth by the 
action of water; also, the excavation made by 
such action, as in a railroad embankment.— 
wash'y, a. Too much diluted: watery; feeble, 
wash, 1 we^h; 2 wash, n. 1. The act or process 
of washing. 2. A number of articles washed at 
one time. 3. A preparation used in washing, 
coating, or smearing. 4. The breaking of a 
body of water upon a shore. 5. Material de¬ 
posited by water. 

Wash., abbr. Washington (State: official). 
Wash'ing-ton, 1 wo sh'ip-tan; 2 wash'ing-ton, 
n. 1. George (1732-1799), an American 
patriot, soldier, and statesman; first Presi¬ 
dent of the United States. See president. 2. 
Mount, a peak in California; 10,802 ft. high. 

3. A State in the extreme northwestern 
United States; 69,127 sq. m.; pop. 1,356,621; 
capital, Olympia. 4. A city in the District of 


Columbia; capital of the United States; pop. 
437.570. 

wasp, 1 wesp; 2 wasp, n. A predatory stinging 
insect, having mem¬ 
branous wings. [ < 

AS. wxsp, wasp.]— 
wasp'ish, a. 1. Hav¬ 
ing a nature like a 
wasp; irritable; irasci¬ 
ble. 2. Having a wasp* 
like waist. -iy, adv. 

-ness, n. 

w a s ' s a i 1, 1 wes'[or 
was']d; 2 was '[or 
wSs'jil, n. An occa- Social Wasp and Section 

sion of festivity at °* its Nest - 

which healths are drunk; a carousal, f < AS. 
wes hal, be whole.]— was'sail-er, n. 

wast, 1 west; 2 wast, 2d per.sing. imp. ind. of be, v. 

waste, 1 west; 2 wast, v. [wast'ed* 1 ; wast'ing.] 

1. t. 1. To expend thoughtlessly or idly; 
squander. 2. To cause to lose strength or 
vigor. 31|. To desolate; ruin. 1 II. i. To lose 
bulk or substance gradually. [ < OF. waster, 

< L. vaslo, < vastus, waste.] 

waste, a. 1. Cast aside as worthless; useless; 
refuse. 2. Not cultivated; unproductive; 
desert 3. Made desolate. 4. Produced in 
excess of demand; superfluous. [ < OF. wast< 

< L. vastus, empty.] 

waste, n. 1. The act of wasting or squandering. 

2. A continuous diminishing or failing; wast¬ 
ing; decline. 3. Refuse; especially that from 
any manufacturing process. 4. A wilderness; 
desert —waste'ful, a. 1. Prone to waste; 
extravagant. 2. Causing waste; ruinous. -iy, 
adv. -ness, n.—wast'er, n. 

watch’, 1 woch; 2 wach, v. I. t. To observe 
closely; keep in view; guard. II. t. 1. To be 
constantly on the alert; be wakeful; serve as 
a watchman. 2. To wish and wait expec¬ 
tantly: followed by for. [ < AS. wxccon.] 
—watch'er, n. One who watches, as a nurse. 
—watch'ful, a. Vigilant. -Iy, ado. -ness, n. 

watch, n. 1. Vigilant observation; wakeful¬ 
ness. 2. One who watches; a watchman; 
guard. 3. Naut. The period of time during 
which a watch is on duty, usually four hours; 
hence, a division of the night; also, the men 
on duty. 4. A pocket mechanism for keeping 
and indicating time. [ < AS. wxcce, <wacian, 
wake.]—dog'swatch", ra. Naut. One of the two 
watches on a ship from 4 to 6 and 6 to 8 P. M., 
each of two hours’ duration.—watch'=case", n. 
The protecting case of a watch: usually of gold 
or silver.—watch'sdog", n. A dog kept to 
guard a building or other property.—watch'- 
mak"er, n. A person who manufactures or re¬ 
pairs watches.—w atch 'man, n. [-men, pi.] 
One whose business is to keep watch or guard, 
as at night — watch'word", n. A secret pass¬ 
word; a rallying*cry. 

wa'ter, 1 wo'tar; 2 wa'ter, t. I. t. 1. To pour 
water upon; provide wfith water. 2. To dilute 
or treat with water. 3. To give an undulating 
sheen to the surface of (silk, linen, etc.) by 
uneven pressure after damping and heating. 

4. To enlarge the number of shares of (a 
stock-company) without increasing the paid- 
in capital in proportion. II. i. 1. To secrete 
or discharge water. 2. To have a longing; as, 
my mouth waters for it. 3. To get and take in 
water, as a locomotive. 4. To drink water. 

wa'ter, n. 1. A colorless limpid liquid com- 


1: artistic, art; fat, fire; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but burn* 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; i = e; i = e; go, not, or, won!' 












661 


warp 

wave 


pound of hydrogen and oxygen, constituting 
the bulk of the ocean, rivers, lakes, etc. 2. 
Any particular body of water. 3. Any one of 
the aqueous secretions of animals. 4. A 
watery appearance, as in precious stones, or 
in silks, etc.; luster; sheen; hence, purity. 5. 
Stock issued without an increase of paid-in 
capital to represent it. [ < AS. water, water.] 
—wa'ter-clos"et, n. A room having a bowl for 
the reception of fecal discharges which are then 
carried away by flushing with water.—w.-color, 
n. 1. A color for painting rendered semifluid with 
water for use. 2. That branch of painting in 
which such colors are used. 3. A painting in 
such colors.—wa'ter-course", n. A stream of 
water; river; brook.—w.-craft, n. Craft for 
sailing on water.—wa'ter-cress", n. A creeping 
perennial herb of the mustard 
family, growing in brooks, etc., 
and used as a salad. — w.-cure, 
n. The treating of diseases by 
the application of cold water, . m 

warm baths, sweating, etc.; hy- 
dropathy.— w.-dog, n. 1. A dog 
that takes readily to the water, 
as a retriever. 2. [Colloq.] An JgMj/ 
old sailor.—wa'ter-fall", n. 1. crfef 
A cataract; cascade. 2. [Colloq.] xS 
A chignon.— w.=fowl, n. A bird <jpr 
that lives on or about the water. I 

—w. dlly, n. An aquatic plant 
that bears a flower on a long cy- % Jr 
lindrical stalk, rising just above JSssgLz, 
or floating on the water. — w.s^Wiftf 
logged, a. Heavy and unman- 
ageable on account of the leakage Common 
of water into the hold, as a ship; Watercress, 
also, water-soaked. — wa'ter-man, n. A man 
who plies for hire with a boat or small vessel on the 
water; a boatman.—w.-mark, n. 1. A line show¬ 
ing the extent to which water rises, as at high tide. 
2. A series of translucent letters or designs in the 
body of paper: used by manufacturers to indicate 
different makes.— wa'ter-mel"on, n. The large 
edible fruit of a trailing plant of the gourd fam¬ 
ily, containing many seeds and a refreshing, sweet 
watery juice.— w.-plane, n. A hydroaeroplane. 
— w.-power, n. 1. The power of water derived 
from its gravity or its momentum as applied to 
the driving of machinery. 2. A descent or fall in a 
stream from which motive power may be ob¬ 
tained.— wa'ter-proof". I 1 . vt. To render water* 
proof. II. n. Material rendered impervious to 
water; also, a garment made from such material. 
— w. -proof, a. Allowing no water to enter or 
pass through, as a fabric.—wa'ter-shed", n. 
The line of separation between two contiguous 
drainage-valleys.— wa'ter-side", n. The shore 
or brink of a body of water.—w.-soaks vt. To 
All the pores or crevices of (a flbrous body) with 
water.— w.-tight, a. So closely made that water 
can not pass through.—w. slower, n. 1. A tower 
used as a reservoir for water, giving pressure to 
a system of pipe-distribution. 2. A steel tower* 
like structure for fire-extinguishing purposes, by 
means of which water can be played on burning 
buildings from a great height.—wa'ter-way", n. 
A channel or stream of water as a means of com¬ 
munication; water route.— w.-wheel, n. A wheel 
so arranged with floats, buckets, etc., that it 
may be turned by flowing water. See illus. in 
next column. — w. -works, n. pi. A system of ma¬ 
chines, buildings, and appliances for furnishing a 
water-supply.— wa'ter-er, n. 1. One who waters, 
in any sense. 2. Any contrivance used for water¬ 
ing.— wa'ter-ing=cart",n. A street-sprinkler.— 
wa'ter-ing-place", n. 1. A place at which a 
supply of water can be obtained, as a spring. 2. 


A health resort having mineral springs; also, a 
pleasure resort near lake or sea.— wa'ter-ing* 
pot", n. A tin can having a spout with a per¬ 
forated nozle: used for watering flowers, etc. 



at high pressure from the nozle (a) against the buckets (6); speed 
is regulated b.y the spear-rod (c) through the hand-wheel (d) ; e, 
water-supply pipe. 2. Section of bucket, showing how the water 
from the nozle (c) strikes (6) and then passes half to each eidfr 
thereby escaping clear of the advancing bucket. 


Wa"ter-Ioo', 1 we"tar-lQ'; 2 wa"ter-loo', n. A vil¬ 
lage in central Belgium; here Wellington and 
Bliicher defeated Napoleon, June 18, 1815. 

wa'ter-spout", n. A moving column of spray 
a n d m i s t, 
with masses 
of water in 
the lower 
parts, due to 
a whirlwind 
at sea. 

wa'ter-y, 1 

we'tsr-i; 2 
wa'ter-y, a. 

1. Contain¬ 
ing much 
water; filled 
with mois¬ 
ture; tearful; soggy; thin or liquid. 2. Con¬ 
sisting of or pertaining to water.— wa'ter-i- 
ness, n. 



Waterspouts. 


watt, 1 wet; 2 wat, n. Physics. The practical 
unit of electric power or rate of work: ap¬ 
proximately 1 /746 of a horse-power. f < James 
Wall, Scottish inventor.]—watt'me"ter, n. An 
instrument for measuring the rate of doing elec¬ 
trical work in watts. 

Watt, James (1736—1819). A Scottish inventor, 
engineer, and mechanic; invented the con¬ 
densing steam-engine. 

wat'tie, 1 wet'l; 2 wat'l. I. vt. [wat'tled; 
wat'tling.] 1. To weave or twist, as twigs, 
into a network. 2. To form, as baskets, by 
platting flexible twigs. II. n. 1. A frame of 
rods or twigs platted together. 2. A twig, as 
used for platting with others. 3. A naked, 
fleshy process depending from the head or 
neck of a bird. [ < AS. watel, hurdle.] 
waul, ) 1 wel; 2 wal, vi. To give a prolonged 
wawl, ) plaintive cry like that of a cat. [Imitative.] 
wave, 1 wev; 2 wav, v. [waved; wav'ing.] 1. 1. 
1. To cause to move to and fro in the air. 2. To 
form with an undulating surface or outline. 
3. To signal by a movement of the hand, a 
flag, etc., to and fro. II. i. To move in un¬ 
dulations, as a wave. [ < AS. wafian, wave.] 
— wav'er, n. One who or that which waves, 
wave, n. 1. An undulation larger than a ripple 
on the surface of a liquid. 2. Physics. A dis- 


1*8= final’ l = habit; aisle; au = out; eil; IQ = feud; <51iin; go; g = sinfr, Chin, this. 
2: wolf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 



















wax 

weight 


663 


turbance of the equilibrium of a body or 
mediurrf, that is propagated continuously 
from point to point. 3. An undulating line, 
movement, etc.— wave'let, n. A little wave. 
— wa'ver, vt. & vi. 1. To move one way and the 
other; have a wavy motion. 2. To sway; falter; 
be irresolute; show signs of retreating, failing, or 
giving way.— wa'ver-er, n.— wav'y, a. Full of 
waves; undulatory; waving.— wav'i-ness, n. 

wax 1 , 1 waks; 2 waks. I 1 , vi. To coat or treat 
with wax. II. n. A fatty solid substance of 
animal, vegetable, or mineral origin. [ < AS. 
weaxan, wax.]—wax'wing", n. A bird having 
brown plumage, an erectile crest, and growths 
on the wing-tips and tail-feathers resembling 
red or yellow sealing-wax.— wax'en, a. Con¬ 
sisting of wax; wax-like; waxy.— wax'y, a. 1. 
Resembling wax; hence, plastic. 3. Made of or 
coated with wax.— wax'i-ness, n. 

Wax 2t , vi. 1. To become larger gradually; grow. 
2. To assume a condition by degrees. 

Way, 1 we; 2 wa, n. 1. A path, course, or track; 
a road, passage, channel, or the like. 2. 
Length of space passed over; distance. 3. A 
line; direction. 4. A means or method of pro¬ 
cedure; customary manner or style; plan of 
action; course of life. 5. A relation or respect; 
point; particular. 6. pi. Longitudinal guides, 
as those on which a ship slides when launched. 
[< AS. weg, way.]— way'-bill", n. An accom¬ 
panying list of goods or passengers carried by 
any common carrier, as a railroad or steamer.— 
way'far"er, n. One who journeys along a 
way on foot.— way'far"ing, pa. — way"Iay', vt. 
[way"laid'; way"lay'ing.] 1. To watch for by 
the way, as with a view to rob. 2. To accost on 
the way.— way"lay'er, n .— way'side", n. The 
side or edge of the road or highway.— way 
station, any railroad-station between principal 
stations.— way train, a train stopping at way 
stations.— way'ward, a. 1. Wandering aw r ay; 
wilful; froward. 2. Without definite way or 
course; unsteady; vacillating, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
— way'w orn", a. Fatigued by travel. 

-way, l suffix. A termination of Anglo-Saxon 

-ways, j origin, found as -way (accusative) in 
al way, noway, etc., and as -ways (genitive) in 
always, long?mj/s. [ < AS. weg, gen. weges, way.] 

Wayne, 1 wen; 2 wan, Anthony (1745-1796). An 
American Revolutionary general; “Mad An¬ 
thony.” 

w. b., abbr. Warehouse book, water ballast, water 
board, way-bill.—W. C., abbr. Wesleyan Chapel, 
Western Central (London Postal District).— 
w. c., abbr. Water-closet, without charge.— 
W. C. T. U., abbr. Woman's Christian Temper¬ 
ance Union.—W. D., abbr. War Department, 
Water Department. 

we, 1 wT; 2 we, pron. 1st per. pi. fposs. our or 
ours, obj. us.] 1. Plural of I, including the 
speaker with another or others. 2. The 
writer or speaker: formal use, as by editorial 
writers, sovereigns, etc. [ < AS. we, w 7 e.] 

We., Wed., abbr. Wednesday. 

weak, 1 wik; 2 wek, a. 1. Lacking in strength, 
power, or force. 2. Unduly compliant. 3. 
Showing poor judgment. 4. Deficient; not 
strong enough for the purpose required, as 
an instrument or part. 5. Declining in price, 
as stocks or shares. [ < Ice. veikr, weak.]— 
weak'en, vt. 1. To render weak; enfeeble. 2. 
To dilute.— weak 'fish", n. An American food- 
fish: named from the tenderness of its mouth.— 
weak'ling. I. a. Having no natural vigor. II. n. 
A feeble person or animal.— weak'ly. I. a. Sickly. 
II. adv. In a weak manner.— weak'ness, n. 


weal, 1 wil; 2 wel, n. 1. A sound or healthy 
state; prosperity. 2. The body politic, state, 
or nation: now only in the phrases common 
weal, etc. [ < AS. wela, < wel, well.] 
weald, 1 wild; weld, n. An exposed forest area; 
waste woodland; also, an open region; down. [< 
AS. weald, forest.] 

wealth, ) 1 welth; 2 wSlth, n. 1. A large aggre- 
welth s , > gate of property; riches. 2. The state 
of being rich. 3. Great abundance of any¬ 
thing desirable; exuberance. [< weal 1 , n.] 
—wealth'y, a. [wealth'i-er; wealth'i-est.] 
Possessing wealth; affluent, 
wean, 1 win; 2 wen, vt. 1. To transfer (the 
young of any animal) from dependence on its 
mother’s milk to another form of nourish¬ 
ment. 2. To alienate the affections of: usu¬ 
ally with from. [ < AS. wenian, accustom.] 
—wean'ling. I. a. Freshly weaned. II. n. A 
child or animal newly weaned, 
weap'on, ) 1 wep'en; 2 wep'on, n. 1. Any im- 
wep'on s , ) plement of war or combat, as a 
sword, gun, etc. 2. Figuratively, any means 
that may be used against an adversary. [ < 
AS. wsepen, weapon.]—weap'on-less, n. 
wear 1 , 1 w r ar; 2 war, v. [wore; w t orn.] I. t. 1. 
To carry on the person; have on. 2. To main¬ 
tain habitually. 3. To have an appearance of; 
exhibit. 4. To impair by use; efface or rub off. 
II. i. To be impaired gradually by use; also, 
to bear using; hold out; endure. [< AS. 
werian, wear.]—wear'a-bl(e p , a. 
wear 2 , vt. & vi. Naut. To change the course of 
a vessel so as to bring the wind to the other 
side by turning her through an arc in such a 
w ay that her head points momentarily directly 
to leeward. Compare tack. [For veer.] 
wear, n. 1. The act of wearing, or the state 
of being worn. 2. Wearing-apparel. 3. Im¬ 
pairment from use or time.—wear and tear, 
loss by the service, exposure, decay, or injury in¬ 
cident to ordinary use. 


wea'ry, 1 wl'n; 2 we'ry. I. vt. & vi. [wea'ried; 
wea'ry-ing.] To make or grow w'eary; fa¬ 
tigue; tire. II. a. [wea'ri-er; wea'ri-est.] 
1. Wornw ith exertion, vexation, or endurance; 
tired. 2. Discontented or vexed, as by con¬ 
tinued endurance of something disagreeable. 
3. Causing weariness; wearisome. [< AS. 
werig, weary.]—wea'ri-ly,ad».— wea'ri-ness, n. 
—wea'rl-some, a. Causing fatigue; tiresome, 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

wea 'sand ||, 1 wTzand; 2 w5'§and, n. The windpipe. 

[< AS. weesend, windpipe.] 
wea'sel, 1 wl'zl; 2 we'§l, n. A small elongated 



reddish -brow'n, 
carnivorous 
quadruped, 
that preys on 
smaller mam¬ 
mals and birds. 

In cold regions 
it turns white in 
winter. [ < AS. 
wesle, weasel.] 

weath'er, ) 1 weth'or; 2 wSth'er. 

weth'er s , S encounter successfully; survive. 2. 
To expose to the action of the weather. 3. 
Naut. To go to the windward of. II. n. 1. 
Atmospheric conditions, as regards temper¬ 
ature, moisture, w r inds, etc. 2. The common 
phenomena of wind, rain, cold, heat, or 
storm. [ < AS. weder, weather.]— weath'ers 


Weasel. 


Vis 

I. vt. 1, To 


1: artistic, firt; fat, fare: fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go: not, or: full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e: go, not, or, w6n. 








663 


wax 

weight 


beat"en, a. Bearing the.effects of exposure to 
weather.—w. aboard, n. A board prepared for 
the outside covering of wooden buildings.—w.« 
bound, a. Detained by unfavorable weather.— 
W r . Bureau, a bureau of the Department of 
Agriculture in Washington for meteorological 
observation, the diffusion of information con¬ 
cerning the weather, etc.—weath'er-cock", to. 
A vane, properly one in the semblance of a cock. 
weath'er*vane"t. —w.*gage, to. Navt. A posi¬ 
tion to windward; figuratively, any advantage 
gained.—w.=glass, to. A barometer.—w.=wise, 
a. Experienced in observing the weather.—w.= 
worn, a. Worn by exposure to the weather. 

weav(e p , 1 wlv; 2 wev, vt. [wove or weav(e)d 8 ; 
wo'v(e)n p or wove or weav(e)d 8 ; weav'- 
ing.] 1. To entwine or lace together, as 
threads, in a loom. 2. To produce by the fore¬ 
going process. [ < AS. wefan, weave.]— 
weav'er, n. 1. One who weaves. 2. A weaver* 
bird. —weav'er=bird", n. A finch*like bird that 
constructs a woven nest. 

wea'zen, 1 wl'zn; 2 we'zn, a. Same as wizen. 

web, 1 web; 2 web. I. vt. [webbed; web'bing.] 

1. To provide with a web. 2. To cover with 
a web; ensnare. II. to. 1. A textile fabric, as 
in the piece. 2. A long sheet or roll of mate¬ 
rial. 3. A scheme or snare. 4. A membrane 
connecting the digits of an animal. 5. A 
cobweb. [ < AS. web, < wefan, weave.]— 
webbed, webd 8 , a. 1. Having a web. 2. Having 
the digits united by a membrane.—web'bing, n. 
A woven strip; the structure of a web.—web'« 
foot", n. 1. A foot with webbed toes. 2. A web* 
footed bird.—webdooted, a. Having the toes 
connected by a membrane, as many aquatic 
animals and birds. 

Web'ster, 1 web'ster; 2 web'ster, n. 1. Daniel 
(1782-1852), an American statesman, orator, 
and jurist. 2. Noah (1758—1843), an American 
philologist and lexicographer. 

wed, 1 wed; 2 wed, vt. [wed'ded'I or wed; wed'- 
ding.] 1. To marry; join in wedlock. 2. To 
attach (oneself) permanently to a thing: usu¬ 
ally with to. [ < AS. weddian, engage, < wed, 
pledge.] —wed 'ding, n. 1. A marriage ceremony. 

2. The anniversary of a marriage.—wed'lock, n. 
Matrimony. 

wedge, 1 wej; 2 wedg. I. vt. & vi. [wedged; 
wedg'ing.] To operate upon by driving in a 
wedge; split. II. n. One of the mechanical 
powers, practically a double inclined pjane; a 
V*shaped piece, as for splitting. [ < AS. wecg, 
wedge.) 

Wedg'wood, 1 wej'wud; 2 wedg'wood, Josiah 
(1730-1795). An English potter and artist; 
inventor of the ware bearing his name. 

Wednes'day, 1 wenz'di; 2 wen§'dy, n. The 
fourth day of the week. [ < AS. Wodnes dxg, 
day of the god Woden or Odin.l [tiny. 

wee, 1 wl; 2 we, a. [Scot. & Colloq.] Very small; 

weed 1 , 1 wid; 2 wed. I. vt. 1. To remove the 

weeds from. 2. To pull up or root out, as 
weeds. II. n. Any unsightly or troublesome 
useless plant. [ < AS. wedd, weed.] —weed'y, 
a. 1. Having or containing weeds. 2. Resembling 
a weed. 

weed 2 , to. A token of mourning worn as part of 
the dress; especially, in the plural, a widow’s 
mourning=garb. [ < AS. wxde, garment ] 

week, 1 wik; 2 wek, n. A period of seven suc¬ 
cessive days; especially, such a period begin¬ 
ning with Sunday; also, the six working days 
collectively. f< AS. wice, week.] — week'* 
day", n. Any day of the week except Sunday.— 
w.*end, n. The end of the week; specif., the 


period from mid*day on Saturday to the follow¬ 
ing Monday morning.—week'ly. I. a. 1. Reck¬ 
oned by the week. 2. Occurring once a week. II. 
n. [week'liesz, vt-] A publication issued once a 
week. III. adv. Once a week. 

Weeks, John W. (*860- ). An American states¬ 
man; U. S. Secretary of War, 1921- . 

ween, 1 win; 2 wen, vi. [weened or WENTf.l To 
entertain a notion; guess; fancy. [< AS. wenan, 
< win, hope, < V of win, v.] 
weep, 1 wip; 2 wep, vt. & vi. [wept; weep'ing.1 
1. To let fall, as tears; shed tears. 2. To shed 
tears for; hence, to lament; bewail; grieve. 

3. To be pendulous and drooping, as certain 
trees. [ < AS. wepan, weep ]—weep'er, n. 
wee'vil, 1 wl'vl; 2 we'vl, n. 1. A small beetle 
destructive to plants. 2. Any insect injurious 
to stored grain. [ < AS. wifel, beetle.] 
weft, 1 weft; 2 weft, n. The cross*threads in a 
web of cloth; woof. [ < AS. weft.) 
weigh, 1 we; 2 we, v. 1. 1. 1. To find the weight 
of. 2. To estimate the worth or importance 
of. 3. To press upon heavily; burden: with 
down. 4. To lift up, as an anchor. II. i. 1. 
To have a specified weight. 2. To be grievous 
or oppressive: usually with upon. 3. Naut. To 
raise anchor. [ < AS. wegan, lift.]—w.eigh'er, n. 
weigh, to. Motion of a ship, in the phrase under 
weigh: now regarded a variant form of way. 
weight, 1 wet; 2 wet. I d . vt. To add weight to; 
burden. II. to. 1. The measure of the force 
with which bodies tend toward the earth’s 
center. 2. A definite mass used in weighing. 

3. Any quantity of heaviness; a heavy mass. 

4. Figuratively, the quality of possessing im¬ 
portance; efficacy; preponderance. 5. A feel¬ 
ing of oppressiveness, mental or otherwise. 6. 
A graduated system of standard units of 
weight. 

Apothecaries’ Weight 

(used in compounding medicines). 

20 grains (gr.) = 1 scruple O). 

3 scruples = 1 dram ( 3 ). 

8 drams = 1 ounce ( 5). 

12 ounces = 1 pound (ft). 

Note. —The pound, ounce, and grain have the 
same weight as those of Troy Weight. 


Avoirdupois Weight 

(used in weighing all articles except drugs, gold, 
silver, and precious stones). 

= 1 dram (dr.). 


ounce (oz.). 
pound (lb.), 
quarter (qr.). 
hundredweight 
(cwt.). 

1 ton (T.). 


27 u /32 grains 

16 drams = 1 

16 ounces = 1 

25 pounds = 1 

4 quarters> =1 

100 pounds ) 

20 hundredweight or) 

2000 pounds ) 

Note.— 1 lb. Avoirdupois = 7000 grs. 

The ton and hundredweight above given (often 
called the short ton and the short hundredweight ) 
are those in common use in the United States. 

The ton of 2240 lbs., and the hundredweight of 
112 lbs. (often called the long ton and the long 
hundredweight), are used at United States Cus¬ 
tom Houses and in wholesale transactions in coal 
and iron, and are in general use in Great Britain. 
See ton in the vocabulary. When the long ton 
is the standard, 1 qr. = 28 lbs. 


Troy Weight 

(used in weighing gold, silver, and precious 
stones). 

24 grains (gr.) = 1 pennyweight (pwt.) 

20 pennyweights ■= 1 ounce (oz.). 

12 ounces = 1 pound (lb.). 


l:a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; ail = out; ell; iu = feud; tfhin; go; rj = sm^; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, tins. 





Weimar 

when 


664 


Note.— 1 lb. Troy = 5760 grains. In weighing 
diamonds 1 carat = 3.168 Troy grains, and is 
divided into quarters, which are called carat 
grains. See also cakat in vocabulary. 

For weights of the metric system, see metric ' 
system, under metric. 

— weight'less, a. Having no weight.— 
weight'y, a. [weight'i-er; weight'i-est.] 1. 
Having great weight. 2. Possessing ereat impor¬ 
tance.— weight'i-ly, adv.— weight'i-ness, n. 
Wei'mar, 1 vai'mar; 2 vl'mar, n. A city (pop. 
37,230), capital of SaxeAVeimar, Germany; a 
literary center; residence of Goethe, Schiller, and 
other writers. 

weir, 1 wir; 2 wer, n. 1. A dam; also, that part 
of a dam which contains gates for discharging 
surplus water. 2. A series of wattled enclo¬ 
sures in a stream, to catch fish. [ < AS. wer, 

< V of werian, defend.] wear}:. 

weird, 1 wlrd; 2 werd, a. Concerned with the 
unnatural; awakening superstitious feeling; 
uncanny, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
weird, n. [Scot.] t. One’s allotted fortune; fate. 
2. A prediction; also a spell or enchantment. [< 
AS. wyrd, < weorlhan, be.] 

Wei,s'horn, 1 vais'hbrn; 2 vls'hdrn, n. A peak in 
the Swiss Alps; 14,799 ft. high, 
wel'come, 1 wel'kam; 2 wSl'com. I. vt. [wel¬ 
comed; wel'com-ing.] To give a welcome to. 
II. a. 1. Admitted gladly. 2. Producing 
pleasure r satisfaction; pleasing. 3. Made 
free to use. III. n. 1. A hearty greeting. 2. 
The cordial reception or entertainment ac¬ 
corded. [ < AS. wilcuma, welcome guest, < 
willa, will, 4- cuma, comer.]—wel'com-er, n. 
weld, 1 weld; 2 weld. I d . vt. To unite, as heated 
metal, in one piece or mass under the hammer 
or by pressure. II. n. The consolidation of 
pieces of metal by welding; also, the closed 
joint so formed. [Corr. of well, i>.1 
wel'fare", 1 wel'far"; 2 wel'far", n. The state 
of faring well; prosperity, 
wel'kin, 1 wel'kin; 2 wel'kin, n. [Poet.] The vault 
of the sky; the region of the clouds. [< AS. 
wolcnu, pi. of wolcen, cloud.] 
well, 1 wel; 2 wel, vt. & vi. To flow up, as water 
in a spring. [ < AS. wellan, < weallan, boil.l 
well, a. [bet'ter; best.] 1. Rightly done or 
arranged; gratifying. 2. Suitable or gratify¬ 
ing to the sense of propriety or right. 3. Hav¬ 
ing physical health. 4. Free from trouble, 
well, n. 1. A hole sunk into the earth in order 
to obtain a fluid, as water, oil, or natural gas. 
2. A spring, as of water. 3. A source of con¬ 
tinued supply. 4. A depression, cavity, etc. 
[< AS. well. < weallan, well up.]—well'spring", 
n. An inexhaustible fountain, 
well, adv. [bet'ter; best.] 1. In a praise¬ 
worthy manner. 2. Suitably to the nature of 
things. 3. In a successful manner; prosper¬ 
ously. 4. To a great extent. [ < AS. wel, well, 

< V of will 1 , ».]—well'=be"ing, n. Happiness 
or prosperity; welfare.— w.shorn, a. Of good 
lineage.—w.shred, a. 1. Of good ancestry. 2. 
Polite. 3. Of good breeding, as an animal.—w.* 
nigh, adv. Very nearly; almost.— w.=tosdo, a. 
In prosperous circumstances. 

Welles'ley, 1 welz'li; 2 wfils'ly, n. 1. Marquis of 
(1760-1842), Richard Wellesley, a British 
statesman; Governor«General of India; brother 
of the Duke of Wellington. 2. A town in E. 
Massachusetts; pop. 6,220; seat of Wellesley 
College for women, founded in 1875. 

Wel'ling-ton, 1 wel'iq-tan; 2 wei'ing-ton, n. 1. 
Duke of (1769-1852), Arthur Wellesley, a 


British general of Irish birth; defeated Napoleon 
at Waterloo; prime minister of England. 2. A 
seaport city, capital of New Zealand; pop. 81.300. 
— Wellington boot, a high boot covering the 
leg in front to the knee but cut aw r ay behind. 
Welsh, 1 welsh; 2 welsh. I. a. Pertaining to 
Wales, its people, or their language. II. n. 1. 
The natives of Wales. 2. The language of 
Wales. Cym'rict. [ < AS. welisc, foreign.] 
welt, 1 welt; 2 welt. I d . vt. 1. To sew a welt on 
or in. 2. To flog severely. II. n. 1. A strip of 
material, leather, etc., applied to a seam to 
cover or strengthen it. 2. A swollen stripe on 
the skin, made by a lash. [ < W. gwald, hem.] 
wel 'ter, 1 wel'tar; 2 wel'ter, vi. To roll or tum¬ 
ble about, as in mud. [ < AS. weallan, roll.] 
wen, 1 wen; 2 w£n, n. 1. An encysted tumor. 2. 

Any protuberance; prominence, f <AS. wen.] 
weneh, 1 wendh; 2 wdnch, n. 1. A damsel of 
lowly condition; serving*maid. 2||. Any girl. 
3f« A prostitute. [ < AS. wencel, orphan.] 
wend d , 1 wend; 2 wend, vt. & vi. To direct one’s 
course; go. [ < AS. wendan, < windan, turn.] 
went, 1 went; 2 w6nt. vi. An obsolete imperfect 
of wend, now used as imperfect of go. 
wept, 1 wept; 2 wept, imp . & pp . of weep, v. 
wer(e p , 1 wur; 2 wer. Indicative plural and 
subjunctive singular and plural of was, im¬ 
perfect of be, v. [ < AS. waeron, pi. pret. ind. 
wxre, subj. pret. < wesan, be.] 
we’re. Contraction of we are. 
w ert, 2d per. sing. ind. & subj. of was, v. 
wer'w olf", 1 wer'wulf"; 2 wdr'wQlf", n. Folk• 
lore. A person who, according to medieval 
superstition, was changed into a wolf or was 
able to assume the form of a wolf at will. [ < 
AS. werwulf, < wer, man, + wulf, wolf.] 

We'ser, 1 ve'zar; 2 vg'§er, n. A river in N. W. 

Germany; 280 m. to the North Sea. 

Wes'ley, 1 wes'U; 2 wSs'ly, n. 1. Charles (1707- 
1788), an English clergyman and hymn«writer; 
brother of John. 2. John (1703-1791), an English 
clergyman; founder of Methodism. 3. Samuel. 
(1) An English clergyman (1662-1735); father 
of John. (2) An English scholar and poet (1690- 
1730); brother of John. —Wes'ley-au, a. & n .— 
W es'ley-an-lsm, n. 

west, 1 west; 2 w£st. I. o. 1. Located at the 
west; facing the west. 2. Coming from the 
west. II. n. 1. That point of the compass or 
quarter of the heavens where the sun sets. 
2. Any western region. III. adv. In a west¬ 
erly direction. [ < AS. west, west, < V was, 
dwell.]— to go west, to die: British soldiers’ 
euphemism.—west'er-ly. I. a. Approximately 
western. II. adv. Westwardly.— west'ern.a. 1. 
Being in the west; pertaining to the west. 2. 
Proceeding from the west.— west'ern-er, n. 
One who dwells in a western region, especially in 
the western part of the United States.— west¬ 
ward, a. Tending or lying toward the west.— 
westward, westw ards, adv. Toward the west. 
—west'ward-ly, adv. In a westerly direction. 
West, 1 west; 2 west, Benjamin (1738-1820). An 
American painter, chiefly resident in London; 
second president of the Itoyal Academy. 
Western Aus-tra'li-a. A W. state of the Aus¬ 
tralian Commonwealth; 975,920 sq. m.; pop. 
282,120; capital, Perth. 

West In'dies, 1 in'diz; 2 In'dis. A group of islands 
lying east of North and South America. See 
Antilles. —West"«In'di-an s a. & n. 

Westm., abbr. Westminster. 

West'min-ster, 1 west'min-star; 2 wSst'mln-ster, 
n. A city (pop. 141,320) in the county of London, 
England, and immediately adjoining the city 


1: artistic, Art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rOle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; l = e< I = e- go, not, or, won. 





665 


Weimar 

when 


of London.—Westminster Abbey, a collegiate 
church dedicated to St. Peter, in Westminster, 
England: the burial-place of many English kings, 
other persons of note, aDd the Unknown Warrior, 
Nov. 11, 1920. 

West Point. A village in Orange county, New 
York; seat of the United States Military Acad¬ 
emy, founded in 1S02. 

West Vir-gin'i-a, 1 var-jin'i-a; 2 vir-gin'i-a. A 
State of the E. central United States; 24,170 
sq. in.; pop. 1,463,700; capital, Charleston, 
wet, 1 wet; 2 wet. I. vt. [wet'ted j or wet; 
wet'ting.] To moisten or saturate with 
liquid. II. a. 1. Moistened or saturated with 
water or other liquid. 2. Marked by showers 
or by heavy rainfall. 3. Containing or like 
water; watery; moistening. III. n. A con¬ 
siderable degree of moisture; rain. [< AS. 
wait, wet: akin to water.] — wet'ness, n.— wet's 
nurse", n. A woman who is hired to suckle the 
babe of another woman. 

weth'er, 1 weth'ar; 2 w'eth'er, n. A castrated 
ram. [ < AS. wither, wether.] 

Wet'ter-horn, 1 vet'er-hern; 2 v6t'er-horn, n. A 
mountain in the Swiss Alps; 12,166 ft. high, 
w. f., wf., abbr. Wrong font.— W. G., abbr. Worthy 
Grand.—W. G. M., abbr. Worthy Grand Master, 
whackt, 1 hwak; 2 hwak. [Colloq.] I. vt. & vi. 1. 
To strike sharply; beat. 2. [Slang.] To share. 
II. n. 1. A sharp blow. 2. A share. [< AS. thac- 
cian, beat.] 

whale, 1 hwel; 2 hwal, n. A marine mammal 
of fish-like form, especially one of the larger 
pelagic species. See illus. under sperm-whale. 
[< AS. hwxl, whale.]—whale'back", n. A 



Whaleback. 


form of vessel having the main decks covered 
in and rounded over.— whale '-boat", n. A long 
narrow boat, sharp at both ends: first used in 
whale-fishing.— w hale 'bone", n. The horny sub¬ 
stance developed in plates from the palate of the 
whalebone-whales.— whal'er, n. A person or a 
vessel engaged in whaling.— whal'ing, n. The 
industry of capturing whales. 

wharf, 1 hwerf; 2 hwarf, to. [wharfs or 
wharves, pi.] A landing-place for vessels 
and their cargoes. [< AS. hwerf, dam, turning ] 
—wharf'age, to. Com. 1. Charge for the use of a 
wharf. 2. Wharf accommodations.—wharf'ln- 
ger, to. One who keeps a wharf for landing goods. 

What, 1 hwot; 2 hwat. I. o. 1. In interrogative 
construction, asking for information as to a 
person or thing. 2. IIow surpri dng, ridicu¬ 
lous, great, or the like. II. interrog. pron. 
Which circumstance, event, relation, or the 
like. III. rel. pron. That which: a double 
relative. IV. adv. 1. In what respect; to what 
extent. 2. In some measure; partly. V. conj. 
1. So far as; as well as. 2. That: especially in 
the phrase but what. [ < AS. hwxt, what, neut. 
of hwa, who.]— what-ev'er, pron. The whole 
that; all that; anything that.—what'mot", n. 


I. An ornamental set of shelves for holding 
bric-a-brac, etc. 2. Something or other.— what"- 
so-ev'er, a. & pron. Whatever: slightly more 
formal. 

wheal, 1 hwil; 2 hwel, n. A discolored ridge on 
the skin, as from the stroke of a whip. [ < 
AS. hwele.] 

wheat, 1 hwlt; 2 hwet, n. A grain, the edible 
product of a cereal grass: the most important 
of the cereals; also, the plant producing this 
grain. [ < AS. hwxte.]— wheat'en, a. Made 
of wheat. 

wiiee 'die, 1 hwl'dl; 2 hwe'dl, vt. & vi. [whee'- 
dled; whee'dling.] To persuade by flattery; 
coax; deceive. [ < G. wedeln, wag the tail.] 

wheel, 1 hwil; 2 hwel. I. vt. & vi. To carry or 
move on wheels; roll; turn; 
rotate; revolve; gyrate. 

II. n. 1. A circular frame¬ 
work or a disk, made to 
rotate on an axis and em¬ 
ployed to reduce friction, 
to perform rotary motion, 
etc. 2. Something re¬ 
sembling a wheel or hav¬ 
ing a wheel as its distinc¬ 
tive characteristic, as a 
steering-wheel, a pulley, 
a bicycle, a potters’ rotat¬ 
ing disk or table, etc. 3. Vehicle-wheel. 

A wheeling; turning. 4. '> tire ‘> r < wooden ri ™; »> 

The method of putting to Bpoke8; h ' hub; axle ' nut ‘ 
death by torture on a wheel, or the apparatus 
so used. 5. Figuratively, that which imparts 
or directs motion or controls activity; as, 
the wheels of fate. [ < AS. hwedl, contr. of 
hweowol, wheel.]— wheel 'bar"row, n. A box-like 
vehicle with ordinarily one wheel and two han¬ 
dles.— wheel'er, n. 1. One who wheels. 2. A 
wheel-horse or other draft-animal working next 
the wheel. 3. Something furnished with a wheel 
or wheels, as a sid e*ivheeler. —wheel'ing, n. 1. 
The act of one who wheels, especially of one 
riding a bicycle. 2. The condition of the roads, 
as regards traveling on wheels. 3. A turning.— 
wheel'-horse", n. A horse harnessed to the pole 
or shafts when there is a leader or are leaders in 
front; hence, one -who does the heaviest work.— 
w. -house, n. A small house on the deck of a 
vessel in which the steering-wheel is located.— 
wheel'man, n. [-men, pi.] 1. The man who 
steers a vessel. 2. A cyclist.— wheel 'wright", 
n. A man whose business is to make or repair 
wheels and wheeled vehicles. 

wheez(e p , 1 hwlz; 2 hwez, vi. [wheez(e)d 8 ; 
wheez'ing.] To breathe hard and with a 
husky, whistling sound. [ < AS. hwesan, 
wheeze.] — wheeze, n. A wheezing sound.— 
wheez'y, a. Subject to wheezing. 

whelk 1 , 1 hwelk; 2 hwelk, n. A marine mollusk, 
having a whorled shell, that burrows in sand 
and preys on clams, etc. [ < AS. wiloc, < 
wealcan, roll.] [of wheal.] 

whelk 2 , n. A swelling; protuberance. [Dim. 

whelm, 1 hwelm; 2 hwelm, vt. 1. To cover with 
water; submerge. 2. To overpower; hence, to 
destroy. [ < AS. whelfan in awhelfan, over¬ 
whelm.] 

whelp, 1 hwelp; 2 hwelp. Ib vt. & vi. To bear 
whelps. II. n. 1. The young of the dog, lion, 
seal, etc. 2. A cub; puppy; worthless young 
fellow: in contempt. [ < AS. hwelp . whelp.] 

when, 1 hwen; 2 hwen, adv. 1. At what or 
which time. 2. At the time that; while; al- 



1: a = final; 
2:wplf, dp; 


l = habit; aisle; au = out; ell; IQ = feud; <5hin; go; 13 = sing; thin, this, 

book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bQrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 














whence 

Whitsunday 


666 


hwxnne , when.]— 
At whatever time. 


tho; after that. [< AS. 
when-ev'er, adv. & conj. 
when"so-ev'erj. 
whence, ( 1 hwens; 2 hweng, adv. 1. From 
whense 1 ’, ) what place or source. 2. For which 
reason; wherefore.— whence"so-ev'er, adv. 
& conj. 

Where, 1 hwar; 2 hw£r, adv. At or in what 
place, relation, or situation; whither; whence. 
I< AS. hwxr, where.]— where'a-bouts". I. n. 
The place in or near which a person or thing is. 
where'a-bout"t. II. adv. Near or at what 
place; about where.— where-as', conj. 1. See¬ 
ing that. 2. The fact of the matter being that.— 
where-at', adv. 1. At what. 2. At which.— 
where-by', adv. 1. By what; how. 2. By, near, 
through, or by means of which.— w here'fore, 
adv. 1. For what reason; why. 2. Therefore.— 
w liere-in', adv. 1. In what particular or regard. 
2. In which thing, place, etc.; in whatever.— 
where-of', adv. 1. Of or from what. 2. Of which 
or whom.— where-on', adv. 1. On what or 
whom. 2. On which.— where"so-ev'er, adv. 1. 
Wherever. 2. Whithersoever.— wliere-to', adv. 
1. To what place or end. 2. To which; whither.— 
where"up-on', adv. 1. Whereon. 2. Conjunc¬ 
tively, upon which or whom; after which.— 
wher-ev'er, adv. & conj. In or at w hatever place. 
— where-with', adv. 1. With what. 2. With 
which.— where"with-al'. I. n. The necessary 
means or resources. II||.adt>. Wherewith, 
wher'ry, 1 hwer'i; 2 hwer'y, n. [wher'ries 2 , 
pi .] A light, 
sharp row¬ 
boat used on 
inland wa¬ 
ters; also,a 
decked fish¬ 
ing* vessel 
with tw T o sails. 

[ <Ice. hverfr, 

Thames Wherry. 

tiverfa, turn.] 

Whet, 1 hwet; 2 hw r 6t. I. vt. [w 7 het'ted < i ; 
whet'ting.] 1. To sharpen, as an edged tool, 
by friction. 2. To make more keen or eager; 
excite. II. n. The act of whetting; also, 
something that whets or excites; specifically, 
a dram. [ < AS. hwettan, < hwxt, keen.]— 
whet'stone", n. A fine*grained stone for whet¬ 
ting edge*tools. 

wheth 'er, 1 hweth'ar ; 2 hwSth'er. 11| . a. & pron. 
Which: properly of two, less exactly of more 
than two. II. conj. In case; if: introducing 
an alternative clause, followed by a correlative 
or, or or whether. [ < AS. hwscther, Atm,who. 1 
Whey, 1 hwe; 2 hwe n. A clear straw*colored 
hquid that separates from the curd when milk 
is curdled by rennet or acids. [ < AS. hwveg, 
whey.]—w hey'ey, a .— whey'ish, a. 
whf., abbr. Wharf. 



Whiell, 1 hwitfh; 2 hwich, pron. I. interrog. 
What individual person or thing of a certain 
number or class. II. rel. What particular one 
of a certain number or class referred to. [ < 
AS. hwilc, which, < Jiwd, who, + -lie, -ly.]— 
which-ev'er, pron. Whether one or another (of 
two or of several). which"so-ev'erJ. 
whid'ali*bird", 1 hwid'9*burd"; 2 hwid'a»bird", n. 
An African weaver*bird having the tail of the 
male greatly lengthened in the breeding*season, 
sometimes to twice the length of the body. \ < 
Whidah, an African seaport.] w hld 'ah=fineh"f. 
Whiff, 1 bwif; 2 hwlf. I‘. vt. & vi. To send forth 
whiffs, as of smoke; throw out whiffs. II. n. 


Any sudden or slight gust, as one bearing an 
odor; puff, as of smoke. [Imitative.] 

whtf'fle, 1 hwif'l; 2 hwif'l, vt. & vi. [whif'fled; 
whif'fling.] To shift from one opinion to an¬ 
other; waver; sway; vacillate; blow with puffs 
or whiffs. [Freq. of w hiff, t).] — whif'fier, n. 
— whif'fle-tree", n. Same as swingletree. 

Whig, 1 hwig; 2 hwig, n. 1. A member of the 
Liberal party in England in the 18th and 19th 
centuries; also, a Covenanter or a Round- 
head. 2. An American colonist who supported 
the Revolutionary war; later, a member of a 
party opposed to the Democratic and suc¬ 
ceeded by the Republican party in 1856. 
[Prob. abbr. < Whiggamore, name applied to 
Scotch opponents of Charles I.]— Whlg'ger-y, 
n. The doctrines of Whigs. — Whig'gisli, a. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

while, 1 hwail; 2 hwll. I. vt. [wailed; whil'- 
ing.] To cause to pass lightly and pleasantly; 
spend, as time: generally with away. II. n. A 
short time; also, a period of time. III. conj. 

I. During the time that. 2. At the same time 
that; sometimes; tho. [< AS. hwil, while.] 
—whiles||. I. adv. [Scot.] Sometimes. II .conj. 
While. —w hilst, conj. While: old form. 

whi'lom||,l hwai'lam; 2 hwi'lom, a. Being once 
upon a time; former; as, a whilom friend. 

whim, 1 hwim; 2 hwim, n. An eccentric or 
sudden fancy; caprice; freak. [ < Ice. hvima, 
wander with the eyes.] 

whim'per, 1 hwim'psr; 2 hwim'per. I. vt. & vi. 
To whine brokenly; complain. II. n. A low, 
broken, whining cry; whine. [Perhaps akin 
to whine.] 

whim'sy, 1 hwim'zi; 2 hwim'gy, n. [whim'- 
sies z ,pl.\ A whim, whim'seyt.—whim'si- 
cal, a . 1. Having eccentric ideas; capricious. 2. 
Oddly constituted, -ly, adv. -ness, n.— wliim"- 
si-cal'i-ty, n. 

whin, 1 hwin; 2 hwin, n. Furze. [< W. chwyn.) 

whine, 1 hwoin; 2 hwin. I. vt. & vi. [whined; 

whin'ing.] To utter w r ith a whine; give forth 
a whine; find fault in a weak or childish way. 

II. 7i\ A plaintive, complaining cry; hence, a 
suppressed nasal draw l regarded as the tone 
of childish complaint. [ < AS. hwlnan, whine.] 
—whin'er, n. 

whin'ny, 1 hwin'i; 2 hwin'y. I. vi. [whin'- 
nied; whin'ny-ing.] To neigh, especially in s> 
low or gentle way. II. n. [whin'nies 2 , pi.] 
The cry or call of a horse; a neigh, especially 
if low and gentle. [Freq. of whine.] 

whip, 1 hwip; 2 hwfp, v. [whipped* or whipt: 
whip'ping.] I. t. 1. To strike with a whip; 
flog; beat; lash. 2. To effect by or as by blows 
of a whip. 3. To jerk; move or sweep with a 
lashing motion: with away, from, into, out, 
etc. 4. To beat out, as grain from the husk; 
thresh. 5. To beat into a froth, as cream. II. 
i. To move nimbly or swiftly: followed by an 
adverb or preposition of direction, as he 
whipped through the garden, down the street, 
and round the corner. [ME. whippen; cp. G. 
& D. wippen, seesaw.] 

whip, n. 1. An instrument consisting of a 
handle and lash, a flexible rod, or the like, 
used for driving draft*animals or for ad¬ 
ministering punishment. 2. One who drives 
with or as with a whip; a driver. 3. A rope 
and pulley rigged for hoisting, etc.— whip'- 
saw", n. A thin, narrow, and flexible saw.— 
whip'per, n. —whlp"perdn', n. In hunting. 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rflle; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, all; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n. 












667 


whence 

Whitsunday 



Whippoorwill. V« 


an assistant to the huntsman who enforces obedi¬ 
ence among the hounds.— whip 'per -snap"per, 
». A noisily pretentious but insignificant person. 
— whip'ping, n. The act of one who whips or 
the condition of being whipped; castigation, 
whip'pie-tree", 1 hwip'l-trl"; 2 hwlp'l-tre", n. 

A swingletree. [Var. of whiffletree.] 
whip'poor-will", 1 hwip'pur-wil"; 2 hwlp'pur- 
wil", n. A goatsucker of the eastern 
United States, remarkable for its 
cry, closely imitated in its name. 

Whir, 1 hwur; 2 hwir. I. vt. 

& vi. [WHIRRED, WHIRD 

whir'ring.] To 
whirl; move or fly 
with a whir. II. n. A 
whizzing, swashing 
sound, as that caused 
by the sudden rising 
of birds. [ < Dan. 
hvirre, whirl (imitative).] whirrj. 
whirl, 1 hwurl; 2 hwlrl. I. vt. & vi. 1. To turn 
or cause to turn; gyrate; twirl. 2. To bear 
away rapidly with a revolving motion. 3. 
To move rapidly in a circular course. II. n. 
1. A swift rotating or revolving motion. 2. 
Something whirling, as a cloud of dust. [ME. 
whirlen, of Scand. origin; cp. Ice. hvirfla, freq. of 
hverfa, turn.]—whirl'er, n.— whirl'i-gig, n. 1. 
A toy that revolves rapidly on an axis. 2. A 
merry-go-round.—w hirl'pool", n. An eddy or 
vortex where water moves with a gyrating sweep. 
—whirl 'wind", n. A moving funnel*shaped col¬ 
umn of air, causing waterspouts, dust-whirls, etc. 
Whisk, 1 hwisk; 2 hwisk. I 1 , vt. & vi. To move 
or be moved along with a light sweeping 
movement. II. n. 1. A light sweeping move¬ 
ment. 2. A little broom or brush. 3. A little 
bunch, as of straw, feathers, etc.; wisp. [< 
Sw. sisita.]—whisk'-broom", n. A small short- 
handled broom for brushing clothing, etc. 

Whisk'er, 1 hwisk'ar; 2 hwisk'er, n. 1. pi. The 
hair that grows on the sides of a man’s face; 
loosely, any part of the beard. 2. One of the 
long bristly hairs on the sides of the mouth of 
some animals, as the cat. [ < w t hisk, r.] 
whisk'ered, a. Having whiskers, 
whis'ky, ) 1 hwis'ki; 2 hwis'ky, n. [-kies*, pi.] 
Whis'key, )An alcoholic liquor obtained by 
the distillation of a fermented starchy com¬ 
pound, usually a grain. [ < Gael, uisgebeatha, 
‘water of life.’] 

whis'per, 1 hwis'par; 2 liwis per, v. I. t. lo 
utter in a whisper. II. i. 1. To speak in a 
whisper. 2. To make a low rustling sound. 3. To 
speak with caution; also, to devise^mischief. [ < 
AS. hwisprian, imitative.]— whis'per-er, n. 
whis'per, n. 1. An articulated but not sonant 
breath; also, a low, rustling sound. 2. A 
secret communication. • [calmed. 

Whist, 1 hwist; 2 hwist, a. Made silent or quiet; 
whist, n. A game of cards played by four per¬ 
sons with a full pack of 52 cards, opposite 
players being partners: all the cards are 
played in each hand, the highest card played 
in each of the 13 tricks winning such trick. 

[ < whisk, n. ; orig. name of the game.] 

Whist, interj. Hush! be still! [ = hush.] 
whis'tl(e p , 1 hwis'l; 2 hwis'l. I. vt. & vi. [whis - 
tl(e)d p ; whis'tling.] To make or emit the 
musical sound called a whistle; sound as a 
whistle; call or guide by a whistle. II. n The 
sound of air forced through a narrow aper¬ 


ture or against a thin edge; also, a mechanical 
device for producing such a sound. [ < AS. 
hwistlian (imitative).]—whis'tler, n. 

Whis'tier, 1 hwis'ler; 2 hwis'ler, James Abbott 
McNeil (1834-1903). An American artist, etch¬ 
er. and writer, resident in Europe, 
whit, 1 hwit; 2 hwit, n. The smallest particle; 
speck: usually with a negative; as, not a whit 
abashed. [ < AS. wiht ; see wight, n.] 
white, 1 hwait; 2 hwit. I. vt. & vi. To whiten. 
II. a. 1. Having the color produced by irregu¬ 
lar or scattering reflection, as from a finely 
powdered surface; snow-colored. 2. Having 
a light complexion; blond; belonging to a 
light as opposed to a dark race. 3. Free from 
spot or stain; hence, pure; innocent. 4. Light 
and translucent, as certain wines. III. n. 1. 
That color which is devoid of any tint, and is 
the opposite of black. 2. Any thing white, as 
the white portion of the eyeball, a white per¬ 
son, etc. [ < AS. hwit , white.]— white ant, 
an insect, the termite, closely resembling the t^ue 
ant in general appearance and social habits: it 
is mostly tropical and does much damage to 
wooden structures, furniture, etc., by boring.— 
white'bait, n. The young of various fishes, espe¬ 
cially of sprat and herring.— white'cap", n. 1. 
A foam-crested wave. 2. [U. S.] One of a lawless 
organization of men, who, under the pretense of 
regulating public morals, inflict cruelties upon 
individuals who have incurred their ill-will: so 
called from the white caps or hoods worn by 
them. 3. One of several birds having white about 
the head.— white'fish", n. 1. A salmon-like 
food-fish of northern regions. 2. The men¬ 
haden.— white flag, a flag of truce.— w. lead, 
a pigment obtained from metallic lead by treat¬ 
ment with acids, steam, etc.— w. lie, a false 
statement made not out of malice but to save 
the feelings of another.— white'wash". I*, vt. 
1. To coat with whitewash. 2. To attempt to 
excuse or defend a corrupt person, act, or thing. 
3. tColloq., U. S.] To beat in a game without 
allowing the opposite side to score. II. n. A 
mixture of slaked lime and water, used for whit¬ 
ening walls, etc.— white'wash"er, n.— white'- 
weed", n. The oxeye daisy.— white'wood", n. 
Any one of various trees yielding a whitish tim¬ 
ber, as the basswood, or the timber itself.— 
whit'en, v. I. t. To make white; bleach. II. i. 
To become white.— white'ness, n. — whit'lng, 
n. 1. A white powdered chalk used as a pigment 
and for polishing. 2. A food-fish of a silvery 
appearance.— whit 'ish, a. Somewhat white. 
White'field, 1 hwit'fild; 2 hwlt'feld, George 
(1714-1770). An English preacher; founder of 
the Calvinistic Methodists; preached in America. 
White Moun 'tains. A range in central New 
Hampshire; Mount Washington, 6,293 ft. high, 
whith'er, 1 hwith'ar; 2 hwith'er, adv. 1. As a 
relative, to which or what place. 2. As an in¬ 
terrogative, to which or what. 3. Whereso¬ 
ever. [ < AS. hwider , whither.]— whith"er- 
so-ev 'er || , adv. To what place soever, 
whit'low, 1 hwit'lo; 2 hwit'lo, n. An inflam¬ 
matory tumor, especially on a finger. [For 
whickflaw , < quick, n., 1 + flaw 1 , n .] 
Whit'man, 1 hwit'man; 2 hwit'man.Walt (1819- 
1892). An American poet; Leaves of Grass. 
Whlt'ney, 1 hwit'm; 2 hwit'ny. Mount. A peak 
in the Sierra Nevada range, California; 14,502 
ft.; second highest peak in the United States. 
Whit'sun-day, 1 hwit'snn-de; 2 hwit'sun-da, 
n. The seventh Sunday after Easter: a church 
festival commemorating Pentecost. Whit'- 


1: a = final; l = habit; aisle; an = out ; 
2: wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rule, cure, 


oil; iu = fewd: (dim; go; rj = sin( 7 ; thin, this, 
but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 









Whittier 

win 


663 


sunt.—Whlt'sun-tide", n. The week begin¬ 
ning with Whitsunday. 

Whit'ti-er, 1 hwit'i-ar; 2 hw!t'i-er, John Green- 
leaf (1807-1892). An American poet; Snow* 
bound, etc. 

Whit'tie, 1 hwit'l; 2 hwft'l, vt. & vi. [whit'- 
tled; whit'tling.] To cut, carve, or shape 
by hand with a knife. [ < AS. thwitan, cut.] 
Whiz, 1 hwiz; 2 hwiz. I. vi. [wbizzed, 'whizd 8 ; 
whiz'zxng.] To move swiftly with a hissing 
or humming sound. II. n. A sound such as 
is produced by a flying missile. [Imitative.] 
who, 1 hu; 2 hp, pron. I. interrog. Which or 
what person. II. rel. 1. That. 2. He, she, 
or they that. [ < AS. hwd, who, < pron. hw- 
(interrog.).]— who-ev'er, pron. Any one without 
exception who. who"so-ev'ert. 
w r hoa, 1 hwo; 2 hw5, interj. Stop! stand still! 
[For ho, interj.] 


whole, 
hole p 




1 hoi; 2 h5l. I. a. 1. Containing all; 
entire; total; complete. 2. Having all 
J-he original parts in their proper constitu¬ 
tion; hence, sound; healthy. 3. Full: used of 
relationship; as, a whole brother: distin¬ 
guished from half*. II. n. 1. All the parts or 
elements entering into and making up a 
thing. 2. An organization of parts making a 
unity. [< AS. hal, well, sound.]— whole'- 
ness, n.. Entireness; completeness. — whole'- 
sale", a. 1. Selling in quantity. 2. Pertaining to 
wholesale trade; made or done on a large scale. 
—whole'some, a. 1. Tending to promote health. 
2. Salutary; beneficial. -ly, adv. — whol'ly, 
adv. Totally; exclusively. 

whom, 1 hum; 2 hum, pron. The objective 
(formerly dative) case of who. — whom"so- 
ev'er, pron. 

whoop, 1 hup; 2 hoop. I‘. vt. & vi. 1. To call 
upon with whoops; mock. 2. To utter 
whoops; hoot. II. n. 1. A shout of excite¬ 
ment, derision, etc.; a hoot. 2. A loud con¬ 
vulsive inspiration after a paroxysm of 
coughing, f < OF. houper, whoop.]— whoop '- 
ingscough", n. A contagious disease, marked 
by violent coughing, ending with a whoop. 

whop, 1 hwop; 2 hwdp, vt. [W'hopped; whop'- 
ping.] [Colloq.] To beat or thrash, as in a fight 
or other contest.— whop, n. [Colloq.] A blow. 
— whop'per, n. 1. One who whops. 2. Some¬ 
thing large and surprizing; especially a surprizing 
falsehood.— whop'ping, a. Unusually large; ex¬ 
cessively exaggerated. 

Whore, 1 hor; 2 hdr, n. A woman who practises 
unchastity for hire; a prostitute: now ex¬ 
cluded from polite speech. [ < AS. hore, < 
hdr, adultery.]— whore'dom, n. 1. Unchastity. 
2. Bib. Idolatry. 

whorl, 1 hwurl; 2 hwftrl, n. 
leaves, etc., on the same 
plane with one another, 
distributed in a circle. 2. 

A turn, as of a spiral shell. 

— whorled, a. Furnished 
with or arranged in whorls. 

whor't!e-ber"ry, 1 hwur'tl- 
ber'i; 2 hwur'tl-ber"y, n. 1. 

[U. S.] Same as huckle¬ 
berry. 2. [Eng.] A dwarf 
hardy shrub and its blue* 
black fruit. bll'ber"ryt. [< AS. wyrtil (dim. of 
wyrt, root) + berry, n.] 

whose, 1 huz; 2 hog, pron. The possessive case 
of who and often of which. [ < ME. hwas, 
gen. of hwd, w r ho.] 

who 'so||, 1 hQ'so; 2 ho's5, pron. Whoever.— 


1. Bot. A set of 



Whorl of Leaves. 


whose"so-ev'er, pron. Possessive case of who¬ 
soever. 

why, 1 hwai; 2 hwy. I. adv. For what cause, 
purpose, or reason. II. conj. 1. Because of 
which; for which. 2. As a relative, the reason 
or cause for which. III. interj. An intro¬ 
ductory expletive. [ < AS. hwi, < hwd, who.] 
W. I., W. Ind., abbr. West India, West Indies. 
wlch'=ha"zel, 1 wi<fh'*he"zl; 2 wlch'»ha"zl, n. 
A shrub, 10 to 12 
feet high, of the 
eastern United 
States and Can¬ 
ada, from which 
are derived an 
ointment and so¬ 
lution used in 
pharmacy, as a 
remedy for bruises, 
sprains, etc. (< 

AS. wice, wych»elm, 

+ hazel.] witch'* 
ha"zelf. 

wick, 1 w-ik; 2 wdk, 

n. A band, as of Wlch-hazel. 

WOVCH fillersi ns leaves; b t a tiower; c, fruits. 

in a candle or lamp, operating by capillary 
attraction, to convey oil or other illuminant 
to a flame. [ < AS. weoca, wick.]—wick'ing, 
n. Material for wicks. 

wick'ed, 1 wik'ed; 2 wlk'Pd, a. 1. Evil; de¬ 
praved; vicious; sinful. 2. Mischievous. [< 
AS. wicca, wizard.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
wlck'er, 1 wik'er; 2 wlk'er. 1. a. Made of 
twigs, osiers, etc. II. n. 1. A pliant young 
shoot or rod. 2. Ware made of such shoots. 
[Ult. < AS. uflcan, bend.]— wick'er-work", n. 
A fabric or texture of woven twigs, osiers, etc. 
wlck'et, 1 wik'et; 2 wfk'gt, n. 1. A small door 
or gate subsidiary to a larger entrance. 2. A 
small opening in a door. 3. Cricket. An ar¬ 
rangement of three upright rods set near to¬ 
gether, with two crosspieces over the top. 

[ < Ice. OF vikinn, pp. of vlkja, turn.] 
w ick'1-up, 1 wik'i-up; 2 wik'i-up, n. A loosely con¬ 
structed hut of certain North*American Indian 
tribes: opposed to teepee or wigwam. [Am. Ind.] 
wide, I waid; 2 wld. I. a. [wid'er; wid'est. 1 1. 
Having relatively great extent between sides; 
broad. 2. Extended; ample. 3. Having a 
specified degree of width. 4. Fully open; ex¬ 
panded. II. adv. To a great distance. [< 
AS. wide, < wld, t w ide.]—wide'«a-wake", a. 
Marked by vigilance and alertness.—wlde'ly, 
adv. —wld 'en, vt. & vi. To make or grow wide or 
wider.—wlde'ness, n. —width, n. Space be¬ 
tween sides, or extent from side to side, 
widge'on, 1 wij'an; 2 widg'on, n. A river*duck 
with short bill and 
w e d g e* s h a p e d. 
tail. [ < OF, 
vigeon, < L. vipio, 
kind of crane.] 
wlge'onf. 

wid'ow, 1 wid'o; 2 
wld'o. I. vt. To 
make a widow. 

II||. a. Widowed. 

III. n. A woman 
who has lost her 
husband by death American Widgeon. Vi* 
and is still unmar¬ 
ried. [ < AS. widewe, widow, prob. < V in Sans. 
vindh, lack.]—wid 'ow-er, n. A man whose wife 




1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, dr; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, tast, what, all; me, get, prey, fSrn; hit. Ice; i = e; I = e: go, not, or, won, 










669 


hood d « nd Wh ° haS n0t married again.—wid 'ow- 

wield^’l wild; 2 weld, t it. 1. To use, control, or 
manage, as a weapon or instrument 2. To 

1 5 AS ’ ( { ewe ldan, < wealdan; akin 
to L. valeo, be strong.] 

Wtfe, 1 waif; 2 wif, n. [wives, 1 waivz; 2 wlvs 
VL\ 1. A woman joined to a man in wedlock 
2. A housewife; good wife. [ < AS wif wife 
< V «fft, tremble.] wife 'hood , n.-whV'Iy a.’ 

Wig, 1 wig; 2 wig, n. A covering of false hair 


Whittier 

win 



i i cuiij; ui lciise rmir 

closely fitting the head. [Short for periwig 1 
Wi f ® le » 1 WI ? •; 2 wlg'l. fCoIloq. or Prov.] I. vt. 
& in. To squirm about; wriggle. II. n The act 
of wriggling. [For waggle.]— wig 'gler, n. 

W,g ” j l wait: 2 wit, n. A person: generally in 
good-humored contempt. [ < AS. wiht.] 
Wight, 1 wait; 2 wit. Isle of. An island and sum- 
merresort off the coastof Southampton, England- 
23 by 13m.; pop. 94,700; chief town, Newport 
Wig 'wag", 1 wig'wag"; 2 wig'wag". I. vt &vi 
[-WAGGED -WAGD 8 ; -WAGGING.] 1. [Colloq.j 
io move briskly to and fro; wag. 2. To com¬ 
municate (a message) as by signabflags or 
torches. II. n. The act or art of signaling 
with nags or the like, or the message so sent 
[Var. redup. of W4G, v.] 

wig'wam, 1 wig'wem; 2 wig'wam, n. 1. A lodo-e 
or tent of the 
Nort h=Ameri- 
can Indians. 2. 

[Colloq., U. S.] 

A large public 
building. [ < 

Algonkian or 
Massachusetts 
wek, his house ] 
wild, 1 waild; 2 
wild. I. a. 1. 

Not domesti¬ 
cated or tamed. 

2. Living with- - : -—- 

out any civili- Chippeway Wigwam of Bark 
zation. 3. Uncultivated or uninhabited. 4. 
Dissolute; prodigal. 5. Stormy; turbuient. 

6. Keenly eager. II. n . An uninhabited or 
uncultivated place; a wilderness. [< AS. 
wild, wild, < V of will 1 , r.]—wild boar, the na¬ 
tive hog of continental Europe, southern Asia 
northern Africa, and formerly of Great Britain! 
—wild cat . I. a. 1. Acting or done recklessly 
or wildiy, as financiering. 2. Running without 
schedule, as a train or engine. II. n. A small 
undomesticated feline carnivore, resembling the 
domestic cat. wild Gfire", n. A composition of 
inflammable materials, or the flame produced by 
it, spreading readily and hard to quench. Greek 
fire|.—wild Gwood", n. A woodland retreat.— 
wild 'ly, adv.— wild 'ness, n. 
wil'der, 1 wil'dar; 2 wil'der, v. [Poet.] I. t. To 
mislead: bewilder. II. i. To wander 
wil'der-ness 1 , 1 wil'dar-nes; 2 wil'der-nes, n. 

1* An uncultivated, uninhabited, or barren 
region. 2. A waste, as of an ocean. [ < AS. 
wilder, contr. of wild dedr, wild beast.] 

Wil 'der-ness 2 , n. A densely wooded region in N. E. 
Virginia; scene of indecisive battles. May 5 to 6, 
1864, betw-een Grant and Lee. 
wild'ing, 1 w’aild'iq; 2 wlld'ing, n. An uncul¬ 
tivated plant; a chance seedling. 

Wile, 1 wail; 2 wil. I. vt. [wiled; wil'ing.] 1. 

To mislead, or lead with guile. 2. To pass 
divertingly, as time. II. n. An act or a means 
of cunning deception; also, any beguiling 
trick or artifice. [ < AS. wile, w-ile.] 


Wi *'f f ul ’.l 2 wil'ful, a. 1. Headstrong; 

advGuess', »*' Voluntary: intentional. if, 

Wilkes, 1 wilks; 2 wllks, Charles (1798-1877) An 
A I i nencan .?'dmiral and antarctic explorer. 

Will , )1 wil; 2 wil, v. [pres, sing., will, 
hu p , )will; pi. will; ' 


WILT, 

_ - —. imp. sing., would, 

wouldest or wodldst, would; pi. would.] 
l||. r. 1 o wish or desire. II. i. 1. To bede¬ 
ll vv^i haVe awish : mostly in the form would. 
2. W ith auxiliary force, a sign of futurity or 
of purpose. See shall. [ < AS. willan, will.] 

WTr’rfi < rr' t % wild8; will'ing 

wills ] [Confused with will 1 .] 1. To pro- 

duce by the exercise of will; exercise volition 

it/. de .termine. 3. To bequeath 

by a will f < AS. willian, < willa, will.] 

Will, n. 1. The Power of willing; also, a choice; 
volition .purpose. 2. Energy of character. 3. 
/nelegal declaration of a man’s intentions as 
to the disposition of his property, etc., after 
.m. 8 death. [ < AS. willa, < willan, will.] 
i ’ -,y ’ “ ness - Same as wilful, etc 
Wil Ham, 1 wil'yom; 2 wil'yam, n. 1. Any one of 
four kings of England, especially: (l) w. I. 
(1027?—1087),surnamed “theConqueror”- duke 
of Normandy; defeated Harold at the battle of 
Hastings and became first Norman kino- 
England. (2) W. III. (1650-1702), prince of 
Orange; received English crown from Parliament 
on the flight of James II. 2. Either of two Ger¬ 
man emperors: (1) W. I. (1797-1888), king of 
Prussia; proclaimed German emperor in 1871 
(2) W. II. (1859— ), German emperor 1888— 

1918: abdicated, Dec., 1918. 3. W. of Orange: 
(1) (1533-1584), prince of Orange; founder of 
the Dutch republic. W. the Silent j. (2) Same 
as William III. 4. W. “ the Lion” ( -1214) 
a Scottish king. 4 

wiii'ing, a. 1. Having the mind favorably in¬ 
clined or disposed. 2. Compliant. 3. Gladly 
proffered or done, -ly, adv. -ness, n 
Will Go’ *the swisp", 1 wil'=o=thuwisp"; 2 wil'* 
o^theswisp", n. The ignis fatuus. 
wil'low, 1 wil'o; 2 wil'o, n. A tree or shrub 
having generally smooth 
branches and often long, 
slender, pliant, and sometimes 
pendent branchlets. [ < AS. 
welig, willow.] — weeping wil¬ 
low, an Old World willow re¬ 
markable for its long, slender, 
pendulous branches.—wil'low-y, 
a. 1. Abounding in willows. 2 
Having supple grace. 

Wil'son, 1 wil'son ; 2 wil'son, 

Thomas Woodrow (1856- ). 

An American statesman, educa¬ 
tor, author. President of the WillowLeaves 
United States. See president. , Highland wii- 

wilfU 1 wilt- 9 -ivTlt I / low. 2. tVhitewillow. 

Will , 1 Wilt, 2 Wilt, V. I. t. 3. Weeping willow. 

1 o cause to droop or wither. 4. shining willow. 5 . 

II. i. To lose freshness; Velvetosier ' 
droop, as a plant. [Akin to D. welken, wither.] 
wilt 2 , 2d per. sing. pres. ind. act. of will, v. 
wi'ly, 1 wai'li; 2 wi'ly, a. [wi'li-er; wi'li-est.] 
Full of or characterized by wiles; sly; cun¬ 
ning.—wi'li-ly, adv. —wi 'li-ness, n. 
wim'bl(e p , 1 wim'bl; 2 wim'bl, n. Anything 
that bores a hole; a gimlet or a brace and bit. 

[ < Dan. vimmel, auger.] 

Win, 1 win; 2 win, vt. & vi. fwoN; win'ning.] 1. 

To gain or succeed in, as against difficulties or 
competitors; achieve; attain, as a position, 
destination, etc.; be victorious. 2. To allure; 



l:a— final; i-habitq aisle; au = owt; ell; iu = fe«d; ifhin; go; r) = si ng; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 
































wince 

without 


670 


persuade. [< AS. winnan, contend.]— win'- 
ner, n.— wiu'ning. I .pa. 1. Successful in com¬ 
petition. 2.Capable of winning or charming; at¬ 
tractive; winsome. II. n. 1. The act of one who 
wins. 2. That w'hich is won: usually in the plural. 

Wince, 1 wins; 2 wing, vi. [winced 1 ; wind¬ 
ing.] To shrink back or start aside, as from a 
blow or pain; flinch. [ < OHG. OF wenkan, G. 
wanken, wince.] 

Winch, 1 windh; 2 winch, n. 1. A windlass, 
particularly one used for 
hoisting. 2. A crank used 
as a handle. [ < AS. wince, 
winch.] 

Win 'c ties-ter, l win'dhes-tar; 

2 win'chSs-ter, n. 1. A 
cathedral city in Southamp¬ 
ton, England; pop. 23,800; 
seat of Winchester College, 
an ancient public school. 2. A 
city, county-seat of Frederick 
county, Va.; scene of several 
battles in 1862 and 1864. 

wind 1 , 1 waind; 2 wind, v. [wound; wind'ing.1 

1. t. 1. To pass (a thread, cord, etc.) around 
some object; twine; wreathe. 2. To encircle 
with something; as, to wind a spool with 
thread. 3. To put the mechanism of in readi¬ 
ness for movement by tightening the coil of 
a spring, cord, etc.; as, to wind a watch, etc.: 
often with up. 4. To direct by sinuous move¬ 
ment; as, to wind one’s way. II. i. 1. To 
move or be arranged in a circular or spiral 
manner. 2. To go tortuously round about; 
twist. 3. To have a twisted form. [ < AS. 
wlndan.]— to wind up. 1. To coil round and 
round. 2. Same as wind, v ., I., 2. 3. To put in 
readiness for action; excite; arouse. 4. To bring 
to conclusion or settlement; close, as a business. 
—wind'er 1 , n. 

wind 2 , 1 wind or waind; 2 wind or wind, vt. & vi. 
[wiND'EDd (erroneously, wound); wind'ing.] 
To blow, as a horn; sound by blowing. [< 
w ind 1 , n.; confused with wind 1 , r.]— wind 'er 2 , n. 

wind 3d , 1 wdnd; 2 wind, vt. 1. To detect or fol¬ 
low by scent. 2. To exhaust the wind or 
breath of. 

wind 1 , n. 1. A current of air. 2. Lung-power; 
breath. 3. Flatulence. 4. Idle talk. [ < AS. 
wind, wind, < V in Goth, waian, G. wehen, 
blow.]— wind'age, n. 1. The rush of air caused 
by the rapid passage of an object, as a projectile 
or a raihvay-train. 2. Deflection of an object, as 
a bullet, from its natural course due to wind- 
pressure. 3. The free air-space between any mov¬ 
ing piece and the socket or bore in which it trav¬ 
els.— wind'break", n. Anything, as a hedge, 
fence, etc., that breaks the force of the wind.— 
wind'=bro"ken, a. Asthmatic; broken-winded: 
said of a horse.— wind'fail", n. 1. Something, 
as ripening fruit, brought down by the wind. 

2. A piece of unexpected good fortune.— wind'- 
flow"er, n. The anemone.— w.-gall, n. A soft 
swelling near the pastern-joint of a horse.— w.* 
Instrument, n. A musical instrument whose 
sounds are produced by vibrations of air in¬ 
jected by the lungs or by machinery.— wind'- 
less, a. 1. Without wind; breezeless; calm. 2. 
Being out of breath.— wind'mill", n. A ma¬ 
chine turned by the wind, for supplying motive 
power.— w ind 'pip,£", n. The duct by which the 
breath is carried to and from the lungs. 

Wind 2 , 1 waind; 2 wind, n. A winding; bend, 
turn, or twist.— wind'ing, pa. 1. Turning 
spirally about an axis. 2. Having bends or later¬ 


al turns; twisting.— wind'ingsslieet", n. The 
sheet that wraps a corpse. 

wind'lass, 1 wind'las; 2 wlnd'las, n. Mech. A 
drum for winding, or for hoisting by winding. 
[Corr. of windas (< D. windas, < winden, wind, 
+ aes, pole).] 

win'dow, 1 w r in'do; 2 wln'do, n. 1. An open-, 
ing, as in a wall of a building, for the admis¬ 
sion of light or air, including the casement, sash, 
panes, etc. 2. Anat. A window-like aperture. 

[ < Ice. vindauga, < vindr, w r ind, + auga, eye.] 
wind'row, 1 wind'ro or win'ro; 2 wind'ro or 
wln'ro, n. A long ridge or pile, as of hay on 
the ground shaped by or as by the wind. 
Wind'sor Cas'tle, 1 win'zar or wind'zar; 2 wln'- 
gor or wind'gor. A castle and environs in New 
Windsor, Berkshire, England; residence of the 
British sovereigns. 

wind'ward, 1 wind'ward; 2 wlnd'ward. I. a. 
Being on the side exposed to the wind. II. n. 
The direction from which the wind blows. 
III. adv. In the direction from which the 
wind blows. 

wind'y, 1 wind'i; 2 wind'y, a. [wind'i-er; 
wind'i-est.] 1. Abounding in wind; stormy. 
2. Exposed to the wind. 3. Bombastic; pom¬ 
pous. [ < AS. windig, < wind, wind.]— wind '- 
1-ly, adv. —wind 'i-ness, n. 
wine, 1 wain; 2 win. I. vt. & vi. [wined; win'- 
ing.] To entertain or treat with W’ine. II. n. 
The fermented juice of the grape, or some¬ 
times of other fruit. [< AS. win, < L. vi- 
num, wine.]— wlne'*bib"ber, n. A tippler.— w.* 
glass, n. A small goblet from which to drink 
wine.— w.snieasure,n. Sameas liquid measure. 
See measure. — w.spress, n. An apparatus or a 
place where the juice of grapes is expressed.— 
win'er-y, n. An establishment for making wine; 
a room for fining and storing wines, 
wing, 1 wig; 2 wing, v. I. t. 1. To accomplish 
by the aid of wings. 2. To impart rapid mo¬ 
tion to. 3. To furnish with wings. 4. To shoot 
in the wing; hence, to disable. II. i. To fly 
with or as with wings.—wing(e)d 8 , a. 1. 
Having wings; passing swiftly. 2. Soaring; lofty; 
rapt. 

wing, n. 1. The fore limb of a bird, bat, or 
butterfly adapted for flight. 2. That which is 
conceived as performing some function of 
wings, as of swift movement, covering, 
protecting, etc. 3. Flight or passage as by 
wings. 4. Any side-part, etc., likened to a 
wing, as one of two lateral projections of a 
building, either division of an army outside 
of the center, etc. [ < Ice, vxngr, wing.] 
wink, 1 wii]k; 2 wink. I‘. vt. & vi. 1. To close 
and open (the eye or the eyelids) quickly, 
often as a sign or signal. 2. To pretend not to 
see: commonly with at. 3. To twinkle. II. n. 
1. The act of winking. 2. The time necessary 
for a wink. 3. A twinkle. 4. A short nap. [ < 
AS. wincian, wink.]—w ink 'er, n. 1. One who 
winks. 2. A blinder for a horse. 3. An eyelash, 
win'ner, win'ning. See w in, v. 

Wln'ni-peg, 1 win'i-peg; 2 wfln'i-peg, n. 1. A lake 
in S. central Canada; 260 by 60 m. 2. A city 
(pop. 178,364), capital of Manitoba province, 
Canada. 

win'now, 1 win'o; 2 wln'o, vt. & vi. To separate 
grain from chaff by means of a current of air. 
[< AS. windwian, < wind, wind.]—win'now- 
er, n. 

win'some, 1 win'ssm; 2 wln'som, a. Having a 



1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ftll; me, get, prey, fern; hit, Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, wdn, 







671 


wince 

without 


winning appearance or manner; pleasing; at¬ 
tractive. [< AS. wynsum, < wyn, joy; and 
see -some.] -Iy, adv. -ness, n. 
win'ter, 1 win'tar; 2 win'ter. I. vt. & vi. To 
care for during the winter; pass the winter; 
be affected by winter weather. II. n. The 
coldest season of the year. [ < AS. winter, 
winter.]—win'ter-green", n. A small creeping 
evergreen plant with oval leaves and red berries, 
used in pharmacy and flavoring.—win'try, a. 
Belonging to winter; cold; frosty, win'ter-yt.— 
win'tri-ness, n. 

Win'throp, 1 win'thrap; 2 win'throp, John (1588- 
1649). An English Puritan; governor of Massa¬ 
chusetts Colony. [qualities of wine, 

win'y, 1 wain'i; 2 wln'y, a. Having the taste or 
wipe, 1 waip; 2 wip. I. vt. [wiped 1 ; wip'ing.] 

I. To rub lightly, as with a towel. 2. To re¬ 
move by rubbing lightly: commonly with 
away or off. II. n. The act or process of wip¬ 
ing. [ < AS. wipian, wipe.]—wip'er, n. 

Wire, 1 wnir; 2 wlr, v. [wired; wir'ing.] 1 . 1. 1 . 
To furnish with wire; fasten with wire. 2. 
[Colloq.] To transmit by electric telegraph. 

II. i. [Colloq.] To send a telegram. 

wire, n. A slender strand or thread of metal, 
formed by drawing through dies or holes. 
[< AS. Wlr, wire.]— wire'draw", vt. To draw, 
as a metal rod, through a series of holes of dimin¬ 
ishing diameter to reduce it to a wire.— wlre'- 
less. I. a. Without wires; not using wires; as, 
wireless telegraphy or telephony, telegraphy 
or telephony without wires connecting the points 
of transmission and reception, the message being 
transmitted through space by electric waves. 
II. n. [Colloq.] The wireless telegraph or tele¬ 
phone system, or a message so transmitted.— 
wireless message, a message sent by wireless 
telegraphy or telephony. — wire'*pull"er, n. 
One who controls others by secret means, espe¬ 
cially in politics, as an exhibitor moves puppets 
by wires.— w.»pulling, n.— wir'y, a. 1. Having 
great resisting power; thin, but tough and sinewy: 
said of persons. 2. Likewire; stiff.— wlr'l-ness,n. 
wls||‘, 1 wis; 2 wls, vt. To suppose; think. [< iwis.] 
Wls. (official), Wise., abbr. Wisconsin. 
WIs-con'sin, 1 wis-ken'sm; 2 wis-eon'sin, n. A 
State of the Great Lake region of the United 
States; 56,066 sq. m.; pop. 2,632,067; capital, 
Madison. 

Wlsd. ,abbr. Wisdom (Book of), 
wis'dom, 1 wiz'dam; 2 wis'dom, n. 1 . The 
power of true and just discernment. 2. Sound 
judgment. 3. A high degree of knowledge. 
[< AS. wisdom, < wls. wise; and see -dom.] — 
wls'domstooth", n. The last or third molar of 
the human jaw, which appears about the twenti¬ 
eth year. 

Wise, 1 waiz; 2 wi§, a. [wis'er; wis'est.] Pos 
sessed of wisdom; sagacious; erudite; sage. 
[< AS. Wls, wise, < V of icitan, know.] -Iy, adv. 
wise, n. Way of doing; manner; method: chiefly in 
phrases; as, In any wise, in no wise, etc. 
wise, suffix. Way or manner: used as a termina¬ 
tion; as, no wise, likewise: often confused with 
-way, -ways. 

wise'a"cre, 1 waiz'e"kar; 2 wis a cer, n. One 
who affects great wisdom; hence, a dunce. [ < 
G. weissager, < OHG. vfizago, soothsayer.] 
wish, 1 wi^h; 2 wish. I', vt. & yi. To desire; 
want; have a wish; feel a longing. II. n. 1. 
A desire or longing. 2. A petition. 3. Some¬ 
thing wished for. [ < AS. wf/scan, < wusc, 
wish.]—wish'ful, a. Full of longing, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n. 


wish 'y*wash"y, 1 wish'i=wesh"i; 2 wish'y* 
wash"y, a. [Colloq.] Thin, weak, and diluted. 
[Reduplication of washy.] 
wisp, 1 wisp; 2 wisp, n. 1 . A small bunch, as of 
hay, straw, or hair. 2. A whisk=broom. [ME. 
wisp for wips; akin to wipe.] 
wist||, 1 wist; 2 wist, imp. of wit, v.: sometimes 
used incorrectly for the present tense. See wis. 
Wis-te'ri-a, 1 wis-tiTi-a; 2 wis-te'ri-a, n. 1 . A 
genus of tall climbing shrubs of the bean 
family, with clusters of handsome purplish 
flowers. 2. [w-] A plant of this genus, wis- 

wist'ful, 1 wist'ful; 2 wist'ful, a. 1. Wishful; 
longing. 2. Musing; pensive. [For wishful.] 
—wist'ful-Iy, adv. — wist'ful-ness, n. 
wit||, 1 wit; 2 wit, vt. & vi. [wist, imp.] To be or 
become aware; learn. [< AS. wilan, know, < 
wltan, see.] —to wit, that is to say; namely, 
wit, n. 1 . Sudden and ingenious association of 
ideas or words causing surprize and merri¬ 
ment. 2. A witty person. 3. The reasoning 
power or faculty; sense. [ < AS. wit, < witan, 
know, < wltan, see.] 

witch, (_ 1 widh; 2 wich. I 1 , vt. To bewitch. II. 
wich p , ) n. 1. One supposed to have dealings 
with evil spirits; a sorceress: formerly used 
either of man or woman, but later only of a 
woman, as opposed to wizard. 2. An ugly, 
malignant old woman; a hag. 3. A bewitch¬ 
ing woman or girl. [ < AS. wicca, wicce, < 
wltiga, wizard, < wltan, see.] — witch'craft", 
n. 1. Sorcery. 2. Extraordinary fascination.— 
witch 'er-y, n. [-ies*, pi.] Power to charm. — 
witch'sha"zel, n. Same as wich»hazel. 
with, 1 with; 2 with, prep. 1. Expressing rela¬ 
tions of intimate connection, as in space, 
time, quality, or condition: in the company 
of; in the case of; in the same direction or 
sense as. 2. Expressing the relation of means, 
instrument, or cause: by the use of; by; be¬ 
cause of. 3. Expressing the relation of endow¬ 
ment or possession: having. 4. Expressing 
separation: from; as, to part with. 5. In op¬ 
position to; against; as, to fight with. [ < AS. 
with, with.]— with-al'. I. adv. With the rest; in 
addition. II ||. prep. With. — wlth-draw ', v. 
1. 1. 1. To draw or take away; remove; recall. 2. 
To keep or abstract from use. II. i. To draw, 
back; retire. [< with- + draw.] — with-draw'- 
al, n. [with-, < with, against.] 

with-, prefix. Against; as, withstand. [< AS. 
withe, 1 with; 2 with. I 1 , vt. To bind with 
withes. II. n. 1. A willow; supple twig. 2. A 
band made of twisted flexible shoots, straw, 
or the like. [ < AS. withthe, < withig, willow.] 
with'er, 1 with'ar; 2 with'er, vt. & vi. 1. To 
cause to become limp or dry, as a plant when 
cut down. 2. To waste, as flesh. 3. To droop 
or perish. [ < AS. wedrian, air, < weder, 
weather.] 

with'ers, 1 with'arz; 2 with'erg, n. pi. The 
highest part of the back of the horse, between 
the shoulder*blades. [< AS. wither, against.] 
with-hold', 1 with-hold'; 2 with-hold', vt. & vi. 

To hold back; restrain. [ < with- + hold, t>.] 
with-in'. I. adv. 1 . In the inner part; interior¬ 
ly. 2. At home; indoors. II. prep. 1 . Inside. 
2. In the limits, range, or compass of. 3. 
Not going beyond. [ < AS. with, with, + 
innan, in.] 

with-out'. I. adv. 1 . In or on the outer part. 
2. Out of doors. 3. External. II. prep. 1 . 
Destitute of; lacking. 2. On the outside of; 


1* a = final* 1 = habit: aisle; au = out: oil; iu = feud; cfhin: go; rj = sinp; thin, this. 
2: wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy: eo- £em; xijk; thin, this. 






withstand 

worm 


672 


external to. 3. Beyond the limits of. III. 
conj. Unless; except: now disapproved. [ < 
AS. withulan, < with, against, + ulan, out.] 
with-stand', v. I. t. To oppose with any 
force; resist. II. i. To make resistance; en¬ 
dure. [< AS. withstandan, < with, against, 
+ slandan, stand.] 

with'y, 1 with'i or with'i; 2 with'y or with'y, a - 
Made of withes; flexible and tough. [< AS. 
wlthig, willow.] 

wit'less, a. Lacking in wit; foolish, 
wit'ness, 1 wit'nes; 2 wit'nes. I*, vt. & vi. To 
see or know by personal experience; be wit¬ 
ness to or of; attest; bear witness; give evi¬ 
dence. II. ra. 1. A person who has seen or 
known something; a spectator. 2. One who 
or that which furnishes evidence or proof. 3. 
An act of attestation, as to a fact, an event, 
or a signature; testimony; evidence. [< AS. 
wilnes, < vfllan, see.] 

Wlt'ten-berg, 1 wit'en-bOrg; 2 wlt'en-berg, ra. A 
town in Saxony province, Prussia; residence of 
Luther and Melanchthon, and scene of the com¬ 
mencement of the Reformation in 1517. 
wit'tlng-Iy, 1 wit'irj-li; 2 wit'ing-ly, adv. Know¬ 
ingly and designedly. 

wit'ty, 1 wit'i; 2 wit'y, a. [wit'ti-er; wit'ti- 
est.] 1. Having or displaying wit. 2||. Sar¬ 
castic. [ < AS. witig, wise.]— wit'ti-cism, n. 
A witty or clever saying.— wit'ti-ly, adv. — 
wit'ti-ness, ra. 

wive, 1 waiv; 2 wlv, vt. & vi. [wived; wiv'ing.] 
1. To furnish with a wife; mate. 2§. To mar¬ 
ry. [ < AS. wifian, < wif, wife.] 
wives, 1 waivz; 2 wlvg, ra. Plural of wife. 

Wiz'ard, 1 wiz'ard; 2 wTz'ard, n. 1. A male 
witch; sorcerer. 2. One who practises jug¬ 
glery. [ < OF. *wischard, guischard, cunning.] 
—wiz'ard-ry, ra. 

Wfz'en, 1 wiz'n; 2 wiz'n, a. Shrunken; with¬ 
ered. [ < AS. wisnian, wither.] 

Wk., abbr. Week.— W. Ion., abbr. West longitude. 
— Wm., abbr. William.— W. N. W., abbr. West* 
northwest. 

wo, ) 1 w5; 2 w5, n. Overwhelming sorrow; 
woe, \ heavy affliction or calamity. [ < AS. 
ted (inter].), wo.]— wo'be-gone", a. Overcome 
with w t o; mournful; sorrowful. woe'be-gone"f. 
— wo'ful, a. 1. Accompanied by or causing wo; 
direful. 2. Expressive of sorrow': doleful, woe'- 
fulf.—wo'ful-ly, adv. —wo'ful-ness. n 
woad, 1 wod; 2 wod, n. An Old World herb of 
the mustard family or the blue dye obtained 
from its leaves. [ < AS. wad.] 
wold, 1 wold; 2 wold, ra. .An undulating or 
sloping tract of upland; a down. [< AS. 
weald, forest.] 

wolf, 1 wulf; 2 wolf, n. [w'olves, 1 wulvz: 2 
wolvg, pi.] 1. A wild and savage dogdike 
mammal. 2. Any ravenous, cruel, or rapa¬ 
cious person or thing. [ < AS. wulf, w'olf.]— 
wolf'lsh, a. Having the qualities of a wmlf; 
rapacious; cruel. -Iy, adv. -ness, ra.— wolf’s's 
bane", n. 1. A species of aconite of the Alps; • 
monk’s*hood. 2. A European species of arnica. 
Wolfe, 1 wulf; 2 wolf, James (1727-1759). An 
English general; defeated the French under 
Montcalm at Quebec, both he and Montcalm 
being killed. 

Wolse'ley, 1 w'ulz'lr, 2 WQlg'ly, Garnet Joseph, 
Viscount (1833-1913). A British general, ad¬ 
ministrator, and author. 

Wol'sey, 1 wul'zi; 2 WQl'sy, Thomas (1475?- 
1530). An English cardinal and statesman. 


wol"ver-ene', 1 wul"var-in'; 2 w<?l"ver-en', ra. 
A rapa¬ 
cious and 
cunning 
carnivore 
of northern 
forests, with 
stout body 
and limbs and 
bushy tail. [ < 

wolf.] wol"- Wolverene. V<o 

ver-ine't. ' 

wo'man, 1 wu'men; 2 wo'man, n. [wo'men, 
1 wim'en; 2 wim'Sn, pi.] 1. An adult human 
female. 2. \V omen collectively. 3. Womanly 
character; femininity. [ < AS. wif, wife, + 
man, man.]—wo'man-hood, n. 1. The state of 
a woman or of womankind. 2. Women collec¬ 
tively. — wo'man-isli, a. Characteristic of a 
Woman; effeminate. -Iy, adv. -ness, n. —wo'- 
man-kind, n. Women collectively.—wo'man* 
ly. I. a. Having the qualities becoming to a 
woman, wo'man-liket* 11. adv. In the manner 
of a w'oman.—wo'man-li-ness, ra. 
womb, 1 wum; 2 worn, n. 1. The organ in 
which young are developed; the place where 
anything is engendered or brought into life. 
2. A cavern. [ < AS. womb, belly.] 
worn'hat, 1 wem'bat; 2 wom'bSt, ra. An Aus¬ 
tralian nocturnal marsupial resembling a small 
bear in appearance. [Austral.] 
w on, 1 wun; 2 won, imp. & pp. of win, v. 
won'der. ) 1 wun'dar; 2 won'der. I. vt. & vi. 
wun'der p , s To be affected or filled with won¬ 
der; marvel. II. ra. 1. A feeling of mingled 
surprize and curiosity excited by something 
extraordinary. 2. A prodigy. [< AS. wun- 
drian, < wundor, w'onder.] — won'dcr-ful, a. 
Of a nature to excite wonder or admiration; mar¬ 
velous. -ly, adv. -ness, n.—won'der-land", ra. 
A realm of fairy romance.—won'der-ment, ra. 
1. The emotion of wonder. 2. Something worn 
derful.—won 'der*striek"en, a. Suddenly smit¬ 
ten or overwhelmed with wonder. w.sstruekt. 
—won'drous, a. Commanding wonder; won¬ 
derful. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

Wont d , ) 1 wont; 2 wont, vt. & vi. To habituate: 
wunt p , ) used reflexively.—wont'ed, pa. Com¬ 
monly used or done; habitual; accustomed, 
-ness, ra. 

wont, ) 1 wunt; 2 wont. I. a. Using or doing 
WUnt p ,) habitually; accustomed; used. II. ra. 
Ordinary manner of doing or acting; habit. 
[< AS. vrnnian, dwell.] 
won’t, 1 went; 2 wont. [Colloq.j Will not. 
woo, 1 wu; 2 woo, vt. & vi. 1. To make love 
to: court. 2. To entreat earnestly. [ < AS. 
wOgian, < wdh, bentj 

woo<l d , 1 w’ud; 2 wb< d, v. I. t. 1. To furnish 
with wood for fuel. 2. To convert into a 
forest. II. i. To supply wood, 
wood, ra. 1. A large and thick collection of 
trees; forest; grove: often in the plural. 2. 
The substance of which a tree is composed, 
or something made of this substance. [ < 
AS. wudu, wood.] — wood'bine", ra. 1. The 
common European honeysuckle. 2. The Virginia 
creeper.—wood 'scarv"er, ra. One who carves 
wood as for a living.—w\ ^carving, ra. 1. The art 
of carving wood, especially for decoration. 2. A 
carving in wood.—w. =coaI, ra. 1. Charcoal made 
from wood. w.=charcoalt. 2. Lignite.—wood'- 
coek", ra. A small game»bird having the thighs 
entirely feathered. — wood'craft", ra. Skill in 
such things as belong to woodland life.— wood'- 



1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast: get, prey; hit, police: obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2 : art, ape, fat, fare, fast. what. $\\; me, get, prgy, fern; hit, ice; I = e; I = e; go, ndt, or, w6n. 






673 


withstand 

worm 


cut", n. An engraving: on wood; also, a print from 
such a block. — w.*cutter, n. One who chops 
wood.— wood'ed, a. Having a supply of wood; 
abounding with trees.— wood'en, a. 1. Made 
of wood. 2. Likeablockofwood;stupid; mechan¬ 
ical.— wood *engraving, n. The art of making 
woodcuts.— wood'land, n. Land occupied by 
or given up to growing trees, as woods or forests. 
— wood'land-er, n .— wood 'man, n. [-men, pi.] 
1. A woodcutter; lumberman. 2. A forester, 
woods'mant. — wood'peck"er, n. A bird hav¬ 
ing a chisel-like bill, that pecks holes iD bark in 
search for insects.—w.=pulp, n. Wood reduced 
to a pulp, as by grinding to a powder and digest¬ 
ing with chemicals: used for making paper.—w.» 
thrush, n. A thrush of a prevailing cinnamon* 
brown color, noted for the sweetness of its song, 
found in the eastern United States.— wood '- 
work", n. The wooden parts of any structure, 
especially interior wooden parts. 

Wood, Leonard (I860- ). An American sol¬ 

dier ;lieutenant*general; administrator; Governor 
of the Philippine Islands, 1922. 

wood'chat", 1 wud'dhat"; 2 wbod'chat", n. A 
European shrike. 

wood'chuck", 1 wud'dhuk"; 2 wood'chuk", n. 



A marmot 
of eastern 
N o r t h 
America. 
[ C o r r. of 
Am. Ind. 
w eja c k.] 
wood'y, 1 
wud'i; 2 


Woodchuck. Vw 


wood'y, a. 1. Of the nature of wood. 2. Per¬ 
taining to wood; resembling wood. 3. Wooded. 
—wood'i-ness, n _ [lover, 

woo'er, 1 wu'or; 2 woo'er, n. One who woos; a 
woof, 1 wuf; 2 woof, n. The cross*threads of a wo¬ 
ven fabric; weft. [<AS. owef, < we fan , weave ] 
wool, 1 wul; 2 wool, n. 1. The soft long, curly, 
or crisped hair obtained from sheep and some 
allied animals. 2. Something resembling wool. 
[< AS. wull, wool.] — wool'*gath"er-ing, n. 
Any trivial or purposeless employment; espe¬ 
cially, idle reverie.—wool'pack", n. 1. A bale or 
bundle of wool; specif., one weighing 240 pounds. 
2. A cumulous cloud.—w ool'sack", n. A sack 
or cushion of wool; specif. {Eng. Hist.), the seat 


of the Lord Chancellor in the House of Peers; 
hence, the office of Lord High Chancellor.— 
wool'en. I. a. Consisting wholly or in part of 
wool. II. n. Cloth or clothing made of wool, 
wool'lent.—wool'ly,a. 1. Consisting of, cov¬ 
ered with, or resembling wool. 2. Bot. Having 
a grow’th of wool-like hairs.— wool'i-ness, n. 

Wool'wich, 1 wul'itfh or -lj; 2 wool'lch or -ij, n. 
A borough In London county, England; pop. 140,- 
400; Military Academy, and Ordnance College. 

Worces'ter, 1 wus'tar; 2 wos'ter, n. A cathedral 
city, capital of Worcestershire, England; pop. 
48,850; here Cromwell defeated the Royalists, 
• ending the Civil War, Sept. 3, 1651. 

word, 1 wurd; 2 wurd. I d . vt. 1. To express in 
words; phrase. 2. To affect by a word. II. n. 
1. A vocal sound, or combination of such 
sounds, used as a symbol of an idea or con¬ 
ception. 2. The letters that stand for a sig¬ 
nificant vocal sound. 3. Verbal expression; 
conversation; tails. 4. A brief remark , or 
phrase. 5. A message; command; promise. 
[< AS. word, word 1— word'=book", n. A col¬ 
lection of words- vocabulary; dictionary.— 
word'ing, n. The act or style of expressing in 
words; phraseology.— word'y, a. 1. Of the 


nature of words; verbal. 2. Expressed in many 
words. 3. Given to the use of words; verbose; 
prolix.— word'i-ly, adv. — word'i-ness, n.. 
Words'worth, 1 wurdz'warfh; 2 wurdg'worth, 
William (1770-1850). An English poet laureate; 
The Excursion, etc. [wear, v. 

wore, 1 wor; 2 wor, imp. (also incorrectly pp.) of 
work, 1 wurk; 2 wdrk, v. [worked 1 2 or wrought; 
work'ing.] I. t. 1. To expend labor on or do 
work in or upon. 2. To cause to do work, or 
to produce by toil. 3. To influence by exer¬ 
tion: often implying corruption; as, to work a 
legislature. 4. To investigate or solve, as a 
problem. 5. To make or form by labor or 
skill. 6. To cause or bring about. II. i. 1. To 
exert physical or mental power; labor; toil. 
2. To make progress. 3. To be effective. 4. 
To have motion; operate. 5. To ferment. [ < 
AS. wyrcan, work.]— work'er, n. One who or 
that which works, as a working ant or bee. 
work, n. 1. Continued activity directed to 
some end or purpose; manual labor; occupa¬ 
tion. 2. An undertaking: task. 3. That which 
is produced by labor. 4. pi. An industrial 
establishment. 5. pi Running-gear or ma¬ 
chinery. 6. Physics. The accomplishment of 
motion or its equivalent against a resisting 
force. [< AS. weorc, work.]— work'a-day", 
a. Of, pertaining to, or suitable for working- 
days; every*day; plodding; toiling. — work'* 
bag", w.*box, n. A small ba T or box for needle¬ 
work, etc.— w.sday, n. Any day not a Sunday or 
holiday, work'lng*day"t.—work'house", n. 

1. An almshouse. 2. A w-orkshop.— work'ing* 
man", n. One who earns his bread by manual 
labor; an artizan; mechanic.— work'man, n. 1. 
A working-man. 2. A worker.— work'man-like", 
a. Like a skilled workman, work'man-lyj. — 
work'man-ship, n. 1. The art of a workman. 

2. Thework produced by a w-orker.— work'shop", 
n. A building or room where any work is carried 
on, especially a handicraft. work'room"t. 

Work, Hubert (I860- ). An American physi¬ 

cian; administrator; U. S. Postmaster-general, 1922. 
world, 1 wurld; 2 whrld, n. 1. The earth. 2. A 
division of things belonging to the earth; as, 
the animal world. 3. Mankind; the public. 
4. The practises and ways of men. 5. Secu¬ 
lar affairs; worldly pleasures, aims, life, or 
people. 6. A scene of existence; earthly life. 
7. A total of things as affecting an individual; 
as, his world was changed. 8. Figuratively, 
great quantity, number, or size; as, a world 
of trouble. [ < AS. world, < wer, man, + 
yldo, age, < eald, old.]— world 'ling, n. One who 
lives merely for this world.— world'ly. I. a. 1. 
Pertaining to the*world; earthly. 2. Devoted to 
temporal things. 3. Secular or lay. II. adv. In a 
worldly manner.— world'li-ness, n.— world '- 
ly*wise", a. Wise in the affairs of the world, 
worm, ) 1 wurm; 2 wflrm, v. I. t. 1. To insin- 
wurm p , ) uato (oneself or itself) 
into as or like a worm; effect •< 
as by crawling; as, 
to worm one’s 
way: with in or 
into. 2. To draw ■<: '• 

forth by artful i. The Common Earthworm, 
means, as a secret: 2. The Young, escaping 
with out. II. t. To from its case, 
work or proceed stealthily and slowly, 
worm, n. 1. A small, legless, invertebrate 
crawling animal. 2. A small creeping animal 
with short or undeveloped feet, as an insect* 



1- 9 = final- l = habit; aisle; au = out, ell; iu = fewd; clhin, go; 0 = sing; 

2- wQlf, dp; book, boot; full, rule, cQre, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; 


thin, this, 
thin, this. 








wormwood 

Xanthus 


674 


larva, etc. 3. A despicable person. 4. A short 
threaded portion of a shaft constituting an 
endless screw formed to mesh with a gear* 
wheel. 5. Anat. An organ or part that re¬ 
sembles a worm in shape. 6. pi. An intestinal 
disorder. [< AS. wyrm, worm.] — worm'* 
eat"en, pa. Eaten or bored through by worms. 
— w. =gear, n. A geamvheel having teeth shaped 
so as to mesh with a worm, w.swheelj. — 
worm'y, a. Infested with worms; grovehng. 
worm'wood", 1 wurm'wud"; 2 wfirm'wbod", n. 

1. A perennial herb that is aromatic, tonic, 
very bitter, and formerly used as a vermifuge. 
Compare absinth. 2. That which embitters. 
[< AS. wermod. ] 

worn, 1 worn; 2 worn, pp. of wear: used also as pa. 
— worn'sout", a. 1. Used until without value 
for its purpose. 2. Thoroughly tired; exhausted, 
wor'ry, )1 wur'i; 2 wor'y, v. [wor'ried; 
wur'ry p , j wor'ry-ing.] I. t. 1. To harass or 
vex, as with care, persecution, or the like. 2. 
To affect by worrying. II. i. To be uneasy 
in mind; fret. [ < AS. awyrgan, harm.] 
wor'ry, n. [wor'ries*, pi.] A state of per¬ 
plexing anxiety; vexation, wor'ri-mentt. — 
wor'ri-some, a. 

worse, ) 1 wurs; 2 wflrs. I. a. [Used as com- 
wurse p , ) par. of bad, ill, evil, and the like.] 1. 
Bad or ill in a greater degree; more evil, un¬ 
worthy, objectionable, etc. 2. Physically ill 
in a greater degree. 3. Less favorably situ¬ 
ated. II. adv. 1. In a manner more evil or 
ill. 2. With greater intensity, severity, etc. 

[ < AS. wyrsa, worse.] 

wor'ship, ) I wur'^hip; 2 wflr'ship. I. vt. & vi. 
wur'ship p , ) [wor'shiped 4 or worshipped 4 , 
wor'shipt 8 ; wor'ship-ing or wor'siiip- 
ping.] 1. To pay an act of worship to; per¬ 
form acts or have feelings of worship. 2\\. To 
honor. II. n. 1. The act or feeling of adora¬ 
tion or homage; the paying of religious rev¬ 
erence, as in prayer, praise, etc. 2. Deference, 
respect, etc. 3. Excessive or ardent admira¬ 
tion. [ < AS. weorthscipe, < weorth, worthy, 
+ -scipe, -ship.]— wor'shlp-er, n . wor'ship- 
perj.—wor'ship-ful, a. Worthy of honor, -ly, 
adv. -ness, n . 

worst, / 1 wurst; 2 wOrst. I d . vt. To get the 
wurst p , S advantage over in a contest. II. a. 
Bad, ill, or evil in the highest degree. III. n. 
The most evil or calamitous state or result. 
IV. adv. In the worst manner or degree. [ < 
AS. wyrsta, superl. of wyrsa, worse.] 
wors'ted, 1 wus'ted or wurs'ted: 2 wps'tSd or 
wflrs'tSd. I. a. Made of' worsted. II. n. 
Woolen yarn, with fibers combed parallel and 
twisted hard; also, a lightly twisted woolen 
yarn. [< Worsted, now W or stead, in England.] 
wort 1 , 1 wurt; 2 wfirt, n. A plant; herb; as, 
livertcorf. [ < AS. wyrt, plant.] 
wort*, n. The unfermented infusion of malt 
that when fermented becomes beer. [ < AS. 
wyrte, < wyrt, plant.] 

worth, £1 wurth; 2 wfirth. I. a. 1. Having 
wurth p , S value; equal in value (to); exchange¬ 
able (for). 2. Deserving (of). 3. Having pos¬ 
sessions to the value of; as, he is worth a mil¬ 
lion. II. n. 1. That quality which renders a 
thing useful or desirable; value; excellence. 

2. That quality or combination of qualities 
that makes one deserving of esteem. [< AS. 
weorth, < weorth, worthy.]— worthless, a. Hav¬ 
ing no worth, -ly, adv. -ness, n. 


-worth, -worthy, suffix. Used In composition to 

represent worth, n., worthy, a. 
wor'thy, ) 1 wur'thi; 2 wfir'thy. I. a. [wor'- 
wur'thy p , (thi-er; wor'thi-est.] 1. Possess¬ 
ing worth; having valuable qualities. 2. Fit; 
suitable: usually followed by of. II. n. [wor'- 
thies z , pi ] A person of eminent worth: com¬ 
monly in the plural.—wor'thi-ly, adv. In a 
worthy manner.—wor'thi-ness, n. 
wot||t 1 wet; 2 wot, vt. & vi., 1st & 3d per. sing. pres, 
ind. of w'it, v. 

would, 1 wud; 2 wqd, v., imp. of will, auxil¬ 
iary. Expressing desire, conditional asser¬ 
tion, or determined action. [ < AS. wolde, 
pret. of wiUan, will.]—would '*be", a. Desiring 
or professing to be; as, a would*be poet. 
wound ld , 1 wund; 2 wund, t>. I. t. To inflict 
a wound upon. II. i. To inflict physical or 
moral hurt; give pain. [< AS. wundian, < 
wund; see wound, n.] 

wounds, 1 wound; 2 wound, imp. & pp. of wind, v. 
wound, 1 wund; 2 wund, n. 1. A hurt or injury 
caused by violence; especially, a cut, bruise, 
stab, etc. 2. Figuratively, any injury or cause 
of pain or grief, as to the feelings, honor, repu¬ 
tation, etc. [ < AS. wund, < winnan, strive.] 
wove, imp. & pp. of weave, v. — wo'ven, pp. 

Wp., abbr. Worship.—W. R., abbr. West Riding, 
wrack, 1 rak; 2 rak, n. 1. Marine vegetation 
and other floating material cast ashore by the 
waves. 2. The state of being wrecked; ruin; 
destruction. [ < D. urrak, wrack ] 
wraith, 1 reth; 2 rath, n. A fantom of a living 
person; loosely, any specter. [< Ice. vorth, 
guardian.] 

WTan'gl(e p , 1 rap'gl; 2 r&n'gl. I. vt. & vi. 
[wran'gl(e)d p ; wran'gling.] To maintain 
by noisy argument or dispute; brawl. II. n. 
An angry or noisy dispute. [ME. uranglen, 
akin to LG. wrangen, wTangle.]—wran'gler, n. 

1. One who wrangles. 2. At Cambridge Univer¬ 
sity, England, one who has taken the highest 
mathematical honors. 

wrap, 1 rap; 2 r&p, vt. & vi. [wrapped 4 or 
wrapt; wrap'ping.] 1. To fold or draw to¬ 
gether, as a fabric, so as to enclose something. 

2. To cover by infolding; infold. [ < warp, r.] 
wrap, n. An article of dress intended to be 

drawm or folded about a person; a wrapper. — 
w rap'per, n. 1. An outer covering. 2. A loose 
flowing outer garment. 

wrath, 1 rath; 2 rath, n. Determined and last¬ 
ing anger; extreme passion; rage. [< AS. 
wrxththo, < wrath: see wroth.]— wrath'ful, a. 
-ly, adv. -ness, n. 

wreak 1 ,1 rlk;2 rek, vt. To inflict, as vengeance; 
satiate, as a feeling or passion. [ < AS. wrecan, 
revenge, impel.] 

wreath, 1 rlth; 2 reth, n. 1. A twisted band of 
leaves or flowers, as for a crown or chaplet. 
2. Any curled band of circular or spiral shape. 
[< AS. wrxth, < wnthan, twist.]—wreathe, vt. 
[wreathed; wreath'ing.] 1. To form into a 
wreath; also, to form (a wreath) out of flowers, 
branches, etc. 2. To encircle; embrace, 
wreck, 1 rek; 2 r£k. 1‘. vt. 1. To cause or suffer 
the destruction of, as a vessel; shipwreck. 2. 
To bring destruction upon. II. n. 1. The act 
of w-recking; total ruin; shipwreck. 2. That 
which has been wrecked or ruined. [ < AS. 
wrxc, < wrecan, drive out.]—wreck'age, n. 1. 
The act of wrecking. 2. Material from a wreck. 
—wreck'er, n. 1. One who lures ships to de¬ 
struction in order to plunder them. 2. One who 


I: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, ftll; me, g6t, prey, fern; hit, Ice; i = e; I = §; go, ndt, or, wdn, 





675 


wormwood 

Xantnus 


ruins something valuable, especially for his own 
profit. 3. One employed to recover disabled ves¬ 
sels or wrecked cargoes for the owners, 
wren, 1 ren; 2 ren, n. A very small bird, having 
short rounded wings and a 
short tail carried erect. [ < 

AS. wrenna, wren.] 
wrench, 1 rendh; 2 rSnch. 

I‘. vt. To twist violently; 
wrest; hence, to sprain; 
distort. II. n. 1. The act 
of wrenching. 2. A tool for 
twisting or turning bolts, 
nuts, etc. [ < AS. wrenc, 
stratagem, < V of wring.] Common \\ ren. 
wrest, 1 rest; 2* rest. I d . vt. 1/ 6 

1. To pull by violent twisting; wrench. 2. 
To turn from the true meaning, character, 
etc. II. n. 1. An act of wresting. 2. A key 
for tuning a stringed instrument, as a harp. 
[ < AS. wrtestan, < wrlthan, writhe.] 

wres'tl(e p , 1 res'l; 2 res'l, vi. [wres'tl(e)d p ; 
wres'tling.] To contend or grapple, as op¬ 
ponents striving each to bring the other to 
the ground; hence, figuratively, to strive 
vehemently for some end. [ < AS. wrsestlian, 
freq. of icrsestan; see wrest, ».]— wres'tle, n. 
An act of wTestling.— wres'tler, n. 
wretch, ) 1 redh; 2 rech, n. 1. A base person; 
wrech p , ) despicable character. 2. A miserable 
or unhappy person. [ < AS. wrecca, outcast, 
< wrecan, banish.]— wretch'ed,a. 1. Profound¬ 
ly unhappy. 2. Causing misery. 3. Very poor or 
mean; despicable. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
wrig'gle, ) 1 rig'l; 2 rig'l, vt. & vi. [wrig'gled; 
wrig'l p , j wrig'gling.] To twist in a sinuous 
manner; squirm; writhe; also, to show con¬ 
fusion or uneasiness, as under questioning. 
[< D. wriggelen, freq. < V of MD. wricken, 
turn.]— wrig'gle, n.— wrig'gier, n. 

Wright, 1 rait; 2 rit, n. One whose occupation 
is to do mechanical or constructive work: used 
chiefly in compounds; as, shiptcrfgfth [ < AS. 
wyrhta. < wyrcan , work.] 

Wright, n. 1. Orville (1871— ), an American 

aviator; inventor with his brother of a heavier* 
than*air flying*machine. 2. Wilbur (1867—1912), 
American aviator; inventor; brother of Orville, 
wring, 1 riq; 2 ring, vt. [wrung, wringed, or 
wrang (Prov.); wring'ing.] 1. To compress 
by twisting; pass (clothes) through a wringer. 

2. To squeeze or press out, as water, by twist¬ 
ing; figuratively, to extort. 3. To torture; 
distress. [ < AS. wrlngan, wring.]—wring'er, n. 

wrin'kl(e p , 1 riq'kl; 2 rin'kl, vt. & vi. [wrin'- 
kl(e)d p ; wrin'kuing.] To contract into fur¬ 
rows and prominences; assume furrows and 
ridges. 

wrin'ki(e 1P , n. A small ridge or prominence; 

crease. [< V of wring.] — wrin'kiy, a. 
wrin'ki(e 2 , n. [Colloq.] A curious or ingenious 


notion; happy thought. [< AS. wrenc, arti¬ 
fice.] 

wrist, 1 rist; 2 rist, n. The part of the arm im¬ 
mediately adjoining the hand. [AS. wrist, < 
wrlthan, twist.]—wrist'band, n. The band or 
part of the sleeve that covers the wrist.—wrist'- 
let, n. 1. A flexible band worn on the wrist for 
ornament or warmth. 2. A bracelet.—wrist* 
watch, n. A watch set in a wristlet and worn at 
the wrist. 

writ, 1 rit; 2 rit, n. 1. Law. A mandatory pre¬ 
cept, under seal, issued by a court, and com¬ 
manding the person to whom it is addressed 
to do or not to do some act. 2. That which is 
written. [ < AS. writ, < writan, w'rite.] 
write, 1 rait; 2 rit, v. [ivrote or writ|| ; writ'- 
ten or writ ||; writ'ing.] I. t. 1. To trace or 
inscribe on a surface, as in letters. 2. To de¬ 
scribe, compose, or produce in writing. II. i. 
To engage in literary composition, f < AS. 
writan, write.]— writ'er, n. — writ'ing, n. 1. 
The act of one who writes. 2. The characters so 
made; chirography. 3. Anythingwrittenin letters, 
writhe, 1 raith; 2 rlth, vt. & vi. [writhep; 
writh'ing.] To twist with violence; wrench; 
distort, as the body, face, or limbs in pain. 
[ < AS. wrlthan, writhe.] 

wrong, 1 rorj; 2 rang. I. vt. 1. To inflict injury 
upon. 2. To do injustice to by imputation; 
misrepresent. II. a. 1. Violating right or 
justice. 2. Deviating from fact, truth, or re¬ 
quirement; erroneous; improper; incorrect. 
HI. n. That which is contrary to justice or 
rectitude; an injury; mischief; crime; error. 
[< AS. *wrang, < wringan, wring.]— wrong'er, 
n.— wrong'*do"er, n. One who commits a fault 
or crime.— wrong'=do"ing, n.— wrong'ful, a. 
Characterized by wrong or injustice, -ly, adv. 
-ness, n.— wrong'ly, adv.— wrong'ness, n. 
wrote, 1 rot; 2 rot, Imp. of write, v. 
wroth ||, 1 refh; 2 roth, a. Being in a state of 
wrath; angry. [< AS. wrath. < wrlthan, withe.] 
wrought, 1 ret; 2 rot, imp. & pp. of work, v. 
wrung, 1 rurj; 2 rung, imp. & pp. of wring, v. 
wry, 1 rai; 2 ry, a. 1. Bent out of position; con¬ 
torted; askew. 2. Deviating from that which 
is right or proper; perverted. [ < AS. wrigian, 
twist.] -ly, adv. -ness, n. 

W. S., abbr. West Saxon, Writer to the Signet.— 
W. S. W., abbr. West*southwest.—wt., abbr. 
Weight. 

Wurt'tem-berg, 1 viir'tem-berH; 2 viir'tem-bem, 
n. A republic of S. W. Germany; 7,534 sq. m.; 
pop. 2,518,770; capital, Stuttgart (pop. 309,200). 
W. Va., abbr. West Virginia (official). 

Wyc'lif, 1 wik'hf; 2 wye'lif (1335?-1384). An 
English reformer; first translator of the entire 
Bible into English. Wyc'lifTet.—Wyc'lif-ite, 
n. A follower of Wyclif. Wyc'liff-iteJ. 

Wyo., abbr. Wyoming (official). 

Wy-o'ming, 1 wai-o'mir) or wai'o-mip; 2 wy-o'- 
ming or wy'o-ming, n. A State in the N. W. 
United States; 97,914 sq. m.; pop. 194,400; cap¬ 
ital, Cheyenne. 



X 


X, x, 1 eks; 2 Sks, n. [exes, X’s, or Xs, 1 eks'iz; 
2 £ks'e§, pi.] A letter: the twenty*fourth in 
the English alphabet. It is a sign for the 
combination ks, as in_ extra; gz, as in exact, 
and z, as in Xerxes (zurks'iz). _ . 

xan'thic, 1 zan'thik; 2 zan thic, a. Having 


a yellow color; yellowish. xan'thoust. 
xan'thin, ) 1 zan'fhm or -£hin; 2 zan'thin or 
xan'thine, )-thin, n. Chem. A white crystal¬ 
line compound in blood, urine, and other ani¬ 
mal secretions. [ <Gr. xanthos, yellow.] 
Xan'thus, 1 zan'thus; 2 zan'thiis, n. An ancient 


l-a = final- 1 = habit: aisle; au = out; oil; iu = ieud-, ifliin; go; r) = sin^; thin, this. 
2: wolf, do’; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, burn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin. thi& 






Xantippe 

yoke 


city of Lycia, Asia Minor; destroyed by Brutus, 
43 B. C.; many interesting sculptures have been 
found there.— Xan'thi-an, a. 

Xan-tip'pe, 1 zan-tip'i; 2 zan-tip'e, n. The wife 
of Socrates; renowned as a shrew. 

Xav'i-er, 1 zav'i-ar or ( Sp .) ha-vyer'; 2 zav'l-er 
or (Sp.) ha-vy6r', Francisco (1506-1552). A 
Spanish Jesuit missionary in the Orient: one of 
the founders of the Society of Jesus, 
xcp., abbr. Without coupon.— xd., xdiv., abbr. 

Without dividend.— Xdr., abbr. Crusader, 
xe'bec, 1 zi'bek; 2 ze'bSe, n. A small sharp* 
built three*masted vessel, with both square and 
lateen sails. [ < Turk, sumbeki, kind of ship.] 
Xen'o-cles, 1 zen'o-kllz; 2 zen'o-el6s, n. An Athe¬ 
nian tragic poet of the 5th century B. C. 
Xe-noc'ra-tes, 1 zi-nek'ra-tlz; 2 ze-n6c'ra-t6s. 
n. (396-314 B. C.) A Greek philosopher; disciple 
of Plato. 

Xen., abbr. Xenophon. 

xe'non, 1 zl'nen; 2 ze'ndn, n. An element in 
the atmosphere composed of an inert gas 
which solidifies at an extremely low tempera¬ 
ture. [ < Gr. xenon, neut. of xenos, strange.] 
Xe-noph'a-nes, 1 zi-nef'a-nlz; 2 ze-nof'a-ne§, n. 

(5387-500 B. C.) A Greek philosopher and poet. 
Xen'o-phon, 1 zen'o-fon; 2 zen'o-fon, n. (435-355 
B. C.7) A Greek historian and soldier; com¬ 
manded in the retreat of the Ten Thousand 
Greeks; Anabasis. 


676 


Xerx'es, 1 zurks'Iz; 2 zerks'eg, n. (5197-465 B. C.) 
A Persian king; he invaded Greece with an enor¬ 
mous army and fleet, but was defeated at Salamis 
and abandoned the enterprise. 

XIn-gu', 1 .‘fhih-gu'; 2 shlh-gu', n. A river in 
central Brazil; 1,300 m. to the Amazon, 
xiph'oid, 1 zif'eid; 2 zif'oid, a. Shaped like a 
sword. [< Gr. xiphos, sword, -}- -oid.] xi ph¬ 
ot'di-anf. 

Xmas., abbr. Christmas.—Xn., Xtian., abbr. 
Christian.—Xnty., abbr. Christianity.—Xper., 
Xr., abbr. Christopher. 

X'*rays". Same as Roentgen rays. 
xy'Io-, ) 1 zai'lo-, zil-; 2 zy'lo-, zyl-. Combining 
xyl-, ) forms. [ < Gr. xylon, wood ]— xy"Io- 
car'pous, a. Having a hard, woody fruit.— 
xy'Io-graph, xy 'lo-graf p , n. An engraving on 
wood, or a print from such engraving.— xy-log'- 
ra-plier, n. —xy"lo-graph'ic, xy"lo-graph't- 
cal, a. Pertaining to wood*engraving.— xy-log'- 
ra-phy, n. 1. Wood»engraving, especially of the 
15th century. 2. The 
making of prints 
showing the grain of 
wood. — xy-loph'a- ^ 

gous, a. Feeding on Modern Xylophone, 

or boring in wood, as insect*larvae. — xy'lo- 
phone, n. A musical instrument having wooden 
bars graduated to form a scale, and sounded by 
small mallets. 



Y 


Y, y, 1 wai; 2 wy, n. [wyes, Y’s, or Ys, 1 waiz; 
2 wy§, pi.] A letter: the twenty*fifth in the 
English alphabet. 

y-, prefix. Used in Middle English as a sign of the 
past participle; as, yclept. [AS. ge-.] 

-y, suffix. Used (l) With nouns, usually abstract, 
as verity; forming diminutives, as Sally. (2) With 
adjectives, indicating possession of quality, etc., 
as stony, etc. 
y., abbr. Yard, year. 

yacht, 1 yet; 2 yat, n. A vessel specially built 
or fitted for plea¬ 
sure; a light, trim, 
swift, sailing or 
steam vessel. [ < 

MD . jacht, < jagen, 
hunt. ] —y ac h t ' * 
club", n. A club of 
yachtsmen.—yacht'- 
ing, n. The act or 
practise of sailing in 
or managing a yacht. 

— yachts'man, n. 

[-men, pi.] One who 
owns or sails a yacht, 
yacht'erf; yacht'man}.—yachts '[or yacht']- 
man-ship, n. The art of managing a yacht; skill 
in yachting.— yachts 'wo"man, n. fern. 
yak, 1 yak; 2 y&k, n. A bovine ruminant of 
central Asia, intermediate between the bisons 
and true oxen. [ < Tibetan gyak.] 

Ya"lu', 1 ya"lu'; 2 yii"ly', n. A river between 
Manchuria and Chosen (Korea); .300 m. to the 
Yellow Sea; scene of a Japanese victory over the 
Chinese, Sept. 17, 1894. 

yam, 1 yam; 2 y:tm, n. 1. A climbing tropical 
plant having a fleshy edible tuberous root. 2. 
[U. S.] A large variety of the sweet potato. 

[ < Pg. inhame, prob. of African origin.] 
Yang'tze, 1 yfio'tse; 2 yang'tse, n. A river in Tibet 
and central China; 3,200 m. to the Pacific ocean. 


yank‘, 1 yayk; 2 y&nk, vt. & vi. To pull; jerk 
[ < Sw. dial, jakka, wander.] 

Yan'kee, 1 yan'ki; 2 y&n'ke. I. a. Pertaining 
to Yankees. II. n. A New'Englander; hence, 
any citizen of the United States. [Prob. same 
as Scot, vankie, a sharp, clever woman, < yank, 
v.\ but perhaps < D. harvest*song, whose refrain 
began ‘Yanker didee doodle down.'] 
yap, 1 yap; 2 yap, vi. 1. [Prov.] To bark or yelp, 
as a cur. 2. [Slang, U. S.] To prate; jabber. 
[Imitative.] 

Yap. n. An island of the Caroline group, Pacific 
ocean; pop. 8,537: U. S. cable station. 
yard 1 , 1 yard; 2 yard, n. 1. The standard En¬ 
glish measure of length; 36 inches. 2. Naut. A 
spar suspended crosswise on a mast [ < AS. 
gyrd, rod; akin to gad, goad.]—yard Garni", n. 
Naut. Either end of a yard.— yard 'stick", n. A 
graduated measuring»stick a yard in length. 
yard 2 , n. A tract of ground enclosed or set 
apart, as near a residence or other building. 
[ < AS. geard, yard.] 

yarn, 1 yarn; 2 yarn, n. 1. Spun fiber, as for 
knitting, etc.; loosely, thread. 2. [Colloq ] A 
long extravagant story. [ < AS. gearn, yarn.] 
yar'row, 1 yar'o; 2 yilr'o, n. A common peren¬ 
nial herb of Europe and North America with 
a pungent odor and taste; milfoil. [ < AS. 
gearuwe. yarrow.] 

yat'a-ghan, 1 yat'a-gan; 2 y^t'a-gan, n. A Turk¬ 
ish sword or 
simitar with a 
double *curved 
blade. [Turk.] 
yat'a-gan}. 

yaw, 1 yo; 2 ya. I. vi. [Naut.] To steer wildly or 
out of her course, as a ship. II. n. A move¬ 
ment of a vessel by which she temporarily al¬ 
ters her_course. [ < Norw. gaga, bend back.] 
yawl, 1 yel; 2 yal, n. 1. A sloopdike sailing 




1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rule; but, burn- 
2; art, ape, fat, fare, fast, wh^t, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit. Ice; l = e; I = e; go, not, or, w6n,’ 
















677 


Xantlppe 

yoke 


vessel, with a small additional mast in the 
stern. 2. A ship’s jolly*boat. [ < D. jol.] 

yawn, 1 yen; 2 yan. i. vi. 1 . To open the 
mouth wide, with a full inspiration of the 
breath, as when drowsy. 2. To stand wide 
open; gape. II. n. A wide opening of the 
mouth, as from weariness, f < AS. ganian, 
< glnan, yawn.] 

Y. B., Yr. B., abbr. Year-book. 


y-clept', 
y-cleped' 


.}! 


1 i-klept'; 2 y-elept', pp. [Archaic or 
Humorous.l Called; named. [< y- 
+ AS. cleopian, call.] 

yd. , abbr. [yds., pi.] Yard. 

y e » ye, 1 till; 2 tire. The: an archaic contraction 
in which the y represents the Anglo*Saxon 
character thorn, }>, sometimes incorrectly 
pronounced yl. 

ye, 1 yi; 2 ye, pron. The nominative plural of 
the personal pronoun of the second person. 
See you. [ < AS. ge, ye.] 

yea, 1 ye; 2 ye. I. adv. Yes; verily. II. n. An 
affirmative vote. [ < AS. ged, yea.] 
yean||, 1 yin; 2 yen, vt. & vi. To bring forth young, 
as a sheep. [ < AS. geeanian .]—yean'ling, n. 
The young of a goat or sheep, 
year, 1 ylr; 2 yer, n. 1. The period of time 
in which the earth completes a revolution 
around the sun: about 365 d~.ys, used as a 
unit of time, and divided into 12 months. 2. 
Any period of 12 months, f < AS. gear, year.] 
—year'ling. I .a. Being a year old. II. n. An 
animal between one and two years old.—year'- 
ly. I. a. 1. Occurring once a year; annual. 2. 
Continuing a year. II. adv. Annually, 
yearn, /I yurn; 2 yern, vi. To desire some- 


yern p , ) thing anxiously; long. 


[ < AS. giernan, 
fungous growth 



Cells of the Yeast 
of Beer. 


< georn, eager.] 

yeast, 1 ylst; 2 yest, n. 1. A 
consisting of minute vege¬ 
table cells that develop or 
increase by germination in 
contact with saccharine liq¬ 
uids, producing alcoholic fer¬ 
mentation. 2. Such a sub¬ 
stance as prepared for rais¬ 
ing dough. 3. Froth or 
spume. [< AS. gist, < V in 
OHG. jesan, ferment.] — 
yeast'y, a. 

yegg'man, 1 yeg'man; 2 yfig'- 
man, n. [-men, pi.] [Slang, 

U. S.] A thieving tramp; traveling burglar, yeggt. 

yelk, 1 yelk; 2 yelk, n. [Dial.] Same as yolk. 

yell, ) 1 yel; 2 yel. I. vt. & vi. To express with 

yel p , ) a yell; utter a yell. II. n. A sharp, loud, 

inarticulate cry. [ < AS. gellan, yell.] 

yel'low, 1 yel'o; 2 yel'o. I. o. Having the color 
of brass, gold, saffron, etc. II. n. The color 
of the spectrum between green and orange. 
[< AS. geolu, yellow.]— yel 'low-bird", n. l.The 
American goldfinch. 2. The yellow warbler. 3. 
The golden oriole.— yellow fever, an acute in¬ 
fectious fever, endemic in tropical countries, 
yellow Jack];.— yeI'low-liam"mcr, n. 1. An 
Old World bunting, mostly yellow and black. 
2. [U. S.] The golden»winged woodpecker. — 
yel'low-ish, a. — yel'low=jack"et, n. A social 
wasp marked wiin yellow.— yel'Iow-ness, n. — 
yellow spot, asmall yellowish spot in the retina, 
the region of most acute vision. 

Yel'low Sea. A gulf of the Pacific ocean, on the 
N. E. coast of China and the W. coast of Chosen; 
620 by 400 in. 

Yel'low-stone, 1 yel'o-ston; 2 yel'o-ston, n. 1. A 
river in N. W. Wyoming and central S. Montana; 


I, 100 m. to the Missouri. 2. Y. National Park, 
a reserve set apart in 1872 from parts of Wyo¬ 
ming, Idaho, and Montana, for the preservation 
of natural resources and game; 3,312 sq. m. 

yelp, 1 yelp; 2 yelp. I'. vi. To give a yelp. II. 

n. A sharp, shrill cry or bark. [ < AS. gielp .j 
yen, 1 yen; 2 yfen, n. The monetary unit of the 
Japanese coinage: value 48 cents. See coin. 
Yen"i-se'i, 1 yen"i-seT, 2 yen"i-se'i, n. A river in 
N. W. Siberia; 2,500 m. to the Arctic ocean, 
yeo'man, )1 yo'man; 2 yo'man, n. [yeo'- 
yo'inan 8 , ) men, pi.] 1. [Eng.] A freeholder 
next under the rank of gentleman; in modern 
usage, a farmer. 2. [U. S. Navy.] A petty 
officer in charge of stores. [< AS. ga, district, 
+ man, man.] —yeo'man-ly, a. As a yeoman or 
yeomen; stanchly; bravely, yeo'man-likef. — 
yeo'man-ry, n. The collective body of yeomen; 
freemen; farmers. 

yes, 1 yes; 2 yes, adv. As you say; truly; just so. 

[ < AS. gese, gise, prob. < ged, yea, + si, be it so.] 

yes'ter-, 1 yes'tar-; 2 y6s'ter-, prefix. Pertain¬ 
ing to the day before the present. [ < AS. 
geostran-, giestran-.]— yes'ter-day. I. n. 1. The 
day preceding to»day. 2. Loosely, the near past. 

II. adv. On tae day last past.— yes'ter-eve"- 
ning, n. The evening of yesterday, yes'ter- 
eve"t; yes'ter-e"vent; yes-treen't.—yes'ter- 
night". I. n. The night last past. II. adv. In 
or during the night last past. 

yet, 1 yet; 2 y6t. I. adv. 1. In addition; besides. 

2. Before or at some future time; eventually. 

3. Still. 4. At the present time; now. 5. After 
all the time that has or had elapsed. 6. Here¬ 
tofore. II. conj. 1. Nevertheless; notwith¬ 
standing. 2. But. 3. Altho. [ < AS. git, now.] 

yew, 1 yu; 2 yu, n. An Old World evergreen 
tree of slow growth and long life. 

[ < AS. iw, yew.] 
yield, 1 ylld; 2 yeld. I d . vt. & vi. 

1. To furnish in return for labor. 

2. To give way; also, to give 
forth. 3. To surrender; relin¬ 
quish. 4. To admit; assent. 5. 

To grant. II. n. The amount 
yielded; product; result. [< 

AS. gield, payment.] — yield 'lng, 

pa. Disposed to yield, -ly, 

adv. -ness, n. 

-yl, suffix. Chem. A termina¬ 
tion noting a radical. [ < 

Gr. hyle, wood, material.] 

Yin., yn., abbr. Them, tl 

npoll‘lip form<? 

yo'del, ) 1 yo'dl; 2 yo'dl. I. Spray of European 
yo'dle, ( vt. & vi. To sing Yew. 

a yodel. II. n. A song or f' » single sterile catkin. 

refrain, sung to meaningless syllables, with 
abrupt changes from chest* to head*tones and 
the reverse; common among Swiss and Tyro¬ 
lese mountaineers, f < G. dial, jodeln .] jo'- 
delj. — yo'del-er, n. yo'dlert. 
yo 'ga, 1 yo'ge; 2 yo'ga, n. 1. Religious and ab¬ 
stract meditation on the Supreme Spirit. 2. 
[Y-] A system of ascetic philosophy involving 
such meditation. [Sans.]— yo'gi, n. A follower 
of the Yoga philosophy; an ascetic or adept, sup¬ 
posed to possess magical pow T ers. yo'gerf; yo'- 
ginf. 

yoke, 1 yok; 2 yok. I. vt. [yoked 1 ; yok'ing.] 

I. To attach by means of a yoke; put a yoke 
upon. 2. To join with a yoke. 3. To enslave. 

II. n. 1. A curved timber having a bow at 
each end to receive the neck of a draft*ani- 



1:3 = final; l = habiG aisle; au = out; oil; Iu = feud; <5hin; go; rj = sinff; thin, this. 
2 : wQlf, do; book, boot; full, rple, cure, but, bdra; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this- 







yokel 

zone 


mal. 2. One of many contrivances for har¬ 
nessing, suspending burdens, etc. 3. A joining 
or connecting piece. 4. That which binds or 
connects. 5. Servitude. 6. sing. & pi. A 
couple; pair, as of yoked oxen. [ < AS. geoc, 
yoke, < V in L . jungo, join.]— yoke 'fel'low, n. 
A mate or companion in labor. yoke'inate"f. 
yo'kel, 1 yo'kl; 2 yo'kl, re. [Prov. Eng.] A coun¬ 
tryman; country bumpkin.—yo'kel-ish, a. 
Yo"ko-ha'ma, 1 yo"ko-hd'ma; 2 yo"ko-ha'ma, n. 

A seaport in E. central Japan; pop. 422,940. 
yolk, 1 yok or yolk; 2 yok or yolk, re. 1. The 
yellow portion of an egg. See egg. 2. A 
soapy exudation in sheep’s wool. [ < AS. 
geolca, < geolu, yellow.] 

yon, 1 yen; 2 yon, a. & adv. Yonder: chiefly 
poetic. [< AS. geon, that.]— yon'der. I. a. 
Being at a distance indicated. II. adv. In that 
place; there. [< yon.] 

yore, 1 y5r; 2 yor, n. sing. & pi. [Archaic & Poet.] 
Old time; originally, years. [ < AS. geara, gen. pi. 
of gear, year.] 

York, 1 yerk; 2 york, n. A city and seat of an arch¬ 
bishop in Yorkshire, England; pop. 84,050; the 
capital of Roman Britain. 

York'town, 1 yerk'taun; 2 york'town, re. A town 
in York county, Virginia; here Cornwallis sur¬ 
rendered to Washington, Oct. 19, 1781. 
Yo-sem'i-te Na'fcion-al Park, 1 yo-sem'i-tl; 2 
yo-sem'i-te. A national reservation in central 
California; 719,622 acres; it includes the Yo- 
seniite Valley, a gorge about-8 miles long shut 
in by precipitous walls, and the Yosemlte Falls, 
on the Merced river, 1,436 ft. high, 
you, 1 yu; 2 yu, pron. The person or thing ad¬ 
dressed: the personal pronoun of the second 
person plural. 

You, formerly only in the objective case, is 
now used also as the nominative, to the exclusion 
of ye. In address to a single individual you has 
superseded thou and thee, while remaining gram¬ 
matically plural; as, “ You are my friend”; “I be¬ 
lieve you to be my friend.” Ye, thou, and thee are 
now confined almost exclusively to the poetic, 
solemn, or elevated style. [ < AS. ebw, dat. & acc. 
of gB, ye.] ; . 

young, ) 1 yur); 2 yung. I. a. 1. Being in the 
yung p , > early period of life. 2. Newly formed. 
3. Pertaining to youth; immature. 4. Full of 
vigor. II. re. Offspring, especially of animals. 


678 


[< AS. geong, young.]—young'ish, a. Rather 
young.—young'ling, re. A young person, ani¬ 
mal, or plant.—young'ster, re. A youth; child. 
Young, 1 yuri; 2 yung, ISrigliam (1801-1877). 
President of the Mormon Church and leader of 
Mormon colonists in Utah, 
your, 1 yur; 2 yur, pron. Belonging to you: the 
possessive case singular and plural of you: in 
use preceding the noun. [AS. eower, gen. of 
ge, you.]— yours, pron. Possessive case of you. 
used when the noun is omitted.—your-self', re. 
[your-selves', pi.) A reflexive and often em¬ 
phatic form of the second-personal pronoun, 
youth, 1 yuth; 2 yuth, re. [youths 2 , pi.] 1. The 
state of being young. 2. The period when one 
is young. 3. A young man: in this sense with 
plural, as, several youths; used also as a col¬ 
lective noun; as, the youth of the land. [< 
AS. gedgoth, < geong, young.]— youth'ful, a. 
1. Pertaining to youth; being still young. 2. Not 
far advanced, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 

Y'pres, 1 I'pr; 2y'pr, re. A town in N. W. Belgium; 

scene of German defeat by the Allies, 1914-15. 
yr., abbr. Year.—yr.,ys.,yt .,abbr. Their, this, 
that: archaic forms. 

Y T u-an' Shi Kai, 1 yu-an' ghl kai; 2 yq-iin' shi kl 
(1848-1916). A Chinese general and statesman; 
President of the Chinese Republic, March 10, 
1912. 

Yu"ca-tan', 1 yu"ka-tan'; 2 yu"ca-t&n', re. A 
peninsula and state in S. Mexico; 35,203 sq. m.; 
pop. 347,800; capital, Merida, 
yuc'ca, 1 yuk'o; 2 yue'a, re. A lily dike plant of 
the southern United States, Mexico, and 
Central America, having a large panicle of 
white bell-shaped drooping flowers emerging 
from a crown of sword-shaped leaves. [Sp.] 
Y'u'kon, 1 yu'ken; 2 yu'k6n, re. 1. A river in cen¬ 
tral Alaska and N. W. Canada; 2,050 m. to the 
Pacific ocean. 2. A province in N. W. Canada; 
207,076 sq. m.; pop. 9,000; capital, Dawson. 
Yule, 1 yul; 2 yul, re. Christmas time, or the 
feast celebrating it. [ < AS. geol, December.] 
—Y'ule candle, a large candle formerly used to 
light Christmas festivities.—Y. day [Prov. Eng. 
or Scot.], Christmas day.—Y. log, clog, or 
block, a large log or block of wood, brought 
in with much ceremony, and made the founda¬ 
tion of the Christmas*eve Are.—Y T ule'tide", re. 
Christmas time. . 


Z 


Z, z, 1 zi or zed; 2 ze or z&d, re. [zees, Z’s, or 
Z s, 1 ziz; 2 ze§, pi.] A letter: the twenty* 
sixth and last in the English alphabet. 

Zach., abhr. Zacharias, Zachary. 

Zac-chae'us, 1 za-ki'us or zak'i-us; 2 z&-eS'fis or 
zak'e-Qs, re. Bib. A wealthy publican at whose 
house Jesus dined in Jerusalem. Luke xix, 2. 

Zach"a-ri'as, 1 zak"a-rai'os; 2 z&k"a-rt'as, re. Bib. 
The father of John the Baptist. Luke i, 6. 

Za'ina, 1 ze'ma; 2 za'ma, re. An ancient town in 
Numidia, N. Africa; scene of Hannibal's defeat 
by Scipio Africanus, 202 B. C. 

Zam-be'zi, 1 zam-be'zi or zam-bl'zi; 2 zam-be'zi 
or zam-be'zi, re. A river in S. E. central Africa; 
1,600 m. to the Indian ocean. See Victoria 
Falls. Zam-be'slf. 

za'ny, 1 ze'm; 2 za'ny, re. [za'nies 2 , pi.] An 
awkward simpleton; buffoon; fool. [< F. 
zanl < It. zanni, contr. of Giovanni, John.] 

Zan-zi-bar, 1 zan'zi-bar; 2 zan'zi-bar, re. A sea¬ 
port city, capital of the island and sultanate of 


this name, now a British protectorate, on the 
coast of British East Africa; pop. 35,000. See 
East Africa Protectorate, 
zeal, 1 zil; 2 zel, re. Ardor for a cause; enthu¬ 
siastic devotion; fervor. [ < Gr. L+p zelos, < 
zeo, boll.]—zeal 'ot, 1 zel'et; 2 zfil'ot, re. One who 
is over zealous; a fanatic; immoderate partizan. 
—zeal'ot-ry, re. The conduct or disposition of 
a zealot.—zeal'ous, 1 zel'us; 2 zgl'us, a. Filled 
with or incited by zeal, -ly, adv. -ness, re. 
Zea'land, 1 zl'land; 2 ze'land, re. 1. An island of 
Denmark, in the Baltic sea, on which Copenhagen 
is located; 2,680 sq. m. 2. Same as Zeeland. 
ze'bra, 1 zi'bra; 2 ze'bra, re. An African ass¬ 
like mammal having a white or yellowish- 
brown body marked with dark-brown or 
blackish bands. See illus. on next page. 
[Pg.; of Afr. origin.] 

ze'bu, 1 zl'biu; 2 ze'bu, re. The Indian ox, hav¬ 
ing a hump on the withers. [ < F. zebu.] 


1: artistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, or; full, rule; but, burn 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, fast, what, ftll; me, get, prgy, fgrn; hit, Ice; I = e; i = e; go, not, or, wdn 










679 


yokel 

zone 


Zeb'u-lon, 1 zeb'yu-len; 2 z6b'yu-I6n, n. Bib. A 
son of Jacob and ancestor of the tribe of that 
name. Gen. xxx, 20. Zeb'u-lunJ. 

?ed, 1 zed; 2 zed, n. The letter z: called zee 
in the United States, f < Gr. L zeta, zed ] 
Zee"brugge', 1 ze'bru 3 '; 2 ze"bruzh', n. A sea¬ 
port, N. Belgium, taken by the Germans in 
1914: harbor blocked by British navy, April, 
1918. 



ze-na'na, } 1 za-na'na; 2 ze-na'na, n. In India, the 
za-na'na, \ women’s apartments; the East*Indian 
harem. [< Per. zenana, belonging to 
women, < zen, woman.] 

Zech"a-ri'ah, 1 zek"a-rai'a; 2 z6e"a- 
ri'a, n. Bib. 1. A Hebrew prophet 
who returned to Pales¬ 
tine from captivity and 
promoted the rebuild¬ 
ing of the temple. 2. 

The minor prophetical 
book bearing his name. 

Zee'land, 1 zl'lsnd; 2 
ze'land, n. A province 
in S. W. Netherlands; 

707 sq.m.; pop.246, 8 S 0 ; 
capital, Middelburg. 

Zend, 1 zend; 2 zend, 
n. The eastern branch 
of the old Iranian 
group of Aryan lan¬ 
guages. [Old Per., 
translation.] 


Zebra. 1 / 3 o 


Zend"=A-ves'ta, 1 zend"*a-ves'ta; 2 zend"*a-ves'- 
ta, n. A collection of the sacred writings of the re¬ 
ligion of Zoroaster; the holy book of the Parsees. 
ze 'ni th» 1 zl'mfh or zen'ifh ;2 ze'nith or zen'ith, n. 

1. The point in the celestial sphere that is 
exactly overhead. 2. The culminating-point 
of prosperity, greatness, etc. [ < Ar. sp+F semt, 
path.] 

Ze'no, 1 zl'no; 2 ze'no, n. A Greek philosopher 
(342?-270? B. C.); founded the Stoic school. 
Ze-no'bi-a, 1 zi-no'bi-a; 2 ze-no'bi-a, n. A queen 
of Palmyra in the 3d century; conquered and 
captured by the Roman emperor Aurelian. 
Zeph"a-ni'ah, 1 zef"a-nai'a; 2 zef"a-nl'a, n. Bib. 

1. A later prophet of Judah during the monarchy. 

2. The minor prophetical book bearing his name, 
zeph'yr, / 1 zef'ar; 2 zef'yr, n. 1. The west 
zef'yr p , S wind; poetically, any soft, gentle 

wind. 2. Anything very light and airy. [ < 
Gr.n+F zephyr os, west wind.] 

Zep"pe-lin', 1 zep'a-lm or tsep'a-lln'; 2 zgp'e-lin 
or tsep’e-lin', n. 1. Ferdinand A. H., Count 
von (1838-1917), German builder of dirigible 
balloons. 2. A dirigible balloon named for him. 
ze'ro, 1 zl'ro; 2 ze'ro, n. 1. The numeral 0; a 
cipher. 2. The absence of quantity; nothing. 

3. The point on a scale, as of a thermometer, 
from which measures are counted; hence, the 
lowest point. [ < Ar. IT+F sifr, zero.] 

zesty 1 zest; 2 zgst. I d . vt. To give a zest to. II. 
n. 1. Agreeable excitement of the mind ac¬ 
companying exercise, mental or physical. 2. 
That which imparts such excitement. 3. An 
agreeable and piquant flavor. [ < Gr. L+F 
schistos, divided, cleft.] 

Zeus, 1 zius; 2 zus, n. The supreme deity of the 
Greeks, answering to the Roman Jupiter; the 
presiding divinity of Mount Olympus. 

Zeux'is, 1 ziuks'is; 2 zuks'is, n. A Greek painter 
(450?—396? B. C.). 

Z. G., abbr. Zoological Garden, 
zig'zag", 1 zig'zag"; 2 zig'zag"- [zig'zagged"; 
zig'zag"ging.] I. Vt. & vi. To form a zigzag, 
or move in zigzags. II. a. Having a series of 


zigzags. III. n. A series of short, sharp turns 
or angles from one side to the other in suc¬ 
cession, or something, as a path, character¬ 
ized by such angles. IV. adv. In a zigzag 
manner. [F., < G. zickzack, reduplication of 
zacke, sharp point.] 

zinc, 1 ziijk; 2 zinc. Ib of. To coat or cover 
with zinc. II. n. A bluish-white metallic 
element occurring mostly in combination: 
extensively used in the arts, as in the manu¬ 
facture of brass, and for roofing, etc., also as 
the positive element in batteries. [F., < G. 
zink, zinc.] — zinc-if'er-ous, zink-if'er-ousj 
a. Yielding zinc, as ore. — zinc-og'ra-pber, n. 
An expert in zincography. — zinc-o-graph'icj 
a. Pertaining to zincography. zinc-o-graph'I- 
calj.—zinc-og'ra-phy, n. The art of etching 
on zinc for producing plates for printing — 
zinck'y, a. zink'yj.—zinc'ous, a. Pertaining 
to or derived from zinc. 

Zi'on, I zcd'an; 2 zl'on, n. Bib. 1. A hill in Jeru¬ 
salem, the site of the royal residence of David and 
his successors; hence, the ancient Hebrew theoc¬ 
racy or the modern Church of Christ. 2. Heav¬ 
en.— Zi'on-ism, n. A widespread movement 
among the Jews for a resettlement of the Jews in 
Palestine.— zi'on-ist, a. & n. 

zir'con, 1 zur'ken; 2 zir'con, n. An adaman¬ 
tine, variously colored silicate, certain varie¬ 
ties of which are cut into gems. [F., < Per. 
zar, gold, + gun, color.] 

zith'er, )1 zith'er, zith'ern, 2 zith'er, zlth'- 

zith'ern, ) era, n. 

A simple form 
of stringed instru¬ 
ment, having a 
flat soundings 
board: played 
with the fingers. 

[G., < L. cithara; 
see guitar.] Zither. 

zn., abbr. Zinc. 

zo'di-ac, 1 zo'di-ak; 2 z5'di-&c, n. 1. Astron. 
An imaginary belt encircling the heavens and 
extending about 8° on each side of the eclip¬ 
tic, within which are the larger planets. It 
is divided into twelve parts, called signs of the 
zodiac, which formerly corresponded to twelve 
constellations bearing the same names. Now, 
owing to the precession of the equinoxes, each 
constellation is in the sign that has the name 
next following its own. The following are the 
Latin names of the signs in their order, English 
equivalents being given below: 


Spring: 


Autumn: 


Aries 1 

r 

Libra 7 


Taurus 2 

oc 

Scorpio 8 

"I 

Gemini* 

n 

Sagittarius* 

* 

Summer: 

© 

Winter: 


Cancer 4 


Capricorntis 10 

V3 

Leo 6 

si 

Aquarius 11 

axr 

Virgo 6 

nc 

Pisces 12 


1 Ram, 2 Bull, 

* Twins, 

4 Crab, 6 Lion, 6 

Virgin, 


7 Balance, 8 Scorpion, 8 Archer, 18 He*goat, 11 Wa¬ 
ter-carrier, 12 Fishes. 

2. Figuratively, a complete circuit; round. [ < 
GrJ+r zodiakos, of animals.]—zo-di'a-cal, a. 
zone, I z5n; 2 zon, n. 1. One of five divi¬ 
sions of the earth’s surface, bounded by lines 
parallel to the equator, and taking their 
names from the prevailing climate. These 
are the torrid zone, extending on each side 
of the equator 23° 27'; the temperate zones, 
included between the parallels 23° 27' and 
66° 33' on both sides of the equator, and the 



1: »= final; I = hablG aisle; au = <mt; oil; iu = feud; <lhin; go; i) = sm^; thin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, bOrn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 















zoo- 

zymotic 


680 


frigid zones, within the parallels 66° 33' 
and the poles. See illus. below. 2. A belt, 
band, stripe, etc., distinguished by any char¬ 
acteristic. [F., < Gr. L+sp zone, girdle.]— zo'- 
nal, a. Pertaining to or marked by zones.— 
zoned, a. 1. Wearing a girdle. 2. Marked with 
zones. 

ZO'O-, zo-, 1 zo'o-, zo-; 2 z5'o-, zo-. Combining 
forms. [< Gr. zoon, animal (< zao, live).]— 
zo"o-ge-og'ra-phy, n. The science or descrip¬ 
tion of the distribution of animals on the sur¬ 
face of the globe; faunal geography. —zo"o-ge- 
og'ra-pher, n.— 

zo"o-ge"o- --<—■— p oiL^ 

graph'ic or -i- 
cal, a. -ly, adv. — 
zo-og'ra-pliy, n. 

The branch of 
zoology that de¬ 
scribes animals.— 
zo-og'ra- pher, 
zo"o-graph'- 
ic or -i-eal, a. — 
zo'oid, n. Zool. 

One of the more 
or less indepen¬ 
dent products of 
non-sexual repro¬ 
duction in a colo¬ 
nial or compound 
organism. —-zo 'o- 
Iite, n. A petrified animal.— zo-ol'o-gy, n. 1. 
The science that treats of animals with reference 
to their structure, functions, etc. 2. The animal 
kingdom, or local examples of it; as, the zoology of 
Ceylon. 3. A treatise on animals.— zo"o-log'i- 
cal, a.— zo-ol'o-gist, ».—zo'o-phyte, n. An 
invertebrate animal resembling a plant, as a coral 
or sponge. — zo-ot 'ic, a. Containing evidences 
of former life, as certain soils. —zo-ot 'o-my, n. 
The dissection of animals; comparative anat¬ 
omy. —zo"o-tom 'i-cal, a. -!y, adv.— zo-ot 'o- 
mlst,n. 

zoogeog., abbr. Zoogeography. —zool. ,abbr. Zoo¬ 
logical, zoology. 

Zo"ro-as'ter, 1 z5"ro-as'tar; 2 z5"ro-as'ter, n. The 
traditional founder of the ancient Persian religion. 



"oi'fh 

Terrestrial Zones. 


w T bo lived about 600 B. C., and who is credited 
with parts of the Zend-Avesta. Za"ra-thus'- 

trat.—Zo"ro-as'tri-an, a. & n.— Zo"ro-as'- 
tri-an-isni, n. 

Zos'i-mus, 1 zes'i-mus; 2 zos'i-mus, n. A Greek 
historian of the 5th century. 

Zou-ave', 1 zu-av'; 2 zu-av', n. 1. A light¬ 
armed French infantryman. 2. 

[z-] [U. S.] A member of one of 
certain volunteer regiments assum¬ 
ing the name and in part the char¬ 
acteristic dress. [F., < Zwawa, 

name of Algerian tribe.] 

zounds, 1 zaundz; 2 zounds, interj. 

God’s wounds: denoting astonish¬ 
ment. 

Zui'der Zee, 1 zai'dar zl or (D.) zoi'dar 
ze; 2 zl'der ze or (D.) zoi'der zg. A 
gulf oftheNorthSea in N. W. Nether¬ 
lands; 80 by 34 m. Zuy'der Zeef. 

Zu"lo-a'ga, 1 fhu"[or zu']lo-d'ga: 2 
thu"[or zu']lo-a'ga, Ignacio (1870- 
). Spanish painter. 

Zu'lu-land, 1 zu'lu-land;2 zu'hj-land, 

n. A former British province of Zouave. 
Natal, S. Africa; 10,450 sq. m.; annexed to 
Natal, Dec. 30,1897.—Zu'lu, n. A member of 
the negroid race inhabiting this region, or their 
language.—Zu'lu, a. 

Zu'rich, 1 zu'nk; 2 zy'ric, n. A university city of 
Switzerland, on the lake of that name; pop. 
206,120. 

zwie'back, 1 tsvl'bak; 2 tsve'bak, n. A wheaten 
bread slowly baked until it acquires a uniform 
yellow color. [G.] 

Zwing'll, 1 tsvirj'll; 2 tsving'li, I’lrlch Huldreich 
(1484-1531). A Swiss Protestant reformer. 

zyme, 1 zaim; 2 zym, n. 1. A ferment. 2. A 
disease-germ; supposed to be the specific 
cause of a zymotic disease. [ < zyme, < zed, 
boil.] 

zy-niot'ic, 1 zai-met'ik; 2 zy-mfit'ic, a. Re¬ 
lating to or produced by fermentation, as a 
disease. [ < Gr. zymotikos, zymosis, < zyme, 
ferment.] 



1: artistic, firt; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; not, or; full, rtlle; but, btirn; 
2: art, ape, fat, fare, last, what, all; me, get, prey, fern; hit, ice; 1= S; I = e; go, not, dr, wdn, 
1:3 = final; i = hablG aisle; au = out; oil; iu = feud; cfhin; go; ij = sinp; fhin, this. 
2:wQlf, dft; book, boot; full, rule, cure, but, btirn; oil, boy; go, gem; ink; thin, this. 




















Synonyms, Antonyms, and 
Prepositions 


abandon adjacent 


abandon, 

Syn.: abdicate, abjure, east off, cease, cede, depart 
from, desert, discontinue, forego, forsake, forswear, 
give up, leave, quit, recant, relinquish, renounce, 
repudiate, resign, retire from, retract, surrender, 
vacate, withdraw from. The king abdicates his 
throne, cedes his territory, deserts his followers, 
renounces his religion, relinquishes his titles, aban¬ 
dons his designs.—Ant.: adopt, cherish, hold, keep, 
maintain, retain, uphold, 
abase, 

Syn.: bring low, cast down, debase, degrade, 
depress, disgrace, humble, humiliate, lower, reduce. 
Abase refers to outward conditions, debase to quality 
or character.—Ant.: exalt, honor, promote, raise, 
uplift.—Prep.: to abase by misfortune; abase one¬ 
self before a superior, 
abet, 

Syn.: See aid. 

abhor, 

Syn.: abominate, despise, detest, dislike, hate, 
loathe, nauseate, scorn, shun. Abhor is stronger 
than despise, implying a shuddering recoil, espe¬ 
cially a moral recoil. Detest expresses indignation, 
with something of contempt.—Ant.: admire, ap¬ 
prove, esteem, like, love, relish, 
ability, 

Syn.: aptitude, capability, capacity, cleverness, 
competency, dexterity, efficiency, expertness, fac¬ 
ulty, power, qualification, readiness, skill, talent. 
Ability includes every form of power. Capacity is 
power to receive. Dexterity and skill are readiness 
and facility in action, having a special end. and are 
largely acquired. Efficiency brings all one’s ability 
to bear promptly on the thing to be done.—Ant.: 
awkwardness, imbecility, inability, incapacity, in¬ 
competency, inefficiency, stupidity, 
abolish, 

Syn.: abate, abrogate, annihilate, annul, destroy, 
end, eradicate, exterminate, extirpate, nullify, 
obliterate, overthrow, prohibit, remove, repeal, 
reverse, revoke, set aside, stamp out, subvert, sup¬ 
plant, suppress, terminate. Abolish is used of insti¬ 
tutions, customs, and conditions. A building is 
destroyed by Are. A law is repealed by the enacting 
body, nullified by revolutionary proceedings, abro¬ 
gated by arbitrary power or by later enactments, 
absolute, 

Syn.: arbitrary, authoritative, autocratic, des¬ 
potic, imperative, imperious, irresponsible, peremp¬ 
tory, supreme, tyrannical, unconditional, unequivo¬ 
cal. Despotic is commonly applied to a masterful or 
severe use of power, wliich is expressed more 
decidedly by tyrannical. Arbitrary is sometimes 
used in a good sense; authoritative is always so used. 
—Ant.: accountable, conditional, conditioned, con¬ 
stitutional, limited, 
abstinence, 

Syn.: abstemiousness, continence, fasting, frugal¬ 
ity, moderation, self*control, self-denial, self-re¬ 
straint, sobriety, temperance. Abstinence from food 
signifies going without; abstemiousness, partaking 
moderately; abstinence may be for a single occasion, 
abstemiousness is habitual.—Ant.: drunkenness, ex¬ 
cess, gluttony, intemperance, intoxication, self- 
indulgence, sensuality, 
accession, 

Syn.: addition, arrival, augmentation, enlargement, 
extension, inauguration, increase, influx, installation. 

681 


accident, 

Syn.: casualty, chance, contingency, disaster, for¬ 
tuity, fortune, haphazard, incident, misadventure, 
mishap. An accident happens without any one’s 
direct intention, a chance without known cause. An 
incident is in the regular course of things, but subor¬ 
dinate to the main design. Fortune is the result of in¬ 
scrutable and seemingly capricious controlling forces 
—Ant.: calculation, certainty, decree, fate, foreor¬ 
dination, intention, law, necessity, plan, purpose, 
accompany, 

Syn.: see follow. 

acknowledge, 

Syn.: accept, admit, avow, certify, concede, con¬ 
fess, indorse, grant, own, profess, recognize. See 
confess. —Ant.: deny, disavow, disclaim, disown, 
ignore, repudiate. 

acrimony, 

Syn.: acerbity, asperity, bitterness, causticity, 
harshness, malignity, moroseness, severity, sharp¬ 
ness, sourness, tartness, unkindness, virulence 
Acerbity may be momentary; asperity is stronger, 
denoting distinct irritation or vexation. Acrimony 
springs from Settled character or deeply rooted feel¬ 
ing of aversion or unkindness. Severity always 
claims, truly or falsely, to be just.—Ant.: amiabil¬ 
ity, gentleness, good nature, kindness, mildness, 
suavity, tenderness, 
active, 

Syn.: agile, alert, brisk, bustling, busy, diligent, 
energetic, expeditious, industrious, lively, mobile, 
nimble, prompt, quick, ready, restless, sprightly, 
spry, supple, vigorous, wide awake. Active refers 
to both quickness and constancy of action; in the 
former sense it is allied with agile, alert, brisk, etc.; 
in the latter, with busy, diligent, industrious. See 
nimble. —Ant.: dull, heavy, idle, inactive, indolent, 
inert, lazy, quiet, slow, sluggish, stupid, 
actuate, 

Syn.: dispose, draw, excite, impel, incite, incline, 
induce, influence, lead, move, persuade, prompt, 
stir, urge. We are urged from without, actuated or 
impelled from „ within.—Ant.: deter, dissuade, 
hinder, restrain, 
acute, 

Syn.: astute, cunning, discerning, keen, penetrat¬ 
ing, perspicacious, piercing, pointed, sagacious, 
sharp, shrewd, subtile, subtle. Acute suggests the 
sharpness of the needle’s point, keen that of the 
cutting edge. We speak of a cunning rascal, but of a 
shrewd business man. See sagacious. —Ant.: blunt, 
chronic, dull, grave, heavy, obtuse, stolid, stupid, 
address, 

Syn.: accost, apostrophize, appeal, approach, 
court, greet, hail, salute, speak to, woo. To accost 
is to speak first to; to salute is to greet with special 
token of respect. See speech. 

adequate, 

Syn.: able, adapted, capable, commensurate, 
competent, equal, fit, fitted, fitting, qualified, satis¬ 
factory, sufficient, suitable. An able clergyman, 
may have strength adequate to the work of a porter, 
but that would not be fit or suitable work for him. 
—Ant.: inadequate, incompetent, inferior, insuffi¬ 
cient, unequal, unfit, unqualified, unsatisfactory, 
unsuitable.—Prep.: adequate to the demand; for 
the purpose, 
adjacent, 

Syn.: abutting, adjoining, attached, beside, bor- 





admonish 

appreciate 


682 


dering, close, conterminous, contiguous, near, 
neighboring, next, nigh. Adjacent farms may not 
be connected; if adjoining, they meet at the bound- 
arydine.—Ant.: detached, disconnected, disjoined, 
distant, remote, separate.—Prep.: to. 
admonish, 

Syn.: see reprove. 

adorn, 

Syn.: beautify, bedeck, deck, decorate, embellish, 
garnish, gild, illustrate, ornament. An author 
embellishes his narrative with fine descriptions, the 
artist illustrates it with beautiful engravings, the 
binder gilds and decorates the volume. A dorn is more 
lofty and spiritual, referring to a beauty which is 
not material and can not be put on by ornaments or 
decorations. We say of some admirable scholar or 
statesman, “he touched nothing that he did not 
adorn." —Ant.: deface, deform, disfigure, mar, spoil, 
adversity, 

Syn.: calamity, disappointment, disaster, distress, 
failure, hardship, ill fortune, ill luck, misery, mis¬ 
fortune. A ny considerable disappointment, failure, 
or misfortune constitutes adversity. Calamity and 
disaster are used of sudden and severe misfortunes; 
ill fortune or ill luck, of lighter troubles—Ant.: 
blessing, prosperity, success, 
advice, 

Syn.: see counsel. 

affinity, 

Syn.: connection, consanguinity, kin, kindred, re¬ 
lationship. Consanguinity is relationship by blood; 
affinity is relationship by marriage: either may be 
termed kin or kindred. In biology and philology, 
affinity may denote race=relationship or structural 
likeness, 
affirm, 

Syn.: assert, asseverate, aver, declare, depose, 
indorse, maintain, predicate, propound, protest, 
state, swear, tell, testify. Affirm has less of egotism 
than assert, more solemnity than declare, and more 
composure and dignity than asseverate, which is to 
assert excitedly. In legal usage, affirm differs from 
swear in not invoking the name of God. See allege; 
assert. —Ant.: contradict, deny, dispute, gainsay, 
negative, oppose, 
affliction, 

Syn.: chastening, trial, tribulation. Affliction may 
be brief, tho keen and bitter; tribulation is long and 
wearing. We speak of our daily trials. 

affront, 

Syn.: aggravate, annoy, displease, exasperate, 
insult, irritate, offend, provoke, tease, vex, wound. 
Aggravate in the sense of offend is colloquial. To 
provoke, literally to call out or challenge, is to begin 
a contest; one provokes another to violence. To 
affront is to offer some defiant offense or indignity, 
as it were to one s face. The offense involved in an 
affront is more stinging, that in an insult more delib¬ 
erate and bitter.—Ant.: conciliate, content, gratify, 
honor, please, 
aid, 

Syn.: abet, assist, befriend, cooperate, encourage, 
foster, help, succor, support, sustain, uphold. Help 
expresses greater dependence and deeper need than 
aid. See serve. — Ant.: counteract, discourage, 
hinder, obstruct, oppose, resist, thwart, withstand, 
alarm, 

Syn.: affright, apprehension, consternation, dis¬ 
may, disquietude, dread, fear, fright, panic, terror, 
timidity. Alarm, according to its derivation, is an 
arousing to meet and repel danger. Apprehension, 
disquietude, and dread are in anticipation of danger; 
consternation, dismay, and terror are overwhelming 
fear, generally in the actual presence of that which 
is terrible. Timidity is a readiness to be affected 
with fear. —Ant.: assurance, calmness, confidence, 
repose, security, 
allay, 

Syn.: abate, alleviate, appease, assuage, calm, 
compose, lessen, lighten, mitigate, moderate, mol¬ 
lify, pacify, palliate, quiet, reduce, relieve, soften, 


soothe, still, tranquilize. To allay is to lay to rest, 
quiet, or soothe that which is excited. To alleviate 
is to lighten a burden. We allay suffering by using 
means to soothe and tranquilize the sufferer; we alle¬ 
viate suffering by doing something toward removal 
of the cause, so that there is less to suffer; we allay 
rage or panic; we alleviate poverty, but do not allay 
it. See settle. —Ant.: agitate, arouse, excite, fan, 
kindle, provoke, rouse, stir, stir up. 
allegory, 

Syn.: fable, fiction, illustration, metaphor, par¬ 
able. simile. In modern usage we may say that an 
allegory Is an extended simile, while a metaphor is an 
abbreviated simile contained often in a phrase, per¬ 
haps in a word. A parable is exclusively moral or 
religious, briefer and less adorned than an allegory, 
with its lesson more immediately discernible, given, 
as it were, at a stroke, 
alliance, 

Syn.: coalition, compact, confederacy, confedera¬ 
tion, federation, fusion, league, partnership, union. 
Partnership is a mercantile word, alliance chiefly 
political. Coalition is oftenest used of political 
parties; fusion is now the more common word in 
this sense. See association. —Ant.: antagonism, 
disunion, divorce, enmity, hostility, rupture, seces¬ 
sion, separation.—Prep.: alliance tcith a neighboring 
state; against the common enemy; for offense and 
defense; of, between, or among nations, 
allot, 

Syn.: appoint, apportion, assign, award, destine, 
distribute, divide, give, grant, select, set apart. A 
portion of time is allotted; as, to live out one's allotted 
time. A definite period is appointed; as, the ap¬ 
pointed hour, 
allow, 

Syn.: admit, concede, consent to, grant, let, per¬ 
mit, sanction, suffer, tolerate, yield. We allow that 
which we do not attempt to hinder; we permit that 
to which we give express authorization.— Ant.: 
deny, disallow, disapprove, forbid, refuse.-—Prep.: 
allow of an action; allow one in a course; allow for 
errors, 
allude, 

Syn.: advert, hint, imply, indicate, insinuate, 
intimate, mention, point, refer, signify, suggest. 
We allude to a matter slightly, as if in byplay; we 
advert to it when we turn from our path to treat it; 
we refer to it by any clear utterance or expression, 
allure, * 

Syn.: attract, cajole, captivate, coax, decoy, draw, 
entice, inveigle, lure, seduce, tempt, win. One may 
attract without intent. We may allure to evil, but 
also to good; “ Allured to brighter worlds,” Gold¬ 
smith Des. Vil. 1. 170. Lure is rather more akin to 
the physical nature. To tempt is to endeavor to 
lead one wrong; to seduce is to succeed in winning 
one from good to ill. Win may be used in a good 
sense, in which it surpasses the highest sense of 
allure, because it succeeds in that which allure 
attempts. See draw; persuade.— Ant.: deter, dis¬ 
suade, drive away, repel.—Prep.: allure by hopes; 
allure from evil to good, 
altercation, 

Syn.: affray, .brawl, broil, contention, contro¬ 
versy, debate, discussion, disputation, dispute, dis¬ 
sension, disturbance, fracas, quarrel, wrangle, 
wrangling. Wrangle denotes rather a fiercer and 
coarser dispute than altercation. A wrangle that 
passes from words to blows becomes an affray or 
brawl. 

amazement, 

Syn.: admiration, astonishment, awe, bewilder¬ 
ment, confusion, perplexity, surprize, wonder. 
Astonishment especially affects the emotions, amaze¬ 
ment the intellect. Awe is the yielding of the mind 
to something supremely grand or formidable. Ad¬ 
miration includes delight and regard. Surprize lies 
midway between astonishment and amazement and 
usually respects matters less important or less 
startling. See perplexity. 






683 


admonish 

appreciate 


amend, 

Syn.: advance, ameliorate, better, cleanse, cor¬ 
rect, emend, improve, make better, meliorate, 
mend, mitigate, purify, rectify, reform, repair. We 
mend a tool, repair a building, correct proof, emend 
a defective or faulty text, amend character or con¬ 
duct that is faulty, or a statement or law that is 
defective; ameliorate poverty or misery, which we 
can not wholly remove. See emend. 
amiable, 

Syn.: agreeable, attractive, benignant, charming, 
engaging, gentle, good-natured, kind, lovable, 
lovely, loving, pleasant, pleasing, sweet, winning, 
winsome. Amiable combines the senses of lovable 
or lovely and loving. 
amicable, 

Syn.: cordial, favorable, friendly, hearty, kind, 
neighborly, sociable. The Saxon friendly is stronger 
than the Latin amicable; that which is amicable may 
be merely formal; that which is friendly is from the 
heart. See friendly. —Ant.: adverse, antagonistic, 
hostile, unfriendly, 
amid, 

Syn.: amidst, among, amongst, between, betwixt, 
in the midst of. Amid or amidst denotes surrounded 
by; among or amongst, mingled with. Between is 
said of two persons or objects, or of two groups of 
persons or objects. Amid denotes mere position; 
among some active relation, as of companionship, 
hostility, etc. We say among friends or among ene¬ 
mies, amidst the woods, amid the shadows.-—Ant.: 
afar, away, beyond, outside, without, 
ample, 

Syn.: abundant, affluent, bountiful, complete, 
copious, enough, full, liberal, plenteous, plentiful, 
sufficient. That is enough which just meets a given 
demand; that is ample which gives a safe, but not a 
large, margin beyond; that is abundant, affluent, 
bountiful, liberal, plentiful, which is largely in excess 
of manifest need. See large. —Ant.: deficient, 
inadequate, insufficient, narrow, niggardly, scant, 
small, stingy, 
amuse, 

Syn.: beguile, cheer, disport, divert, enliven, 
entertain, gratify, interest, occupy, please, recreate. 
We beguile a weary hour, cheer the despondent, 
divert the preoccupied, enliven a dull evening or 
company, gratify the wishes of our friends, entertain, 
interest, please a listening audience, occupy idle time, 
disport ourselves when merry, recreate when worn 
with toil.—Ant.: annoy, bore, disquiet, distract, 
disturb, tire, weary.—Prep.: amused at his antics; 
amuse the children with stories; I was amused by 
his account; some amuse themselves in folly Usage 
seems to be settling upon at and with. 
ancient, 

Syn.: aged, antiquated, antique, gray, hoary, 
immemorial, old, olden, time-honored, time-worn, 
venerable. Ancient, from the Latin, through the 
French, is the more stately, old. from the Saxon, the 
more familiar word. Anligue refers to an ancient, 
antiquated to a discarded style. Gray and hoary 
refer to outward and visible tokens of age. Vener¬ 
able expresses the involuntary reverence that we 
yield to the majestic and long-enduring.—Ant.: 
fresh, modern, new, novel, recent, 
anger, 

Syn.: animosity, choler, displeasure, exasperation, 
fury, impatience, indignation, ire, irritation, offense, 
passion, rage, resentment, temper, wrath. Anger is 
sharp, sudden, and, like all violent passions, neces¬ 
sarily brief. Resentment (a feeling back or feeling 
over again) is persistent brooding over injuries. 
Rage drives one beyond the bounds of prudence or 
discretion; fury is stronger yet, and sweeps one 
away into uncontrollable violence. Anger is per¬ 
sonal and usually selfish. Indignation is impersonal 
and unselfish displeasure at unworthy acts (L. 
indigna), i. e„ at wrong as wrong. See hatred. 
—Aint.: forbearance, gentleness, long-suffering, 


patL'v< e, peace, peaceableness, peacefulness, self* 
control, self-restraint.—Prep.: anger at the insult; 
anger toward the offender. 

animosity, 

Syn.: acrimony, antagonism, asperity, bitterness, 
enmity, hostility, ill will. Acrimony in speech or 
temper is like a corrosive acid; one might speak 
with momentary asperity to his child, but not wioh. 
acrimony, unless estrangement had begun. See 
anger, hatred. —Ant.: concord, friendship, har¬ 
mony, kindness, regard, sympathy, 
announce, 

Syn.: advertise, communicate, declare, enunciate, 
give notice of, give out, herald, make known, notify, 
proclaim, promulgate, propound, publish, report, 
reveal. Announce is chiefly anticipatory; we an¬ 
nounce a book when it is in press, a guest when he 
arrives. We advertise our business, communicate our 
intentions, enunciate our views; we notify an indi¬ 
vidual of a matter, give notice of a matter to the 
public. Declare has often an authoritative force; to- 
declare war is to cause war to be.—Ant.: conceal, 
hide, hush, suppress, withhold, 
answer, 

Syn.: rejoinder, repartee, reply, response, retort. 
Anything said or done in return for some word, 
action, or suggestion of another may be called an 
ansiver, as the blow of an enraged man, the whinny 
of a horse, the howling of the wind, the movement 
of a bolt in a lock, an echo, etc. A reply is an un¬ 
folding, and implies more thought and intelligence 
than are implied in the general meaning of answer. 
An answer to a charge or an argument effectually 
meets or disposes of it. 
antagonist, 

Syn.: adversary, competitor, enemy, foe, oppo¬ 
nent, rival. An adversary acts with hostile spirit. 
Antagonists in wrestling, competitors in business, 
opponents in debate may contend with no personal 
ill will; rivals in love, ambition, etc., rarely avoid 
inimical feeling. An enemy in private life is one who 
is moved by hostile feeling, but in military language 
all who fight on the opposite side are called enemies? 
or collectively “the enemy,” where no personal ani¬ 
mosity may be implied; foe implies intensely hostile 
spirit and purpose.—Ant.: ally, friend, helper, 
supporter, 
antecedent, 

Syn.: anterior, earlier, foregoing, former, intro¬ 
ductory, precedent, preceding, preliminary, pre¬ 
vious, prior. When used simply of time, antecedent 
refers to that which goes or happens at any distance 
in advance, preceding to that which is immediately 
or next before.—Ant.: consequent, following, later,, 
posterior, subsequent, succeeding, 
antipathy, 

Syn.: abhorrence, antagonism, aversion, detesta¬ 
tion, disgust, dislike, distaste, hatred, hostility, 
opposition, repugnance, uncongeniality. Antipathy,, 
repugnance, and uncongeniality are instinctive; 
other forms of dislike may be acquired or cherished 
for cause. See hatred. —Ant.: affinity, agreement, 
attraction, congeniality, harmony, kindliness, par¬ 
tiality, predilection, regard, sympathy.—Prep.: to- 
apology, 

Syn.: acknowledgment, confession, defense, excul¬ 
pation, excuse, justification, plea, vindication. 
According to its present meaning, he who offers an 
apology admits himself, at least technically and 
seemingly, in the wrong. An apology is for what one 
has done or left undone; an excuse may be for what 
one proposes to do or leave undone as well, 
appear, 

Syn.: look, seem. Appear refers to that which 
manifests itself to the senses, look to that toward 
which the gaze is directed; in figurative use. both 
apply to a semblance or probability which presents 
itself directly to the mind. Seem applies to what is- 
manifest to the mind on reflection, 
appreciate, 

Syn.: esteem, estimate, prize, value. A jeweler 






appropriate 

bleach 


684 


estimates a diamond as worth so much cash; the 
owner may value it beyond price, as a family heir¬ 
loom, or he may prize it as the gift of an esteemed 
friend, without at all appreciating its commercial 
value.—Ant.: depreciate, despise, flout, misjudge, 
scorn, undervalue, 
appropriate, 

Syn.: adapted, apposite, apt, becoming, befitting, 
congruous, fit, meet, pertinent, proper, suitable. 
Appropriate applies not only to the subject dealt 
with, but to the time, place, and circumstances in 
which the comparison is used; an illustration or 
remark may be apposite, apt, or pertinent, and yet 
not appropriate on a certain occasion.—Ant.: inap¬ 
propriate, incongruous, irrelevant, unfit, unsuitable. 
— Prep.: appropriate to the occasion; for the person, 
ardent, 

Syn.: burning, eager, excitable, fervent, fervid, 
fierce, fiery, glowing, hot, impassioned, inflamma¬ 
ble, intense, keen, longing, passionate, vehement. 
See eager. —Ant.: apathetic, calm, cold, cool, dis¬ 
passionate, frigid, icy, indifferent, listless, phleg¬ 
matic, platonic, stolid, stony, 
arduous, 

Syn.: difficult, exhausting, hard, laborious, oner¬ 
ous, severe, toilsome, trying. Hard may be active 
or passive; a thing may be hard to do or hard to bear. 
Arduous is always active. That which is difficult 
may require labor, or simply skill and address, as a 
difficult problem or puzzle. That which is arduous 
always requires persevering toil, 
army, 

Syn.; armament, force, forces, host, legions, mili¬ 
tary, multitude, phalanx, soldiers, soldiery, troops. 
Host is used for any vast and orderly assemblage; as, 
the stars are called the heavenly host. Multitude 
expresses number without order or organization. 
Organization and unity rather than numbers are the 
essentials of an army. 
arraign, 

Syn.: accuse, censure, charge, cite, Impeach, in¬ 
dict, summon. One may charge another with any 
fault, great or trifling, privately or publicly, for¬ 
mally or informally. Accuse suggests more of the 
formal and criminal. Indict and arraign apply 
strictly to judicial proceedings, and only an alleged 
criminal is indicted or arraigned. An alleged crim¬ 
inal is indicted by the grand jury and arraigned 
before the court.-—Ant.: acquit, condone, excuse, for¬ 
give, pardon.—Prep.: arraign at the bar, before the 
tribunal, of or for a crime, on or upon an indictment, 
arrest, 

Syn.: apprehend, capture, catch, check, detain, 
hold, make prisoner, restrain, secure, seize, stop, 
take into custody, take prisoner. The legal term 
arrest carries always the implication of a legal 
offense. One may be detained by process of law. 
as in the case of a witness who is held in a house 
of detention till a case comes to trial.—Ant.: dis¬ 
charge, dismiss, free, liberate, release, 
arrive, 

Syn.: attain, come, enter, get to, land, reach. To 
arrive is to come to a destination, to reach a point 
intended. See attain. —Ant.: depart, embark, go, 
go away, leave, set out, set sail, start, weigh anchor. 
—Prep.: arrive at or in one port from another; at 
our destination; upon the scene, 
arrogance, 

Syn.: assumption, disdain, haughtiness, insolence, 
presumption, pride, superciliousness, vanity. 
Haughtiness thinks highly of itself and poorly of 
others. Arrogance claims much for itself and con¬ 
cedes little to others. Pride is an absorbing sense of 
one’s own greatness. Disdain sees contemptuously 
the inferiority of others to oneself. Presumption 
claims place or privilege above one’s right. As- 
sumption quietly takes for granted superiority and 
privilege which others would be slow to concede. 
See ASSURANCE. 

artifice, 

Syn.: art, craft,- cunning, device, finesse, fraud, 


imposture, maneuver, ruse, stratagem, subterfuge, 
trick, wile. A ruse or a blind may be quite in¬ 
nocent and harmless. An artifice is a carefully 
prepared contrivance for doing indirectly what cne 
could not well do directly. See fraud. 
artist, 

Syn.: artificer, artizan. The work of the artist is 
creative; that of the artizan mechanical. The artificer 
is bet ween the two, putting more thought, intelligence, 
and taste into his work than the artizan, but less of 
the idealizing, creative power than the artist. 
asperse, 

Syn.: backbite, calumniate, decry, defame, 
depreciate, disparage, libel, malign, revile, slander, 
traduce, vilify. To asperse is to bespatter with inju¬ 
rious charges; to defame a person is to assail his good 
name; to malign is to circulate studied and malicious 
attacks upon character; to traduce is to exhibit one's 
real or assumed traits in an odious light.—Ant.: 
defend, eulogize, extol, laud, praise, vindicate. 

assembly, 

Syn.: assemblage, collection, company, conclave, 
concourse, conference, congregation, convention, con¬ 
vocation, crowd, gathering, group, host, meeting, 
multitude. An assemblage may be of persons or of 
objects; an assembly is always of persons. An assem¬ 
blage is promiscuous and unorganized; an assembly 
is organized and united in some common purpose, 
assent, 

Syn.: accede, accept, accord, acquiesce, admit, 
agree, approve, chime in, coincide, concur, consent, 
ratify, subscribe to, sustain, uphold. To assent is an 
act of the understanding; to consent, of the will. 
Assent is sometimes used for a mild or formal con¬ 
sent. See belief. —Ant.: contradict, demur, deny, 
differ, disagree, disavow, disclaim, dissent, object, 
protest, question, refuse, 
assert, 

Syn.: affirm, allege, asseverate, aver, avouch, 
avow, claim, declare, maintain, pronounce, protest, 
say, state, tell. One may assert himself, his right, his 
belief, or what he would have others believe on his 
mere word. Assert is controversial; affirm, state, and 
tell are simply declarative. See affirm; allege.— 
Ant.: contradict, contravene, controvert, deny, dis¬ 
prove, dispute, gainsay, oppose, repudiate, retract, 
waive, 
assign, 

Syn.: see allot. 

associate, 

Syn.: accomplice, ally, chum, coadjutor, col¬ 
league, companion, comrade, confederate, consort, 
fellow, friend, helpmate, mate, partner, peer. As¬ 
sociate is popularly used of mere friendly relations, 
but an associate as used officially implies a chief, 
leader, or principal, to whom the associate is not 
fully equal in rank; as, an associate editor. We 
rarely speak of associates in crime or wrong, using 
confederates or accomplices instead.—Ant.: antago¬ 
nist, enemy, rival, stranger, 
astute, 

Syn.: acute, crafty, cunning, discerning, discrimi¬ 
nating, keen, knowing, penetrating, penetrative, 
sagacious, sharp, shrewd, subtile, subtle. Astute, 
from the Latin, with the original sense of cunning, 
has come to have a meaning that combines the 
sense of acute or keen with that of sagacious .— 
Ant.: blind, dull, idiotic, imbecile, shallow, short* 
sighted, stolid, stupid, 
at, 

Syn.: about, because of, by, during, from, in, near, 
on, on occasion of, to, toward, with, within. As 
regards place, at is not used with names of coun¬ 
tries; we say in England, in France, etc.; with 
names of cities and towns the use of at or in depends 
not chiefly upon the size of the place, but upon the 
point of view. When we think merely of the local 
or geographical point, we use at; when we think of 
inclusive space, we employ in; as, we arrived at 
Liverpool; there are few rich men in this village 





685 


appropriate 

bleach 


attack, 

Syn.: assail, assault, beleaguer, beset, besiege, 
charge, combat, encounter, fall upon, invade, set 
upon. A person may assail another with re¬ 
proaches; he assaults him with or as with a blow. 
To attack Is to begin hostilities; to encounter is to 
meet face to face, either in attacking or resisting.— 
Ant.: aid, befriend, cover, defend, protect, 
attain, 

Syn.: accomplish, achieve, acquire, arrive at, 
compass, earn, gain, get, grasp, master, obtain, 
procure, reach, secure, win. A man may obtain a 
situation by favor; he procures a dinner by paying 
for it; he attains honor or learning as the result of 
strenuous and earnest labor. The object attained 
may not be worth the labor, but what one achieves 
is in itself great and admirable. See get. 
attempt, 

Syn.: endeavor, essay, strive, try, undertake. To 
attempt expresses a single act; to endeavor, a continu¬ 
ous exertion. To attempt is with the view of accom¬ 
plishing; to essay is with a view of testing our own 
powers. To undertake is to take upon oneself as an 
obligation. See effort. —Ant.: see synonyms for 

ABANDON. 

attitude, 

Syn.: pose, position, posture. A posture is as¬ 
sumed without any special reference to expression of 
feeling; attitude is the position appropriate to the 
expression of some feeling, whether consciously or 
unconsciously assumed. A pose is a position stud¬ 
ied for artistic effect or considered with reference 
to such effect, 
attribute, 

Syn.: ascribe, assign, charge, impute, refer. We 
may attribute a wrong intent to an innocent per¬ 
son. We charge a person with what we deem 
blameworthy. We may impute good or evil, but 
more commonly evil. See emblem. 
auspicious, 

Syn.: encouraging, favorable, fortunate, happy, 
hopeful, lucky, opportune, promising, propitious, 
prosperous, successful. That which is auspicious 
is of favorable omen; that which is propitious is of 
favoring influence or tendency; as. an auspicious 
morning: a propitious breeze.—Ant.: baleful, dis¬ 
couraging, hopeless, inauspicious, unfavorable, un¬ 
promising. unpropitious. 
authenticate, 

Syn.: see confirm. 

avaricious, 

Syn.: close, covetous, greedy, miserly, niggardly, 
parsimonious, penurious, rapacious, sordid, stingy. 
The avaricious man desires both to get and to keep, 
the covetous man to get something away from its 
possessor;* miserly and niggardly persons seek to 
gain by mean and petty savings, the miserly by 
stinting themselves, the niggardly by stinting others, 
avenge, 

Syn.: punish, retaliate, revenge, vindicate, visit. 
To avenge is to visit some offense with fitting punish¬ 
ment; to revenge is to inflict harm or suffering upon 
another through personal anger and resentment. 

avoid, 

Syn.: avert, elude, escape, eschew, evade, keep 
away from, keep clear of, shun. A man avoids con¬ 
troversy by keeping clear of the subject that might 
excite it; he escapes a danger, evades a demand, 
eludes another’s grasp, and shuns a horrible sight, 
awkward, 

Syn.: boorish, bungling, clownish, clumsy, 
gawky, maladroit, uncouth, ungainly, unhandy, un¬ 
skilful. Awkward , from awk (kindred with off), is 
offward, turned the wrong way; it was anciently 
used of a back*handed blow in battle, of squinting 
eyes, etc. Clumsy originally signified benumbed, 
stiffened with cold; as, clumsy fingers; clumsy limbs. 
Thus awkward primarily refers to action, clumsy to 
condition. A tool, a vehicle, or the human frame 
may be clumsy in shape or build, awkward In mo¬ 


tion. A dancing bear is both clumsy and awkward . 
—Ant.: adroit, clever, dexterous, handy, skilful. 


B 

banish, 

Syn.: ban, dislodge, drive out, eject, evict, exile, 
expatriate, expel, ostracize, oust. A person may be 
banished from any country where he may happen to 
be, but expatriated or exiled only from his own. One 
may expatriate or exile himself, but is banished by 
others, 
base, 

Syn.: see infamous. 

battle, 

Syn.: action, affair, bout, combat, conflict, con¬ 
test, encounter, engagement, fight, skirmish. Con¬ 
flict is a general word which describes opponents, 
whether Individuals or hosts, as dashed together. 
One continuous conflict between entire armies is a 
battle. Engagement is a somewhat formal expression 
for battle. A skirmish is between small detachments 
or scattered troops. Fight is a word of less dignity 
than battle. —Ant.: armistice, concord, peace, truce, 
beat, 

Syn.: batter, bruise, castigate, chastise, conquer, 
cudgel, defeat, flog, pommel, pound, scourge, sur¬ 
pass, thrash, vanquish, whip, worst. Strike is the 
word for a single blow. To beat is to strike repeat¬ 
edly; as, a bird beats the air with its wings. Others 
of the above words describe the manner of beating. 
The metaphorical sense of beat, however, so far 
preponderates that one may be very badly bruised 
and battered and yet not be said to be beaten, unless 
he has got the worst of the beating. 
beautiful, 

Syn.: attractive, beauteous, bewitching, charm¬ 
ing, comely, delightful, elegant, exquisite, fair, fine, 
graceful, handsome, lovely, picturesque, pretty. 
There must be harmony and unity, and in human 
beings spiritual loveliness, to constitute an object or 
a person really beautiful. Beautiful is opposed to 
all that is hard and rugged; hence, we say a beau¬ 
tiful woman, but not a beautiful man. Pretty applies 
to objects comparatively small, slight, and dainty; 
as, a pretty bonnet; a pretty girl. That is handsome 
which is not only superficially pleasing, but well and 
harmoniously proportioned, as made so by art, 
breeding, or training: as, a handsome horse; a hand¬ 
some house. Fair denotes what is bright, smooth, 
clear, and without blemish; as, a fair face, 
beg, 

Syn.: ask, beseech, crave, entreat, implore, peti¬ 
tion, pray, request, solicit, supplicate. One asks 
what he feels that he may fairly claim and reason¬ 
ably expect; he begs for that to which he advances 
no claim but pity. Entreat implies a special earnest¬ 
ness of asking, and beseech, a still added and more 
humble intensity. To beseech is to ask with intense 
earnestness; to implore is to ask with weeping and 
lamentation; to supplicate is to ask, as it were, on 
bended knees. Crave and request are somewhat for¬ 
mal terms. Pray is now used chiefly of address to’ 
the Supreme Being; petition is used of written re¬ 
quest to .persons in authority.—Ant.: claim, com¬ 
mand, demand, enforce, exact, extort, insist, require, 
belief, 

Syn.: admission, assurance, avowal, confidence, 
credence, credit, creed, doctrine, opinion, reliance, 
trust. Belief is stronger than credence-, we speak 
of giving credence to a report, but not of giving 
belief. In religion, a doctrine is a statement of 
belief regarding a single point; a creed is a summary 
statement of doctrines. —Ant.: denial, disavowal, 
disbelief, dissent, distrust, doubt, misgiving, rejection, 
unbelief, 
blank, 

Syn.: bare, barren, clear, empty, plain, unfilled, 
unlimited, unmarked, unsigned. 

bieach, 

Syn.: blanch, make white, whiten. To whiten is 





blemish 

eontemporaneous 


686 


•to make while in general, but commonly it means to 
overspread with white coloring-matter. Bleach and 
blanch both signify to whiten by depriving of color, 
the former permanently (as linen), the latter either 
permanently (as, to blanch celery) or temporarily 
(as, to blanch the cheek with fear), 
blemish, 

Syn.: blot, blur, brand, crack, daub, defacement, 
•deformity, disgrace, dishonor, fault, flaw, imperfec¬ 
tion, injury, smirch, speck, spot, stigma, taint. 
Whatever mars the beauty or completeness of an 
object is a blemish. A blemish is superficial; a flaw 
or taint is in structure or substance, 
blunt, 

Syn.: dull, edgeless, obtuse, pointless, round, 
smooth, thick.—Ant.: acute, keen, pointed, sharp. 

brave, 

Syn.: adventurous, bold, chivalrous, courageous, 
daring, dauntless, doughty, fearless, gallant, heroic, 
intrepid, valiant, venturesome. All great explorers 
have been adventurous ; children, fools, and criminals 
are venturesome. The courageous man steadily en¬ 
counters perils to which he may be keenly sensitive, 
at the call of duty; the gallant are brave in a dashing, 
showy, and splendid way; the valiant not only dare 
great dangers, but achieve great results; the heroic 
are nobly daring and dauntless, sublimely courageous. 
—Ant.: afraid, cowardly, cringing, faint-hearted, 
fearful, pusillanimous, shrinking, timid, timorous, 
bright, 

Syn.: beaming, brilliant, burnished, cheerful, 
cheering, effulgent, flashing, gleaming, glorious, 
glowing, luminous, lustrous, radiant, refulgent, re¬ 
splendent, shining, sparkling, splendid, sunny, sun¬ 
shiny. An object is bright that shines with either 
original or reflected light: that is brilliant which 
shines with unusual or distinctive brightness; while 
that is radiant from which light seems to pour 
forth in rays, 
busy, 

Syn.: active, diligent, employed, engaged, indus¬ 
trious, occupied. Busy applies to an activity which 
may be temporary, industrious to a habit of life. 
We say a man is busy just now; it would be ridicu¬ 
lous or satirical to say, he is industrious just now. 
But busy can be used in the sense of industrious, as 
when we say he is a busy man. Diligent indicates 
also a disposition, which is ordinarily habitual, and 
suggests more of heartiness and volition than in¬ 
dustrious. We say one is a diligent, rather than an 
industrious, reader of the Bible.—Ant.: careless, 
anatory, dull, idle, inactive, indolent, lazy, listless, 
negligent, remiss, slack, slothful. 


c 

calm, 

Syn.: collected, composed, cool, dispassionate, 
imperturbable, peaceful, placid, quiet, self-pos¬ 
sessed, serene, smooth, still, tranquil, undisturbed, 
unruffled. That is calm which is free from dis¬ 
turbance or agitation. We speak of a calm sea, a 
placid lake, a serene sky, a still night, and a quiet 
home. One is calm who triumphs over a tendency 
to excitement; cool if he scarcely feels the tendency. 
One is composed who has subdued excited feeling; 
he is collected when he has every thought, feeling, 
or perception awake and at command, 
candid, 

Syn.: aboveboard, artless, fair, frank, guileless, 
honest, impartial, ingenuous, innocent, naive, open, 
simple, sincere, straightforward, transparent, truth¬ 
ful. A candid statement is meant to be just to all 
parties; a fair statement is really so. Fair is applied 
to the conduct; candid is not. One who is frank has 
a fearless and unconstrained truthfulness. Honest 
and ingenuous unite in expressing freedom from 
deceit. Sincere applies especially to the feelings or 
character.—Ant.: artful, crafty, cunning, deceitful, 
designing, knowing, sharp, shrewd, sly, subtle, 
tricky, wily. 


cant, 

Syn.: see slang. 

captivate, 

Syn.: see charm. 

care, 

Syn.: anxiety, attention, caution, charge, cir¬ 
cumspection, concern, direction, forethought, heed, 
management, oversight, precaution, prudence, 
solicitude, trouble, wariness, watchfulness, worry. 
Care inclines to the positive, caution to the negative; 
care is shown in doing, caution largely in not doing. 
Precaution is allied with care, prudence with caution 
Concern denotes a serious interest, milder than 
anxiety. Heed implies attention without disquiet. 
Solicitude involves the element of desire, not ex¬ 
pressed in anxiety, and of hopefulness, not implied 
in care. —Ant.: carelessness, heedlessness, inatten¬ 
tion, indifference, neglect, recklessness, remissness, 
cause, 

Syn.: actor, agent, antecedent, author, causality, 
causation, condition, creator, designer, former, 
fountain, occasion, origin, originator, power, prec¬ 
edent, reason, source, spring. An occasion is some 
event which brings a cause into action at a partic¬ 
ular moment; gravitation and heat are the causes 
of an avalanche; the steep incline of the mountain¬ 
side is a necessary condition, and the shout of the 
traveler may be the occasion of its fall.—Ant.: 
consequence, effect, end, event, fruit, issue, out¬ 
growth, product, result, 
cease, 

Syn.: abstain, conclude, desist, discontinue, end, 
finish, intermit, leave off. pause, quit, refrain, stop. 
Strains of music may gradually or suddenly cease. 
A man quits work, discontinues a practise, stops 
short in what he may or may not resume, but 
pauses in what he will probably resume, 
celebrate, 

Syn.: commemorate, keep, observe, solemnize. 
We celebrate the birth, commemorate the death of one 
beloved or honored. We keep the Sabbath, solemnize 
a marriage, observe an anniversary. Compare keep. 
charm, 

Syn.: bewitch, captivate, delight, enchant, en¬ 
rapture, entice, entrance, fascinate, ravish.—Ant.: 
annoy, disenchant, disgust, distress, disturb, irri¬ 
tate, repel. 

chasten, 

Syn.: afflict, castigate, chastise, correct, disci¬ 
pline, elevate, punish, purify, refine, try. Punish is 
distinctly retributive in sense: chastise, partly re¬ 
tributive and partly corrective; chasten, wholly 
corrective, 
cheerful, 

Syn.: blithe, bright, buoyant, cheering, cheery, 
gay, genial, happy, jocund, joyous, livqiy, merry, 
mirthful, smiling, sprightly, sunny. A cheery word 
spontaneously gives cheer to others; a cheering word 
is more distinctly planned to cheer and encourage, 
cherish, 

Syn.: cheer, comfort, encourage, entertain, foster, 
harbor, hold dear, nourish, nurse, nurture, protect, 
shelter, value. To cherish is both to hold dear and 
to treat as dear. To nurse is to tend the helpless or 
feeble. To nourish is strictly to sustain and build 
up by food; to nurture includes mental and spiritual 
training with love and tenderness; to foster is simply 
to maintain and care for, to bring up. In the figura¬ 
tive sense, the opinion one cherishes he holds, not 
with mere cold conviction, but with loving devotion, 
chief, 

Syn.: captain, chieftain, commander, head, leader 
master, principal, ruler. A leader is one who is 
voluntarily followed because of real or supposed 
ability. A master is one who can enforce obedience. 

childish, 

Syn.: babyish, childlike, foolish, imbecile, infan¬ 
tile, infantine, paltry, petty, puerile, silly, trifling, 
trivial. Childlike refers to the lovely qualities, 
childish rather to the less desirable traits of child- 




687 


blemish 

contemporaneous 


hood.—Ant.: bold, manly, masculine, resolute, 
strong, vigorous, virile. 

choice, 

Syn.: cherished, chosen, costly, dainty, elegant, 
excellent, exquisite, nice, picked, precious, rare, 
select. Exquisite denotes the utmost perfection of 
the elegant in minute details; we speak of an ele¬ 
gant garment; an excellent lace, 
choose, 

Syn.; cull, elect, pick, pick out, prefer, select. 
Prefer indicates a state of desire and approval; 
choose , an act of will. Prudence or generosity may 
lead one to choose what he does not prefer. One 
may choose , but not select, hastily or carelessly. 
Elect is popularly confined to the political sense. 
Cull commonly means to collect as well as to select. 
cleanse, 

Syn.: brush, clean, disinfect, dust, mop, purify, 
rinse, scour, scrub, sponge, sweep, wash, wipe. 
Cleanse implies a worse condition to start from, and 
more to do, than clean; as, Hercules cleansed the 
Augean stables, 
clear, 

Syn.: apparent, distinct, evident, intelligible, 
lucid, manifest, obvious, pellucid, plain, transparent. 
A substance is said to be clear that offers no im¬ 
pediment to vision. Transparentretors to a medium 
through which a substance is seen, clear to the 
substanee itself. Lucid and pellucid refer to a 
shining clearness, as of crystal, 
clever, 

Syn.: able, adroit, apt, bright, dexterous, expert, 
gifted, happy, ingenious, keen, knowing, quick, 
quick-witted, sharp, skilful, smart, talented. Clever, 
implying in England an aptitude for study or learn¬ 
ing, in early New England usage denoted simple and 
weak good nature. The discriminating use of such 
words as able, gifted, talented, etc., is greatly prefer¬ 
able to an excessive use of the word clever. 
cloister, 

Syn.: abbey, convent, friary, hermitage, monas¬ 
tery, nunnery, priory. Cloister, abbey, convent, and 
priory are for either sex; a friary is always for men, 
a nunnery for women, a monastery commonly for 
men. A priory is inferior in dignity to an abbey. 
The word monastery lays stress upon the loneliness 
(Gr. monos, alone); convent emphasizes the associa¬ 
tion of its inmates (L. convenio, assemble), 
comfort, 

Syn.: abundance, amusement, cheer, content¬ 
ment, ease, enjoyment, happiness, opulence, plea¬ 
sure, plenty, satisfaction, sufficiency. Comfort is 
more solid than amusement, more quiet and stable 
than pleasure. —Ant.: dreariness, gloom, misery, 
need, poverty, suffering, want, wretchedness, 
command, 

Syn.: adjure, bid, charge, control, direct, domi¬ 
nate, enjoin, govern, order, overlook, require, rule. 
A parent may command a child whom he can not 
govern or control. A skilful horseman controls a 
spirited horse; a general directs a campaign.— 
Ant.: be subject, obey, submit, yield, 
common, 

Syn.: cheap, coarse, commonplace, customary, 
every-day, familiar, frequent, general, habitual, 
low, mean, normal, • ordinary, popular, public, 
threadbare, trite, universal, usual, vile, vulgar.— 
Ant.: exceptional, infrequent, odd, peculiar, rare, 
singular, unusual.—Prep.: common to the race; 
common among men; in common with others, 
compel, 

Syn.: coerce, constrain, drive, force, make, neces¬ 
sitate, oblige. Force implies primarily an actual 
physical process; compel implies the exertion of 
power almost as absolute, subduing all resistance. 
Coerce implies the actual or potential use of so much 
force as may be necessary to secure the surrender of 
the will. Constrain implies the yielding of judgment 
and will, and in some cases of inclination or affec¬ 
tion, to an overmastering influence. See 2 Cor. v, 14. 


complex, 

Syn.: abstruse, complicated, composite, com¬ 
pound, confused, conglomerate, entangled, hetero¬ 
geneous, intricate, involved, manifold, mixed, mul¬ 
tiform, obscure, tangled. That is complex which is 
made up of several connected parts. That is com¬ 
plicated in which the parts are so numerous or so 
combined that the mind can not readily apprehend 
their mutual relations. That is compound in which 
the parts are not merely connected, but fused, or 
otherwise combined into a single substance. In a 
composite object the different parts have less of unity; 
in a heterogeneous body unlike parts or particles are 
intermingled, often without apparent order or plan. 
—Ant.: clear, homogeneous, plain, simple, uniform 
condense, 

Syn.: see abbreviate. 

confess, 

Syn.: accept, acknowledge, admit, avow, certify, 
concede, disclose, indorse, grant, own, recognize. 
We accept another’s statement; admit any point 
made against us; acknowledge what we have said or 
done, good or bad; avow our individual beliefs or 
feelings. Confess is stronger than acknowledge or 
admit and more specific than own; a person admits 
a mistake; acknowledges a fault; confesses error, sin, 
or crime.-—Ant.: cloak, conceal, cover, deny, dis¬ 
guise, disown, dissemble, dissimulate, hide, screen, 
secrete, veil, 
confirm, 

Syn.: authenticate, corroborate, establish, fix, 
prove, ratify, sanction, settle, strengthen, substanti¬ 
ate, sustain, uphold. A statement is substantiated; 
a report confirmed ; a controversy settled. That 
which is thoroughly proved is said to be established. 
congratulate, 

Syn.: felicitate. To felicitate is to pronounce one 
happy or wish one joy; to congratulate is to express 
hearty sympathy in another’s joys or hopes.—Ant.: 
condole with, console.—Prep.: congratulate one on 
or upon his success, 
conquer, 

Syn.: beat, crush, defeat, discomfit, down, hum¬ 
ble, master, overcome, overmaster, overmatch, 
overpower, overthrow, prevail over, reduce, rout, 
subdue, subject, subjugate, surmount, vanquish, 
win, worst. To defeat an enemy is to gain an ad¬ 
vantage for the time; to vanquish is to win a signal 
victory; to conquer is to overcome so effectually that 
the victory is regarded as final. A country is sub¬ 
jugated when it is held helplessly and continuously 
under military control; it is subdued when all re¬ 
sistance has died out. An army is routed when it is 
put to flight, 
conscious, 

Syn.: aware, sensible. One is aware of that which 
exists without him, conscious of the workings of his 
own mind. 

console, 

Syn.: comfort, condole with, encourage, sympa¬ 
thize with. One condoles with another by the ex¬ 
pression of kindly sympathy in his trouble; he 
consoles him by considerations adapted to soothe 
and sustain the spirit.—Ant.: distress, grieve, hurt, 
sadden, trouble, wound, 
contagion, 

Syn.: infection. The best usage now limits con¬ 
tagion to diseases that are transmitted by contact 
with the diseased person, either directly by touch 
or indirectly by use of the same articles, by breath, 
effluvia, etc. Infection is applied to diseases pro¬ 
duced by no known or definable influence of one 
person upon another, but where common climatic, 
malarious, or other wide-spread conditions are be¬ 
lieved to be chiefly instrumental, 
contemporaneous, 

Syn.: contemporary. Contemporaneous is used 
chiefly of facts and events, contemporary of persons; 
as, contemporary writers; contemporaneous writings. 
—Prep.: with. 




continual 

employ 


688 


continual, 

Syn.: ceaseless, constant, continuous, incessant, 
invariable, perpetual, regular, unbroken, unceasing, 
uninterrupted, unvarying. Continuous describes 
that which is absolutely without pause or break; 
continual strictly denotes that which often inter¬ 
mits, but as regularly begins again, 
contract, 

Syn.: agreement, arrangement, bargain, cartel, 
compact, covenant, engagement, promise, stipula¬ 
tion. An agreement or a contract may be oral or 
written, but a consideration or compensation is es¬ 
sential to a contract. A covenant in law Is a written 
contract under seal. Covenant is frequent in relig¬ 
ious usage, as contract is in law and business. Com¬ 
pact is essentially the same as contract, but is ap¬ 
plied to international agreements, treaties, etc. A 
bargain is a mutual agreement for an exchange of 
values, without the formality of a contract. A 
stipulation Is a single item in an agreement or con¬ 
tract. A cartel Is a military agreement for the ex¬ 
change of prisoners or the like, 
contrary, 

Syn.: antagonistic, conflicting, contradictory, 
contrasted, different, discordant, dissimilar, in¬ 
compatible, incongruous, inconsistent, opposed, 
opposite, unlike. Things are contradictory which 
mutually exclude each other, so that both can not 
exist in the same object at the same time, as life 
and death. Things are contrary when the highest 
degree of both can not exist in the same object at 
the same time, but where a middle term is possible, 
partaking of the qualities of both, as wisdom and 
folly, or heat and cold, 
corpulent, 

Syn.: adipose, burly, fat, fleshy, gross, obese, 
plethoric, portly, pursy, stout.—Ant.: bony, ema¬ 
ciated, gaunt, lean, poor, skinny, slight, spare, thin. 

correct, 

Syn.: accurate, decorous, exact, faultless, per¬ 
fect, precise, proper, right, true. A copy of a docu¬ 
ment should always be correct; it is perfect only 
when it is accurate in every particular.—Ant.: er¬ 
roneous, false, faulty, inaccurate, incorrect, wrong, 
counterfeit, 

Syn.: bogus, deceptive, false, fictitious, forged, 
fraudulent, mock, sham, spurious.—Ant.: authentic, 
correct, genuine, honest, original, sterling, true, 
veritable. 

courage, 

Syn.: boldness, bravery, daring, fearlessness, for¬ 
titude, gallantry, hardihood, intrepidity, mettle, 
pluck, resolution, spirit, valor. It takes courage to 
charge a battery, fortitude to stand still under an 
enemy’s fire. It requires resolution to resist temp¬ 
tation, endurance to resist hunger and cold.—Ant.: 
cowardice, fear, fright, timidity, 
criminal, 

Syn.: abominable, culpable, felonious, flagitious, 
guilty, illegal, immoral, iniquitous, nefarious, sinful, 
unlawful, vicious, vile, wicked, wrong. Every crim¬ 
inal act is illegal or unlawful, but illegal or unlaw¬ 
ful acts may not be criminal. Offenses against 
public law are criminal; offenses against private 
rights are merely illegal or unlawful. —Ant.: inno¬ 
cent, just, lawful, legal, moral, right, virtuous, 
cursory, 

Syn.: careless, desultory, hasty, slight, superficial. 
—Ant.: careful, critical, elaborate, exhaustive, mi¬ 
nute. painstaking, thorough. 

custom, 

Syn.: fashion, habit, manner, practise, style, use. 
Custom is chiefly used of the action of many: habit 
of the action of one. See habit; tax. 

l 

D 

daily, 

Syn.: diurnal. Daily is the Saxon and popular, 
diurnal, the Latin and scientific term. A diurnal 
flower opens or blooms only In daylight; a diurnal 


bird or animal flies or ranges only by day. A diurnal 
motion exactly fills the time of one rotation of a 
planet on its axis; a daily motion is much less definite. 

danger, 

Syn.: hazard, insecurity, jeopardy, peril, risk. 
Danger is exposure to possible evil; peril is exposure 
to imminent and sharply threatening evil. Jeop¬ 
ardy involves more of the element of chance or 
uncertainty: a man tried upon a capital charge is 
said to be put in jeopardy of life.—Ant.: defense, 
protection, safety, security, 
dark, 

Syn.: black, dim, dismal, dull, dusky, gloomy, 
mysterious, obscure, opaque, sable, shadowy, shady, 
somber, swart, swarthy. Strictly, that which is 
black is absolutely destitute of color; that which is 
dark is absolutely destitute of light. In common 
speech, however, a coat is black, tho not optically 
colorless; the night is dark, tho the stars shine.— 
Ant.: bright, brilliant, clear, gleaming, glowing, light, 
luminous, radiant, transparent, white, 
dead, 

Syn.: deceased, defunct, departed, inanimate, 
lifeless.—Ant.: alive, animate, living, 
deceive, 

Syn.: beguile, betray, cheat, circumvent, defraud, 
delude, dupe, entrap, impose upon, ensnare, mis¬ 
lead, overreach, outwit, take in, trick. Compare 
DECEPTION. 

defer, 

Syn.: respect, revere, submit, venerate, yield- 
We defer to recognized superiors in position, ability, 
or attainments; we respect power and worth wherever 
found.—Ant.: defy, despise, disregard, scorn, slight, 
deliver, 

Syn.: discharge, emancipate, free, liberate, ran¬ 
som, redeem, rescue, save, set free.—Ant.: betray, 
capture, confine, enslave, imprison, incarcerate, 
oppress.—Prep.: deliver from an enemy; deliver to 
the authorities; deliver a speech at a place, in a hall, 
on a platform, before an audience, 
demolish, 

Syn.: destroy, overthrow, overturn, raze. ruin. A 
building is demolished when reduced to a shapeless 
mass; it is razed when leveled with the ground; it is 
destroyed when its structural unity is gone, whether 
or not its component parts remain; it is ruined when 
by violence or neglect it has become unfit for 
human habitation. See break. —Ant.: construct, 
create, make, repair, restore, 
design, 

Syn.: aim, device, end, final cause, intent, inten¬ 
tion, object, plan, project, purpose, scheme. Design 
refers to the adaptation of means to an end: intent 
and purpose overlook the means and fasten on the 
end itself. Plan relates to details of form, structure, 
and action in themselves; design considers these 
details as means to an end. 
desire, 

Syn.: appetency, appetite, aspiration, concupis¬ 
cence, coveting, craving, hankering, inclination, 
longing, wish. Inclination is the mildest of these 
terms; it is a quiet, or even a vague or unconscious 
tendency. Desire is for an object near at hand, or 
near in thought, and viewed as attainable; a wish 
may be for what is remote or uncertain, or even 
impossible. Coveting ordinarily denotes wrong 
desire for that which is another’s, 
determination, 

Syn.: decision, resolution, resolve. Resolve 
always refers to a single act; resolution may refer to 
the habit of mind which readily forms and adheres 
to a resolve. Decision or determination especially 
marks the beginning of action; resolution holds out 
to the end.—Ant.: doubt, fickleness, hesitation, in¬ 
decision. irresolution, vacillation, 
difference, 

Syn.: contrariety, disagreement, discrepancy, 
discrimination, disparity, dissimilarity, dissimili¬ 
tude. distinction, diversity, inconsistence, inequal¬ 
ity, unlikeness, variation, variety. A difference is in 





689 


continual 

employ 


the things compared; a discrimination is in our judg¬ 
ment of them; a distinction is in our definition or 
mental image of them. Careful discrimination of 
real differences results in clear distinctions. Dis¬ 
agreement is not merely the lack, but the opposite, 
of agreement. Ant.; agreement, consonance, har¬ 
mony, identity, likeness, resemblance, similarity, 
uniformity, unity, 
discern, 

Syn.: behold, descry, discriminate, distinguish, 
observe, perceive, recognize, see. We discriminate 
by real differences; we distinguish by outward signs; 
an officer is readily distinguished from a common 
soldier by his uniform. Objects may be dimly 
discerned at twilight, when yet we can not clearly 
distinguish one from another. We descry (origi¬ 
nally espy) what is difficult to discover, 
discover, 

Syn.: ascertain, descry, detect, discern, disclose, 
expose, ferret out, find, find out,, invent. We dis¬ 
cover what has existed, but has not been known to 
us; we invent combinations or arrangements not 
before in use. 
dispute, 

Syn.: see quarrel. 

doctrine, 

Syn.: article of belief, article of faith, belief, dog¬ 
ma, precept, principle, teaching, tenet. A doctrine 
is reasoned out, and may be defended by reasoning; 
a dogma rests on authority. 

doubt, v. 

Syn.: distrust, mistrust, surmise, suspect. To 
doubt is to lack conviction. Distrust may express 
simply a lack of confidence. Mistrust and suspect 
imply that one is almost assured of positive evil.— 
Ant.: believe, confide in, depend on or upon, rely 
on or upon, trust, 
doubt, n. 

Syn.: disbelief, distrust, hesitancy, hesitation, 
incredulity, indecision, irresolution, misgiving, 
perplexity, question, scruple, skepticism, suspense, 
suspicion, unbelief, uncertainty. Doubt is lack of 
conviction, disbelief is conviction to the contrary; 
unbelief refers to a settled state of mind, generally 
accompanied with opposition of heart.—Ant.: as¬ 
surance, belief, certainty, conviction, decision, de¬ 
termination, resolution, resolve, 
draw, 

Syn.: allure, attract, drag, haul, incline, induce, 
pull, tow, tug. One object draws another when it 
moves it toward itself .or in the direction of its own 
motion by the exertion of adequate force, whether 
slight or powerful. To attract is to exert a force 
that tends to draw, tho it may produce no actual 
motion. To drag is to draw against strong resis¬ 
tance; as, to drag a sled over bare ground. To pull 
Is to exert a drawing force, whether adequate or 
inadequate. To tug is to draw, or try to draw, a 
resisting object with a continuous straining motion; 
as, to tug at the oar. To haul is to draw somewhat 
slowly a heavy object; as, to haul logs. One vessel 
tows another. In figurative use attract is more nearly 
akin to incline, draw to induce. —Ant.: alienate, 
estrange, repel, repulse. See synonyms for drive. 
drive, 

Syn.: impel, propel, push, repel, ride, thrust, urge 
on. To drive is to move an object with some force 
or violence before or away from oneself; it is the 
direct reverse of draw, lead, etc. A man leads a 
horse by the halter, drives him with whip and rein. 
It is common to speak of driving in a carriage, and 
of riding upon a horse, tho in Scripture we read 
of riding in a chariot (2 Kings ix, 16; Jer. xvil, 25, 
etc.); the same usage is also frequent in secular 
literature.—Ant.: see synonyms for draw. 
duplicate, 

Syn.: copy, counterpart, facsimile, imitation, 
replica, reproduction, transcript. A copy is as 
nearly like the original as the copyist has power to 
make it; a duplicate Is exactly like the original. A 
facsimile is like the original In appearance; a dupli¬ 


cate is the same as the original in substance and 
effect. A counterpart exactly corresponds to another 
object, but perhaps without design, while a copy is 
intentional. An imitation is always thought of as 
inferior to the original; as, an imitation of Milton. 
While strictly there could be but one duplicate, the 
word is now extended to an indefinite number of 
exact copies. —Ant.: archetype, model, original, 
pattern, prototype. 

E 

eager, 

Syn.: ardent, earnest. One is eager for gratifica¬ 
tion, earnest in conviction, purpose, or character. 
Eager usually refers to some immediate satisfaction, 
earnest to something enduring.—Prep.: eager for 
honor; eager in pursuit, 
ease, 

Syn.: easiness, expertness, facility, readiness. Ease 
may be either of condition or of action; facility is 
always of action; readiness is of action or of ex¬ 
pected action.—Ant.: annoyance, awkwardness, 
difficulty, discomfort, disquiet. Irritation, perplexity, 
trouble, uneasiness, vexation, worry, 
effect, 

Syn.: see accomplish. 

effort, 

Syn.: attempt, endeavor, essay, exertion, strug¬ 
gle, trial. Effort denotes the voluntary putting 
forth of power toward a definite end; exertion, a 
putting forth of power without special reference to 
an object. Attempt is more experimental than effort: 
endeavor, less strenuous, but more continuous. A 
struggle Is a violent effort or strenuous exertion. 
egotism, 

Sim.: conceit, egoism, self'assertion, self-conceit, 
self-confidence, self-consciousness, self-esteem, van¬ 
ity. Egoism is giving the "I” undue supremacy in 
thought; egotism is giving the "I” undue promi¬ 
nence in speech. Selffasserlion is the claim of what 
one believes to be his due; self*conceit is an overesti¬ 
mate of one’s own powers or deserts. Selffconscious- 
ness is the keeping of one’s thoughts upon oneself, 
with the constant anxious question of what others 
will think. Vanity is an overweening admiration of 
self, craving equal admiration from others. Self* 
esteem is more solid and better founded than self* 
conceit. —Ant.: bashfulness, deference, diffidence, 
humility, modesty, self-distrust, 
elegant, 

Syn.: dainty, exquisite. Elegant (Latin elegans, 
select) refers to the lighter, finer elements of beauty 
in form or motion. Exquisite denotes the utmost 
perfection of the elegant in minute details; we speak 
of an elegant garment, an exquisite lace. Exquisite 
Is also applied to intense keenness of any feeling; 
as, exquisite delight; exquisite pain, 
emblem, 

Syn.: attribute, figure, sign, symbol, token, type. 
An emblem has some natural fitness to suggest that 
for which it stands; a symbol has been chosen or 
agreed upon to suggest something, with or without 
natural fitness; a sign does actually suggest the 
thing. A token is some object given or act done 
as pledge or expression of feeling or intent; a ring, 
the natural emblem of eternity, and also its ac¬ 
cepted symbol, is frequently given as a token of 
friendship or love, 
emend, 

Syn.: amend. A motion is amended by the mover 
or by the assembly; a constitution is amended by 
the people; an ancient text is emended by a critic 
who believes that what seems to him the better 
reading is what the author wrote, 
employ, 

Syn.: hire, use. What is used is viewed as more 
absolutely an instrument than what is employed: 
a merchant employs a clerk; he uses pen and paper. 
Employ is a word of more dignity than hire: a gen¬ 
eral is employed in his country’s service; a mercenary 
adventurer is hired to fight a tyrant’s battles. 





emulation 

grand 


C90 


emulation, 

Syn.: ambition, competition, opposition, rivalry. 
We speak of competition in business, emulation in 
scholarship, rivalry in love, politics, etc.; emulation 
of excellence, success, achievement; competition for 
a prize. Competition may be friendly; rivalry is 
commonly hostile, 
enormous, 

Syn.: see large. 

enthusiasm, 

Syn.: ardor, devotion, earnestness, ecstasy, ex¬ 
citement, extravagance, fervency, fervor, frenzy, 
inspiration, intensity, passion, rapture, transport, 
vehemence, zeal. The old meaning of enthusiasm 
implies a pseudo ^inspiration, an almost frantic ex¬ 
travagance in behalf of something supposed to be 
an expression of the divine will. Enthusiasm has now 
chiefly the meaning of an earnest and commendable 
■devotion or an eager interest.—Ant.: apathy, calcula¬ 
tion, calmness, caution, coldness, deadness, dulness, 
indifference, policy, prudence, timidity, wariness. 
«steem, 

Syn.: calculate, consider, deem, estimate, hold, 
regard, think, value. See appreciate. 

eternal, 

Syn.: deathless, endless, everlasting, ever*living, 
fadeless, immortal, imperishable, interminable, 
never*ending, never*failing, perennial, perpetual, 
timeless, unceasing, undying, unending, unfading, 
unfailing, without end. Eternal strictly signifies 
without beginning or end; everlasting applies to 
that which may or may not have beginning, but 
can never cease; endless, without end, in its utmost 
reach, is not distinguishable from everlasting, but 
is constantly used in inferior senses, especially in 
mechanics, as in the phrases “an endless screw,” 
“an endless chain.” Everlasting, endless, and in¬ 
terminable are used in a limited sense of protracted, 
indefinite, but not infinite duration; as, the ever¬ 
lasting hills; endless debates; interminable quarrels. 
Immortal applies to that which now has life and is 
forever exempt from death. Timeless carries the 
fullest idea of eternal, as above and beyond time, 
and not to be measured by it. See infinite. 
eulogy, 

Syn.: applause, commendation, encomium, eulo- 
gium, laudation, panegyric, praise. Panegyric is 
commendation expressed to an assembly, and ap¬ 
plause is commendation expressed by an assembly. 
Eulogy is now used almost in the very sense of 
panegyric, a laudatory address before an audience; 
as, Blaine’s eulogy on Garfield; eulogy, however, is 
regarded as more discriminating than panegyric, 
which is unstinted praise. —Ant.: abuse, calumny, 
denunciation, detraction, invective, obloquy, philip¬ 
pic, slander, vilification, vituperation, 
example, 

Syn.: archetype, ensample, exemplar, exemplifi¬ 
cation, ideal, model, pattern, precedent, prototype, 
sample, specimen, standard, type, warning. From 
Its original sense of sample Oi specimen, example 
derives the seemingly contradictory meanings, on 
the one hand of a pattern or model, and on the 
other hand of a warning —a sample or specimen of 
what is to be followed, or of what is to be shunned, 
execute, 

Syn.: administer, enforce. To administer the 
faws is the province of a court of justice; to execute 
the laws is the province of a sheriff, constable, etc.; 
to administer the law is to declare or apply it; to 
execute the law is to put it in force; for this enforce 
is the more general word, execute the more specific. 
See accomplish; kill. 
exterminate, 

Syn.: annihilate, banish, demolish, destroy, erad¬ 
icate, expel, extirpate, overthrow, remove, root out, 
uproot, wipe out. The word exterminate is applied 
to races of men or animals; individuals are said to 
be banished, expelled, destroyed, etc. Eradicate is 
primarily applied to numbers or groups of plants; 
a single tree may be uprooted, lAit is not said to be 


eradicated. To extirpate is to destroy the very stock, 
so that the race can never be restored; we speak of 
eradicating a disease, of extirpating a cancer, exter¬ 
minating wild beasts or hostile tribes; we seek to 
eradicate or extirpate vice.—Ant.: augment, beget, 
build up, cherish, colonize, develop, foster, increase, 
plant, populate, propagate, replenish, settle. 


F 

falsehood, 

Syn.: deceit, deception, falseness, falsification, 
falsity, lying. Falsehood and lying are in utterance; 
deceit and deception may be merely in act or impli¬ 
cation. Deception may be innocent, and even un¬ 
intentional, as in the case of an optical illusion; 
deceit always involves injurious intent. See decep¬ 
tion; lie. 
fear, 

Syn.: see fright. 

female, 

Syn.: feminine, womanish, womanly. We apply 
female to the sex, feminine to the qualities, espe¬ 
cially the finer qualities, interests, employments, 
etc., of woman. A female voice is the voice of a 
woman; a feminine voice may belong to a man. 
Womanish denotes the undesirable, womanly the 
admirable or lovely, qualities of woman.— Ant- 
male, manly, masculine, virile, 
fierce, 

Syn.: ferocious, fiery, furious, impetuous, raging, 
savage, violent, wild. Ferocious refers to a state or 
disposition, fierce to a feeling or mood; we speak of 
a ferocious animal, a fierce passion. Ferocious de¬ 
notes a tendency to violence. See ardent. — Ant- 
affectionate, amiable, docile, gentle, harmless, kind, 
mild, peaceful, sweet, tender, 
fluid, 

Syn.: liquid. All liquids are fluids, but not all 
fluids are liquids: air and all the gases are fluids, but 
they are not liquids under ordinary circumstances, 
tho capable of being reduced to a liquid form by spe¬ 
cial means, as by cold and pressure. Water at the 
ordinary temperature is at once a fluid and a liquid. 
follow, 

Syn.: accompany, attend, chase, come after, copy, 
ensue, go after, imitate, obey, observe, pursue, 
result, succeed. Anything that comes after or goes 
after another, either in space or in time, is said to 
follow it. A general may follow the retiring enemy 
merely to watch and hold him in check; he chases 
or pursues with intent to overtake and attack. One 
event may follow another either with or without 
special connection; if it ensues, there is some orderly 
connection; as, the ensuing year; if it results from 
another, there is some relation of effect, conse¬ 
quence, or inference. A clerk observes his employer’s 
directions. A child obeys his parent’s commands, 
follows or copies his example, imitates his speech and 
manners. A servant follows or attends his master; 
the compositor follows copy; the incoming succeeds 
the outgoing official, 
fortitude, 

Syn.: courage, endurance, heroism, resolution. 
Fortitude, which has been defined as “passive cour¬ 
age," might be termed “still courage ” or “enduring 
courage it is that quality which is able not merely 
to endure pain or trial, but steadily to confront 
dangers that can not be actively opposed, or against 
which one has no adequate defense. It takes 
courage to charge a battery, fortitude to stand still 
under an enemy’s fire. Resolution is of the mind; 
endurance is partly physical, 
fortunate, 

Syn.: favored, happy, lucky, prospered, prosper¬ 
ous, successful. A man is successful if he achieves 
or gains what he seeks; he is fortunate or lucky if 
advantages have come to him without or beyond his 
direct planning or achieving. Lucky is the more 
common and colloquial, fortunate the more elegant 
word; fortunate is more naturally applied to the 





691 


emulation 

grand 


graver matters; lucky more strongly emphasizes the 
element of chance,—Ant.: broken, crushed, fallen, 
ill-starred, miserable, unfortunate, unhappy, woful, 
wretched. 

fraud, 

Syn.: artifice, cheat, cheating, deceit, deception, 
dishonesty, imposition, imposture, swindle, swin¬ 
dling, treachery, treason. Fraud includes deceit, 
but deceit may not reach the gravity of fraud; a 
cheat is of the nature of fraud, but of a petty sort; 
a swindle is more serious than a cheat, involving 
larger values and more flagrant dishonesty. —Ant.: 
fairness, genuineness, good faith, honesty, integrity, 
loyalty, truth, uprightness, 
freedom, 

Syn.: see liberty. 
friendly, 

Syn.: accessible, affable, amicable, brotherly, 
companionable, complaisant, cordial, favorable, 
genial, kind, kindly, neighborly, sociable, social, 
well-disposed. Companionable and sociable refer to 
manner and behavior; cordial and genial express 
genuine kindliness of heart. The adjective friendly 
does not reach the full significance of the nouns 
"friend” and “friendship”; one may be friendly to 
those who are not his friends, and to be in friendly 
relations often signifies little more than not to be 
hostile.—Ant.: adverse, alienated, antagonistic, dis¬ 
affected, estranged, hostile, Undisposed, inimical, 
unfriendly, unkind, 
fright, 

Syn.: affright, dismay, dread, fear, horror, panic, 
terror. Fear is the generic term; it may be sudden 
or lingering, in view of imminent peril or of distant 
and only possible danger; in the latter sense dread is 
oftener used. Horror involves a shock to the feel¬ 
ings and sensibilities; where horror includes fear, it is 
fear mingled'with abhorrence. Affright, fright, and 
terror are always sudden, and in actual presence of 
that which is terrible; fear may be controlled by 
force of will; fright and terror overwhelm the will; 
terror paralyzes; fright may cause wild or desperate 
action, 
frugality, 

Syn.: economy, miserliness, parsimoniousness, 
parsimony, providence, prudence, saving, scrimp¬ 
ing, sparing, thrift. Economy is a wise and careful 
administration of the means at one’s disposal; fru¬ 
gality is a withholding of expenditure, or sparing of 
supplies or provision, to a noticeable and often to a 
painful degree; parsimony is excessive and unrea¬ 
sonable saving for the sake of saving. —Ant.: abun¬ 
dance, affluence, bounty, extravagance, liberality, 
luxury, opulence, riches, waste, wealth. 


G 

garrulous, 

Syn.: chattering, loquacious, talkative, verbose. 
The talkative person has simply a strong disposition 
to talk; the loquacious person has an abundant flow 
of language and much to say on any subject sug¬ 
gested; the garrulous person is tedious, repetitious, 
petty, and self-absorbed. Verbose is applied to writ¬ 
ings or public addresses.—Ant.: laconic, reserved, 
reticent, silent, speechless, taciturn, 
gender, 

Syn.: sex. Sex is a distinction among living 
beings: it is also the characteristic by which most 
living beings are distinguished from inanimate 
things, which are of no sex; gender is a distinction 
in language partially corresponding to this distinc¬ 
tion in nature. While there are but two sexes, there 
are in some languages, as in English and German, 
three genders. We speak of the masculine or femi¬ 
nine gender, the male or female sex. , 
general, 

Syn.: common, universal. Universal applies to all 
without exception; general applies to all with pos¬ 
sible exceptions; common applies to very many 


without deciding whether they are even a majority. 
A common remark is one we often hear; a general 
experience is one that comes to the majority of 
people; a universal experience is one from which no 
human being is exempt.—Ant.: exceptional, infre¬ 
quent, peculiar, rare, singular, uncommon, unique, 
unknown, unusual, 
generous, 

Syn.: bountiful, chivalrous, disinterested, free, 
free-handed, liberal, magnanimous, munificent, 
noble, open-handed, open-hearted. As regards giv¬ 
ing, generous refers rather to the self-sacrificing 
heartiness of the giver, liberal to the amount of the 
gift. A munificent gift is vast in amount, whatever 
the motive of its bestowal. One is magnanimous by 
a greatness of soul that rises above pettiness, injury, 
or insult.—Ant.: close, ignoble, illiberal, mean, 
miserly, parsimonious, petty, stingy, 
get, 

Syn.: achieve, acquire, attain, earn, gain, obtain, 
procure, receive, secure, win. A person gets what¬ 
ever he comes to possess or experience, whether with 
or without endeavor, expectation, or desire; he gels 
a bargain, a blow, a fall, a fever; he gains what he 
comes to by effort or striving; the swimmer gains 
the shore; a man acquires by continuous and ordi¬ 
narily by slow process; as, one acquires a foreign lan¬ 
guage; he earns what he gives an equivalent of labor 
for, tho he may not gel it. See arrive; attain. 
gift, 

Syn.: benefaction, boon, bribe, donation, grant, 
gratuity, present, talent. Gift is almost always now 
used in the good sense, bribe always in the evil sense; 
in Scriptural language gift is often used for bribe 
(Prov. xxix, 4). A bribe is payment for a dishonor¬ 
able service under the semblance of a gift.- —Ant.: 
compensation, earnings, guerdon, penalty, remu¬ 
neration, wages, 
give, 

Syn.: bestow, cede, communicate, confer, deliver, 
furnish, grant, impart, supply. To grant is to put 
into one’s possession in some formal way. To speak 
of granting a favor carries a claim or concession of 
superiority on the part of the one by whom the 
grant may be made; to confer has a similar sense; as, 
to confer a degree or an honor; we grant a request or 
petition, but do not confer it. To impart is to give 
of that which one still, to a greater or less degree, 
retains; the teacher imparts instruction. To bestow 
is to give that of which the receiver stands in espe¬ 
cial need; we bestow alms. Give is often used of 
things not agreeable to the recipient; as, to give one 
a blow or a refusal. See abandon; allot; an¬ 
nounce; convey. 
govern, 

Syn.: command, control, direct, manage, mold, 
reign over, rule, sway. A person commands another 
when he has or claims the right to make that other 
do his will, with power of inflicting penalty if not 
obeyed; he controls another whom he can prevent 
from doing anything contrary to his will; he governs 
one whom he actually does cause to obey his will; a 
parent may command a child whom he can not gov¬ 
ern or control. A wise mother, by gentle means, 
sways the feelings and molds the lives of her chil¬ 
dren; to be able to manage servants is an important 
element of good housekeeping. The word reign, 
once so absolute, now simply denotes that one holds 
the official station of sovereign, with or without 
effective power.—Ant.: be in subjection, be subject, 
comply, obey, submit, yield, 
grand, 

Syn.: august, dignified, elevated, exalted, great, 
illustrious, imposing, impressive, lofty, magnificent, 
majestic, stately, sublime. Aside from material 
dimensions, great is said of that which is more than 
ordinarily powerful and influential, grand of that 
which is worthily so; a great victory may be simply 
an overwhelming triumph of might over right, We 
can speak of a great bad man, but not of a grand 
bad man; of a great, but not of a grand, tyrant. 







guess 

Incongruous 


693 


guess, 

Syn.: conjecture, supposition, surmise. A guess is 
a swift conclusion from data directly at hand, and 
held as probable or tentative, while one confessedly 
lacks material for certainty. A conjecture is prelim¬ 
inary and tentative, but more methodical than a 
guess, a supposition is more nearly final; a surmise is 
floating and visionary, and often sinister; as, a sur¬ 
mise that a stranger may be a pickpocket.—Ant.: 
assurance, certainty, confidence, conviction, demon¬ 
stration, proof. 


H 

habit, 

Syn.: custom, fashion, habitude, practise, routine, 
rule, system, usage, use, wont. Custom is the uni¬ 
form doing of the same act in the same circumstance 
for a definite reason; routine is the doing of custom¬ 
ary acts in a regular and uniform sequence. Habit 
always Includes an Involuntary tendency, natural or 
acquired, greatly strengthened by frequent repeti¬ 
tion of an act, and often uncontrollable or even 
unconscious, 
happiness, 

Syn.: blessedness, bliss, comfort, delight, enjoy¬ 
ment, felicity, gladness, joy, pleasure, rejoicing, 
satisfaction, triumph. Comfort may be almost 
wholly negative, being found in security or relief 
from that which pains or annoys. Enjoyment is 
more positive and pleasure still more vivid; satis¬ 
faction is more tranquil than pleasure; when a 
worthy pleasure is past, a worthy satisfaction re¬ 
mains. Happiness is more complete than comfort, 
enjoyment, or satisfaction , more serene and rational 
than pleasure. Felicity is a colder and more formal 
term than happiness. Gladness is happiness that over¬ 
flows. Joy is more intense than happiness, deeper 
than gladness, to which it is akin, nobler and more 
enduring than pleasure. Bliss is ecstatic, perfected 
hapviness: as, the bliss of heaven. See comfort. 
harmony, 

Syn.: accord, accordance, agreement, amity, con¬ 
cord, concurrence, conformity, congruity, consent, 
consistency, consonance, symmetry, unanimity, 
uniformity, union, unison, unity. When tones, 
thoughts, or feelings, individually different, com¬ 
bine to form a consistent and pleasing whole, there 
is harmony. Harmony is deeper and more essential 
than agreement. Concord implies more volition than 
accord. Conformity is submission to authority or 
necessity. Congruity involves the element of suit¬ 
ableness; consent and concurrence refer to decision or 
action, but consent is more passive than concurrence. 
—Ant.: antagonism, conflict, controversy, disagree¬ 
ment, discord, disproportion, dissension, disunion, 
hostility, incongruity, inconsistency, opposition, 
schism, variance, 
hatred, 

Syn.: anger, animosity, antipathy, aversion, en¬ 
mity, grudge, hate, hostility, ill will, malevolence, 
malice, malignity, rancor, repugnance, resentment, 
revenge, spite. Aversion is the turning away of the 
mind or feelings from some person, thing, action, 
etc. Hale or haired , as applied to persons, is intense 
aversion, with disposition to injure; anger is sudden 
and brief, haired is lingering and enduring. Malice 
involves the active intent to injure, 
hazard, 

Syn.: accident, casualty, chance, contingency, 
danger, fortuity, peril, risk, venture. Hazard is the 
incurring the possibility of loss or harm for the pos¬ 
sibility of gain or benefit; danger may have no com¬ 
pensating alternative. In hazard the possibilities of 
gain or loss are nearly balanced; we speak of the 
chance of winning, the hazard of losing. In risk 
the possibility of loss is the chief thought. In ven¬ 
ture the hope of advantage predominates, 
healthy, 

Syn.: hale, healthful, hearty, hygienic, salubrious, 
salutary, sanitary, sound, strong, vigorous, well. 


wholesome. Healthy is most correctly used to sig¬ 
nify possessing or enjoying health or its results; as, 
a healthy person; a healthy condition. Healthful sig¬ 
nifies promotive of health, tending or adapted to 
confer, preserve, or promote health; as, a healthful 
climate. Wholesome food in a healthful climate 
makes a healthy man. Salubrious is always used 
in the physical sense and is applied to air or climate 
Salutary is now chiefly used in the moral sense; as, 
salutary admonition, 
heretic, 

Syn.: dissenter, heresiarch, nonconformist, schis¬ 
matic. Etymologically, a heretic is one who takes 
or chooses his own belief, instead of the belief of 
his church; a schismatic is one who produces a split 
or rupture in the church. A heretic differs in doc¬ 
trine from the religious body with which he is con¬ 
nected; a schismatic differs in doctrine or practise, 
or in both. A heretic may be reticent or even silent; 
a schismatic introduces divisions. A heresiarch is 
the author of a heresy or the leader of a heretical 
party, and is thus at once a heretic and a schismatic. 
Dissenter and nonconformist are terms specifically 
applied to English subjects who hold themselves 
aloof from the Church of England, 
hide, 

Syn.: bury, cloak, conceal, cover, disguise, dis¬ 
semble, mask, screen, secrete, suppress, veil. A 
thing may be hidden by intention, by accident, or 
by the imperfection of the faculties of the one from 
whom it is hidden; a man hides a picture from 
another by standing before it, or hides a thing from 
himself by laying something else over it. To con¬ 
ceal is intentional; one may hide his face in anger, 
grief, or abstraction; he conceals his face when he 
fears recognition. A house is hidden by foliage; the 
bird’s nest is artfully concealed. —Ant.: admit, avow, 
betray, confess, disclose, discover, divylge, exhibit, 
expose, make known, manifest, reveal, show, tell, 
uncover, unmask, unveil, 
high, 

Syn.: elevated, eminent, exalted, lofty, noble, 
proud, steep, tall, uplifted. A table is high if it 
exceeds thirty inches: a hill is not high at a hundred 
feet. We term a spire tall with reference to its 
altitude, or lofty with reference to its majestic ap¬ 
pearance. That is elevated which is raised somewhat 
above its surroundings; that is eminent which is far 
above them.— Ant.: base, degraded, deep, depressed, 
dwarfed, inferior, low, mean, short, stunted, 
hinder, 

Syn.: bar, block, check, clog, counteract, delay, 
embarrass, encumber, impede, interrupt, obstruct, 
oppose, prevent, retard, stay, stop, thwart. An 
action that is hindered does not take place at the 
appointed time; that which is prevented does not 
take place at all; to hinder a thing long enough may 
amount to preventing it. Obstructed roads hinder 
the march of an enemy. See prohibit; restrain; 
suspend. 
hole, 

Syn.: aperture, bore, breach, cave, cavern, cavity, 
chasm, concavity, den, dent, dungeon, excavation, 
gap. hollow, indentation, kennel, lair, opening, ori¬ 
fice, perforation, rent. A hole is an opening in a 
solid body or compact substance. A cavity is a 
hollow space within a body. Concavity usually 
denotes the state of being concave. An orifice is 
ah opening into a cavity. 
holy, 

Syn.: blessed, consecrated, devoted, hallowed, 
sacred, set apart. That which is sacred may be 
made so by institution, decree, or association; that 
which is holy is so by its own nature, possessing in¬ 
trinsic moral purity and, in the highest sense, ab¬ 
solute moral perfection. God is holy; hir commands 
are sacred. See pure. — Ant.: abominable, com¬ 
mon, cursed, impure, polluted, secular, unconse¬ 
crated, unhallowed, unholy, unsanctifled, worldly, 
honest, 

Syn.: candid, equitable, fair, faithful, frant- 







693 


guess 

incongruous 


genuine, good, honorable, ingenuous, sincere, 
straightforward, true, trustworthy, trusty, upright. 
The honest man does not steal, cheat, or defraud; 
the honorable man will not take an unfair advantage 
that would be allowed him.—Ant.: deceitful, dis¬ 
honest, faithless, false, hypocritical, lying, perfidi- 
ous, treacherous, unfaithful, untrue, 
hot, 

Syn.: burning, choleric, fervent, fervid, fiery, 
glowing, heated, irascible, passionate, peppery, 
pungent, stinging, vehement, violent.—Ant.: arctic, 
bleak, boreal, chill, chilly, cold, cool, freezing, frigid, 
frosty, frozen, gelid, icy, polar, tepid, warm, wintry, 
humane, 

Syn.: benevolent, benignant, charitable, clement, 
compassionate, gentle, human, kind, merciful, ten¬ 
der. Human denotes what pertains to mankind, 
with no suggestion as to its being good or evil. 
Humane denotes what may rightly be expected of 
mankind at its best in the treatment of sentient 
beings; a humane enterprise or endeavor is one that 
is intended to prevent or relieve suffering.—Ant.: 
barbarous, brutal, cruel, inhuman, merciless, sav¬ 
age. selfish, 
humble, 

Syn.: low, lowly, meek, modest, obscure, poor, 
submissive, unassuming, unobtrusive, unpretend¬ 
ing, unpretentious. All that is below the average 
or recognized standard of means, position, author¬ 
ity, etc., is humble or lowly. Lowly expresses less of 
abasement than humble. One who is meek is dis¬ 
posed to be submissive under injury and provoca¬ 
tion.—Ant.: arrogant, boastful, exalted, haughty, 
high, lofty, presuming, pretentious, proud, 
hypocrisy, 

Syn.: affectation, cant, formalism, Pharisaism, 
pietism, pretense, sanctimoniousness, sanctimony, 
sham. Hypocrisy is the false pretense of moral 
excellence. As cant is hypocrisy in utterance, so 
sanctimoniousness is hypocrisy in appearance, as in 
looks, tones, etc.—Ant.: candor, frankness, genuine¬ 
ness, honesty, ingenuousness, openness, sincerity, 
transparency, truth, 
hypothesis, 

Syn.: conjecture, guess, scheme, speculation, sup¬ 
position, system, theory. A hypothesis may be 
termed a comprehensive guess. A conjecture is more 
methodical than a guess, while a supposition is still 
slower and more settled; a conjecture, like a guess, is 
preliminary and tentative.—Ant.: certainty, demon¬ 
stration, discovery, fact, proof. 


I 

Idea, 

Syn.: apprehension, archetype, belief, conceit, 
concept, conception, design, fancy, ideal, image, 
imagination, impression, intuition, judgment, 
model, notion, opinion, original, pattern, plan, pro¬ 
totype, purpose, sentiment, standard, supposition, 
theory, thought. An idea is, etymologically, an 
image. The ideal is imaginary, and ordinarily un¬ 
attainable; the standard is concrete, and ordinarily 
attainable! The prototype has or has had actual 
existence; the original is the first specimen, good or 
bad.—Ant.: actuality, fact, reality, substance, 
idle, 

Syn.: inactive, indolent, inert, lazy, slothful, slug¬ 
gish, unemployed, unoccupied. Idle etymologically 
denotes not the absence of action, but vain, useless 
action—the absence of useful, effective action; the 
idle schoolboy may be very actively whittling his 
desk or tormenting his neighbors. Doing nothing 
whatever is the secondary meaning of idle. A lazy 
person may chance to be employed in useful work, 
but he acts without energy or impetus. We speak 
figuratively of a lazy stream. Slothful belongs in the 
moral realm, denoting a selMndulgent aversion to 
exertion. Indolent is a milder term for the same 
quality.—Ant.: active, busy, diligent,. employed, 
Industrious, occupied, working. 


ignorant, 

Syn.: ilUinformed, illiterate, uneducated, unin¬ 
formed, uninstructed, unlearned, unlettered, un¬ 
skilled, untaught, untutored. The most learned 
man is still ignorant of many things; the ignorant 
savage may be well instructed in matters of the 
field and the chase, and is thus more properly un- 
tutored than ignorant. Ignorance is relative; illit¬ 
eracy is absolute;—Ant.: educated, instructed, 
learned, skilled, taught, trained, welMnformed, wise, 
illness, 

Syn.: ailment, complaint, disease, disorder, dis¬ 
temper, indisposition, infirmity, sickness. Sickness 
was generally used in English speech and literature, 
till the close of the eighteenth century at least, for 
every form of physical disorder, as in the English 
Bible, e. g.. Matt, iv, 23; 2 Kings xiii, 14. There is 
now, in England, a tendency to restrict the words 
sick and sickness to nausea, and to hold ill and ill¬ 
ness as the only proper words to use in a general 
sense. This distinction has received but a very 
limited acceptance in the United States.—Ant.: 
health, soundness, strength, vigor, 
illustrious, 

Syn.: celebrated, distinguished, eminent, famed, 
famous, glorious, honorable, honored, noted, re¬ 
nowned.—Ant.: base, degraded, despised, dis¬ 
graced, disgraceful, dishonored, disreputable, ig¬ 
noble, ignominious, infamous, inglorious, notorious, 
sullied, unhonored, unknown, 
imminent, 

Syn.: impending, threatening. An impending evil 
is almost sure to happen at some uncertain time; 
an imminent evil is one liable to befall very speedily; 
a threatening evil may be near or remote, but always 
with hope that it may be averted, 
immortal, 

Syn.: deathless, endless, eternal, everlasting, im¬ 
perishable, incorruptible, indestructible, indissol¬ 
uble, never=dylng, never*fading, never*failing, 
sempiternal, undying, unfading, unfailing. Ever¬ 
lasting and endless are both used in a limited sense 
of protracted, indefinite, but not infinite duration; 
eternal holds quite strictly to the sacred meaning 
in which it is applied to the Divine Being and the 
future state; immortal applies to that which now 
has life, and is forever exempt from death. See 
eternal. —Ant.: dying, fading, fleeting, mortal, 
perishable, perishing, transient, transitory, 
impetuous, 

Syn.: excitable, fiery, hasty, headlong, impulsive, 
passionate, precipitate, quick, rash.—Ant.: calm, 
careful, cautious, circumspect, considerate, deliber¬ 
ate, lazy, leisurely, slow, sluggish, steady. 

important, 

Syn.: grave, influential, material, momentous, 
prominent, serious, significant, valuable, weighty. 
That is important which imports or means much 
with reference to soijie desired result; to say that 
any matter is considerable implies that it is not to 
be overlooked; momentous signifies of such weight 
or consequence as to make other matters seem triv¬ 
ial by comparison.—Ant.: empty, idle, inconsider¬ 
able, irrelevant, mean, petty, slight, trifling, trivial, 
unimportant, useless, worthless, 
impudence, 

Syn.: effrontery, impertinence, insolence, rude¬ 
ness. Impertinence denotes what does not pertain 
to or belong to the occasion or the person. Impu¬ 
dence is shameless impertinence. Insolence is the 
violation of customary respect and courtesy. 
Effrontery is boldly defiant of respect or right. 
Rudeness is the behavior that might be expected 
from a thoroughly uncultured or uncivil person.—• 
Ant.: bashfulness, coyness, diffidence, humility, 
lowliness, meekness, modesty, 
incongruous, 

Syn.: absurd, conflicting, contradictory, contrary, 
discordant, discrepant, ill*matched, inapposite, 
inappropriate, incompatible, inconsistent, inhar¬ 
monious, irreconcilable, mismatched, mismated. 




increase 

language 


694 


repugnant, unsuitable. Incongruous applies to 
relations, unsuitable to purpose or use; two colors 
are incongruous which can not be agreeably associ¬ 
ated; either may be unsuitable for a person, a room, 
or an occasion.—Ant.: accordant, agreeing, com¬ 
patible, consistent, harmonious, suitable, well* 
matched.—Prep.: with. 
increase, 

Syn.: access, accession, accretion, addendum, 
addition, amplification, appendage, augmentation, 
complement, enhancement, enlargement, expan¬ 
sion, extension, growth, harvest. Improvement, 
increment, product, reenforcement, return.—Ant.: 
abbreviation, contraction, deduction, diminution, 
expenditure, loss, subtraction, waste, 
induction, 

Syn.: deduction, inference. Deduction is reason¬ 
ing from the general to the particular; induction is 
reasoning from the particular to the general. De¬ 
duction proceeds from a general principle through 
an admitted instance to a conclusion. Induction 
proceeds from a number of collated instances, 
through some attribute common to them all, to a 
general principle, 
infamous, 

Syn.: atrocious, base, detestable, disgraceful, dis¬ 
honorable, disreputable, heinous, ignominious, ill* 
famed, nefarious, odious, outrageous, scandalous, 
shameful, shameless, vile, villainous, wicked. 

inference, 

Syn.: conclusion, consequence, deduction, demon¬ 
stration, induction. A conclusion is the absolute 
and necessary result of the admission of certain 
premises; an inference is a probable conclusion 
toward which known facts, statements, or admis¬ 
sions point, but which they do not absolutely estab¬ 
lish; sound premises together with their necessary 
conclusion constitute a demonstration. 
infinite, 

Syn.: absolute, boundless, countless, eternal, 
illimitable, immeasurable, innumerable, intermina¬ 
ble, limitless, measureless, numberless, unbounded, 
unconditioned, unfathomable, unlimited, unmea¬ 
sured.—Ant.: bounded, brief, circumscribed, evanes¬ 
cent, finite, limited, little, measurable, moderate, 
narrrow, restricted, shallow, short, small, transient, 
transitory, 
inflexible, 

Syn.: immovable, inexorable, persistent, pertina¬ 
cious, resolute, rigid, stedfast, stiff, stubborn, un¬ 
bending, unrelenting, unyielding. Stubborn is the 
term most frequently applied to the lower animals 
and inanimate things. Refractory implies more 
activity of resistance. The unyielding conduct 
which we approve we call inflexible and resolute; 
that which we condemn we are apt to term stubborn. 
See obstinate. —Ant.: ductile, elastic, flexible, in¬ 
dulgent, lithe, pliable, pliant, supple, yielding, 
inform, 

Syn.: acquaint with, advertise, advise, apprize, 
communicate, disclose, divulge, impart, instruct, 
intimate, make known, mention, notify, reveal, 
teach, tell. 

ingenuity, 

Syn.: acuteness, cleverness, cunning, dexterity, 
genius, ingeniousness, invention, inventiveness, 
readiness, skill. Ingenuity is inferior to genius, 
being rather mechanical than creative, and is shown 
in devising expedients, overcoming difficulties, in¬ 
venting appliances, adapting means to ends. Dex¬ 
terity is chiefly of the hand; cleverness may be either 
of the hand or of the mind, but chiefly of the latter. 
—Ant.: awkwardness, clumsiness, dulness, stupid¬ 
ity, unskilfulness, 
inherent, 

Syn.: congenital, essential, immanent, inborn, in- 
bred, indispensable, indwelling, infixed, ingrained, 
inhering, innate, inseparable, internal, intrinsic, 
inwrought, native, natural, subjective. That which 
is inherent is an inseparable part of that in which it 
inheres. Inherent and intrinsic may be said of per¬ 


sons or things; inborn , inbred, and innate apply to 
living beings.—Ant.: accidental, casual, external, 
extrinsic, fortuitous, incidental, outward, subsid¬ 
iary, superadded, superfluous, superimposed, sup¬ 
plemental, transient, unconnected, unimportant, 
injury, 

Syn.: blemish, damage, detriment, disadvantage, 
evil, harm, hurt, impairment, loss, mischief, out¬ 
rage, prejudice, wrong. A hurt is an injury that 
causes pain, physical or mental; a slight hurt may 
be no real harm; a child’s thoughtless sport may do 
great mischief; an outrage combines insult and 
injury. —Ant.: advantage, benefit, blessing, boon, 
help, improvement, remedy, service, utility, 
injustice, 

Syn.: grievance, iniquity, injury, unfairness, un¬ 
righteousness, wrong. In legal usage, a wrong in¬ 
volves injury to person, property, or reputation, as 
the result of evil intent; in popular usage, injustice 
may involve no direct injury to person, property, 
interest, or character, and no harmful intent, while 
wrong always involves both. —Ant.: equity, fairness, 
honesty, impartiality, integrity, justice, rectitude, 
right, righteousness, 
innocent, 

Syn.: artless,' blameless, clear, faultless, guileless, 
guiltless, immaculate, innocuous, innoxious, inof¬ 
fensive, pure, righteous, sinless, spotless, stainless, 
upright, virtuous. A little child is innocent; a tried 
and faithful man is righteous, upright, and virtuous. 
inquisitive, 

Syn.: curious, inquiring, meddlesome, meddling, 
peeping, prying, scrutinizing, searching. A well* 
bred person may be curious to know, but will not 
be inquisitive in trying to ascertain, what is of in¬ 
terest in the affairs of another.—Ant.: apathetic, 
careless, heedless, inattentive, indifferent, uncon¬ 
cerned, uninterested, 
insane, 

Syn.: cracked, crazed, crazy, delirious, demented, 
deranged, distracted, frantic, frenzied, irrational, 
lunatic, mad, maniac, maniacal, monomaniac, 
wandering, wild. Crazed and crazy are popular 
words (identical in meaning with the colloquial 
cracked) to denote what is preferably expressed by 
insane in literary, medical, and legal use.—Ant.: clear, 
collected, rational, sage, sane, sensible, sober, sound, 
insanity, 

Syn.: aberration, alienation, craziness, delirium, 
dementia, derangement, frenzy, hallucination, 
lunacy, madness, mania, monomania. Insanity is 
applied to persistent, as distinguished from tempo¬ 
rary or transient mental disorder. Lunacy origi¬ 
nally denoted intermittent insanity supposed to be 
dependent on the changes of the moon (L. luna). 
Derangement is a common euphemism for insanity. 
Delirium is always temporary, and is specifically the 
insanity of disease, as in acute fevers, 
insignificant, 

Syn.: idle, immaterial, irrelevant, little, mean, 
meaningless, paltry, petty, slight, small, trifling, 
trivial.—Ant.: considerable, essential, grand, grave, 
great, immense, influential, large, mighty, momen¬ 
tous, significant, 
insist, 

Syn.: persevere, persist. Insist implies some 
alleged authority or right; persist implies simply 
determination of will; we insist upon the action of 
others; we persist in our own. Insist is used of any 
urgency, good or bad, but very largely in the good 
sense; persist is used chiefly in a bad sense, persevere 
being preferred for the better meaning, 
institute, 

Syn.: appoint, begin, commence, erect, establish, 
found, ordain, organize, originate, set up, start, 
intellect, • 

Syn.: intelligence, reason, reasoning, understand¬ 
ing. According to the long*established division of 
the mental powers into the intellect, the sensibilities, 
and the will, the intellect is that assemblage of facul¬ 
ties which js concerned with knowledge, as distin- 





695 


Increase 

language 


guished from emotion and volition. Understanding 
is the Saxon word of the same general import, hut is 
chiefly used of the reasoning powers.—Ant.: body, 
brute force, matter, passion, sensation, sense. 

interpose, 

Syn.: arbitrate, intercede, interfere, intermeddle, 
meddle, mediate. Intercede and interpose are use 
in a good sense, intermeddle always in a bad sense 
and interfere frequently so. One may interpose with 
authority: he intercedes by petition. To intermed¬ 
dle is to thrust oneself into the concerns of others 
with a petty officiousness; to interfere is to intrude 
into others’ affairs with more serious purpose, with or 
without acknowledged right or propriety, 
invasion, 

Syn.: aggression, attack, encroachment, foray, 
incursion, inroad, intrusion, irruption, raid, tres¬ 
pass. An attack may be by word; an aggression is 
always by deed. An invasion of a nation’s terri¬ 
tories is an act of aggression: an intrusion upon a 
neighboring estate is a trespass. 
invite, 

Syn.: allure, ask, attract, bid, call, draw, entice, 
incite, request, solicit, summon, tempt. To invite 
is to request the presence or action of; to allure is 
to draw as wdth a lure by some charm or some pros¬ 
pect of pleasure or advantage.—Ant.: cut, discard, ex¬ 
clude, expel, forbid, ignore, rebuff, repel, shun,slight, 
involve, 

Syn.: complicate, embarrass, entangle, implicate, 
imply, include, ovewhelm. Involve is a stronger, 
word than implicate, denoting more complete en¬ 
tanglement. That which is implied is not stated, 
but is naturally to be inferred.—Ant.: disconnect, 
disentangle, distinguish, explicate, express, extri¬ 
cate, remove, separate, 
irregular, 

Syn.: abnormal, anomalous, confused, crooked, 
desultory, devious, disorderly, dissolute, eccentric, 
erratic, exceptional, fitful, immoderate, inordinate, 
uneven, unnatural, unsettled, unsymmetrical, un¬ 
systematic, unusual, variable, vicious, wandering, 
wild. That which is irregular is out of the usual or 
proper form; that which is eccentric is off or aside 
from the center, and so off or aside from the or¬ 
dinary or normal course. Erratic signifies wander¬ 
ing, a stronger and more censorious term than ec¬ 
centric. —Ant.: common, constant, established, fixed, 
formal, methodical, natural, normal, orderly, or¬ 
dinary, periodical, punctual, regular, stated, steady, 
systematic, uniform, universal, unvarying, usual, 
irresolution, 

Syn.: indecision. Indecision denotes lack of intel¬ 
lectual conviction; irresolution denotes defect of vo¬ 
lition, weakness of will. Indecision commonly de¬ 
notes a temporary state or condition, irresolution a 
trait of character.—Ant.: decided, determined, firm, 
persistent, resolute, resolved, 
irritate, 

Syn.: see anger. 


J 

jocose, 

Syn.: droll, facetious, funny, humorous, jocular, 
merry, sportive, waggish. That which is funny is 
calculated to provoke laughter; that which is droll 
is more quietly amusing; that which is jocose is 
done or made in jest.—Ant.: care=worn, cheerless, 
doleful, dreary, dull, grave, lugubrious, melancholy, 
miserable, mournful, rueful, sad, serious, solemn, 
sorrowful, woful. 
journey, 

Syn.: excursion, expedition, pilgrimage, tour, 
travel, trip, voyage. A journey is a direct going 
from a starting*point to a destination, ordinarily 
over a considerable distance. Travel is a passing 
from place to place, not necessarily in a direct line 
or with fixed destination. A voyage, which was for¬ 
merly a journey of any kind, is now a going to a 
considerable distance by water, especially by sea. 


justice, 

Syn.: equity, fairness, fair play, faithfulness, 
honor, impartiality, integrity, justness, law, law¬ 
fulness, rectitude, right, righteousness, rightfulness, 
truth, uprightness, virtue. In its governmental 
relations justice is the giving to every person exactly 
what he deserves; equity is giving every one as 
much advantage, privilege, or consideration as is 
given to any other. Justness refers rather to logical 
relations than to practical matters; as, we speak of 
the justness of a statement or of a criticism.—Ant.: 
dishonesty, inequity, injustice, partiality, unfairness, 
unlawfulness, unreasonableness, untruth, wrong, 
justify, 

Syn.: absolve, acquit, approve, authorize, clear, 
defend, exculpate, excuse, exonerate, indorse, main¬ 
tain, sustain, uphold, vindicate, warrant. That 
may sometimes be excused which can not be justi¬ 
fied: that which can be justified does not need to be 
excused.— Ant.: arraign, blame, censure, chide, con¬ 
demn, convict, criminate, denounce, reprehend, rep¬ 
robate, reprove. 


K 

keep, 

Syn.: carry, carry on, celebrate, conduct, defend, 
detain, fulfil, guard, hold, maintain, obey, observe, 
preserve, protect, restrain, retain, support, sustain. 
We keep, observe, or celebrate a festival; we keep or 
hold a prisoner in custody; we keep or preserve si¬ 
lence, keep the peace, preserve order— preserve being 
the more formal word; we keep or maintain a horse, 
a servant, etc. A man supports his family; we keep 
or obey a commandment, keep or fulfil a promise. 
Keep in the sense of guard or defend implies that the 
defense is effectual. • 

kill, 

Syn.: assassinate, butcher, dispatch, execute, 
massacre, murder, put to death, slaughter, slay. To 
kill is simply to deprive of life, human, animal, 
or vegetable, with no suggestion of how or why. 
Assassinate, execute, murder, apply only to the tak¬ 
ing of human life; to murder is to kill with premedi¬ 
tation and malicious intent; to execute is to kill in 
fulfilment of a legal sentence; to assassinate is to 
kill by assault, as a public or eminent person, 
whether secretly or openly. To dispatch is to kill 
swiftly, always with intention, with or withoutright. 
kingly, 

Syn.: august, kinglike, majestic, princely, regal, 
royal. Royal denotes that which actually belongs 
or pertains to a monarch; the royal residence is that 
which the king occupies. Regal denotes that which 
in outward state is appropriate for a kiqg; a subject 
may assume regal magnificence. Kingly denotes 
that which is worthy of a king in personal qualities; 
as, a kingly bearing; a kingly resolve. Princely is 
especially used of treasure, expenditure, etc., as 
princely munificence.—Ant.: beggarly, mean, poor, 
servile, slavish, vile. 


L 

language, 

Syn.: barbarism, dialect, diction, expression, gib¬ 
berish, idiom, jargon, lingo, mother tongue, patois, 
speech, tongue, vernacular. Language in its widest 
sense signifies expression of thought by any means; 
as, the language of the eyes or of flowers. Speech 
denotes the power of articulate utterance. A 
tongue is the speech or language of some one people, 
country, or race. A dialect is a special mode of 
speaking peculiar to some locality or class; a bar¬ 
barism is a perversion of a language by ignorant 
foreigners, or some usage akin to that. Idiom refers 
to the way of forming or using words; it is the pecu¬ 
liar mold in which each language casts its thought. 
Patois is distinctly illiterate, belonging to the lower 
classes. 






large 

name 


696 


large, 

Syn.: abundant, ample, big, broad, bulky, capa¬ 
cious, coarse, colossal, considerable, enormous, 
extensive, gigantic, grand, great, huge, immense, 
massive, spacious, vast, wide. A large man is a man 
of more than ordinary size; a great man is a man of 
remarkable mental power. Big is a more emphatic 
word than large, but of less dignity, 
last, 

Syn.: latest. Latest refers only to the order of 
time; last has more extended use. 

law, 

Syn.: canon, code, command, commandment, 
decree, edict, enactment, formula, mandate, order, 
ordinance, principle, regulation, rule, statute. Law 
in its ideal is the statement of a principle of right 
in mandatory form, by competent authority, with 
adequate penalty for disobedience; in common use 
the term is applied to any legislative act, however 
imperfect or unjust. Command and commandment 
are personal and particular. An edict is the act of an 
absolute sovereign or other high authority. A man¬ 
date is specific, for an occasion or a purpose. Statute 
is the recognized legal term for a specific law; 
enactment Is the more vague and general expression. 
We speak of algebraic formulas, municipal ordi¬ 
nances, military orders, army regulations, the rules 
of a business house. See justice. 
liberty, 

Syn.: emancipation, freedom, independence. 
Freedom is the absence of restraint, liberty is the 
removal or avoidance of restraint. The two words 
are constantly interchanged; but freedom is the 
wider and nobler word. Independence is said of 
states or nations, freedom and liberty of individuals; 
the independence of the United States did not secure 
liberty or freedom to the slaves.—Ant.: captivity, 
compulsion, constraint, imprisonment, necessity, 
obligation, oppression, serfdom, servitude, slavery, 
lie, 

Syn.: deceit, deception, fabrication, falsehood, 
untruth. A lie is the uttering of what one knows to 
be false with intent to deceive. The novel or drama 
is not a lie, because not meant to deceive; the an¬ 
cient teaching that the earth was flat was not a lie, 
because not then known to be false. Untruth is a 
somewhat milder and more decorous word than lie. 
—Ant.: fact, truth, veracity, 
listen, 

Syn.: attend, harken, hear, heed, list. To hear 
is simply to become conscious of sound; to listen is 
to make a conscious effort to hear. We may hear 
without listening, as words suddenly uttered In an 
adjoining room; or we may listen without hearing, 
as to a distant speaker, 
load, 

Syn.: burden, cargo, charge, clog, encumbrance, 
freight, incubus, pack, stress, weight. Weight mea¬ 
sures the pressure due to gravity; the same weight 
that one finds a moderate load when in his full 
strength becomes a heavy burden in weariness or 
weakness. A ship’s load is called distinctively a 
cargo, or it may be known as freight. 
look, 

Syn.: see appear. 
loss, 

Syn.: damage, defeat, deprivation, destruction, 
detriment, disadvantage, failure, forfeiture, injury, 
misfortune, privation, waste. Damage is partial; 
loss is properly absolute as far as it is predicated at 
all; the loss of a ship implies that it is gone beyond 
recovery; the loss of the rudder is a damage to the 
ship, but since the loss of a part still leaves a part, we 
may speak of a partial or a total loss. See injury. 
love, 

Syn.: affection, attachment, attraction, charity, 
devotion, fondness, friendship, liking, tenderness. 
Love, may be briefly defined as strong and absorbing 
affection for and attraction toward a person or object. 
We speak of fervent love but of deep or tender 
affection, or of close, firm, strong friendship 


M 

manifest, 

Syn.: apparent, clear, conspicuous, distinct, evi¬ 
dent. glaring, indubitable, obvious, open, overt, 
palpable, patent, plain, transparent, unmistakable, 
visible. That is manifest which we can lay the hand 
upon; that is evident of which the mind is made sure 
by some inference that supplements the facts of 
perception; that is obvious which is directly in the 
way so that it can not be missed.—Ant.: concealed, 
covert, dark, hidden, in visible, obscure, occult, secret, 
manly, 

Syn.: manful, manlike, mannish. Manlike may 
mean having only the outward appearance or sem¬ 
blance of a man. Manly refers to all the qualities 
and traits worthy of a man, manful especially to the 
valor and prowess that become a man; as, a manful 
struggle; manly decision. Mannish Is a deprecia¬ 
tory word, referring to the mimicry of some qualities 
of manhood; as, a mannish woman, 
manner, 

Syn.: appearance, aspect, carriage, demeanor, 
deportment, look, mien, mode, practise, style, way. 
Manner and style are. in large part at least, ac¬ 
quired; appearance refers to the dress and other 
externals; look especially refers to the face, 
mark, 

Syn.: badge, characteristic, footprint, impress, 
impression, indication, line, manifestation, print, 
sign, stamp, symbol, token, trace, track, vestige. A 
sign is manifest to an observer; a mark, or a char¬ 
acteristic may be more difficult to discover; an in¬ 
sensible person may show signs of life, 
marriage, 

Syn.: conjugal union, espousal, matrimony, nup¬ 
tials, spousal, wedding, wedlock. Matrimony de¬ 
notes the state of those who are united in the mar¬ 
riage relation; marriage denotes primarily the act of 
so uniting, but is extensively used for the state as 
well. Wedlock, the Saxon term for matrimony, has 
specific legal use. 
massacre, 

Syn.: butchery, carnage, havoc, slaughter. A 
massacre is the indiscriminate killing in numbers of 
the unresisting or defenseless; butchery is the killing 
of men brutally and ruthlessly as cattle are killed in 
the shambles. Carnage (Latin caro, carnis, flesh) 
refers to scattered or heaped*up corpses of the slain; 
slaughter is similar in meaning, but refers more to 
the process, as carnage does to the result; both may 
be applied to open and honorable warfare, 
melody, 

Syn.: harmony, music, unison. Harmony is 
simultaneous; melody is successive; harmony is the 
pleasing correspondence of two or more notes 
sounded at once, melody the pleasing succession of a 
number of notes continuously following one another. 
Unison is the simultaneous sounding of two or more 
notes of the same pitch, but of different volume and 
quality, as a voice and a bell may sound \n.unison. 
Tones sounded at the interval of an octave are also 
said to be in unison, altho this is not literally exact, 
melt, 

Syn.: dissolve, fuse, liquefy, thaw.—Ant.: congeal, 
freeze, harden, indurate, solidify. 

memory, 

Syn.: recollection, remembrance, reminiscence, 
retrospect, retrospection. Memory is the faculty by 
which knowledge is retained or recalled, or the more 
general retention of knowledge within the grasp of 
the mind, while remembrance is the having some¬ 
thing previously known consciously before the 
mind. Remembrance may be voluntary or involun¬ 
tary; the same is true of memory. Recollection in¬ 
volves volition, the mind making a distinct effort to 
recall something, or fixing the attention actively 
upon it when recalled. Reminiscence is an inciden¬ 
tal or half*dreamy memory of scenes or events long 
past.—Ant.: forgetfulness, oblivion, obliviousness, 
oversight, unconsciousness. 





697 


mercy, 

Syn.: benevolence, benignity, blessing, clemency, 
compassion, favor, forbearance, forgiveness, gentle¬ 
ness, grace, kindness, lenience, leniency, lenity, 
mildness, pardon, pity, tenderness. Grace is shown 
to the undeserving; forgiveness, mercy, and pardon 
are exercised toward the Undeserving. Pardon 
remits the penalty; forgivenest dismisses resentment 
or displeasure from the heart of the one offended; 
mercy seeks the highest possible good of the offender, 
as by any possible alleviation of necessary severity, 
etc. Mercy is also used in the sense of refraining 
from harshness or cruelty toward those who are in 
one’s power without fault of their own; as, they 
besought the robber to have mercy. —Ant.: cruelty, 
hardness, harshness, implacability, justice, penalty, 
punishment, revenge, rigor, severity, sternness, 
vengeance, 
merry, 

Syn.: blithe, blithesome, facetious, frolicsome, 
gay, glad, gladsome, gleeful, hilarious, jocose, joc¬ 
und, jolly, jovial, joyous, light*hearted, lively, 
mirthful, sportive. 

mind, 

Syn.: brain, disposition, intellect, intelligence, 
reason, soul, spirit, understanding. Mind, in a lim¬ 
ited sense, is nearly synonymous with intellect, but 
commonly includes disposition, or the tendency 
toward action, as appears in the phrase “to have a 
mind to work.” The soul includes the intellect, sen¬ 
sibilities, and will; beyond what is expressed by the 
word mind, the soul denotes especially the moral, 
the immortal nature; we say of a dead body, the 
soul (not the mind) has fled. Spirit is used espe¬ 
cially in contradistinction from matter; we can con¬ 
ceive of spirits as having no moral nature; the fair¬ 
ies, elves, and brownies of mythology might be 
termed spirits, but not souls.—Ant.: body, brute 
force, material, matter, sense, substance, 
minute, 

Syn.: circumstantial, comminuted, critical, de¬ 
tailed, diminutive, exact, fine, little, particular, pre¬ 
cise, slender, tiny. That which is broken up into 
minute particles is said to be comminuted; things 
may be termed fine which would not be termed com¬ 
minuted; as, fine sand; fine gravel, 
mix, 

Syn.: amalgamate, associate, blend, combine, 
commingle, commix, compound, confuse, fuse, 
incorporate, join, mingle, muddle, unite. To mix 
Is to put together promiscuously and indiscrimi¬ 
nately; mingle is almost equivalent to mix, but in 
mingling there is often more consideration of the 
separate units; combine denotes a closer union than 
mingle or mix. 
mock, 

Syn.: banter, chaff, deride, flout, gibe, jeer, make 
a butt of, make game of, taunt. 

model, 

Syn.: archetype, copy, design, example, facsimile, 
image, imitation, mold, original, pattern, prototype, 
representation, type. A pattern is always, in mod¬ 
ern use, that which is to be copied; a model may be 
either the thing to be copied or the copy that has 
been made from it; as, the models in the Patent 
Office. A pattern is commonly drawn on a flat sur¬ 
face; a model is usually in relief. The archetype is the 
original form, actual or ideal, in accordance with 
which existing things are made, especially the origi¬ 
nal form in the mind of the Creator; a prototype is 
either the original or an authenticated copy that has 
the authority of the original as a standard to which 
other objects of its kind must conform, tho the 
latter sense is comparatively rare, 
modern, 

Syn.: fresh, late, neoteric, new, novel, recent. 
Modern history pertains to any period since the 
middle ages; modern literature, modern architecture, 
etc., are not strikingly remote from the styles and 
types prevalent to=day. That which is late is some¬ 
what removed from the present, but not far enough 


large 

name 


to be called old. That which is recent is very close to 
the present, but not quite so sharply distinguished 
from the past as new; recent publications range over 
a longer time than new books. That which is novel 
is unprecedented in kind; that which is new is just 
produced, but may be of a familiar or even of an 
ancient sort, as a new copy of an old book, picture, 
or statue, 
morose, 

Syn.: acrimonious, churlish, crabbed, crusty, 
dogged, gruff, ilbhumored, ilbnatured, severe, sour, 
splenetic, sulky, sullen, surly. The sullen and sulky 
are discontented and resentful in regard to that 
against which they are too proud to protest or con¬ 
sider all protest vain. The morose are bitterly dis¬ 
satisfied with the world in general and disposed to 
vent their ill nature upon others. A surly person is 
in a state of latent anger, ready to take offense at 
anything; thus we speak of a surly dog.—Ant.: ami¬ 
able, benignant, bland, complaisant, friendly, ge¬ 
nial, gentle, good-natured, indulgent, kind, mild, 
pleasant, sympathetic, tender, 
motion, 

Syn.: act, action, change, move, movement, pas¬ 
sage, transit, transition. Motion may be either 
abstract or concrete, more frequently the former; 
movement is always concrete, that is, considered in 
connection with the thing that moves or is moved; 
thus we speak of the movements of the planets, but 
of the laws of planetary motion. Move is used chiefly 
of contests or competition, as in chess or politics. A 
formal proposal of action in a deliberative assembly 
is termed a motion. —Ant.: quiescence, quiet, repose, 
rest, stillness, 
motive, 

Syn.: consideration, incentive, incitement, induce¬ 
ment, influence, reason. Motive may signify either a 
mental impulse, or something external that is an 
object of desire, and so an inducement or incitement 
to action; as, “his motive was hatred,” or “his 
motive was money.” 
muse, 

Syn.: brood, cogitate, consider, contemplate, 
deliberate, dream, meditate, ponder, reflect, rumi¬ 
nate, study, think. To muse is to consider thought¬ 
fully. An individual considers, meditates, ponders, 
reflects, by himself; he considers or deliberates with 
a view to action, while meditation may be quite 
purposeless, 
mutual, 

Syn.: common, reciprocal. That is common to 
which two or more persons have the same or equal 
claims, or in w T hich they have equal interest or par¬ 
ticipation; that is mutual (Latin mutare, to change) 
which is freely interchanged; that is reciprocal in 
respect to which one act or movement is met by a 
corresponding act or movement in return; we speak 
of our common country, mutual affection, reciprocal 
obligations, the reciprocal action of cause and effect, 
where the effect becomes in turn a cause. “ Mutual 
friend ” has high literary authority (of Burke, Scott, 
Dickens, and others) and a considerable usage of 
good society in its favor, the expression being quite 
naturally derived from the unquestionably correct 
phrase “ mutual friendship.” 


N 

name, 

Syn.: appellation, cognomen, denomination, 
designation, epithet, style, title. Name in the most 
general sense includes all other words of this group; 
in the more limited sense a name is personal, an 
appellation is descriptive, a title is official. In the 
phrase, William the Conqueror, king of England, 
William is the man’s name, which belongs to him 
personally; Conqueror is the appellation which he 
won by his acquisition of England; King is the title 
denoting his royal rank. An epithet does not strictly 
belong to an object like a name, but is given to 
mark some assumed characteristic, good or bad, now 




native 

perfect 


698 


usually the latter. Designation Is broader in mean¬ 
ing than appellation and rests upon some inherent 
quality, while an appellation may be fanciful. 

native, 

Syn.: indigenous, innate, natal, natural, original. 
Native denotes that which belongs to one by birth; 
natal that which pertains to the event of birth; 
natural denotes that which rests upon inherent 
qualities of character or being. We speak of one's 
native country or of his natal day, of natural ability, 
native genius.—Ant.: acquired, alien, artificial, 
assumed, foreign, unnatural, 
nautical, 

Syn.: marine, maritime, naval, ocean, oceanic. 
Marine signifies belonging to the ocean, maritime 
bordering on or connected with the ocean; as, 
marine products; marine animals; maritime nations; 
maritime laws. Naval refers to the armed force of a 
nation on the sea, and, by extension, to similar 
forces on lakes and rivers; nautical denotes primarily 
anything connected with sailors and hence with 
ships or navigation; as, a naval force; a nautical 
almanac. We speak of ocean currents, oceanic islands, 
neat, 

Syn.: clean, cleanly, dapper, natty, nice, orderly, 
prim, spruce, tidy, trim. Neat refers to that which 
is clean and tidy with nothing superfluous, conspicu¬ 
ous, or showy. A clean cut has no ragged edges; a 
neat stroke just does what is intended.—Ant.: care¬ 
less, dirty, disorderly, dowdy, rough, rude, slipshod, 
slouchy, slovenly, soiled, untidy, 
necessary, 

Syn.: compulsory, essential, indispensable, in¬ 
evitable, needed, needful, required, requisite, 
unavoidable. That which is essential belongs to the 
essence of a thing; that which is indispensable may 
be only an adjunct, but it is one that can not be 
spared; vigorous health is essential to an arctic 
explorer; warm clothing is indispensable; the 
requisite is more a matter of personal feeling than 
the indispensable. Inevitable and unavoidable are 
applied to things which some at least would escape 
or prevent; food is necessary, death is inevitable; a 
necessary conclusion satisfies a thinker; an inevitable 
conclusion silences opposition. Necessary food is 
what one can not live without, while needful food is 
that without which he can not enjoy comfort, 
health, and strength.—Ant.: casual, contingent, 
needless, nomessential, optional, unnecessary, use¬ 
less.—Prep.: necessary to a sequence or a total; for 
or to a result or a person; unity is necessary to com¬ 
pleteness; decision is necessary for command or for a 
commander, 
necessity, 

Syn.: compulsion, destiny, emergency, exigency, 
extremity, fatality, fate, indispensability, indis¬ 
pensableness, need, requirement, requisite, unavoid¬ 
ableness, urgency, want. Necessity is the quality 
of being necessary; need and want always imply a 
lack. A weary person is in need of rest; when rest 
becomes a necessity he has no choice but.to stop work, 
neglect, 

Syn.: carelessness, default, disregard, failure, 
heedlessness, inadvertence, inattention, indiffer¬ 
ence, negligence, oversight, remissness, slackness, 
slight. For the trait of character we sa y negligence 
rather than neglect. 
news, 

Syn.: account, advices, announcement, informa¬ 
tion, intelligence, notice,,notiflcation, report, tidings. 

nimble, 

Syn.: active, agile, alert, brisk, bustling, lively, 
prompt, quick, smart, sprightly, swift. Nimble 
refers to lightness, freedom, and quickness of motion 
within a somewhat narrow range, with readiness 
to turn suddenly to any point; swift applies com¬ 
monly to more sustained motion over greater dis¬ 
tances.—Ant.: clumsy, dilatory, dull, inactive, inert, 
poky, slow, sluggish, unready, 
noisome, 

Syn.: deadly, deleterious, destructive, detrimen¬ 


tal, fetid, foul, insalubrious, malicious, noxious, 
pernicious, pestiferous, pestilential, poisonous, un¬ 
healthful, unwholesome. Noxious is a stronger 
word than noisome, as referring to that which is in¬ 
jurious or destructive. Noisome now always denotes 
that which is disgusting, especially to the sense of 
smell; as, the noisome stench proclaimed the pres¬ 
ence of noxious gases.—Ant.: beneficial, healthful, 
invigorating, reviving, salubrious, salutary, whole¬ 
some, 
normal, 

Syn.: common, natural, ordinary, regular, typical, 
usual. That which is natural is according to nature; 
that which is normal is according to the standard or 
rule which is observed or assumed to prevail in na¬ 
ture; a deformity may be natural; symmetry is nor¬ 
mal. —Ant.: abnormal, deformed, exceptional, ir¬ 
regular, monstrous, uncommon, unnatural, unusual, 
numb, 

Syn.: benumbed, deadened, dull, insensible, para¬ 
lyzed, stupefied, torpid. 


o 

obscure, 

Syn.: abstruse, ambiguous, cloudy, complex, com¬ 
plicated, dark, darksome, deep, dense, difficult, dim, 
doubtful, dusky, enigmatical, hidden, indistinct, 
intricate, involved, muddled, mysterious, profound, 
turbid, unintelligible. That is obscure which Is diffi¬ 
cult to see through, whether because of its own want 
of transparency, its depth or intricacy, or because 
of mere defect of light. In that which is abstruse the 
thought is deeply hidden; in that which is obscure 
there may be nothing to hide; It is hard to see to the 
bottom of the profound, because of its depth, but 
the most shallow turbidness is obscure. 
obsequious, 

Syn.: compliant, cringing, deferential, fawning, 
flattering, servile, slavish, submissive, sycophantic, 
obstinate, 

Syn.: contumacious, determined, dogged, firm, 
fixed, headstrong, heady, immovable, indomitable, 
inflexible, intractable, mulish, obdurate, opinion¬ 
ated, persistent, pertinacious, refractory, resolute, 
resolved, stubborn, unconquerable, unflinching, un¬ 
yielding. The headstrong person is not to be stopped 
in his own course of action, while the obstinate and 
stubborn are not to be driven to another’s way. The 
headstrong act; the obstinate and stubborn may sim¬ 
ply refuse to stir. The most amiable person may be 
obstinate on some one point; the stubborn person is 
for the most part habitually so.—Ant.: amenable, 
compliant, docile, dutiful, gentle, irresolute, obedi¬ 
ent, pliable, pliant, submissive, tractable, unde¬ 
cided, wavering, yielding, 
obstruct, 

Syn.: arrest, bar, barricade, check, choke, clog, 
embarrass, hinder, impede, interrupt, oppose, re¬ 
tard, stay, stop. To obstruct is literally to build up 
against; to bar is to prevent advance by some sub¬ 
stantial obstacle; to slop is to bring movement to 
an end; to arrest is to cause to stop suddenly.—Ant.: 
accelerate, advance, aid, clear, facilitate, forward, 
free, further, open, promote, 
occupy, 

Syn.: be in possession of, busy, employ, engage, 
have possession of, hold, keep, possess, preoccupy, 
use. To occupy is to have possession and use of, 
with some degree of permanency, with or without 
ownership. To possess a thing is to have the owner¬ 
ship with control and enjoyment of it. See amuse; 
possess. 
odd, 

Syn.: anomalous, bizarre, comical, droll, eccen¬ 
tric, extraordinary, fantastic, fantastical, grotesque, 
peculiar, quaint, queer, rare, singular, strange, un¬ 
common, unique, unmatched, unusual, whimsical. 
Odd is unmated, as an odd shoe, and so uneven, as 
an odd number. Singular is alone of its kind; as, 
the singular number. A strange thing is something 




699 


native 

perfect 


hitherto unknown in fact or in cause.—Ant.: common, 
conventional, customary, normal, ordinary, usual. 

operation, 

Syn.: action, agency, effect, execution, force, in¬ 
fluence, performance, procedure, result. Operation 
is action considered with reference to the thing 
acted upon; as, the operation of a medicine. Per¬ 
formance and execution denote intelligent action, 
performance accomplishing the will of the actor, 
execution often the will of another; we speak of the 
performance of a duty, the execution of a sentence. 
—Ant.: failure, impotence, inaction, ineffectiveness, 
inefficiency, powerlessness, uselessness, 
opportunity, 

Syn.: convenience, favorable or fit time, good, 
happy, or lucky chance, nick of time, occasion, open¬ 
ing, season. Occasion in the popular sense is a con¬ 
junction of circumstances which seems to require or 
inclines to or is fit for certain action; an opportunity 
is a conjunction of circumstances which makes cer¬ 
tain action possible, with probability of success, ad¬ 
vantage, or gratification; an unworthy man can 
easily find opportunity to do a mean thing, to a true 
man there never comes occasion for it. 
oppose, 

Syn.: check, combat, conflict with, confront, con¬ 
tend with, contradict, contravene, defy, face, object 
to, obstruct, oppugn, resist, withstand. To oppose 
or resist is to hinder, or possibly to prevent advance 
by directly contrary or hostile action; to obstruct is 
to hinder, or possibly to prevent, advance by put¬ 
ting something in the way. 
order, 

Syn.: command, direction, injunction, instruc¬ 
tion, prohibition, requirement. Instruction implies 
more superiority of knowledge, 'direction more of 
authority. Order is more absolute still; soldiers have 
simply to obey orders, without explanation or ques¬ 
tion. Command is a loftier word, less frequent in 
common life. A requirement is imperative, but not 
always formal; it may be in the nature of things; as, 
the requirements of the position. Prohibition is 
wholly negative; it is a command not to do; injunc¬ 
tion is now frequently so used, especially in the 
legal sense.—Ant.: consent, indulgence, leave, lib¬ 
erty, license, permission, permit, 
ostentation, 

Syn.: boast, boasting, display, flourish, pageant, 
pageantry, parade, pomp, pomposity, pompous¬ 
ness, pretentiousness, show, vaunt, vaunting. 
Boasting is louder and more vulgar than ostenta¬ 
tion. There may be great display or show with little 
substance; ostentation suggests something substan¬ 
tial to be shown. Pageant, pageantry, parade, and 
pomp refer principally to affairs of arms or state; 
as, a royal pageant; a military parade. Pomposity 
and pompousness are the affectation of pomp. 
Ant.: diffidence, modesty, reserve, retirement, 
shrinking, simplicity, unobtrusiveness, 
outrage, , 

Syn.: abuse, affront, indecency, indignity, in¬ 
jury, insult, offense, violence. An outrage combines 
insult and injury. 


palliate, 

Syn.: cloak, conceal, cover, excuse, extenuate, 
hide, mitigate, screen, veil. To cloak a sin is to at¬ 
tempt to hide it from discovery; to palliate it is to 
attempt to hide some part of its blameworthiness. 
To extenuate is to admit the fault, but at the same 
time to offer some apology for the offender, hence 
we speak of extenuating, but not of palliating, cir¬ 
cumstances. 

paramount, , A . 

Syn.: chief, eminent, foremost, preeminent, prin¬ 
cipal, superior, supreme. Principal signifies first, 
chief, or highest in rank, character, etc.; supreme 
applies to that than which no greater can exist in 
fact or thought; paramount signifies of the highest 


title or jurisdiction.—Ant.: inferior, minor, subor¬ 
dinate. 

pardon, 

Syn.: absolve, acquit, condone, excuse, forgive, 
overlook, pass by, pass over, remit. Forgive has 
reference to feelings, pardon to consequences; hence, 
the executive may pardon, but has nothing to do 
officially with forgiving. To pardon is the act of a 
superior, implying the right to punish; to forgive 
is the privilege of the humblest person who has been 
wronged or offended. To excuse is to overlook some 
slight offense, error, or breach of etiquette; pardon 
is often used by courtesy in nearly the same sense. 
—Ant.: chasten, chastise, condemn, convict, correct, 
doom, punish, sentence, 
part, 

Syn.: atom, component, constituent, division, 
element, fraction, fragment, ingredient, instalment, 
member, particle, piece, portion, section, segment, 
share, subdivision. Parts or divisions may be equal 
or unequal; a fraction is one of several equal parts 
into which the whole is supposed to be divided. A 
portion is a part viewed with reference to some one 
who is to receive it, or some special purpose to 
which it is to be applied; a share is a part to which 
one has or may acquire a right in connection with 
others; an instalment is one of a series of proportion¬ 
ate payments; a particle is an exceedingly small part. 

particle, 

Syn.: atom, corpuscle, element, grain, iota, jot, 
mite, molecule, scintilla, scrap, shred, tittle, whit. 
Particle, as ordinarily used, is a general term, denot¬ 
ing a very small part of a material substance. Atom 
etymologically signifies that which can not be cut 
or divided, and is the smallest conceivable particle 
of matter, regarded as absolutely homogeneous and 
as having but one set of properties. Atoms are the 
ultimate particles of matter. A molecule is made up 
of atoms, and is regarded as separable into its con¬ 
stituent parts; as used by physicists, a molecule is 
the smallest conceivable part which retains all the 
characteristics of the substance; thus, a molecule 
of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and 
one atom of oxygen. We speak of corpuscles of 
blood.—Ant.: aggregate, entirety, mass, quantity, 
sum, sum total, total, whole, 
patience, 

Syn.: calmness, composure, endurance, forbear¬ 
ance, fortitude, leniency, long=suffering, resignation, 
submission, sufferance. Endurance hardens itself 
against suffering and may be merely stubborn; 
fortitude is endurance animated by courage; patience 
is not so hard as endurance nor so self=effacing as 
submission. Submission is ordinarily and resignation 
always applied to matters of great moment, while 
patience may apply to slight worries and annoy¬ 
ances. Patience may also have an active force de¬ 
noting uncomplaining steadiness in doing, as in till¬ 
ing the soil, 
pay, 

Syn.: compensate, defray, discharge, indemnify, 
liquidate, recompense, remunerate, requite, re¬ 
ward, satisfy, settle.—Ant.: default, repudiate. 

people, 

Syn.: commonwealth, community, nation, popu¬ 
lation, race, state, tribe. A people is the aggregate 
of any public community, either in distinction from 
their rulers or as including them; a race is a division 
of mankind in the line of origin and ancestry; the 
people of the United States includes members of 
almost every race. 
perfect, 

Syn.: absolute, blameless, complete, completed, 
consummate, correct, entire, faultless, finished, 
holy, infallible, immaculate, sinless, spotless, stain¬ 
less, unblemished, undefiled.—Ant.: bad, blemished, 
corrupt, corrupted, defaced, defective, deficient, 
deformed, fallible, faulty, imperfect, incomplete, 
inferior, insufficient, marred, meager, perverted, 
poor, ruined, scant, short, spoiled, worthless. 





perjure 

precise 


perjure, 

Syn.: bear false witness, forswear, swear falsely. 
Forswear (infrequent In modern use) is strictly to 
deny or reject upon oath; as, to forswear one’s re¬ 
ligion; also, to take a false oath. Perjure is now 
chiefly applied to the commission of the legal crime 
of perjury, tho we may speak of a false lover or a 
faithless public officer as having -perjured himself, 
permanent, 

Syn.: abiding, changeless, constant, durable, en¬ 
during, fixed, immutable, invariable, lasting, per¬ 
petual, persistent, stable, stedfast, unchangeable, 
unchanging. Durable (L. durus, hard) is said chiefly 
of material substances that resist wear; lasting is 
said of either material or immaterial things. A 
thing is permanent that is not liable to change; as, 
a permanent color. Enduring is a higher word, ap¬ 
plied to that which resists both time and change, 
permission, 

Syn.; allowance, authority, authorization, con¬ 
sent, leave, liberty, license, permit. There may be 
a failure to object, which constitutes an implied 
permission, tho this is more properly expressed 
by allowance; we allow what we do not oppose, per¬ 
mit what we expressly authorize. The noun per¬ 
mit commonly implies a formal written permission. 
License is a formal permission granted by competent 
authority. —Ant.: denial, hindrance, objection, op¬ 
position, prevention, prohibition, protest, refusal, 
resistance, 
pernicious, 

Syn.: bad, baneful, deadly, destructive, evil, 
harmful, hurtful, injurious, mischievous, noxious, 
perverting, ruinous. Pernicious signifies having the 
power of destroying or injuring, tending to hurt or 
kill. That which is injurious is capable of doing harm; 
that which is pernicious is likely to be destructive. 
perpetual, 

Syn.: ceaseless, constant, continual, continuous, 
endless, enduring, eternal, incessant, interminable, 
lasting, perennial, permanent, sempiternal, unceas¬ 
ing, unending, unfailing, unintermitted, uninter¬ 
rupted. Perpetual signifies destined to unlimited 
continuation; continuous describes that which is 
absolutely without pause or break; continual that 
which often intermits, but as regularly begins again, 
perplexity, 

Syn.: amazement, bewilderment, confusion, dis¬ 
traction, doubt, embarrassment. The dividing of 
a woodland path may cause the traveler the greatest 
perplexity, which may become bewilderment when 
he has tried one path after another and lost his 
bearings completely, 
persevere, 

Syn.: be constant, determined, resolute, or sted¬ 
fast, continue, endure, persist. Persevere is almost 
uniformly employed in the good and high sense of 
holding to a worthy course against all difficulty, 
danger, or opposition; persist is often used of an an¬ 
noying or perverse adherence to a demand or pur¬ 
pose that might well be abandoned, 
perspicuity, 

Syn.: clearness, distinctness, explicitness, intelli¬ 
gibility, lucidity, perspicuousness, plainness, trans¬ 
parency.—Ant.: ambiguity, confusion, incompre¬ 
hensibility, indistinctness, intricacy, obscurity, 
vagueness, 
persuade, 

Syn.: allure, coax, convince, dispose, entice, in¬ 
cite, incline, induce, influence, lead, move, prevail on 
or upon, urge, win over. Of these words convince 
alone has no direct reference to moving the will, 
denoting an effect upon the understanding only; 
one may be convinced of his duty without doing it, 
or he may be convinced of truth that has no manifest 
connection with duty, as of a mathematical proposi¬ 
tion. To persuade is to affect the feelings and the 
will; especially, to bring the will of another to a 
desired decision by some influence exerted upon it 
short of compulsion; as applied to belief, to per¬ 
suade is more than to convince, bringing one to a 


70ft 


belief that is full and free, hearty and active.—AntJ 
deter, discourage, dissuade, hinder, repel, restrain, 
perverse, 

Syn.: contrary, froward, intractable, obstinate, 
petulant, stubborn, ungovernable, untoward, way¬ 
ward. The stubborn or obstinate person will not do 
what another desires or requires; the perverse person 
will do anything contrary" to what is desired or re¬ 
quired of him. The petulant person frets, but may 
comply; the perverse individual may be smooth or 
silent, but is wilfully" intractable. —Ant.: accom¬ 
modating, amenable, complaisant, compliant, do¬ 
cile, genial, kind, obliging, tractable, 
physical, 

Syn.: bodily, corporal, corporeal, material, natu¬ 
ral, sensible, tangible, visible. Whatever is com¬ 
posed of or pertains to matter may be termed 
material; physical applies to material things con¬ 
sidered as parts of a system or organic whole; hence, 
for example, we speak of material substances, physi¬ 
cal forces, physical laws. Bodily, corporal, and cor¬ 
poreal apply primarily to the human body; bodily 
and corporal both denote pertaining or relating to 
the body; corporeal signifies of the nature of or like 
the body; we speak of bodily presence, corporal pun¬ 
ishment, the corporeal frame.—Ant.: immaterial, in¬ 
tangible, invisible, mental, moral, spiritual, 
pique, 

Syn.: displeasure, grudge, irritation, offense, re¬ 
sentment, umbrage. Pique, primarily a prick or a 
sting, as of a nettle, denotes a sudden feeling of 
mingled pain and anger, slight and usually transient. 
Umbrage is a deeper and more persistent displeasure 
at being overshadowed (Latin umbra, a shadow) 
or subjected to any.treatment that one deems unjust 
or unworthy of him. Resentment rests on more solid 
grounds, and is deep and persistent.—Ant.: approval, 
complacency, delight, gratification, satisfaction, 
pitiful, 

Syn.: abject, base, contemptible, despicable, lam¬ 
entable, miserable, mournful, moving, paltry, 
pathetic, piteous pitiable, sorrowful, touching, 
woful, wretched. Pitiful originally signified full of 
pity ( James v, 11), but now, like pitiable, refers to 
what may be deserving of pity, pitiful being used 
chiefly for that which is merely an object of thought, 
pitiable for that which is brought directly before the 
senses; as, a pitiful story; a pitiable object or con¬ 
dition. Pitiful and pitiable are often used, by an 
easy transition, for what awakens contempt; as, 
a pitiful excuse; a pitiable appearance. Piteous is 
now rarely used in its earlier sense of feeling pity, 
but in its derived sense applies to what really excites 
the emotion; as, a piteous cry.—Ant.: beneficent, 
commanding, dignified, enviable, exalted, glorious, 
grand, great, happy, helpful, lofty, mighty, noble, 
sublime, superb. 

pity, 

Syn.: commiseration, compassion, condolence, 
mercy, sympathy, tenderness. Sympathy (feeling 
or suffering with) implies some degree of equality, 
kindred, or union; pity is for what is viewed as weak 
or unfortunate; hence, pity is often resented where 
sympathy would be welcomed. Compassion com¬ 
bines with the tenderness of pity the dignity of sym¬ 
pathy and the active quality of mercy. Commisera¬ 
tion is more remote and hopeless, as for sufferers 
whom we can not reach or can not relieve. Con¬ 
dolence is the expression of sympathy.—Ant.: 
barbarity, brutality, cruelty, ferocity, harshness, 
inhumanity, mercilessness, pitilessness, rigor, ruth¬ 
lessness, severity.—Prep.: pity on or upon that 
which we help or spare; pity for that which we 
merely contemplate, 
place, 

Syn.: locality, location, part, position, post, room, 
site, situation, space, spot, station. 

plain, 

Syn.: clear, distinct, explicit, intelligible, perspicu¬ 
ous, straightforward, unadorned, unambiguous, 
unequivocal. That is plain, in the sense here con- 






701 


perjure 

precise 


sidered, which is level to the thought, so that one 
goes straight on without difficulty or hindrance. 
Perspicuous is often equivalent to plain, but plain 
never wholly loses the meaning of unadorned, so that 
we could not call a thing at once ornate and plain. 
plead, 

Syn.: advocate, argue, ask, beg, beseech, entreat, 
implore, press, solicit, urge. To plead for one is to 
employ argument or persuasion, or both, in his 
behalf. One argues a case solely on rational grounds 
and supposably with fair consideration of both sides. 
Beseech, entreat, and implore imply impassioned 
earnestness, with direct and tender appeal to per¬ 
sonal considerations, 
pleasant, 

Syn.: agreeable, attractive, good-natured, kind, 
kindly, obliging, pleasing, pleasurable. Pleasant 
keeps always something of the sense of actually 
giving pleasure. A pleasing face has good features, 
etc., a pleasant face indicates a kind heart and an 
obliging disposition, as well as kitidly feelings in 
actual exercise, 
plunder, 

Syn.: booty, pillage, prey, rapine, robbery, spoil, 
stolen goods, stolen property. 

polite, 

Syn.: accomplished, civil, complaisant, courteous, 
courtly, cultivated, cultured, elegant, genteel, gra¬ 
cious, obliging, polished, urbane, well-bred, well- 
mannered. One who is polite conforms to all that is 
graceful, becoming, and thoughtful in the inter¬ 
course of refined society, and, in the highest and 
truest sense, which is coming to be the prevailing 
one, cares for the comfort and happiness of others 
in the smallest matters. Civil is a colder and more 
distant word than polite; courteous is fuller and 
richer, dealing often with greater matters, and is 
used only in the good sense. Courtly suggests that 
which befits a royal court and is used of external 
grace and stateliness without reference to the 
prompting feeling. Genteel refers to an external ele¬ 
gance, often showy and superficial. Complaisant 
denotes a disposition to please or gratify beyond 
what politeness would necessarily require.—Ant.: 
awkward, bluff, blunt, boorish, brusk, clownish, 
coarse, discourteous, ill-bred, ill-mannered, imperti¬ 
nent, impolite, impudent, insolent, insulting, rude, 
rustic, uncivil, uncouth, unpolished, 
polity, 

Syn.: policy. Polity is the permanent system of 
government of a state, a church, or a society; policy 
is the method of management with reference to the 
attainment of certain ends. Policy is often used as 
equivalent to expediency: as, many practise honesty 
simply as the best policy. 
pollute, 

Syn.: abuse, contaminate, corrupt, debauch, 
defile, deprave, dishonor, infect, ravish, soil, stain, 
taint, violate, vitiate. The hand may be defiled by a 
touch of pitch: pollute is used chiefly of liquids; 
tainted meat is repulsive: infected meat contains 
germs of disease.—Ant.: clarify, clean, cleanse, 
clear, filter, fine, purge, purify, redeem, refine, 
portion, 

Syn.: part, proportion. When any whole is divid¬ 
ed into parts, any part that is allotted to some per¬ 
son. thing, subject, or purpose is called a portion. 
W T hen we speak of a part as a proportion, we think of 
the whole as divided according to some rule or scale: 
thus, the portion allotted to a child by will may not 
be a fair proportion of the estate. Proportion is often 
used where part or portion would be more appropriate, 
possess, # . 

Syn.: be in possession of, be possessed of, have, 
hold, occupy, own. Have is the most general word, 
and is applied to whatever belongs to or is connected 
with one: a man has a head or a headache, a fortune 
or an opinion, a friend or an enemy; he has time, 
or has need. To hold is to have in one’s hand or 
securely in one’s control; a man holds his friend s 
coat for a moment, holds a struggling horse, or holds 


an office. To own Is to have the right of property in; 
to possess is to have that right In actual exercise. 

poverty, 

Syn.: beggary, destitution, distress, indigence, 
mendicancy, need, pauperism, penury, privation, 
want. Poverty denotes a condition below that of 
easy, comfortable living; privation denotes a condi¬ 
tion of painful lack of what is needful or desirable, 
tho not to the extent of absolute distress; indi¬ 
gence is lack of ordinary means of subsistence; desti¬ 
tution is lack of the comforts and in part even of the 
necessaries of life; penury is especially cramping 
poverty, possibly not so sharp as destitution, but 
continuous, while that may be temporary; pauper¬ 
ism is such destitution as throws one upon organized 
public charity for support; beggary and mendicancy 
denote poverty that appeals for indiscriminate 
private charity, 
powerful, 

Syn.: able, cogent, commanding, controlling, 
effective, effectual, efficacious, efficient, forceful, 
forcible, mighty, potent, puissant, robust, strong, 
sturdy, vigorous. 

practise, 

Syn.: drill, exercise. Exercise is action with a 
view to employing, maintaining, or increasing 
power, or merely for enjoyment; practise is system¬ 
atic exercise with a view to the acquirement of 
facility and skill in some pursuit; a person takes a 
walk for exercise, or takes time for practise on the 
piano. Drill is systematic, rigorous, and commonly 
enforced practise under a teacher or commander, 
praise, vt. 

Syn.: adore, applaud, approbate, approve, bless, 
commend, eulogize, extol, flatter, glorify, honor, 
laud, worship. We approve what is excellent, ap¬ 
plaud heroic deeds, praise and honor the hero, 
praise, n. 

Syn.: see eulogy. 

pray, 

Syn.: ask, beg, beseech, bid, call upon, conjure, 
entreat, implore, importune, invoke, petition, re¬ 
quest, supplicate. To pray, in the religious sense, 
is devoutly to address the Supreme Being with 
reverent petition; the once common use of the word 
to express any earnest request is now rare. Beseech 
and entreat express great earnestness of petition; 
implore and supplicate denote the utmost fervency 
and intensity, 
prayer, 

Syn.: adoration, devotion, invocation, litany, 
orison, petition, suit, supplication. 

precarious, 

Syn.: doubtful, dubious, equivocal, hazardous, in¬ 
secure, perilous, risky, uncertain, unsettled, unstable, 
unsteady. Uncertain is applied to things that human 
knowledge can not certainly determine, or that 
human power can not certainly control; precarious 
originally meant dependent on the will of another 
and now, by extension, signifies dependent on chance 
or hazard, with manifest unfavorable possibility 
verging toward probability; as, a precarious tenure 
or title; the strong man’s hold on life is uncertain, 
the invalid’s is precarious. —Ant.: assured, certain, 
firm, immutable, incontestable, settled, stable, 
steady, strong, sure, undeniable, unquestionable, 
precedence, 

Syn.: antecedence, ascendency, lead, leadership, 
preeminence, preference, priority, superiority, su¬ 
premacy.—Ant.: inferiority, subjection, subjugation, 
subordination.—Prep.: take precedence of. 

precedent, 

Syn.: antecedent, authority, case, example, in¬ 
stance, obiter dictum, warrant. A precedent is an 
authoritative case, example, or instance. Cases 
decided by irregular or unauthorized tribunals are 
not legal precedents. 
precise, 

Syn.: accurate, careful, correct, definite, exact, 
explicit, particular, rigid, scrupulous, strict. An ex¬ 
plicit statement is too clear to be misunderstood; 





predestination 

redundant 


702 


an express command is too emphatic to be disre¬ 
garded.—Ant.: ambiguous, careless, indefinite, in¬ 
exact, loose, undefined, vague. 

predestination, 

Syn.: fate, foreknowledge, foreordination, neces¬ 
sity. Predestination is a previous determination or 
decision, which, in the divine action, reaches on 
from eternity. Fate is heathen, an irresistible, irra¬ 
tional power determining all events with no mani¬ 
fest connection with reason or righteousness, 
predominant, 

Syn.: ascendent, chief, commanding, controlling, 
dominant, prevailing, prevalent, regnant, sovereign, 
superior, supreme. Prominent signifies literally 
jutting out; predominant , ruling, having mastery, 
etc.; supreme applies to that than which no greater 
can exist in fact or thought.—Ant.: inferior, subor¬ 
dinate, subsidiary, 
prejudice, 

Syn.: bias, partiality, preconception, preposses¬ 
sion, presumption. A prejudice or prepossession is 
grounded often on feeling, fancy, etc. There is al¬ 
ways a presumption in favor of what exists, so that the 
burden of proof is upon one who advocates a change, 
prepare, 

Syn.: adapt, adjust, arrange, fit, get ready, make 
arrangements, make provision, make ready, order, 
procure, provide, put in order, qualify, set in order. 
—Ant.: disarrange, disconcert, disorder, neglect, 
overlook, spoil, 
preserve, 

Syn.: conserve, defend, guard, keep, keep safe, 
keep sound, keep whole, maintain, protect, save, 
secure, sustain, uphold.—Ant.: abandon, lavish, 
lose, neglect, scatter, spend, spoil, throw away, 
waste, 
pretend, 

Syn.: affect, assume, counterfeit, feign, make a 
show, make believe, profess, sham, simulate. If a 
man takes to himself the credit and appearance of 
qualities he does not possess, he is said to affect or 
feign, or to pretend to, the character he thus assumes. 
pretense, 

Syn.: affectation, air, assumption, cloak, color, 
disguise, dissimulation, excuse, mask, pretext, 
seeming, semblance, show, simulation.—Ant.: can¬ 
dor, fact, frankness, honesty, ingenuousness, open¬ 
ness, reality, simplicity, sincerity, truth, 
prevent, 

Syn.: anticipate, forestall. To forestall is to take 
or act in advance in one’s own behalf and to the 
prejudice or hindrance of another or others, as in 
the phrase “to forestall the market.” But to antici¬ 
pate is very frequently used in the favorable sense; 
as, “his thoughtful kindness anticipated my wish.” 
See HINDER. 

pride, 

Syn.: conceit, ostentation, self-complacency, self* 
conceit, self-esteem, self-respect, vainglory, vanity. 
Conceit and vanity are associated with weakness, 
pride with strength. Vanity is eager for admiration 
and praise, and seeks them; pride would never 
solicit admiration or praise. Conceit is somewhat 
stronger than self-conceit. Self-conceit is ridiculous; 
conceit is offensive.—Ant.: humility, lowliness, 
meekness, modesty, self-abasement, self-distrust, 
probable, 

Syn.: credible, likely, presumable, reasonable.— 
Ant.: doubtful, dubious, improbable, incredible, 
unlikely. 

procrastinate, 

Syn.: adjourn, defer, delay, postpone, put off.— 
Ant.: accelerate, dispatch, expedite, hasten, hurry, 
quicken. 

prodigy, 

Syn.: marvel, miracle, monster, wonder. 

produce, 

Syn.: bear, breed, bring forth, cause, create, 
engender, furnish, generate, give rise to, make, 
manufacture, occasion, originate, propagate, yield. 


product, 

Syn.: crop, fruit, harvest, outcome, output, pro¬ 
ceeds, produce, production, result, return, yield. 

profane, 

Syn.: blasphemous, godless, impious, irreligious, 
sacrilegious, secular, temporal, unconsecrated, un¬ 
godly, unhallowed, unholy, unsanctified, wicked, 
worldly.—Ant.: consecrated, devout, godly, holy, pi¬ 
ous, religious, reverent, sacred, sanctified, spiritual, 
profit, 

Syn.: advantage, avail, benefit, emolument, ex¬ 
pediency, gain, good, improvement, proceeds, 
receipts, return, returns, service, utility, value. The 
returns or receipts include all that is received from 
an outlay or investment; the profit is the excess (if 
any) of the receipts over the outlay.—Ant.: damage, 
detriment, disadvantage, harm, hurt, injury, loss, 
ruin, waste, 
prohibit, 

Syn.: debar, disallow, forbid, hinder, inhibit, 
interdict, preclude, prevent. Forbid is less formal 
and more personal, prohibit more official and judi¬ 
cial, with the implication of readiness to use such 
force as may be needed to give effect to the enact¬ 
ment; a parent forbids a child to take part in some 
game; the slave-trade is now prohibited by the lead¬ 
ing nations.—Ant.: allow, authorize, command, 
consent to, direct, empower, enjoin, license, order, 
permit, pu* up with, require, sanction, suffer, toler¬ 
ate, warrant, 
project, 

Syn.: contrivance, design, device, invention, 
plan, purpose, scheme.—Ant.: accomplishment, 
achievement, act, deed, execution, performance, 
production, work. 

proof, 

Syn.: attestation, certification, confirmation, 
demonstration, essay, evidence, fact, ordeal, test, 
testimony, trial.—Aint.: assertion, conjecture, dis¬ 
proof, failure, fallacy, fancy, hypothesis, likelihood, 
possibility, presumption, probability, refutation, 
speculation, 
propitious, 

Syn.: See auspicious. Propitious applies pri¬ 
marily to persons; auspicious is not used of 
persons.—Ant.: adverse, antagonistic, forbidding, 
hostile, ill-disposed, inauspicious, repellent, un¬ 
favorable. unfriendly, unpropitious.—Prep.: to. 
proposal, 

Syn.: bid, offer, overture, proposition. An offer 
or proposal puts something before one for accep¬ 
tance or rejection; a proposition sets forth truth in 
formal statement. 

prudence, 

Syn.: care, carefulness, caution, circumspection, 
consideration, discretion, forecast, foresight, fore¬ 
thought, frugality, judgment, judiciousness, provi¬ 
dence, wisdom. Care may respect only the present; 
prudence and providence look far ahead and sacrifice 
the present to the future.—Ant.: folly, heedlessness, 
improvidence, imprudence, indiscretion, rashness, 
recklessness, thoughtlessness, 
prudent, 

Syn.: careful, cautious, circumspect, considerate, 
discreet, economical, frugal, judicious, politic, 
provident, sagacious, thoughtful, thrifty, wary, 
wise.—Ant.: audacious, daring, desperate, fool¬ 
hardy, foolish, improvident, imprudent, indiscreet, 
rash, reckless, spendthrift, thoughtless, unwary, 
publish, 

Syn.: advertise, announce, blaze abroad, blazon, 
bruit, communicate, declare, disclose, divulge, im¬ 
part, make known, make public, proclaim, promul¬ 
gate, reveal, spread, spread abroad, tell.—Ant.: 
conceal, cover, cover up, hide, hush, hush up, sup¬ 
press, withhold, 
pure, 

Syn.: absolute, chaste, classic, classical, clean, 
clear, continent, fair, genuine, guileless, guiltless, 
holy, immaculate, incorrupt, innocent, perfect, 
spotless, stainless, true, unadulterated, unblem- 





703 


predestination 

redundant 


Ished, uncorrupted, undefiled, unmingled, unmixed, 
unpolluted, unspotted, unstained, unsullied, un¬ 
tainted, untarnished, upright, virtuous. 

purpose, 

Syn.: aim, design, determination, drift, end, final 
cause, intent, intention, meaning, motive, object, 
plan, project, purport, resolution, resolve. 

push, 

Syn.: crowd, drive, force, hasten, impel, impor¬ 
tune, prass, propel, prosecute, shove, thrust, urge. 

put, 

Syn.: deposit, lay, place, set. To lay is to place 
in a horizontal position; to set is to place in an up¬ 
right position. We put a horse in a pasture; deposit 
money in a bank. 


quarrel, 

Syn.: affray, altercation, bickering, brawl, breach, 
broil, contention, contest, controversy, disagree¬ 
ment, dispute, dissension, falling out, feud, fracas, 
fray, fuss, jangle, jar, misunderstanding, rupture, 
scene, squabble, strife, tumult, variance, wrangle. 
—Ant.: see synonyms for harmony. 
question, 

Syn.: doubt, inquiry, inquisition, interrogation, 
interrogatory, investigation, query, 
quote, • 

Syn.: cite, excerpt, extract, paraphrase, plagiarize, 
recite, repeat. To quote is to give an author’s words, 
either exactly or in substance; to plagiarize is to quote 
without credit; to recite or repeat is to quote orally. 


R 

racy, 

Syn.: forcible, high=flavored, lively, piquant, 
pungent, rich, spicy, spirited. Racy applies in the 
3rst instance to the pleasing flavor characteristic of 
certain wines, often attributed to the soil from 
which they come. Pungent denotes something 
sharply irritating to the organs of taste or smell, 
as pepper, vinegar, ammonia; piquant denotes a 
quality similar In kind to pungent but less in degree, 
stimulating and agreeable. As applied to literary 
products, racy refers to that which has a vigorous 
and striking originality; spicy, piquant, and pungent 
in their figurative use keep very close to their literal 
sense.—Ant.: cold, dull, flat, flavorless, insipid, 
stale, stupid, tasteless, trite, vapid, 
radiance, 

Syn.: brightness, brilliance, brilliancy, effulgence, 
luster, refulgence, resplendence, splendor.—Ant.: 
blackness, darkness, dimness, dulness, gloom, ob¬ 
scurity, opacity, shade. 

radical, 

Syn.: complete, constitutional, entire, essential, 
extreme, fundamental, ingrained, innate, native, 
natural, organic, original, perfect, positive, primi¬ 
tive, thorough, thoroughgoing, total. The diver¬ 
gent senses of the word radical are all formed upon 
the primary sense pertaining to the root (Latin 
radix) ; a radical difference is one that springs from 
the root, and is thus constitutional, essential, funda¬ 
mental, organic, original; a radical change is one 
that does not stop at the surface, but affects the 
very root, and is entire, thorough, total; since the 
majority find superficial treatment of any matter 
the easiest and most comfortable, radical measures, 
which strike at the root of evil or need, are apt to be 
looked upon as extreme. —Ant.: conservative. Inad¬ 
equate, incomplete, moderate, partial, superficial, 
raise, 

Syn.: elevate, erect, exalt, lift, rear, set up, uplift. 
The use of raise intransitively, in the sense of rise. 
Is a vulgarism.—Ant.: degrade, depress, humble, 
lower, reduce, sink. 

rampart, , 

Syn.: barbican, barricade, barrier, breastwork, 


bulwark, defense, elevation, embankment, fence, 
fortification, guard, mole, mound, outwork, secu¬ 
rity, wall. 

rapture, 

Syn.: bliss, delight, ecstasy, exultation, joy, trans¬ 
port.—Ant.: agony, apathy, dejection, despair, dis¬ 
tress, ennui, horror, misery, pain, tedium, torture, 
wo, wretchedness. 

rare, 

Syn.: curious, extraordinary, Incomparable, in¬ 
frequent, odd, peculiar, precious, remarkable, 
scarce, singular, strange, uncommon, unique, unu¬ 
sual. Unique is alone of its kind; rare is infrequent of 
its kind; great poems are rare; “Paradise Lost” is 
unique. To call a thing scarce implies that it was at 
some time more plentiful, as when we say food or 
money is scarce. Rare has the added sense of pre¬ 
cious: as, a rare gem. 
ratify, 

Syn.: accept, agree to, approve, confirm, consent 
to, corroborate, indorse, establish, justify, sanction, 
seal, settle, substantiate, validate.—Ant.: abolish, 
abrogate, annul, cancel, deny, disavow, disown, 
extinguish, nullify, repeal, rescind, revoke, 
rational, 

Syn.: reasonable. A rational mind is one that la 
capable of the ordinary and normal processes of 
thought; a reasonable mood is one at the .time sus¬ 
ceptible to the influence of reasons. A rational man 
is capable of using his reasoning powers; a reasonable 
man has them habitually In exercise. Rational is op¬ 
posed to insane or irrational, reasonable to fanatical, 
misguided, obstinate, unreasonable, visionary. 
reason, 

Syn.: account, aim, argument, cause, considera¬ 
tion, design, end, ground, motive, object, principle, 
purpose. While the cause of any event, act, or fact, 
as commonly understood, is the power that makes 
it to be, the reason of or for it 4s the explanation 
given by the human mind: but reason is, in popular 
language, often used as equivalent to cause, espe¬ 
cially in the sense of final cause. 
reasoning, 

Syn.: argument, argumentation, debate, ratio¬ 
cination. Argumentation and debate always suppose 
two parties alleging reasons for and against a propo¬ 
sition. Reasoning may be the act of one alone, as it 
is simply the orderly setting forth of reasons, 
whether for the confuting of opponents or for the 
direct establishment of truth, 
rebellious, 

Syn.: contumacious, disobedient, insubordinate, 
intractable, mutinous, refractory, seditious, uncon¬ 
trollable, ungovernable, unmanageable. While the 
ungovernable or unmanageable defies control, the 
rebellious or seditious may be forced to submission 
—Ant.: compliant, controllable, docile, dutiful, 
manageable, meek, obedient, submissive, subser¬ 
vient, tractable, yielding, 
reclaim, 

Syn.: amend, convert, recover, redeem, reform, 
renew, rescue, restore, subdue, tame.—Auit.: cor¬ 
rupt, debauch, degrade, deprave, seduce, vitiate. 

recompense, 

Syn.: amends, compensation, indemnification, in¬ 
demnity, remuneration, repayment, requital, re¬ 
ward, satisfaction. 

record, 

Syn.- catalog, chronicle, document, enrolment, 
entry, history, inscription, instrument, inventory, 
memorandum, memorial, muniment, register, roll, 
scroll. A memorial gives enduring attestation of an 
event or fact; an extended chronicle or history is a 
record; so, too, may be a brief inventory or memo¬ 
randum. 
recover, 

Syn.: cure, heal, reanimate, recruit, recuperate, 
regain, repossess, restore, retrieve. 

redundant, 

Syn.: excessive, exuberant, overflowing, super- 







reflection 

salary 


704 


abundant, superfluous.— Ant.: insufflcient, scant, 
scarce, short. 

reflection, 

Syn.: cogitation, consideration, contemplation, 
deliberation, meditation, musing, rumination, study, 
thinking, thought.—Ant.: carelessness, heedlessness, 
inconsiderateness, negligence, thoughtlessness. 

reform, 

Syn.: reformation. A reform is more external and 
less comprehensive than a reformation; the most 
thorough reformations generally begin in attempts 
at partial reforms. —Ant.: corruption, degradation, 
perversion, 
refrain, 

Syn.: abstain, forbear, hold back, restrain. 

refuge, 

Syn.: asylum, cover, covert, harbor, hiding-place, 
protection, retreat, sanctuary, stronghold. 

refute, 

Syn.: confute, disprove. To refute and to confute 
are to answer so as to admit of no reply. A person 
is confuted when his arguments are refuted. 

regard, 

Syn.: esteem, favor, respect. Regard is more per¬ 
sonal and less distant than esteem, and adds a special 
kindliness: respect is a more distant word than es¬ 
teem. —Apt.: antipathy, aversion, dislike, hatred, 
indifference, repugnance, 
regulate, 

Syn.: adjust, arrange, conduct, direct, dispose, 
govern, guide, keep in order, manage, methodize, 
order, rule, systematize.—Ant.: confuse, derange, 
disorder, disturb. 

rejoice, 

Syn.: cheer, delight, enjoy, enrapture, exhilarate, 
exult, gladden, gratify, joy, please, ravish, triumph. 
—Ant.: afflict, bewail, grieve, lament, mourn, pain, 
regret, sadden, sorrow. 

relate, 

Syn.: describe, detail, narrate, recite, recount, re¬ 
hearse, report, state, tell.—Ant.: deny, hush up, sup¬ 
press. 

relax, 

Syn.: abate, divert, ease, loose, loosen, mitigate, 
recreate, reduce, relieve, remit, slacken, unbend.— 
Ant.: bind, confine, contract, strain, stretch, tighten. 

release, 

Syn.: deliver, discharge, disengage, emancipate, 
exempt, extricate, free, liberate, loose, unbind, un¬ 
fasten, unloose, untie.—Ant.: bind, capture, catch, 
confine, constrain, fetter, hold, imprison, keep, re¬ 
strain, shackle, 
religion, 

Syn.: devotion, faith, godliness, holiness, moral¬ 
ity, piety, theology, worship. Religion is the rev¬ 
erent acknowledgment both in heart and in act of 
a divine being. Theology is the science of religion. 

remainder, 

Syn.: balance, leavings, remnant, residue, rest, 
surplus. 

rend, 

Syn.: break, burst, cleave, lacerate, mangle, rive, 
rupture, sever, slit, sunder, tear. Rend and tear are 
applied usually to the sundering of textile sub¬ 
stances ( rend also to frangible), tear being the 
milder, rend the stronger word. To burst or rupture 
Is to tear or rend by force from within, burst denot¬ 
ing the greater violence; a steam-boiler is ruptured 
when plates are forced apart without explosion.— 
Ant.: heal, join, mend, reunite, secure, sew, solder, 
stitch, unite, weld, 
repel, 

Syn.: beat back, check, drive back, force back, 
oppose, repulse, resist. Repulse is stronger than 
repel; one may be repelled by tjie very aspect of the 
person whose favor he seeks, but is not repulsed 
except by the direct refusal or ignoring of his suit.— 
Ant.: attract, encourage, invite, 
repentance, 

Syn.: compunction, contrition, penitence, regret, 


sorrow. Regret is sorrow for any painful or annoy¬ 
ing matter; repentance is sorrow for sin with self- 
condemnation, and complete turning from the sin. 
report, 

Syn.: account, description, narration, narrative, 
recital, record, relation, rumor, statement, story, 
tale. A narrative is a somewhat extended and em¬ 
bellished account of events in order of time; a 
description gives especial scope to the # pictorial 
element; a report is something brought back, as by 
one sent to obtain information, 
repress, 

Syn.: bridle, chasten, check, crush, curb, over¬ 
come, overpower, put down, quiet, rein, restrain, 
stay, still, subdue, suppress.—Ant.: agitate, ani¬ 
mate. arouse, awaken, encourage, excite, incite, 
instigate, provoke, rouse, stimulate, 
reprove, * 

Syn.: admonish, blame, censure, chasten, chide, 
condemn, find fault with, rebuke, remonstrate with, 
reprehend, reprimand, reproach, upbraid. Blame 
and censure apply either to persons or acts; reprove 
and rebuke are applied chiefly, and reprimand ex¬ 
clusively, to persons, 
reserve, 

Syn.: backwardness, coldness, constraint, coyness, 
haughtiness, modesty, pride, reservation, reserved- 
ness, restraint, reticence, shyness, taciturnity.—■ 
Ant.: abandon, cotnmunlcativeness, forwardness, 
frankness, freedom, indiscretion, loquaciousness, 
presumption, 
respite, 

Syn.: delay, forbearance, interval, pause, post¬ 
ponement, reprieve, rest, stay. 

rest, 

Syn.: calm, calmness, cessation, ease, pause, 
peace, peacefulness, quiescence, quiet, quietness, 
quietude, recreation, repose, sleep, slumber, stay, 
stillness, stop, tranquillity. In a pause of battle a 
soldier rests on his arms; after the battle the victor 
reposes on his laurels.—Ant.: agitation, commotion, 
disquiet, disturbance, excitement, motion, restless¬ 
ness, toil, tumult, unrest, work, worry, 
restive, 

Syn.: balky, fidgety, fractious, fretful, frisky, im- 
patient, intractable, mulish, mutinous, obstinate, 
rebellious, recalcitrant, refractory, restless, skittish, 
stubborn, unruly, vicious. A horse may be made 
restless by flies; the restive animal impatiently re¬ 
sists or struggles to break from control.—Ant.: doc¬ 
ile, gentle, manageable, obedient, peaceable, quiet, 
submissive, tractable, yielding, 
restrain, 

Syn.: abridge, bridle, check, circumscribe, con¬ 
fine, constrain, curb, forbid, hinder, hold, hold back, 
hold in, keep, keep back, keep down, keep in, keep 
under, repress, restrict, suppress. To restrain an 
action is to hold it partially or wholly in check, so 
that it is under pressure even in performance; to 
restrict an action is to fix a limit or boundary which it 
may not pass, but within which it is free.—Ant.: aid, 
animate, arouse, emancipate, encourage, excite, 
free, impel, incite, let loose, release, set free, 
retirement, 

Syn.: loneliness, privacy, seclusion, solitude. In 
retirement one withdraws from association he has 
had with others. In seclusion one shuts himself 
away from the society of all except intimate friends 
or attendants; in solitude no other person is present. 
Privacy denotes freedom from the presence or ob¬ 
servation of those not concerned or whom we desire 
not to have concerned in our affairs.—Ant.: associa¬ 
tion, companionship, company, 
retrench, 

Syn.: abridge, clip, curtail, cut, cut down, cut off, 
cut short, decrease, diminish, economize, lessen, 
reduce.—Ant.: expand, extend, lengthen, prolong, 
protract, squander. 

revenge, 

Syn.: avenging, requital, retaliation, retribution, 
vengeance. Retaliation and revenge are personal and 





705 


reflection 

salary 


often bitter. Retaliation may be partial; revenge is 
meant to be complete and may be excessive. Ven¬ 
geance, which once meant an indignant vindication 
of justice, now signifies the most furious and unspar¬ 
ing revenge. A requital is an even return of good or 
evil. Avenging and retribution give a solemn sense 
of exact justice, avenging being more personal in its 
infliction, and retribution the impersonal visitation 
of the doom of righteous law.—Ant.: compassion, ex¬ 
cuse, forgiveness, mercy, pardon, pity,reconciliation, 
reverence, 

Syn.: adoration, awe, homage, nonor, veneration, 
worship.—Ant.: contumely, derision, dishonor, in¬ 
sult, irreverence, mockery, ridicule, sacrilege, scoff, 
scorn. 

revile, 

Syn.: abuse, asperse, calumniate, defame, malign, 
slander, traduce, upbraid, vilify. To revile or vilify 
is to attack with vile abuse; to libel or slander is to 
make an assault upon character that comes within 
the scope of the law. See asperse. 
revolution, 

Syn.: insurrection, mutiny, rebellion, revolt, riot, 
sedition. The essential idea of revolution is a change 
in the form of government or constitution, or a 
change of rulers, otherwise than as provided by the 
laws of succession, election, etc., frequently, but not 
always nor necessarily, involving armed hostilities. 
Slaves make insurrection; soldiers or sailors break 
out in mutiny; subject provinces rise in revolt; public 
commotion and disorder tend to sedition. —Ant.: 
loyalty, subjection, submission, 
revolve, 

Syn.: roll, rotate, turn. Any round body rolls 
which continuously touches with successive por¬ 
tions of its surface successive portions of another 
surface; a wagon*wheel rolls along the ground. To 
rotate is properly said of a body that has a circular 
motion about its own center or axis; to revolve is 
properly said of a body that moves about a center 
outside of itself. A revolving body may also either 
rotate or roll at the same time; the earth revolves 
around the sun and rotates on its own axis; in popu¬ 
lar usage the earth is often said to revolve about its 
own axis or to have a daily revolution, but rotate and 
rotation are the more accurate terms, 
riddle, 

Syn.: conundrum, enigma, paradox, problem, 
puzzle. An enigma is a dark saying; a problem is 
something thrown out for solution; the riddle is an 
ambiguous or paradoxical statement with a hidden 
meaning, 
ridicule, 

Syn.: badinage, banter, chaff, derision, irony, 
jeering, mockery, sarcasm, satire. Ridicule may be 
merely sportive or thoughtless; derision is always 
hostile or malicious. 

right, a. 

Syn.: correct, direct, equitable, fair, good, honest, 
just, lawful, perpendicular, rightful, straight, true, 
unswerving, upright.—Ant.: bad, evil, false, incor¬ 
rect, indirect, inequitable, iniquitous, unfair, unjust, 
unrighteous, wrong, 
right, n. 

Syn.: advantage, claim, exemption, franchise, 
immunity, prerogative, privilege. A right may be 
natural and universal. A privilege is always special, 
exceptional, and artificial. A franchise is a specific 
right or privilege granted or established by govern¬ 
mental authority. A prerogative is primarily an 
official right or privilege, especially one inherent in 
the royal or sovereign power, 
ripe, 

Syn.: complete, consummate, finished, fit, ma¬ 
ture, matured, mellow, perfect, perfected, ready, 
seasoned.—Ant.: callow, crude, green, immature, 
Imperfect, undeveloped. 

robber, 

Syn: bandit, brigand, buccaneer, bufglar, depre¬ 
dator, footpad, freebooter, highwayman, marauder, 
pillager, pirate, plunderer, thief. A robber seeks to 


obtain the property of others by force or intimida¬ 
tion; a thief by stealth and secrecy. 

rotten, 

S.vn.: carious, corrupt, decayed, deceitful, decom¬ 
posed, defective, fetid, offensive, putrefied, putres¬ 
cent, putrid, tainted, treacherous, unsound.—Ant.: 
fresh, healthful, healthy, perfect, sound, sweet, un¬ 
tainted, wholesome, 
round, 

Syn.: circular, curved, curvilinear, cylindrical, 
globose, globular, orbed, orbicular, plump, rotund, 
spherical, spheroidal.—Ant.: angular, cubical, flat, 
polygonal, quadrangular, quadrilateral, rectangu¬ 
lar, square, triangular, 
rule, 

Syn.: canon, formula, formulary, guide, maxim, 
method, order, regulation, standard. See habit; 
law; system. 

rupture, 

Syn.: blast, breach, break, bursting, disruption, 
fracture. 

rustic, 

Syn.: agricultural, artless, awkward, boorish, 
bucolic, clownish, coarse, countrified, country, hoi- 
denish, outlandish, pastoral, plain, rude, sylvan, 
uncouth, unpolished, unsophisticated, verdant. 
Rural refers especially to scenes or objects in the 
country, considered as the work of nature; rustic 
refers to their effect upon man or to their condition 
as affected by human agency; as, a rural scene; a 
rustic party; a rustic lass. We speak, however, of 
the rural population, rural simplicity, etc. Rural 
has always a favorable sense, rustic frequently an 
unfavorable one. Rustic, however, is often used of a 
studied simplicity, an artistic rudeness, which is 
pleasing; as, a rustic cottage; a rustic chair. Pastor¬ 
al refers to the care of flocks, and to the shepherd’s 
life, with the pleasing associations suggested by the 
old poetic ideal of that life; as, pastoral poetry. Bu¬ 
colic is kindred to pastoral, but is a less elevated 
term and sometimes slightly contemptuous.—Ant.: 
accomplished, cultured, elegant, metropolitan, pol¬ 
ished, polite, refined, urbane, well*bred. 


s 

sacrament, 

Syn.: ceremony, communion, eucharist. Lord’s 
supper, observance, ordinance, rite, service, solem¬ 
nity. The terms sacrament and ordinance, in the 
religious sense, are often used interchangeably; the 
ordinance derives its sacredness from the authority 
that ordained it, while the sacrament possesses a 
sacredness due to something in itself, 
sad, 

Syn.: afflicted, dejected, depressed, desolate, 
despondent, disconsolate, dismal, distressed, dole¬ 
ful, downcast, dreary, dull, gloomy, grave, heavy, 
lugubrious, melancholy, miserable, mournful, sober, 
somber, sorrowful, sorry, unfortunate, unhappy, 
wobegone, woful. 
sagacious, 

Syn.: aole, acute, apt, clear-sighted, discerning, 
intelligent, keen, keen=witted, judicious, perspica¬ 
cious, rational, sage, sensible, sharp, sharp*witted, 
shrewd, wise. Sagacious refers to a power of tracing 
the hidden or recondite by slight indications, as by 
instinct or intuition. Sagacious is a broader and 
nobler word than shrewd, and not susceptible of the 
invidious sense which the latter word often bears. 
Sage is a loftier word than sagacious, suggesting 
more of study and profound thought, and not so 
closely limited to matters of direct practical mo¬ 
ment.—Ant.: absurd, dull, foolish, futile, ignorant, 
irrational, obtuse, senseless, silly, simple, sottish, 
stupid, unintelligent, 
salary, 

Syn.: allowance, compensation, earnings, fee, hire, 
honorarium, pay, recompense, remuneration, sti¬ 
pend, wages. Salary is for literary or professional 
work, wages for handicraft or other comparatively 





sample 

spy 


706 


inferior service. A salary is regarded as more per¬ 
manent than wages; an editor receives a salary; a 
compositor receives wages. 

sample, 

Sim.: case, example, exemplification, illustration, 
instance, specimen. A sample is a portion taken at 
random out of a quantity supposed to be homogene¬ 
ous: as, a sample of sugar; a sample of cloth. A 
specimen is one unit of a series, or a fragment of a 
mass, all of which is supposed to possess the same 
essential qualities: as, a specimen of coinage or of 
quartz. No other unit or portion may be exactly 
like the specimen, while all the rest is supposed to 
be exactly like the sample. 
sanctity, 

Syn.: holiness, sanctimoniousness, sanctimony. 
As referring to character, sanctity is holiness, while 
sanctimoniousness or sanctimony is the pretense of 
holiness. 

sanguine, 

Sim.: animated, ardent, buoyant, confident, en¬ 
thusiastic, hopeful. Sanguine, from the same root as 
sanguinary (Latin sanguis, blood), came to denote 
full-blooded, and so ardent, confident, hopeful. The 
use of sanguine in the direct literal sense of bloody 
is rare and poetic, 
satisfaction, 

Syn.: comfort, complacency, content, content¬ 
ment, enjoyment, gratification. See comfort; hap¬ 
piness. —Ant.: annoyance, chagrin, discontent, dis¬ 
pleasure, dissatisfaction, sorrow, trouble, vexation. 

satisfy, 

Syn.: cloy, content, fill, glut, sate, satiate, suffice, 
surfeit. To satisfy is to furnish just enough to meet 
physical, mental, or spiritual desire. To sale or 
satiate is to gratify desire so fully as for a time to 
extinguish it. To cloy or surfeit is to gratify to the 
point of revulsion or disgust. Much less than is 
needed to satisfy may suffice a frugal or abstemious 
person; less than a sufficiency may content one of a 
patient and submissive spirit.—Ant.: check, deny, 
disappoint, refuse, restrict, starve, stint, tantalize, 
withhold, 
scandal, 

Syn.: aspersion, backbiting, calumny, defama¬ 
tion, detraction, obloquy, odium, reproach, slander. 
Scandal may be odious truth; slander is certain false¬ 
hood.—Ant.: applause, celebrity, credit, eulogy, 
fame, glory, honor, renown, reputation, repute, 
scanty, 

Syn.: chary, deficient, insufficient, limited, nar¬ 
row, niggardly, parsimonious, poor, scant, scarce, 
scrimp, scrimped, scrimping, scrimpy, short, small, 
sparing. 

scholar, 

Syn.: pupil, student. Pupil signifies one under 
the close personal supervision or instruction of a 
teacher or tutor. Those under instruction in schools 
below the academic grade are technically and offi¬ 
cially termed pupils. Student is applied to those in 
the higher grades or courses of study, as the aca¬ 
demic, collegiate, scientific, etc. Student suggests 
less proficiency than scholar in the highest sense.— 
Ant.: dunce, fool, idiot, ignoramus, 
science, 

Syn.: art, knowledge. Knowledge of a single fact, 
not known as related to any other, or of many facts 
not known as comprehended under any general law, 
does not reach the meaning of science; science is 
knowledge reduced to law and embodied in system. 
Art always relates to something to be done, science 
to something to be known. Art in the industrial 
sense must be distinguished from art in the esthetic 
sense; the former aims chiefly at utility, the latter at 
beauty. The mechanic arts are the province of the 
artizan; the esthetic or fine arts are the province of 
the artist, 
scorn, 

Syn.: contempt, contumely, derision, despite, 
disdain, dishonor, mocker, scoff, scoffing, sneer, 
sneering, taunt.—Ant.: admiration, approbation. 


approval, deference, esteem, honor, regard, respect, 
reverence. 

seclusion, 

Syn.: privacy, retirement, retreat, secrecy, separa¬ 
tion, solitude.—Ant.: publicity, society, 
secret, 

Syn.: clandestine, concealed, covered, covert, fur¬ 
tive, hidden, latent, mysterious, obscure, occult, 
private, recondite, retired, unknown, unrevealed, 
veiled.—Ant.: aboveboard, apparent, clear, evident, 
manifest, obvious, plain, transparent, unconcealed, 
undisguised, 
sect, 

Syn.: church, communion, denomination, heresy, 
heterodoxy, party, schism, school, 
secure, 

Syn.: assured, careless, certain, confident, 
guarded, impregnable, insured, protected, safe, sure, 
unassailable, unmolested, unsuspecting, untroubled. 
—Ant.: dangerous, dubious, exposed, hazardous, 
imperiled, insecure, perilous, risky, 
security, 

Syn.: bail, collateral, earnest, gage, pledge, surety. 
An earnest is of the same kind as that to be given, a 
portion of it, as of purchase-money, delivered in ad¬ 
vance. A pledge or security may be wholly different 
in kind from that to be given or paid, and may 
greatly exceed it in value. Security may be of real 
or personal property; a pledge is always of personal 
property or chattels. Gage survives only as a liter¬ 
ary word; as, “the gage of battle.” 
sensation, 

Syn.: emotion, feeling, perception, sense. Sensa¬ 
tion is the mind’s consciousness due to a bodily 
affection, as of heat or cold; perception is the cog¬ 
nition of some external object which is the cause or 
occasion of the sensation; the sensation of heat may 
be connected with the perception of a fire. While 
sensations are connected with the body, emotions, as 
joy or grief, are wholly of the mind. Feeling is a 
general term popularly denoting what is felt, 
whether through the body or by the mind alone, 
and includes both sensation and emotion. Sense is 
the organ or faculty of sensation or of perception; in 
wider use the term includes sensation, perception, 
and understanding, 
serious, 

Syn.: dangerous, demure, earnest, grave, impor¬ 
tant, momentous, sedate, sober, solemn. A serious 
person is demure, sedate, sober, solemn; a serious 
purpose is earnest; a serious illness is dangerous; a 
serious business is important, and may be momen¬ 
tous. —Ant.: careless, gay, jocose, jolly, light, 
thoughtless, trifling, trivial, volatile, 
serve, 

Syn.: advance, aid, assist, attend, benefit, be of 
service to, help, minister, obey, promote, subserve, 
succor, suffice. See accommodate. —Ant.: command, 
control, disobey, oppose, retard, thwart, withstand, 
set, 

Syn.: adapt, adjust, appoint, arrange, assign, 
determine, dispose, establish, fix, locate, place, 
plant, post, prescribe, put, regulate, settle, station. 
—Ant.: detach, disturb, eradicate, overthrow, re¬ 
move, unsettle, uproot, 
settle, 

Syn.: adjust, allay, arrange, calm, compose, de¬ 
cide, determine, establish, fix, pay, quiet, regulate. 
—Ant.: agitate, confuse, derange, disarrange, dis¬ 
compose, disorder, disturb. 

shake, 

Syn.: agitate, brandish, flap, fluctuate, flutter, 
jar, joggle, jolt, jounce, oscillate, quake, quaver, 
quiver, rattle, reel, rock, shiver, shudder, sway, 
swing, thrill, totter, tremble, vibrate, wave, waver. 
A man slowly shakes his head; a thing rocks that 
is sustained from below; it swings if suspended from 
above, 
shelter, 

Syn.: cover, defend, guard, harbor, protect, 
screen, shield, ward. To shelter Is to cover so as to 





. 707 


sample 

spy 


protect from injury or annoyance. We defend a 
person or thing against actual attack; we guard or 
protect against possible assault or injury.—Ant.: 
betray, cast out, drive forth, expel, expose, give up, 
surrender, 
sign, 

Syn.: emblem, indication, manifestation, mark, 
note, omen, presage, prognostic, signal, symbol, 
symptom, token, type. While a sign may be in¬ 
voluntary and even unconscious, a signal is always 
voluntary and usually concerted; a ship may show 
signs of distress to the casual observer, but signals 
of distress are a distinct appeal for aid. 
sin, 

Syrr.: crime, criminality, delinquency, depravity, 
evil, guilt, ill-doing, immorality, iniquity, misdeed, 
offense, transgression, ungodliness, unrighteousness, 
vice, viciousness, wickedness, wrong, wrong-doing. 
Sin is any lack of holiness, any defect of moral purity 
and truth, whether in heart or life, whether of com¬ 
mission or of omission. Transgression, as its ety¬ 
mology indicates, is the stepping over a specific 
enactment; a transgression is always an act, mental 
or physical. Crime is often used for a flagrant vio¬ 
lation of right, but in the technical sense denotes 
specific violation of human law. Guilt is desert of 
and exposure to punishment because of sin. De¬ 
pravity denotes a perverted moral condition from 
which any act of sin may proceed. Immorality is 
outward violation of the moral law.—Ant.: good¬ 
ness, holiness, integrity, morality, purity, right, 
righteousness, sinlessness, uprightness, virtue, 
sing, 

■Syn.: carol, chant, chirp, chirrup, hum, warble. 
To chant is to sing in solemn and somewhat uniform 
cadence; to carol is to sing joyously, and to warble 
is to sing with trills or quavers, usually also with 
the idea of joy. 
skeptic, 

Syn.: agnostic, atheist, deist, disbeliever, free¬ 
thinker, infidel, unbeliever. The skeptic doubts 
divine revelation; the disbeliever and the unbeliever 
reject it, the disbeliever with more of intellectual 
dissent, the unbeliever with indifference or with op¬ 
position of heart as well as of intellect. Infidel is an 
opprobrious term commonly applied to any decided 
opponent of an accepted religion. The atheist de¬ 
nies that there is a God; the deist admits the exis¬ 
tence of God, but denies that the Christian Scriptures 
are a revelation from him; the agnostic denies either 
that we do know or that we can know whether there 
is a God. 

slang, , 

Syn.: cant, colloquialism, vulgarism, vulgarity. 
A colloquialism is an expression not coarse or ^ow, 
and perhaps not incorrect, but below the literary 
grade. Slang denotes expressions that are either 
coarse and rude in themselves or chiefly current 
among the coarser and ruder part of the community; 
there are also expressions current in certain com¬ 
munities that may be characterized as slang; as, col¬ 
lege slang; racing slang. A vulgarism is an expres¬ 
sion decidedly incorrect, and the use of which is a 
mark of ignorance or low breeding. Cant, as used 
in this connection, denotes the barbarous jargon used 
as a secret language by thieves, tramps, or the like, 
slight, 

Syn.: disregard, neglect, scorn. Neglect of a per¬ 
son or thing may be the result either of intention or 
of ignorance or thoughtlessness; a slight is an in¬ 
tentional omission of kindness, courtesy, or atten¬ 
tion. Scorn expresses mingled contempt and bitter¬ 
ness.—Ant.: esteem, honor, regard, respect, rever¬ 
ence, veneration. 

slow, . „ . , 

Syn.: deliberate, dilatory, drowsy, dull, gradual, 
inactive, inert, lingering, moderate, slack, sluggish, 
tardy. Tojdy is applied to that which is behind the 
proper or desired time; slow applies to that which is 
a relatively long time in moving, or in beginning or 
executing something. A person, is deliberate who 


takes a noticeably long time to consider and decide, 
as before acting or speaking; a person is dilatory 
who lays aside, or puts off as long as possible, neces¬ 
sary or required action. 

smooth, 

Syn.: even, flat, glossy, level, plain, plane, pol¬ 
ished, sleek, undisturbed, unruffled. A board is 
sawed to an even surface; it is planed till it is smooth, 
and sandpapered till it is polished. A thing may be 
smooth or polished and yet very uneven, as a warped 
piece of veneering. « 

sneer, 

Syn.: gibe, jeer, scoff. A sneer may be simply a 
contemptuous facial contortion or some brief 
satirical utterance. The jeer and gibe are uttered; 
the gibe is bitter, and often sly or covert; the jeer 
is rude and open. A scoff may be in act or word, and 
is commonly directed against that which claims 
honor, reverence, or worship. Compare synonyms 
for banter; ridicule. 
sober, 

Syn.: abstemious, abstinent, calm, collected, cool, 
dispassionate, moderate, quiet, regular, sane, staid, 
steady, temperate, unimpassioned, unintoxicated. 
—Ant.: agitated, crazy, drunk, drunken, extrava¬ 
gant, extreme, furious, immoderate, impassioned, 
intemperate, intoxicated, passionate, unreasonable, 
solitude, 

Syn.: isolation, loneliness, privacy, retirement, 
seclusion. - 

solve, 

Syn.: clear, clear up, decipher, do, elucidate, ex¬ 
plain, find out, guess, interpret, make out, resolve, 
unfold.—Ant.: confound, confuse, darken, mystify, 
perplex. 

sophistry, 

Syn.: casuistry, chicanery, evasion, fallacy, hair¬ 
splitting, quibble, quibbling, sophism, subterfuge, 
trickery. 

speak, 

Syn.: announce, articulate, converse, declaim, 
declare, dictate, enunciate, express, pronounce, say, 
talk, tell, utter. To utter is to give forth as an audi¬ 
ble sound; to talk is to utter a succession of con¬ 
nected words; to speak is to give articulate utter¬ 
ance even to a single word, 
spectacle, 

Syn.: display, exhibition, pageant, parade, show, 
sight. 

spectator, 

Syn.: beholder, bystander, looker-on, observer, 
witness. 

speech, 

Syn.: address, discourse, discussion, disquisition, 
dissertation, eloquence, harangue, oration, oratory, 
sermon. Speech is the general word for utterance of 
thought in language. A speech is the simplest mode 
of delivering one’s sentiments; an oration or dis¬ 
course is an elaborate and prepared speech; a 
harangue is a vehement appeal to passion, or a 
speech that has something disputatious and com¬ 
bative in it.—Ant.: hush, silence, stillness, 
sport, 

Syn.: amusement, diversion, entertainment, 
frolic, fun, gaiety, gambol, game, jollity, joviality, 
merriment, mirth, pastime, pleasantry, pleasure, 
prank, recreation. 

spread, 

Syn.: circulate, diffuse, disperse, disseminate, dis¬ 
tribute, divulge, expand, extend, promulgate, prop¬ 
agate, publish, scatter.—Ant.: check, condense, 
confine, contract, hold in, keep in, restrain. 

sprightly, , „ , 

Syn.: airy, animated, brisk, bustling, cheerful, 
lively, nimble, spry, vivacious. The sprightly dis¬ 
play a cheerful, pleasing lightness and quickness, 
spiritlike; the brisk and bustling are full of stir, the 
former generally to purpose, the latter often not. 
spy, 

S.vn.: emissary, scout. The scout lurks on the out- 





squander 

throng 


708 


skirts of the hostile army with such concealment as 
the case admits of, but without disguise; a spy 
enters, commonly in disguise, within the enemy’s 
lines. A scout, if captured, has the rights of a pris¬ 
oner of war; a spy is liable, in case of capture, to 
capital punishment. An emissary is rather political 
than military, rather sent to secretly imiuence op¬ 
ponents than to bring information concerning them; 
so far as he does the latter, he is not only an emis¬ 
sary, but a spy. 
squander, • 

Syn.: dissipate, lavish, scatter, spend, throw 
away, waste.—Ant.: economize, hoard, hold, hus¬ 
band, keep, lay up, save. 

squeamish, 

Syn.: affected, dainty, difficult, fastidious, finical, 
oversensitive, particular, prudish, qualmish, scru¬ 
pulous, sickish. 

stain, 

Syn.: blot, color, discolor, disgrace, dishonor, 
dye, soil, spot, sully, tarnish, tinge, tint. To color 
is to impart or assume a color desired or undesired, 
temporary or permanent. To dye is to impart a 
color intentionally and with a view to permanence, 
and especially so as to pervade the substance of 
that to which it is applied. To slain is primarily to 
discolor, to impart a color undesired and perhaps 
unintended, 
stand, 

Syn.: abide, be erect, be upon the feet, be upright, 
continue, endure, halt, hold out, keep up, pause, 
remain, stay, stop.—Ant.: decline, droop, drop, fail, 
faint, fall, falter, flee, fly, sink, succumb, yield. 

station, 

Syn.: depot. The word depot is irregularly used 
in the United States to designate the place for the 
starting and stopping of railroad*trains, but the 
better term, station, is coming into increasing use. 

steal, 

Syn.: abstract, commit larceny, commit theft, em¬ 
bezzle, extort, filch, pilfer, pillage, plunder, pur¬ 
loin, rob, swindle. To steal is, in law, to commit 
simple larcmy; to pilfer is to steal petty articles; to 
rob is to take feloniously from the person by force 
or fear; to commit larceny is to take and carry away 
the personal property of another.—Ant.: give back, 
make good, refund, repay, restore, return, 
steep, 

Syn.: abrupt, high, precipitous, sharp, sheer. 
High is used of simple elevation; steep is said only 
of an incline where the vertical measurement is 
sufficiently great in proportion to the horizontal to 
make it difficult of ascent.—Ant.: easy, gentle, 
gradual, level, low, slight, 
stir, 

Syn.: agitate, animate, arouse, awaken, excite, 
incite, instigate, move, prompt, provoke, rouse, 
stimulate, wake. 

stock, 

Syn.: accumulation, capital, fund, hoard, mate¬ 
rial. provision, store, supply. 

story, 

Syn.: allegory, anecdote, incident, narrative, re¬ 
cital, record, relation, tale. A story is the telling of 
some series of connected incidents or events, orally 
or in writing; tale is nearly synonymous with story, 
but Is somewhat archaic; an anecdote tells briefly 
some incident, assumed to be fact, 
stream, 

Syn.: brook, channel, course, creek, current, 
drift, eddy, flow, flume, flux, race, rill, river, rivulet, 
run, runlet, runnel, streamlet, tide, watercourse. 

strong, • 

Syn.: cohesive, compact, hardy, robust, sinewy, 
stalwart, stout, stubborn, sturdy, tenacious, vigor¬ 
ous.—Ant.: brittle, debilitated, delicate, feeble, 
fragile, frail, frangible, weak. 

subject, 

Syn.: * dependent, disposed, exposed, inferior, 
liable, obnoxious, prone, subordinate.—Ant.: clear. 


exempt, free, superior, supreme, uncontrolled, un¬ 

restrained. 

sublime, 

Syn.: exalted, grand, lofty, magnificent, majestic, 
stately. Sublime is said of that which at once exalts 
and overwhelms the mind. Majestic applies to that 
which makes upon the mind an impression as of 
the presence and bearing of a mighty sovereign. 
Magnificent denotes the possession at once of great¬ 
ness, splendor, and richness; as, magnificent array. 
—Ant.: base, contemptible, insignificant, little, 
mean, petty, ridiculous, 
submission, 

Syn.: obedience, patience, resignation, subjection, 
submissiveness. 

subsidy, 

Syn.: aid, allowance, bonus, bounty, gift, grant, 
indemnity, pension, premium, reward, support, sub¬ 
vention, tribute. A nation grants a subsidy to an 
ally, pays a tribute to a conqueror. A nation may 
also grant a subsidy to its own citizens as a means 
of promoting the public welfare. A bounty is offered 
for something to be done; a pension is granted for 
something that has been done, 
subtile, 

Syn.: subtle. Subtile and subtle have been con¬ 
stantly used as interchangeable by good writers; 
but there seems to be a present tendency to dis¬ 
tinguish them by making subtile an attribute of 
things and subtle a characteristic of mind. Subtle, 
the later form of the word, is used preferably when 
the derogatory sense of crafty is to be expressed, 
succeed, 

Syn.: achieve, attain, flourish, prevail, prosper, 
thrive, win. A person succeeds when he accom¬ 
plishes what he attempts, or attains a desired object 
or result; to win implies that some one loses, but on^ 
may succeed where no one fails.—Ant.: fail, lose, miss, 
suggestion, 

Syn.: hint, innuendo, insinuation, intimation. A 
suggestion brings something before the mind less 
directly than by formal or explicit statement. An 
intimation is a suggestion in brief utterance, or some¬ 
times by significant act, gesture, or token, of one’s 
meaning or wishes; in the latter case it is often the 
act of a superior. A hint is still more limited in ex¬ 
pression, and is always covert, but frequently with 
good intent. Insinuation and innuendo are used in 
the bad sense; aninsinuationm&y be made to the very 
person attacked; an innuendo is commonly secret, 
supple, 

Syn.: compliant, fawning, flexible, limber, lissom, 
lithe, lithesome, obsequious, pliable, pliant, soft, 
submissive, willowy, yielding.—Ant.: firm, fixed, 
inflexible, obstinate, rigid, stiff, stubborn, unbend¬ 
ing, unyielding, 
support, 

Syn.: bear, carry, hold up, keep up, maintain, 
prop, sustain, uphold. Support and sustain alike 
signify to hold up or keep up, to prevent from falling 
or sinking; but sustain has a special' sense of con¬ 
tinuous exertion or strength, as when we speak of 
sustained endeavor or a sustained note; a flower is 
supported by the stem; the foundations of a great 
building sustain an enormous pressure. To main¬ 
tain is to keep in a state or condition, especially in 
a desirable condition. To support may be partial, 
to maintain is complete. To prop Is always partial, 
signifying to add support to something that is in¬ 
secure.—Ant.: abandon, betray, demolish, destroy, 
drop, overthrow, wreck, 
suppose, 

Syn.: conjecture, deem, guess, imagine, surmise, 
think. To suppose is temporarily to assume a 
thing as true; to conjecture is to put together the 
nearest available materials for a provisional 
opinion; to imagine is to form a mental image of 
something as existing, tho its actual existence may 
be unknown, or even impossible.—Ant.: ascertain, 
conclude, demonstrate, know, prove. 





709 


squander 

throng 


sure, 

Syn.: actual, assured, aware, certain, clear, con¬ 
fident. Indisputable, infallible, positive, real. 

suspend, 

Syn.: debar, defer, delay, discontinue, fail, hang, 
hinder, intermit, interrupt, stay, stop, withhold. 
•—Ant.: begin, continue, expedite, prolong, pro¬ 
tract. urge on. 

synonymous, 

Syn.: alike, correspondent, corresponding, equiv¬ 
alent, identical, interchangeable, like, same, simi¬ 
lar, synonymic. In the strictest sense, synonymous 
words scarcely exist; rarely, if ever, are any two 
words in any language equivalent or identical in 
meaning: where a difference in meaning can not 
easily be shown, a difference in usage commonly 
exists, so that the words are not interchangeable. By 
synonymous words we usually understand words 
that coincide or nearly coincide in some part of their 
meaning, and may hence within certain limits be 
used interchangeably, while outside of those limits 
they may differ very greatly in meaning and use. 
To consider synonymous words identical is fatal to 
accuracy: to forget that they are similar, to some 
extent equivalent, and sometimes interchangeable, is 
destructive of freedom and variety, 
system, 

Syn.: manner, method, mode, order, regularity, 
rule. Order in this connection denotes a fact or a 
result: as, these papers are in order. Method denotes 
a process: rule, an authoritative requirement or an 
established course of things; system, not merely a 
law of action or procedure, but a comprehensive 
plan; manner refers to the external qualities of ac¬ 
tions. We speak of a system of taxation, a method of 
collecting taxes, the rules by which assessments are 
made: a just tax may be made odious by the manner 
of its collection. Regularity applies to* even dis¬ 
position of objects or uniform recurrence of acts in 
a series. There may be regularity without order, as 
in the recurrence of paroxysms of disease: there may 
be order without regularity, as in a tasteful arrange¬ 
ment of furniture in a room.—Ant.: chaos, confu¬ 
sion, derangement, disorder, irregularity. 


T 

taciturn, 

Syn.: close, dumb, mute, reserved, reticent, silent, 
uncommunicative. Dumb, mute, and silent refer to 
fact or state: taciturn refers to habit and disposition. 
One who is silent does not speak at the particular 
time referred to; one who is taciturn speaks when 
compelled, but in a grudging way that repels further 
approach. One who is communicative regarding 
all else may be reserved about his business. Re¬ 
served is a somewhat stronger word than uncom¬ 
municative, often suggesting pride or haughtiness, 
as when we say one is reserved toward inferiors.— 
Ant.: communicative, free, garrulous, loquacious, 
talkative, unreserved, 
talisman, 

Syn.: amulet, charm. An amulet or talisman is 
strictly a material object; a charm may be a move¬ 
ment or a form of words. An amulet is ordinarily 
worn upon the person as a protection against dis¬ 
ease, injury, or death. A talisman is any object sup¬ 
posed to work wonders, like Aladdin’s lamp, 
whether kept in one’s possession or not. 
talkative, 

Syn.: see garrulous. 

Cd>x 

Syn.: assessment, custom, demand, duty, exac¬ 
tion, excise, impost, rate, toll, tribute. 

tesoh 

Syn.: discipline, drill, educate, enlighten, give 
instruction, give lessons, indoctrinate, inform, initi¬ 
ate instruct, nurture, school, train, tutor. To teach 
is simply to communicate knowledge; to educate 


is to draw out or develop harmoniously the mental 
powers, and, in the fullest sense, the moral powers 
as well. 

tedious, 

Syn.: dilatory, dreary, dull, fatiguing, irksome, 
monotonous, slow, sluggish, tardy, tiresome, weari¬ 
some.—Ant.: active, alert, animated, brilliant, ener¬ 
getic, exciting, lively, prompt, quick, stirring, vigor¬ 
ous, vivid, 
terse, 

Syn.: brief, compact, compendious, concise, con¬ 
densed, laconic, pithy, sententious, short, succinct. 
Anything short or brief is of relatively small extent. 
That which is concise is trimmed down, and that 
which is condensed is, as it were, pressed together, 
so as to include as much as possible within a small 
space. That which is terse has an elegant and fin¬ 
ished completeness within the smallest possible 
compass. A pithy utterance gives the gist of a matter 
effectively, w'hether in rude or elegant style.—Ant.: 
diffuse, lengthy, long, prolix, tedious, verbose, wordy, 
testimony, 

Syn.: affidavit, affirmation, attestation, deposi¬ 
tion, evidence, proof, witness. Testimony, in legal 
as well as in common use, signifies the statements of 
witnesses. Evidence is a broader term, including 
testimony and all facts of every kind that tend to 
prove a thing true. Proof is complete, irresistible 
evidence; there may be much testimony and other 
evidence not amounting to proof. 
therefore, 

Syn.: accordingly, because, consequently, hence, 
since, then, thence, w T herefore. Therefore is the most 
precise and formal w r ord for expressing the direct 
conclusion of a chain of reasoning: then carries a 
similar but slighter sense of inference, which it gives 
incidentally rather than formally. Consequently 
denotes a direct result, but more frequently of a 
practical than a theoretical kind. Accordingly 
denotes correspondence, which may or may not be 
consequence: it is often used in narration: as, “The 
soldiers were eager and confident: accordingly they 
sprang forward at the word of command.” Thence 
is -a word of more sweeping inference than therefore, 
applying not merely to a single set of premises, but 
often to all that has gone before, including the rea¬ 
sonable inferences that have not been formerly stated, 
thought, 

Syn.: cogitation, conception, conclusion, consider¬ 
ation, contemplation, deliberation, fancy, idea, im¬ 
agination, judgment, meditation, musing, notion, 
opinion, reflection, reverie, speculation, study, sup¬ 
position, thinking, view, 
thoughtful, 

Syn.: attentive, careful, circumspect, considerate, 
heedful, mindful, provident. An attentive person 
waits upon another to supply what he needs or 
wishes. A thoughlfid person provides in advance for 
needs and wishes not yet manifested. A considerate 
person carefully spares another all that would harm, 
grieve, or annoy; one who is circumspect carefully 
avoids all that might compromise himself.—Ant.: 
careless, gay, giddy, heedless, inadvertent, inatten¬ 
tive, inconsiderate, neglectful, negligent, reckless, 
remiss, 
threaten, 

Syn.: menace. Threaten is applied alike to, vast 
and trivial matters; menace only to those of mo¬ 
ment. Either persons or things may threaten; men¬ 
ace is chiefly used of persons or of things personified. 
Threaten may take either a noun in the objective 
case or a verb in the infinitive as its direct object; 
menace takes a noun only; a nation threatens to fight; 
it menaces war, or menaces another with w T ar; the 
threatening may be by official or public utterance: 
the menacing by the massing of fleets and armies, 
throng, 

Syn.: concourse, crowd, host, jam, mass, multi¬ 
tude, press. A crowd is a company of persons filling 
to excess the space they occupy; the total number 
in a crowd may be great or small. Throng is a word 




throw 

wander 


710 


of vastness and dignity, always implying that the 
persons are numerous as well as pressed or pressing 
closely together. Host and multitude both imply 
vast numbers, but a multitude may be diffused over 
a great space so as not to be a crowd or throng; host 
is a military term, and properly denotes an orderly 
assembly. Concourse signifies a spontaneous gather¬ 
ing of many persons moved by a common impulse, 
and has a suggestion of stateliness not found in the 
word crowd, while suggesting less massing and pres¬ 
sure than is indicated by the word throug. 
throw, 

Syn.: cast, chuck, dart, drive, fling, heave, hurl, 
launch, let fly, pitch, project, propel, sling, toss. 

toil, 

Syn.: drudgery, labor, stent, stint, task, travail, 
work. Work may be light and pleasant or severe 
and exhausting. Labor is always strenuous; it is 
hard work; toil is still more severe. One may enjoy 
work and be cheerful in labor, but toil oppresses. 
Drudgery is often menial, always hard, as well as 
monotonous and mechanical. A thsk is a definite 
amount of work appointed and required by another, 
tho sometimes self-imposed; the latter in popu¬ 
lar language is called a stint or stent.— Ant.: amuse¬ 
ment, ease, idleness, leisure, play, recreation, relax¬ 
ation, repose, rest, 
transaction, 

Syn.: act, action, affair, business, deed, doing, 
proceeding. One’s acts or deeds may be exclusively 
his own; his transactions involve the agency or par¬ 
ticipation of others. A transaction is something 
completed; a proceeding is or is viewed as something 
in progress; but since transaction is often used to 
include the steps leading to the conclusion, while 
proceedings may result in action, the dividing line be¬ 
tween the two words becomes sometimes quite faint, 
transcendental, 

Syn.: a priori, intuitive, original, primordial, 
transcendent. Intuitive truths are those which are 
in the mind independently of all experience, not 
being derived from experience nor limited by it, as 
that the whole is greater than a part, or that things 
which are equal to the same thing are equal to dne 
another. All intuitive truths or beliefs are transcen¬ 
dental. But transcendental is a wider term than 
intuitive, including all within the limits of thought 
that is not derived from experience, as the ideas of 
space and time. Transcendental has been applied in 
the language of the Emersonian school to the soul's 
supposed intuitive knowledge of things divine and 
human, so far as man is capable of knowing them. 
Transcendent, transcendental, and intuitive are op¬ 
posed to empirical; or, according to the philosophy 
of Kant, transcendent is opposed to immanent, and 
transcendental to empirical. 
transient, 

Syn.: brief, ephemeral, evanescent, fleeting, flit¬ 
ting, flying, fugitive, momentary, passing, short, 
temporary, transitory. A thing is transient which in 
fact is not lasting; a thing is transitory which by its 
very nature must soon pass away; a thing is tem¬ 
porary which is intended to last or be made use of 
but a little while; as, a transient joy; this transitory 
life; a temporary chairman. That which is ephem¬ 
eral (literally, lasting but for a day) is looked upon 
as at once slight and perishable, and the word carries 
often a suggestion of contempt; man’s life is transi¬ 
tory, a butterfly’s existence is ephemeral. That 
which is evanescent is in the act of vanishing even 
while we gaze, as the hues of the sunset.—Ant.: 
abiding, enduring, eternal, everlasting, immortal, 
imperishable, lasting, permanent, perpetual, per¬ 
sistent, undying, unfading, 
trite, 

Syn.: common, commonplace, hackneyed, musty, 
rusty, stale, stereotyped, threadbare, worn out.— 
Ant.: brilliant, fresh, new, original, racy, striking, 
telling, vivid. 

troublesome, 

Syn.: afflictive, annoying, arduous, burdensome. 


difficult, galling, harassing, hard, importunate, 
intrusive, irksome, laborious, painful, perplexing, 
teasing, tiresome, trying, vexatious, wearisome.— 
Ant.: amusing, cheering, easy, entertaining, grate- 
ful, gratifying, helpful, light, pleasant, 
trust, 

Syn.: be confident, be confiding, believe, commit, 
confide, credit, depend on, entrust, give credence, 
give credit, have confidence (in), hope, rely (upon). 
—Ant.: despair, disbelieve, discredit, doubt, mis¬ 
trust, suspect, 
tumult, 

Syn.: agitation, bluster, bustle, commotion, con¬ 
fusion, disorder, disturbance, flurry, hubbub, hurly- 
burly, noise, outbreak, racket, riot, turmoil, uproar. 
—Ant.: calmness, peace, quiet, repose, stillness, 
tranquillity, 
tune, 

Syn.: air, cadence, harmony, measure, melody, 
strain. 

twist, 

Syn.:bend, contort, crook, encircle, entwine, twine, 
weave, wind, wreathe. To twist is to bend a thing 
somewhat spirally upon itself. To twine is to bend 
it round some other object. Wrestlers twine their 
arms about each other; but if a combatant’s arm is 
twisted it is likely to disable him. An iron shaft may 
be twisted out of shape, but not twined; the groove of 
a rifle-barrel is twisted, not twined; a wreath is 
twined around one’s temples. 


u 

understanding, 

Syn.: apprehension, comprehension, discernment, 
intellect, intelligence, judgment, mind, perception, 
reason. • 

union, 

Syn.: coalition, combination, conjunction, junc¬ 
tion, juncture, oneness, unification, unity. Unity 
is oneness, the state of being one, especially of that 
which can not be or has never been divided; as, the 
unity of God. Union is a bringing together of 
things that have been distinct, so that they combine 
or coalesce to form a new whole, or the state or con¬ 
dition of things thus brought together; as, the union 
of hearts in marriage. But unity can be used for 
that which is manifestly or even conspicuously made 
up of parts, when all unitedly serve a single purpose 
or ideal; as, the unity of the human body.—Ant.: 
analysis, contrariety, decomposition, disconnection, 
disjunction, dissociation, disunion, division, divorce, 
separation, severance, 
unite, 

Syn.: amalgamate, associate, attach, blend, 
cement, coalesce, cohere, combine, compound, con¬ 
join, connect, consolidate, fuse, incorporate, join, 
link, merge.—Ant.: analyze, decompose, disconnect, 
disjoin, disrupt, dissever, dissociate, dissolve, dis¬ 
unite, divide, resolve, separate, sever, 
useful, 

Syn.: advantageous, available, beneficial, con¬ 
ducive, convenient, favorable, good, helpful, profit¬ 
able, salutary, serviceable, suitable, suited. 

usual, 

Syn.: accustomed, common, customary, every¬ 
day, familiar, frequent, general, habitual, normal, 
ordinary, prevailing, prevalent, regular, wonted. 
In strictness, common and general apply to the 
greater number of individuals in a class; but both 
words are in good use as applying to the greater 
number of instances in a series, so that it is possible 
to speak of one person’s common practise or general 
custom, tho ordinary or usual would in such case 
be preferable.—Ant.: exceptional, extraordinary, 
infrequent, out-of-the-way, rare, singular, strange, 
uncommon, unusual, 
utility, 

Syn.; advantage, advantageousness, avail, bene¬ 
fit. expediency, profit, service, serviceableness, use. 






711 


throw 

wander 


usefulness. Utility is somewhat more abstract and 
philosophical than usefulness or use, and is often 
employed to denote adaptation to produce a desir¬ 
able result, while usefulness denotes the actual 
production of such result; still, utility and useful¬ 
ness are frequently interchanged. Expediency (lit¬ 
erally, the getting the foot out) refers primarily to 
escape from or avoidance of some difficulty or 
trouble; either expediency or utility may be used to 
signify profit or advantage considered apart from 
right as the ground of moral obligation, or of actions 
that have a moral character, expediency denoting 
immediate advantage on a contracted view, while 
utility may be so broadened as to cover all existence 
through all time, as in the utilitarian theory of 
morals. Policy is often used in a kindred sense, 
more positive than expediency but narrower than 
utility, as in the proverb “Honesty is the best 
policy.” —Ant.: disadvantage, folly, futility, impol¬ 
icy, inadeauacy, inexpediency, inutility, unprofit¬ 
ableness, uselessness, worthlessness. 


y 

vacant, 

Syn.: blank, empty, unemployed unfilled, unoc¬ 
cupied, vacuous, void, waste. That is empty which 
contains nothing; that is vacant which is without 
that which has filled or might be expected to fill it; 
vacant has extensive reference to rights or possibili¬ 
ties of occupancy. A vacant room may not be 
empty, and an empty house may not be vacant. 
Vacant, as derived from the Latin, is applied to 
things of some dignity; empty, from the Saxon, is 
preferred in speaking of slight, common, or homely 
matters, tho it may be applied with special force 
to the highest. Vacuous refers to the condition of 
being empty or vacant, regarded as continuous or 
characteristic.—Ant.: brimful, brimmed, brimming, 
crowded, filled, full, gorged, inhabited, jammed, 
occupied, overflowing, packed, replete, 
vain, 

Syn.: abortive, baseless, bootless, deceitful, 
delusive, dreamy, empty, fruitless, futile, idle, in¬ 
constant, ineffectual, light, profitless, shadowy, 
trifling, trivial, unavailing, unimportant, unreal, 
unsatisfying, unsubstantial, useless, vapid, worth¬ 
less. That which is useless lacks actual fitness for 
a purpose; that which is vain lacks imaginable fit¬ 
ness.—Ant.: see synonyms for valid. 
valid, 

Syn.: cogent, conclusive, convincing, efficacious, 
efficient, good, incontestable, irrefragable, irrefut¬ 
able, just, logical, solid, sound, strong, substantial, 
sufficient, undeniable, weighty.—Ant.: see syno¬ 
nyms for VAIN. 

valley, 

Syn.: canon, dale, dell, dingle, glen, gorge, ravine, 
vale. 

venal, 

Syn.: hireling, mercenary, purchasable, salable. 
The hireling, the mercenary, and the venal are alike 
in making principle, conscience, and honor of less 
account than gold or sordid considerations; but the 
mercenary and venal may be simply open to the bar¬ 
gain and sale which the hireling has already con¬ 
summated. The mercenary may retain much show 
of independence; hireling service sacrifices self* 
respect as well as principle.—Ant.: disinterested, 
honest, honorable, incorruptible, unpurchasable. 
venerate, 

Syn.: adore, honor, respect, revere, reverence. 
We venerate an aged pastor, or some great cause, as 
that of civil or religious liberty; we do not venerate 
God, but revere or reverence him. We adore with a 
humble yet free outflowing of soul.—Ant.: contemn, 
despise, disdain, dishonor, scoff at, scorn, slight, 
veneration, 

Syn.: adoration, awe, dread, reverence. Rever¬ 
ence and veneration are less overwhelming than awe 
Dr dread, and suggest something of esteem, affection. 


and personal nearness.—Ant.: contempt, disdain, 
dishonor, disregard, scorn. 

venial, 

Syn.: excusable, pardonable, slight, trivial. A 
venial offense is one readily overlooked; a pardon¬ 
able offense requires more serious consideration, 
but may be found susceptible of pardon.— Ant.: 
inexcusable, mortal, unpardonable, 
venom, 

Syn.: virus. Venom is a specific animal secretion, 
normal, tho poisonous. Virus is likewise an ani¬ 
mal product, but the result of some morbid process, 
as in smallpox or hospital gangrene; either is inju¬ 
rious only when introduced directly into the blood, as 
by inoculation through some scratch, wound, or 
other means of direct transmission.—Ant.: antidote, 
antiseptic, corrective, counteractive, cure, remedy, 
restorative, 
victory, 

Syn.: achievement, advantage, conquest, mas¬ 
tery, success, supremacy, triumph. Victory is the 
overcoming of an opponent or opponents in any 
contest, or of difficulties, obstacles, evils, etc., con¬ 
sidered as opponents or enemies. In conguest and 
mastery there is implied a permanence of state that 
is not necessarily implied in victory. Triumph, 
originally denoting the public rejoicing in honor of a 
victory, has come to signify also a peculiarly exul¬ 
tant, complete, and glorious victory.—Ant.: defeat, 
disappointment, disaster, failure, miscarriage, over¬ 
throw, retreat, rout, 
violate, 

Syn.: abuse, debauch, defile, deflower, desecrate, 
hurt, injure, outrage, pollute, profane, rape, ravish. 

violence, 

Syn.: acuteness, boisterousness, eagerness, fierce¬ 
ness, force, fury, impetuosity, injury, intensity, out¬ 
rage, passion, poignancy, rage, raving, severity, 
sharpness, vehemence, violation, wildness, wrath.— 
Ant.: calmness, feebleness, forbearance, gentleness, 
levity, meekness, mildness, patience, self*command, 
self*control, self*restraint. 
virtue, 

Syn.: chastity, duty, excellence, faithfulness, 
goodness, honesty, honor, integrity, justice, moral¬ 
ity, probity, purity, rectitude, righteousness, right¬ 
ness, truth, uprightness, virtuousness, worth, 
worthiness. Virtue is, in its full sense, goodness 
that is victorious through trial; probity is honesty 
tried and proved; integrity, in the full sense, is 
moral wholeness without a flaw.—Ant.: evil, sin, 
transgression, vice, viciousness, wickedness, wrong, 
vivid, 

Syn.: animated, bright, brilliant, clear, graphic, 
intense, keen, lively, luminous, quick, sprightly, 
stirring, telling, vigorous.—Ant.: dim, dreary, dull, 
gloomy, heavy, lifeless, prosy, spiritless, stupid. 

vulgar, 

Syn.: base, broad, coarse, gross, ignoble, inele¬ 
gant, inferior, loose, low, mean, obscene, obscure, 
offensive, rude, unauthorized, underbred, vile.— 
Ant.: aristocratic, chaste, choice, cultivated, cul¬ 
tured, dainty, elegant, high=bred, learned, literary, 
lofty, polite, refined, select. 


w 

wander, 

Syn.: deviate, digress, diverge, err, go astray, 
ramble, range, roam, rove, stray, swerve, veer. To 
wander is to move in an indefinite or indeterminate 
way which may or may not be a departure from a 
prescribed way; to deviate is to turn from a pre¬ 
scribed or right way, physically, mentally, or mor¬ 
ally, usually in an unfavorable sense; to diverge is to 
turn from a course previously followed or that 
something else follows, and has no unfavorable 
implication; to digress is used only with reference to 
speaking or writing; to err is used of intellectual or 
moral action, and of the moral with primary refer- 




want 

youthful 


712 


ence to the intellectual, an error being viewed as In 
some degree due to ignorance. 

want, 

Syn.: absence, dearth, default, defect, deficiency, 
lack, necessity, need, privation, scantiness, scarce¬ 
ness, scarcity.—Ant.: abundance, affluence, copious¬ 
ness, fulness, luxury, plenitude, plenty, profusion, 
riches, wealth, 
warlike, 

Syn.: martial, military, soldierlike, soldierly.— 
Ant.: civil, effeminate, meek, pacific, peaceful, un¬ 
military, unsoldieriike, unsoldierly, unwarlike. 

warmth, 

Syn.: animation, ardor, cordiality, eagerness, 
earnestness, emotion, energy, enthusiasm, excite¬ 
ment, fervidness, fervor, geniality, glow, heat, 
intensity, irascibility, passion, vehemence, zeal.— 
Ant.: coldness, coolness, frigidity, iciness, indiffer¬ 
ence, insensibility, torpor, 
waste, a. 

Syn.: exuberant, redundant, refuse, superfluous, 
useless, valueless, worthless.—Ant.: choice, good, 
precious, useful. 

waste, n. 

Syn.: chaff, debris, dregs, dross, leavings, offal, 
offscouring, refuse, remains, scum, sediment. 

way, 

Syn.: alley, avenue, bridle»path, channel, course, 
driveway, highroad, highway, lane, pass, passage, 
path, pathway, road, route, street, thoroughfare, 
track. Wherever there is room for any object to 
pass there is a way. A road, (originally a ridezray) is 
a prepared way for traveling with horses oi vehicles. 
Highway is a specific name for a road legally set 
apart for the use of the public forever; a highway 
may be over water as well as over land. A route is a 
line of travel and may be over many roads. A street 
is in some center of habitation, as a city, town, or 
village. An avenue is a long, broad, and imposing or 
principal street. A channel is a water way. A thor¬ 
oughfare is a way through; a road or street tempo¬ 
rarily or permanently closed at any point ceases for 
such time to be a thoroughfare. 
weight, 

Syn.: burden, efficacy, gravity, heaviness, im¬ 
port, load, moment, ponderosity, ponderousness, 
power, pressure. 

whim, 

Syn.: caprice, crotchet, fancy, freak, humor, kink, 
quirk, vagary, whimsy, wrinkle. 

will, 

Syn.: choice, decision, desire, determination, dis¬ 
position, inclination, resolution, volition, wish. 
Will is a word of wide range of meaning, and both as 
faculty and act has been the subject of many and 
various theories; in popular language will is often 
equivalent to desire or inclination, as when we speak 
of doing something against our will. Volition is a 
word of scientific precision, denoting the determina¬ 
tive element of will. 
wind, 

Syn.: air, blast, breeze, cyclone, draft, gale, gust, 
hurricane, squall, storm, typhoon, zephyr. 

wisdom, 

Syn.: attainment, discernment, discretion, en¬ 
lightenment, erudition, foresight, information, in¬ 
sight, judgment, judiciousness, knowledge, learning, 
lore, prescience, profundity, prudence, reason, 
reasonableness, sagacity, sense, skill, understanding. 
Wisdom is mental power acting upon the materials 
that fullest knowledge gives in the most effective 
way. There may be what is termed " practical wis¬ 
dom" that looks only to material results; but in its 
full sense wisdom implies the highest and noblest 
exercise of all the faculties of the moral nature as 
well as of the intellect. Prudence is a lower and 
more negative form of the same virtue, respecting 
outward and practical matters, and largely with a 
view of avoiding loss and injury. Judgment, the 


power of forming decisions, especially correct deci¬ 
sions, is broader and more positive than prudence, 
but more limited in range and less exalted in char¬ 
acter than wisdom. Skill is far inferior to wisdom, 
consisting largely in the practical application of 
acquired knowledge, power, and habitual processes. 
In the making of something perfectly useless there 
may be great skill, but no wisdom. —Ant.: absurdity, 
error, fatuity, folly, foolishness, idiocy, imbecility, 
imprudence, indiscretion, miscalculation, misjudg- 
ment, nonsense, senselessness, shallowness, silliness, 
stupidity, 
wish, 

Syn.: want. To want always implies to be with¬ 
out or to be in need of, while to wish is simply to feel 
desire. When want is used as the correlative of wish, 
there is always implied, in correct use, the sense of 
need as well as of desire; the epicure may wish 
for some tempting viand after a full meal; the hun¬ 
gry man wants food, 
wit, 

Syn.: banter, burlesque, drollery, facetiousness, 
fun, humor, jest, jocularity, joke, playfulness, 
pleasantry, raillery, waggery, waggishness, witti¬ 
cism. Wit is the quick perception of unusual or 
commonly unp^rcelved analogies or relations 
between things apparently unrelated, and has been 
said to depend upon a union of surprize and plea¬ 
sure. Humor deals with real analogies of an amus¬ 
ing or entertaining kind, or with traits of character 
that are seen to have a comical side as soon as 
brought into view. Wit is keen, sudden, brief, and 
sometimes severe; humor is deep, thoughtful, sus¬ 
tained, and always kindly. Pleasantry is lighter and 
less vivid than wit. Fun denotes the merry results 
produced by wit and humor, or by any fortuitous oc¬ 
casion of mirth, and is pronounced and often hila¬ 
rious.-—Ant.: dulness, gravity, seriousness, sobriety, 
solemnity, stolidity, stupidity, 
work, 

Syn.: achievement, action, business, deed, doing, 
drudgery, employment, exertion, labor, occupation, 
performance, product, production, toil. Work is the 
generic term for any continuous application of ener¬ 
gy toward an end; work may be hard or easy. Labor 
is hard and wearying work; toil is straining and 
exhausting work. Work is also used for any result of 
working, physical or mental, and has special senses, 
as In mechanics, which labor and toil do not share. 
Drudgery is plodding, irksome, and often menial 
work.— Ant.: ease, idleness, leisure, recreation, relax¬ 
ation, repose, rest, vacation. 


Y 

yet, 

Syn.: besides, further, hitherto, now, still, thus 
far. Yet and still have many closely related senses 
and, with verbs of past time, are often interchange¬ 
able; but yet has a reference to the future which still 
does not share. “We may be successful yet" implies 
that success may begin at some future time; “we 
may be successful still” implies that we may con¬ 
tinue to enjoy in the future such success as we are 
winning now. 
youthful, 

Syn.: boyish, childish, childlike, girlish, juvenile, 
puerile, young. Boyish, childish, and girlish are 
used in a good sense of those to whom they properly 
belong, but In a bad sense of those from whom more 
maturity is to be expected; childish eagerness or glee 
Is pleasing in a child, but unbecoming in a man; 
puerile in modern use is distinctly contemptuous. 
Juvenile and youthful are commonly used in a favor¬ 
able and kindly sense in their application to those 
still young: youthful may have a favorable import as 
applied to any age, as when we say the old man still 
retains his youthful vigor; juvenile in such use would 
belittle the statement. 









Size 9 x 6 Vi x in. 


Price, $2.00; Indexed, $2.25 


THE FUNK & WAGNALLS 


Desk Standard Dictionary 


This entirely new work, which is 
from the New Standard Dictionary, 
phrases, and topics of interest. 


the most recent of the abridgments 
describes and explains 83,000 words, 


Handy-Size.— It is a special handy-sized dic¬ 
tionary designed particularly for desk use 
in the office, the college, the study, and for 
handy reference on the library table. 

Vocabulary.— The 83,000 words, phrases, proper 
names, biographical, historical, literary and 
other topics defined in the book, are all en¬ 
tered in ONE MAIN VOCABULARY with 
no confusing appendix, tables, etc., “thrown 
in” at the back. 


Synonyms, Antonyms, Prepositions, Etc.— In addi¬ 
tion to the spelling, pronunciation, mean¬ 
ing, and derivation of this large number of 
words, the volume contains several thou¬ 
sands of GROUPS of synonyms and anto¬ 
nyms, showing the relative shades of mean¬ 
ing and the use of each in an illustrative 


sentence together with correct preposi¬ 
tions to use with each. 


Illustrations.— There are 1,200 pictorial illus¬ 
trations. 


Science, History, Etc.— The recent advances 
of science are covered. All of the impor¬ 
tant engagements of our Revolutionary and 
Civil Wars are recorded with impartiality. 
The Principal Events of English History are 
covered. Its up-to-dateness is attested by 
such entries in the regular main vocabulary 
as Anzac, Bolshevism, Czecho-Slovak, etc. 


Two Keys for Pronunciation. —It indicates pro¬ 
nunciation by the usual system employed in 
text-books, and in addition by the revised 
Scientific Alphabet. 


Price, Cloth, $2,00, net. With Thumb-Notch Index, $2.25. Half Leather, $2.50, net; 
Indexed, $2.75, net. Full Flexible Leather, Indexed, $6.00, net. Exquisitely 
bound in full crushed Levant, silt edges, hand tooled, raised bands, boxed, $12.00 


Size 1Y\ x 5M x V /4 in. 


Price, $1.00; Indexed, $1.25, net. 


THE COMPREHENSIVE 


Standard Dictionary 


AN ENTIRELY NEW WORK 


[Abridged from the Funk & Wagnails New Standard Dictionary ] 


Defines and Explains 50,000 Words and Phrases. Contains 1,000 Pic¬ 
torial Illustrations. An ideal small dictionary for all general purposes. 
Especially fitted for use in schools. 


SPECIAL FEATURES 


Comprehensive Vocabulary. —Including many 
important words found in no other diction¬ 
ary designed for similar use. 


Definitions by Definitive Statement.— Not by 

abstruse synonyms that must in turn be 
looked up. 


The Spellings conform to the standard usage 
of the world’s foremost philologists. 


Precise Etymologies are given in clear and 
simple form, a wholly new feature in a dic¬ 
tionary of this size. 


Capitalization.— It is a reliable guide in the 
matter of capitalization because it capital¬ 
izes only such words as should be written or 
printed with initial capitals. 


Price, Cloth, $1.00; Indexed, $1.25, net 


FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers 

NEW YORK and LONDON 


Deacidified using the Bookkeepe 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium C 
Treatment Date: Oct. 2006 


PreservationTechnol 


A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PREi 

111 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry TownshiD. PA 























UNAPPROACHED BY ANY OTHER ACADEMIC DICTIONARY 


RICHARD M. JONES, LL.D. (Head Master Wm. Penn Charter 
School, Philadelphia): “No other academic dictionary approaches it.” 

THE STUDENTS’ 

Standard Dictionary 

[Abridged from the Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary ] 


Especially designed to meet fully the most exacting 
requirements of the modern academic dictionary. 

EXCLUSIVE AND SUPERIOR FEATURES OF THE WORK 


EXCLUSIVELY capitalizes only such 
words as require capitals. A sure guide 
to capitalization. 

EXCLUSIVELY contains thousands of 
new words and appendix features of value. 

EXCLUSIVELY furnishes antonyms 
(over 2,000) or opposite words; as indis¬ 
pensable as synonyms. 

SUPERIOR Vocabulary (62,284 terms) of 
unexcelled scope and richness. 

SUPERIOR Definitions; full, exact, 
clear. 

COMPLETE APPENDIX: With Proper 
Names, Foreign Phrases, etc.; Faulty 
Diction, Disputed Pronunciations; Chem¬ 
ical Elements; Weights and Measures, 
etc. 


EXCLUSIVELY indicates the difference 
between compound words and broken words 
at ends of lines. 

EXCLUSIVELY embodies the English 
classics feature described below. 

EXCLUSIVELY supplies Prepositions 
and illustrates their correct use. 

SUPERIOR Etymologies traced back in 
direct line, no guesses or incursions into 
cognate languages. 

SUPERIOR Illustrations (over 1,225) be¬ 
ing plentiful, tasteful, definitive. 

ENGLISH CLASSICS FEATURE: 
Meanings of all words used in the sixty 
volumes selected by the commission of 
colleges for study preparatory to entering 
the colleges have been incorporated. 


Herald and Presbyter, Cincinnati: “This work is more complete than the students' 
edition of any other recognized dictionary.” 

Pres. D. H. Cochran, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute: “The most reliable, 
comprehensive, and convenient.” 

8 vo, Q25 pages. Cloth with leather hack, $ 2 .$ 0 ; 
thumb-notch index, 25 cents extra 


FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers 

NEW YORK and LONDON 




19 ?* 





















































































































































































































































